Grid Code 3.2.3 Power Unit Above 1,5 MW

Technical Regulation for Thermal Power Station Units of 1.
5 MW and higher
Regulation for grid connection TF 3.2.3

Version 5.1
1 October 2008
Revision view
Revision view
Section no. Text Version Date
Sections 2+3+13 Appendix 1 All All 2-3 All All All
Consolidation Act; Commencement; Measuring and Data Exchange; Layout of Appendix 1; Regulation notified to the Danish Energy Regulatory Authority Updated after public consultation and registered with the Danish Energy Regulatory Authority Updated and harmonised with TF 3.2.4 and submitted for public hearing Updated in connection with translation into English Updated after public consultation Updated and submitted for public consultation Grid Committee consultation
5.1 5 4 3 2 1 0
09/2008 09/2007 07/2007 07/2006 12/2005 2005 2004
Working group: Kaj Christensen, Energinet.dk Jens Peter Kjrgaard, Energinet.dk Jan Havsager, Energinet.dk Per Lund, Energinet.dk Frederik B. Olesen, Energinet.dk (prepared regulation) Carsten Strunge, Energinet.dk (prepared regulation) Sren F. Jensen, Energinet.dk (prepared regulation)
For a copy of the regulation, please contact: Energinet.dk Fjordvejen 1-11 DK-7000 Fredericia Tel. +45 70 10 22 44 The regulation can be downloaded from www.energinet.dk
Document no. 43436-08_v5.1
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Summary (not part of the regulation)
Summary (not part of the regulation)

This technical regulation is the Danish Grid Code, which includes provisions for thermal power station units with an output of 1.5 MW electrical power or higher for connection to the public electricity supply grid in Denmark. The regulation applies to new power station units and existing power station units which are modified. The regulation includes provisions regarding effective power, tolerance towards voltage and frequency variations, grid faults, island operation, start and synchronisation, active power generation and frequency control, system stability, reactive power generation and voltage control, protection, measurement, communication and data exchange, power station unit structure, operation and maintenance, verification, documentation and non-performance. A power station unit must be equipped with synchronous generator according to the provisions in subsection 10.1. The regulation replaces previous specifications and recommendations issued by Eltra and Elkraft, now merged into Energinet.dk, covering Western and Eastern Denmark, respectively.
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Table of contents
Table of contents
Revision view ........................................................................................................... 2 Summary (not part of the regulation) .......................................................................... 3 Table of contents ...................................................................................................... 4 Introduction (not part of the regulation)....................................................................... 5 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Definitions....................................................................................................... 6 Objective .......................................................................................................11 Scope ............................................................................................................12 Effective power ...............................................................................................13 Tolerance towards frequency and voltage deviations.............................................15 Tolerance towards grid faults ............................................................................19 Island operation ..............................................................................................22 Start and synchronisation .................................................................................24 Active power production and frequency control ....................................................26 System stability ..............................................................................................30 Reactive power generation and voltage control ....................................................31 Protection ......................................................................................................34 Metering, communication and data exchange ......................................................36 Power station unit structure ..............................................................................37 Operation and maintenance ..............................................................................38 Verification and documentation .........................................................................39 Non-compliance ..............................................................................................43 Exemptions and unforeseen circumstances..........................................................44
Appendix 1: Documentation ......................................................................................45 Appendix 2: Required relay protection at plants with synchronous generator ....................66 Appendix 3: Supplementary relay protection at plants with synchronous generator............67 Appendix 4: Comments (not part of the regulation) ......................................................68 Appendix 5: Previous provisions (not part of the regulation)...........................................84 Appendix 6: Reference list (not part of the regulation) ..................................................85
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Introduction (not part of the regulation)
Introduction (not part of the regulation)

Requirements and delimitation
This technical regulation is part of the complete set of technical regulations issued by Energinet.dk, the Danish Transmission System Operator (TSO). The technical regulations comprise technical rules for the players regarding the connection to and operation of the public electricity supply grid. Together with the market regulations, the technical regulations, including the system operation regulations, constitute the non-discriminating set of rules to be complied with by the players. The current version of the technical regulations is available at www.energinet.dk. This technical regulation is the Danish Grid Code, which includes provisions for thermal power station units with an output of 1.5 MW electrical power or higher for connection to the public electricity supply grid in Denmark. The regulation includes provisions regarding the properties which the power station units must incorporate and retain throughout their service lives. System operational conditions for power station units are regulated in other regulations.
Definitions and comments

This regulation makes extensive use of definitions. These are described in the first section of the regulation. In the text, definitions are written in italics. Special reference is made to the section with comments at the end of the document. This section can contribute to creating an overview of the provisions and an understanding of the background and consequences of the provisions. This section is not part of the regulation itself, a fact which can also be seen from the headings.
Responsibility for the regulation

The TSO is responsible for the technical regulations and for ensuring that the regulations are observed and continuously adapted to the future public electricity supply grid in Denmark. The technical regulations are enforced by the individual electric power utilities. The TSO can issue a written permission to depart from the regulations. Furthermore, reference is made to Section 26(1) of the Danish Electricity Supply (Consolidation) Act no. 1115 of 8 November 2008, see Section 7 of the Danish (Consolidation) Act on Transmission System Operation and the Use of the Electricity Transmission Grid no. 1463 of 19 December 2005.
Authority requirements and standards

All power station units must comply with Danish legislation, including the Danish Heavy Current Regulation and the Joint Regulation of the electric power utilities. In areas not covered by Danish legislation or by technical regulation TF 3.2.3, the CENELEC standards apply, and in areas where there are no such standards, the ISO and IEC standards apply. In case of any discrepancy between the Danish text and the English translation, the Danish text shall prevail.
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Definitions
1. Definitions
1.1 1.1.1 Operation House-load operation
Operating condition in which a power station unit is operated in isolation from the public electricity supply grid and with its own auxiliary power consumption as the only load.
1.1.2
Ready state
A power station unit is in ready state when it is able to start from a cold/warm state in the time indicated in Appendix 1 for the power station unit. Ready state is the basis of the definitions starting time until synchronisation and starting time until full generation.
1.1.3
External operating conditions
External conditions comprising, for example, cooling water temperature, outdoor temperature, air pressure, and relative humidity which impact on the effective power and which cannot be controlled by the power station operator.
1.1.4
Nominal external operating conditions
External operating conditions in which nominal maximum power and nominal minimum power are stated.
1.1.5
Normal operating condition
The process, configuration and connection for which a power station unit has been designed and in which a power station unit is normally operated. The configuration of a plant may deviate from normal operating condition when, for example, faults occur in parts of the unit, during start-up and shutdown, during house-load operation, or when the unit operates at overload. Doubts may arise as to the definition of normal operating condition, if for instance a power station unit under normal conditions is operated both with and without heat production or with different fuel types. If there is any doubt about how to define normal operating condition, the TSO must in consultation with the power station operator decide what is to be considered normal operating condition and may demand that the provisions in this regulation be met in different operating conditions.
1.1.6
Isolated island operation
Operating condition that occurs when a power station unit supplies an isolated grid area either alone or as a significant unit.
1.1.7
Island operation
Mode of operation comprising house-load operation and isolated island operation.
1.2 1.2.1
Power Effective power
The sum of the active electrical power estimated with signs, which a power station unit exchanges with the grid at the connecting points. The power flow direction from the power station unit to the public electricity supply grid is considered to be positive.
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Definitions
1.2.2
Maximum power
The maximum effective power which a power station unit can supply continuously in normal operating condition under the current external operating conditions and by observing the full-load voltage frequency range at the connecting points. It should be noted that the maximum power fluctuates with the external operating conditions and is thus not a fixed value. See also nominal maximum power.
1.2.3
Highest maximum power
The highest maximum power under typical external operating conditions.
1.2.4
Lowest maximum power
The lowest maximum power under typical external operating conditions.
1.2.5
Nominal maximum power
Maximum effective power which a power station unit can supply continuously in normal operating condition under nominal external operating conditions and by observing the fullload voltage-frequency range at the connecting points. Unlike maximum power, nominal maximum power is a fixed number, which is independent of the external operating conditions.
1.2.6
Minimum power
The minimum effective power which a power station unit can supply continuously in normal operating condition under the current external operating conditions and by observing the full-load voltage-frequency range at the connecting points. It should be noted that the minimum power fluctuates with the external operating conditions and is thus not a fixed value. See also nominal minimum power.
1.2.7
Nominal minimum power
Minimum effective power which a power station unit can supply continuously in normal operating condition under nominal external operating conditions and by observing the fullload voltage-frequency range at the connecting points. Unlike minimum power, nominal minimum power is a fixed number, which is independent of the external operating conditions.
1.3 1.3.1
Full load Full-load frequency range
Frequency range in a connecting point at which a power station unit can supply maximum power.
1.3.2
Full-load voltage-frequency range
Voltage and frequency range in a connecting point at which the frequency lies within the full-load frequency range, and the voltage lies within the full-load voltage range, and at which a power station unit can supply maximum power.
1.3.3
Full-load voltage range
Voltage range in a connecting point at which a power station unit can supply maximum power.
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Definitions
1.4
Generator feeder
Electrical connection that links the generator/machine transformer to the public electricity supply grid.
1.5
Main fuel
Fuel whose share makes up more than 80% of the total energy input into a power station unit in normal operating condition.
1.6
Public electricity supply grid
Transmission and distribution grids that transmit electricity for an indefinite group of suppliers and consumers on the terms dictated by public authorities.
1.7
Short-circuit ratio
The relation between the current in a synchronous generators field winding at rated voltage on an open stator winding and the current in the field winding at rated current on a shortcircuited stator winding.
1.8
Power station unit
A facility which produces three-phase alternating current and where there is a directly functional correlation between its main components (eg boiler, turbine and generator). In case of doubt, a facility consisting of two units, each with a boiler, a turbine and a generator, should be considered as two power station units. A facility consisting of a combined-cycle plant (combi plant) should be considered as one power station unit. A facility consisting of three gas engines operating at part load during the shutdown of one or more of the engines is to be considered as one power station unit. In case of doubt, the transmission system operator makes the decision based on whether a facility can be considered as consisting of one or more power station units in accordance with the rules in this regulation.
1.9
Power station operator
Enterprise that runs a power station unit and is responsible for the operation hereof through ownership or contractual agreements.
1.10 Power schedule (load plan)

A plan stating the quantity of electricity to be generated in a specific period.
1.11 Load control

Control following a locally ordered change of effective power, ensuring the desired power generation.
1.12 Point of common coupling (PCC)

Connecting point where the electricity produced is supplied to the public electricity supply grid. Where installation-connected power station units are concerned, the point of common coupling is the point where the installation is connected to the public electricity supply grid. Auxiliary supply facilities can (particularly during start) be connected to a connecting point that is not the point of common coupling. At small power station units, the point of common coupling and the connecting point are often the same. See also the definition of connecting point and the comments in Appendix 4.
1.13 Nominal voltage

The voltage in a connecting point for which the system has been designed.
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Definitions
1.14 Overload capacity

The effective power with the exception of maximum power that a power station unit can supply to the grid for at least one hour at a time under nominal external operating conditions, complying with the full-load voltage-frequency range in the connecting points. Overload capacity can be obtained, for instance, by disconnecting the heat production of a power station unit normally operated with heat production or by disconnecting highpressure preheaters in a steam power plant. The result of overload operation is often reduced efficiency, increased costs and/or reduced plant life.
1.15 Power/frequency controller

Control system in a power station unit that quickly and automatically controls the effective power on the basis of frequency deviations.
1.16 Power frequency control

Automatic control which ensures on a scale of seconds that the frequency is constant and that production and consumption balance. The control is implemented in the power/frequency controller in the power station units.
1.17 Secondary control

Control achieved through a locally ordered change of the effective power, which can ensure the desired power generation and adjust the frequency.
1.18 Starting time until full generation

The time that passes from a power station unit in ready state being ordered to start until the power station unit supplies maximum power.
1.19 Starting time until synchronisation

The time that passes from a power station unit in ready state being ordered to start until the generator(s) of the power station unit is/are synchronised and connected to the public electricity supply grid and can supply active electrical power.
1.20 Droop
Change in rotational speed (or change in frequency) causing the load on the electric generators drive engine to change from idling to full load. Droop is often stated in % of rated rotational speed (or rated frequency).
1.21 tan
Correlation between the reactive electrical power and the active electrical power generated by a power station unit. Reactive power is supplied to the grid at positive tan.
1.22 Thermal power station unit

Power station unit producing three-phase alternating current using a thermodynamic process.
1.23 Connecting point

The point at which a power station unit has been electrically connected to the public electricity supply grid. It should be noted that one power station unit may have several connecting points. See also the definition of point of common coupling and comments in Appendix 4.
1.23.1 Grid connection

A power station unit is grid connected if the power station unit is connected directly to the public electricity supply grid.
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Definitions
1.23.2 Installation connection

A power station unit is installation connected if the power station unit is connected to the public electricity supply grid via a private electrical installation. This also applies even if the house load, if any, covers the power station unit's entire power generation.
1.24 Typical operating voltage

