5th Ecpc PDF

Future of Protective Clothing
Intelligent or not?
Valencia, Spain
organized by:
29th, 30th & 31st, May 2012
sponsored by:
abstracts
program committee ESPC board

Chair: Helena Mkinen Finish Institute of Occupational Health, Finland Members: Kalev Kuklane Lund Technical University Sweden George Havenith Loughborough University UK Peter Heffels BG BAU Germany Hilde Faerevik Sintef Norway Ren Rossi EMPA Switzerland Helmut Eichinger Dupont Switzerland Grazyna Bartkowiak CIOP Poland Emiel den Hartog TNO The Netherlands Henk Vanhoutte ESF Belgium Jean Leonard CENTEXBEL Belgium Miriam Martinez Albert Aitex Spain Liaison persons: R. Barker NC State University USA Eunae Kim Yonsei University SKR
general information about AITEX

AITEX is a research, Innovation and advanced technical services centre for the textile, clothing and technical textile sectors in Spain. AITEX was created to help all SMEs and professionals whose activities are directly or indirectly involved with the textile field over indirect services and research projects. AITEX is the Notified Body N 0161 for the appliance of the Directive 89/686/CEE of 21 December 1989 (D.O.C.E. of 12/30/1989) on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to Personal Protective Equipment. www.aitex.es
abstracts
Preface
From May 29-31, 2012 the 5th European Conference on Protective Clothing (ECPC) is organized in Spain. The objective of the symposium is to serve as a forum for dissemination, exchange and discussion of results from research, development and implementation related to personal protective clothing, with a strong focus on protective properties and the wellbeing of the users of protective clothing. The conference is organized by AITEX with the European Society of Protective Clothing (ESPC) and the Nordic Coordination Group on Protective Clothing as a Technical Preventive Measure. This conference, that it is held at the Hotel Primus Valencia (Spain), is intended for researchers, designers, manufacturers, purchasers, product safety experts, human factors experts and public authorities (procurement), end-users, health and safety experts. Well-being of workers is today prominent goal at work reflecting to the health and safety, productivity as well as economy of the company. Protective clothing is the nearest ambient of the user, and is therefore very important part of this goal, but not only at work also in many leisure activities. There are a large number of developments and ongoing projects to achieve protective clothing which serves all the needed functions. The European Union has selected protective clothing as one of the six lead markets in Europe. Union has also funded development projects with special call in the area of protective clothing. Therefore, a conference on research, technology and demonstration with respect to protective clothing is a must for all involved in this intriguing and rapidly growing area.
Organization committee of the 5th ECPC

Raquel Muoz rmunoz@aitex.es Miriam Martnez mimartinezal@aitex.es Neus Jord njorda@aitex.es
5th ECPC and NOKOBETEF 10
Table of contents
general PPE's session 1
Innovations on methodology, thermal modelling and materials for Personal Equipment
Aernout Oudenhuijzen 11
From concept to product an integrated approach

Tiago Sotto Mayor , Miguel Ribeiro 12
Optimal design for efficient utilization of PCM in protective clothing

Arne Ryset, Maria Suong Tjnns, Hilde Frevik 13
Methodology for determining the thermoregulatory effect of PCM containing materials and garments
Minna Varheenmaa, Hilde Frevik 14
Sensor-based Personal Protective Equipment HORST for forestry work with power saws
Andreas Schmidt, Jan Beringer, Martin Rupp, Angela Mahr-Erhardt 15
A textile integrated system extending the awareness of an electrician for dangerously high voltages
Emma Kaappa, Aki Halme, & Jukka Vanhala 16
Prospie Project (Protective Responsive Outer Shell for People in Industrial Environments)
Prof. dr. Hein Daanen, Henk Vanhoutte 17
Development of a new functional PPE system based on protective clothing improvement challenges and experiences from i-Protect project
Piotr Pietrowski 18
New materials and clothing protecting against electromagnetic field of law, middle and high frequencies
A. Kurczewska 19
Some experiences on integration of advanced ICT solutions into smart Personal Protective Equipments (PPEs)
Jess Mara Lpez de Ipia, David Ramos, Piotr Pietrowski, Lorenzo Fiore and Javier Goitia 20

Barrier properties of composites with nanofillers designed for protective clothing and gloves
Sylwia Krzemiska, Krzysztof ak 22
Efficacy of microclimate cooling by air and cooling vest for reducing heat strain and chemical contamination while wearing PPE during fuel cell replacement
Sirkka Rissanen, Juha Laitinen and Hannu Rintamki 23
Work clothing for the petroleum industry in arctic climates

Tore Christian Bjorsvik Storholmen, Ole Petter Naesgaard, Trine M. Seeberg, Hege Torsvik, Hilde Faerevik 24
Analysis for Thermal Performance of Immersion Suits

Han Zhang, Guowen Song 25
Ergonomic Pattern Construction for Well-Fitted Buoyant Vest using 3-D Technology
Soyoung Kim, Kyunghi Hong, Heeran Lee, Yejin Lee 26
Dexterity and comfort evaluation of needle puncture resistant gloves

Chantal Gauvin, Jaime Lara 27
New method for measuring cut resistance in textile fabrics

Eva Carlbom, Simonetta Granello, Ebba Magnusson, Anders Bergner 28
Exploration of Simultaneous Mobility Assessment for Protective Clothing

Huiju Park, Donna Branson, Panagiotis Kamenidis, Aric Warren, Bert Jacobson, Semra Peksoz, Adriana Petrova 29
Safe@Sea developing comfortable wear resistant and stain repellent coated materials
Ine De Vilder, Myriam Vanneste, Claudia Peltonen, Minna Varheenmaa 30
Safe@Sea Protective clothing for improved safety and performance in the fisheries
Hilde Faerevik 31
A research on the waterproofness of seam lines of protective clothes

Sukran Kara, Sevil Yesilpinar 32
Multifunctional protective clothing for rescue team workers in the Northern areas
Claudia Peltonen, Minna Varheenmaa, Harriet Meinander 33
A new approach to intelligent PPEs regarding electromagnetic interferences due to an electric arc
Francisco Magraner, Pedro Llovera, Armando Rodrigo, Vicente Fuster, Enrique Rivas 34
Enprotex, New procurement strategies for innovative protective textiles

Anton Luiken, Tommy Verminck, Piet Verhage 35

Keynote. Innovative textiles. Handle with care
Havenith George 37
Need for standards for intelligent PPE

Helena Mkinen, Piotr Pietrowski 38
Durability and performance of protective clothing after multi-stress aging

Carlos Arrieta, Toan Vu-Khanh 39
End of Service for Protective Workwear Garments with Functional Finishes

Anugrah Shaw 40
Effects of the 3D body fit on the pressure distribution and dynamics of personal body armor during movement
Heeran Lee, Soyoung Kim, Kyunghi Hong, Yejin Lee 41
Relating the Current UK body armour standards to real life injuries

Malbon Chris, ORourke Sarah, K.Hewins, PhD 42
Pressure distribution on the skin while wearing ballistic vests and other military equipment
Patrick Wettenschwiler, Dr. Simon Annaheim, Rolf Stmpfli, Dr. Ren Rossi 43
CBRNE session
Evaluation of wear and tear of CBRN Individual Protective Equipment
Saskia de Kant, Emiel den Hartog 45
A proposal for improved evaluation of chemical protective clothing made of flash spun polyethylene nonwoven or some other nonwoven fabrics or combinations of nonwovens with micropourous films
Valerie Pierret, AlisonSyrett, Benedicte Valance 46
Development of Next Generation Manikin for Chemical and Biological Protection Research
R. Bryan Ormond, Roger Barker 47
Improved ensembles for fire responder protection against chemical, biological, and particulate hazards
Jeffrey O. Stull, Grace G. Stull, Richard M. Duffy, Michael Schubert and Tom Stachler 48
Prediction of Thermo-physiological Strain in Chemical Protective Clothing: the Impact of Barrier Permeability and Micro-climate Configuration
ShuQin Wen, Guowen Song, Muntaseer Kainat, Samer Adeeb 49
ProtecPo, a software for the selection of chemical protective gloves

Jaime Lara, Daniel Drolet, Charles M. Hansen, Franois Zimmermann and Alain Chollot 50
Toxicity-based end points and test procedures to support the use of cumulative permeation for the improved selection of protection clothing against hazardous chemicals
Jeffrey O. Stull and Grace G. Stull 51
Prediction of human strain in CBRN Individual Protective Equipment

Emiel A Den Hartog 52
comfort session
Comfort in PPEs
Miriam Martinez Albert 54
A Comparison of Three Different Calculation Methods for Clothing Evaporative Resistance

Faming Wang, Chuansi Gao, Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar Holmr 55
Analysis of the thermal insulation of clothing ensembles using computer generated data
Jean Lonard 57
Systematic analysis of heat strain when wearing protective clothing

X. Xu, L. Blanchard, T. Endrusick, R. W. Hoyt 58
An interlaboratory study on measurements of clothing evaporative resistance with thermal manikins

Tiago Sotto Mayor, Faming Wang, Jean Lonard, Miguel Ribeiro 59
Standardization of a sweating torso for the evaluation of the thermo-physiological performance of protective clothing
Simon Annaheim, Martin A. Camenzind, Andr Capt, Helmut Eichinger, Agnes Psikuta, Ren M. Rossi 60
Relationship between Total Heat Loss test, thermal manikin testing and thermal model predictions. Is material testing good enough to predict physiological results?
Aitor Coca, Emiel denHartog, Jung-Hyun Kim 61
Method for Determination of Body Conformability and Fit of Skin-Layer Protective Garments
Olga Troynikov, Nazia Nawaz 63
Thermal manikin tests for the intelligent cold protection of SMA embedded clothing
Jiyeon Lee, Sungeun KIM, Guira PARK, Eunae KIM 64
Further validation of a model-controlled thermal manikin using firefighter turnout gear

Richard Burke, Keith Blood, A. Shawn Deaton, Dr. Roger Barker, Mark Hepokoski 65
Thermal insulation of 3-layered clothing system in different sizes using 3D body scanner
Kirsi Jussila, Marjukka Keklinen, Leena Simonen, Helena Mkinen 66
Prediction of body temperature in humans using non-invasive measurement methods

Reto Niedermann, Agnes Psikuta, Ren Michel Rossi 67
sport area
Evaporative resistance of sleeping bags - measurements on a thermal manikin Tore
Kalev Kuklane 69
Heat loss and moisture retention variations of boot membranes and sock fabrics
Cornelis P. Bogerd, Paul A. Brhwiler and Ren M. Rossi 70
Determining the Performance of Cricket Helmets with the use of a Novel Headform
Nikunj Velani, Ben Halkon, Andy Harland 71
heat and flame protection session

Designing smart garment for firefighters
Mge Ylmaz, Ender Yazgan Bulgun, Yavuz enol, Taner Akkan 73
Prediction of Skin Burn Injury Induced By Thermal Radiation based on Thermal Manikin Experiment and Numerical Computation
Fu Ming, Weng wenguo, Zhang xiaole, Han Xuefeng 74
Influence of exercise intensity on thermophysiological responses of firefighters wearing different firefighters protective clothing ensembles
Irena Yermakova, Ksenia Dukchnovskaya, Anastasia Nikolaienko, Olga Troynikov, Nazia Nawaz 75
Thermal Protective Clothing Performance: Hot Liquid Splash and Its Flow Effect on Skin Burn
Farzan Gholamreza, Mark Ackerman, Guowen Song 76
Improvement of thermal and sweat management in fire fighter suits

Andreas Schmidt, Jan Beringer, Boris Bauer, Markus Schmid, Silke Kblbeck 77
Advances in Manikin Technology and Methodology for Testing the Thermal Protective Performance of Clothing in Fire Environments
Alexander Hummel, Roger Barker, A. Shawn Deaton, John Morton-Aslanis 78
Modelling for predicting the performances of thermal protective clothing

Sumit Mandal, Guowen Song 79
Study for the heat transfer in PPEs against a flash fire

Enrique Rivasl, Miriam Martinez 80
Flame engulfment test according to ISO 13506: correlations between burn predictions and total heat transferred
Ren M. Rossi, Michel Schmid, Martin Camenzind 81
Mathematical Modelling of Heat Transfer Properties of Undergarments for Firefighters Clothing

Aysun Akit, Bengi Kutlu, BirkanYurdakul 82
The thermo-physiological performance of various fire fighter garments evaluated by means of a sweating torso test equipment
Simon Annaheim, Martin A. Camenzind, Andr Capt, Helmut Eichinger, Agnes Psikuta, Ren M. Rossi 83
Modeling of the parameters of the liquid cooling garment depending on the thermal stress experienced by a subject in the hot environment
Grayna Bartkowiak, Anna Dbrowska 84
Balancing Heat Stress and Thermal Protective Performance in Wildland Firefighter Protective Clothing through New Testing Technologies
Roger L. Barker and Anthony S. Deaton 85
Thermo-physiological Modelling of Humans Wearing Firefighter Turnout Gear

Mark Hepokoski , Tony Schwenn, Allen Curran, Rick Burke, A. Shawn Deaton, Roger Barker 86
poster session
Evaluation of the evaporative cooling efficiency in protective fabrics
Dr. Simon Annaheim, Dr. Agnes Psikuta, Dr. Ren Rossi 88
COST Action TU1101: Towards safer bicycling through optimization of bicycle helmets and usage
Bogerd CP, Halldin P, Houtenbos M, Otte D, Rossi RM, Shinar D, Walker I, Willinger R, Woolsgrove C & COST Action TU1101 89
Interlayer moisture effects on heat transfer in firefighter protective clothing and gloves
Jeffrey O. Stull and Grace G. Stull 90
The evaluation of an agility test for discriminating the ergonomic impact of emergency responder footwear
Jeffrey O. Stull, Grace G. Stull and William Candy 91
A Methodology for the Design and Evaluation of PPE using a Human Thermoregulation Modelling Paradigm
Mark Hepokoski, Tony Schwenn, Corey Packard, Allen Curran, Shaya Jamshidi Brosch 92
Ventilated evaporative cooling as a preventive measure when confronted with a hot climate
Chuansi Gao, Faming Wang, Tomonori Sakoi 93
Heat and moisture transfer through fibrous insulation with thin reflective fibrous interlayers
Xianfu WAN and Jintu FAN 94
Development of Safety Webbing System for Well-Fitted Personal Life Jacket using Functional Lines of Non Extension
Soyoung Kim, Kyunghi Hong, Jiyoung Choi, Yanjun Wu, Namyim Kim, Heeran Lee, Byungcheol Lee, Yejin Lee 95
Calculation of true insulation of protective clothing against cold by means of a physiological model
Jean Lonard 96
Thermal Protective Performance of Fire fighters Turnout Gear Embedded with Shape Memory Alloy Thermal Liner
Guira Park, Youngjin Chae, Eunae Kim 97
Effect of fabric weave structure on micro-climate environment under microdust protective clothing
Xiao-Qun Dai and Han-Yu Wu 98
Physiological strain of workers of different ages during physical load in a cold environment in the same set of clothing
Anna Marszalek 99
Mechanical properties of chosen basalt fabrics destined for the protective gloves
I. Frydrych, E. Irzmaska, A.Stefko, R. Hrynyk, M. Bednar 100
Investigation on the Durability of Thermal Insulating Performance of Aluminized Fabric

Lu Jin, Pyoung-Kyu Park, Kee Jong Yoon 101
Distribution of the air gap thickness and contact area in wet underwear
Joanna Frackiewicz-Kaczmarek, Agnes Psikuta, Wajdi Heni, Ren Rossi, Marie-Ange Bueno 102
The effect of air gaps in moist protective clothing on protection from heat and flame
Yehu Lu, Jun Li, Xiaohui Li, Guowen Song 103
New generation barrier materials as elements of individual systems protecting against UV radiation emitted by artificial sources
Jadwiga Sjka Ledakowicz, Joanna Lewartowska, Wojciech Czajkowski, Anetta Walawska, Grayna Bartkowiak 104
Maximal oxygen uptake while wearing firefighter personal protective equipment using different treadmill protocols
Joo-Young Lee, Ilham Bakri, Jung-Hyun Kim, and Yutaka Tochihara 105

10
Innovations on methodology, thermal modelling and materials for Personal Equipment

Aernout Oudenhuijzen *
TNO, Behavioural and Social sciences, department of Training Performance Innovations
Recently, TNO finalized a research program on Personal Equipment. This research program was carried out for and in close co-operation with the Dutch Ministry of Defence and had the following three objectives: 1. To develop a method to procure PE as an integral system; 2. To develop methods and related tools to obtain user operational needs and to translate these in a program with functional/technical requirements; 3. To disclose PE material innovation for PE procurement. In the four year during research program TNO focussed on four aspects in order to develop methods/tools and to disclose innovations for PE procurement. These aspects were: 1) PE material technology, 2) thermal modelling, 3) human system integration and 4) system engineering.
Material technology:
PE material innovations were investigated and monitored and assembled into a material selection tool for PE. This tool allowed to select PE materials based on functional and technical requirements. It also allows for definition of newly to be developed materials of PE.
Thermal Modelling:
Scope Light is a thermal model that allows simulating personal tasks (exertion), various ambient conditions (temperature, sunlight, relative humidity), clothing type and layers. Scope Light was developed and verified on its accuracy. And used in various PE cases within and outside the research program.
Human system integration and system engineering

It is more than obvious that any PE should answer to the users operational needs. Strangely enough, there is more than often insufficient knowledge about the users operational needs. In order to fill this lack of methods, TNO build a webbased application, called TOF+ (Transition Operational to Functional requirements) that allows procurers to obtain the users needs methodologically and to translate the operational needs in related functional and technical requirements. Procurers often base their buy/not buy decision on a mix of quality, cost, availability, conformance with requirements. This decision is mostly done using an engineering based judgement. In order to allow procurers to make these decision more methodologically and in order to have a system approach, TNO used commercially available Quality Function Deployment (QFD) techniques as a tool in PE procurement. The combined set of resulting methods and related tools were used in various cases. Finally it was found that the system approach has many benefits above currently used methods in PE procurement.
11
From concept to product an integrated approach

Tiago Sotto Mayor 1*, Miguel Ribeiro1
1
Product Characterization Laboratory, CeNTI - Centre for Nanotechnology and Smart Materials, Vila Nova de Famalico, Portugal
* Corresponding author: tsottomayor@centi.pt
The need to accelerate the pace of innovation, as an answer to increasing competition in a globalized market environment, asks for a reduction of the time between the identification of a market opportunity and the actual release of a new product. In line with this, the innovation process, from the initial design of a prototype, to the final performance evaluation of a new product, needs to be shortened. This asks for strategies to accelerate the identification of limiting factors of prototype performance, followed by systematic optimization of the characteristics found relevant for its overall performance. This needs to be done at the earliest stage of development possible, often long before the first prototypes are actually built. Thus, this asks for a shift from a more experimental-based development, involving building and experimental characterization of a high number of prototypes, to a more numerical-based approach, privileging preoptimization of virtual prototypes. Such shift allows reducing greatly the experimental iterations (i.e. the building-testing cycles of real prototypes), which usually involve considerable resources, and results in better tuned final products, as a consequence of the systematic and detailed optimizations one can conduct using numerical approaches. In order to illustrate the aforesaid, this paper presents an integrated approach followed at CeNTI, to address R&D activities in highly time-constrained projects. The benefits of an increased focus on virtual prototype optimization are discussed, together with the changes it promotes in the way R&D tasks are addressed (e.g. the shift from a sequential to a concurrent approach). Focused is put on a particular project involving the development and integration of smart functionalities, into protective clothing for extreme environments. The R&D tasks discussed here, which involve contributions from different areas (e.g. design and optimization of virtual prototypes, R&D of smart solutions, and performance characterization of the final smart product), are a good match to the tasks required to address developments for other product typologies.
12
Optimal design for efficient utilization of PCM in protective clothing

