Certification Services Division 1 Spencer Parade, Northampton NN1 5AA, United Kingdom Tel: +44(0)1604-259-056. Fax: +44(0)1604-231-489.

E-mail: pcn@bindt.org

PCN/GEN Appendix C2.1 Issue 4

PCN/GEN Appendix C2.1 Issue 4 rev B dated 01.05.01 (for immediate implementation). Further information concerning the content of PCN documents is available from the PCN Scheme Manager at the above address.

SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR THE CERTIFICATION PERSONNEL IN RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING OF WELDS

ASSOCIATED DOCUMENTS: Appendix C2.2 to PCN/GEN Examination Syllabus for the Certification of Personnel in Radiographic Testing of Welds. Appendix C2.3 to PCN/GEN:

OF

Specimen Examination Questions for the Certification of Personnel in Radiographic Testing of Welds. Appendix E3.1 to PCN/GEN Specific Requirements for the Certification of Personnel in Radiation Safety. Appendix E3.2 to PCN/GEN Examination Syllabus for the Certification of Personnel in Radiation Safety. Appendix E3.3 to PCN/GEN Specimen Examination Questions for the Certification of Personnel in Radiation Safety.

CONTENTS 1. SCOPE ..................................................................................................................................2 2. EXAMINATION CONTENT......................................................................................................2 3. CERTIFICATION AVAILABLE .................................................................................................4 4. RENEWAL AND RECERTIFICATION ......................................................................................5 5. SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION CONTENT........................................................................5

The British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing is an accredited certification body offering personnel and quality management systems assessment and certification against criteria set out in international and European standards through the PCN Certification Scheme.

1. SCOPE This document prescribes the specific requirements and procedures by which personnel may be examined and, if successful, certified competent for the radiographic testing of welds. Requirements contained in this document are supplementary to those contained in PCN General Requirements for Certification of Personnel engaged in Non-Destructive Testing. Information on the status of PCN documents is available from PCN or from any PCN examination centre. 2. EXAMINATION CONTENT The examination content is described in PCN General Requirements. This Appendix amplifies the provisions of that document only where necessary. 2.1 Level 1 Except where exemptions apply (refer to PCN General Requirements), all candidates will be required to attempt an examination comprised of the following parts: 2.1.1 General Theory of the Radiographic NDT method. Forty multiple choice questions to be answered in 1 hour. Minimum pass mark 70%. 2.1.2 Sector Specific Theory of the application of the Radiographic NDT method to welds. Twenty multiple choice questions to be answered in 30 minutes. Minimum pass mark 70%. 2.1.3 Sector Specific Practical examination comprising: (i) testing five specimens selected by the examiner from plate butt welds and pipe butt welds using single wall single image, double wall single image and double wall double image techniques in accordance with the NDT instructions provided. examine and evaluate the suitability for interpretation of the radiographs produced during (i) above. reporting significant areas for further investigation detected in (ii) above in a prescribed manner in accordance with the NDT instructions provided.

(ii) (iii)

The total time allowed for the practical part is 8 hours. The minimum pass mark for the practical part is 70% per sample tested (failure to detect and report a reportable discontinuity in any one sample will result in failure of this examination part). NOTE: PCN radiography certificates are valid only so long as the holder has been successful in a PCN radiation safety examination within the past five years and holds valid certification for Basic Radiation Safety or Radiation Protection to supervisor level. For initial radiography candidates, the basic radiation safety examination may be taken at the same time as the radiography examination. 2.2 Level 2 Except where exemptions apply (refer to PCN General Requirements), all candidates will be required to attempt an examination comprised of the following parts: 2.2.1 General Theory of the Radiographic Method. Forty multiple choice questions to be answered in 1 hour. The minimum pass mark is 70%. 2.2.2 Sector Specific Theory of the application of the Radiographic method in the testing of welds. Twenty multiple choice questions covering the radiographic testing of welds in all metal groups (regardless of the category of certification sought), and ten further questions covering all basic weld production processes and associated defects. The maximum time allowed is 45 minutes. The minimum pass mark is 70%. 2.2.3 Sector Specific Practical examination comprising: (i) testing five specimens from plate butt welds and pipe butt welds in metals selected by the examiner appropriate to the certification sought (refer to Clause 3) using single wall single image, double wall single image and double wall double image techniques. Basic instructions on the techniques to be used, and the sensitivities required will be provided. processing the resulting radiographs and reporting significant areas for further investigation detected in (i) above in a prescribed manner in accordance with the NDT instructions provided. Time allowed: 2 hours per sample.

