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Jammu
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jammu /dmu/ (Dogri: , Urdu: pronunciation , Punjabi: ), also known informally as Duggardesh, is one of the three administrative divisions within Jammu and Kashmir, the northernmost state in India. The region is not a state per se but a part of the state of Jammu & Kashmir. It consists of the districts of Doda, Kathua, Jammu, Udhampur, Rajouri, Ramban, Reasi, Samba, Kishtwar & Poonch. Most of the land is hilly or mountainous, including the Pir Panjal range which separates it from the Kashmir Valley and part of the Great Himalayas in the eastern districts of Doda and Kishtwar. The principal river is the Chenab. Jammu city, officially called Jammu-Tawi, is the largest city in Jammu and the winter capital of Jammu and Kashmir. Jammu City is also known as "City of Temples" as it has many temples and shrines, with glittering shikhars soaring into the sky, which dot the citys skyline, creating the ambiance of a holy and peaceful Hindu city. Home to some of India's most popular Hindu shrines, such as Vaishno Devi, Jammu is a major pilgrimage centre for Hindus. The majority of Jammu's population practices Hinduism,[1] while Islam and Sikhism enjoy a strong cultural heritage in the region. Due to relatively better infrastructure, Jammu has emerged as the main economic center of the state.[2]
Jammu
Administrative Division
Contents
1 Geography and Climate 2 History 3 Demographics 4 Districts 5 Politics 6 Places of interest 6.1 Purmandal 6.2 Vaishno Devi shrine 6.3 Nandini Wildlife Sanctuary 6.4 Mansar Lake 6.5 Bahu Fort
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Jammu
Location of the Jammu city in the Jammu division
Coordinates: 32.73N 74.87E Country State District India Jammu and Kashmir Jammu, Doda, Kathua, Ramban, Reasi, Kishtwar, Poonch, Rajouri, Udhampur, Samba 14th century BC
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6.6 Raghunath Temple 6.7 Peer Kho Cave 6.8 Shivkhori 6.9 Machail Mata 6.10 City centres and attractions 6.11 Cuisine 6.12 Kalaadi 7 Festivals of Jammu 7.1 Lohri (13 January) 7.2 Baisakhi (13 or 14 April) 7.3 Bahu Mela (MarchApril and SeptemberOctober) 7.4 Chaitre Chaudash (MarchApril) 7.5 Purmandal Mela (FebruaryMarch) 7.6 Jhiri Mela (OctoberNovember) 7.7 Navratri Festival (September October) 7.8 Urs (all year round) 8 Education 9 People 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links
Founder Headquarters Government Type Body Area Total Elevation Population Total Density Languages Official
Raja Jambu Lochan Jammu Central State gov 222,200 km2 (85,800 sq mi) 305 m (1,001 ft) 13,790,678 62/km2 (160/sq mi)
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Month Jan Average high 18.9 (66) C (F) Average low 7.8 (46) C (F) Rainfall mm 52.4 (2.063) (inches)
Climate data for Jammu (19712000) Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
21.6 25.9 32.0 (70.9) (78.6) (89.6) 9.8 (49.6) 13.9 (57) 18.9 (66) 37.2 38.7 34.0 (99) (101.7) (93.2) 23.3 26.0 (73.9) (78.8) 25.3 (77.5) 33.1 (91.6) 24.8 (76.6)
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
29.6 (85.3) 17.9 (64.2)
33.1 31.2 26.6 21.2 (91.6) (88.2) (79.9) (70.2) 23.1 18.1 13.0 9.0 (73.6) (64.6) (55.4) (48.2)
79.0 74.9 47.1 34.8 87.3 371.5 370.2 140.9 25.1 10.1 38.3 1,331.6 (3.11) (2.949) (1.854) (1.37) (3.437) (14.626) (14.575) (5.547) (0.988) (0.398) (1.508) (52.425) Source: India Meteorological Department[3]
History
Main article: History of Kashmir See also: Kashmir and Jammu Many historians and locals believe that Jammu was founded by Raja Jambu Lochan in the 14th century BCE. During one of his hunting campaigns, he reached the Tawi River where he saw a goat and a lion drinking water at the same place. Having satisfied their thirst, the animals went their own ways. The Raja was amazed, abandoned the idea of hunting and returned to his companions. Recounting what he had seen, he exclaimed that this place, where a lion and a lamb could drink water side by side, was a place of peace and tranquility. The Raja commanded that a palace be built at this place and a city was founded around it. This city became known as Jambu-Nagar, which then later changed into Jammu. Jambu Lochan was the brother of Raja Bahu Lochan who constructed a fort on the bank of river Tawi. Bahu Fort is a historical place in Jammu. The