Arne Ryset*1,Maria Suong Tjnns2, Hilde Frevik2
1 2
SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway SINTEF Technology and Society, Dept. of Health Research, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway
*Corresponding author: arne.royset@sintef.no
The application of Phase Change Materials (PCM) in protective clothing has appeared as an attractive solution to the challenge posed by a working environment with rapid changes in temperature or workload. However, commercial solutions which have demonstrated real benefit for the comfort of the user are scarce. A main reason for this is the challenging task of designing a PCM clothing system that is optimal for specific environment temperatures and provides sufficiently reduction in heat stress for a required time. We report results from our investigation on how a clothing system with PCM can be optimally designed, and present an easy to use analytical model for optimum design. The most important design parameters are: 1) What is the optimal melting/freezing temperature of the PCM? 2) How large fraction of the total insulation should be between the PCM and skin? 3) How large part of the body should be covered by PCM? 4) What is the optimal position on the body (body temperature mapping) 5) What is the required latent heat? 6) What is the ambient temperature (low/high/changing) and work intensity (heat production) of the wearer (low/high/changing)? We have constructed a simple model that aims at answering the following questions: 1) How long time does it take before all the PCM has changed phase? 2) How much does the PCM increase or decrease heat loss from the body? 3) How large fraction of the latent heat is used to cool or heat the body, and not heating or cooling the ambient? The model also reveal some important design guidelines: 1) A high utililization of the latent heat can be achieved by having less insulation between PCM and body, and most of the insulation towards the ambient. 2) The duration of the phase change is reduced by having less insulation between PCM and body. 3) The duration of phase change can be increased by having PCM concentrated on a smaller area. 4) The duration of the phase change depends on the melting melting/freezing temperature of the PCM. 5) The fraction of latent heat that is heating or cooling the body is not dependent on the PCM melting/freezing temperature. We will also use these findings to discuss the widely used claims that PCM is an intelligent material that adapts to the needs of the body. This work was supported by the Research Council of Norway and the partners of the Coldwear project 188002/I40 (http://www.sintef.no/Coldwear).
13
Methodology for determining the thermoregulatory effect of PCM containing materials and garments
Minna Varheenmaa1, Hilde Frevik2
1 2
Tampere University of Technology, Materials Science, Korkeakoulunkatu 6, FI-33720 Tampere, Finland Department of Health Research, SINTEF Technology and Society, Trondheim, Norway
* Corresponding author: minna.varheenmaa@tut.fi
The traditional assessment of thermal comfort properties of textile materials and garments can be performed using the standard or in-house textile test methods or using methods that are simulating the human body functions like sweating thermal cylinders and manikins in a predetermined environment or in field tests using human subjects. These traditional tests are normally performed in steady-state ambient temperature conditions. However when incorporating PCM (Phase Change Materials) materials into textile structure the assessment of thermal effects becomes more demanding and it requires new approaches to be taken into account. The special feature of PCM materials is that they require a dynamic change in the environment temperature to release their cooling or heating effect. This paper presents the methodology used for determining the PCM effect of textile materials and garments in dynamic test conditions when using the sweating thermal cylinder and thermal manikin in EU-funded NoTeReFiGa project. Test results and application possibilities for protective clothing are discussed. The aim of the NoTeReFiGa project (Call ID FP7-NMP- 2007-SME-1) is to develop novel temperature regulating fibers with high amounts of PCM incorporated into fibers. There are two approaches applied i.e. bi-component melt spinning technique for incorporating PCM into fiber core and wet spinning technology for incorporating free PCM directly into cellulose solution and thus into cellulose fibers.
14
Sensor-based Personal Protective Equipment HORST for forestry work with power saws
Andreas Schmidt, Jan Beringer, Martin Rupp, Angela Mahr-Erhardt
Hohenstein Institute, Boennigheim, Germany
Special cut-protection clothing has been part of the legally prescribed personal protection equipment (PPE) for foresters for many years now. In Germany, about 25,000 people work professionally in forestry, about half of them in privately-owned woodland. However, conventional cut-protection clothing only provides its wearer with passive protection: the trousers and jacket incorporate cut-protection inserts consisting of several layers of special material made of ultra-strong fibres. If the chain of the saw comes in contact with the textile, it becomes caught in the fabric and therefore stops before the wearer is affected. However, the multilayered material results in greater thermal insulation which puts additional physiological stress on the wearer, especially at the warmer times of year. By contrast, with the newly developed electronic protection system HORST, there is no contact at all, and the system kicks in before there is any risk of even the outer textile layer being damaged. The aim of the development work was to reduce the "passive" cut-protection layers to an absolute minimum and increase the "active" protection, so that the clothing feels lighter and has less of an insulating effect. That makes it more comfortable to wear while simultaneously reducing the physiological strain on the wearer. Magnets on the guide bar of the chainsaw and highly sensitive magnetic field sensors (reed switch contacts) incorporated in the textile fabric create a sort of protective electronic field for the forester. If the saw comes too close, the contacts in the trousers close due to the magnetic field from the chainsaw and a radio signal is sent which stops the saw immediately. Following trials, a minimum distance of 5 to 10 centimetres between the saw and the trousers was judged to be appropriate and practical. As the saw comes closer, it is detected extremely accurately and very fast. This means that, in real life, both the forester and his clothing would remain untouched. For wearers, whether they are forestry workers or private individuals undertaking ever more ambitious tasks, the sensor-based textile layer can be neither seen nor felt and is also extremely robust. Practical tests have shown that the innovative protective function is stable and reliable even during heavy physical work. The trousers are also very easy to look after: they can be washed many times without impairing the protective function. A further advantage of the newly developed textiles is that they do not in any way restrict the cutting or manufacture of the garments. This property means that in future manufacturers will be able to use this innovative textile for all types of protective clothing, both trousers and jackets.
15
A textile integrated system extending the awareness of an electrician for dangerously high voltages
Emma Kaappa*, Aki Halme, & Jukka Vanhala
Tampere University of Technology, Department of Electronics, Wearable Technology Research Unit, Kankaanp, Finland * corresponding author: emma.kaappa@tut.fi
The protective warning glove which identifies the present voltage was developed to improve the electricians' industrial safety. The idea of the protective glove is to warn the mechanic in the situation in which the power supply is turned on before the mechanic has been able to finish his work. In this version of the protective glove, the warning will take place through red LED-light when the dangerous situation threatens. As a rule, the glove identifies a normal main supply (>230Vac) but in favourable conditions the detection of considerably smaller voltage is also possible. The electronics was made as simple as possible to observe the voltage from reliability however to haggle, in this case, cannot compromise on safety. Furthermore, with the simple electronics the manufacturing costs are made to remain moderate. The detection of the threatening mains voltage near to the glove is based on the observation of the forming electric field. The most strategic component of the electronics is a microcontroller (Atmel ATTiny13). In addition to this only a few passive components of the electronics (resistors, capacitors etc.) are needed. The electronics contains a certain type of antenna to which the inducing voltage is accumulated. This voltage is measured with the AD-converter of the microcontroller. Finally, the microcontroller analyses the input level and makes decision whether voltage is present or not. The signal which comes to the converter from the antenna has been adjusted on the suitable level of sensitivity utilizing the previously mentioned passive components. The antenna has been placed on the upper surface of the forefinger. When testing a cable, conducting wire under test is pointed with finger from a safe distance. The electronics are powered with Lithium-Polymer battery. The antenna, electronics and battery is integrated between surface material and lining. LED is encased in the upper surface of the glove with silicone. The battery can be reloaded considering long-term usage. The charging takes place with the small portable charger that has been especially manufactured for the glove. The detector operates a few days with the fully charged battery, depending on the conditions. The protective glove has been a few months on usage in the electric power plant and the user feedback has been truly positive. In the future, the system will be moved from the glove to the cuff of the electricians jacket.
16
Prospie Project (Protective Responsive Outer Shell for People in Industrial Environments)
Prof. dr. Hein Daanen1,Henk Vanhoutte, 2
1 2
TNO Behavioural and Societal Sciences, Soesterberg, the Netherlands - Scientific coordinator of Prospie Henk Vanhoutte Consulting, Harelbeke, Belgium
In the Prospie-project a new generation of personal protective equipment (PPE) is developed and produced. The special feature of the PPE is a heat shield that prevents the worker to become too hot. Although sweat evaporation is an excellent cooling mechanism for work in the heat, this system is compromised when working in protective clothing. The body temperature rises and consequently the vigilance and task performance decrease. Eventually the worker has to abandon his task due to incompensable heat strain. Prospie aims to supply the worker with personal protective equipment that enables him or her to work longer in protective clothing with less discomfort. Sensors in the garments measure relevant physiological data, such as skin temperature, heat flux and heart rate, to assess the thermal status of the worker, and the environmental conditions (temperature, relative humidity). The physiological signals are used in an algorithm that generates a warning signal when a certain safety threshold is surpassed. Data are also transferred to industrial safety systems in order to alert rescue workers if needed. The operational benefit of prototypes of the suit are determined in a controlled setting as well as in the industry where protective suits are indispensable. For this field tests at different industries are running (including industrial washing) during the last part of the project. The Prospie Project is funded under the EU FP7 program and is a collaboration of 16 partners from 7 different countries, including end users. During the presentation the system will be explained as well as the results obtained so far.
17
Development of a new functional PPE system based on protective clothing improvement challenges and experiences from i-Protect project
Piotr Pietrowski*,
1
Central Institute for Labour Protection National Research Institute, Department of Personal Protective Equipment, Lodz
* corresponding author: pipie@ciop.lodz.pl
The main objective of i-Protect project is to develop advanced personal protective equipment (PPE) system that will ensure active protection and information support during rescue activities carried out by fire fighters as well as chemical and mining rescuers. The new PPE system should be ergonomically designed and as fully as it possible adapted to end-users needs and expected working conditions. The project approach takes into consideration research and development in the field of microsensors modules integrated with protective clothing for real-time monitoring of risk factors (temperature, concentration of toxic gases, oxygen level), optical fibres integrated with underwear textiles for monitoring users' health status (body temperature, heart rate), functional nanomaterials for achieving special properties of fabrics (antielectrostatics, conductivity) as well as communication module for data transmission. The core of the project is integration of the advanced materials and modules applied for the development of multifunctional PPE system. All safety and quality parameters of new PPE solution should be first tested in laboratory conditions in order to assess a proper functioning of each individual element to be elaborated within the project as well as protective properties of modified PPEs used as a basis for integration. Special attention should be paid to effectiveness checking and reliability of integration of individual system modules against the users safety, comfort, accessibility of individual system elements, as well as legibility and quality of information delivered to the user. After laboratory tests the PPE system should be tested in field tests by test subjects in order to assess field functionality. The interdisciplinary character of the project consists of R&D activities in various fields of science and technology (electronics, nano-engineering, optical fibers, ICT, fabrics and textiles modification, ergonomics) and requires expertise based on different technologies - in integrating these elements into one functional system. For the achievement of project objectives adequate evaluation criteria and testing methods for the new PPE system should be taken into consideration. The new requirements, covering the end-users needs, could determine test methods applied for advanced PPE systems assessment. The need of specific requirements and test methods could form the basis for future activities to be carried out within relevant standardization committees and aimed at new standard elaboration (including new areas for standardization).
18
New materials and clothing protecting against electromagnetic field of law, middle and high frequencies
A.Kurczewska
Central Institute of Labour Protection National Research Institiut, Czerniakowska 16, Warsaw, Poland Contact person: Agnieszka Kurczewska, agkur@ciop.lodz.pl
One way of reducing the sources of occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields is shielding the employee by applying the barriers in the form of protective clothing. For this purpose, a fabric and garment shielding electromagnetic field in the frequency range 50 MHz - 3 GHz have been developed. This presentation shows designs of fabrics, the test results in the scope of electromagnetic shielding of materials and garment as well as the criteria in terms of meeting the essential requirements of Directive 89/686/EEC. Developed materials shields the electromagnetic field, and furthermore shows good performance in the scope of flexibility, mechanical and dimensional resistance, low surface mass, low water vapor permeability. Developed fabrics and garment can be used for protection against electromagnetic fields for law, medium and high frequencies.
19
Some experiences on integration of advanced ICT solutions into smart Personal Protective Equipments (PPEs)
Jess Mara Lpez de Ipia (1), David Ramos (1), Piotr Pietrowski (2), Lorenzo Fiore (3) and Javier Goitia (4)
(1) TECNALIA Research and Innovation, Industrial Systems Unit; Parque Tecnolgico de Alava, Leonardo Da Vinci 11, 01005 Miano Alava (Spain) (2) Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB); Czerniakowska 16, 00701 Warsaw (Poland) (3) Aero Sekur S.p.A.; Via delle Valli 46, 04011 Latina (Italy) (4) IBERDROLA Distribucin Elctrica S.A.U.; Gardoki 8, 48008 Bilbao (Spain) (*) Corresponding author: Jess Mara Lpez de Ipia (jesus.lopezdeipina@tecnalia.com)
The i-Protect project is a 4-year FP7 NMP 2008 collaborative project funded by the European Commission and aimed to develop new intelligent Personal Protective Equipment systems (PPE) to ensure active protection and information support for personnel in high risk and complex environments, in particular chemical rescue teams, fire fighters and mine rescuers. One of the main challenges of the project is to integrate advanced materials and ICT solutions produced by the project into several final PPE prototypes. ICT developments include sensory and communication modules aimed at real-time monitoring of environmental parameters (temperature, oxygen and gas concentrations, etc), users' health status (body temperature, heart rate) and keeping the PPE in working order (end-of-service-life, air pressure in compressed units, etc.). The general framework of integration activities is described and some preliminary results are presented. Under the Dalia project framework - Development of technological solutions for safe and efficient integration of pruning and tree felling activities into the electrical grid management a project funded by the CDTI of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, a group of Spanish companies are conducting research to integrate ad-hoc embedded systems into PPEs of personnel working in maintenance of power lines, in order to improve safety and productivity issues. Project outcomes will include prototypes of advanced PPEs with new functionalities such as location of workers & machinery at work area, monitoring of environmental and physiological parameters and surveillance of proper use of PPEs. A non-intrusive interaction between endusers and PPEs will be also guaranteed.
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21
Barrier properties of composites with nanofillers designed for protective clothing and gloves
Sylwia Krzemiska*), Krzysztof ak *)
*)
Central Institute for Labour Protection National Research Institute, Department of Personal Equipment, Wierzbowa 48, 90-133 d, Poland, e-mail: sykrz@ciop.lodz.pl, krlez@ciop.lodz.pl
The health hazard for workers due to contact with mineral oils and solvents is present primarily in chemical, petrochemical, machine-building, metallurgical and car industry. The basic prophylactic measures include safeguarding of the human skin with appropriate protective clothing and gloves, which constitute an effective barrier against a wide spectrum of chemicals present in mineral oils. The prerequisite for effective protection provided by the barrier material is the use of appropriate polymer and additional components to produce a polymer mixture. The results of research works aimed at development of modern polymer nanocomposites designed for production of protective clothing and gloves resistant to permeation by chemical substances including in particular mineral oils and solvents are presented. The progress in nanotechnology has made it possible to undertake research with the aim to obtain polymer barrier materials containing nanofillers, the use of which is attempted to reinforce barrier properties of materials, in view of their specific physical and chemical properties. The paper presents the results of tests performed on flat membranes made of butyl rubber (IIR), hydrogenated acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (HNBR) and carboxylated acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (XNBR) containing a nanofiller - bentonite modified with various types of ammonium salts. Results of the research indicate, that the introduction of nanofillers to a polymer leads to differentiation of its barrier properties dependent on the nanofiller type and quantity, as well as on the polymer itself. Considerable improvement of resistance to permeation by chemicals, including both polar and non-polar substances, has been observed in the case of hydrogenated acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber nanocomposites.
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Efficacy of microclimate cooling by air and cooling vest for reducing heat strain and chemical contamination while wearing PPE during fuel cell replacement
Sirkka Rissanen1*, Juha Laitinen2 and Hannu Rintamki1,3
1 2
Physical Work Capacity Team, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland Chemicals at Work Team, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Kuopio, Finland 3 Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland * Corresponding author: sirkka.rissanen@ttl.fi
Replacement of a F-18 fighter aircraft's fuel tank is physically demanding work. Due to adverse health effects of kerosene aircraft mechanics wear personal protective equipment. Protective equipment, static postures, small space, high ambient temperature and high intensity work expose the mechanics to heat stress conditions. The aim of this study was to reduce heat strain as well as chemical contamination during the replacement of fuel tanks. Different cooling strategies were tested. Six male aircraft mechanics volunteered for the study. They performed a tank cell replacement simulation in a climatic chamber at ambient temperature of 25 C. The volume of the tank was 1 m3 and the size of the container was 131x120x92 cm (HxLxW). Their work was to pack the tank ready for removal trough an opening (30x40 cm). The simulation lasted for 50 min. The mechanics were wearing long sleeved and legged underwear and impermeable protective coverall, pneumatic respirator, protective gloves and socks. Two cooling systems were used 1) air cooling (AIR) and 2) cooling vest with PCM elements (CV). No cooling was used as a control (C). Core (Tcore) and skin temperatures were measured, and thermal sensation and rate for perceived exertion (RPE) were asked. Sweat rate was measured. In addition, concentrations of naphthalene on skin and total exposure to naphthalene in urine were measured during real fuel tank replacements. At the end of the simulation Tcore was 37.9 0.4 (p<0.05), 38.2 0.2 and 38.3 0.1C for AIR, CV and C, respectively. Mean skin temperature was 33.6 1.6 (p<0.05), 35.8 1.1 and 36.4 1.0C for AIR, CV and C, respectively. Sweat loss decreased by 22 % for AIR in comparison to C. Moisture from clothing evaporated by 61 and 18 % (p<0.05) for AIR and C, respectively. RPE was 15 (hard) for AIR compared to 18 (extremely hard) for CV and C. Naphthalene concentration on skin decreased at most by 80 % and total exposure to naphthalene in the urine by 30% when AIR was used. However, selection of appropriate PPE and constant inspection of the used PPE are crucial for the protection of worker. In conclusion, the use of air cooling system significantly reduced heat and physiological strain compared to CV and decreased exposure to naphthalene during the tank replacement. Air ventilation enhanced sweat evaporation resulting in dryer underwear and thus more pleasant microclimate inside the protective clothing.
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Work clothing for the petroleum industry in arctic climates

Tore Christian Bjorsvik Storholmen1*, Ole Petter Naesgaard1, Trine M. Seeberg2 Hege Torsvik 3, Hilde Faerevik1
1 2
SINTEF Technology and Society, Dept. of Health Research, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway SINTEF Informatics and Communication Technology, NO-0314 Oslo, Norway 3 Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Industrial Design Engineering, The Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway * Corresponding author: tore.christian.storholmen@sintef.no
The petroleum industry is expanding their activities further north into the Arctic, and activities are expected to increase in the years to come. The cold and harsh climate of the Arctic represents a threat to both safety and performance of the workers. Moving further north implies that workers will be exposed to extreme weather conditions of cold, snow and ice that can lead to fatigue, impaired physical and cognitive performance. These extreme working conditions require customized functional work clothing to ensure the safety, performance and comfort of the workers. The work include situations of both high and low activity levels, and tasks that require both high and low degree of manual performance. The work clothing must cope with all the different situations and provide adequate comfort and protection during all tasks. The workers carry around different items and are also obligated to use other personal protective equipment, such as a helmet, gloves and safety shoes. Compatibility with this equipment must be ensured. The aim of the project was to design work clothing for the petroleum industry in arctic climates that ensures the safety, performance and comfort of the workers. Materials, functionalities, aesthetics and integration of electronics in the work clothing have been considered and selected, and a prototype demonstrating most of the suggested functionality has been made. Materials and functional solutions have been selected to increase comfort and help prevent dangerous situations. A demonstrator with integrated electronics has been made to offer live monitoring of the workers physiology and ambient conditions to prevent exposure to dangerous temperature levels. This study demonstrated that sensors can be integrated in clothing in a way that can provide valuable information about ambient conditions and skin temperatures of a worker during hard work and rest in cold and warm environments. Essential properties, such as insulation value, work comfort, functional design solutions and validation of the electronic sensors are discussed in the paper. This work was supported by the Research Council of Norway and the partners of the Coldwear project 188002/I40 (http://www.sintef.no/Coldwear).
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Analysis for Thermal Performance of Immersion Suits

Han Zhang1, Guowen Song1*,
1
Department of Human Ecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
* corresponding author: guowen.song@ales.ualberta.ca
The purpose of this research was to develop an understanding of the performance provided by the current immersion suits used for aircrew when exposed to varous hazards, such as cold water, flash fire, hot water and liquids, which are the common hazards that an aircrew would encounter during the mission. A novel testing apuratus was developed to simulate the underwater environments in order to characterize the fabric and garments properties under conditions with low temperature and high pressure. A instrumented manequin evaluation system was used to investigate garment style and fit on thermal protection towards the hazards, such as flash-fire, hot water and liquids. The size and distribution of air gaps existing between mannequin and selected suits with different sizes and features were measured using a three-dimmensional body scanner. The heat stress and comfort assoicated with wearing these immersion suits were evaluated and predicted based on fabric and garmnets data gained from sweating hotplate and the thermal manikin tests. In addition the effects of different layers in immersion suits system on thermal insulation, the sensorial and movement comfort of the wearer will be evaluated. This research contributes to a better understanding of heat transfer mechanisms in the immersion suits system and aid in the development of effective immersion suits with greater thermal protection and comfort .
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Ergonomic Pattern Construction for Well-Fitted Buoyant Vest using 3-D Technology
Soyoung Kim1, Kyunghi Hong2, Heeran Lee2, Yejin Lee2*
1 2
Research Institute of Human Ecology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-704, Korea Department of Clothing and Textiles, College of Human Ecology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-704, Korea
*corresponding author: yejin@cnu.ac.kr
The buoyant vest is an important item in water sports to reduce the possible fatal incidents. Unfortunately, however, accidents have been reported due to the separation of the buoyant vest from the body in the water. It is because the vest currently using in water sports are bulky, non flexible and basically flat pattern lacking ergonomic aspects of body shape and motion. In order to give comfortable and stable fitting to the users, the vest pattern was developed by considering 3-dimensional shapes of human body and the thickness of foam flotation materials of each section necessary to the designated buoyancy. In detail, human body was scanned using a 3-D scanner and then the curvature of each part was measured using the 3-D measurement program (RapidForm XOR, INUS Tec.). The determined curvature was applied to ergonomic design of inner / outer layer as well as the layering of foam sheets that are 1-1.5mm thick meeting the standard of buoyancy. The inner fabric pattern was constructed by flatting the 3-D image of human body and the outer fabric pattern was designed by considering the thickness of layered PE foam. The methods of pattern making of inner and outer fabric materials considering the 3D contour of body surface and that of thick PE layers were reported. The newly developed vest will give more safety in dynamic water sports activity by increasing the fit and mobility of upper body.
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Dexterity and comfort evaluation of needle puncture resistant gloves