(ii)

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(iii)

NDT Instruction Writing. Candidates will be required to prepare a detailed NDT Instruction to provided codes, specifications or standards for one of the specimens described in (i) above. The instruction shall include any calculations necessary to determine inspection sensitivity and film density. Time allowed: 1 hour per sample. Radiographic Interpretation. The candidate will be required to read, mark up and report on a total of 12 radiographs representative of the categories of certification sought (the candidate will read and report on 12 radiographs regardless of the categories attempted). Time allowed: 3 hours.

(iv)

The total time allowed for the practical part is 18 hours. The minimum pass mark for the practical part is 70% per sample tested and radiograph interpreted, and 70% for the NDT instruction (failure to detect and report a reportable discontinuity in any one sample, or failure to produce an acceptable NDT instruction, will result in failure of this examination part). NOTES: Candidates will be graded on the whole of the Sector Specific Practical (Interpretation) examination. No part passes will be given, e.g., if a candidate elects to seek certification in light and dense metals (see Clause 3.2) and successfully reports all defects in one group of 6 radiographs but not the other, he/she will not receive certification for the group of materials for which the radiographs were successfully read, except that a candidate attaining a grade greater than or equal to 80% in one group, with not less than 70% in the other group, may be awarded a certificate for that group in which 80% or more was attained. PCN radiography certificates are valid only so long as the holder has been successful in a PCN radiation safety examination within the past five years and holds valid certification for Basic Radiation Safety or Radiation Protection to supervisor level. For initial radiography candidates, the basic radiation safety examination may be taken at the same time as the radiography examination. 2.3 Level 3 Except where exemptions apply (refer to PCN General Requirements), all candidates will be required to attempt an examination comprised of the following parts: 2.3.1 Basic Examination (total time allowed: 3 hours) A1) Thirty multiple choice questions covering materials technology and science, including typical defects in a wide range of products including castings, welds and wrought products. Understanding of the requirements for PCN certification. Ten multiple choice questions on the content of the current edition of the PCN General Requirements for Certification of NDT Personnel. Sixty multiple choice questions of a level 2 complexity on the general theory of four NDT methods, comprising fifteen questions on radiographic testing and a further fifteen on each of three other methods selected by the candidate from the ultrasonic, eddy current, magnetic particle, visual and liquid penetrant testing methods.

A2)

B)

2.3.2 Main Method Examination (total time allowed: 7 hours) C1) C2) C3) Thirty multiple choice questions covering the general theory of the radiographic testing method. Twenty multiple choice covering the specific theory of radiography of welds. The candidate will be required to produce a comprehensive radiographic test procedure embodying an NDT instruction for a specific welded component to a provided specification, standard or code.

NOTE: PCN radiography certificates are valid only so long as the holder has been successful in a PCN radiation safety examination within the past five years and holds valid certification for Basic Radiation Safety or Radiation Protection to supervisor level. For initial radiography candidates, the basic radiation safety examination may be taken at the same time as the radiography examination. 2.3.3 Level 3 candidates who do not hold or have not held PCN level 2 certification for radiography of welds, or whose certification category does not include gamma radiography, are required to successfully complete the examination described in Clause 2.2.3 for x and gamma radiography (certification category 3.2.4).

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2.4 Radiographic Interpreter (Welds) Except where exemptions apply (refer to PCN General Requirements), all candidates will be required to attempt an examination comprised of the following parts: 2.4.1 General Theory of the Radiographic Method. Forty multiple choice questions to be answered in a maximum of 1 hour. The minimum pass mark is 70%. 2.4.2 Sector Specific Theory of the application of the Radiographic method in the testing of welds. Twenty multiple choice questions covering the radiographic testing of welds in all metal groups (regardless of the category of certification sought), and ten further questions covering all basic weld production processes and associated defects. The maximum time allowed is 45 minutes. The minimum pass mark is 70%. 2.4.3 Sector Specific Practical examination requiring the candidate to read, mark up and report on a total of 12 radiographs representative of the categories of certification sought (the candidate will read and report on 12 radiographs regardless of the categories attempted). Maximum time allowed: 3 hours. The pass mark is 70% for each radiograph interpreted. NOTE: Radiographic Interpreter candidates will be graded on the whole of the sector specific practical examination. No part passes will be given, e.g., if a candidate elects to seek certification in more than one material group (see C lause 3.4) and successfully reports all defects in one group but not the other, he/she will not receive certification for the group(s) of materials for which the radiographs were successfully read, except that a candidate attaining a grade greater than or equal to 80% in one group, with not less than 70% in the other group, may be awarded a certificate for the group in which 80% or more was attained. 3. CERTIFICATION AVAILABLE 3.1 Level 1 3.1.1 X-Radiography of Light Metal Welds. 3.1.2 X-Radiography of Dense Metal Welds. 3.1.3 Gamma Radiography of Dense Metal Welds. 3.1.4 X-Radiography and Gamma Radiography of Dense Metal Welds. 3.1.5 X-Radiography of Light and Dense Metal Welds and Gamma Radiography of Dense Metal Welds. 3.2 Level 2 3.2.1 X-Radiography of Light Metal Welds. 3.2.2 X-Radiography of Dense Metal Welds. 3.2.3 Gamma Radiography of Dense Metal Welds. 3.2.4 X-Radiography and Gamma Radiography of Dense Metal Welds. 3.2.5 X-Radiography of Light and Dense Metal Welds and Gamma Radiography of Dense Metal Welds. 3.3 Level 3 Radiographer (Welds) 3.4 Radiographic Interpreter (Welds). This will cover weld radiographs from either or both of the following groups: 3.4.1 Dense metal welds comprising of: Ferritic steels including clad steels, Austenitic steels and high nickel alloys, Copper, Copper alloys, Monel and Titanium alloys: manufactured by the MMA, MAG, MIG, TIG, mechanised fusion welding, and oxy-acetylene welding processes. 3.4.2 Light metal welds comprising of: Aluminium, Magnesium and their alloys: manufactured by the MIG and TIG welding processes.