city name figures in the ancient book Mahabharata. Excavation near Akhnoor, 20 miles (32 km) from Jammu city, provides evidence that Jammu was once part of the Harappan civilisation. Remains from the Maurya, Kushan, Kushanshahs and Gupta periods have also been found in Jammu. After 480 CE the area was dominated by the Hephthalites and ruled from Kapisa and Kabul. They were succeeded by the Kushano-Hephthalite dynasty from 565 to 670 CE, then by the Shahi from 670 to the early 11th century, when the Shahi were destroyed by the Ghaznavids. Jammu is also mentioned in accounts of the campaigns of Timur. The area witnessed changes of control following invasions by Mughals and Sikhs, before finally falling under the control of the British. Upon the Partition of India, it became part of India following the Kashmir war.
Jammu region is adjacent to & southwest of Kashmir valley in Indian Jammu & Kashmir. The region consists of the districts of Doda, Kathua, Jammu, Udhampur, Rajouri & Poonch.
Once a seat of the Dogra Rajput dynasty, Jammu came under the control of Maharaja Ranjit Singh Ji in the 19th century and became a part of the Sikh Empire. Maharaja Ranjit Singh soon appointed Gulab Singh Ji the ruler of Jammu. After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Punjab, The Sikh Empire was defeated by the British after Maharaja Duleep Singh was taken by the British to England under the orders of The Company. Not having the
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resources to occupy the hills immediately after annexing parts of Punjab, the British recognised Maharaja Gulab Singh, the strongest ruler north of the Sutlej River, as ruler of Jammu and Kashmir. But for this he had to pay a sum of 75 Lacs, payed in cashthis payment being legal as the Maharaja was a former vassal of the Sikh Empire and was partly responsible for its treaty obligations. Maharaja Gulab Singh is thus credited as the founder of Jammu and Kashmir. During the partition of India the ruler was Maharaja Hari Singh and he along with all the other princes was given the choice according to the instruments of partition of India in 1947, to freely accede to either India or Pakistan, or to remain independent. the princes were however advised to accede to the contiguous dominion, taking into consideration the geographical and ethnic issues.
Demographics
Ethnically, Jammu is largely Dogra, which group constitutes approximately 67% of the population. There is also a sizeable population of Punjabi descent, most of them being Hindus and Sikhs. Jammu is the only region in the state of Jammu and Kashmir that has a Hindu majority population 65% of Jammu's population practise Hinduism, 30% practice Islam and most of the remainder are Sikhs.[citation needed ] Most of Jammu's Hindus are Dogras, Kashmiri Tawi River Pandits, migrants from Kotli and Mirpur, and Punjabi Hindus.[citation needed ] The Hindus mostly live in and around the Jammu city and Udhampur. Many Sikhs are migrants from Pakistani Controlled Kashmir (from areas like Muzaffarabad and Punch sector areas annexed by Pakistan during 1947).[citation needed ] People of Jammu speak mostly Dogri, Poonchi, Gojri, Kotli, Mirpuri, Hindi, Punjabi, and Urdu.[citation needed ] Hindus of Jammu region are subdivided into various ethnic groups, and of them Brahmins and Rajputs are the predominant ones. According to the 1941 census, 30% of them were Brahmin, 27% Rajput, 15% Thakkar, 4% Jat and 8% Khatri.[4] The Muslims of the region form the majority in the districts of Rajouri, Poonch, Doda & Kishtwar (the rest being Hindu majority). The Muslims ethnic groups are Dogra, Gujjar & Bakerwal who are ethno-linguistically different from the Kashmiri Muslims. Most Muslims of the Jammu region do not share the Kashmiri Muslims views of secession from India, either. The Jammu region is also temporary home to about 1,00,000 Kashmiri Hindus (Pandits) who have been living in refugee camps after being driven out of the Kashmir Valley by Islamic extremists in 1990 at the onset of the Kashmir conflict. The camps are close to Jammu city. See also: List of cities in Jammu and Kashmir
Districts
As of 2012, the Jammu Division consists of ten districts:
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Jammu division with all districts (red font) and sub-districts, as on Nov 2012. Only Indianadministered areas shown.
