Stress uctuations in jammed solids: a statistical ensemble approach Dapeng Bi

Syracuse University Collaborators Sumantra Sarkar (Brandeis Univ.) Bulbul Chakraborty (Brandeis Univ.) Jie Zhang (Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ.) Bob Behringer (Duke Univ.)

KITPC - Complex Dynamics in Granular Systems May 20, 2013

Common features

Grains are macroscopic in size Purely Repulsive (for dry grains), Contact Interactions, friction States controlled by boundaries and driving Collective properties: gas, liquid, solid ... but not quite!
Nature Nagel Lab, Chicago JY Tang, Duke

Fluid

marginal J-segment

Solid

Density or applied stress

Far from equilibrium

Large separation of energy scales Interactions between grains:

friction and dissipation

Energy gets dissipated: internal vibrational

modes are excited. Grains do not move.

Do we have to solve Newtons equations (with dissipation and driving) for every conceivable macroscopic setup ? Can we construct a statistical mechanics framework of granular media ? What can we borrow from equilibrium stat. mech.?

Very brief review of equilibrium statistical mechanics Isolated, conservative system: (EN , VN , N )

Fluctuations in this subsystem: a snapshot of a microstate: E

Probability of occurrence of this microstate:

P = e @S = @E
E

/Z ( )

thermal equilibrium, same everywhere

Non-equilibrium steady states

Energy decreases due to dissipation not a good state variable

Freely Cooling Granular Gas: Maret et al, PRL (2008)

Driving such as repeated tapping reach a reversible branch

Nowak et al PRE (1997)

FRCP FRLP

reversible irreversible

Tapping Amplitude
FIGURE 1.7. The dependence of F on tapping amplitude for a vibrated granular material.

collapse and F increases to F

(random loose packed) on an irreversible branch. However,

Edwards Ensemble
Oakeshott and Edwards (1989)
Fixed (V,N) as result of tapping A simple, bold proposal: Dynamics controlled by statistics of Blocked States

~ h2 + h3 = ~

Blocked State:

Each grain is in force and

torque balance, static Total free volume reaches steady state ~ h4 = value

~ h3 +

Within one realization (e.g., as result of tapping) A microstate with volume: ! ({~ ri })

P = e

w /X

/Z (X )

Applies in the innitely rigid or just touching limit: only volume matters

1 @S X = compactivity: = X @V

A conservation principle for blocked states Force Moment Tensor

Deformable dry grains

Purely repulsive contact interactions Imposed stress is important Frictional forces

Need positions and forces to specify a microstate!

Fixed boundary condition

=
Local force & torque balance

dS =
S

~ h d~ l
@S

~ = 0 and r
ii

ij

ji

for all ~ r

Positivity of forces

>0

Discrete Height map for stress Ball & Blumenfeld PRL 2002 Henkes & Chakraborty 2007

~ ~ =r h

Conservation of the Force Moment Tensor

Periodic boundary condition

B
A B C

F F

Trivial loop C :

Non-contractible loop A :

~ = dS r
~x = F Z

@S

dl n =0

11 (x, y ) 12 (x, y )

P. Metzger: PHYSICAL REVIEW E 77, 011307 2008

dy
0

Non-contractible loop B :

~y = F

dx
0

12 (x, y ) 22 (x, y )

(Sarkar et al arxiv:1305.3484)

Stress ensemble
Coarse-grained subregion: m) (m grains, force moment tensor

X
i<j

2d ~ ~ rij fij =

11 12

12 22

1 w P = exp exp : Z (X, ) X

Angoricity is indeed a tensorial temperature ) @ S (V, 11 12 = kl = 12 22 @ kl V

Does it work?

Many have tested the idea, most recently: Puckett & Daniels, PRL (2013) Jamming by isotropic compression
P = e
w /X

/Z (X, )

Volume uctuationsCompactivity

Liu & Nagel Nature (1998)

Unjammed

Jammed
Amorphous solids

Pressure uctuationsangoricity
Puckett & Daniels, PRL (2013)

Equation of State

Liu & Nagel Nature (1998)

Unjammed

Jammed
Amorphous solids

Isotropically jammed states are ideal-gas like!

Shear jammed states

Unjammed Jammed
Shear Jammed Fragile

Jammed states below the critical density of density-driven jamming (the value of the critical density can depend on protocol) States below J can be classied into two types of states: Fragile and Shear Jammed (SJ) SJ states require a nite amount of applied shear stress to form (shear is needed to generate pressure!) These states are not as strong as the density-driven jammed states (Marginal/Fragile) DB et al Nature (2011)