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4. RENEWAL AND RECERTIFICATION 4.1 The general rules for level 1 and level 2 renewal and recertification are fully described in PCN document CP16, and the rules for level 3 recertification are detailed in PCN document CP17. 4.2 Level 1 certificate holders seeking recertification will be required to undertake the practical examination detailed at Clause 2.1.3 above, except that they will test only three welded samples. 4.3 Level 2 certificate holders seeking recertification will be required to undertake the practical examination detailed in Clause 2.2.3 above, except that they will test only three welded samples and read, interpret and report on two radiographs from each metal group they hold certification for (groups are detailed in Clause 3.4). 4.4 Radiographic Interpreters seeking recertification will be required to read, interpret and report upon two radiographs from each metal group they hold certification for (groups are detailed in Clause 3.4). Candidates attempting a recertification examination for both metal groups who achieve a mark of 80% or more in one group, with not less than 70% in the other will be awarded certification for the group in which 80% or more was achieved. 4.5 The minimum pass mark for recertification is 80% and only one retest of failed recertification examinations is permitted. Failure in the one allowable retest results in the applicant being considered an initial candidate for certification in that sector, and NDT method. NOTE: PCN radiography certificates are valid only so long as the holder has been successful in a PCN radiation safety examination within the past five years and holds valid certification for Basic Radiation Safety or Radiation Protection to supervisor level. The radiation safety examination may be taken at the same time as the recertification examination 5. SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION CONTENT 5.1 PCN Level 1 Radiography of Welds certificate holders wishing to upgrade to level 2 are required to be successful in all level 2 examination parts detailed in Clause 2.2 above, except that the specimens tested will number only three in appropriate metals. 5.2 Existing PCN level 1 certificate holders who apply to be certificated for additional groups, will be required to pass a further practical examination comprising the testing of three appropriate samples and reading/reporting on radiographs from the group in which certification is sought (see Clause 3.1 above). 5.3 Existing PCN level 2 certificate holders who apply to be certificated for additional groups, will be required to pass a further practical examination comprising the testing of three appropriate samples and reading/interpreting/reporting on radiographs from the group in which certification is sought (see Clause 3.2 above). 5.4 Existing PCN radiographic interpreters who apply to be certificated for additional groups, will be required to pass a further practical examination comprising reading/interpreting/reporting on a total of 12 radiographs for each group in which supplementary certification is sought (see Clause 3.4 above).

6. GRADING
The method for grading of initial examinations and supplementary examinations, and the rules for reexamination of failed parts, will be as specified in the current edition of PCN General Requirements.

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Certification Services Division 1 Spencer Parade, Northampton NN1 5AA, United Kingdom Tel: +44(0)1604-259-056. Fax: +44(0)1604-231-489. E-mail: pcn@bindt.org

PCN/GEN Appendix C2.2 Issue 4

PCN/GEN Appendix C2.2 Issue 4 dated 01.01.01 (for immediate implementation) has been revised to amend only page formatting, BINDT contact information and general terminology. Further information concerning the content of PCN documents is available from the PCN Scheme Manager at the above address.