Name of District Kathua District Jammu District Samba District Udhampur District Reasi District Rajouri District Poonch District Doda District Ramban District Kishtwar District
Headquarters Kathua Jammu Samba Udhampur Reasi Rajouri Poonch Doda Ramban Kishtwar
Population 2001 Census 550,084 1,343,756 245,016 475,068 268,441 483,284 372,613 320,256 180,830 190,843
Population 2011 Census 615,711 1,526,406 318,611 555,357 314,714 619,266 476,820 409,576 283,313 231,037
During the Maharaja's time before the Independence and Partition of India (and of Jammu & Kashmir), the following districts were also part of Jammu region: Bhimber, Kotli, Mirpur, Poonch (Western parts), Haveli, Bagh and Sudhnati. Today these districts are a part of Pakistan-controlled Azad Jammu & Kashmir, but are claimed by India.
Politics
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The major political parties in the region are the Congress, the BJP, the National Conference, the Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party and the Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party. Some Hindus of Jammu, including the local BJP have been advocating the separation of Jammu region from Kashmir and its inclusion as a distinct state into the Indian Union, citing largely Kashmir-centric policies in the existing state and neglect of the Jammu region.
Places of interest
Jammu is known for its landscape, ancient temples, Hindu shrines, Mubarak Mandi Palace, Amar Mahal Palace (a castle type) now a Museum, gardens and forts. Hindu holy shrines of Amarnath (which actually lies in Kashmir) and Vaishno Devi attracts tens of thousands of Hindu devotees every year. Jammu's beautiful natural landscape has made it one of the most favoured destinations for adventure tourism[5][5] in South Asia. Jammu's historic monuments feature a unique blend of Islamic and Hindu architecture styles.
Purmandal
Purmandal, also known as Chhota Kashi, is located 35 km from Jammu city. An ancient holy place, it has several temples of Shiva and other deities. On Shivratri, the town wears a festive look and for three days as people celebrate the marriage of Lord Shiva to Goddess Parvati.
The Vaishno Devi shrine attracts millions of Hindu devotees every year
Nandini Wildlife Sanctuary, called and best known for wonderful species of pheasants, has been established in an area of thick forests teeming with wild life. It is renowned natural habitat for a significant population of pheasants. Among the other avifauna are Indian mynah, Blue Rock Pigeon, Indian Peafowl, Red Junglefowl, Cheer Pheasant and chakor. Spread over an area of 34 km2, the sanctuary is rich in fauna and provides refuge to a wide variety of mammals. The main species are leopard, wild boar, rhesus monkey, bharal and grey langur.