Typical operating voltage is determined by the electric power utility in the connecting point. Typical operating voltage is used for determining the full-load voltage range.
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Objective
2. Objective
The objective of this technical regulation TF 3.2.3 is to specify the minimum technical and design requirements applying to thermal power station units with a nominal maximum power of 1.5 MW electrical power or higher which are connected to the public electricity supply grid. Another objective is to ensure the technical quality and balance of the public electricity supply grid. This includes the fulfilment of two basic technical conditions, namely that power generation can be adjusted continuously to the consumption and that the voltage can be maintained. To obtain a reliable and efficient electricity supply grid it is necessary to have coherent planning, plant design and operation (from production facilities to consumers). This regulation outlines the minimum requirements. If better properties can be achieved without incurring extra costs, it should be done.
2.1
Legislation
The regulation has been drawn up pursuant to Section 26(1) of the Danish Electricity Supply (Consolidation) Act no. 1115 of 8 November 2005, see Section 7 of the Danish (Consolidation) Act noon Transmission System Operation and the Use of the Electricity Transmission Grid . 1463 of 19 December 2005.
2.2
Administration of the regulation
The technical regulations are administered by the electric power utility to whose grid the power station unit is connected on behalf of the TSO. The TSO may give permission in writing to depart from the regulation.
2.3
Complaints
This regulation has been registered with the Danish Energy Regulatory Authority. Complaints about the regulation can be lodged with the Danish Energy Regulatory Authority. Complaints about the TSO's enforcement of the provisions of the regulation can be lodged with the Danish Energy Regulatory Authority. Complaints about how the individual electric power utility's enforcement of the provisions of the regulation can be lodged with the TSO.
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Scope
3. Scope
Thermal power station units connected to the public electricity supply grid in Denmark in accordance with sections 3.1 and 3.2 hereof must at any given time comply with the regulation. In areas not covered by Danish legislation or by technical regulation TF 3.2.3, the CENELEC standards apply, and in areas where there are no such standards, the ISO and IEC standards apply.
3.1
New plants
The regulation applies to all thermal power station units with nominal maximum power of 1.5 MW electrical power or higher which are connected to the public electricity supply grid in Denmark and commissioned on 1 November 2008 or later.
3.2
Existing plants
Thermal power station units with nominal maximum power of 1.5 MW or higher which were connected to the public electricity supply grid in Denmark before 1 November 2008 must comply with the regulation in force at the time of commissioning. Existing plants which are modified substantially must comply with the provisions in this regulation relating to the changes. A substantial modification affects one or more of the properties discussed in this regulation. In cases of doubt, the TSO decides whether a modification is substantial or not.
3.3
Exemptions
The regulation does not apply to power station units transmitting the electricity generated via power converters.
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Effective power
4. Effective power
4.1 Maximum power A power station unit must constantly and continuously be capable of delivering maximum power, see the explanations below. For a power station unit with heat-load determined electricity production (eg a backpressure plant), the time in which maximum power can be delivered can be limited by a small extraction of district heat. For a power station unit with independent electricity and heat production (eg an extraction plant), a reduction in the effective power is accepted because of a large extraction of district heat. In case of unusual voltages and/or frequencies in the connecting points and following grid faults, a reduction of the effective power is accepted in accordance with sections 5 and 6 hereof. Nominal maximum power must be stated in connection with the following nominal external operating conditions:
Steam power plant: Cooling water temperature at intake 10 C Outdoor temperature 8 C Outdoor temperature 15 C Air pressure 1013 hPa Relative humidity 60% Outdoor temperature 8 C
Gas turbines and gas engines:
Other plants:
Typical mean annual values are used for any other external operating conditions, including return flow temperature of district heating water. Lowest maximum power and highest maximum power must be stated in connection with values of external operating conditions within the following range: Outdoor temperature between -25 C and 35 C Relative humidity between 40% and 100% Air pressure between 960 hPa and 1050 hPa Cooling water temperature at intakes between 0 C and 25 C.
Typical annual extremes are used for any other external operating conditions, including return flow temperature of district heating water.
4.2
Overload capacity
There are no overload capacity requirements for a power station unit. According to Appendix 1, a power plant unit must not deliver more effective power than the sum of the maximum power stated and the overload capacity stated.
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Effective power
4.3
Minimum power
A power station unit must constantly and continuously be capable of delivering minimum power. Depending on the power station units thermodynamic process and main fuel, the minimum power must not exceed the percentage of the maximum power stated in Table 1. The upper allowable minimum power will be stated by the TSO for plant types and main fuels that are not stated in Table 1, including power station units with several different main fuels.
Power station unit type and main fuel Coal dust-fired steam power plant Oil-fired steam power plant Gas-fired steam power plant Bio dust-fired steam power plant Straw-fired steam power plant Wood chip-fired steam power plant Fluid-bed coal-fired steam power plant Waste-fired steam power plant Gas engine Gas turbine Gas-fired combined cycle (combi plant) Diesel engine
Table 1
Minimum power [%] 35 20 20 35 50 50 50 70 50 (35% for minimum 5 min.) 20 20% for gas turbine part 75% for steam turbine part 50 (20% for minimum 5 min.)
Upper allowable minimum power stated as a percentage of the maximum power
The minimum power for a power station unit with nominal maximum power up to 25 MW is allowed to be obtained by starting/stopping several unit components, eg gas engines, to obtain improved efficiency in the event of reduced effective power. Nevertheless, the power station unit must be capable of operating at any part load according to section 4.4 hereof. It must be possible to regulate a power station unit to the minimum power directly from the start and from a condition with any other effective power.
4.4
Part load
A power station unit must constantly and continuously be capable of delivering any part load between minimum power and maximum power with the natural limitation attributable to the process of the power station unit (eg start of coal mills and Benson transition) according to the following explanations. For a power station unit with heat-load determined electricity production, the time in which a given amount of effective power can be delivered can be limited by a small extraction of district heat. For a power plant unit with independent electricity and heat production (an extraction plant), a reduction in the effective power is accepted because of a large extraction of district heat.
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Tolerance towards frequency and voltage deviations
5. Tolerance towards frequency and voltage deviations

A power station unit must be able to withstand voltage and frequency deviations in the connecting points beyond the full-load voltage-frequency range while reducing the maximum power as little as possible. The requirements governing reactive power in case of voltage fluctuations are described in more detail in section 11 hereof.
Voltage (p.u.)
UEH UH 10 sec. No generation requirements UHF
Minimum reduction 1 hour 10% reduction
UTYP
30 min reduction 15% at 47.5 Hz Linear interpolation
Continuous operation
30 min reduction 0%
3 min No generation requirements
ULF
UL
1 hour 10% reduction Minimum reduction
UEL 47.0 Figure 1 47.5 49.0 50.5 51.0 53.0 Frequency (Hz)
Frequency range, operating time and generation requirements.
5.1
Full-load voltage-frequency range
The full-load frequency range is 49.0 Hz-50.5 Hz. In the full-load frequency range it must be possible to start and operate a power station unit continuously with automatic voltage control within the full-load voltage range. The full-load voltage range depends on the nominal voltage for the connecting point as stated in Table 2 and Table 3.
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Nominal voltage Un [kV] 400 150 132 60 50

Table 2
Lower voltage UL [kV] 320 135 119 54 45
Lower full-load voltage ULF [kV] 360 146 125 57 47.5
Upper full-load voltage UHF [kV] 420 170 145 66 55
Upper voltage UH [kV] 440 180 155 72.5 60.0
Full-load voltage range in relation to upper and lower voltage limit.
In Table 2, fixed voltage values determining the full-load voltage range in the point of common coupling are stated. For voltages of 132 kV and higher the upper voltage limit is higher than recommended in EN 60038 due to brief high voltages in the event of re-establishment of the grid after blackout.
Nominal voltage Un [kV] 30 20 15 10 0.69 0.40

Table 3
Typical operating voltage UTYP [kV] 30.0 20.5 15.3 10.5 0.69 0.40
Lower voltage UL [kV] 27.0 18.0 13.5 9.00 0.62 0.36
Lower full-load voltage ULF [p.u. of Utyp] 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.90 0.90
Upper full-load voltage UHF [p.u. of Utyp] 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05
Upper voltage UH [kV] 36.0 22.0 16.5 11.0 0.76 0.44
Full-load voltage range in relation to upper and lower voltage limit.
Table 3 states the typical operating voltage (UTYP). Typical operating voltage varies from one part of the country to another and is determined by the electric power utility. The interval between the upper and lower limits of the full-load voltage range measured in kV (UHF-ULF) must be within the upper and lower voltage limit (UH-UL), respectively.
5.2 5.2.1
Voltage deviations Low voltages UL
At frequencies in the connecting points within the full-load frequency range, a power station unit must be able to supply reduced maximum power when the voltage in a connecting point is between ULF and UL. A power station unit must be able to supply reduced maximum power for at least one hour at a time. If low voltage occurs in a connecting point for longer periods of time, the power station unit must be able to continuously supply reduced maximum power. Whether or not
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low voltage may occur for longer periods of time must be indicated by the electric power utility to which the power station unit is connected. The reduction in maximum power must not constitute more than 10% of the nominal maximum power.
5.2.2
Extra low voltages UEL
A power station unit having a connecting point with a nominal voltage Un lying within the 10 to 20 kV range must supply electricity within the full-load frequency range and within the range between UL and the extra low voltage UEL as stated in Table 4 while reducing maximum power as little as possible.
Nominal voltage Un [kV] 20 15 10

Table 4
Extra low voltage UEL [kV] 17.0 12.0 8.50
Extra high voltage UEH [kV] 24.0 17.5 12.0
Extra low and extra high voltage limits.
5.2.3
High voltages UH
If frequencies in the connecting points lie within the full-load frequency range, a power station unit must be able to supply reduced maximum power when the voltage in a connecting point is between UHF and UH. A power station unit must be able to deliver reduced maximum power for at least one hour at the time, and for connecting points with a nominal voltage Un more than 100 kV for up to 10 hours a year. The reduction in maximum power must not constitute more than 10% of the nominal maximum power.
5.2.4
Extra high voltages UEH
A power station unit having a connecting point with a nominal voltage Un lying within the 10 to 20 kV range must supply electricity within the full-load frequency range and within the range between UH and the extra high voltage UEH as stated in Table 4 while reducing maximum power as little as possible.
5.2.5
Voltage ramp rate
The voltage deviations mentioned in section 5.2 must be tolerated for connecting points with a nominal voltage Un of more than 100 kV when the voltage varies up to 10% of nominal voltage Un for any one-minute interval. Voltage variations for other connecting points must be tolerated at any voltage ramp rate.
5.2.6
Transient voltages
Conditions in the public electricity supply grid may cause transient voltages in the connecting point for the power station unit. Any need for installing surge arresters in order to protect the power station unit must be assessed in collaboration with the electric power utility.
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5.3 5.3.1
Frequency deviations Low frequencies
When the frequency is low (below 49.0 Hz) and if voltages in the connecting points lie within the full-load voltage range, a power station unit must be able to supply reduced maximum power at frequencies in the connecting points as shown in Table 5. The reduction in maximum power must make up 15% at the most of nominal maximum power at 47.5 Hz, 0% of nominal maximum power at 49 Hz, and a value found by linear interpolation at frequencies between 47.5 Hz and 49 Hz. There are no requirements as to the maximum power which a power station unit must supply at extra low frequencies (below 47.5 Hz).
Frequency range f [Hz] f < 47.0 Hz 47.0 f 47.5 47.5 < f 49.0 49.0 < f 50.5 50.5 < f 51.0 51.0 < f 53.0 f > 53.0 Hz
Table 5
Operating time t [sec. / min.] 300 ms > 10.0 sec. > 30 min Continuous > 30 min Short (3 min) 300 ms
Maximum power reduction [%] No requirements No requirements < 15% 0% 0% No requirements No requirements
Frequency range, operating time and generation requirements.
5.3.2
High frequencies
When the frequency is high (above 50.5 Hz and below 51.0 Hz, and if voltages in the connecting points lie within the full-load voltage range, a power station unit must be able to supply reduced maximum power without any reduction, as shown in Table 5.
5.3.3
Extra high frequencies
When the frequency is extra high (above 51.0 Hz), and if voltages in the connecting points lie within the full-load voltage range, a power station unit must remain connected when frequencies in the connecting points are as shown in Table 5. There are no requirements as to the maximum power which a power station unit must supply at extra high frequencies.
5.3.4
Transient frequencies
The general purpose of the following requirements is to ensure that the power station unit is designed in such a way that it can continue to operate at transient frequency deviations. These deviations normally occur in connection with grid faults. A power station unit must be able to withstand transient frequency gradients (df/dt) of up to 2.5 Hz/s in the connecting point without disconnecting.
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Tolerance towards grid faults
6. Tolerance towards grid faults

A power station unit, including auxiliary supply system and auxiliary facilities, must stay connected to the grid during and after a voltage disturbance in the connecting points as stated in the sections 6.1-6.2 with a subsequent load reduction of maximum 10% in the effective power. Whether or not a power station unit must be designed to withstand these voltage sags with the stated reduction in effective power, the relay settings must be as stated in section 12. The power station unit is considered to be connected above 100 kV when there is only electricity consumption in the form of house load for production and grid installations between the power station unit and the transmission grid above 100 kV.
6.1
Connecting points above 100 kV
A power station unit must be able to withstand a voltage disturbance nearby on the highvoltage side of the generator transformer and in the connecting point as stated in Figure 2 and Figure 3.
6.1.1
Faults near a power station - short-line faults
A voltage disturbance near a power station means a voltage disturbance occurring in such a distance from a power station unit that, in the event of a three-phase short-circuit, the share of AC in the initial short-circuit current (IK) from the power station units generator(s) is minimum 1.8 times the nominal current of the generator(s). In the event of three-phase voltage disturbances, the power station unit must be capable of withstanding a voltage curve in the three phases as stated in Figure 2. Percentage of nominal voltage 100% ULF 60%
0% 0 ms 1y 50 ms 7 0 0 ms 1 5 0 0 ms Time
Figure 2
Three-phase voltage disturbance which must not lead to the disconnection of the power station unit. ULF designates the lower limit of the full-load voltage range according to Table 2.
In Eastern Denmark, y is required to be 250 ms (in accordance with Nordel), and in Western Denmark, y is required to be 150 ms (in accordance with the UCTE).
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In the event of one-phase or two-phase voltage disturbances, the power station unit must be capable of withstanding a voltage curve in the faulty phases as stated in Figure 3 at the same time as the voltage in the non-faulty phases is between the lower limit for the full-load voltage range (ULF) and 1.4 times the upper limit for the full-load voltage range (1.4 x UHF) according to Table 2 and Table 3. The time interval, x, in Figure 3 may vary between 300 ms and 800 ms. Percentage of nominal voltage 100% ULF 60%
0% 15 0 ms
Figure 3
1 5 0 ms
5 5 0 ms
8 0 0 ms
Time
Phase voltage during faulty phases in the event of one-phase or two-phase voltage disturbances which must not lead to the disconnection of the power station unit. ULF designates the lower limit of the full-load voltage range according to Table 2.
6.1.2
Faults occurring far away from a power station
A voltage disturbance occurring far away from a power station means a voltage disturbance occurring in such a distance from the power station unit that, in the event of a three-phase short-circuit, the share of AC in the initial short-circuit current (IK) from the power station units generator(s) is less than 1.8 times the nominal current of the generator(s). A power station unit must be capable of tolerating any one-, two- or three-phase voltage disturbance far away from the power station of up to five seconds in connecting points with nominal voltage above 100 kV.
6.2
Connection points up to 100 kV
A power station unit must be designed in such a way that the connecting points with nominal voltage up to 100 kV are able to withstand voltage sags up to 50% of the nominal voltage in one second in all three phases and voltage sags to 0% voltage during one second in one phase. A power station unit must be designed in such a way that the connecting points with nominal voltage up to 100 kV are able to withstand voltage sags up to U3 in between one and five seconds in all three phases and a voltage sag up to U1 in between one and five seconds in one phase. The size of U3 and U1 in p.u. is given at U3 = 1 (0.5 seconds)/t and U1 = 1 (1 second)/t where t is the duration of the voltage sag (nominal voltage equal to 1 p.u.) as illustrated in Figure 4.
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Voltage, U 3 -phase voltage drop
100%
75% ULF
50% 25%
1 -phase voltage drop
0% 0 1 2 3 4 5 Duration, t (s e co nds)
Figure 4
Relationship between duration and range of one-phase and three-phase voltage sags which power station units connected to up to 100 kV must be able to withstand.
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Island operation
7. Island operation
7.1 7.1.1 Power station units up to 25 MW House-load operation
For power station units with nominal maximum power up to 25 MW it is acceptable that they are disconnected at impacts not covered by the specified requirements without switching from normal operation to house-load operation. The significance of a system's possible ability to switch from normal operation to house-load operation is assessed as being modest in relation to the price of ensuring such an operational property. Efforts should rather be made to ensure short starting times after a disconnection of the power station unit.
7.1.2
Isolated island operation
A grid fault may cause unintentional isolated island operation. Continued operation of the power station unit during unintentional isolated island operation should be avoided to the widest possible extent. According to section 9, a power station unit must, however, be able to supply a suitable area during isolated island operation in accordance with a special operational supervisor agreement.
7.2
Power station units above 25 MW
A power station unit with nominal maximum power above 25 MW must be capable of switching from normal operation in parallel with the interconnected power supply system to island operation, maintain island operation and return from island operation as stated in sections 7.2.1-7.2.3.
7.2.1
Transition to island operation
The transition to house-load operation must be possible from any condition with effective power from minimum power to maximum power and in case of overload. Transition to island operation must be effected automatically in the following situations: If the frequency and voltage ranges specified in section 5 in the form of high/low voltages/frequencies or the times stated in the section are exceeded. In case of grid faults exceeding the profiles for voltage sags specified in section 6.
At the transition to isolated island operation, a power station unit must be capable of controlling the system frequency within the full-load frequency range unless this will lead to the effective power becoming lower than the minimum power or exceeding the maximum power. According to section 9, this will be effected, in case of transition to isolated island operation, by the power station unit undertaking control as after a fault and immediately thereafter undertaking control as during normal operation.
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Island operation
7.2.2
Maintaining island operation
It must be possible to maintain stable and reliable house-load operation for at least two hours without stopping the power station unit. It must be possible to maintain continuous, stable and reliable isolated island operation without stopping the power station unit as long as it is not contrary to the power station units possible maximum power according to section 4 or tolerance towards voltage and frequency deviations according to section 5. For a power station unit with heat-load determined electricity production, the time in which island operation can be maintained can be limited by a small extraction of district heat.
7.2.3
Return from island operation
A power station unit must be capable of returning directly to normal operation after island operation without stopping the power station unit according to section 8.3. A power station unit must be capable of going into isolated island operation, including energising, without stopping the power station unit according to section 8.3.
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Start and synchronisation
8. Start and synchronisation