Chantal Gauvin1*, Jaime Lara2
1 2
IRSST, Montreal (QC), Canada University of Montreal, Montreal (QC), Canada
* corresponding author: gauvin.chantal@irsst.qc.ca
Needlestick injuries are associated with an occupational exposure to blood-transmissible infections, which are a major concern for law enforcement, correctional, maintenance and horticultural services. In these sectors, the workers must wear protective gloves that are needle puncture resistant while preserving adequate dexterity and tactile sensitivity. However, there is a limited choice of commercially available needle puncture resistant gloves. In a previous study, the puncture resistance to 25-gauge needles was measured on 58 glove models using the new ASTM F2878-10 standard test method. Twelve models were identified as the most needle puncture resistant. This pilot study intended to subjectively characterize dexterity, tactile sensitivity and comfort provided by these gloves worn by workers performing their specific tasks. Needle puncture resistant gloves made with SuperFabric and TurtleSkin protective materials were selected for testing. Three to five glove models were tested by three groups of workers: police officers, garbage collectors and horticulturists. Each group of worker comprised two to six subjects. The subjects performed specific manual tasks in a controlled work environment while wearing the tested gloves. They answered a questionnaire specifically developed for each group of workers, which considers subjective perception on gloves dexterity, tactile sensitivity, grip, flexibility and comfort. For the police officers group, none of the tested gloves were perceived as providing adequate performance for the use of a firearm, which requires fine dexterity and tactile sensitivity. Two glove models showed fair performance with tasks related to defense/control of individuals. These gloves provided sufficient grip level to allow handling of various police equipments. Only one glove model was perceived by garbage collectors to have adequate dexterity and tactile sensitivity for their tasks. Two models were appreciated by horticulturists, but none of the glove models tried were sufficiently waterproof, which is an essential glove characteristic for this group of workers In general, flexible glove models were most appreciated and perceived as offering the best dexterity, tactile sensitivity and comfort. However, these models were also the ones with the least needle puncture resistance. When closing the hand, the majority of the tested glove models created folds that impaired manual performance, and caused skin irritation and discomfort. For all sowed gloves, seams were reported to be uncomfortable and to reduce tactile sensitivity. There is still a need to improve protective gloves that combine needle puncture resistance and human factors.
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New method for measuring cut resistance in textile fabrics

Eva Carlbom1, Simonetta Granello1, Ebba Magnusson1, Anders Bergner1
1
Swerea IVF AB, Dept. Textiles and Plastics, Box 104, 431 22 Mlndal, Sweden
This study has been performed within the safe@sea project (Call ID FP7-NMP-2008-SME-2): Reducing risk of injury in complex systems through advanced personal protective equipment. The main objective of Safe@Sea project is to develop a new generation of advanced personal protective clothing for the fishing industry that will lead to a significant increase in safety without reducing work performance. The aim of this study has been to find a material combination suitable for both cut resistance and comfort where the design application is a glove. During the investigation it was also concluded that the current method for measuring cut resistance (EN388) was inadequate for intended application. The fabrics were made by knitting of yarns made from aramid, UHMWPE, PVA, PET and stainless steel fibres. Variations in linear yarn densities were evaluated. In the current standard method used for testing protective gloves against mechanical risks (EN388), a sharp rotating wheel is used to cut through the fabric. The method favours materials with a high melting point such as carbon, aramid and glass fibres. A new test method has been developed where a commonly used knife (MORA 511) is fitted to a frame and used to make a straight cut across the fabrics using cork as backing material. The results showed that fabrics made from UHMWPE fibers had the highest cut resistance which could be further improved by adding stainless steel fibers.
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Exploration of Simultaneous Mobility Assessment for Protective Clothing

Huiju Park1, Donna Branson2, Panagiotis Kamenidis2, Aric Warren3, Bert Jacobson4, Semra Peksoz2 and Adriana Petrova2
1 2
Fiber Science and Apparel Design, Cornell University, Ithaca, US Institute for Protective Apparel Research and Technology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, US 3 School of Applied Health and Educational Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, US 4 School of Educational Studies, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, US
Protective clothing can create restrictions in motion, ultimately compromising work efficiency leading to muscular fatigue, injury, serious health issues, even life threatening situations. Researchers have assessed mobility in those who wear protective clothing to identify problems in the design and to improve mobility of its users. A variety of evaluation methods to assess mobility have been reviewed and classified into three primary research approaches: assessment of 1) range of motion (ROM), 2) work efficiency and 3) exhaustion/fatigue. Authors discussed how each method has been used for specific applications and introduced some recent technologies, but few have explored the benefits of a synchronized assessment approach of these areas. Simultaneous examination of multiple relevant aspects can provide a better insight on the influence of protective clothing on human performance, as opposed to studying various aspects individually. Human subject tests were conducted using motion capture and electromyography (EMG) technologies to explore the potential advantage of a more comprehensive simultaneous mobility assessment. The changes in lower body mobility were examined as a function of body armor weight with balanced and unbalanced load distributions. ROM, and time/distance parameters of walking, muscle activation and fatigue perception were measured. Seven right-handed Reserve Officers Training Corps students performed 5 walking trials per garment condition in laboratory setting. Garment conditions consisted of a weighted vest with 7 different weight and load distributions (T1-0.06kg; T2-9kg; T3, T4 and T5 each -18kg; T6 and T7 each-27kg). Joint motion was analyzed using 22 markers placed on skeletal landmarks (3 on the neck and shoulders; 19 on the pelvis, hip, knee, ankle and foot). Muscle activity was assessed using silver-chloride EMG electrodes placed on four lower extremity muscles of each leg (bicep femoris, rectus femoris, tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius medialis). Through this approach, we found evidence of decreased work efficiency and possible early exhaustion. An increase in weight magnitude linearly decreased ROM for pelvic rotation and swing phase of gait leading to a shorter stride length. Shorter stride length can lead to more frequent strides, resulting in greater energy expenditure and early muscle fatigue. The negative impacts were greater for an unbalanced weight garment, which was consistent with subjective perceptions about ease of movement. A sharp increase in EMG amplitude for the rectus femoris was measured when the center of gravity shifted from one leg to another (010% and 30-60% of gait cycle), evidence of possible early muscle fatigue with weight increase.
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Safe@Sea developing comfortable wear resistant and stain repellent coated materials
Ine De Vilder1*, Myriam Vanneste1, Claudia Peltonen2, Minna Varheenmaa2,
1 2
Centexbel, Textile Functionalisation and Surface Modification, Technologiepark 7, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium Tampere University of Technology, Materials Science, Korkeakoulunkatu 6, FI-33720 Tampere, Finland
* corresponding author: ivi@centexbel.be
Safe@Sea is a FP7 project in the call: Reducing risk of injury in complex systems through advanced personal protective equipment. It unites 14 partners from 8 countries with the common goal to develop new personal protective clothing for fishermen. Fishing is one of the most dangerous professional occupations. Of 28.5 million active fishermen in the world, about 24000 fishermen get killed annually and 10% of all fishermen are injured every year. So there is an urgent need to improve the protective clothing for the fishermen in order to diminish the number of accidents. The starting point of the project is an elaborate investigation of the needs of fishermen in Europe. Based on these needs a new suit will be designed to improve safety on board of a fishing fleet. High performance materials and new technologies will be proposed by the research partners and these new systems will be evaluated by the participating SMEs. Some of the features that will be included in the new protective equipment are shock absorbers for head protection, new design of gloves, improved tear strength and resistance to penetration of sharp objects, scratch and wear resistance and self repair. Next to these new textile materials a lightweight buoyancy aid will be incorporated as well as an alarm light and a sensor for detection of fishermen falling overboard (MOB systems, Man Over Board). All these features will be incorporated without compromising the ergonomical aspects to allow a good work performance. This presentation will highlight the newly developed coating with focus on the materials used to achieve the envisaged abrasion resistance (durability), waterproofness, weldability, cleanability, etc. The aim is to replace and improve the currently used heavy hard-wearing PVC coatings by a lighter, more comfortable material without affecting the existing properties. Environmental awareness triggered the choice to use water based systems. Some test results of the newly developed coated materials will be presented and compared with the reference materials and limit values. The most essential properties, such as waterproofness, mechanical durability and repellence properties are discussed.
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Safe@Sea Protective clothing for improved safety and performance in the fisheries
Hilde Frevik
Department of Health Research, SINTEF Technology and Society, Trondheim, Norway * Corresponding author: Hilde Frevik
Fishing is among the most dangerous of all professions, with as many as 24000 fishermen around the world losing their lives every year. Although they work in a harsh and dangerous environment, many fishermen neglect to use personal protective clothing and buoyancy aids due to reduced work comfort and unsatisfactory functionality. The main objective of the Safe@Sea project (Call ID FP7-NMP-2008-SME-2) is to develop a new generation of advanced personal protective clothing for the fishing industry that will lead to a significant increase in safety without reducing work performance. The Safe@Sea consortium represents the entire value chain and includes SME companies (fabric, buoyancy, electronic devices and end-product producers of gloves and work clothing), R&D providers and end-user representatives from the fisheries. The concept behind Safe@Sea is to increase functionality, work comfort and safety by: 1) implementing solutions for buoyancy and textile integration of MOB emergency warning unit in the work clothing, 2) offering improved solutions for head and hand protection, 3) developing new speciality and highperformance protective materials with improved cut, tear and puncture resistance and coatings with better breathability, scratch and dirt repellence, 4) improved ergonomic design capable of resolving the contradictory requirements. A participatory design approach that involved key informants in a selection of European fishing nations produced a list of fishermens requirements. Concepts for hand, head and work protective clothing concepts have been developed on the basis of these requirements and existing international standards. The performance of existing and new materials and their usability has been thoroughly tested. The results of the material testing formed the basis for selection of fabrics to be used in the first prototypes. The first prototypes are of a totally new design, and incorporate the new fabrics, the buoyancy solution concept and MOB alarm. The design has recently been finalized, and the results of the first user performance trials and prototype evaluation will appear in January 2012 and will be presented at the ECPC conference.
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A research on the waterproofness of seam lines of protective clothes

Sukran Kara, Sevil Yesilpinar*
Dokuz Eylul University, Department of Textile Engineering, Buca, Izmir, Turkey *corresponding author: sevil.yesilpinar@deu.edu.tr
Protective clothes are produced to protect the wearer against hazardous environments and/or chemical, biological, nuclear or similar threats. Protective clothes are expected to show some functional properties such as fire resistance, resistance to certain chemicals, antibacterial properties etc. according to their individual end uses. In addition, one of the important shared characteristics of most of these clothes is waterproofness. Possesing waterproofness, these clothes serve as a barrier against rain or pressurized water, hazardous liquid chemicals and blood and other metabolic liquids which can cause infection so they prevent these liquids to contact with the skin. For this purpose, waterproof or waterproof breathable coated and laminated fabrics are used instead of classical fabrics. These fabrics have high waterproofness however when they are cut and sewn together to form a cloth, their waterproofness shows discontinuities at the seams. The pinholes which are formed during the sewing form hundreds of weak points along the seam line for the leakage of water and hazardous liquids. The liquid leaked from the seams contacts with the skin and dramatically impairs the total waterproofness of the garment although being made of high quality fabric. To avoid this sewing problem, special seam finishes are applied. One of these seam finishes is seam taping. By considering the effects of seams on the total waterproofness of the protective clothes, the influence of seam taping on the waterproofness was investigated in this study. Waterproof breathable laminated polyester fabrics for military applications were used as the raw material. Waterproofness of the sewn and taped specimens were determined according to TSE 257 EN 20811. The specimens which were prepared according to the standard were sewn by a Juki DDL-8500-7 model sewing machine. After sewing, the seams were taped along the seam lines by using Pfaff 8302 Weldtronic model hot air sealing machine at 4 different taping temperatures and with 3 different feeding speeds. When the test results were evaluated statistically, it was found that the taping temperature and feeding speed affected the waterproofness of the sewn fabric. Bursting resistance against the water pressure was found to be changing between 96.8-124 cm w.c. for sewn fabrics and 211-292 cm w.c. for seam taped fabrics. Taping increased the waterproofness of the seams by 2-3 times. In low feeding speeds and for high taping temperatures, waterproofness was observed to decrease. This is considered to be a result of the damage on the seam tape due to higher process temperatures and lower feeding speeds.
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Multifunctional protective clothing for rescue team workers in the Northern areas
Claudia Peltonen1, Minna Varheenmaa1, Harriet Meinander1
2
Tampere University of Technology, Materials Science, Korkeakoulunkatu 6, FI-33720 Tampere, Finland
*Corresponding author: claudia.peltonen@tut.fi or minna.varheenmaa@tut.fi
The aim of the EU-funded project SAFEPROTEX (Call ID FP7-NMP- 2008-SME-2) is to develop protective uniforms for rescue team workers of three end user cases: emergency operations under extreme weather conditions (floods, hail, etc.), operations under the risk of wild land fires and first aid medical personnel potentially exposed to any type of risk. Highly demanding working environments, such as rescue work, consist of multiple hazards and extreme weather conditions. Instead of having several different separate protective garments for each hazard the ideal situation is to combine multiple protective properties in one garment without losing its comfort properties. The aim is to create multifunctional protective clothing by applying the new smart materials e.g. with enhanced mechanical and adequate comfort properties. The special features of working in cold climate areas, like in the Northern areas are discussed here. Being exposed to cold weather during rescue work sets certain demands on developing and designing protective clothing. Physiological reactions of the human body as well as the material properties of protective clothing change according to the temperature and other environmental factors. Protection, functionality and comfort of the protective clothing system must be ensured in cold, taking into account the changing activity level of the rescue worker and varying climatic conditions. Challenges confronted in subzero temperatures are such as frost durability and stiffening of the materials, condensation of moisture inside of the clothing layers and functionality of the components or accessories of the garments. Working in cold climates normally requires a higher thermal insulation together with protection from wind which may result in bulky and stiff material layers in garments. As a consequence reduced dexterity or freedom of movements when performing the required tasks are confronted.
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A new approach to intelligent PPEs regarding electromagnetic interferences due to an electric arc
Francisco Magraner1*, Pedro Llovera1, Armando Rodrigo1, Vicente Fuster1, Enrique Rivas2
1 2
ITE (Institute of Energy Technology). Avda. Juan de la Cierva, 24, Paterna (Spain) AITEX (Textile Research Institute). Plaza Emilio Sala 1, 03801 Alcoy (Spain)
* corresponding author: francisco.magraner@ite.es
Nowadays the field of PPEs is experiencing a change towards new technologies. Electronic circuits and devices are embedded in garments and PPEs more and more, in order to improve the safety and gather all the exchange of information together in only one device, the intelligent PPE. In this way, workers are less responsible for their safety, since they are not conscious of data exchange, which is produced simply by wearing on the garment or PPE. Therefore, the safety depends on the correct functioning of the embedded electronic device and so it is very important to protect it. Imagine what it would happen if a worker carrying a GPS or a heart beat sensor fail, then it would be impossible to find the worker or to know if he is alive or dead, respectively. Applying these considerations to one of the most dangerous accidents in industry, an electric arc, new specifications must be fulfilled to protect the worker against thermal risk. Assuming that embedded devices are mainly antenna and small electronic circuits, the heat transfer through the garment is not easy to calculate in the process of garment design. These devices are composed of metallic parts, which are good conductors of electricity and heat. In this paper an initial approach of electric and thermal protection considerations will be analyzed from a theoretical point of view and in some cases by means of finite elements simulation. On the one hand, it will be analyzed the shielding of the electronic device against the 50Hz electromagnetic field of an arc. On the other hand, it will be discussed the induced current in the electronic circuits of the embedded devices, due to the intense magnetic field of an arc.
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Enprotex, New procurement strategies for innovative protective textiles

Anton Luiken1, Tommy Verminck2, Piet Verhage3
1 Alcon Advies BV, De Aa 31, NL-7642HA Wierden, Anton.luiken@alconadvies.nl (author to whom correspondence should be sent) 2 LFR, National Disaster Response Agency, the Netherlands 3 Civil Security, Ministry of Interior, Belgium
Abstract
In the EU-research programs much money is spent to fundamental research in order to reach breakthroughs in scientific knowledge. In most EU-research programs this fundamental knowledge is transferred in prototypes or demonstrators, but hardly ever attention is paid to the industrial production of the prototypes into products that become available for end-users. The EU has started a number of lead market initiatives on topics in which the EU industry is leading in the world. One of the lead market initiatives is on protective textiles, coordinated by the EU Technology Platform for Textiles and Clothing. One of the recommendations of the lead market initiative is to give public procurers a much more prominent role. Public procurers in Europe are spending each year hundreds of millions Euros on protective clothing. Part of this money should be used for the procurement of innovative products. Public procurers should act as launching customers for innovations. By doing this, the gap between EU fundamental and applied research and the use of these results in innovation in the EU industry, resulting in innovative products will be bridged. Innovative products would reach the end-users in a much earlier stage. Another goal of the lead market initiative is to make public procurers the voice of the customer. Public procurers are in daily contact with end-users and they know quite well which demands end-users have. Public procurers will become the smart specifiers of research needs by the end-user. Funds will be made available to bridge the gap between fundamental research and industrial implementation through PCPprojects. By doing do, EU R&D research programs will become much more efficient and effective. The EU is planning to increase the role of public procurers in all R&D-projects in the next framework programs Horizon 2020 and COSME. In order to start discussions between public procurers, R&D-institutes and industry, the EU has launched Enprotex. The main goal of Enprotex is to form an European Network for public procurers in protective textiles. In this network public procurers will discuss on the needs of end-users for protective textiles and they will be informed by R&D (Textranet, Autex) and Industry (Euratex, ESF, ETSA) on innovations. By this the total disconnect between these stakeholders will have to be overcome. In the lecture, more information will be given on the background of Enprotex, the results of the project and the future impact that this approach will have.
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36
Keynote
Innovative textiles Handle with care

Havenith George In recent years many clothing manufacturers are flooded with offers from textile/fabric producers regarding new, innovative textiles. For laboratories like ours, that have close links with clothing manufacturers, this means we are often asked to assist with assessing such materials. Examples of materials that have come to market over the last decade are: phase change materials; ionising fabrics; materials containing ceramics; Ultrafast photonic technology; Nexus Energy Source; Celliant etc etc. The purpose of this presentation is to look at available evidence for the functioning of these materials and to evaluate this evidence. This will cover publicly available information only, i.e. scientific publications in refereed journals, websites and accessible reports. However, this would not fit in a standard talk duration. To do this well it would take a minimum of 25 minutes. Ideally 30. More time would allow to discuss more materials, but probably 30 minutes incl discussion would be optimal. I understand this falls outside the standard planning, so I leave it up to you to discuss whether this is a contribution you want/need. Feel free to consult the programme committee and say no if it does not fit the plans.
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Need for standards for intelligent PPE

Helena Mkinen1, Piotr Pietrowski 2
1 2
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Finland Central Institute for Labour Protection, Scientific coordinator of i-Protect, Poland
During the last ten years a lot of developing work has been performed to add intellige to personal protective equipment (PPE). There was in the 7th FP specific call for projects concerning intelligent PPE. Standardization was required to include to the project plans. I-Protect is one of these ongoing projects on THEME 4 NMP Nanosciences, Nanotechnologies, Materials and New Production Technologies. In the standardization work package our aim is to formulate strategies for standardisation/legislation concerning new aspects of the proposed PPE system and to formulate guidelines for developing pre-normative documents for newly elaborated PPE systems for having reference used in EC type examination process. The starting approach is that the new PPE system is under PPE-directive, and must therefore meet all the basic requirements of the directive. In addition parallel the essential requirements of other relevant directives e.g ATEX, ICT, EMC must be taken into account. Intelligent PPE have features which are not covered in the current harmonized standards. I protect the project in terms of the new standards would require standards for intelligent PPE with a real-time monitoring and warning systems for the following areas: standards for PPE with features for measuring environmental risk factors (temperature, gas, oxygen level) standards for PPE with features for measuring human body parameters (body temperature, heart rate, etc.) standards for PPE with features for indicating changes of protection performance (e.g. end-of-service-life) Standards for communication network of intelligent PPE The presentation will discuss through the required standardization areas of feasibility, taking into account the essential requirements of the Directives.
38
Durability and performance of protective clothing after multistress aging

Carlos Arrieta, Toan Vu-Khanh
Research Chair in Protective Materials and Equipments used in Occupational Safety and Health, cole de technologie suprieure, 1100 Rue Notre-Dame Ouest, Montreal H3C 1K3, Canada
Abstract
The harsh environments to which protective clothing (firefighters turnout gear, protective gloves, etc.) is often exposed in service conditions results in a deterioration of the properties that frequently translates into an impoverished protective performance after a certain amount of time. In the present work, the effect of exposure to three environmental aging factors, namely temperature, humidity and light radiation, on the mechanical, physical and chemical properties of different materials used in the manufacturing of protective clothing is characterized and evaluated. The materials included in this study are polymers and fabrics made from high performance fibers such as Kevlar, Nomex, polyester and polyamide. This study is aimed at the eventual development of a service lifetime prediction tool that enables a reliable assessment of the condition of protective clothing in service. On a macroscopic scale, mechanical properties such as ultimate strength, strain at break, cut resistance, tear strength, etc., are evaluated during the progress of the aging process. The evolution of the chemical and physical structure is closely analyzed to detect the underlying mechanisms at the molecular level that control the changes of properties on the macroscopic scale. The degradation processes during aging treatments are monitored through several characterization techniques that include thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy, dielectric spectroscopy, rotational viscosimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction analyses, Raman and dielectric spectroscopy. A mathematic model based on mechanical properties is formulated to describe the behavior of the materials after exposure to each individual aging stress. The basis of these models is the time temperature superposition principle. A generalized aging model is constructed to estimate the total damage caused by each aging factor and its interactions after a given period of use. The proposed model is intended to give an estimation of the residual lifetime of protective materials in real service conditions.
39
End of Service for Protective Workwear Garments with Functional Finishes