Mansar Lake
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Main article : Mansar Lake Situated 62 km from Jammu, Mansar Lake is a beautiful lake fringed by forest-covered hills, over a mile in length by half-a-mile in width. 324146N 750849E Besides being a popular excursion destination in Jammu, it is also a holy site, sharing the legend and sanctity of Lake Mansarovar. On the eastern bank of Mansar Lake there is a shrine dedicated to Sheshnag, a mythological snake with six heads. The shrine comprises a big boulder on which are placed a number of iron chains perhaps representing the small serpents waiting on the tutelary deity of the Sheshnag. Newlyweds consider it auspicious to perform three circumambulations (Parikarma) around the lake to seek the blessings of Sheshnag. Two ancient temples of Umapati Mahadev and Narsimha and a temple of Durga are situated in the vicinity of the Mansar Lake, which are visited by devotees in large numbers. People take a holy dip in the water of the lake on festive occasions. Certain communities of Hindus perform the Mundan ceremony (first hair cut) of their male children here. Mansar Lake also has boating facilities provided by the Tourism Department. which is not fully maintained by the tourism department and no one likes to visit this place. With all religions belief and heritage behind the Mansar Lake is also picking up its fame among the tourists with all its flora and fauna. The lake has cemented path all around with required illumination, with projected view decks to observe seasonal birds, tortoise and fishes of different species. There is a wild life sanctuary housing jungle life including Spotted Deer and Neelgai and water birds such as Cranes and Ducks. One can also witness the traditional and typical distinct life style of Gujjar and Backarwals wearing ethnic costumes, living in open Kullhas in the hills around Mansar Lake. The Mansar Lake road joins to another important road that directly links Pathankot to Udhampur. Udhampur is a town of strategic importance, on National Highway No. 1A. The shortcut road from Mansar or Samba to Udhampur by-pass the Jammu town. Surinsar Lake, a smaller lake that is linked to Mansar, is 24 km from Jammu via the by-pass road.
Bahu Fort
Main article : Bahu Fort Bahu Fort, which also serves as a religious temple, is situated about 5 km from Jammu city on a rock face on the left bank of the river Tawi. This is perhaps the oldest fort and edifice in Jammu city. Constructed originally by Raja Bahulochan over 300 years ago, the fort was improved and rebuilt by Dogra rulers. Inside the fort, there is a temple dedicated to the Goddess Kali, popularly known as Bave Wali Mata, the presiding deity of Jammu. Every Tuesday and Sunday pilgrims throng this temple and partake in "Tawi flowing worship". Today the fort is surrounded with a beautiful terraced garden which is a favourite picnic spot of the city folk. Bagh-e-Bahu located on the banks of Tawi river, is a Mughal-age garden. It gives a nice view of the old city and Tawi river. Bagh itself is very beautiful. There is a small canteen on one side of the garden.
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On the by-pass road behind Bahu Fort, the city forest surrounds the ancient Mahamaya Temple overlooking the river Tawi. A small garden surrounded by acres of woods provides a commanding view of the city. Opposite the Bahu Fort, overlooking the River Tawi is a temple dedicated to Mahamaya of Dogra decent, who lost her life fourteen centuries ago fighting foreign invaders. The present temple of Bawey Wali Mata was built shortly after the coronation of Maharaja Gulab Singh, in 1822. It is also known as the temple of Mahakali and the goddess is considered second only to Mata Vaishno Devi in terms of mystical power.
Raghunath Temple
Main article: Raghunath Temple Amongst the temples in Jammu, the Raghunath Temple takes pride of place being situated right in the heart of the city. This temple is situated at the city center and was built in 1857. Work on the temple was started by Maharaja Gulab Singh, founder of the Kingdom of Jammu and Kashmir, in 1835 CE and was completed by his son Maharaja Ranbir Singh in 1860 CE. The inner walls of the main temple are covered with gold sheet on three sides. There are many galleries with lakhs of saligrams. The surrounding Temples are dedicated to various Gods and Goddesses connected with the epic Ramayana. This temple consists of seven shrines, each with a tower of its own. It is the largest temple complex in northern India. Though 130 years old, the complex is remarkable for sacred scriptures, one of the richest collections of ancient texts and manuscripts in its library. Its arches, surface and niches are undoubtedly influenced by Mughal architecture while the interiors of the temple are plated with gold. The main sanctuary is dedicated to Lord Vishnu's eighth incarnation and Dogras' patron deity, the Rama. It also houses a Sanskrit Library containing rare Sanskrit manuscripts.