8.1 Start
A power station unit must be able to start at frequencies and voltages in the connecting points lying within the full-load voltage-frequency range. In addition, a power station unit must in pursuance of section 5.1. also be able to start at voltages down to the lower voltage level UL. There are no requirements as to the start of a power station unit of 1.5 MW electric power or more with a no-voltage public electricity supply grid. It is possible, however, to agree on additional energising properties with the TSO so that it becomes possible to start from a novoltage grid.
8.2
Starting time
A power station unit must be designed with a starting time that is as short as possible giving due consideration to the financial consequences, for example with a view to providing fast reserves and emergency start.
8.2.1
Steam turbine above 25 MW
The starting time until synchronisation and the starting time until full generation must not exceed the times indicated in Table 6 for a power station unit with a steam turbine with rated maximum power above 25 MW. The times for the steam turbine part apply to a combined-cycle unit with rated maximum power above 25 MW. Starting time for synchronisation [min.] Immediately after stop Up to 8 hours Between 8 and 36 hours Over 36 hours (cold start)
Table 6
Time since last stop
Starting time until full generation [min.] 210 300 480 840
120 180 300 600
Maximum starting time for power station units with nominal maximum power above 25 MW depending on the time elapsed since the last stop.
8.2.2
Gas turbine above 25 MW
As for a power station unit with a gas turbine that does not produce heat and the nominal maximum power of which is above 25 MW, the starting time until full generation must not exceed 3 minutes for gas turbines of the jet type and 10 minutes for gas turbines of the industrial type, irrespective of the time elapsed since last disconnection. As for a power station unit with a gas turbine that produces heat, including a power station unit with combined-cycle gas turbine (combi plant), and the nominal maximum power of which is above 25 MW, the starting time until synchronisation and the starting time until full generation for the gas turbine part must not exceed 20 minutes and 45 minutes respectively, irrespective of the time elapsed since latest disconnection.
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Start and synchronisation
8.2.3
Plant types up to 25 MW
The starting time until synchronisation and the starting time until full generation must not exceed the times stated in Table 7 for power station units not comprised by sections 8.2.18.2.2 - including power station units with nominal maximum power up to 25 MW. The starting time will be stated by the TSO for plant types and main fuels not stated in Table 7, including power station units with several different main fuels. Starting time Immediately after disconnection Until synchronisation [min.] Straw-fired steam power plant Wood chip-fired steam power plant Fluid-bed coal-fired steam power plant Waste-fired steam power plant Gas engine Gas turbine Gas-fired combined cycle (combi plant) Diesel engine
Table 7
Type/main fuel of power station unit
Eight hours since disconnection Until synchronisation [min.] 60 60 90 No req. 10 20 25 5 Until full generation [min.] 120 90 120 No req. 20 30 35 (steam part 90 min.) 15
Until full generation [min.] 90 45 60 No req. 20 30 40 (steam part 95 min.) 15
75 30 45 No req. 10 20 30 5
Maximum starting time for power station units not comprised by 8.2.1-8.2.2 including power station units with rated maximum power up to 25 MW depending on the time elapsed since latest disconnection.
8.3
Synchronisation
A power station unit must be provided with synchronisation equipment for connection. The synchronisation equipment must safely and reliably synchronise the power station unit to the grid both in case of normal start and in situations with island operation in accordance with section 7, in situations when voltage and frequency in the connection points lie within the full-load voltage-frequency area according to section 5.1, and in situations when voltages go down to the lower voltage limit. A power station unit that can go into island operation according to section 7 must be capable of energising a dead grid safely and reliably from situations with house-load operation according to section 7.2.3 as long as it does not exceed the frequency and voltage limits specified in sections 5 and 6. In connecting points with a nominal voltage of 20 kV or less, a power station unit must not be the cause of inrush currents, etc. of such a magnitude that it causes disruptive temporary voltage variations in accordance with the DEFU committee report 88, Nettilslutning af decentrale produktionsanlg (Grid Connection of Local Power Plants), March 1991. Transient voltage deviations from inrush currents etc., including from the excitation current at the synchronisation of a generator transformer, must not exceed 3% of nominal voltage in connecting points with a nominal voltage above 20 kV.
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Active power production and frequency control
9.
A power station unit must be designed in such a way that it can be operated in an operating condition that enables, at a minimum, the supply of the reserves required by Nordel and the UCTE, respectively, in accordance with the following requirements.
9.1
General requirements of the regulating capability of the power station unit
The power station unit must be equipped with a fast reacting power/frequency controller capable of continuously, reliable and safely controlling the effective power and supplying frequency control. It must be possible to operate the power station unit in an operating condition allowing for an instantaneous increase in effective power when the power station unit is supplying effective power of 50-90% of maximum power in accordance with the following requirements. An increase/reduction in the effective power must be at least 5% of the nominal maximum power in 30 seconds at the limit frequency specified by the TSO. The power/frequency controller must be capable of continuously controlling the effective power between minimum power and maximum power with the natural constraints which may be imposed by the process at the power station unit (eg start of coal mills and Benson transition). The accuracy of the power/frequency controllers frequency metering must be 10 mHz or less for power station units above 25 MW whereas a resolution of 20 mHz or less is acceptable for other power station units. It must be possible to set the power/frequency controllers reference frequency in the 49.9 Hz to 50.1 Hz range with a resolution of 10 mHz or less. The power/frequency controllers droop must be set within the range of 2%-8% with a resolution of 1% or less. The power/ frequency controllers droop part must be equipped with an adjustable dead band that can be by-passed. It must be possible to set the dead band within the 0 mHz to 200 mHz range with a resolution of 5 mHz or less. For power station units above 25 MW it must be possible to set the power/frequency controller individually with limit frequencies for the activation of maximum load variations for both over- and underfrequencies. For power station units above 25 MW the power/frequency controller must as a minimum have two parallel sets of dead band and droop. The power/frequency controller's time constant must not limit the total control system's closed loop time constant (regulator + drive engine + generator). For power station units above 25 MW the setting of reference frequency, dead band and droop must be remote-controllable during operation via an external signal within the given limits.
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9.2 9.2.1
Power control in case of major frequency deviations Western Denmark Critical power/frequency control
The power station unit must be capable of providing critical power frequency support in the event of major frequency deviations. In the event of momentary frequency drop/increase, the power station unit must be capable of providing frequency support according to the set point of the droop. The power response must correspond to what is achievable in the current operating situation. A power station unit must be capable of supplying secondary regulation immediately after a momentary increase in the effective power according to section 9.4. Critical power frequency control for the individual power station unit must only be activated upon the request of the TSO. Power station units connected to the grid above 100 kV must always be able to provide critical power frequency control.
9.2.2
Eastern Denmark Frequency-controlled disturbance reserve
The increase in the effective power must start in the event of a frequency drop bringing the frequency under a limit value specified by the TSO. The limit value will typically be 49.9 Hz (fact=100 mHz). The limit value for the frequency at which the increase in effective power must be fully stepped up is specified by the TSO. The limit value will typically be 49.5 Hz (ftrg=500 mHz). The increase in effective power must be minimum 2.5% of nominal maximum power in 5 seconds in the event of a specified frequency drop relative to the reference frequency (Nordel recommendation). In the event of a frequency drop lower than the limit frequency (ftrg) specified by the TSO, the power station unit must be capable of providing an increase in effective power as indicated above, in such a way, however, that the increase in the effective power is scaled with a factor K: K=(f-fact)/( ftrg-fact) where: f ftrg fact : : : Frequency drop magnitude in Hz The frequency drop in Hz that triggers the increase in effective power stated (0.2-0.5 Hz) The frequency deviation for activation in Hz specified by the TSO
Apart from the above-mentioned requirements relating to frequency-controlled disturbance reserves, the power station unit must be capable of providing frequency support according to the set point of the droop in the event of momentary frequency increase. The power response must correspond to what is achievable in the current operating situation. Frequency-controlled disturbance reserves for the individual power station unit must only be activated upon the request of the TSO.
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A power station unit must be capable of providing secondary regulation immediately after a momentary increase/reduction in the effective power according to section 9.4.
9.3
Power control in case of minor frequency deviations
A power station unit with nominal maximum power above 25 MW must be designed so that it can be operated according to the following requirements.
9.3.1
Western Denmark Primary control
The increase/reduction in the effective power must start at frequency deviations specified by the TSO, and it will typically be in the 100 mHz range relative to the reference frequency. The limit frequency at which the increase/reduction in the effective power must be fully regulated is specified by the TSO and will typically be in the 200 mHz range relative to the reference frequency. In the event of frequency deviations requiring a power response of less than 50% of the total reserve capacity, the power response must be supplied within 15 seconds at the most. In the event of frequency deviations requiring a power response in the 50-100% range of the total reserve capacity, the part of the power response that is beyond 50% must be supplied linearly controlled from 50% at 15 seconds to 100% at 30 seconds. The power response of the power station unit in connection with the requirements in sections 9.2.1 and 9.3.1 must be the highest possible of the requirements mentioned.
9.3.2
Eastern Denmark Frequency-controlled normal operation reserve
With a dead band set at 0 mHz, the power station unit must be capable of supplying the reserve capacity agreed with the TSO within 150 seconds in the event of a momentary frequency drop/increase.
9.4
Load control and secondary control
A power station unit must constantly and safely be able to control the effective power within the range of minimum power to the highest maximum power. This must be possible both on the basis of a planned power schedule (load control) and on the basis of centrally ordered control (secondary control). It must be possible to control the secondary control from an external signal. It must be possible to control the effective power by selecting a required effective power in MW (set point) and a required regulation rate (ramp rate) in MW/min. After that the power station unit must be capable of controlling production to the selected effective power. Table 8 shows the rate at which it must be possible to change the effective power at a minimum expressed in per cent of nominal maximum power per time unit. It is acceptable that the effective power will be delayed by the natural time constant connected to the transformation of the fuel for power generation. The rate depends on the current effective power (power range) expressed in per cent of nominal maximum power as shown in the table.
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Type of power station unit
Ramp rate [%/minute] 2
Power range [%] 35-50 50-90 90-100 20-50 50-90 90-100 20-50 50-90 90-100 35-50 50-90 90-100 50-90 90-100 50-90 90-100 50-90 90-100 No reguirement 35-100 20-100 20-100% for gas turbine part 75-100% for steam turbine part 20-100
Coal dust-fired steam power plant
4 2 2
Oil-fired steam power plant
8 2 2
Gas-fired steam power plant
8 2 2
Bio dust-fired steam power plant
4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 No reguirement 10 10
Straw-fired steam power plant Wood chip-fired steam power plant Fluid-bed coal-fired steam power plant Waste-fired steam power plant Gas engine Gas turbine
Gas-fired combined cycle (combi plant)
10
Diesel engine
Table 8
20
Minimum requirement in relation to ramp rate for effective power.
In addition to the ramp rates given in Table 8 the following applies: for any overload capacity the unit must be capable of regulating with minimum 1%/min. in the overload area.
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System stability
10. System stability

A power plant unit must be equipped with one or more synchronous generators delivering the generated electricity to the public electricity supply grid possibly via one or more grid transformers (step-up transformer/engine transformer).
10.1 Generator
The generator(s) of a power station unit must comply with the relevant parts of the specifications of the European standards EN60034-1, Rotating electrical machines Part 1: Rating and performance, 2004, and EN60034-3, Rotating electrical machines Part 3: Specific requirements for turbine-type synchronous machines, 1995, but in pursuance of the following requirements. The reactances of a power station unit's generator(s) must be as low as possible, taking the technical and financial consequences hereof into account, with the aim of enhancing the stability of the public electricity supply grid and reactive power control. For a power station unit connected to a point of common coupling with nominal voltage up to 100 kV, the power station units generator(s) must have a short-circuit ratio of minimum 0.45. For a power station unit connected to a point of common coupling with nominal voltage up to 100 kV, the power station units generator(s) must have a transient reactance of less than 0.35 p.u. For a power station unit connected to a point of common coupling with nominal voltage above 100 kV, minimum requirements are set in relation to short-circuit ratio and transient reactance by the TSO on the basis of stability analyses according to section 12.
10.2 Step-up transformer

The connection between a power station units generator and the point of common coupling, including step-up transformer and generator feeder, must have a reactance that is as low as possible taking into account the technical and financial consequences involved, with a view to enhancing the stability of the public electricity supply grid and voltage control. For a power station unit connected to a point of common coupling with nominal voltage up to 100 kV, the power station units step-up transformer(s) must have a short-circuit impedance as defined in EN60076-1 of less than ez:
ez= 0.07Sn0.15 p.u. where Sn : Rated power for the transformer as defined in EN60076-1, measured in MVA.
For a power station unit connected to a point of common coupling with nominal voltage above 100 kV, the TSO sets the maximum allowable magnitude of the set-up transformer's short-circuit reactance as defined in EN60076-1.
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Reactive power generation and voltage control
11. Reactive power generation and voltage control

11.1 Power factor
In the point of common coupling, a power station unit connected to a point of common coupling with nominal voltage up to 100 kV must be able to use/produce reactive power with tan within the -0.20 to 0.40 range at nominal maximum power and at voltages in the point of common coupling within the full-load voltage range. In the point of common coupling, a power station unit connected to a point of common coupling with nominal voltage up to 100 kV must be able to use/produce reactive power as indicated by the hatched area in Figure 5 at nominal maximum power and at voltages in the point of common coupling within the full-load voltage range. At voltages in the point of common coupling lying outside the full-load voltage range, the potential reactive power production of a power station unit connected to a point of common coupling with a nominal voltage above 100 kV must only be reduced to an extent determined by the fact that the generators and the step-up transformers thermal limits are not exceeded and that the generator remains at a stable operating point. Voltage UH F
UN
ULF
-0 .2
Figure 5
0 .4
ta n
Tan as a function of the voltage in the point of common coupling for a power station unit connected to a point of common coupling with a nominal voltage above 100 kV.
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11.2 Excitation system in general

A power station unit must be equipped with a continuously operating automatic excitation system that ensures a constant voltage in the point of common coupling and increases the stability of the public electricity supply grid. It must be possible, by an external signal, to select the reference voltage (set point) of the voltage control within the full-load voltage range according to section 5. For a power station unit connected to a point of common coupling with nominal voltage up to 100 kV, the voltage may be controlled on the basis of the voltage on the generator clamps. For a power station unit connected to a point of common coupling with nominal voltage above 100 kV, voltage control must take place on the basis of the voltage on the generator clamps in the point of common coupling or somewhere in between (voltage measurement with compounding). The excitation system must be designed in accordance with the European standard EN60034-16-1 "Rotating electrical machines Part 16: Excitation systems for synchronous machines Chapter 1: Definitions", 1995, and IEC technical report IEC60034-16-3 "Rotating electrical machines Part 16: Excitation systems for synchronous machines Section 3: Dynamic performance", 1996, but in accordance with sections 11.3 and 11.4.
11.3 Excitation system during normal operation (small-signal performance)

The excitation systems time response in the event of momentary 10% voltage variation must be non-oscillating, have a rise time as defined in EN60034-16-1 of no more than 0.3 seconds for a static excitation system, no more than 0.5 seconds for a rotating exciter if the voltage variation is positive, and no more than 0.8 seconds for a rotating exciter if the voltage variation is negative. Overshoot as defined in EN60034-16-1 must not exceed 15% in the event of a momentary 10% voltage variation. The excitation systems open-loop frequency response must not have an amplification of more than 20 dB in the frequency range 0.2-1.5 Hz.
11.4 Excitation system during grid faults (large-signal performance)

The excitation systems ceiling voltage as defined in EN60034-16-1 must be at least 160% of nominal excitation voltage. The excitation systems voltage response time as defined in IEEE Std. 421.2-1990 and must not exceed 0.1 second. The excitation systems over-excitation protection and other types of protection must be designed and set so that the generators capacity for temporary overload can be utilised without superseding the generators thermal limits.
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11.5 Equipment for power system stabilisers

A power station unit with nominal maximum power above 25 MW must be provided with equipment for dampinging power swings (power system stabiliser, PSS). It must be possible to connect and disconnect the damping equipment. The damping equipment must have adjustable limits for the output signal. The damping equipment must also meet specifications as regards control facilities and actual settings laid down by the TSO in collaboration with the power station operator.
11.6 Automatic voltage control, etc.