Anugrah Shaw
University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
Cotton and cotton blends with functional finishes are used to provide a balance between protection and comfort in protective workwear garments. The user acceptance of these garments is relatively high as the garments with these finishes often look and feel the same as other workwear. Although the garments look similar, care instructions are often different due to special care required to maintain the performance properties. For example, use of bleach, softeners and washing in hard water may adversely affect the flame retardant properties of cotton and cotton blends that have been treated with flame retardant finishes. Similarly, the performance of cotton and cotton blends with fluorochemical finishes may require that no softener be used. Improper use and care can affect the performance and thus the service life of protective clothing. End of service for these garments would be when the garment can no longer provide the required protection. Unfortunately, there are no visual indicators that the user can rely on to determine whether adequate protection is being provided by the garment. A wear study was conducted by the European Crop Protection Association to determine the performance of protective workwear with a fluorochemical finish, used by pesticide operators. The users were asked to maintain a log of the wear and use of the garments. At the end of the study the pesticide penetration through the garments was measured. Results of the study validate the importance of proper care. Therefore, it is crucial that a prominent warning label be attached to the garment that informs the user of the negative effects of improper care and also alerts the user of a simple test that can be used as an indicator of end of service for the garment. It is also important to include that information as part of the training so that informed decisions can be made. The garments should not be recommended if it has been determined that the care instructions cannot be followed. For example, if the garment label states that washing with special care is required, the garments may not be suitable for regions where washing garments by hand is prevalent, as inadequate rinsing or other variation in the method of washing may affect performance.
40
Effects of the 3D body fit on the pressure distribution and dynamics of personal body armor during movement
Heeran Lee1, Soyoung Kim2, Kyunghi Hong1 , Yejin Lee1
1 Department of Clothing and Textiles, College of Human Ecology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea 2 Research Institute of Human Ecology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon,Korea *Corresponding author: khhong@cnu.ac.kr
Current body armor is about 8kg heavy because of ceramic plates and there is a space gap between human body and clothing due to the flat shape of body armor. Moreover, the weight is concentrated on (some) specific areas causing fatigue and pain. Although weight reduction of the body armor is very important for military activities, it is hard to decrease the weight. It is because the selection of material and textile is limited to protect the wearer against penetration and impact. Therefore, this study proposes how to distribute the weight of body armor equally using 3D technology, so that the comfort is maximized under the condition that the weight of clothing is the same. As experimental, three-dimensional body shape is used in order to design the protective equipment and clothing that are fitted human body well. And wear test is performed to investigate how much the body-fitted clothing is able to distribute the weight evenly compared to the existing clothing of loose fit. Actual clothing pressure of two garments as well as the pressure sensation of the wearer were compared and analyzed. Furthermore, human body and clothes model are created by the finite element methods (FEM), and analytical results from the pressure simulation and the experimental data were compared.
41
Relating the Current UK body armour standards to real life injuries

Malbon Chris1 ORourke Sarah1, K.Hewins, PhD2
1 2
Home Office, Centre for Applied Science and Technology, UK Wayne State University, 818 West Hancock, Detroit MI, 48201., USA
Body armour has become an integral part of life in both war and peace time throughout the world. With the body armour industry expanding due to the current climate, the need for ergonomically suitable armour has increased. Advances in technology have enabled armour manufacturers to develop thinner, more lightweight un-penetrative armour. This may come at a cost an increase in injuries caused by behind armour blunt trauma, (BABT). BABT can be defined as the spectrum of injuries obtained after a nonpenetrating ballistic impact. These injuries can range from mild bruising to organ damage and death. The UK Centre for Applied Science and Technology, CAST (formally known as The Home Office Scientific Development Branch) and the National Institute of Justice, NIJ, currently have standards in place to ensure that all soft armour have a uniform level of resistance to BABT. The British standard stipulates a maximum level of post-impact static indentation in clay (Plastilina) of 44mm at the HG1a level and 25mm at the all other levels [3]. The CAST standard also stipulates that penciling deformation may not exceed 20mm. Plastilina is highly durable, inexpensive and has the ability to produce repeatable results; however its use as a backing material by the CAST and NIJ has been questioned on several occasions due to its inability to predict injury mechanisms with respect to back-face deformation in humans. The aim of this study is to relate the current test standards to real life injuries. The NIJ and CAST, funded a program where Wayne State University, in conjunction with IACP/DuPontTM Kevlar Survivors Club, are working to collect information on real-life cases where officers have survived a ballistic trauma due to the body armour they were wearing. Twenty cases were identified from the IACP/DuPontTM Kevlar Survivors Club database as being suitable for recreation. Information was gathered about each case including the range, ammunition type, angle of shot, strike position, weapon (where possible). Phone interviews were undertaken and medical and police records for the incident were procured. Where available, the original armours worn by the survivors were procured and if unavailable a new matching armour was acquired. These incidents were recreated on Roma Plastilina clay. The ammunition, body armor product and standoff distance were recorded for each test shot on the clay. The results of each shot included high speed video footage, photographs, maximum post-static indentation into clay and volume of deformation. The data collected during testing was analyzed and correlated with the injury outcome of the real world gunshot incidents collected thus allowing us to relate the current UK standards to real life injuries.
42
Pressure distribution on the skin while wearing ballistic vests and other military equipment
Patrick Wettenschwiler1, Dr. Simon Annaheim1*, Rolf Stmpfli1, Dr. Ren Rossi1
1
Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, EMPA, St. Gallen, Switzerland Corresponding author: simon.annaheim@empa.ch
Introduction:
Protective clothing preserves the human body from harmful physical impacts. The main function of ballistic vests is to absorb high kinetic energies of gun shots. Ballistic vests consist of materials like Kevlar or ceramics and, therefore, are heavy and rigid garments. Both of these characteristics impede the work performance of the wearer. In order to improve wearing comfort of ballistic vests and increase the work performance, the pressure distribution has to be expanded and body areas with high pressure burden have to be relieved.
Methods:
We are developing an anatomical model (manikin) equipped with pressure sensors to investigate the load of ballistic vests on body parts at high strain. As the manikin is able to accomplish vertical movements and frequencies that correspond to marching velocities up to 6 kmh-1, the model enables static (standing) and dynamic measurements (marching). In a first step, we validated the system against data obtained from human subject trials. Subjects were performing static and dynamic (marching at 4.5 kmh-1 on a treadmill) experiments while the load was measured on shoulder, hip, and chest. In addition, subjects rated their comfort for each body part under investigation.
Results:
The load of the ballistic vests was slightly increased during dynamic testing compared to static testing. No differences were found between the different body parts. Reliability analysis of pressure measurements revealed high coefficients of variation for each body part during standing (Median = 92%) and walking (Median = 58%).
Discussion:
The investigation of the pressure load of ballistic vests on the human body reveals results with high variation and is very time and money consuming. These measurements are very sensitive and the applications of the sensors on a soft basis as the human skin increases their variability even more.The anatomical profiles of the regions of interest add complexity. A manikin reduces financial and time expenses and provides data at a much lower variability. A low variability is prerequisite to evaluate adaptations to improve wearing comfort of ballistic vests.
Conclusion / Outlook:
We recommend the use of manikins to gain a systematic understanding regarding construction and pressure distribution in ballistic vests. This knowledge is prerequisite to adapt construction providing a more uniform pressure distribution without high pressure impact. The application of ballistic vests on the human body is necessary during the last phase of product development only for final adaptations.
43
CBRNE session
44
Evaluation of wear and tear of CBRN Individual Protective Equipment

Saskia de Kant, Emiel den Hartog
Business Unit CBRN Protection, TNO Defence, Security and Safety, P.O.Box 45, 2280AA, Rijswijk, The Netherlands Contact person: Saskia.dekant@tno.nl
Over the last few years new concepts for individual protective equipment against CBRN which lower the burden have been developed. Some of these concepts are based on integration of the protection in combat gear. It is expected, also due to changing threats, that these low burden concepts will be worn more intensively than the heavy and high burden concepts developed and purchased in the past. Therefore it is important to investigate the influence of wear and tear and pollution on the CBRN protective properties of textile materials. At TNO a start has been made to assess and quantify the influence of wear and tear of CBRN protective systems on protection. Effects of wear and tear on both systems level and material level have been investigated on carbon based concepts and membrane based concepts. As an initial estimate the effect of wear and tear on CBRN protective materials were simulated by creating small failures, holes, in the textile materials. At a systems level, the influence of a hole in the clothing on the overall protection has been investigated. Similarly, the effect of micro-holes in membrane based suits has been studied. For the carbon based suits the effect of pollution was studied additionally. The pollution, equating to local inactivation of carbon can also simulate the effect of wear and tear on the carbon layer, for instance when the carbon spheres are locally detached and released from the textile structure. Also the effect of wear and tear has been studied at the materials level. The effects of 2 types of wear and tear have been studied, by using currently available technical textile material performance tests and the effects of pollution like dust and clay. Results of these tests will be presented. Overall these results give an indication whether todays materials and concepts are ready for more intensive use, and which aspects need to be improved. Also, this will lead to more operational relevant testing and evaluation of CBRN individual protective equipment and to a more basic knowledge of relevant effects of wear and tear on CBRN protection.
45
A proposal for improved evaluation of chemical protective clothing made of flash spun polyethylene nonwoven or some other nonwoven fabrics or combinations of nonwovens with micropourous films
Valerie Pierret1, AlisonSyrett1, Benedicte Valance1,*
1
DuPont Protection Technologies, DuPont International Operations, Contern, Luxembourg * corresponding author: benedicte.valence@lux.dupont.com
The barrier performance of clothing materials, seams and closure systems to liquids and solid particulates is key for chemical protective clothing. Assessments of clothing in terms of comfort and product quality are further very important aspects. A comparison of these performance and quality aspects is carried out, according to standardised test methods, between chemical protective clothing made of flash spun polyethylene nonwoven TYVEK and clothing made of some other nonwoven fabrics or combinations of nonwovens with micropourous films. A proposal for an improved evaluation of clothing of the various materials is made, so that potential users of such clothing shall be provide with more and better information for the selection of the appropriate clothing.
46
Development of Next Generation Manikin for Chemical and Biological Protection Research
R. Bryan Ormond1*, Roger Barker1
1
Center for Research on Textile Protection and Comfort (TPACC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
*corresponding author: rbormond@ncsu.edu
Evaluation of the protective performance of chemical protective clothing in the full ensemble form is a vital part of the overall development process for new protective technologies. The accepted evaluation methods utilize human test subjects to provide the most true-to-life simulation of how the garment would be worn in the field. However, there are many variables when testing with human subjects that can dramatically affect the perceived performance of the garment. The different sizes and shapes of the individuals can affect the garment fit and the volume of air inside the ensemble. The physiology specific to each test subject can affect the skin temperature, sweating rate, breathing rate, and work load. All of these factors can have ranging effects on the observed protective performance of an ensemble. To introduce a method of controlling some of these factors articulated sweating manikins can be used as a substitute for human test subjects. Using the manikin subject provides a consistent body size and shape so that the garment should fit the body very similar each time. The sweating rate, breathing rate, skin temperature, and work load can be monitored and controlled with the more advanced manikins. The ASTM F2588 and TOP 10-2-022 standards explain the Man-In-Simulant-Test (MIST) which is the primary method for the evaluation of full ensemble chemical protective clothing. This research aims to advance the standard articulated manikin technology so that it can be appropriately incorporated into the MIST protocol. The MIST manikin at TPACC has been given a more realistic range of motion to increase the air movement inside the garment. This manikin system has been evaluated and compared to human subjects wearing the same ensemble and performing the same exercise motions. A primary goal of this research was to investigate the variability of human subject testing compared to that of the manikin testing to determine the agreement between the two test methods.
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Improved ensembles for fire responder protection against chemical, biological, and particulate hazards
Jeffrey O. Stull1 , Grace G. Stull2 , Richard M. Duffy3, Michael Schubert4 and Tom Stachler4
Corresponding author: International Personnel Protection, Inc., P. O. Box 92493, Austin, TX 78709 USA, Phone: +1 512 288 8272, Fax +1 512 344 9588 (intlperpro@aol.com) 2 Same address and contact information above (gracestull@aol.com) 3 International Association of Fire Fighters, 1750 New York Avenue, Washington, DC 20006 USA, Phone: +1 202 737 8484 (rduffy@iaff.org) 4 Honeywell First Responder Products, 1 Innovation Court, Dayton, OH 45414 USA, Phone: +1 937.264.2662
1
Novel ensemble interfaces were developed along with new respirator technology for creating integrated ensembles of clothing and equipment to afford improved protection against chemical, biological and particulate hazards for first responders. The new ensemble features included a magnetic glove system and removable footwear sock extension to address the coupling of outer gloves and footwear. Significant efforts were undertaken to permit a traditional coat and pant arrangement with the minimization of inward leakage through the coat-pant interface and the coat and pant closures. The greatest challenge involved establishing effective interface designs for ensemble area where the respirator facepiece, helmet, hood, and helmet came together. A special hood interface, gasket, and coat front closure design were created to permit acceptable levels of wearer mobility and function. In parallel, a new self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) based on multiple plastic-lined pressure vessels has been advanced and has been shown to provide significant benefits for wearer profile and center of gravity. This technology has further showed promise of possible weight reductions and the potential for direct integration into the ensemble. The new SCBA design used an array of low profile pressure vessels attached to a flexible manifold and was contained in a soft, textile-based cover. The required SCBA components including the valve, gauge, high pressure lines, alarms, and features have been incorporated into the cover and wearer harness system. A number of field studies have identified specific changes for the ensemble and respirator system and have identified remaining design objectives. Research has been continued to support the implementation of the new integrated ensemble technology and a number of new test methodologies have been established for its assessment, specifically in determining overall integrity and functional performance.
48
Prediction of Thermophysiological Strain in Chemical Protective Clothing: the Impact of Barrier Permeability and Microclimate Configuration
ShuQin Wen*1, Guowen Song1, Muntaseer Kainat2, Samer Adeeb2
1 2
Department of Human Ecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
*corresponding author: swen@ualberta.ca
Different barrier materials are used in Chemical protective clothing (CPC). CPC made of impermeable materials block air and water vapour transport and evaporative heat loss through CPC is impossible. As a result, water vapour is accumulated in the micro-climate until saturation is reached and first drop of liquid water is formed. The total air volume in microclimate is thus a crucial factor in predicting the tolerance time for a person before he/she starts accelerated sweating. For CPC made of permeable materials, the most concern is the high thermal and evaporative resistance caused by thickness, which is significantly increased to accommodate multiple layers (i.e. splash-proof shell and sorptive structures). Air gap size plays a very important role in this circumstance as air layers with different sizes contribute differently to thermal insulation due to the presence/absence of convection heat loss. In this research, a Human Solutions 3D scanner and GeoMagic software were used on fifteen similar-designed CPC to characterize the microclimate configuration, including air volume, average air gap size, and distribution along the whole garment as well as the localized regions and opening features. Sweating thermal manikin tests were conducted to determine the dry and evaporative heat resistance across time on each CPC in full scale. Localized thermal and moisture transfer properties at different locations from the manikin tests were identified and their relationships to air gap sizes and distribution were developed. Prediction models on tolerance time in CPC were established which involves factors of fabric properties, micro-climate air volume, garment design features, metabolic rate and work intensity. The models provides an efficient and accurate way to predict thermo-physiological strain of CPC based on fabric properties, garment design and help identify key parameters associated with physiological burden and improve material and garment engineering.
49
ProtecPo, a software for the selection of chemical protective gloves

Jaime Lara,1,2*, Daniel Drolet1, Charles M. Hansen3, Franois Zimmermann4 and Alain Chollot4
1 2
IRSST, Montreal (QC), Canada University of Montreal, Montreal (QC), Canada 3 Jens Bornsvej 16, 2970 Hrsholm, Denmark 4 INRS, Nancy, France *corresponding author: jaime.lara@umontreal.ca
The selection of chemical protective gloves is major problem due to the number of chemicals used in industrial operations that is growing day to day and the variety of polymers used in the protective gloves manufacture. REACH estimates that there are more than 100 000 chemical substances on the market. It is well known that no polymeric glove material exist that protect against all classes of chemicals. There are some Databases containing information on permeation tests for a limited number of both chemical substances and glove materials. Also, glove and protective material manufacturers provide information on their products for a certain number of chemical substances and some mixtures. However, this information is limited with respect to the number of single chemicals and mixtures found in industrial operations. The predictive software ProtecPo developed in an international collaboration between the IRSST from Quebec-Canada and the INRS in France, with the participation of Dr. Charles M. Hansen in Denmark is a tool that allows selecting the best protective glove material when exposed to a single or mixtures of chemicals. The software uses the theoretical approach of the solubility of chemical substances in polymers, developed by Hansen. The basic principle is the following: the more soluble a chemical substance in a polymeric material, the less resistant the material will be; conversely, the less soluble the chemical substance in the polymer, the higher the material resistance will be. With this approach, it is possible to predict whether a protective material will be resistant to a chemical substance or to a mixture of chemical substances, and thus to propose the one(s) best adapted to the work context. ProtecPo is on the web since October 2011 and is located at the following website addresses: http://protecpo.inrs.fr/ProtecPo/jsp/Accueil.jsp?institut=IRSST http://www.inrs.fr/accueil/header/actualites/protecpo.html This paper describes the tridimensional solubility theoretical approach and the algorithm used on the development of ProtecPo.
50
Toxicity-based end points and test procedures to support the use of cumulative permeation for the improved selection of protection clothing against hazardous chemicals
Jeffrey O. Stull1 and Grace G. Stull2
Corresponding author: International Personnel Protection, Inc., P. O. Box 92493, Austin, TX 78709 USA, Phone: +1 512 288 8272, Fax +1 512 344 9588 (intlperpro@aol.com) 2 Same address and contact information above (gracestull@aol.com)
1
An extensive research project was undertaken to support replacing the determination of permeation breakthrough time with the measurement of cumulative permeation for specifying protective clothing chemical barrier performance. The approach in this research involved the development of a model where readily available chemical property data were used to estimate the skin dose for a number of standard testing and known highly skin toxic chemicals. For a given occupational exposure limit, a similar determination was made for the associated respiratory dose on each specific chemical. The ratio of these determinations was then applied to the selected respiratory exposure limit for arriving at the analogous dermal exposure limit. The validity of the model was examined through in vitro skin permeation testing and in vivo animal studies. Additional work was carried out to translate dermal exposure limits to permeation test method measured cumulative permeation masses. The results of the modeling demonstrated that the use of permeation breakthrough times based on relatively low permeation rates resulted in significant overprotection of the wearer, though some chemicals did show values of cumulative permeation similar to the acceptable limits established for chemical warfare agents. The development of specific permeation resistance test practices for measuring cumulative permeation was also undertaken. The conventional permeation test procedures were significantly modified to better specify test equipment, establish appropriate exposure conditions, and employ alternative collection techniques to capture all chemical permeating through protective clothing material over the exposure period. The objective of these changes was to improve the reliability in measuring material permeation resistance. The application of the new procedures to several chemical material systems showed more consistent measurements of chemical barrier performance in measuring cumulative permeation as compared with determining breakthrough times.
51
Prediction of human strain in CBRN Individual Protective Equipment

Emiel A Den Hartog
Department of CBRN Protection, TNO, P.O.Box 45, 2280AA, Rijswijk, The Netherlands Contact person: Emiel.Denhartog@tno.nl
Over the last few years the interest in the impact of the CBRN protective clothing on the operational performance has grown. At TNO a range of different studies has been performed to assess and quantify the performance decrease due to wearing CBRN protective clothing and equipment. On the thermal strain, for example, the different effects of ventilation on permeable CBRN protective suits versus suits with membranes have been studied. Results shown that, depending on climate and activities, increased ventilation decreased the core temperature 0.7C. Also this ventilation difference lead to a 25-30% longer working duration in warm-dry conditions. The simulation model additionally showed in what range of climates and activities these effects exist. Also we studied the ventilation rate in CBRN protective clothing directly. In air permeable garments, with air permeability-ranging from 15 to 1005 l/m2 @ 100Pa we could establish direct comparisons of clothing ventilation levels ranging from 100 to 500 l/min to increases in rectal temperature (38.4 to 38C respectively). In a separate set of ergonomics experiments, performance in CBRN protective clothing decreased 10-20% compared to regular battle dress uniforms. The main factors driving these changes were the size, weight and bulk of the clothing. Without gasmask and gloves the decrease was comparable to the performance decrease wearing ballistic vests. CBRN gloves and gasmask decreased the ergonomics performance much more strongly up to 50%. Movements were limited by CBRN protective gear, but for gross motor skills not much different than in other types of protective clothing. Fine motor skills and situational awareness, however, are more strongly influenced by CBRN protective gear, obviously mostly due to the loss of dexterity by the gloves and the field of view and auditory restrictions of the gasmask. Moving more towards actual operational performance in experiments with a car-driving and a helicopter simulator and with simulated shooting exercises we found that the CBRN protective equipment did not influence the cognitive performance significantly. The performance was mostly influenced by adding the gasmask. However, the changes were small (4% decrease in reaction time). All these experiments together show a somewhat surprising lack of performance decrease in these tasks that were more closely related to short term operational tasks (1 to 2 hours) than the ergonomics tests. This was in spite of significant indications of subjective discomfort ratings and 10 to 50% decrease in ergonomics tasks when tested separately. The conclusion was that the simulated working tasks in our experiments were too short to identify the performance decreases due to pronounced discomfort. Heat strain in working environments will add to the discomfort and it is expected to decrease performance over time progressively. The thermal strain provides a very high part of the burden to the wearer. Experiments and models that aim to assess actual operational performance decreases should combine the various stressors heat, movement restrictions, sensory deprivation, over a prolonged period, i.e. more than 2 hours).
52
comfort session
53
Comfort in PPEs
Miriam Martinez Albert Humans always have wanted to create a thermal environment where feeling comfortable. For the searching of comfort, the thermal comfort is the primary variable to study, and there are a lot of studies on this variable. But, what is thermal comfort? There are a lot of definitions on thermal comfort with a common vision: if we are not comfortable in our environment, our performance decreases. Not only temperature will determine the comfort of the user even if thermal comfort is the primary basis of this comfort: the user not only requires a good thermal insulation and breathability when he is wearing a garment, it when is dressed also has to provide a good sense of touching and this implies the improvement of mechanical properties in many fabrics and pars of the garment. Quantify the comfort of fabrics and ready-made garments it is problem due to there are many properties that characterize the article and many of them can be involved in the comfort of user. Two of the most important properties that quantify this comfort are the measurement of comfort based on the feel of the fabric (hand of the fabric) and comfort due to the physiological adaptation of the fabric to the user skin. Currently, the manufacturing and design of a PPE is based not only on the protection of the user but now the comfort is one of the most important variable when the user has to choose the right PPE: if he is not comfortable with the garment, he is uncomfortable and therefore this may influence in the work that he does, decreasing his concentration and increasing the risk of accident. Comfort has a great impact on the efficiency of our work and the PPE has a great influence in our thermal comfort. In this presentation and upcoming conferences there are analyzed the two parameters that determine the feeling of the user: the thermal comfort of the user and the comfort that the user feels when he is dressed with the PPE.
54
A Comparison of Three Different Calculation Methods for Clothing Evaporative Resistance