Raghunath Temple
Shivkhori
Main article : Shivkhori The cave shrine of Shivkhori, situated in District Reasi of Jammu and Kashmir state, depicts the natural formation of shivlingum. It is one of the most venerated cave shrines of Lord Shiva in the region. The Holy cave is approximately 200 metres long,one metre wide and two to three metres high and contains a & houses 1.219 metres high Svayambhu Lingum, according to mythology this lingum is never ending. The first entrance of the cave is so wide that 300 devotees can be accommodated at a time. Its cavern is spacious to accommodate large number of
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people. The inner chamber of the cave is smaller. The cave is full of natural impression and images of various Hindu Deities and full of divine feelings. That is why Shivkhori is known as "Home of Gods". The route from Jammu to Shiv Khori is full of beautiful and picturesque mountains, waterfalls and lakes. A 3-day Shiv Khori mela takes places annually on Maha Shivratri and thousands of pilgrims from different parts of the state and outside visit this cave shrine to seek blessings of Lord Shiva. Maha Shivratri festival is usually held in the month of February or during first week of March every year. Keeping in view the increasing rush of pilgrims to the holy cave shrine, the Shiv Khori Shrine Board has taken up a number of steps to develop this spot in a bid to provide more and more facilities to the devotees, like construction of Shrine Guest House at a cost of Rs.19 lakh at village Ransoo, the base camp of yatra, Reception Centre and Pony shed at an estimated cost of Rs.79.59 lakh, tile work of entire 3-km long track is The Shivkhori cave nearing completion, plantation of ornamental and medicinal plants on track and development of parks etc. Other arrangements like electrification of the cave with modern techniques, provision of oxygen and electric generators, exhaust fans, construction of shelter sheds for yatris with toilet facilities near the cave site, 15 shelter sheds en route Ransoo to cave shrine, railing from the base camp to cave, additional facility of 15,000/EfnrKing water reservoir, proper sanitation, provision of 25 KV capacity electric transformer, clock room, starting of permanent bus services from Katra, Udhampur and Jammu, Police post and Dispensary and a STD PCO are under active consideration of the Shiv Khori Shrine Development Board. Recently, the management and development of the Shiv Khori has been taken over by Sri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board who is looking after VaishnoDevi pilgrimage.
Machail Mata
Main article : Machail Mata Machail Mata The Chandi Maa temple is located in the village Machel, Distt Kishtwar, Jammu Region. The place is about 290KM from Jammu. During 'Chhadi Yatra', thousands of people visit the shrine.The pilgrimage happens in the month of August only every year. The shrine was visited in 1981 by Thakur Kulveer Singh of Bhaderwah, Jammu region. From 1987 onwards, Thakur Kulveer SIngh started 'Chhadi Yatra'that happens every year and thousnads of people visit the shrine every year during 'Chhadi Yatra'. To reach the shrine, lot of travel agents arrange buses from Jammu, Udhampur, Machail Mata Ramnagar, Bhaderwah. One can also hire a cab as well. It takes approximately 10 hours by road from Jammu to Gulabgarh. The Gulabgarh is the base camp. From Gulabgarh, the foot journey starts, that is 32 km. Usually people take 2 days to reach the shrine by foot. On the way there are many villages, where one can stay in the night.but the chaddi takes three daye to reach machel. Many people organises roadside 'langers' (free food points) on the way to the Gulabgarh. Government of Jammu & Kashmir also arranges basic amenities for the pilgrims. Other mean of reaching the shrine is by helicopter from Jammu and Gulabgarh. The helipad is only 100 mtr from the shrine. But if someone goes by helipcopter, he will be missing many scenic beauties of the nature.
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Cuisine
Jammu is known for its Chocolate Barfi, Sund panjeeri,Patisa and its exotic local food Rajma (with rice) is one of the speciality dishes of Jammu. Another specialty of Jammu is Kalaadi which is processed cheese.
Kalaadi
Specially made in the Ramnagar region of Jammu is best and famous all over the state. Dogri food specialties include Ambal, Khatta Meat, Kulthein di Dal, Dal Patt, Maa da Madra, Rajma, and Auriya. Pickles typical of Jammu are made of Kasrod, Girgle, Mango with Saunf, Zimikand, Tyaoo, Seyoo, and Potatoes. Auriya is a dish made with Potatoes. During weddings it is typical to make Kayoor, and Sund.
Festivals of Jammu
Lohri (13 January)
This festival heralds the onset of spring and is also known as Makar Sankranti. The whole region wears a festive look on this day. Thousands take a dip in the holy river, called Havan Yagnas, and candles light up nearly every house and temple in Jammu. In the rural areas, it is customary for young boys to go around asking for gifts from newly-weds and parents of new-borns. A special dance called the Chajja is held on the occasion of Lohri. It makes a striking picture to see boys along with their 'Chajjas' elaborately decorated with coloured paper and flowers dance on the street in a procession. The whole atmosphere of Jammu comes alive with pulsating drumbeats.