The excitation system of a power station unit connected to a point of common coupling with a nominal voltage above 100 kV must be operated with automatic voltage control according to section 11.2 unless otherwise prescribed by the TSO. Apart from automatic voltage control, the excitation system of a power station unit connected to a point of common coupling with a nominal voltage up to 100 kV must have the option of operating with automatic regulation of tan in accordance with the following requirements. The form of operation must be specified by the electric power utility to whose grid the power station unit is connected. Automatic control of tan must be carried out with a resolution of 0.1 or less. It must be possible to set the time control by external signals and with a time resolution of at least 15 minutes over one week (weekly clock with a 15-minute resolution). Irrespective of the control options, it must be possible to automatically and fully - control tan down to a minimum in accordance with section 11.1 if the voltage is higher than an adjustable value; and - control tan up to a maximum in accordance with section 11.1 if the voltage is lower than an adjustable value. The selection of operational mode between automatic voltage control and automatic tan as well as time control must be possible by remote control via external signals within the set limits.
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Protection
12. Protection
12.1 General
The power station operator is responsible for ensuring that a power station unit is dimensioned and protected so that: The power station unit is protected against damage resulting from faults and incidents in the grid. The public electricity supply grid is secured to the greatest possible extent against undesirable impacts from the power station unit. The power station unit is secured against disconnection in non-critical situations.
The TSO and the electric power utility to whose grid a power station unit is connected may demand that the setting of the power station unit's relay protection, which is important to the operation of the public electricity supply grid, be changed after commissioning. Such change must not expose the power station unit to impacts from the public electricity supply grid that lie outside the design criteria stated in this regulation. It is the responsibility of the electric power utility to whose grid the power station unit is connected to indicate the highest and lowest short-circuit current that can be expected in the connecting points and provide other information about the public electricity supply grid which is necessary to determine the protection of the power station unit.
12.2 Protection against external faults

For a power station unit connected to a point of common coupling with a nominal voltage of 10-20 kV, the scope and setting of the relay protection must be established as outlined in DEFU technical report TF 293, 2nd edition, "Relbeskyttelse ved decentrale produktionsanlg med synkrongenerator" (Relay protection at local production plants with synchronous generators), June 1995, see however: The setting of the positive-sequence undervoltage relay is calculated by the electric power utility to whose grid the power station unit is connected (using the principles in the DEFU technical report TF 293, second edition) on the basis of generator data supplied by the power station operator. Relay protection aimed at internal faults in the power station unit in excess of what is mentioned in the DEFU technical report 293, 2nd edition, may be established provided it does not disconnect the power station unit in case of faults or incidents in the grid and does not prevent the power station unit from complying with the other provisions of this regulation. Relay protection in excess to what is stated in DEFU technical report 293, 2nd edition, and which may disconnect a power station unit at faults or incidents in the grid must only be established where special local conditions apply and following approval by the TSO and the electric power utility to whose grid the power station unit is connected. This relay protection must not prevent the power station unit from complying with the other provisions of this regulation. The vector jump protection and the phase shift protection, which are mentioned in the DEFU technical report 293, 2nd edition, can no longer be used as they result in additional false trippings of the power station units. Appendix 2 describes the required relay protection for synchronous generators, while Appendix 3 outlines the supplementary relay protection.
For a power station unit connected to a point of common coupling with a nominal voltage above 20 kV and under 100 kV, including power station units connected to a point of
Document no. 43436-08_v5.1 34/85
Protection
common coupling with a nominal voltage of 30-60 kV, the electric power utility to whose grid the power station unit is connected indicates whether the provisions in DEFU TR 293, 2nd edition, are applicable or the provisions for power station units connected to a point of common coupling with nominal voltage above 100 kV must be followed. For power station units connected to a point of common coupling with a nominal voltage above 100 kV, the power station operator is responsible for the implementation of stability and selectivity investigations in collaboration with the TSO and the electric power utility to whose grid the power station unit is connected with a view to determining the protection of the power station unit. The purpose of the investigation is to ensure that the power station unit complies with section 12.1 and that the protection does not prevent the power station unit from complying with the other provisions in this regulation. The selected relay settings which are of relevance to the operation of the public electricity supply grid must be approved by the TSO and the electric power utility to whose grid the power station unit is connected.
12.3 Protection against internal faults

In case of internal short-circuiting in the generator plant, relay protection must be selective with the grid protection, ie short-circuiting in the generator must be disconnected within 100 ms. In addition to the relay protections mentioned in Appendices 2 and 3, relay protection can be established targeting faults in the production plant, including short-circuits, overspeed, excitation monitoring, reverse power, etc. Such relays must not disconnect the unit in the event of short-circuits or under normal grid operations. Relay protection which is not mentioned in Appendices 2 or 3 and which is able to disconnect in case of short-circuiting or under normal grid operations must only be used if the local grid has a special structure rendering it necessary. Such relay protection must only be established with the permission of the electric power utility, and the relay settings must be approved by the electric power utility.
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Metering, communication and data exchange
13. Metering, communication and data exchange

With a view to ensuring the operation of the public electricity supply grid, telecommunication must be set up between the operator responsible for the operation of a power station unit and the TSO in accordance with the regulations issued by the TSO. Correct metering, communication and data exchange must be maintained under all circumstances, including situations with shutdown and outage of the power station unit and situations with a dead grid.
13.1 Metering
A power station unit must be connected to metering equipment in accordance with the regulations issued by the TSO. There are two metering regulations that must be observed: metering regulation for settlement purposes, which describes the requirements for electric energy metering on the basis of quarter-hourly registration; and metering regulation for the purposes of system operation, which describes the requirements for electric energy metering on the basis of online metering.
13.2 Communication
It must be possible to connect and disconnect a power station unit externally, and as a minimum the unit must be able to exchange status and operating states. In addition, it must be possible to exchange specific requirements as to external signals from other sections of this regulation with the power station unit.
13.3 Data exchange

The final data exchange must take place pursuant to IEC 61850-7-420 and must be specified in collaboration with the electric power utility. If the implementation of the protocol is impossible at the time of commissioning, the protocol must be registered at a later date. In the intervening period, the protocol must be agreed upon in cooperation with the electric power utility.
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Power station unit structure
14. Power station unit structure

14.1 Structure
A power station unit must be designed in such a way that it can operate electrically, mechanically and in all other aspects as a stand-alone unit independently of other power station units.
14.2 Earthing
At power station units where the generator is connected without step-up transformer, the generator star point must be earthed in accordance with the specifications issued by the electric power utility to whose grid the power station unit is connected. At power station units where the generator is connected via a step-up transformer, the star point of the step-up transformer must be earthed in accordance with the specifications issued by the electric power utility to whose grid the power station unit is connected.
14.3 Electrical equipment

Substation equipment, etc., which is installed by the power station operator in a connecting point and which is comprised by the grid relay protection must comply with the specifications issued by the electric power utility.
14.4 Disconnection when work is performed on generator plant

The provisions of Sections 551 and 636 of Title 6 of the Danish Heavy Current Regulation apply to power station units connected to the low voltage grid. The provisions of Section 6.4.3 of Title 5 of the Danish Heavy Current Regulation apply to power station units connected to the high voltage grid
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Operation and maintenance
15. Operation and maintenance

During the operation of a power station unit, the power station operator must comply with the provisions of relevant operation regulations issued by the TSO and agreements between the power station operator and the TSO. Where no operating regulations exist, the power station unit must be operated so that the properties indicated in this regulation, including properties relating to starting times and ramp rates, are observed during operation. The maintenance of a power station unit must be carried out continuously so that the power station unit always complies with this regulation and does not constitute a risk to other installations in the public electricity supply grid.
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Verification and documentation
16. Verification and documentation

16.1 General
All documentation must be supplied to the electric power utility in electronic form. The electric power utility reviews the documents and provisionally approves the documentation described in section 16.2 hereof prior to commissioning. The same is done with the commissioning report, which is described in section 16.3 hereof, after commissioning. The electric power utility submits the overall documentation electronically to the TSO for final approval.
16.2 Prior to commissioning

The following documentation must be provided prior to the commissioning of a new power station unit: Name and address of power station unit Name of power station owner Time of commissioning GSRN number Name and location of point of common coupling Nominal voltage for the point of common coupling Name of electric power utility Description of type, fuel and power station unit structure Single-line representation of power station unit with connecting point(s) with indication of point of common coupling, measuring points, eg settlement metering, limits of owner and operational supervisor Description of supply principle for control voltage Nominal maximum power Highest maximum power and the equivalent external operating conditions Lowest maximum power and the equivalent external operating conditions Maximum effective power in other operating conditions than normal operating condition Overload capacity Maximum heat production Heat accumulator size PQ diagram of generator and in point of common coupling Starting time until synchronisation and starting time until full production Possibility of dead start Possibility of island operation Power station unit's tolerance towards grid faults Maximum ramp rate of effective power Generator and transformer data Excitation system data Operating system data Power/frequency controller data Relay protection setting
The stated documentation must be supplied in a self-contained report in the format described in Appendix 1 of this regulation.
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16.3 During commissioning

During the commissioning of a power station unit, a commissioning test must be conducted by the power station owner to verify that the power station unit complies with the provisions of this regulation. The commissioning test cannot be initiated before the electric power utility has provisionally approved the supplied documentation outlined in 16.2. The commissioning test must provide documentation of the following properties in the connecting point: Stable and continuous operation, see 4.1 Nominal maximum power, see 4.1 Overload capacity, see 4.2 Minimum power, see 4.3 Transition to and return from house-load operation, see 7.1-7.2 Starting time, see 8.2. Power/frequency control, see 9.1 Power control at major frequency deviations, see 9.2. Power control at minor frequency deviations, see 9.3 Load control and secondary control, see 9.4 Reactive power generation, see 11.1 Voltage control (step response), see 11.3 Power swing damping equipment (commissioning report for the equipment), see 11.5 Relay protection settings and function verification (secondary testing of operating time and tripping value), see 12.1 Measurement of terminal voltage at maximum production and during no-load External signals for communication and data exchange, see 13.2.
The commissioning test must be documented in a self-contained report with recorded data enclosed to document the properties of the power station unit in accordance with the regulations issued by the TSO. Where the power station unit is delivered on a turnkey basis and such power station unit complete with relay protection can be tested in the course of test procedures performed by the manufacturer, the settings and verification of the relay protection can be implemented and documented by the manufacturer, section 16.3, as part of a final factory acceptance test. When the factory tested turnkey unit is commissioned, the relay protection must, at a minimum, be inspected visually, and it must be documented that the settings are correct. The commissioning report must be submitted to the electric power utility for preliminary approval. The electric power utility subsequently grants a temporary operating permit. Upon final approval of the documentation by the TSO, the electric power utility grants a final operating permit. If the electric power utility cannot approve the overall documentation, the plant owner can be ordered to stop the power station unit.
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16.4 During operation

The power station operator must continuously supervise whether the provisions of this regulation and the stated properties are complied with by the power station unit, including nominal maximum power and overload capacity. If the properties of the power station unit are modified permanently thus affecting the compliance with the provisions of this regulation, the electric power utility must be notified hereof immediately. In accordance with Appendix 1, updated documentation must be enclosed. If the properties of the power station unit with nominal maximum power above 25 MW are modified temporarily, for example due to part outage, thus affecting the compliance with the provisions of this regulation, and if the information in section 16.2, including nominal maximum power and overload capacity, is changed temporarily, the TSO must be notified hereof immediately.
16.5 During overhaul

A test with documentation of the following properties must be conducted at intervals of maximum 30 months and after overhaul of a power station unit: Maximum power, see 4.1 Minimum power, see 4.3 Transition to and return from house-load operation, see 7.1-7.2 Power frequency control, see 9.1
The test must be conducted in accordance with the regulation on system operation concerning operational planning issued by the TSO.
16.6 Modification of power station units

During the implementation of modifications to an existing power station unit, the aspects of a commissioning test that may be affected by the modifications must be implemented and documented again in accordance with section 16.3 hereof. Prior to the commissioning test, updated documentation regarding the modifications to the power station unit must be prepared and supplied in accordance with section 16.2 hereof. The commissioning test cannot be initiated before the electric power utility has provisionally approved the supplied documentation regarding the modifications, in accordance with 16.2 hereof. The commissioning report must be submitted to the electric power utility for preliminary approval. The electric power utility subsequently grants a temporary operating permit. Upon final approval of the documentation by the TSO, the electric power utility grants a final operating permit. If the electric power utility cannot approve the overall documentation, the plant owner can be ordered to stop the power station unit.
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16.7 Request for meter data and documentation

At any given time, the electric power utility and the TSO must be able to request information about a power station unit in addition to what is specified in sections 16.2 and 16.3 hereof that may be relevant to system operation. It must be possible for the TSO to request going three months back in time meter data and fault registrations collected for the power station unit even if the data is included in the online metering already made available to the TSO. At any given time, the electric power utility and the TSO may request verification and documentation to the effect that a power station unit complies with the provisions of this regulation. This must be based on metering and/or calculations as specified by the electric power utility or the TSO.
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Non-compliance
17. Non-compliance
Unless otherwise expressly stated, it is the responsibility of the power station operator to ensure that the provisions of this regulation are complied with. Unless otherwise expressly stated, expenses related to ensuring compliance with the provisions of this regulation are the responsibility of the power station operator. If a power station unit does not comply with the provisions of this regulation, the electric power utility is entitled to cut off the electrical connection to the power station unit.
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Exemptions and unforeseen circumstances
18. Exemptions and unforeseen circumstances