Faming Wang, Chuansi Gao, Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar Holmr
Thermal Environment Laboratory, Department of Design Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Lund 221 00, Sweden Contact person: faming.wang@design.lth.se
Abstract
Clothing evaporative resistance is an important input for both models dealing with heat stress and heat strain issues and standards. Both ASTM F2370 (2010) and ISO 9920 (2007) give two calculation options: heat loss option and mass loss option. For data obtained on multi-segment sweating thermal manikins, there are still two possible ways to calculate evaporative resistance for each option: the parallel way and the serial way. Due to that available standards havent commented on how to select one from these calculation options, it is useful to compare those methods and give a suggestion on how to choose a reasonable one for different applications. Five sets of clothing ensembles were selected for the study. A pre-wetted fabric skin was dressed on a dry heated manikin to simulate sweating. The manikin sweats at 12 segments except the head, hands and feet. The fabric skin temperature at each segment was measured by a temperature sensor. All experiments were repeated at least twice to ensure a good repeatability (5%). All test were conducted in a so called isothermal condition (Tmanikin=Ta=Tr=34.0 C). The results showed that the clothing evaporative resistances by the heat loss option calculated in a serial way were 15 to 46% higher than those by the heat loss option calculated in a parallel method. In contrast, the evaporative resistances calculated by the heat loss option in a parallel way were 10-27 % higher than those calculated by the mass loss option in a parallel way. Similarly, the evaporative resistances produced by the heat loss option in a serial way were 3-26% higher than those created by the heat loss option in a parallel way. The conclusion of this study was that clothing evaporative resistances calculated by the same option in the same way are comparable. The isothermal mass loss method is always a correct choice for calculating evaporative resistance when reporting physical values of tested garments. In order to keep wearers safe, the heat loss method with a serial way is always a conservative selection to calculate clothing evaporative resistance as an input for heat stress and heat strain models. Keywords: evaporative resistance, heat stress, heat strain, clothing ensemble, thermal manikin
55
Appendix
Fig.1 Clothing evaporative resistances calculated by different methods. mass_p, the mass loss option calculated in a parallel way; heat_p, the heat loss option calculated in a parallel way; heat_s, the heat loss option calculated in a serial way. L, light clothing; HV: high visibility clothing; MIL: military jackets and trousers; CLM: climber overall with Gore-Tex membrane; FIRE: firefighting clothing.
56
Analysis of the thermal insulation of clothing ensembles using computer generated data
Jean Lonard
Centexbel, Avenue du Parc 38, B-4650 Chaineux, Belgium jean.leonard@centexbel.be
Thermal insulation of a clothing ensemble is measured using a thermal manikin composed of several zones covering its whole surface. Each zone provides a local thermal resistance. Total insulation can be seen as a weighted average of all local thermal resistances. This method of calculation corresponds to the so-called serial model. However from a mathematical point of view, there is no reason to prefer resistance to conductance. Taking the inverse of the weighted average of all local thermal conductances is another way to calculate total thermal insulation which corresponds to the so-called parallel model. Unfortunately if the distribution of local insulation is uneven, serial and parallel models lead to different values of total insulation (with serial insulation higher than parallel insulation). In this study, the relationship between serial and parallel models is analyzed using computer generated data. In a first simulation, it is assumed that all zones of the manikin have the same thermal (constant) insulation except one which is varying. In a second simulation, the local thermal resistances are generated using a lognormal distribution with the variance as a parameter. The influence of the number of zones of the manikin is also studied. Those simulations confirm of course that serial model gives higher total insulation than the parallel model if the insulation of the clothing ensemble is uneven. Moreover decreasing the number of zones reduces spatial resolution and thus decreases the perceived unevenness. Consequently the difference between the parallel and the serial models increases with the number of zones. If the temperature of the manikin surface is uniform, it can be shown that total thermal insulation calculated according to the parallel model is not depending on the number of zones. This property allows to compare the parallel insulation of different manikins with different numbers of zones (assuming all other things being equal). In contrast serial insulation depends on the number of zones and thus prevents the comparison between different manikins with different numbers of zones. This is a drawback of the serial model. A workaround consists to decrease by computation the number of zones of the manikins to obtain a common configuration adopted by all test houses (e.g. 15 zones as suggested by standard ISO 15831:2004). This study doesnt take into account the true insulation depending on the physiology. This has been done in a second study.
57
Systematic analysis of heat strain when wearing protective clothing

X. Xu*, L. Blanchard, T. Endrusick, R. W. Hoyt
US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Biophysics and Biomedical Modeling Division, Natick, MA, USA *corresponding author: xiaojiang.xu@us.army.mil
Personal protective clothing increases thermal/vapor resistances, reducing heat loss from the body to the environment thus increasing heat strain and risk of heat injury. Traditional efforts to reduce heat strain focus only on clothing while the contributions of physical activity and environment conditions to heat strain are not taken into account. This paper uses a thermal manikin and mathematical modeling approach to analyze the impact of clothing, activity (i.e., work rates) and environment on human thermal responses. Two ensembles, a normal work uniform (ensemble A) and A plus a biohazardous protective garment (ensemble B), were selected for analysis. Thermal/vapor resistances were measured on thermal manikin according to applicable ASTM standards. A human thermoregulation model was used to predict endurance time (ET, min) at air temperatures of 25C, 30C, 35C and 40C, relative humidities (RH) of 25%, 50% and 75%, and metabolic rates of 300W and 500W. ET was the length of time for the core temperature to rise to 39C and was an indicator of the heat strain level. The measured thermal/vapor resistances were 1.81clo/40.9 m2PaW-1 for A and 2.28clo/54.9 m2PaW-1 for B. The impact of ensembles on ETs was dependent on work rates and environmental conditions. At a moderate work rate of 300W, the differences in ETs with A and B range from 0 to 222 min. Large differences (>150min) occurred in moderate environments (e.g., 40C/RH25%), while small differences (<40min) occurred in less stressful environments (e.g., 25C/RH50%) or in more stressful environments ( e.g., 40C/RH75%). At a high work rate of 500W, the differences in ETs with A and B range from 1 to 274 min. However, the largest difference (274 min) occurred only at 25C/RH25%, and the differences were less than 40 min at most of the remaining conditions. In conclusion, heat strain is the combined results of clothing, work rates and environmental conditions. Effective strategy of heat strain management should include not only ensemble improvement, but also mission planning (e.g., work rate reduction and physiology monitoring).
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An interlaboratory study on measurements of clothing evaporative resistance with thermal manikins

Tiago Sotto Mayor 1*, Faming Wang2, Jean Lonard3, Miguel Ribeiro1
1 2
Product Characterization Laboratory, CeNTI - Centre for Nanotechnology and Smart Materials, Vila Nova de Famalico, Portugal Thermal Environment Laboratory, Department of Design Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden 3 Centexbel-Verviers, Belgian Textile Research Centre, Chaineux, Belgium * corresponding author: tsottomayor@centi.pt
The clothing evaporative resistance is of paramount importance for the thermal comfort perception, particularly in warm environments or during intense physical activity. Knowledge about this parameter is required for body heat balance models, for thermal stress analyses (e.g. of the work environment), or for comfort studies in general. However, several works in the literature report large differences for clothing evaporative resistance values, obtained at different laboratories. This is ascribed to various factors such as: different calculation methods, different manikin designs, and difficulties in ensuring manikin skin wetness. In order to study the repeatability and reproducibility limits for measurements of clothing breathability with different thermal manikins, an interlaboratory study has been organized between three independent laboratories, equipped with different sweating manikins, two of which of NEWTON kind (although with diverse number of zones). Seven different clothing ensembles, with evaporative resistances ranging from very low to very high values, were tested at the three laboratories, following similar experimental protocols (ASTM F2370-10). The clothing ensembles include 1-layer underwear, 2-layers underwear and several professional garments (such as for fishermen, garbage collectors, or general purpose jumpsuits), chosen to allow the assessment of repeatability and reproducibility limits, for complex test conditions (i.e. for lowpermeability clothing). The results were used to study the measurement limits as a function of clothing total evaporative resistance. Furthermore, given that the clothing ensembles have diverse body coverage (full-body [except head, hands and feet] versus upper-body), the data were further used to assess the influence of the calculation method (i.e. type of approach used to compute total resistances based on local resistances), in particular in the context of measurements done with mannequins with different number of independent zones. The differences between the results obtained at the three laboratories were found to escalate with increasing clothing evaporative resistance, in particular for highly impermeable ensembles, which imply very low heat losses from the manikins (thus high relative errors). The possible causes for the differences found are discussed and analyzed in detail.
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Standardization of a sweating torso for the evaluation of the thermo-physiological performance of protective clothing
Simon Annaheim3, Martin A. Camenzind3, Andr Capt2, Helmut Eichinger1,2, Agnes Psikuta3, Ren M. Rossi1,3,*
SNV, Swiss Association for Standardization, Winterthur, Switzerland DuPont Protection Technologies, DuPont International Operations, Geneva, Switzerland 3 EMPA Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
2 1
corresponding author: Ren Rossi (rene.rossi@empa.ch)
Protective clothing is characterised by a high evaporative resistance (RET) which increases the risk for heat stress for the wearer. Therefore, different standards (e.g. EN 469:2007) stipulate performance requirements regarding RET. However, the RET-value is not directly related to thermo-physiological performance in realistic situations, as human geometry and the production of liquid sweat are not considered. A more realistic characterisation can be provided by means of sweating manikin tests which usually provide higher reproducibility and reliability than human subject tests. Therefore, a standardised experimental protocol for a sweating Torso is proposed for the characterisation of the thermo-physiological performance of protective clothing. The proposed experimental protocol consists of three phases to evaluate standard criteria such as thermal insulation (RCT) and cooling behaviour of protective clothing (initial cooling, sustained cooling, post-sweat cooling). Furthermore, the sweating Torso was coupled with a mathematical model of thermo-physiological responses (Fiala-model) to simulate thermo-physiological responses in static and transient environmental conditions (single-sector thermo-physiological human simulator; THS). This method was validated with data obtained from human subject trials in different climatic conditions. The comparison of standard criteria from the sweating Torso and the outcomes from the more realistic and complex simulation with THS proved the thermo-physiological relevance of standard criteria. In conclusion, the standardised sweating Torso test protocol provides a simplified method to reliably evaluate standard criteria of clothing systems and, therefore, is suitable for testing according to standard specifications.
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Relationship between Total Heat Loss test, thermal manikin testing and thermal model predictions. Is material testing good enough to predict physiological results?
Aitor Coca1*, Emiel denHartog2, Jung-Hyun Kim1
1 2
NPPTL, Pittsburgh, PA TNO, Netherlands
*corresponding author: esq6@cdc.gov
National Fire Protection Association has provided guidelines on thermal characteristics of fabric (thermal resistance and vapor permeability) used to manufacture protective ensembles (PE). A typical method to determine the thermal characteristics of fabric is the Total Heat Loss (THL; W/m2) test using a sweating hot plate (SHP). The aim of this study was to compare THL values from different methodological approaches and to assess if the SHP test-determined THL value is a valid predictor of thermo physiological responses to working wearing PE. In this study, two PE with the same design but built of materials with different THL values were evaluated. The materials were first tested by an independent laboratory to acquire the SHP THL test value. Then the PE constructed with each of the two materials were tested using a sweating thermal manikin (STM) to predict THL values. Finally, with the clothing values from the STM testing, we simulated the responses of humans working while wearing the PE with a thermal simulation model developed by TNO (Lotens, 1993 and Lotens and Havenith, 1991) (Table 1). The results showed the differences between the PE: the SHP test showed a78% difference, the STM showed only a ~50%, and the simulation showed a ~30% difference for similar environmental conditions. These differences could be due to several reasons. While providing a very accurate measurement of the thermal characteristics of the fabrics, the SHP test is performed on a small piece of PE fabric in a tightly controlled environment. However, during STM testing, the whole PE is tested as it is worn by an individual in which a layer of air is created between the warm surface of the manikin and the clothing that affect the overall heat transfer. Condensation of moisture (sweat) in the clothing layers is also another factor that is not tested in the SHP test, but affects the heat transfer between the body and PE. The thermal simulation tries to account for the air layer between the skin and clothing and does incorporate and predict moisture absorption and condensation effects of the clothing layers. Another factor added into the model simulation is that the skin temperature varies with changing conditions, whereas the manikin will maintain overall skin temperature at 35C. Based on these preliminary results, STM testing and thermal model simulation could help understand the real physiological impact of the THL value given by the SHP testing.
61
Table 1. Thermal characteristics of two experimental CBRN ensembles Suit A Sweating Hot Plate Testing Intrinsic thermal resistance (Rcf) [Km2/W] Intrinsic evaporative resistance (Ref ) [kPam /W] Total heat loss (Qt) [W/m2]: Sweating Thermal Manikin Testing Intrinsic thermal resistance (Rcl) [Cm2/W] Intrinsic evaporative resistance (Recl) [kPam2/W] Total insulation (It) [clo] Permeability index (im) [0-1]a Heat loss potential (Qp) [W/m2]b Predicted heat loss potential (Qpredicted) [W/m2]c Thermal Model Simulation Total heat loss (Qt) [W/m2]c: 88 123 35 (28.4%) 0.150 0.478 1.270 0.025 81.5 58.2 0.134 0.041 1.170 0.227 150.0 128.6 68.5 (45.6%) 70.4 (54.8%)
A 2
Suit B
THL difference (%)
0.019 0.170 191.3
0.005 0.003 909.4 718.1 (78.9%)
a : Woodcock moisture permeability index (0: totally impermeable 1:totally permeable); b: the total amount of heat that can be transferred from the manikin to the ambient environment combined from evaporative and dry heat transfer that were separately measured in 35C, 40%RH and 20C, 40-60%RH, respectively; c: the predicted amount of heat that can be transferred from the manikin to the ambient environment for a specified condition of 25C, 65%RH identical to the test condition of total heat loss (Qt) sweating hot plate testing and the thermal model simulation.
References
Lotens, W.A. (1993). Heat transfer from humans wearing clothing. PhD thesis, Technical University Delft, February 1997, Delft. Lotens, W.A. Havenith, G. (1991). Calculation of clothing insulation and vapour resistance. Ergonomics 34, 233-254
62
Method for Determination of Body Conformability and Fit of Skin-Layer Protective Garments
Olga Troynikov1, Nazia Nawaz
School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University
Personnel working in hazardous environments require protective clothing that is designed to the particular requirements of the carried-out tasks, environment and nature of the hazards. The protective garments often work as an ensemble system and each garment may incorporate various protective layers, materials and accessories. The attributes of the protective ensembles relevant to physiological comfort and wearability are as important as their protective properties and become especially important in extreme environments. Ergonomic aspects of comfort relate to the fit and body conformability of the protective ensembles and constituting garments which are in turn depend of mechanical attributes of comprising materials and their assemblies, and also on the construction and ease of the constituting garments. Currently different objective and subjective methods, both direct and indirect, are used to assess the conformability of materials, assemblies and garments. These include various mechanical performance tests such as in-plane tension, transverse compression, in-plane sheer, bending, drape-ability and others; 3D scanning methods to evaluate the drape-ability, 3D body scanning to evaluate the garment fit and air gaps resulting from it. In addition the direct subjective methods involving human subjects are also used.
Purpose
The purpose of this study is a development of an objective method for determination of body conformability and fit of protective garments with zoned construction incorporating protective materials of various mechanical performance attributes such as rigidity, flexibility, thickness and drape-ability.
Study design
Three samples of the textile materials and their assemblies were chosen which provided a range of assumed flexibility from most flexible (garment body material) to new flexible protective material and old less flexible protective material. In order to assess the flexibility and drape-ability the modified mechanical drape test was used. A subjective and purely manual assessment of flexibility was performed for comparison with mechanical test results. The tested materials were incorporated into a skin-layer protective garment and then its fit and conformability was evaluated using 3D body scanner and a body model mannequin. The size and distribution of the air gaps in relevant critical zones of the garments were acquired, analysed and evaluated. The 3D scan fit analysis was also assessed. Wearer trials were conducted to a developed protocol with the aim to compare the objective and subjective results.
Results
The results of the study indicated that the mechanical, subjective and scanning test methods were able to discriminate between textile materials, their assemblies and garments incorporating these materials. The results obtained through 3D body scanning utilising the developed method correlate well with the results of modified mechanical drape test. The trials demonstrated that it is possible to provide a quantitative assessment of conformability of protective materials incorporated into skin-layer garments giving a reasonable correlation with perceived wearer comfort.
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Thermal manikin tests for the intelligent cold protection of SMA embedded clothing
Jiyeon Lee, Sungeun KIM, Guira PARK, Eunae KIM*
Functional Textile System Research Lab, Department of Clothing & Textiles, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea * corresponding author: eakim@yonsei.ac.kr
In our previous studies, we have reported that Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) are smart enough to sense and actuate to give thermal insulation by forming the air layer according to the environmental temperature changes. It was demonstrated through the Human-Clothing-Environment (HCE) simulator test and subjective wear trials. In this study, the thermal insulation of the clothing system was evaluated using sweating thermal manikin (Newton, Measurement Technology Northwest, U.S.A.) according to the environmental condition. Clothing systems with and without SMA and goose down padding were compared. Three different types of SMA embedded vests were prepared. The SMAs analyzed to have the highest deformation with most power were attached to the vest fabric at one per 162cm2, 70 cm2 and 41cm2, respectively. Also, three kinds of vests filling with commercial goose down padding were made as the control sample by controlling the weight to have the same or similar weight of SMA ones. The sweating thermal manikin test was processed in the environmental chamber set at 200.1C, 505% RH according to the ASTM F1291 standard. For the dry test, the test was conducted at the 100.1C, 355% RH and 00.1C at almost no humidity. The thermal insulation (Rt) of total clothing system including each vest was measured and the moisture permeability index (Im) and clo values were calculated from Rt. Each thermal insulation (Rt) of three kinds of SMA embedded vests and three types of down ones was also obtained. The thermal insulation (Rt) and Im value obtained from the manikin test would be analyzed more in detail correlating with thermal, humidity, and comfort sensations of the human subject tests.
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Further validation of a modelcontrolled thermal manikin using firefighter turnout gear

Richard Burke1, Keith Blood1, A. Shawn Deaton2, Dr. Roger Barker2, Mark Hepokoski3
1 2
Measurement Technology Northwest (MTNW), Seattle, WA USA Textile Protection and Comfort Center (TPACC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA 3 ThermoAnalytics Inc., (TAI), Calumet, MI, USA * Corresponding author: rick@mtnw-usa.com
Abstract:
Thermal manikins serve a valuable role as research and product characterization tools, but manikin use as human subject simulators is limited by the ability of the manikins to adaptively thermoregulate with sufficient realism to mimic a human subject. The Newton thermal manikin has been coupled with ManikinPC2, an active thermoregulation model. Ongoing efforts are being directed towards validation of this system in various environments and operational scenarios. This study builds on previous research comparing the Newton/ManikinPC2 system against human subject exercise trials wearing firefighter turnout gear. These prior experiments demonstrated acceptable stability, repeatability, and accuracy in skin temperature response, but core temperature transient response could be improved upon relative to the human subject results. Prior results identified areas for further optimization of the thermoregulatory model and manikin integration. These optimizations were implemented and the manikin wear trials were rerun for comparison against the prior manikin and human subject data. The results of this testing demonstrate improved agreement with the human subject data.
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Thermal insulation of 3-layered clothing system in different sizes using 3D body scanner
Kirsi Jussila1*, Marjukka Keklinen2, Leena Simonen2, Helena Mkinen1
1 2
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Aapistie 1, FI-90220 Oulu, Finland Central Ostrobothnia University of Applied Sciences, Talonpojankatu 2, FI- Kokkola, Finland
* Corresponding author: kirsi.jussila@ttl.fi
The size of clothing and the thickness of the air layers entrapped between clothing layers affect the thermal insulation of the clothing ensemble. Movement and posture affect intrinsic clothing insulation and wind decreases the air layer insulation of clothing through convection. Air movements can also cause ventilation inside the clothing. The thickness of air layers between layered clothing is traditionally measured by pinching the fabric from several points of the body or by calculating the difference between the clothing measure and the manikin or test subject. The objective was to find the optimum size combination of three-layered cold protective clothing using a thermal manikin and 3D body scanner in both calm and windy conditions. Another aim was to find out the effect of wind from three different directions on thermal protection. The measured clothing system included three layers (base, middle, outermost layer). The outermost layer was a two-piece system in four sizes (48, 50, 52, 56) according to standard SFS-EN 13402. The middle-layer was made of fleece and came in three sizes (46, 50, 54). The base layer was size 50 in all cases. The thermal insulations of the dry cold protective clothing systems were measured in the climatic chamber of the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. The systems were measured at a temperature of 10 C. The air velocity was 0.3 m/s and 8 m/s during the measurements. Whole body and cross profile pictures from five points (chest, waist, hip, thigh, calf) of each clothing layer in different sizes were taken by a 3D body scanner using the software of Human Solutions ScanWorX: Anthroscan. A total of 31 scanned whole body pictures were taken. The results showed that in calm conditions with a stationary manikin, total thermal insulation was higher when the middle and outermost layers were larger in size. When air movement was added by wind or movement of the manikin, thermal insulation reached its highest value when the outermost layer (looseness of chest measurement 33.4 cm) was a size 52 and the middle layer a size 46-50 (looseness of chest measurement 3.9-14.4 cm). Wind had the least effect on total thermal insulation when the body was at a 45 angle against the wind direction and when direct contact surface with the wind was the smallest. The results provide valuable information on needed clothing looseness to obtain the highest thermal protection for clothing manufacturers, retailers and end users.
66
Prediction of body temperature in humans using non-invasive measurement methods