show fundamentally The jammed colloid is an ex aspherity can obviate this.) We argue that such materials may of fragile (and more precise than any we have previously new colloid mechanical properties, different from those of can statically support applied Let us now model a jammed by an assembly veryseen). It extends naturally to other perturbations; e.g., s conventional (elastic or range), virtue o of such force chains, characterized by a director n, elastoplastic) in a smallbodies. changes in temperature whichbut canonly lead by to static We start from a simple model avalanches of a force chain: a linear structure, whose mechanical p sea of spectator particles, and incompressible solvent. of rearrangement [4]. string of rigid between particlesforce in point contact. this support load itself. Its (We ignore for the moment any collisions We nowCrucially, argue that jamming may the lead generically to in Red particles =only Largest connected cluster with chain can support loads its own axis [Fig. 2(a)]: above). elastic only to system compatible loads avg chains or deections caused by weak interaction with thealong fragile matter (as dened If a arrests successive contacts must be collinear, withas theit forces along the case, those of a different comp spectators.) In static equilibrium, with no body forces actas soon can support external load, its state is the line of contacts, to prevent torques on particles within will cause nite, plastic reorga 2s ing, the pressure tensor pij s ij d is then Shear-jammed the chain [3]. (Neither friction at the contacts nor particle elastically support some innite (a) (b) 1 Lni njcan , obviate this.) (1) pij P dij aspherity of fragile (and more precise t Let us now model a jammed colloid by an assembly seen). It extends naturally to where P is an isotropic uid pressure, and L s.0d a of such force chains, characterized by a director n, in a small changes in temperature compressive stress carried by the force chains. sea of spectator particles, and incompressible solvent. avalanches of rearrangement Even this minimal model of the jammed state exhibits (We ignore for the moment any collisions between force We now argue that jammin quite novel mechanical properties. Indeed, Eq. (1) permits chains or deections caused by weak interaction with the fragile matter (as dened ab static equilibrium only so long as the applied compression spectators.) In static equilibrium, with no body forces actas soon as it can support the is along n; while this remains true, small, or even large, inFragile FIG. 1. then (a) A jammed colloid (schematic). Black: force ing, the pressure tensor pij s 2s ij d is cremental loads can be accommodated reversibly, by what chains; grey: other force-bearing particles; white: spectators. (a)force chains. b) rectangular(1) network of is (ultimately) an elastic mechanism. But the p material is L niIdealized nj , ij P d ij 1 (

Shear jammed states: Evolution of the force network

f >f

where P is an isotropic uid pressure, and L s.0d a Increasing strain 0031-9007 y 98 y 81(9) y 1841(4)$15.00 1998 The American Physical Society compressive stress carried by the force chains. Even this minimal model of the jammed state exhibits quite novel mechanical properties. Indeed, Eq. (1) permits static equilibrium only so long as the applied compression is along n; while this remains true, small, or even large, incremental loads can be accommodated reversibly, by what is (ultimately) an elastic mechanism. But the material is

1841

FIG. 1. (a) A jammed colloid chains; PRL grey: (1998) other force-bearing ( b) Idealized rectangular network

Cates et al,

0031-9007y 98 y 81(9) y 1841(4)$15.00

Unjammed

1998 The American Physic

DB et al Nature (2011)

Shear jammed states: stress uctuations Neglect volume uctuations, (taking compactivity X Limit)
h i 1 m) = m ) exp m P ( exp Sm ( : Z ( )
m : m log P (m )e = Sm
Canonical distribution for local stresses:

Same

everywhere, given by equation of state:

M /M
1

log Z ( )

M = M det

22,M 12,M

12,M 11,M

DB et al, arXiv:1302.6891 to appear in EPL

1.0 0.5

Theory

1.0 0.5

g m ( x)

Stress uctuations: Reduced distributions

=
2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5

11 12
2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5

12 22

m = 15

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

m = 28

2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5

11 12

12 22

m = 52

m=4
11 component, expt 22 component, expt

Theory

g m ( x)

hm ( x )

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5

m = 28

2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5

m = 52

3.5 3.0 m = 4 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 - 1.0 - 0.5

3.5 3.0 m = 15 Experiment 2.5 Theory 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 - 1.0 - 0.5 0.0 3.5 3.0 m = 52 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 1.0 - 1.0 - 0.5 0.0

0.5

1.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

x
3.5 3.0 m = 4 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 - 1.0 - 0.5 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 3.5 3.0 m = 15 Experiment 2.5 Theory 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 - 1.0 - 0.5 0.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0

3.5 3.0 m = 28 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 - 1.0 - 0.5 0.0

p x = 12,m / 11,m 22,m

0.5

0.5

1.0

hm ( x )

Stress ensemble seems to predict the distribution of local stresses well

0.5

m = 28

m = 52

But.......
1.0

DB et al, arXiv:1302.6891

Stress ensemble has not taken into account correlations

500

+ 11 component 22 component 12 component 100

h( )2 i/

50

10 5

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + m1.5 + + + + + 5 10

+ + + +

+ + +

20

50

100

DB et al, arXiv:1302.6891

Nature of order and correlations

Introduce a height eld:

~ =0 r
~ ~3 h3 = ~ h2 + f

~ ~2 h2 = ~ h1 + f

~ ~ =r h
~ ~1 h1 = ~ h0 + f

Geometric representation: force tile

~1 f
~ h1

~ h0

~6 f
~ h5

~2 f ~3 f

~1 f

~2 f
~ h0
~ ~4 h5 = ~ h3 + f

~5 f ~3 f ~4 f
~ h4

~6 f
~ ~4 h4 = ~ h3 + f

~4 f

~5 f

~ h2

~ h3

The contact forces form a closed polygon (Newtons 3rd law) Vertices given by the heights

Sarkar et al arxiv:1305.3484

Exploring different congurations in height space

hy
y F

x F

hx

~x , F ~y Local moves preserve F Fixed contact network One vertex update per move according to positivity constraint

Physically, this is equivalent to perturbation by lightly tapping.

FORCE TILING (SHEAR-JAMMED)

Sarkar et al arxiv:1305.3484

SUMMARY
A A

statistical ensemble approach works for granular solids calculation tool: collective behavior, universality it help to understand slowly driven states ? is all about order and correlations in force space

Does

Rigidity