The TSO may grant exemption from specific requirements in this regulation. In order for an exemption to be granted: It must be a matter of particular conditions, eg of local character The deviation must not cause appreciable deterioration of the technical quality and balance of the public electricity supply grid The deviation must not be inappropriate from a socioeconomic viewpoint.
Exemption is granted by virtue of a written application to the electric power utility indicating which provision the exemption concerns and the reason for the exemption. The electric power utility has the right to comment on the application before it is submitted to the TSO. In the event of circumstances not foreseen in this technical regulation occurring, the TSO must consult the parties involved with the purpose of deciding what to do. If an agreement cannot be reached, the TSO must decide what to do. The decision is made from what is equitable and where possible taking the views of the parties involved into consideration. The decisions of the TSO can be lodged with the Danish Energy Regulatory Authority.
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Appendix 1: Documentation
The appendix comprises the documentation which a power station unit must supply to the TSO. Table of contents for Appendix 1 B1.1.1. B1.1.2. B1.1.3. B1.1.4. B1.1.5. B1.1.6. B1.1.7. B1.1.8. B1.1.9. B1.1.10. B1.1.11. B1.1.12. B1.1.13. B1.1.14. B1.1.15. B1.1.16. B1.1.17. B1.1.18. B1.1.19. B1.1.20. B1.2.1. B1.2.2. B1.2.3. B1.2.4. B1.2.5. B1.2.6. Identification..........................................................................47 Point of common coupling ........................................................47 Other connecting points ...........................................................47 Description of power station unit ...............................................48 Maximum power and normal operating condition .........................48 Minimum power ......................................................................49 Overload capacity ...................................................................49 Maximum power in other operating conditions.............................50 Heat production ......................................................................50 Start .....................................................................................50 Island operation .....................................................................51 Tolerance towards voltage deviations.........................................51 Tolerance towards grid faults....................................................52 Ramp rate .............................................................................52 Generator ..............................................................................53 Step-up transformer................................................................55 Excitation system....................................................................56 Power/frequency controller.......................................................56 Operating system ...................................................................57 Relay protection .....................................................................58 Power station unit flow chart ....................................................63 Single-line representation with indication of settlement metering and operational supervisor limit ...................................63 PQ diagram for generator.........................................................63 No-load and short-circuit characteristic for the generator..............63 Generator datasheet ...............................................................63 Block diagrams and parameter values for voltage regulator, tan-regulator, power system stabiliser, under-excitation limiters and over-excitation limiters...........................................63 Block diagrams and parameter values for power/frequency ............... controller ..........65 Block diagrams and parameter values for operating system ..........65
B1.2.7. B1.2.8.
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B1.1. Appendices
The appendix comes in the shape of a form covering the main part of the expected documentation for a power station unit. The form must be filled in electronically, and associated appendices from various suppliers must be attached as self-containing documents. Only tables relevant to the individual power station unit must be filled in. If, for example, there is no step-up transformer, the table need not be filled in and can be deleted from the appendix. Accordingly, only the tables for relay protection relevant to the individual power station units must be filled in. All documentation must be stated as commissioning data applying to the power station unit at the time of commissioning. If information is changed after commissioning, updated documentation must be forward. The revision view in the appendix must be updated each time new information about the power station unit is submitted. The text must clearly indicate the status of the appendix (preliminary/version, commissioning/version, final/version). If several versions with the same text are required, version numbers must be used.
Revision view Appendix 1 Text Version Date
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B1.1.1.
No. A.1 A.2 A.3 A.4 A.5 A.99
Identification
Description Name of power station unit Address of power station unit Name of power station owner Time of commissioning (yyyymm-dd) GSRN number (all numbers for facilities/plants must be provided) Comments Value
B1.1.2.
No. B.1 B.2 B.3 B.4 B.5 B.6 B.99
Point of common coupling

Description Name of point of common coupling Location of point of common coupling Nominal voltage (kV) of point of common coupling in kV Name of electric power utility Name of nearest 30-60 kV substation* Name of nearest 132-150 kV substation Comments Value
*Can be stated by the electric power utility to whose grid the power station unit is connected.
B1.1.3.
No. C.1 C.2 C.99
Other connecting points

Description Are there other connecting points than the point of common coupling? Description of other connecting points including voltage Comments Value Yes No
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B1.1.4.
No. D.1
Description of power station unit

Description Type Value Steam turbine Gas turbine Combi plant Gas engine Diesel engine Other
D.2 D.3 D.4 D.99
Specification of combustible Description of process and structure of power station unit Description of supply principle for control voltage Comments*
*Specify type of plant, if Other was chosen in D.1. The following appendices must be attached: B1.2.1 Power station unit process diagram B1.2.2 Single-line representation with indication of settlement metering and operational supervisor limit.
B1.1.5.
No. E.1 E.2
Maximum power and normal operating condition

Description Nominal maximum power Is there simultaneous heat generation in normal operating condition? Highest maximum power Lowest maximum power Outdoor temperature at nominal maximum power* Outdoor temperature at highest maximum power* Outdoor temperature at lowest maximum power* Air pressure at nominal maximum power* Air pressure at highest maximum power* Air pressure at lowest maximum power* Symbol Pn Unit MW Yes No Value
E.3 E.4 E.5.1 E.5.2 E.5.3 E.6.1 E.6.2 E.6.3
Pn,max Pn,min Tout, n Tout,max Tout,min Pn Pmax Pmin
MW MW C C C hPa hPa hPa
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Relative air humidity at nominal maximum power* Relative air humidity at highest E.7.2 maximum power* Relative air humidity at lowest E.7.3 maximum power* Cooling water temperature at E.8.1 inlet at nominal maximum power* Cooling water temperature at E.8.2 inlet at highest maximum power* Cooling water temperature at E.8.3 inlet at lowest maximum power* * See provisions in section 4 E.7.1
RHn RHmax RHmin Tcw, n Tcw, max Tcw, min
% % % C C C
No. E.7 E.8 E.9 E.10 E.99
Description Description of normal operating condition Any other external operating conditions at nominal maximum power Any other external operating conditions at highest maximum power Any other external operating conditions at lowest maximum power Comments
Value
B1.1.6.
No. F.1 F.99
Minimum power
Description Nominal minimum power Comments Symbol Pmin Unit MW Value
B1.1.7.
No. G.1 G.2 G.99
Overload capacity
Description Is there any overload capacity? Overload capacity (apart from nominal maximum power) Comments Poverload MW Symbol Unit Value Yes No
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B1.1.8.
Maximum power in other operating conditions
Descriptions of any other operating conditions than normal operating condition which may occur during continuous operation must be given here. No. H.1 H.2 H.3 H.4 H.5 H.6 H.99 Description Description of operating condition 1 Maximum effective power in operating condition 1 in MW Description of operating condition 2 Maximum effective power in operating condition 2 in MW Description of operating condition 3 Maximum effective power in operating condition 3 in MW Comments Value
B1.1.9.
No. I.1 I.2 I.99
Heat production
Description Maximum heat production Volume of heat accumulation tank Comments Symbol Wheat Eacc Unit MJ/s MJ Value
B1.1.10. Start
No. K.1 K.2 K.3 K.4 K.5 K.6 K.7 K.99 Description Starting time until synchronisation from order immediately after disconnection Starting time until full generation from order immediately after disconnection Starting time until synchronisation from order at 8 hours since last disconnection Starting time until full production from order at 8 hours after last disconnection Starting time until synchronisation from order to connection at cold start Starting time from order to maximum power at cold start Possibility of starting from no-voltage grid (black start) Comments Symbol Tin0 Tfull0 Unit min. min. Value
Tin,cold Tfull,cold -
min. min. Yes No
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B1.1.11. Island operation

No. L.1 L.2 L.99 Description Can the unit change to and be operated in house-load operation Can the unit change to and be operated in isolated island operation Comments Value Yes No Yes No
B1.1.12. Tolerance towards voltage deviations

No. M.1 M.2 M.3 M.4 M.5 M.6 M.7 M.8 M.9 M.10 M.11 M.12 M.13 M.14 M.15 M.16 M.17 M.18 M.99 Description Lower limit for full-load voltage range Upper limit for full-load voltage range Maximum operating voltage Minimum operating voltage Is the time with minimum operating voltage limited? If yes, how much time is allowed? Reduction of nominal maximum power at minimum operating voltage Is the time with maximum operating voltage limited? If yes, how much time is allowed? Reduction of nominal maximum power at maximum operating voltage Extra high voltage Extra low voltage Is the time with extra low voltage limited? If yes, how much time is allowed? Reduction of nominal maximum power at extra low voltage Is the time with extra high voltage limited? If yes, how much time is allowed? Reduction of nominal maximum power at extra high voltage Comments Symbol ULF UHF UH UL TL PL, reduc TH PH,reduc UEH UEL TEL PEL,reduc TEH PH,reduc Unit kV kV kV kV Min MW Min MW kV kV Min MW Min MW Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Value
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B1.1.13. Tolerance towards grid faults

No. N.1 Description Can power station unit remain synchronised during voltage disturbances Documentation that generator can resist voltage disturbances without disconnecting (dynamic stability analysis or declaration from supplier) Documentation that auxiliary supply plant can withstand voltage disturbances (calculations or design philosophy) Comments Value Yes No
N.2
N.3
N.99
B1.1.14. Ramp rate

This section indicates the power station units ramp rate divided into different power ranges according to section 9. Divide into necessary number of power ranges. Power range 1: No. O.1.1 O.1.2 O.1.3 Description Lower limit of power range 1 Upper limit of power range 1 Maximum ramp rate for effective power in power range 1 Symbol PL1 PU1 (P/t)1 Unit % of Pn % of Pn %/min Value
Power range 2: No. O.2.1 O.2.2 O.2.3 Description Lower limit of power range 2 Upper limit of power range 2 Maximum ramp rate for effective power in power range 2 Symbol PL2 PU2 (P/t)2 Unit % of Pn % of Pn %/min Value
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Power range 5: No. O.5.1 O.5.2 O.5.3 General: No. O.6 O.99 Description Maximum ramp rate for overload Comments Symbol (P/t)overload Unit %
-
Description Lower limit of power range 5 Upper limit of power range 5 Maximum ramp rate for effective power in power range 5
Symbol PL5 PU5 (P/t)5
Unit % of Pn % of Pn %/min
Value
Value
B1.1.15. Generator
No. Q.1 Q.2 Q.3 Q.99 Description Identification Type Power station owner Comments Value
No. Q.4 Q.5 Q.6 Q.7 Q.8 Q.9 Q.10 Q.11
Description Nominal apparent power (1 p.u.) Nominal voltage (1 p.u.) Nominal frequency Nominal power factor (cos) Nominal minimum reactive power generation from PQ diagram Nominal maximum reactive power generation from PQ diagram Synchronous speed Total moment of inertia for rotating mass (generator, operating system, etc.)
Symbol Sn Un fn cosn Qmin,n Qmax,n nn Jtot
Unit MVA kV Hz Mvar Mvar Rpm kgm2
Value
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Q.11.1 Q.11.2 Q.12 Q.13 Q.13.1 Q.14 Q.15 Q.16 Q.17 Q.18 Q.19 Q.20 Q.21 Q.22 Q.23 Q.24 Q.25 Q.26 Q.27 Q.28 Q.29 Q.30 Q.31 Q.32 Q.33 Q.34.1 Q.34.2 Q.34.3 Q.35.0
Moment of inertia for generator Moment of inertia for operating system Rotor type Stator resistance per phase Reference temperature for stator Stator spreading reactance per phase Positive-sequence reactance, d-axis Transient reactance, d-axis Subtransient reactance, d-axis Saturated positive-sequence reactance, d-axis Saturated subtransient positivesequence reactance, d-axis Positive-sequence reactance, q-axis Transient reactance, q-axis Subtransient reactance, q-axis Transient open circuit time constant, d-axis Subtransient open circuit time constant, d-axis Transient open circuit time constant, q-axis Subtransient open circuit time constant, q-axis Potier reactance Saturation point at 1.0 p.u. voltage, see figure below Saturation point at 1.2 p.u. voltage, see figure below Reactance, inverse-component Resistance, inverse-component Reactance, zero-component Resistance, zero-component Is the generator star point earthed? If yes, ground reactance If yes, earth resistance
JG JD Ra TR Xad Xd Xd Xd Xd,sat Xd,sat Xq Xq Xq Td0 Td0 Tq0 Tq0 Xp SG1.0 SG1.2 X2 R2 X0 R0 Xe Re
kgm2 kgm2 p.u. C p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. s s s s p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. p.u. Ohm Ohm Yes No Distinct poles Round rotor
Generator short-circuit ratio Kc p.u. (nominal) P.u. values must be stated on the basis of nominal apparent power and nominal voltage. If there is more than one generator, more tables must be filled in.
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U (p.u.)
I (p.u.)
U 1,2 U 1,0
SG1,0 =
I f 1,0 / I f 0 U1, 0 1, 0
I f 1,2 / I f 0 U1, 2 1, 2
I 1,0
SG1,2 =
KC =
I f 1,0 I fK
If0
Figure 6
If1,0
If1,2
IfK
If (p.u.)
Definition of generator saturation points SG1.0 and SG1.2 as well as short-circuit ratio on the basis of noload characteristics.
The following appendices must be enclosed: B1.2.3 PQ diagram for generator B1.2.4 No-load and short-circuit characteristic for the generator B1.2.5 Generator datasheet
B1.1.16. Step-up transformer

No. R.1 R.2 R.3 R.99 Description Identification Type Power station owner Comments Value
No. R.4 R.5 R.6 R.7 R.8 R.9 R.10 R.11 R.12
Description Nominal apparent power (1 p.u.) Nominal primary voltage (1 p.u.) Nominal secondary voltage Coupling designation , eg Dyn11 Step switch location Step switch, additional voltage per step Step switch, phase angle of additional voltage per step Step switch, lowest position Step switch, highest position
Symbol Sn Up Us dutp phitp ntpmin ntpmax
Unit MVA kV kV %/step degree/ste p -
Value
Primary side Secondary side
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R.13 R.14 R.15 R.16 R.17 R.18 R.19 R.20
Step switch, neutral position Short-circuit voltage, synchronous Copper loss Short-circuit voltage, zero system Resistive short-circuit voltage, zero-sequence system No-load current No-load loss Short-circuit impedance
ntp0 uk uk0 ukr0 I0 P0 ez
% kW % % % % p.u.
If there is more than one transformer, more tables must be filled in.
B1.1.17. Excitation system

No. S.1 S.2 S.3 S.4 S.99 Description Identification Type Power station owner Does the excitation system have equipment for the damping of power swings (PSS) Comments Yes No Value
The following appendices must be attached: B1.2.6 Block diagrams and parameter values for voltage regulator, tan-regulator, power system stabiliser, under-excitation limiters and over-excitation limiters
B1.1.18. Power/frequency controller

For power station units to be connected in Western Denmark (meet UCTE requirements), the following table must be filled in for items U1-U7. Items U.1-U.3 must be filled in for all power station units, whereas items U.4-U.9 need only be filled in for power station units > 25 MW. No. U.1 U.2 U.3 U.4 Description Dead band for critical power frequency control Minimum adjustable droop for critical power frequency control Maximum adjustable droop for critical power frequency control Dead band for power frequency control in case of frequency rise Symbol fband min man fband Unit mHz % % mHz Value
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U.5 U.6 U.7 U.8 U.9 U.99
Dead band for power frequency control in case of frequency drop Regulation band for power frequency control in case of frequency rise Regulation band for power frequency control in case of frequency drop Load change for power frequency control in case of frequency rise Load change for power frequency control in case of frequency drop Comments
fband fband fband P P
mHz mHz mHz MW MW
For power station units to be connected in Eastern Denmark (meet Nordel requirements), the following table must be filled for items U.10-U.15. Items U.10-U.14 must be filled in all power station units, whereas items U.15-U.18 need only be filled in for power station units >25 MW. No. U.10 U.11 U.12 U.13 U.14 U.15 U.16 U.17 U.18 U.99 Description Dead band for frequency-controlled disturbance reserves in case of frequence drop Regulation band for frequency-controlled disturbance reserves in case of frequence drop Load change for frequency-controlled disturbance reserves in case of frequence drop Dead band in case of frequency rise Selection of droop in case of frequency rise Dead band for frequency-controlled spinning reserves in case of frequency rise Dead band for frequency-controlled spinning reserves in case of frequency rise Load change for frequency-controlled spinning reserves in case of frequency rise Load change for frequency-controlled spinning reserves in case of frequency drop Comments Symbol fband fband P fband min fband fband P P Unit mHz mHz MV mHz % mHz mHz MW MW Value
The following appendices must be attached: B1.2.7 Block diagrams and parameter values for the power/frequency controller
B1.1.19. Operating system