Reto Niedermann1,2*, Agnes Psikuta1, Ren Michel Rossi1
1 Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, St. Gallen, Switzerland 2 ETH, Exercise Physiology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Zurich, Switzerland
* corresponding author: reto.niedermann@empa.ch
The measurement of body temperature is an important parameter to determine the thermal state of the human body. The heat storage can be observed with an increase in body temperature (hyperthermia). For industrial workers, firefighters and athletes, this hyperthermia decreases the work performance and can induce a substantial health risk (heat stress). The direct measurement of body temperature is an invasive method with little practicability and acceptance in working conditions. Thus, other non-invasive methods allowing the prediction of body temperature, such as based on skin temperature, heat flux measurements or physiological models, are sought. A human subject study in the heat (30 C) has been conducted to investigate the validity of non-invasive measured parameters to predict body core temperature. The protocol followed two working phases at different intensities (40 % VO2 peak, 60 % VO2 peak) on a treadmill interrupted with a break to cool down. The working phases lasted for 40 minutes. A decrease of 0.4 C in the intestine temperature of the subject determined the duration of the break. The protocol included two tests with and without thermal radiation (about 500 Wm-2) from the front. The body temperature has been measured with a telemetric pill in the intestine. Evaluation of skin temperature, heat flux, heart rate and microclimate data served as a predictor for the body temperature. In this paper, we present the results and discuss the validity of the different evaluation methods used.
67
sport area
68
Evaporative resistance of sleeping bags - measurements on a thermal manikin Tore

Kalev Kuklane
Thermal Env. Lab., EAT, Dept. of Design Sciences, Lund University, Sweden * corresponding author: kalev.kuklane@design.lth.se
Thermal insulation of the sleeping bags can be measured by EN 13537. The testing and recommendations for sleeping bags are related to comfort or cooling in dry conditions. However, moisture accumulation in bags may occur during use (Havenith, 2002). In the latest years lot of attention has got moisture in clothing, and testing methods have been developed and improved (Havenith et al., 2008, Wang 2011). However, there is lack of data on highly insulating products, e.g. sleeping bags. The aim of this study was to evaluate evaporative resistance of the chosen sleeping bags, and compare the testing and calculation methods. Underwear and 3 sleeping bags out of the standard calibration set (EN 13537) were selected for testing. These bags have been described in more detail elsewhere (Kuklane and Dejke, 2010). The test procedures followed the EN 13537. The manikin was equipped with additional humidity and temperature sensors on each zone. It was dressed in wet underwear (water content 81015 g). The whole system was placed on a weighing scale for continuous mass loss recording. Water vapour pressure gradient between manikin surface under wet underwear and air was used to calculate evaporative resistance from mass loss based heat loss, and also from recorded manikin heat loss. Manikin surface was always kept at 34 C. The tests were carried out in non-isothermal (Ta=12 C) and isothermal conditions (Ta=34 C). All insulation calculations were carried out according to parallel model of EN 15831. All tested bags were high quality products. Their permeability index stayed below 0.4 (underwear was just above that). The use of the wet underwear reduced total insulation twice at 12 C. Evaporative resistance of the bags varied from about 90 to over 200 m2Pa/W under non-isothermal and from 120 to over 270 m2Pa/W under isothermal conditions if it was calculated based on manikin heat loss. The evaporative resistance of the bags varied from about 110 to 230 m2Pa/W under non-isothermal and from 105 to over 250 m2Pa/W under isothermal conditions if it was calculated based on mass loss. Evaporative resistance of underwear under isothermal conditions was 33 and 47 m2Pa/W based on mass and heat loss, respectively. The difference between heat and mass loss methods varied depending on thermal conditions, and this difference reduced with increased insulation. Depending on the application of data there is a need to standardise the test methods and procedures.
69
Heat loss and moisture retention variations of boot membranes and sock fabrics
Cornelis P. Bogerd1,2*, Paul A. Brhwiler1 and Ren M. Rossi1*
1 Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 14, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland 2 University of Primorska, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Garibaldijeva 1, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia
*Corresponding authors: niels.bogerd@upr.si and rene.rossi@empa.ch
Heat loss and moisture retention properties were characterized for footwear using a walking thermal manikin foot. For the first part of this study the same type of military boot was equipped with different membrane configurations: (i) GORE TEX with IQ TEX, (ii) halve OUTDRY, (iii) full OUTDRY, and (iv) OUTDRY with IQ TEX. In a separate measurement session a single boot type was used to evaluate four different sock fabric configurations: (i) wool/polypropylene, (ii) polypropylene, (iii) polypropylene/polyamide, and (iv) wool/polyamide. Both boot membranes and sock fabrics were assessed under three conditions: (i) standstill no sweating, (ii) walking no sweating, and (iii) walking and sweating. The walking rate was 15 step/min and the sweat rates were 9 g/h and 12 g/h, for boot membrane and sock fabric measurements, respectively. Moisture retention was assessed by weighing the footwear components before and after each measurement. The results indicate little difference among boot membranes, although GORE TEX with IQ TEX resulted in a higher heat loss during walking without sweating compared to the other membrane configurations (p=0.017). In addition, differences appeared in the location of retained (non-evaporated) moisture. The GORE TEX with IQ TEX retained more moisture in the sock compared to the other membrane configurations (p<0.001). In fact, the latter membrane configuration retained more moisture in the inlay sole compared to halve OUTDRY (p=0.015). No differences in heat loss were found among the sock fabrics, while wool/polyamide retained more moisture compared to polypropylene/polyamide (p=0.036). Furthermore, a moisture vapour transmission rate of 61.2 6.6 g/m2/h was calculated for all sweating conditions. Finally, the measurements suggest that no pumping-effect takes place in the measured footwear under the present conditions.
70
Determining the Performance of Cricket Helmets with the use of a Novel Headform
Nikunj Velani1*, Ben Halkon1, Andy Harland1
1
Sports Technology Institute, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
*Corresponding author: n.velani@lboro.ac.uk
As players continue to develop their skills within sports, the need for better sports protective equipment has also grown. Unfortunately, in many cases, the inadequacies, or suitability, in protective equipment available is unknown until an injury is sustained, or prevented. In cricket, the injuries endured from ball impact can often lead to significant playing time loss despite protective equipment being worn and, in extreme cases, fatalities, particularly if the head is impacted. Cricket helmets are designed provide ample protection to batters, and fielders alike, so that head injury is avoided but, despite this, cases yet exist where players have sustained head injuries that have threatened to end careers. Nevertheless, limited work has been conducted in the field of cricket helmet performance testing. Consequently, this study aims to further assess cricket helmet performance under game-like scenarios to extend the work that has already been conducted within the field. Previous work has yielded head acceleration values that exceed those that are deemed safe but have employed methodologies that may not necessarily best replicate actual game scenarios. A secondary aim of this work, therefore, strives to evaluate a novel headform and mounting design to determine whether it behaves superiorly over the methodologies that have been previously employed.
71
heat and flame protection session

72
Designing smart garment for firefighters

Mge Ylmaz1* , Ender Yazgan Bulgun1, Yavuz enol2, Taner Akkan3
1 2
Dokuz Eylul University, Department of Textile Eng., Izmir, Turkey Dokuz Eylul University, Department of Electrical and Electronics Eng., Izmir, Turkey 3 Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir Vocational School, Department of Mechatronics, Izmir, Turkey * corresponding author: muge.yilmaz@ogr.deu.edu.tr
Smart Systems and Materials are getting more and more attention in recent years and have a great potential in the field of textiles. The smart textile structures which integrate electronics and textile materials and protect the wearer against the physical, chemical and biological dangers have become more efficient and effective. Firefighters are occupational group; most often exposed to thermal environment. Therefore, fire-fighters must wear thermal cut- and abrasion-resistant protective clothing, providing protection against heat and flame [1, 2]. When firefighters are exposed to high temperatures for the long term, their protective clothing may cause burn injuries. If the evaporation rate of sweat increases without moisture being added to restore the thermal balance, the protective clothing dries out, and cooling stops. Evaporation rates increase as a firefighter enters higher temperature and thermal radiation zones near a fire. Firefighters may find that evaporative cooling has provided a false sense of security and that it has allowed them to enter an extremely dangerous thermal environment. This danger is not usually recognized until the last few seconds of protective clothing drying. As drying occurs, the protective clothing temperature may rise very rapidly, producing temperatures inside the garment that will likely cause serious burn injuries [3, 4, 5]. In recent years, researchers from textile and electronic science have made many interdisciplinary works to measure temperature, humidity, ECG and carbon dioxide levels by using electronic detection systems and related sensors to control the body signals [6]. In this study, the main aim is to protect the life of firefighters within the harsh environment by observing the conditions with related sensors. A smart firefighter jacket was designed to measure the critical skin temperature and ambient temperature changes. Moreover, by use of LED strips on the jacket sleeves the visibility of firefighter is increased in a smoky environment. For this purpose an electronic circuit board with some components and a microcontroller was designed and integrated into the firefighter jacket.
References
[1] Bajaj. Heat And Flame Protection. England: Woodhead Publishing Limited. 2000. [2] Cireli A. Isya ve Aleve Dayankl Koruyucu Giysiler. Tekstil ve Teknik 2000: 181-187. [3] Rossi R. Firefighting and its influence on the body. Ergonomics 2003; 46 (10), 1017-1033. [4] Lawson J. R. Thermal Performance And Limitations http://fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/fire98/PDF/f98066.pdf (1998, accessed 2010). Of Bunker Gear, online referencing,
[5] Keiser C. Steam Burns Moisture Management in Firefighter Protective Clothing. Degree of doctor of sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich. 2007. [6] Kremens, R. L., Faulring, J., Philips, DA Compact Device to Monitor and Report Firefighter Health, Location and Status, online referencing http://www.iawfonline.org/summit/.../2005_posters/Kremens%20et%20al.pdf.
73
Prediction of Skin Burn Injury Induced By Thermal Radiation based on Thermal Manikin Experiment and Numerical Computation
Fu Ming1*, Weng wenguo1, Zhang xiaole1, Han Xuefeng1
1
Department of Engineering Physics, Institute of Public Safety Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
* corresponding author: fm10@ mails.tsinghua.edu.cn
Abstract
Skin burn induced by thermal radiation is one of common but severe injuries in firefighting and some industry working exposure to intensive radiation. Over the past decades, researches have been studied on skin burn prediction and evaluation in two ways: numerical computations with advanced physical models based on the Pennes bioheat model, and experimental studies based on instrumented manikin test subjected to a simulated flash fire or thermal radiation. In this paper, a one-dimensional multi-layer model on skin heat and mass transfer was developed, considering the effects of blood flow and water diffusion and vaporization on tissue temperature. Based on experiment on thermal manikin NEWTON exposure to infrared radiation in a climate chamber, the initial and boundary conditions were obtained from skin temperature and heat flux of the manikin. A finite difference method was used to solve the equations to obtain temperature distributions in multiple layers of skin. Using Henriques and Moritzs burn criterion predictions of the human skin burn were computed. Comparing with previous researches, this model in this paper has good accuracy and feasibility. The results show that the numerical model can be used to predict thermal radiation that is also useful to protective clothing industry design and clothing materials selection for fire service places. The methods and results introduced in this paper can also be used to research the heat and mass transfer in protective clothing that will promote the performance of the clothing and bring about some new protective clothing designs.
74
Influence of exercise intensity on thermophysiological responses of firefighters wearing different firefighters protective clothing ensembles
Irena Yermakova, Ksenia Dukchnovskaya, Anastasia Nikolaienko, Olga Troynikov, Nazia Nawaz
Department of Information Technologies in Medicine, International Scientific Training Centre for Information Technologies and Systems, National Academy of Sciences, Ukraine, Kiev School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
Use of human thermoregulatory models for prognosis of thermophysiological responses in extreme conditions has advantage over experiments involving human subjects due to elimination of the possible risk to human health of the participants. The purpose of this research was to study thermophysiological strain of firefighters performing light and moderate work activities in hot dry environments, while wearing two different protective ensembles that differ in their materials and construction. Multicompartmental computer model was developed to predict transient and steady-state cardiovascular and thermoregulatory responses. The model allows assessing of the heart rate, skin blood flow, blood temperature, skin temperatures, sweat rate, evaporation, dripping, water losses and other physiological parameters that characterize thermal status of firefighters while wearing protective ensembles. Conditions for experimental modeling: Man- weight 70 kg, body surface 1.8 m2; activity level light 100W, moderate 300W. Environment: air temperature 30 C, relative humidity 20%, wind velocity 1m/sec. Protective ensembles: A and B. Results indicated that during light activity thermal status of firefighters fell in the range of thermal comfort: heart rate, skin blood flow, blood temperature, mean skin temperature, sweat rate, evaporation, total water losses, convection, radiation and other physiological variables outputs were practically within physiological limits and did not differ for each of two protective ensembles. During moderate activity cardiovascular and thermoregulatory response indicators considerably increased with significant differences in resultant physiological variables attributed to ensembles A and B. Wearing ensemble A resulted in a case where not all sweat produced is evaporated with part of is dripping and the sweating process is not being effective. By the end of experiment total water losses present more than 2% from the body weight which means danger of dehydration. Physiological and cardiovascular responses while wearing ensemble B are able to compensate effectively the complex impact on human organism and support thermal status without danger to its health.It was concluded that the impermeability of firefighters protective ensemble worn has significant impact on thermophysiological responses of firefighters performing light and moderate work activities in hot dry environments. Both ensembles are impermeable but perform differently at moderate activity. The difference between them is in materials, construction and some other attributes, not permeability and thus the difference in performance is due to these differences not impermeability. The multicompartmental computer modeling allows predictive evaluation of the ensembles without the possible risk to human health of the participants during relevant human studies.
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Thermal Protective Clothing Performance: Hot Liquid Splash and Its Flow Effect on Skin Burn
Farzan Gholamreza1, Mark Ackerman2, Guowen Song1*
1 2
Department of Human Ecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
*Corresponding Author: guowen.song@ualberta.ca
Hot liquids whether water, oil or drilling fluid, are a relatively unexplored hazard in the safety clothing industry. Increasingly, hot liquids are being used for material processing or enhanced in-situ recovery of bitumen from oil sands. Traditional materials used for protection against a hydrocarbon flash fire provide little protection against a hot liquid hazard. To explore the energy transfer mechanisms a modified apparatus (based on ASTM F 2701- 08, Evaluating Heat Transfer through Materials for Protective Clothing upon Contact with a Hot Liquid Splash) was developed to assess the protection provided by a fabric when exposed to a hot liquid. The test apparatus was equipped with three skin simulant sensors mounted on the sensor board to catch the flow of the liquid. The angle of the sensor board with respect to the fluid stream could be varied between horizontal to 45 degrees to determine the test conditions that would provide the best differentiation among fabrics and fabric systems. Selected fabrics and systems were exposed in a horizontal position and at an angle of 45 degrees to three hot liquids (hot water, drilling mud and canola oil) to gauge the effects of position. In the 45 degree position, the upper sensor was exposed directly to the hot liquid while the middle and lower sensors were exposed due to fluid flow parallel to the surface. In the horizontal exposure, the middle sensor was exposed directly to the liquid source and the adjacent sensors were used to measure the energy transfer with fluid flow parallel to the surface. The modified test method allows measurement of the energy absorbed by the sensor, and with the use of a skin model, the prediction of the time required to produce a second degree burn injury. The preliminary testing demonstrated that mass transfer through the fabric is the main factor contributing to burn injury. Analyses of the heat flux and the energy absorbed by the sensors during the cooling period (after the end of the exposure) showed that stored thermal energy contributes significantly to the second and third degree burns. Key factors that determine the level of protection a fabric system provides are: the liquids physical and thermal properties (viscosity, thermal conductivity, and heat capacity) and the fabrics air permeability, weight, and surface finishing.
76
Improvement of thermal and sweat management in fire fighter suits

Andreas Schmidt, Jan Beringer, Boris Bauer, Markus Schmid, Silke Kblbeck
Hohenstein Institute, Boennigheim, Germany
Most cases of death of fire fighters are caused by heat stoke and not by fire. This is because of the high thermal and moisture insulating properties of the nowadays highly engineered garments they wear. The thermal insulation is so high that the generated body during a call heat cannot be dissipated through the garment. In this paper we will present our investigations from a public funded German research project about thermal and moisture management under different climate conditions and activity levels of market relevant fire fighter suits. The investigations were carried out with the use of a sweating guarded hot plate, a thermal manikin and wearing trials with human subjects equipped with temperature and moisture sensors in a climate chamber with additional thermal radiation. To improve the physiological wearing comfort of fire fighter suits five complete fabric assemblies as well as their single construction elements were investigated. Aside the construction of the membrane also the placement in the fabric assembly has an high impact on the Ret value. Also the sweat transport at heavy sensible sweating which is of high concern during a fire fighting call is affected by the placement of the membrane in the fabric assembly. Based on the analysis of the obtained data the heat and humidity transport mechanisms inside the clothing system were investigated and suggestions for improvement were made. Furthermore the change of thermal and textile properties after several industrial laundry cycles were determined.
77
Advances in Manikin Technology and Methodology for Testing the Thermal Protective Performance of Clothing in Fire Environments
Alexander Hummel1*, Roger Barker1, A. Shawn Deaton1, John Morton-Aslanis1
1
Center for Research on Textile Protection and Comfort (TPACC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
*corresponding author: achummel@ncsu.edu
Testing and evaluating the thermal protective performance of clothing in fire environments has been primarily focused on bench level testing (i.e. TPP and RPP) as well as full garment fire test manikins (PyroMan). The full garment manikin testing facilities have provided valuable information on the thermal protective performance of clothing when exposed to high intensity heat. This data has led to better development of garments that protect individuals with hazardous occupations, such as military personnel, firefighters, refinery workers, and others. However, limitations in these current testing capabilities have led to a series of advances in manikin technology over the past few years. The PyroHands and PyroHead systems were developed by TPACC to provide testing results that current fire test manikins could not achieve. Both of these systems were departures from the PyroMan system, which tests full garment performance in flash fire conditions. The high proportion of burn injuries to the hands led to the creation of PyroHands, which are used to test flame resistant gloves. Likewise, PyroHead was created to evaluate protective headgear, such as helmets and balaclavas. The research projects for PyroHands and PyroHead also featured modifications to the human skin burn model to give burn injury predictions specific to the body regions being analyzed. Future research projects for TPACC include: the creation of a manikin addressing wildlands firefighter needs, investigating movement with fire test manikins, and further human skin burn model improvements. All of these manikin advances will provide analysis tools so that soldiers, firefighters, and other industry workers can be better protected from high heat exposures.
78
Modelling for predicting the performances of thermal protective clothing

Sumit Mandal1, Guowen Song1*
1
Department of Human Ecology, University of Alberta, Canada.
*Corresponding author: guowen.song@ualberta.ca
Abstract
Every year in Canada, nearly 60,000 fire incidences occur and it cause burn injuries to more than 1000 firefighters [1]. Additionally, fire accidents at workplace due to electrical flashes, slag burns, gaseous burns, flame burns, scalds or chemical burns cause burn injuries to 2% of industrial workers [2]. To protect the firefighters and industrial workers from burn injuries, high performance thermal protective clothing is necessary. Many researchers [3, 4] measured the performance of thermal protective textiles in various laboratory simulated thermal exposures (convection, radiation) using bench scale test (fabric stage) or full scale thermal manikin test (garment stage), and they found out that different fabric properties (weight, thickness etc.) affect the thermal protective performance. However, these tests demand a lot of safety measures and are very expensive, cumbersome, time consuming, and destructive in nature. Therefore, a user-friendly model which can predict the thermal protective performance would prove time and cost efficient as well as risk free. Till date no prediction model is available to measure the performance of thermal protective textile fabrics. The aim of this paper is to propose effective models for predicting the performances of thermal protective textile fabrics in various thermal exposures, mainly flame (convection), heat (radiation), hot surface (conduction), steam, and hot water. In this study, different fabric systems (single layer, bi-layer and multi-layer) that represent the current typical thermal protective clothing were selected. Laboratory simulations of the various thermal exposures were created to evaluate the thermal protective performance of the selected fabric systems in terms of time required to generate 2nd degree burn. Through characterization of the selected fabric systems in a particular thermal exposure, various factors (fabric properties- weight, thickness, thermal & vapor resistance etc.) affecting the thermal protective performance were statistically identified. Among these factors, the predominant factors for a particular exposure were recognised based on relative importance analysis. By employing the predominant factors in MATLAB 7.0.1, a Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) model and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model were developed for the prediction of performances [5, 6]. It followed a comparison of both the models and it resulted in better prediction accuracy of the ANN model than MLR model. It was found that the ANN based developed model could quickly and accurately predict the thermal protective performance in various thermal exposures. The developed model will help to engineer optimized thermal protective performance for a fabric with certain properties.
References
1. Marotta, E., Fire losses in Canada. Human Resources and Social Development, 1-42 (2007). 2. Mckeag, M. A., Forte, T., Chandra, S., and Fortin, C. M., Major injury in Canada. Canadian Institution for Health Information, 138 (2009). 3. Song, G., Paskaluk, S., Sati, R., Crown, E. M., Dale, D. J., and Ackerman, M., Thermal protective performance of protective clothing used for low radiant heat protection. Textile Research Journal, 81: 311-323 (2011). 4. Mandal, S., and Song, G., Characterization of protective textile material for thermal hazards. Proceeding of Fiber Society Spring Conference, 23-25 May 2011, Hong Kong. 5. Majumdar, A., Majumdar, P. K., and Sarkar, B., Application of linear regression, artificial neural networks and neurofuzy algorithms to predict the breaking elongations of rotor spun yarns. Textile Research Journal, 30: 19-25 (2005). 6. Murrells, C. M., Tao, X. M., Xu, B. G., and Cheng, K. P. S., An artificial neural network model for the prediction of spirality of fully relaxed single jersey fabrics. Textile Research Journal, 79: 227-234 (2009).
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Study for the heat transfer in PPEs against a flash fire

