NAME: Module 17 Infancy and Childhood

Score ___________________/137

B. Newborns Abilities 1. What partially results in a babys brain increasing from 25% to 75% of its adult weight between birth and 2 years old? (2 pts.)

2. How can we know that infants have developed depth perception by 6 months? (2 pts.)

3. What are the proximodistal and cephalocaudal principles? (4 pts.)

4. What two aspects influence a childs motor development schedule? (2 pts.)

C. Emotional Development 5. What results in increased emotional expression and feeling in a child? (2 pts.)

6. What is temperament and what primarily influences it? (4 pts.)

b) Can it be modified, and if so, how? (3 pts.)

7. What is attachment, and how does Bowlby believe it came about? (4 pts.)

8. Give three examples (one should be separation anxiety and its definition) of how one can tell that attachment is developing in an infant. (4 pts.)

9. What is insecure attachment and how does it develop? (4 pts.)

b) How can it impact someones adult life? (2 pts.)

D. Research Focus: Temperament 10. What was Kagans question about temperament and why did he choose to answer it via a longitudinal study versus a cross-sectional one? (4 pts.)

11. What are the advantages and disadvantages associated with the longitudinal and cross-sectional research methods? (8 pts.)

12. What is the percentage influence of genetic factors on emotional development? (1 pt.) 13. What did Kagan determine about the future of fearful infants? (2 pts.)

b) What neurological factor is present in fearful infants? (2 pts.)

14. How can parents/caregivers help fearful children? (4 pts.)

E. Cognitive Development 15. Who was Jean Piaget and into what area of psychology does his theory fit? (4 pts.)

16. Explain how assimilation and accommodation help children understand the world around them. (4 pts.)

17. Briefly define what makes up each of Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development: (12 pts.) Sensorimotor:

Preoperational:

Concrete:

Formal:

18. What new information regarding genetics and brain development has come to light about cognitive development since Piagets time? (8 pts.)

F. Social Development 19. Generally describe Freuds psychosexual theory (you do not need to go into detail about individual stages). (4 pts.)

20. What is the basis for Ericksons psychosocial stages? (In other words, why did he think this is how people experience social development?) (2 pts.)

b) What happens if one does not successfully navigate a particular stage? (2 pts.)

21. Briefly describe/outline each stage: (15 pts.) Stage 1:

Stage 2:

Stage 3:

Stage 4:

Stage 5:

22. What are some of the weaknesses/criticisms of Freud and Eriksons theories? (4 pts.)

23. What are the 3 factors which contribute to resiliency? (6 pts.)

24. Explain how gender roles are aquired via A) the social role theory (2 pts.):

pts.):

b) the cognitive development theory (include how gender schemas fit here) (2

25. Explain how mens and womens brains result in different gender role traits. (2 pts.)

b) How does the evolutionary theory of behavior come into play here? (2 pts.)

26. What about how male and female brains process language differently? (2 pts.)

G. Cultural Diversity: Gender Roles 27. What two cultures/nations had significant variation in the way they perceived gender roles for women? (2 pts.) b) What were those differences, and why do you think they exist? (6 pts.)

28. Define the principle of bidirectionality and explain how it connects to child abuse. (4 pts.)