No. T.1 T.99 Description Nominal mechanical shaft power for operating system Comments Symbol Pmech,n Unit MW Value
The following appendices must be attached: B1.2.8 Block diagrams and parameter values for operating system
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B1.1.20. Relay protection

Overvoltage relay (mandatory): No. V 1.0 V.1.1 V.1.2 V.1.3 V.1.4 V.1.5 V.1.9 Description Identification Type Is there an overvoltage relay (U>> and U>)? If yes, setting 1 of overvoltage relay (voltage) If yes, setting 1 of overvoltage relay (protection operating time) If yes, setting 2 of overvoltage relay (voltage) If yes, setting 2 of overvoltage relay (protection operating time) Comments U> T> U>> T>> kV s kV ms Yes No UTYP x 1.06 30 - 60 UTYP x 1.10 < 50 Symbol Unit Recommended value Current value
Undervoltage relay (mandatory): No. V 2.0 V.2.1 V.2.2 V.2.3 V.2.9 Description Identification Type Is there an undervoltage relay (U<)? If yes, setting of undervoltage relay (voltage) If yes, setting of undervoltage relay (protection operating time) Comments U< T< kV s Yes No UTYP x 0.90 2 - 10 Symbol Unit Recommended value Current value
Positive-sequence undervoltage relay (mandatory): No. V 3.0 V.3.1 V.3.2 V.3.3 V.3.9 Description Identification Type Is there an positive-sequence undervoltage relay (U1<)? If yes, setting of positivesequence undervoltage relay (voltage) If yes, setting of positivesequence undervoltage relay (protection operating time) Comments Symbol Unit Recommended value Current value
U1< T1<
kV ms
Yes No To be calculated 50
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10 kV zero-sequence voltage relay (supplementary): No. V 4.0 V.4.1 V.4.2 V.4.3 V.4.9 Description Identification Type Is there a zero-sequence voltage relay (U0)? If yes, setting of zero-sequence voltage relay (voltage) If yes, setting of zero-sequence voltage relay (protection operating time) Comments Symbol Unit Recommended value Current value
U0 T0
kV s 20% 60
Yes No
Overfrequency relay (mandatory): No. V 5.0 V.5.1 V.5.2 V.5.3 V.5.9 Description Identification Type Is there an overfrequency relay (f>)? If yes, setting of overfrequency relay (frequency) If yes, setting of overfrequency relay (protection operating time) Comments Symbol Unit Recommended value Current value
f> T>
Hz ms 53.0 300
Yes No
Underfrequency relay (mandatory stage 1/Supplementary stage 2): No. V 6.0 V.6.1 V.6.2 V.6.3 V.6.4 V.6.5 V.6.9 Description Identification Type Is there an underfrequency relay (f<)? If yes, setting 1 of underfrequency relay (frequency) If yes, setting 1 of frequency relay (protection operating time) If yes, setting 2 of underfrequency relay (frequency) If yes, setting 2 of underfrequency relay (protection operating time) Comments Symbol Unit Recommended value Current value
f<1 T<1 f<2 T<2
Hz ms Hz s 47.0 300
Yes No
47.5 10
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Frequency gradient relay (supplementary): No. V 7.0 V.7.1 V.7.2 V.7.3 V.7.4 V.7.5 V.7.9 Description Identification Type Is there a frequency gradient relay (df/dt)? If yes, setting 1 of frequency gradient relay If yes, setting 1 of frequency gradient relay (protection operating time) If yes, setting 2 of frequency gradient relay If yes, setting 2 of frequency gradient relay (protection operating time) Comments Symbol Unit Recommended value Current value
(df/dt)1 T1 (df/dt)2 T2
Hz/s ms Hz/s ms
Yes No +2.5 80 - 100 -2.5 80 - 100
Earth fault when grid is isolated (supplementary): No. V 8.0 V.8.1 V.8.2 V.8.3 V.8.9 Description Identification Type Is earth fault protection in place (U0>)? If yes, setting of overfrequency relay (frequency) If yes, setting of overfrequency relay (protection operating time) Comments U0> T0> kV s Yes No 10 - 15% 1-5 Symbol Unit Recommended value Current value
Overcurrent relay (short-circuit stage 1 mandatory/the rest is supplementary): No. V 9.0 V.9.1 V.9.2 V.9.3 V.9.4 V.9.5 V.9.6 V.9.7 V.9.8 V.9.9 Description Identification Type Is there an overcurrent relay (I> and I>>)? If yes, setting 1 of overcurrent relay (current) If yes, setting 1 of overcurrent relay (protection operating time) If yes, setting 2 of overcurrent relay (current) If yes, setting 2 of overcurrent relay (protection operating time) If yes, setting 3 of overcurrent relay (current) If yes, setting 3 of overcurrent relay (protection operating time) Relay characteristic (eg in accordance with IEC 60255) Comments Symbol Unit Recommended value Current value
I> T> I>>1 T>>1 I>>2 T>>2
A ms A ms A ms
Yes No 1.2 x IN 800

UN / 3 " X d + X k,G
t>>(1) 50 0.8 x I>>1 t>>(2) 200
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Inverse current relay (supplementary): No. V 10.0 V.10.1 V.10.2 V.10.3 V.10.9 Description Identification Type Is there an inverse current protection relay (I2>)? If yes, setting of inverse current protection relay (current) If yes, setting of inverse current relay (protection operating time) Comments Symbol Unit Recommended value Current value
I2> T2>
A s
Yes No 5 - 20% 3 - 10
Excitation current relay (supplementary): No. V 11.0 V.11.1 V.11.2 V.11.3 V.11.9 Description Identification Type Is there an excitation current relay? If yes, setting of excitation (current) If yes, setting of excitation (protection operating time) Comments Symbol Unit Recommended value Current value
A ms
Yes No
Stator differential protection relay (supplementary): No. V 12.0 V.12.1 V.12.2 V.12.3 V.12.9 Description Identification Type Is there a stator differential protection relay? If yes, setting of stator differential (current) If yes, setting of stator differential (protection operating time) Comments Symbol Unit Recommended value Current value
A ms
Yes No 2 - 20% of IN < 50
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Overspeed relay (supplementary): No. V 13.0 V.13.1 V.13.2 V.13.9 Description Identification Type Is there an overspeed relay? If yes, setting of overspeed relay (percentage of overspeed) Comments n> % Yes No approx. 10 Symbol Unit Recommended value Current value
Inverse voltage relay (supplementary): No. V 14.0 V.14.1 V.14.2 V.14.3 V.14.9 Description Identification Type Is there an inverse voltage relay (U2>)? If yes, setting of the inverse voltage If yes, setting of the inverse voltage (protection operating time) Comments Symbol Unit Recommended value Current value
U2> T2>
V s
Yes No I2 x X2 3 - 10
Reverse power protection relay (supplementary): No. V 15.0 V.15.1 V.15.2 V.15.3 V.15.9 Description Identification Type Is there a reverse power protection relay? If yes, setting of reverse power If yes, setting of reverse power (protection operating time) Comments Symbol Unit Recommended value Current value
Pretur Tretur
W s
Yes No 1 - 2% 3 - 30
Other relays (supplementary): No. V.16.0 V.16.1 V.16.9 Description Identification Type Description of other relays, incl. settings Comments Value
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B1.2.
B1.2.1.
Supplementary appendices
Power station unit process diagram
This Appendix includes the power station unit process diagram and any comments.
B1.2.2. Single-line representation with indication of settlement metering and operational supervisor limit
This Appendix includes a figure with a single-line representation of the power station units connecting point(s) with indication of the point of common coupling, measuring points, including settlement metering, limits of owner and operational supervisor limits/limits of liability.
B1.2.3.
PQ diagram for generator
This Appendix includes a PQ diagram of the power station unit's generators. In the diagram, the nominal voltage and nominal generator frequency are shown. An example of the PQ diagram (capability diagram) can be seen in EN60034-3-3, Figure 2.
B1.2.4.
No-load and short-circuit characteristic for the generator
In this Appendix, the no-load and short-circuit characteristic for the power station unit's generator(s) are included.
B1.2.5.
Generator datasheet
This Appendix includes the datasheet(s) for the power station unit's generator(s).
B1.2.6. Block diagrams and parameter values for voltage regulator, tan-regulator, power system stabiliser, under-excitation limiters and over-excitation limiters
Voltage regulator This section includes block diagrams and parameter values for voltage regulator and tan regulator with regard to representation in a software program for dynamic modelling. The block diagram must be illustrated by symbolic notation, and incoming parameter values must be stated in a table. The model must use nomenclature (symbols, units, etc.) to the extent outlined in the references below. If several modes of operation cause various block diagrams and time constants etc. the block diagrams must be enclosed for each mode of operation.
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Documentation
References: "IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for Power System Stability Studies", IEEE Std. 421.5-2005, 2005. "Computer Models for Representation of Digital-Based Excitation Systems", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 11, No. 3, September 1996. Crenshaw, M.L. et al., "Excitation System Models for Power System Stability Studies", IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, PAS-100 (2), 1981, p. 494-509.
Power system stabiliser (PSS) This section includes a block diagram and parameter values for power system stabilisers with regard to representation in a software program for dynamic modelling. The model must describe the voltage regulator as well as possible. The block diagram must be illustrated by symbolic notation, and incoming parameter values must be stated in a table. The model must use nomenclature (symbols, units, etc.) to the extent outlined in the references below. References: "IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for Power System Stability Studies", IEEE Std. 421.5-2005, 2005. "Computer Models for Representation of Digital-Based Excitation Systems", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 11, No. 3, September 1996. Crenshaw, M.L. et al., "Excitation System Models for Power System Stability Studies", IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, PAS-100 (2), 1981, p. 494-509.
Under-excitation limiters and over-excitation limiters This section includes a block diagram and parameter values for under-excitation limiters and over-excitation limiters with regard to representation in a software program for dynamic modelling. The block diagram must be illustrated by symbolic notation, and incoming parameter values must be stated in a table. The model must use nomenclature (symbols, units, etc.) to the extent outlined in the references below. References: "IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for Power System Stability Studies", IEEE Std. 421.5-2005, 2005. "Computer Models for Representation of Digital-Based Excitation Systems", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 11, No. 3, September 1996. Crenshaw, M.L. et al., "Excitation System Models for Power System Stability Studies", IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, PAS-100 (2), 1981, p. 494-509.
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Documentation
B1.2.7. Block diagrams and parameter values for power/frequency controller

This section includes block diagrams and parameter values for the power/frequency controller with regard to representation in a software program for dynamic modelling. The block diagram must be illustrated by symbolic notation, and incoming parameter values must be stated in a table. The model must use nomenclature (symbols, units, etc.) to the extent outlined in the references below. If several modes of operation cause various block diagrams and time constants etc. block diagrams must be enclosed for each mode of operation. References: "Dynamic Models for Fossil Fuelled Steam Units in Power System Studies", IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, VOL. 6, No. 2, May 1991, p. 753-61. "Dynamic Models for Steam and Hydro Turbines in Power System Studies", IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, PAS-92 (6), 1973, p. 1904-15.
B1.2.8.
Block diagrams and parameter values for operating system
This section includes block diagrams and parameter values for the operating system with regard to representation in a software program for dynamic modelling. The model must describe the operating system as well as possible. The block diagram must be illustrated by symbolic notation, and incoming parameter values must be stated in a table. The model must use nomenclature (symbols, units, etc.) to the extent outlined in the references below. If several modes of operation cause various block diagrams and time constants etc. block diagrams must be enclosed for each mode of operation. References: - "Dynamic Models for Transactions on Power - "Dynamic Models for Transactions on Power
Steam and Hydro Turbines in Power System Studies", IEEE Apparatus and Systems, PAS-92 (6), 1973, p. 1904-15. Fossil Fuelled Steam Units in Power System Studies", IEEE Systems, Vol. 6, No. 2, May 1991, p. 753-61.
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Appendix 2: Required relay protection at plants with synchronous generator
Appendix 2: Required relay protection at plants with synchronous generator

Out of consideration for the grid, the following relay protection functions must be established with the settings stated:
Operating time
Relay type
Symbol
Setting
Desired purpose of protection To safeguard against the maintaining of electric arc in connection with grid faults, asynchronous connection to grid by reclosing following grid faults and loss of synchronism
Note
Undervoltage (synchronous component)
U1<
approx. 70%
50 ms
Overvoltage (3-phase) Undervoltage (3-phase) Overfrequency Underfrequency Overcurrent(1) or
U>> U>
230 V+10% 230 V+6%
< 50 ms 30-60 s To protect consumers against unacceptable impacts
2, 3
U< f> f< I>>(1)
230 V-10 % 53.0 Hz 47.0 Hz
2-10 s 300 ms 300 ms t>>(1) 50 ms
2, 3 -
UN / 3 " X d + X k,G
IN
If the reserve protection trips; opening during internal fauls and lost synchronism Alternative to the overcurrent protection mentioned above
0.4 kV fuse
DIN type gL or gI
Protection operating time is the time in which the trip condition constantly must be met before the relay can send out a trip signal. It is thus not a question of the trip signal being subjected to a simple time lag. Note 1: The setting depends on the local generator and grid data; 70% is only a typical value. The actual setting is determined by the electric power utility. The values apply to the 0.4 kV grid. The actual setting for the 10-20 kV grid must be calculated on the basis of the ratio of transformation for voltage transformers at the production plant and for step-up transformers in the vicinity of the plant. Phase-to-ground voltages must be measured for plants connected to the 0.4 kV supply grid. For plants connected to the 10 kV grid, phase-to-phase voltages must be measured. UN and Xd" are the rated generator voltage (phase-to-phase value in V) and the subtransient reactance (phase value in ). Xk,G is the grids short-circuit impedance on the generator terminals in per phase. IN is the rated generator current. Relay settings deviating from the stated settings can only be used if they have been approved by the electric power utility.
Note 2:
Note 3:
Note 4:
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Appendix 3: Supplementary relay protection at plants with synchronous generator
Appendix 3: Supplementary relay protection at plants with synchronous generator

As supplementary protection to ensure the generation during grid faults the following relay protection with the stated settings may be established:
Relay type Stator differential protection Change of frequency Symbol Setting 2-20% of IN +2.5 Hz/s -2.5 Hz/s 1.2 * IN Operating time < 50 ms Desired protection purpose Opening at inner generator faults Protection against asynchkronous grid connection Note -
df/dt
80-100 ms
1, 2
I> Overcurent I>>(1) I>>(2) Overspeed Reverse power Excitation monitoring 10 kV zero-sequence voltage Underfrequence II Negative sequence voltage Negative sequence current Earth fault n> -
t> 0.8 s t>>(1) 50 ms t>>(2) 200 ms 3-30 s
U / 3 "N X d + X k,G
0.8 x I>>(1) approx. 10% 1-2% 20% reactive reverse power 20% 47.5 Hz I2 * X2 5-20% 10-15%
Overload and reserve protection
If reserve protection has 2 steps Mechanical protection Protection of generator driving power Protection against underexcitation operation Protection of generator when searching for earth faults (Peterson coil) Rotary transformer protection, if any Protection of generator during open phase Protection of generator windings in isolated grid (IT grid).
300 ms
U0 f< U2> I2> Uo>
60 s 10 s 3-10 s 3-10 s 1-5 s
Protection operating time is the time in which the trip condition constantly must be met before the relay can send out a trip signal. It is not a question of the trip signal being subjected to a simple time lag. Note 1: It is recommended to add a df/dt-relay. The relay function principle must comply with the requirements in DEFUs technical report TR293. The electric power utility may require a less sensitive setting (max 3.5 Hz/s). The phase-to-ground voltage must be measured at plants connected to the 0.4 kV supply grid. For plants connected to the 10 kV grid, the phase-to-phase voltage must be measured. UN and Xd" are the rated generator voltage (outer value in V), and the subtransient reactance (phase value in ). Xk,G is the grids short-circuit impedance on the generator terminals in per phase. Note 4: IN is the rated current of the generator. The indicative negative-sequence setting in p.u. can be converted into an equivalent inverse voltage setting by multiplying the inverse generator impedance in p.u. If X2 is not known it can be approximated by (Xq"+Xd")/2. To avoid false tripping, the relay measuring accuracy must be taken into account.
Note 2:
Note 3:
Relay settings deviating from the stated settings can only be used if they have been approved by the electric power utility.
Document no. 43436-08_v5.1 67/85
Appendix 4: Comments (not part of the regulation)

