The Cell Structure

The Dawning of Cytology

1665
Robert Hooke- reported that thin slices of cork contained minute partitions separating cavitiescell.

1808

Mirbel concluded that plants are formed of membranous cellular tissue

1809

Lamark stated that any living being must have its part of cellular tissue or formed by such tissue

History of cytology continued

Robert Brown described the nucleus as a central feature in plant cells 1833 Schleiden cells were the unit of structure 1838

Schwann applied Schleidens thesis to animals 1839

Cytology
Purkinje named cell components protoplasm 1840

The Cell Theory

All living things (plants and animals) are made up of cells and cell products (Schleiden and Schwann) The cell is the basic unit of structure, function, and organization of living things.

All cells come from pre-existing living cells (R. Virchow)

Types of Cells

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Types of Cells
Charactersitic Cell Size Genetic System Prokaryotes Mostly small (1-10 microns) DNA w/o histone protein; simple Circular loopplasmid in nucleoid, nucleoid is not membrane bound Direct by binary fission or budding; no mitosis Absent in most; highly modified if present Eukaryotes Mostly large (10-100 microns) DNA complexed with histone and nonhistone proteins in complex chromosomes within the nucleus with membranous envelope Some form of mitosis; centrioles in many; mitotic spindle present Present in most; malefemale partner; gametes that fuse to form zygote

Cell Division

Sexual Sytem

Types of Cell
Characteristic Nutrition Prokaryotes Absorption by most; photosynthesis by some Eukaryotes Absorption; ingestion, photosynthesis by some

Energy Metabolism

No mitochondria; oxidative enzymes bound to cell membrane, not packaged separately; great variation in metabolic pattern None
If present, not with 9+2 microtubular pattern Contains disaccharide chains cross linked with peptides

Mitochondria present; oxidative enzymes packaged therein; more unified pattern of oxidative metabolism Cytoplasmic Streaming, phagocytosis, pinocytosis
Axoneme structure If present, not with disaccharide polymers linked with peptides

Intracellular Movement
Flagella/ Cilia Cell Wall

Cellular Structures

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The Lipid Bilayer

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The Lipid Bilayer

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Membrane Proteins

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Image Source: Taiz and Zaiger

The Nucleus

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Endoplasmic reticulum

Image Source: Hickman, et al. 2004

Golgi Complex

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Image Source: Hickman, et al. 2004

Mitochondria

Image Source: Hickman, et al. 2004

Cytoskeleton

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Surface Specialization of the Cell

1.) Cilia and Flagella Axoneme

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2. Junctional Complexes Tight jxn Gap Jxn Desmosome 3. Microvilli

Image Source: Hickman, et al. 2004

Membrane Functions
1.) Diffusion and Osmosis

Image Source: Hickman, et al. 2004

2.) Mediated Transport

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Types of Mediated Transport

1.) Facilitated Diffusion 2.) Active Transport -Primary -Secondary

Image Source: Guyton and Hall 2006

Facilitated Diffusion

Image Source: Guyton and Hall 2006

Active Transport

Image Source: Guyton and Hall 2006

3.) Endocytosis

Phagocytosis
-cell eating -common among protozoa and lower metazoa

Image Source: Hickman, et al. 2004

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

Potocytosis -caveolae
Image Source: Hickman, et al. 2004

The Chromosome Structure

Chromatids

Kinetochore Microtubule

Image Source: Hickman, et al. 2004

The Cell Cycle

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Cell Cycle Control

MPF- Mitosis Promoting Factor -made up of two proteins (1) Cyclinoscillating component

(2) Cdk-a kinase; constant in number

Mitosis

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Importance of Mitosis
-preservation of 2n state -cytokinesis and mitosis result in 2 daughter cells -perpetuation of genetic material identical to that of the parent cell -stability of cells and inheritance of traits

Image source: geneticssuite.net

Meiosis

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Significance of Meiosis
(1) Reduces the 2n so that each daughter cells has one complete n chromosome set (2) Randomness of the process of chromosomal separation causes a very large no. of possible chromosomal combination (3) Crossing over more allelic combination

What are telomerases?