Lohri bonfire
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The name Baisakhi is taken from the first month of the Vikram calendar. Every year, on the first day of Vaisakh, the people of Jammu, celebrate Baisakhi. Also known as the "harvest festival" it is considered auspicious especially for marriages. Devotees who take a ritual dip every year, throng the rivers, canals and ponds. Many people go to the Nagbani temple to witness the grand New Year celebration. The occasion is marked by numerous fairs and people come in thousands to celebrate the beginning of the New Year and watch the Bhangra dance of Punjab. For the Sikhs of Jammu, Baisakhi is the day their tenth guru, Guru Gobind Singh, formed the Khalsa sect in 1699. The Gurdwaras are full of people who come to listen to kirtans, offer prayers and feast on the prasad from the common kitchen ('langar').
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The Urs (or ziarats) is a typical Kashmiri festival. The Urs are held annually at the shrines of Muslim saints on their death anniversaries. There is a saying " It snows when the Urs of Meesha Sahib is held, it is windy when the Urs of Batamol Sahib takes place, it rains on the occasion of the Urs of Bahauddin". The Urs festivals are popular despite the rigours of weather.
Education
Jammu region has a lot of institutes offering higher education. There are 2 medical colleges, 2 dental colleges, 3 engineering colleges, 1 veterinary college and many other government and private colleges. There is also a Central University in Jammu established in 2009. The list of major higher educational institutes in Jammu Region are: Mahant Bachittar Singh College of Engineering & Technology (MBSCET) Baliana, Jammu Acharya Shri Chander College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Sidhra, Jammu Government Medical College and Hospital, Jammu Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, R.S.Pura, Jammu Government College of Engineering & Technology, Jammu G.G.M. Science College, Jammu I.C.E.S. College of Engineering & Technology Maharaja Harisingh Agri Collegiate School Model Institute of Engineering and Technology (M.I.E.T), Kot Bhalwal, Jammu Sainik School, Nagrota Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University Katra, Kakrial Sri Pratap Memorial Rajput College of Commerce, B.B.A, B.C.A. University of Jammu Central University of Jammu, Jammu
People
Gulab Singh Ranbir Singh Hari Singh Karan Singh Kundan Lal Saigal, singer and actor Mukesh Rishi, actor
See also
List of topics on the land and the people of Jammu and Kashmir Roman Catholic Diocese of JammuSrinagar Dogri Dogra Prakash Singh
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References
1. ^ Bbc News (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/south_asia/03/kashmir_future/html/default.stm) 2. ^ The Economy of Jammu and Kashmir/Jasbir Singh (https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no38810.htm) 3. ^ "Monthly mean maximum & minimum temperature and total rainfall based upon 19712000 data" (http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/jammu2.htm) (HTML). India Meteorological Department. Retrieved 201301-06. 4. ^ Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 15, page 99 Imperial Gazetteer of India Digital South Asia Library (http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_105.gif&volume=15) 5. ^ a b Bhaderwah: Welcome to the Heaven of Earth!!! (http://www.bhaderwah.com)
Further reading
Hutchinson, J. & J. PH Vogel (1933). History of the Panjab Hill States, Vol. I. 1st edition: Govt. Printing, Pujab, Lahore, 1933. Reprint 2000. Department of Language and Culture, Himachal Pradesh. Chapter XIV Jammu State, pp. 514563..
External links
The Official Website of Jammu and Kashmir Government, India (http://jammukashmir.nic.in/) Official Website of District Jammu, India (http://jammu.nic.in) Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board (http://www.maavaishnodevi.org) Shrines in Jammu Bhaderwah (http://www.bhaderwah.com) Website about Bhaderwah Brief history of Jammu Rulers with their Coinage details (http://www.chiefacoins.com/Database/Countries/Jammu.htm) Mata Pingla (http://www.pinglamata.org)
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