Re 1.1.5 Normal operating condition The setting of the normal operating condition is important when it comes to setting, for example, maximum power and control ability as the provisions stipulate requirements for power station unit operating precisely in normal operating condition. Examples of power station units where there may be doubt about the normal operating condition and where the TSO must make decisions include plants operated with and without district heat outlet (back-pressure operation and condensing operation). Re 1.2 Power Nominal maximum power is related to specific external operating conditions and will lie between lowest maximum power and highest maximum power. Both are related to extreme external operating conditions. The current maximum power will fluctuate between lowest maximum power and highest maximum power depending on the current external operating conditions. For power station units that do not depend on external operating conditions, all sizes will converge.
Maximum power range
Lowest maximum power (Unfavourable external operating conditions)
Nominal maximum power Highest maximum power (Nominal external (Favourable external operating conditions) operating conditions)
Real power [P]
Figure 7
Relation between lowest, highest and nominal maximum power.
Minimum power replaces the previously used term 'technical minimum'. It should be noted that the definition of effective power deviates from the definition of net generation in Nettoproduktion og bruttoforbrug p elproducerende anlg (Net production and gross consumption in power generating plants) and market regulation D1 in Appendix 1. Re 1.7 Short-circuit ratio The short-circuit ratio corresponds more or less to the reciprocal value of the generators synchronous impedance when measured in p.u. In case of a low shortcircuit ratio, major changes in the excitation current are required to maintain a stable stator voltage for a given change in the load. A high short-circuit ratio for the generators connected to the grid typically improves the transient stability of the system.
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Re 1.8 Power station unit A power station unit is equivalent to an energy unit used for grid connection agreements used by the electric power utilities. In legislation, this is also called a power generating plant. Re 1.17 Secondary control It should be noted that the control can be ordered automatically by a grid controller or by manual order. Re 1.22 Thermal power station unit Gas engine plants, gas turbine plants, and steam turbine plants are examples of thermal power station units. Re 1.23 Connecting point Figure 8 below shows an example with the purpose of clarifying various terms.
Connecting point 10 kV Limits of owner
Connecting point/ common point of coupling 10 kV Public electricity supply grid Power station unit
10 / 0. kV
10 / 0.69 kV
0.4 kV
0.69 kV
G ~
0.4 kV
0.4 kV
Excitation/ auxiliary equipment
Auxiliary supply
Figure 8
Drawing of connecting point, point of common coupling and limits of owner in relation to the power station unit.
Re 2.3 Complaints Pursuant to the Danish Public Administration Act, the TSO is obliged to hear all parties in a case before making a decision. A complaint about a electric power utility will always oblige the TSO to ask the electric power utility to comment on the complaint. Re 3.2 Existing plants A substantial change is the replacement of an essential plant component that changes the properties of the power station units seen in the eyes of the public electricity supply grid. Examples of replacements include: Replacement of voltage regulators or regulators belonging to the generator's prime mover is considered essential.
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Replacement of the generator itself or its prime mover is also considered essential, even if the original units are replaced by new units with the same output.
Re 4.1 Maximum power The provisions mean that there are no requirements as to production from a power station unit with district heat outlet as the only source of cooling (purely back-pressure plant) if the power station unit cannot dispose of heat due to low district heating consumption and filled heat accumulator tanks. The provisions mean that a power station unit whose normal operating condition and thus maximum power is defined as being without heat production can reduce the effective power when producing heat. As such, the provisions ensure that a Cv value different from zero is allowed. The nominal external operating conditions stated for gas turbines correspond to the ISOs reference conditions. Other external operating conditions may include return flow temperature of district heating water. Re 4.2 Overload capacity The establishing of overload capacity by using the natural reserves of the plant for example can enable the power station unit to supply regulating services. That is why it is recommended to establish overload capacity wherever possible taking into account the financial consequences. The provision implies that a power station unit must not sell regulating services etc. that exceed the sum of the maximum power and overload capacity stated, see section 16.2. Re 4.3 Minimum power The requirement of coal dust-fired units to the effect that minimum power constituting 35% of maximum power is equivalent to dividing coal-mill capacity at maximum generation on three coal mills, assuming that one coal mill functions satisfactorily at 50% firing, and that minimum two coal mills are always required to be in operation in order to ensure continuous operation. Re 4.4 Part load There are no requirements for a power station units efficiency when operating at part load. However, it is recommended that a power station unit be designed for as high efficiency as possible at part load, taking account of the financial consequences involved with a view to enabling the power station unit to supply regulating services. Re 5 Tolerances towards frequency and voltage deviations It should be noted that the provisions apply to the entire power station unit. Consequently, the auxiliary supply facilities must be dimensioned to withstand conditions specified without disconnecting. Re 5.1 Full-load voltage/frequency range The voltage and frequency limits stated solely define the limits within which the power station unit must be able to supply maximum power and reduced maximum power and thus do not define the quality parameters which the electric power utility must aim at maintaining in the point of common coupling. The voltage
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quality which the electric power utility aims at achieving in the point of common coupling can typically be seen from the electric power utility's agreement on the operational use of the grid. Typical operating voltage is selected on the basis of normal practice used by the grid companies. It should be noted that the company is not obliged to maintain the typical operating voltage UTYP stated at the time of establishment, see Table 3. If UTYP is changed, and the power station unit no longer complies with the minimum requirements defined in this regulation, the owner of the power station unit must either request the TSO to issue an exemption or make the arrangements necessary to ensure that the power station unit complies with this regulation. The voltage in the auxiliary supply facilities can be maintained at 400 V 10%, and standard components can thus be used without installing an automatic step switch in the auxiliary supply transformer. At voltages below ULF, which normally only occur briefly, power reduction is allowed. Upper and lower voltages (UH and UL) in Table 2 and Table 3 have been set at 10% in pursuance of EN50160 and EN60038, Table III, Note 2. For voltages of 132 kV and higher the upper voltage limit is higher than the recommendations in EN 60038 due to brief high voltages in the event of black start. Brief periods are not longer than 30 minutes. In the last 20 years there has been two black starts. The electric power utility is authorised to decide to which voltage level a power station unit is to be connected. It is therefore recommended to contact the electric power utilities at an early stage in the project in order to determine the voltage level and the normal operating voltage in the connecting point. The start engines and auxiliary facilities of the power station units must be dimensioned for start and continuous operation within the same voltage range unless tap changers have been installed. Where plants with asynchronous generators are concerned, the power station owner and the electric power utility may agree that a part of the reactive production necessary will be supplied by capacitor banks in the grid. Re 5.2.4 Extra high voltages An extra high voltage limit corresponds to the highest voltage for equipment, see EN60038, Table III. For the voltage levels 10 kV, 15 kV and 20 kV Zone B in EN60034-1, Figure 11, is used. Re 5.2.5 Voltage ramp rate The stated provision relating to the voltage ramp rate can apply to the design of a potential step switch for the power station unit's auxiliary supply transformer. Re 5.2.6 Transient voltages Switchings with circuit breakers based on vacuum technology may cause transient voltages in the connecting point of the power station unit. The necessary information should therefore be obtained from the electric power utility at a very early stage in the project so that any need for installing overvoltage conductors in connection with the generator circuit breaker and the machine transformer at the power station unit can be assessed.
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Re 5.3 Frequency deviations To comply with the frequency requirements it is recommended that the design incorporate thermal over-dimensioning of the generator (stator and rotor), constructed for class F insulation, but operated pursuant to class B insulation during normal operation. Frequencies below 49.0 Hz and above 50.5 Hz are only expected to occur a few times a year at the most. Normally, the frequency is kept within the 500.1 Hz range. Re 5.2.4 Extra high frequencies Normally, frequencies above 51 Hz only occur during control sequences, for example in connection with the transition to isolated island operation. Re 5.3.4 Transient frequencies There is a possibility of reverse power to the generator (engine operation) at large positive frequency gradients. The generator may be equipped with a reverse power protection relay as a turbine may be damaged during engine operation. There may be a potential conflict between the protection and the requirement of being connected at the frequency gradients stated. In practice, however, conflicts rarely occur. Reverse power occurs when:
Pmek <
2 H Sn fn
df dt
where Pmek H Sn fn : Supplied mechanical power (shaft power) : Stored-energy constant : Rated generator power : Nominal frequency (50 Hz)
If the stored-energy constant, H, is 3 s, and the frequency gradient, df/dt, is 2.5 Hz/s, it results in:
Pmek < 0,3 S n
The mechanical power supplied must thus be below approx. 30% of the maximum power before reverse power occurs. This is less than the minimum power of the majority of the power station units. Please note that this only comprises frequency gradients, not frequency jumps. Re 6 Tolerance towards grid faults The provisions imply that a power station unit must be constructed in such a way that the power station unit can remain connected at the voltage disturbances stated. This must take place whether or not a relay protection has been specified, and in practice this means that the power station unit is disconnected at disturbances smaller than the ones indicated in section 6. It should be noted that the provisions apply to the entire power station unit. Consequently, the auxiliary supply facilities must be dimensioned to withstand the specified conditions without disconnecting, for which reason they must feature secured supply of the control voltages necessary for operation.
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The equipment includes a C&I system (control and instrumentation), oil pumps, contactors etc., ll of which are examples of critical plant parts that must be taken into account when dimensioning the auxiliary supply facilities to prevent the unit from breaking down when the grid is short-circuited. Simultaneous voltage sags in all three phases are of importance to engines, while voltage sags in one phase has a special impact on the C&I system and latched contactors. Auxiliary supply facilities and generators must be connected so that the auxiliary facilities can withstand the specified voltage variations in the connecting point. Where the typical connection of generator and auxiliary supply facilities is concerned, reference is made to DEFU technical report no. 303, Relbeskyttelse af kraftvrkers egenforsyningsanlg (Relay protection of power stations' auxiliary supply facilities), July 1992, and DEFU committee report no. 88, Nettilslutning af decentrale produktionsanlg (Grid connection of local production units), March 1991. Re 6.1 Connecting points above 100 kV This regulation deals with faults occurring close to the power station unit (where the contribution of the unit to the short-circuit current is significant). In such case, a power station unit must be able to handle the following fault profiles: for three-phase short-circuit in the connecting point with subsequent transient state of the voltage as shown in Figure 2; for one- and two-phase short-circuits in the connecting point with subsequent transient state of the voltage where resynchronisation may occur on the fault as shown in Figure 3.
This means that the power station unit must be able to handle all faults that are disconnected by the primary protection in the electricity supply grid. As part of the compliance with this regulation, the auxiliary supply system must be able to tolerate the voltage sag that occurs during the connection of the auxiliary supply system due to the voltage disturbance specified in section 6.1. This regulation deals with faults that occur far away from the power station unit (where the units contribution to the short-circuit current is small). In this situation, a power station unit must be able to supply short-circuit current in the time it takes at the most to disconnect a fault by means of reserve protection plus the voltage transient time, in total up to five seconds. This means that the power station unit must be able to handle all faults far away from the generator even though they are not disconnected by the grids primary protection. As part of the compliance with the provision, the auxiliary supply facility must be able to tolerate the voltage sag caused by the fault. The maximum voltage sage in the auxiliary supply system can be calculated on the basis of the impedances of generator, engine transformer and grid as well as the connection of the auxiliary supply. The grids impedance is given as the impedance between generator and fault, which precisely results in the fault occurring far away from the generator corresponding to the fact that the initial short-circuit currents AC contribution from the generator (Ik) is precisely 1.8 times the rated generator current.
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The extent of the voltage sag in the auxiliary supply depends on the generators capability of maintaining the voltage. The voltage sag in the auxiliary supply can be minimised by the suitable capabilities of the generator. Re 6.2 Connection points up to 100 kV The stated voltage profile of power station units connected to the distribution grid (<100 kV) must ensure that one- and two-phase faults in the transmission grid do not result in the disconnection of the power station unit. One-phase earth faults, two-phase short-circuits, two-phase short-circuits with earthing wire or one-phase breaking of the phase in the transmission grid can lead to voltage sags near a power station unit of the specified size connected to the distribution grid. The extent and duration of voltage sags that a power station unit connected up to 100 kV must be capable of tolerating are illustrated in Figure 4. It applies to voltage sags with a duration of between one and five seconds that the relationship between the extent and duration of the voltage sag is represented by: Ut = constant where U = Un-U. The constant varies with one-phase and three-phase voltage sags. Note that the figure does not show the time voltage gradient for a fault but rather the period of time in which a power station unit is able to withstand a given voltage , eg 50% voltage in one phase for two seconds and 75% voltage in three phases for two seconds. Re 7 Island operation A power station units possibility of going into island operation requires, among other things, precise dimensioning of all the related necessary electrical and mechanical systems. Re 7.1.1 House-load operation The transition to house-load operation can be triggered by a grid fault, eg overfrequency, underfrequency or voltage deviations of such a nature that the power station unit must be protected from it. The purpose of house-load operation is to ensure that the power station unit is available after the fault has been rectified. At small power station units with short starting times, house-load operation is thus of little consequence. The impact of house-load operation on the system is estimated as being modest relative to the costs of ensuring such a form of operation. Re 7.1.2 Isolated island operation Isolated island operation may be necessary in connection with major faults in the high-voltage grid (also at voltage levels higher than the connection voltage). Due to the risk of asynchronous reconnection/reclosure and out of consideration for the synchronism in the grid after a fault, isolated island operation without special permission should be avoided. This also comprises operational and personal safety when working on the public electricity supply grid. Re 8 Start and synchronisation Power station units with starting times of less than 15 minutes are especially valuable as they can be activated before any thermal overload of power lines.
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It is necessary to have the possibility of black start from a few units in the system for the purpose of re-establishing supply after a total system breakdown. The ensuring of such facilities is assumed to be handled by the TSO by other means, eg via tendering or negotiations. Re 8.2 Starting times A gas turbine of the industrial type has been developed specifically for industrial applications. A gas turbine of the jet type is based on gas turbines developed for airplanes. Gas turbines of the jet type differ from the industrial type in that they are typically lighter and have higher pressure conditions. Furthermore, gas turbines of the jet type are constructed for a smaller output than gas turbines of the industrial type. Re 8.3 Synchronisation DEFU committee report 88 sets requirements as to the relationship between the magnitude of the cut-in current and the rated current depending on the grids short-circuit capacity and the rated generator power for power station units connected to 0.4 kV and 10-20 kV. The provision ensures that the inrush current, including the excitation current when the engine transformer is being connected, does not cause unacceptable voltage disturbances. Re 9 Active power production and frequency control Denmark is subordinated to the Nordel requirements for Eastern Denmark and for UCTE requirements for Western Denmark. Figures 9 and 10 show the individual mode of controls. As can be seen from Figures 9 and 10, only critical power frequency control is regular droop control. The other modes of control are based on a mode of droop for determining the required power response, but the power response must be supplied time-based. The purpose of the time-based controls is solely to stabilise the frequency within a defined frequency range. By means of manual reserves the frequency is subsequently set to the reference frequency (in Western Denmark also automatic LFC control on the interconnections to Germany).
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Nordel - Frequency control
FDR FNR
mHz
100
-500
-200
-100
REFERENCE FREQUENCY FDR = FREQUENCY CONTROLLED DISTURBANCE RESERVE FNR = FREQUENCY CONTROLLED NORMAL OPERATION RESERVE
Power response Frequency controlled normal operation reserve

Power response as a function of frequency deviation (MW)
100% Time (sec.)

