Chapter 13 & 14 Study Guide Chapter 13-1

Chapter 13 13-1
13-2 1 atm =101,325 Pa 1atm=760 mm Hg The SI unit of force is newton. The SI unit of pressure is pascal(Pa) Measure pressure of atmosphere with a barometer. Manometer problems Open atmosphere arm higher, then gas is greater on left side Open atmosphere arm is lower, the atmospheric pressure Is greater STP= 273K atm=760mmHg=101,325 Pa. 13-3 The Gas Laws 1. Boyles law: The pressure volume relationship P1V1=P2V2 2. Charles Law-The Temperature-Volume relationship V1/T1=V2/T2 3. Avogradros Law- equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain an equal# of particles Gases have mass It is easy to compress gases Gases fill their containers completely Different gases can move through each other quite rapidly Gases exert pressure The pressure of a gas depends on its temperature Collisions of gases must be perfectly elastic, and no energy of motion is lost Gas particles exert no force on one another. Attractive forces between gas particles are so wek that the model assumes them to be zero.

4. Daltons law of partial pressures Pt= p1+p2+p3+p4 13-4 The ideal Gas Law PV=nRT 0.0821 Atm-L/mol K 8.314 Pa-m3/mol K Assumptions of this law 1. As more gas is added,there will be more collisions of gas particles(pressure increase) As n increases, P increases 2. P increases as T increases As temperature increases, particles move faster and result in more pressure 3. P increases as V decreases. The same number of gas particles with the same average velocity are now confined to a smaller volume. Increase in # of collisions per unit in the container wall--- more pressure Ideal gas laws fails at high pressures and low temperature Chapter 14 14-1 Intermolecular forces Induced Dipole- A dipole that is created by the presence of a neighboring dipole. Dispersion force is attraction between induced dipoles Dispersion forces become greater as atoms become larger. Dispersion forces increase with increasing molecular size and mass.

Dipole dipole forces- opposite charges between opposite charges of neighboring permanent dipoles Hydrogen bonding- strong intermolecular force. Fluorine oxygen and nitrogen are 3 most electronegative, and hydrogen is the least electronegative. Very high forces. When connected with others, becomes very strong. 14-2 Viscosity- resistance to motion that exists between molecules of water. Water has relatively high viscosity Surface TensionThe imbalance of forces at surface of a liquid results in surface tension. jSurface tension is greater in liquids with strog intermolecular forces. Surface tension of a liquid increases when temperature is lowered. Facts about Water 1. high boiling point of water is why its liquid at room temp. other hydrogen compounds are corrosive at room temperature 2. can absorb or release relatively large quantities of heat without large changes in temperature. Unusually high specific heat 3. density of solid form of water is less than its density in liquid form For most substances Solid form is more dense than liquid form. 4. relatively high surface tension 5. high heat of vaporization 6. universal solvent 14-3 The nature of solids most solid substances are crystalline solids-highly ordered, repeating pattern. Unit Cells- can choose a small portion of a crystalline solid as a represenatative unit A solid that includes H20 units within its crystal structure is called hydrates Amorphous solids-glass , rubber, several plastics. Substances as liquids that have been cooled to such low temperatures that their viscosities have become very high.

Solid to gas =subliminations Gas to solid-deposition More pressure-solid More temperature- gas