Enrique Rivasl*1, Miriam Martinez2
1 2
International Department - Country Head, AITEX-Textile Research Institute, Spain Comfort department, AITEX-Textile Research Institute, Spain
*Corresponding author: erivas@aitex.es
When a deflagration happens in an explosive atmosphere, the energy is transferred to the entire environment and to all the items near it. From the Personal Protective Equipment point of view is very interesting to know how this energy is transferred to the worker involved in this kind of accident. This behavior will be determinant for the self-preservation of the people involved in a flash fire. This study is intended to compare different materials, designs, weights, closures, etc and in the future can be used like a tool to improve the PPEs against these risks. Using an instrumented mannequin, we can evaluate the probability to have a burn and in the same time using a thermal camera with infrared view, we can evaluate the behavior of different kinds of PPEs who are now in the market and how the energy is dissipated from inside to outside of the body of the worker. This dissipation is very important to avoid the worst damages of the people involved in these accidents. In this moments the study are in the beginning with the data acquisition. We have done some experiments with cotton fabrics changing the weight. This first step will give us some idea the how the energy is transmitted in different cotton fabrics.
80
Flame engulfment test according to ISO 13506: correlations between burn predictions and total heat transferred
Ren M. Rossi1*, Michel Schmid1, Martin Camenzind1
Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, St. Gallen, Switzerland * corresponding author: rene.rossi@empa.ch
1
The flame engulfment test according to ISO 13506 uses a manikin equipped with heat flux sensors to predict the burn risk of a firefighter or a heat exposed worker when exposed to flames with an intensity of 84 kW/m2. This skin burn prediction uses a simple skin model with defined thermal characteristics and homogenous thickness and is based on a limited number of experiments with human subjects. The chosen skin parameters strongly influence the results of the reported 2nd and 3rd degree burns which are based on a pass/fail criterion for each sensor. There have been studies to investigate the influence of parameter variations on the predicted skin burn [Camenzind et al., Jiang et al.] or in general on the results of flame engulfment tests with an instrumented manikin [Torvi and Dale]. Instead of skin burns, the results may be indicated as a total transferred energy. In this paper, the correlations between burn predictions and total heat transferred are analyzed. The results show a good correlation for measurements with similar test conditions. However, the exposure time and heat transmission rate (i.e. total clothing insulation and stored energy), as well as the evaluation time influence the results. For example, highly insulating clothing will induce no 3rd degree burns, but the amount of total energy transferred can nevertheless greatly vary between different systems. This paper investigates the different factors influencing the results of the flame engulfment test and discusses the advantages and drawbacks of the two evaluation methods.
Camenzind, M.A., D.J. Dale, and R.M. Rossi, Manikin test for flame engulfment evaluation of protective clothing: Historical review and development of a new ISO standard. Fire and Materials, 2007. 31(5): p. 285-295. Jiang, S.C., et al., Effects of thermal properties and geometrical dimensions on skin burn injuries. Burns, 2002. 28: p. 713-717 Torvi, D.A. and J.D. Dale, Effects of Variations in Thermal Properties on the Performance of Flame Resistant Fabrics for Flash Fires. Textile Research Journal, 1998. 68(11): p. 787-796
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Mathematical Modelling of Heat Transfer Properties of Undergarments for Firefighters Clothing

Aysun Akit1*, Bengi Kutlu1,BirkanYurdakul2
1 2
Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Engineering, Textile Engineering Dept., Buca-Izmir, Turkey EKOTEN A. ., Torbali-Izmir, Turkey
*corresponding author: aysun.cireli@deu.edu.tr
The firefighters clothing does not only consists of an outer layer. It shows its thermal protection property with all of the layer of it. The most used fibers for underwear of firefighters clothing is FR cotton fabrics. The main materials to be used to produce knitted underwear structures for firefighters are FR cotton, FR viscose and FR cellulose-synthetic fiber blends. In this study, synthetic fibers produced by doping with thermal protective particules (such as carbon, etc.) are aimed to combine with FR viscose and FR wool fibers. Variables are chosen as fibers and fiber combinations, yarn counts, type of knitting structure, setting values and thickness of material. To determine characteristics of the fabrics properties such as air permeability, wettability and their protection against intense radiant and convective heat simulating fire conditions will be measured by combinating with an outer layer fabric. In addition, these designed firefighter underwear fabrics will be used for modelling mathematically underwears heat transport behaviour.
82
The thermo-physiological performance of various fire fighter garments evaluated by means of a sweating torso test equipment
Simon Annaheim3, Martin A. Camenzind3, Andr Capt2, Helmut Eichinger1,2, Agnes Psikuta3, Ren M. Rossi1,3,*
SNV, Swiss Association for Standardization, Winterthur, Switzerland DuPont Protection Technologies, DuPont International Operations, Geneva, Switzerland 3 EMPA Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
2 1
corresponding author: Andre Capt (andre.capt@che.dupont.com)
Fire fighter garments are complex fabric and garment assemblies and it is therefore difficult to make a prediction of the thermo-physiological performance of those assemblies. Therefore, different standards (e.g. EN 469:2005) stipulate performance requirements regarding RET. However, the RET-value is not directly related to thermo-physiological performance in realistic situations, as human geometry and the production of liquid sweat are not considered. A more realistic characterisation can be provided by means of sweating manikin tests which usually provide higher reproducibility and reliability than human subject tests. In addition, human subject tests are dependent on the individual physiological health of the subjects and are extremely costly. Therefore, a standardised experimental protocol for a sweating Torso is proposed for the characterisation of the thermo-physiological performance of protective clothing. The proposed experimental protocol consists of three phases to evaluate standard criteria such as thermal insulation (RCT) and cooling behaviour of protective clothing (initial cooling, sustained cooling, post sweat cooling). Extensive tests on different fire fighter assemblies and garment combinations (including underwear and station uniforms) have shown that a good prediction can be made regarding heat stress and sweat distribution. This can help to improve the different layers of a fire fighter garment or the complete garment assemblies from the underwear to the outer-shell material. In conclusion, the standardised sweating Torso test protocol provides a simplified method to reliably evaluate standard criteria of clothing systems and, therefore, is suitable for testing according to standard specifications.
83
Modeling of the parameters of the liquid cooling garment depending on the thermal stress experienced by a subject in the hot environment
Grayna Bartkowiak1 *, Anna Dbrowska1
1
Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
* corresponding author: grbar@ciop.lodz.pl
Many workers in the hot environment are exposed to the overheating that leads to the cardiovascular systems disorders and results in the occupational diseases. Additional thermal load is caused by the protective clothing. A reduction of the workers thermal load on the hot working stands can be obtained by introducing appropriately designed liquid cooling garment (LQG). In the framework of the research project, a numerical model of the heat exchange between the worker in the protective clothing and the environment was developed. This heat exchange model can simulate two variants of situations: the thermal load of the worker on the selected working stand in the hot environment without LQG and the influence of the liquid cooling system on the physiological parameters of the worker. Simulations include climatic conditions on the working stand, level of the workers metabolism and kind of the protective clothing. This model also gives a possibility to analyze cooling systems parameters (kind of coolant, material of the tubes that distribute the liquid, tubes diameter and length and liquid flow rate) what results in designing the most optimal operating parameters of the liquid cooling garment that are adjusted to the working conditions in the hot environment. By a use of the developed model, simulations of the cooling process of the worker on the selected stands in the hot environment were conducted.
84
Balancing Heat Stress and Thermal Protective Performance in Wildland Firefighter Protective Clothing through New Testing Technologies
Roger L. Barker and Anthony S. Deaton
Center for Research on Textile Protection and Comfort, College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C. Corresponding Author: Roger_Barker@ncsu.edu Tel: 919-515-6577. Fax: 919-515-2294.
Abstract
Major technical barriers associated with test methods stand in the way of achieving the optimum balance between thermal protective performance and reduced heat stress in wildland firefighter protective clothing. This presentation describes research that is developing new testing technologies and to produce the knowledge basis needed to overcome these barriers. The relationships between the breathability of protective clothing materials and heat stress are being established using an advanced sweating manikin. A new radiant protective performance (RPP) is providing provided more accurate assessment of protection against radiant heat exposures relevant to wildland firefighting operations. These testing methodologies are being used as part of integrated thermal comfort and heat protection studies to optimize the balance between thermal comfort and hazardous for wildland protective gear. This research is expected to provide an improved technical basis for the NFPA 1977 Standard requirements for heat stress, or total heat loss (THL) and radiant protective performance (RPP). It is coordinated with field trials being conducted by the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE).
85
Thermo-physiological Modelling of Humans Wearing Firefighter Turnout Gear

Mark Hepokoski 1*, Tony Schwenn 1, Allen Curran1, Rick Burke2, A. Shawn Deaton3, Roger Barker3
1 2
ThermoAnalytics, Inc., Calumet, MI Measurement Technology Northwest, Seattle, WA 3 Textile Protection and Comfort Center (TPACC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC * corresponding author: Mark.Hepokoski@thermoanalytics.com
In a previous study, the thermal burden imposed by firefighter turnout gear was evaluated by comparing human subject test data to measurements obtained using a physiologically controlled sweating thermal manikin. Specifically, the measured skin temperatures and predicted core temperature obtained from the manikin experiments were compared to measurements from identically clothed human subjects undergoing a test protocol involving alternating work/rest cycles. Although the error between the human subject test data and the manikin test data was acceptable, it was suspected that the disparity between the two data sets was due to limitations in the segmental thermoregulation model, rather than to limitations in the manikin control technique itself. In order to analyse the behavior of the thermoregulatory model apart from the algorithm and electronics that control the manikin, a test procedure was imposed on the model within a pure virtual setting (i.e. using simulated boundary conditions and measured firefighter turnout gear properties). The predicted physiological results from this analysis are compared against the measured results from both the human subject tests and the manikin tests.
86
poster session
87
Evaluation of the evaporative cooling efficiency in protective fabrics