150
- 100%
Power response Frequency controlled disturbance reserve

Power response as a function
of frequency deviation (MW)
100% 50% Time (sec)

5 30
Figure 9
Outline of Nordel requirements for power generation and frequency control.
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UCTE - Frequency control
KFR PRIMARY CONTROL PRIMARY CONTROL
KFR
mHz
-200 KFR = CRITICAL POWER FREQUENCY SUPPORT -20 20 200
REFERENCE FREQUENCY
Primary control
100% 50% Time (sec.)
15 30
Power response as a function of the frequency deviation (MW)
- 50%
- 100%
Critical power frequency control
Max load
6%
200 -200
mHz
6%
Min. load REFERENCE FREQUENCY
Figure 10 Outline of UCTE requirement for power generation and frequency control.
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Re 9.1 General requirements of the regulating capability of the power station unit The maximum (design) power response of a power station unit occurs at a dead band of 0 mHz and at the smallest droop. It must be possible to set the dead band of the power/frequency controller within the 0 mHz to 200 mHz range. In other words, the dead band lies symmetrically about the reference frequency, and the total width must be set between 0 mHz and 400 mHz, see Figure 9. Power change
Droop
Fre que ncy deviation 0 mHz 2 0 0 mHz De ad band 0 mHz 2 0 0 mHz
Figure 11 Drawing of power/frequency controller dead band setting.
Re 10 System stability With the technology of today, power station units with nominal maximum power of 1.5 MW or above are based on synchronous generators. The formulation of several provisions in this regulation is based on that assumption. If new generator technologies are developed, including for example power electronics, it is conceivable that it would be desirable to base power station units on such technologies. Should such a desire/need arise it will be necessary to revise this regulation and/or grant an exemption. Re 10.1 Generator The short-circuit ratio is the reciprocal of the saturated synchronous reactance in p.u. The requirement as to a short-circuit ratio of at least 0.45 complies with EN60034-3 for units smaller than 200 MVA. It is the saturated value of the transient reactance that is to be used. This will ensure compliance with Nordels recommendations. Re 11.1 Power factor Please note that with this regulation there are requirements as to the reactive power production between the lower voltage limit, ULF, of the full-load range and the lower voltage limit, UL, according to section 5.2.1 and between the upper voltage limit, UHF, of the full-load range and the upper voltage limit, UH, according to section 5.2.3.
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Re 11.4 Excitation system during grid faults The provisions as to ceiling voltage and voltage response time replace previous provisions as to nominal exciter response ratio. The ceiling voltage indicates the capacity of the excitation system to force the excitation current up. A high ceiling voltage has a tendency to improve the transient stability. The voltage response time corresponds to the excitation system having a so-called high initial response in accordance with the IEEE std. 421.2-1990. A suitable negative-sequence characteristic and not constant-time characteristic must be used to limit the current in stator and rotor in order to protect the excitation system. Re 12.1 General Faults and incidents in the grid include: Short-circuit and earthing currents Recurring voltages in connection with the disconnection of grid short-circuiting and earthing Increased voltage on fault-free phases in case of one-phase earth faults in isolated grids and grids equipped with Peterson coil protection Phase disconnection Asynchronous connections.
In case of grid interruptions where the local power station unit is in isolated island operation there is a high risk of connection in phase opposition, for which reason power station units connected to 50 kV and 60 KV or lower voltages are switched off during unintentional isolated island operation. Short-circuits in the grid leading to isolated island operation are expected to be detected by the synchronous voltage relays. Isolated island operation due to erroneous manoeuvring, faults in the remote control system, Buchholz tripping of transformer, etc. can often be detected by a df/dt relay. Complete protection against serious impacts on the power station unit cannot be achieved despite the recommended relays, as the asynchronous connection of grid and generator may occur in connection with grid modifications, unknown faults and defects in the relay protection. Therefore is recommended that during the planning of a power station unit it is examined and evaluated whether the power station unit should be dimensioned to be so robust that it can withstand asynchronous connection when comparing the additional costs in this connection with the reduced risk of damage to the power station unit. In case of short-circuiting in the grid where auto-reclosure is used and where the local power station unit switches to isolated island operation in the dead time, the protection mentioned in section 12 hereof must have detected the fault and disconnected the power station unit before the auto-reclosure.
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Reclosure procedures (single-pole or triple-pole reclosure) in the grid can be as follows, but it is recommended to obtain reclosure data from the electric power utility: Reclosure procedures for Jutland and Funen: 10 kV and 60 kV using triple-pole reclosure 150 kV and 400 kV using one and triple-pole reclosure
Normally, the dead times indicated below are used: "fast", triple-pole reclosure "fast", single-pole reclosure "slow", triple-pole reclosure 270-500 ms. 1.0-1.2 s. 20-30 s.
If auto-reclosure fails, manual reclosure is normally performed, typically after 510 minutes. Reclosure procedure for Zealand and the islands: 10 kV and 132 kV grids use triple-pole reclosure 30 kV does not use reclosure 50 kV does not use reclosure 400 kV does not use single-pole reclosure
In the 132 kV and the 400 kV grids only one-phase faults are reclosed. Normally, the dead times indicated below are used: "fast", triple-pole reclosure, 10 kV "slow", single-pole reclosure, 132 kV "slow", single-pole reclosure, 400 kV 300 ms. 100-300 ms. 800 ms.
If automatic reclosure fails, manual reclosure is normally performed, typically after 5-10 minutes. Re 12.2 Protection against external faults The instructions in the DEFU report TR293, 2. version, attempts to ensure that a power station unit cannot be connected asynchronously to the grid (is synchronised in phase opposition to the grid typically in connection with reclosure in the grid after faults). Complete protection against asynchronous connection cannot be obtained, however, as situations where there is a risk that asynchronous connection may occur, for example in connection with grid modifications, unknown faults and defects in the relay protection. Consequently, it is recommended to examine whether a power station unit can be reasonably dimensioned to be so robust that it can withstand asynchronous connection to the grid without damaging the plant. It is no longer allowed to use vector leap relay as supplementary protection as the function is often faulty. Re 13 Metering, communication and data exchange The metering regulations are available at www.energinet.dk.
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Re 13.3 Data exchange IEC 61850-7-420 defines the relevant data points (logical nodes and classes) of the standard for local production units. Re 14 Power station unit structure Earthing method: 0.4 kV grid: 10 kV, 15 kV and 20 kV grid (with overhead lines): 10 kV, 15 kV and 20 kV grid (only cable grid): Directly earthed With Peterson coil protection Insulated or with Peterson coil protection
Operation with one-phase earth faults may occur for longer periods of time in grids protected with Peterson coil. The earthing of the generator star point cannot change the earthing condition of the grid. Re 16 Verification and documentation Templates for Appendix 1 are available at www.energinet.dk. Re B1.2.6 Block diagrams and parameter values for voltage regulator, tan regulator, power system stabiliser, under-excitation limiters and over-excitation limiters Block diagrams must be stated in the Laplace-domain so that they can be used in connection with dynamic simulations of the power station unit and the public electricity supply grid. In case of doubt about the models degree of detail, etc., it is recommended that this be agreed with the TSO beforehand. Figure 12 below shows a simple example of the block models desired layout and degree of detail.
Figure 12 Example of a simple excitation system.
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Figure 13 below shows a simple example of the block models desired layout and degree of detail.
Figure 13 Block diagram for an excitation system.
Example of block diagram covering generator terminal voltage
Figure 14 Example of degree of detail for block diagram for transducer for measuring generator terminal voltage for the excitation system in Figure 13.
Example of block diagram covering the rectifiers regulation equation
Figure 15 Block diagram for the rectifiers regulation equation (FEX = [IN]) for the excitation system in Figure 13.
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Re B1.2.7 Block diagram and parameter values for the power/frequency controller Block diagrams must be stated in the Laplace-domain so that they can be used in connection with dynamic simulations of the power station unit and the public electricity supply grid. In case of doubt about the models degree of detail, etc., it is recommended that this be agreed with the TSO beforehand. Figure 16 below shows a simple example of the block diagrams desired layout and degree of detail.
Figure 16 Example of block diagram for speed regulator.
Re B1.2.8 Block diagrams and parameter values for operating system Block diagrams must be stated in the Laplace-domain so that they can be used in connection with dynamic simulations of the power station unit and the public electricity supply grid. In case of doubt about the models degree of detail, etc., it is recommended that this be agreed with the TSO beforehand. Figure 17 below shows a simple example of the block diagrams desired layout and degree of detail.
Figure 17 Example of block diagram for steam turbine.
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Appendix 5: Previous provisions (not part of the regulation)
Appendix 5: Previous provisions (not part of the regulation)

Below follows an overview of the previous provisions and recommendations applying to thermal power station units. The previous provisions and recommendations will comprise existing plants established prior to this regulation coming into force. For power station units above 25-50 MW in the West Danish area (Jutland and Funen): - 1977-1987: "Kraftvrkspecifikationer for effektudbygning i 1980'erne", (Power station specifications for capacity expansion in the 1980s) memorandum ARN-77/179, Elsam, 1977. "Kraftvrksspecifikationer for nyanlg strre end 25 MW, (Power station specifications for new facilities above 25 MW) memorandum S87-56g, Elsam, 1987. "Kraftvrksspecifikationer for produktionsanlg > 50 MW", (Power station specifications for production units >50 MW) memorandum SP92-230j, Elsam, 1995.
- 1987-1995:
- 1995-2004:
For power station units below 25-50 MW in the West Danish area (Jutland and Funen): - 1977-1991: "Kraftvrkspecifikationer for effektudbygning i 1980'erne", (Power station specifications for capacity expansion in the 1980s) memorandum ARN-77/179, Elsam, 1977. "Kraftvrksspecifikationer for decentrale kraftvarmeanlg op til 50 MW, (Power station specifications for local CHP plants up to 50 MW), memorandum EP91/172, Elsamprojekt, 1991. "Kraftvrksspecifikationer for produktionsanlg mellem 2 og 50 MW", (Power station specifications for production units between 2 and 50 MW), memorandum SP92-017a, Elsam, 1995.
- 1991-1995: - 1995-2004:
For power station units above 100-200 MW in the East Danish area (Zealand and islands): - 1975-1982: - 1982-1995: "Drifttekniske specifikationer fr vrmekraft", (Operational performance specifications for CHP), Nordel, July 1975. "Drifttekniske specifikationer fr vrmekraft, Revision nr. 1", (Operational performance specifications for CHP, Revision no. 1), Nordel, June 1982. "Operational Performance Specifications for Thermal Power Units larger than 100 MW", Nordel, 1995.
- 1995-2004:
For power station units below 100-200 MW in the East Danish area (Zealand and islands): - 1990-1995: "Driftstekniske specifikationer for mindre varmekraft anlg, Tillg nr. 1", (Operational performance specifications for smallscale CHP plants, amendment no. 1), Nordel, August 1990. "Operational Performance Specifications for small Thermal Power Units, Amendment no. 1", Nordel, 1995.
- 1995-2004:
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Appendix 6: Reference list (not part of the regulation)
Appendix 6: Reference list (not part of the regulation)

In the regulation, reference is made to the following documents: 1. Nordel, "Operational Performance Specifications for Thermal Power Units larger than 100 MW", 1995. 2. Nordel, "Operational Performance Specifications for small Thermal Power Units, Amendment no. 1", 1995. 3. Elsam, "Kraftvrksspecifikationer for produktionsanlg >50 MW", memorandum SP92-230j, 1995. 4. Elsam, "Kraftvrksspecifikationer for produktionsanlg mellem 2 og 50 MW", memorandum SP92-017a, 1995. 5. DEFU committee report 88, "Nettilslutning af decentrale produktionsanlg", March 1991. 6. DEFU technical report 293, "Relbeskyttelse ved decentrale produktionsanlg med synkrongeneratorer", version 2, June 1995. 7. EN60034-16-1 "Rotating electrical machines Part 16: Excitation systems for synchronous machines Chapter 1: Definitions", 1995. 8. IEC technical report IEC60034-16-3 "Rotating electrical machines Part 16: Excitation systems for synchronous machines Section 3: Dynamic performance", 1996. 9. IEEE Std. 421.5-1992 "IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for Power System Stability Studies", 1992. 10. IEEE Std. 421.21990 "IEEE Guide for identification, Testing and Evaluation of the Dynamic Performance of Excitation Control Systems", 1990 11. DEFU technical report 303, "Relbeskyttelse af kraftvrkers egenforsyningsanlg", July 1992. 12. EN50160, "Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public distribution systems", Draft, May 2005 13. EN60034-1, "Rotating electrical machines Part 1: Rating and performance", 2004 14. EN60034-3, "Rotating electrical machines, part 3: Specific requirements for turbine-type synchronous machines", 1995, 15. EN60038, "IEC Standard voltages", 1983 16. EN60076-1, "Power transformers, part 1: General", 1997 17. IEC 61850-7-420, "DER Logical Nodes"
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Grid Code 3.2.3 Power Unit Above 1,5 MW

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Grid Code 3.2.3 Power Unit Above 1,5 MW

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Technical Regulation for Thermal Power Station Units of 1.

Regulation for grid connection TF 3.2.3

Sections 2+3+13 Appendix 1 All All 2-3 All All All

09/2008 09/2007 07/2007 07/2006 12/2005 2005 2004

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Summary (not part of the regulation)

Summary (not part of the regulation)

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Introduction (not part of the regulation)

Introduction (not part of the regulation)

Definitions and comments

Responsibility for the regulation

Authority requirements and standards

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External operating conditions

Nominal external operating conditions

Normal operating condition

Isolated island operation

Mode of operation comprising house-load operation and isolated island operation.

Power Effective power

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Highest maximum power

The highest maximum power under typical external operating conditions.

Lowest maximum power

The lowest maximum power under typical external operating conditions.

Nominal maximum power

Nominal minimum power

Full load Full-load frequency range

Full-load voltage-frequency range

Full-load voltage range

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Public electricity supply grid

Power station unit

Power station operator

1.10 Power schedule (load plan)

1.11 Load control

1.12 Point of common coupling (PCC)

1.13 Nominal voltage

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1.14 Overload capacity

1.15 Power/frequency controller

1.16 Power frequency control

1.17 Secondary control

1.18 Starting time until full generation

1.19 Starting time until synchronisation

1.22 Thermal power station unit

1.23 Connecting point

1.23.1 Grid connection

1.23.2 Installation connection

1.24 Typical operating voltage

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Administration of the regulation

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Gas turbines and gas engines:

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Upper allowable minimum power stated as a percentage of the maximum power

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Tolerance towards frequency and voltage deviations

5. Tolerance towards frequency and voltage deviations

UEH UH 10 sec. No generation requirements UHF

Minimum reduction 1 hour 10% reduction

30 min reduction 15% at 47.5 Hz Linear interpolation