Dr. Simon Annaheim1*, Dr. Agnes Psikuta1, Dr. Ren Rossi1
1
Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, EMPA, St. Gallen, Switzerland Corresponding author: simon.annaheim@empa.ch
Introduction:
Protective clothing often consists of impermeable fabrics with high thermal resistance (Rct) and reduced water vapour transfer. Such fabrics restrict thermoregulation of the human body, and increase the risk of heat stress. Finally, hyperthermia reduces working capacity. The cooling effect of sweat evaporation depends on the location where the evaporation takes place. If the sweat is transported in liquid form to outer garment layers, the evaporative cooling will be reduced. In this case, part of the evaporative heat is taken from the environment instead of the body and cooling efficiency of evaporation is reduced. We developed a model to investigate evaporative cooling efficiency in protective fabrics. This knowledge provides the basis to further improve functional properties of protective clothing and increase working capacity.
Methods:
In our lab, experiments are performed in a climatic chamber on a single-sector torso which is heatable and water can be released to induce evaporative cooling. Thus, functional characteristics (thermal resistance and cooling efficiency) of fabrics can be evaluated performing a specified protocol (phase with constant surface temperature and others with constant heating power with and without sweating) in well-controlled ambient conditions (20C air temperature, 20C radiant temperature, 50% relative humidity, 1ms-1 multidirectional air-movements). From this data, the effect of the fabric on initial (deltaT10) and persistent evaporative (deltaT50ev) cooling as well as the cooling efficiency (etaT50) can be calculated.
Results:
Plotting deltaT50ev against Rct reveals 3 sectors which are assigned to different levels of activity and ambient conditions: low activity in cold condition, moderate (intermittent) activity in a changeable condition (cool to warm), high activity in warm condition. Furthermore, deltaT50ev related to deltaT10 reveals if a fabric is more suitable for intermittent or persistent activities. Additionally, a high cooling efficiency is prerequisite especially at activities of high intensities.
Discussion:
The classification of textiles according to their functional characteristics enables to define their optimal application zone. On the other side, garments with desired functional characteristics can be produced if the impacts of textile properties (fabric structure, fibres per yarn, fibre properties) on the functional characteristics are known.
Conclusion / Outlook:
In a next step, we aim at investigating the effect of textile properties on their functional characteristics. Then, functional characteristics are re-evaluated with the torso coupled with a mathematical model for physiological responses. Hence, this set-up allows the prediction of the physiological responses of a worker wearing protective clothing in typical ambient conditions.
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COST Action TU1101: Towards safer bicycling through optimization of bicycle helmets and usage
Bogerd CP1*, Halldin P2, Houtenbos M3, Otte D4, Rossi RM5, Shinar D6, Walker I7, Willinger R8, Woolsgrove C9 & COST Action TU1101
1 2
University of Primorska, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia The Royal Institute of Technology, Division of Neuronic Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden 3 SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research, Leidschendam, the Netherlands 4 Medical School Hannover, Verkehrsunfallforschung, Hannover, Germany 5 Empa, Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, St. Gallen, Switzerland 6 Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Beer Sheva, Israel 7 University of Bath, Department of Psychology, Bath, UK 8 University of Strasbourg, Institute of Mechanics of fluids and solids, Strasbourg, France 9 European Cyclists' Federation, Brussels, Belgium *Corresponding author: niels.bogerd@upr.si
Cycling is an excellent sustainable alternative to car driving for many journeys. However, cyclists have fewer safety options than car-users, with a helmet being a possible safety device. Nonetheless, there are strong indications that increasing bicycle helmet usage for cyclists through legislation, coincides with confounding factors which might cancel out the positive effect of helmets on head and brain injury. Furthermore, scientific studies indicate that current helmet design is suboptimal. Since several fields are important to bicycle helmet optimization, an integral approach involving all of these is necessary, so that a given parameter is not optimized at the cost of another. In addition, the attitudes of cyclists and non-cyclists towards helmets must be considered if helmet usage is to be changed. In addition, the effects of helmets on cyclists and noncyclists behavior also need more study. COST Action TU1101 aims to address these issues with regards to bicyclist traffic safety and helmets. This multidisciplinary approach respects the complex nature of the issue, and will provide more complete information to legislators, manufacturers, end-users, and scientists, ultimately leading to increased safety for cyclists. This Action was established in October 2011 and will receive European funding until October 2015. It focuses on central coordination of research efforts, and to disseminate and provide this knowledge to relevant parties. COST Action TU1101 is divided into four working groups (WG): WG 1: In-depth accident observations and injury statistics WG 2: Traffic psychology WG 3: Impact engineering WG 4: Ergonomics of thermal aspects We welcome everyone with interest in this Action to contact us; we can still accept new members. Additional information is available through our website: http://www.cost.esf.org/domains_actions/tud/Actions/TU1101
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Interlayer moisture effects on heat transfer in firefighter protective clothing and gloves
Jeffrey O. Stull1 and Grace G. Stull2
1 Corresponding author: International Personnel Protection, Inc., P. O. Box 92493, Austin, TX 78709 USA, Phone: +1 512 288 8272, Fax +1 512 344 9588 (intlperpro@aol.com) 2 Same address and contact information above (gracestull@aol.com)
An extensive review of industry research for evaluating the thermal insulation of firefighter protective clothing and gloves showed a range of performance for different material systems under both wet and dry conditions. For the various types of heat transfer, using both conventional and modified testing procedures, there is no conclusion that can be generalized for predicting the effect of water on protective clothing and glove materials system thermal insulation. The body of research in the firefighter protective clothing industry demonstrated that some conditions where the tolerance times (time-to-pain and time-to-2nd degree burn) or time to a specific temperature rise favor dry systems over wet systems. Other conditions exist where material systems with varying levels of moisture, particularly those related to where the moisture is located in the multilayer clothing or glove composites, have been shown to provide relatively longer tolerance times or specific times to temperature rise as compared to dry systems. Several factors have been identified in the literature and through supplemental testing specifically conducted for supporting this research that affect the thermal insulation performance of clothing as affected by moisture. These factors have included the amount of water, its location in the material system, the type of heat transfer, the intensity and duration of exposure, and the type of materials and their condition during testing. Given the variety of exposure conditions that firefighters face, it has been found that no one predictive model can explain clothing and glove performance under all conditions. However, specific testing has shown several circumstances where appropriately designed tests have been able to emulate field conditions and provide predictions of field performance, particularly for well documented situations in which firefighters have sustained burn injuries.
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The evaluation of an agility test for discriminating the ergonomic impact of emergency responder footwear
Jeffrey O. Stull1, Grace G. Stull2 and William Candy3
1
Corresponding author: International Personnel Protection, Inc., P. O. Box 92493, Austin, TX 78709 USA, Phone: +1 512 288 8272, Fax +1 512 344 9588 (intlperpro@aol.com) 2 Same address and contact information above (gracestull@aol.com) 3 W. L. Gore & Associates, 105 Vieves Way, Elkton, MD 21921USA, Phone: +1 410 392 3600 (wcandy@wlgore.com)
The majority of tests specified in standards for worker footwear address specific measurements issues related to protective performance but generally do not account for the effects of the footwear on the individuals ability to remain agile and have functional footwear. A specific study was carried out using an agility test primarily used in the sports industry for assessing athletes, where individuals were timed in running a 10 x 20 meter course involving obstacles that had to be negotiated for the completion of the course. A total of seven firefighter test subject were fitted with six styles of footwear, including two styles of leather footwear and two styles of rubber footwear, all having different characteristics in terms of construction, weight, and design features. Two other types of footwear were included in the study to represent extremes in footwear performance including a relatively lightweight, low height station boot and in contrast, a heavy, poor-fitting rubber hazardous materials response boot. All footwear styles were compared with the test subjects own athletic shoes, either a running or cross training shoe. Preliminary trials were used to make adjustments in the test protocol particularly for the exact layout of the course, starting position, methods of timing, qualification of acceptable tests, and other procedures to promote test precision. A series of trials were then conducted randomizing the order of the footwear and involving multiple replicates to measure the course completion time in the test subjects wearing each different type of footwear. The percentage difference between the average of the study footwear style and the average of all baseline tests was used to create the principal output of the test the percentage change from the baseline. An analysis of the test output showed that the agility test discriminated performance between the different styles of footwear evaluated in the study. The majority of these differences were significant at the 95% confidence level. Exceptions included the tests ability to distinguish differences between leather styles and between two rubber styles of firefighter footwear. These results roughly coincided with perceived agility rankings by the firefighter test subjects, validating that the test predicted the effect of the footwear on firefighter agility.
91
A Methodology for the Design and Evaluation of PPE using a Human Thermoregulation Modelling Paradigm
Mark Hepokoski1*, Tony Schwenn1, Corey Packard1, Allen Curran1, Shaya Jamshidi Brosch2
1 2
ThermoAnalytics, Inc., Calumet, MI Science Application International Corporation
* corresponding author: Mark.Hepokoski@thermoanalytics.com
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) design and evaluation typically involves a trade-off study between personal protection from the environment and the thermal burden incurred by the presence of the PPE itself. Thermal burden is especially a concern in hot environments in which the evaporation of sweat is the primary thermoregulatory mechanism employed by the body to maintain an acceptable core temperature. Under such conditions, the evaporative resistance inherent in most PPE ensembles limits the bodys natural ability to manage metabolic heat generation via the transfer of latent heat to the environment. A systematic process that starts from candidate fabric swatch testing has been developed for the design and evaluation of a PPE ensemble using a human thermoregulation modelling paradigm. The procedure involves alternating between material measurement and thermo-physiological modelling so the garment prototype performance can be assessed from predicted physiological response during each step in the design sequence. These steps are summarized as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Measurement of the candidate fabric thermal and evaporative resistances using sweating hot plate devices. Evaluation of the fabric performance based on physiological response using a segmental model of thermoregulation and estimates of air layer thicknesses. Measurement of the garment prototype thermal and evaporative resistances using a sweating thermal manikin. Evaluation of the garment prototype performance based on physiological response using a segmental model of thermoregulation. Simultaneous measurement and evaluation of the garment prototype performance using a physiologically controlled sweating thermal manikin. Evaluation of the garment prototype performance using traditional human subject test methods.
This comprehensive process provides a low-cost, repeatable, and accurate approach to PPE ensemble design and evaluation, while minimizing the expense and difficulties inherent in human subject testing.
92
Ventilated evaporative cooling as a preventive measure when confronted with a hot climate
Chuansi Gao1, Faming Wang1, Tomonori Sakoi2
Thermal Environment Laboratory, Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Faculty of Engineering (LTH), Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden Email: Chuansi.Gao@design.lth.se Faming.Wang@design.lth.se 2 International Young Researchers Empowerment Center, Shinshu University, Tokida 3-15-1, Ueda City, Nagano 386-8567, Japan Email: t-sakoi@shinshu-u.ac.jp
1
Introduction
Climate change and heat waves pose a threat to workforce, the general public, particularly vulnerable groups such as elderly people and people with chronic diseases. Protective measures are needed to cope with hot environments and to mitigate adverse impacts on society. The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of personal cooling with ventilation clothes in a hot environment.
Methods
A heated thermal manikin with 17 zones was used for the measurement. The manikin surface temperature was controlled constant at 34 C in a climatic chamber (Ta=34 C, RH=60%, Va=0.4 m/s). A wet and tight fit cotton coverall was worn on the manikin to simulate sweating skin. A short sleeve jacket made of polyester and equipped with two small fans driven by batteries (AA x 4) for ventilation was worn on top of the skin. Cotton pants were also used in combination of the ventilation jacket. Three conditions were measured: 1) sweating skin, 2) sweating skin, ventilation jacket (fan-off) and pants, 3) sweating skin, ventilation jacket (fanon: high) and pants. Heat losses of the manikin were recorded at a 10-second interval. Chest, back, stomach and buttock were included in the calculation for the torso heat loss (cooling effect).
Results
The torso heat losses in the three test combinations were 131.9, 62.6 and 149.7 W/m2. When the clothes were worn, the torso heat loss was reduced about 50%. However, when the ventilation fans were switched on, the evaporative cooling rate increased 139% and was higher than that of the nude sweating manikin.
Conclusions
The findings indicate that the personal ventilated evaporative cooling increased evaporation capacity in the hot environment with moderate humidity and air velocity compared with nude and clothed manikin. The method can be used as a personal preventive strategy when confronted with hot climates.
93
Heat and moisture transfer through fibrous insulation with thin reflective fibrous interlayers
Xianfu WAN1,2* and Jintu FAN2,3
College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, P. R. China Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom,Kowloon, Hong Kong. Department of Fiber Science and Apparel Design, Cornell University, USA. * Corresponding author Email:wanxianfu@dhu.edu.cn Tel: +86-21-67792762
Abstract
Fibrous insulation has many applications including functional protective clothing, sleeping bags, buildings and construction, and aircrafts, particularly under extreme climatic conditions. In many applications, fibrous insulation is required to be not only highly thermal insulated but also moisture permeable. However, usually thermal insulation and moisture permeability are two contradictory properties, for example, adding thickness can increase thermal insulation, while decease the moisture permeability at the same time. It has been realized that reflective interlayers can be incorporated into the fibrous materials to block radiative heat transfer. However, since reflective interlayers are generally worse than the bulk fibrous materials in moisture permeability, the optimization of the construction of the fibrous insulation is important in maximizing the combined performance of thermal insulation and moisture permeability. This paper combined a previous developed model of heat transfer through fibrous assemblies incorporating reflective interlayers with a simple moisture transfer model. The model was experimentally verified and applied to predict the optimum constructional parameters of such an assembly for an ideal combination of thermal insulation and moisture permeability.
Keywords: heat and moisture transfer, fibrous material, reflective, interlayer, thermal insulation, radiative heat transfer
94
Development of Safety Webbing System for Well-Fitted Personal Life Jacket using Functional Lines of Non Extension
Soyoung Kim1, Kyunghi Hong2, Jiyoung Choi3, Yanjun Wu3, Namyim Kim3, Heeran Lee3, Byungcheol Lee2, Yejin Lee2*
1 Research Institute of Human Ecology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea 2 Departments of Clothing and Textiles, College of Human Ecology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea 3 Clothing Comfort Laboratory, Departments of Clothing and Textiles, College of Human Ecology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea *corresponding author: yejin@cnu.ac.kr
A new design scheme for better life jacket was developed by creating safety webbing system which improves the fit between a human body and the jacket as well as motion convenience. Making a complete fit through the safety webbing system, human bodys 3D shape should be considered accurately and the design structure made correctly. Since the handling difficulty of floating matters inside the life jacket, it has been hard to get a good fit with the conventional design of life jackets which can lead to the degradation of its function and any inconvenience during the activities both inside and outside of the water. In this study, the application of safety webbing system was investigated to upgrade the fit of a life jacket as well as comfort. In order to maximize the function of webbing system, it was designed the structure using non-extension lines on the real human body which minimize changes of original fit, any interruptions of motion and evoking a feeling of pain. Scanned data of 3D human body and mechanical engineering approach were used to determine appropriate structure, location, width and length of the webbing system. The new system, together with its reconciled design structure, allows wearers to move nicely and enhances the efficiency of fit inside and outside of the water.
95
Calculation of true insulation of protective clothing against cold by means of a physiological model
Jean Lonard
Centexbel, Avenue du Parc 38, B-4650 Chaineux, Belgium jean.leonard@centexbel.be
Thermal insulation is one of the most important properties of a protective clothing ensemble against cold and it is measured with a full-size thermal manikin composed of several zones covering its whole surface. It can be calculated from local thermal insulations associated to individual zone by using two methods, namely serial or parallel method. In order to select which of both methods is the most representative of reality, the true (or global) insulation as defined by standard ISO 9920:2007 was calculated in various situations by means of computer simulations using a multi-node physiological model. The true insulation allows to calculate real dry heat loss knowing average skin temperature and ambient (operative) temperature. The physiological model is based on the Stolwijks model extended from originally 6 to 15 segments. The advantages of using such a model over direct measurement on human being is to avoid errors inherent to measurement of thermal insulation on a person and to avoid inaccurate results caused by an insufficiently representative sampling. Thermal insulation of 8 protective ensembles against cold was measured on a 26 zone manikin. In order to match the physiological model, the number of zones was reduced from 26 to 15 by weighted averaging. Using those results, the conditions of the simulation (metabolism, duration of experiment and air temperature) were defined on the base of Annex B of standard EN 342:2004. In total 64 cases were simulated. For each simulation, various parameters were calculated as skin temperature, hypothalamus temperature, shivering, global (or true) insulation, total insulations according to the parallel and serial methods and the relative distance of true insulation between the parallel and the serial insulations. True insulation is calculated from the skin temperatures and heat fluxes predicted by the physiological model. The results of those computer simulations showed that true insulation is much closer to total thermal insulation calculated by the parallel method than by the serial method. This result confirms the results based on human measurement obtained in several studies. Thus as far as protective clothing ensembles against cold are concerned, it can be concluded from this study that from a physiological point of view, the parallel method gives thermal insulations that are much closer to the reality and thus should be preferred to the serial method.
96
Thermal Protective Performance of Fire fighters Turnout Gear Embedded with Shape Memory Alloy Thermal Liner
Guira Park, Youngjin Chae, Eunae Kim*
Functional Textile System Research lab, Clothing & Textiles, Yonsei University, Korea eakim@yonsei.ac.kr
Smartness or intelligence must be incorporated in the protective clothing for the better protection and better thermo physiological safety of the wearers than the conventional clothing. Two way shape memory alloy was applied in the fire fighters turnout gear to substitute conventional thermal liner and to give intelligent protection from fire hazard. The alloy was made into spring form and attached on the fabric layer; collapse at room temperature and expands at high temperature. It senses and actuates to give thermal insulation by making air layer between the two layers of fabrics without power supply. This makes the garment lighter and reduces the thermal stress by better heat and moisture transport through the garment system, not to speak of better thermal protection from fire hazards. For the determination of sensing and actuating the springs to form air layer, and for the measurement of heat and moisture transport through the fabric system, Human-Clothing-Environment Simulator was used. Using complete garments, performance of thermal protection, evaluated by flash fire mannequin testing method (ISO 13506), will be discussed in detail for the prediction of burn injury.
97
Effect of fabric weave structure on micro-climate environment under microdust protective clothing
Xiao-Qun Dai and Han-Yu Wu
National laboratory for modern silk, Soochow university, Suzhou 215123, China, corresponding author: daixqsz@suda.edu.cn
Workwear for workers in electronic factories need to microdust protective and often antistatic as well. To achieve the protective function, the materials for such clothing are very tightly-woven polyester fabrics with antistatic fibers fabricated, their air and vapor permeability is very low. For such clothing, the ability to transfer heat and moisture from skin is very poor, often put workers at high risk from heat(or cold) strain. The thermal comfort of such clothing is very crucial. Its necessary to develop new materials and design new structure for such clothing to achieve equilibrium between protection, comfort and durability. In this study, we focus on fabric materials. Three type of materials with different weave structures were used to make overall work ensemble. The air and vapor permeability of the materials are measured. The wear trials are conducted in the environment with consistent temperature and relative humidity. Three male undergraduates volunteer to participate in the experiments. The subjects wearing same underwear and each of the ensembles, perform series of actions following instructions, the temperature and relative humidity at back, chest, and thigh are recorded, their thermal comfort feelings are also reported. The temperature and relative humidity change are related to the air and vapor permeability of fabrics, and the effect of fabric weave structure on micro-climate environment underneath the clothing is discussed.
98
Physiological strain of workers of different ages during physical load in a cold environment in the same set of clothing
Anna Marszalek
Central Institute for Labour Protection National Research Institute, Department of Ergonomics, Warsaw, Poland, e-mail: anmar@ciop.pl
According to directive 89/656/EEC workers in cold environments should be equipped with personal protective clothing protecting against chilling of the body. In practice this is realized by providing workers with outer clothing but there are numerous individual requirements to maintain thermal comfort. As a result, workers wear different lawyers of clothing under outer clothing. The aim of this study was to assess the physiological response of workers of different ages during work in a cold environment when wearing the same set of clothing. The study was conducted in a climatic chamber in cool and cold environments with younger and older men and women working in similar conditions. During the study, some physiological parameters were measured and subjective ratings of climate and physical load were collected. Results indicated that there were no statistically significant differences between younger and older participants in their general physiological response to a cold environment. However, older participants tended to accumulate more heat and they sweated more than younger ones. Because wet clothing decreases of clothing insulation and, as a consequence, chills the body more than dry clothing, older workers are exposed to a higher risk of hypothermia than younger ones. Differences in heat accumulation were lower in a more severe cold environment. In conclusion, workers in cold environments should have a set of clothing to regulate individually its thermal insulation to maintain thermal comfort during different physical loads and depending on the morphologic structure of the body.
99
Mechanical properties of chosen basalt fabrics destined for the protective gloves
I. Frydrych1,2, E. Irzmaska1, A.Stefko1, R. Hrynyk1, M. Bednar3
1 2
Central Institute of Labour protection - National Research Institute Technical University of Lodz 3 Basaltex, Sumperk
Abstract
There are presented results of resistance on the mechanical factors for three fabrics made of basalt fibers different in the aspect of mass per square meter and thickness as well as for their aluminized modifications. These modifications were obtained by glueing the aluminum foil to the basalt fabric by two kinds of glue: Butacoll A+ and Bonatex PU85. Totally, 9 basalt fabrics were undergone the measurements: three without aluminum foil, three aluminized with the use of Butacoll A+ glue, and three aluminized with the use of Bonatex PU85 glue. The study was focused on an elaboration of the optimal textile modification designed for use in gloves protecting against the thermal and mechanical risks. In the paper, there are confined only the results dealt with the mechanical properties. There are presented the results of abrasion, tear resistance, resistance on puncture, cut resistance and fatigue bending resistance. The results of measurements are presented in the form of tables and figures. The received results are compared with the requirements for the protective clothing, which are confined in the appropriate standards. According to the requirements of European standards only one way of combining with the aluminum foil can be used for the protective gloves.
Keywords: tear resistance, cut resistance, abrasion, fatique bending, basalt fabrics, alluminized basalt fabrics
100
Investigation on the Durability of Thermal Insulating Performance of Aluminized Fabric

Lu Jin1, Pyoung-Kyu Park2, Kee Jong Yoon1*
1 2
Department of Fiber System Engineering, Dankook University, Korea Technical Research Institute of Sancheong, Korea
*Corresponding author: keeyoon@dku.edu
Aluminized fabrics are used for protection against radiant heat, however the reflective properties rapidly decrease on repeated use. Hence, we investigate the durability of thermal protective performance of aluminized fabrics in this study. We used dual mirror and single mirror films in combination with various base fabrics which are woven, knit, or nonwoven. The durability of thermal protective performance of aluminized fabrics were evaluated by the UVVisNIR(ultravioletvisiblenear infrared) spectrophotometer analysis, heat transmission on exposure to radiant heat test device (ISO 6942), light transmittance device and heat transmission on exposure to flame heat test device (ISO 9151). Results shown that dual mirror aluminized fabric exhibited better radiant heat insulating performance than single mirror and the aluminized fabric of nonwoven type shown higher durability of performance than other specimens.
101
Distribution of the air gap thickness and contact area in wet underwear
Joanna Frackiewicz-Kaczmarek1,2*, Agnes Psikuta1, Wajdi Heni2, Ren Rossi1, Marie-Ange Bueno2
1 Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland 2 Laboratory of Physics and Mechanics of Textiles (EAC 7189 CNRS/UHA), University of Haute Alsace, Mulhouse, France *corresponding author: joanna.frackiewicz@empa.ch
Heat and moisture transfer from skin to the environment plays a major role in maintaining wearers body at thermal comfort. Moisture accumulation in protective clothing may be a hazardous factor in harsh environments (steam burns in fire fighters, depletion of insulation). At higher activities an excessive heat produced by the body can be disposed through evaporation. If the clothing worn impedes transfer of the vapor and liquid perspiration, moisture will be accumulated in the clothing layers. [1] The intensity of thermal effect of wet clothing experienced by the person will vary due to non-uniform distribution of the air gap thickness and the contact area between cloth and skin. [2, 3] Currently, clothing models assume either a homogenous air gap between the body and a garment or its lack. This approach disregards the non-uniformity of heat, vapour and liquid water transfer. Since this transfer depends on the shape of the air layers within the clothing and the contact between surfaces, the distribution of the air gap thickness and the contact area in dry and wet garments was investigated. Our study dealt with an effect of the moisture content in fabric on the distribution of the air gap and the contact area between garment and the human-shape body. The objective of this work was to investigate the distinct changes of the air layer thickness in the various knitted underwear at distinct moisture contents. This knowledge will be applied in modeling of the heat and mass transfer in protective clothing when moisture is present in the system.
1. 2. 3. Chen Y.S., Fan J., Zhang. W, Clothing thermal insulation during sweating, Textile Research Journal, 2003, vol. 73, no. 2,
152-157
Hes L., de Araujo M., Simulation of the effect of air gaps between the skin and a wet fabric on resulting cooling flow, Textile Research Journal, 2010, vol. 80, no. 14, 1488-1497 Hes L., Heat, moisture and air transfer properties of selected woven fabrics in wet state, Journal of Fiber Bioengineering and Informatics, 2008, vol. 2, no.3, 141-149
102
The effect of air gaps in moist protective clothing on protection from heat and flame
Yehu Lu1, 2, Jun Li1, 3, Xiaohui Li1, Guowen Song2*
1 Protective Clothing Research Center, Fashion Institute, Donghua University, Shanghai, China 2 Department of Human Ecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada 3 Key Laboratory of Clothing Design and Technology, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China * Corresponding author: guowen.song@ualberta.ca
Abstract
The distribution of air gaps and moisture in thermal protective clothing has a large and complicated impact on thermal protective performance (TPP). The effect of air gap size on the TPP of moist flame resistant fabrics exposed to 84 kW/m2 convective/radiant heat flux was investigated. Air gap sizes from 0 to 24 mm in increments of 3 mm were employed by using an air gap height regulation device. Four fabric moisture preconditions with standard condition, 35%, 65%, and 100% soaked water were prepared, denoted R1R4. The results showed that the air gap effect was influenced by the amount of moisture added. It was also determined that the moisture in the fabric significantly increased the TPP (p < 0.05). The positive effect of moisture was enhanced by the amount of moisture if the air gap was less than 12 mm; the effect of moisture varied for air gaps larger than 12 mm. The mechanism of heat and mass transfer in moist fabric is discussed. The results suggest that protective clothing design should consider the combined effects of air gap and moisture. Based on the current study, an average air gap of 912mm is recommended to achieve maximum thermal protection.
103
New generation barrier materials as elements of individual systems protecting against UV radiation emitted by artificial sources
Jadwiga Sjka Ledakowicz 1, Joanna Lewartowska1, Wojciech Czajkowski1, Anetta Walawska1, Grayna Bartkowiak2
1- Textile Research Institute, 2 Central Institute for Labour Protection National Research Institute
Ultraviolet radiation is one of harmful factors in work environment as excessive exposition onto such radiation can cause damage to eyes and skin and can negatively affect human immunological system. In Textile Research Institute (IW) in Lodz, Poland new generation textile barrier materials against UV radiation entire UV band - have been developed applying innovative, pro-ecological technologies (patent pending). Newly developed UV absorbers: organic reactive dye type or inorganic - based on zinc oxide or titanium dioxide were incorporated into textiles. In this way textile fabrics were obtained characterised with high value of barrier factor W, which allows to determine the rate /multiplication/ of decreasing the highest admissible intensity for skin under clothing according to newly elaborated criteria. Moreover , new textiles provide good physiological parameters and have no irritating effect onto men and no allergic effect onto animals. New constructions of products for individual protection against UV have been designed making use of new barrier textiles, including garments such as knitted T-shirt (long sleeves), headgears, gloves and hand covers.
104
Maximal oxygen uptake while wearing firefighter personal protective equipment using different treadmill protocols
Joo-Young Lee 1,2*, Ilham Bakri 1,3, Jung-Hyun Kim4, and Yutaka Tochihara1
1 2
Department of Human Science, Kyushu University, Japan Department of Clothing and Textiles, Seoul National University, Korea 3 Industrial Engineering Department, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia 4 National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory (NPPTL), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), USA *corresponding author: leex3140@snu.ac.kr
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of firefighters personal protective equipment (PPE) on the determination of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Ten male students participated in seven VO2max treadmill tests: a Bruce protocol, a modified Balke protocol with three clothing conditions (L, light clothing; B, firefighters PPE with 2.2 kg rubber boots), and a modified CEN protocol with the two conditions (L and B). Values from the Bruce protocol were considered as a reference. Results showed that 1) no difference was found in VO2max among the Bruce, Balke L and CEN L; 2) firefighters PPE reduced VO2max by 11% (Balke B) and 12% (CEN B), but significantly accelerated an increasing rate of VO2 per unit time; 3) firefighters PPE shortened maximal performance time by 7 1 min (Balke L vs. B) and 11 9 min (CEN L vs. B). These results suggest that upper limits in workload based on values from tests wearing gym suits may jump over the actual maximal performance capability of firefighters wearing PPE.
105
Plaza Emilio Sala, 1 03801 Alcoy (Alicante) SPAIN Tel.:+34 965 542 200 Fax:+34 965 543 494 E-mail: info@aitex.es www.aitex.es www.observatoriotextil.com www.textil.org www.madeingreen.com Miriam Martnez Head of Comfort department mimartinezal@aitex.es Raquel Muoz Head of Innovation area rmunoz@aitex.es Neus Jord Communication Department njorda@aitex.es

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Future of Protective Clothing

29th, 30th & 31st, May 2012

program committee ESPC board

general information about AITEX

Organization committee of the 5th ECPC

5th ECPC and NOKOBETEF 10

From concept to product an integrated approach

Optimal design for efficient utilization of PCM in protective clothing

general PPE's session 2

Work clothing for the petroleum industry in arctic climates

Analysis for Thermal Performance of Immersion Suits

5th ECPC and NOKOBETEF 10

Dexterity and comfort evaluation of needle puncture resistant gloves

New method for measuring cut resistance in textile fabrics

Exploration of Simultaneous Mobility Assessment for Protective Clothing

A research on the waterproofness of seam lines of protective clothes

Enprotex, New procurement strategies for innovative protective textiles

general PPE's session 3

Need for standards for intelligent PPE

Durability and performance of protective clothing after multi-stress aging

End of Service for Protective Workwear Garments with Functional Finishes

Relating the Current UK body armour standards to real life injuries

5th ECPC and NOKOBETEF 10

ProtecPo, a software for the selection of chemical protective gloves

Prediction of human strain in CBRN Individual Protective Equipment

A Comparison of Three Different Calculation Methods for Clothing Evaporative Resistance

Systematic analysis of heat strain when wearing protective clothing

An interlaboratory study on measurements of clothing evaporative resistance with thermal manikins

5th ECPC and NOKOBETEF 10

Further validation of a model-controlled thermal manikin using firefighter turnout gear

Prediction of body temperature in humans using non-invasive measurement methods

heat and flame protection session

Improvement of thermal and sweat management in fire fighter suits

Modelling for predicting the performances of thermal protective clothing

Study for the heat transfer in PPEs against a flash fire

5th ECPC and NOKOBETEF 10

Mathematical Modelling of Heat Transfer Properties of Undergarments for Firefighters Clothing

Thermo-physiological Modelling of Humans Wearing Firefighter Turnout Gear

5th ECPC and NOKOBETEF 10

Investigation on the Durability of Thermal Insulating Performance of Aluminized Fabric

5th ECPC and NOKOBETEF 10

general PPE's session 1

5th ECPC and NOKOBETEF 10

Innovations on methodology, thermal modelling and materials for Personal Equipment

Human system integration and system engineering

5th ECPC and NOKOBETEF 10

From concept to product an integrated approach

* Corresponding author: tsottomayor@centi.pt

5th ECPC and NOKOBETEF 10

Optimal design for efficient utilization of PCM in protective clothing

*Corresponding author: arne.royset@sintef.no

5th ECPC and NOKOBETEF 10

* Corresponding author: minna.varheenmaa@tut.fi

5th ECPC and NOKOBETEF 10

5th ECPC and NOKOBETEF 10

5th ECPC and NOKOBETEF 10

5th ECPC and NOKOBETEF 10

* corresponding author: pipie@ciop.lodz.pl

5th ECPC and NOKOBETEF 10

5th ECPC and NOKOBETEF 10

5th ECPC and NOKOBETEF 10

general PPE's session 2

5th ECPC and NOKOBETEF 10