EXAMINATION SYLLABUS FOR THE CERTIFICATION PERSONNEL IN RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING OF WELDS

ASSOCIATED DOCUMENTS: Appendix C2.1 to PCN/GEN Specific Requirements for the Certification of Personnel in Radiographic Testing of Welds. Appendix C2.3 to PCN/GEN

OF

Specimen Examination Questions for the Certification of Personnel in Radiographic Testing of Welds. Appendix E3.1 to PCN/GEN Specific Requirements for the Certification of Personnel in Radiation Safety. Appendix E3.2 to PCN/GEN Examination Syllabus for the Certification of Personnel in Radiation Safety. Appendix E3.3 to PCN/GEN Specimen Examination Questions for the Certification of Personnel in Radiation Safety. CONTENTS LEVEL 1 SYLLABUS ..................................................................................................................2 LEVEL 2 SYLLABUS ..................................................................................................................3 LEVEL 3 SYLLABUS ..................................................................................................................5 RADIOGRAPHER INTERPRETER SYLLABUS ............................................................................6 REFERENCE LITERATURE .......................................................................................................7

The British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing is an accredited certification body offering personnel and quality management systems assessment and certification against criteria set out in international and European standards through the PCN Certification Scheme.

LEVEL 1 SYLLABUS 1. General Theory 1.1 Introduction Brief history of the development of industrial radiography. Philosophy of Non-Destructive Testing. Radiographic capabilities in relation to other NDT methods. 1.2 Principles of Radiography Electromagnetic spectrum, significance of wavelength. Sources of X-rays and gamma rays, their characteristics and key properties. Interaction between radiation and matter, absorption and scatter. 1.3 Image Formation Rectilinear propagation of rays, factors affecting penumbra, inverse square law. Types and choice of film used in industrial radiography. Types and uses of screens. 1.4 Films and Processing 1.4.1 Photographic emulsion chemistry, development, fixation, washing and drying of film. Temperature control. 1.4.2 Automatic and manual processing and handling faults including adventitious images. 1.5 Fundamental Aspects of Radiographic Quality 1.5.1 Sensitivity. 1.5.2 Density and density measurement. 1.5.3 Contrast, speed and definition. 1.5.4 Factors affecting 1.5.1 to 1.5.3. 1.5.5 Cause, effect and control of scattered radiation. 2. Basic Radiation Safety PCN radiography certificates are valid only so long as the holder has been successful in a PCN radiation safety examination within the past five years and holds valid certification for Basic Radiation Safety or Radiation Protection to supervisor level. For initial radiography candidates, the basic radiation safety examination may be taken at the same time as the radiography examination. Candidates for the Basic Radiation Safety (BRS) examination should have a general knowledge of the subjects listed in PCN/GEN Appendix E3.2 and an awareness of the contents of the documents indicated as applicable to industrial radiography. The same syllabus is applicable regardless of the level of radiographer certification sought. 3. Radiation Protection to Supervisor Level Candidates for the optional Radiation Protection (to supervisor level) examination are expected to have an in depth knowledge of the subjects listed in PCN/GEN Appendix E3.2 covering all aspects of radiation safety. The same syllabus is applicable regardless of the level of radiographer certification sought. 4. Sector Specific Theory 4.1 Exposure Factors Radiation quality; effect of changing kV; significance and effect of type of gamma or X -ray source. Effect of time, milliamperage and ffd on exposure. Use of exposure charts. Identification, marking out and setting up. 4.2 Techniques Factors influencing radiographic techniques including masking, blocking media, screens, filters and film type. The use of IQI. Determination of focal spot size. 4.3 Radiographic Quality Assessment 4.3.1 Judging quality of processed radiographs for subsequent interpretation. Calculation of IQI sensitivity, use of densitometers, determination of film density.

PCG/GEN Appendix C2.2

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4.3.2 Radiographic appearance of discontinuities including adventitious images, their causes and effects. 4.3.3 Viewing conditions. Illuminator requirements, optimum viewing conditions, masking, reduction of external lighting, viewing angle. 4.4 Standards, Codes and Specifications See essential reading list. 5. Sector Specific Practical Examination Refer to PCN/GEN Appendix C2.1. LEVEL 2 SYLLABUS 6. General Theory All of the content of the general theory syllabus for level 1 and, in addition: 6.1 Principles of Radiation Types and sources of radiation, electromagnetic spectrum. 6.2 Nature and Properties of Ionising Radiation 6.2.1 All types briefly, X and gamma in depth. 6.2.2 Particles, wave properties, electromagnetic waves, electrical theory of matter, fundamentals of radiation physics. 6.2.3 Interaction between penetrating radiation and matter, absorption, scatter, pair production, photoelectric effect, other secondary emission, ionising effects. 6.2.4 Glossary of terms and units of measurement. 6.3 Sources of Radiation for Radiography Characteristics and selection of X and gamma, basic types of X -ray generator, tube selection and uses; isotope types, spectra, activity including self absorption, half lives. 6.4 Principles of Radiographic Image Formation Geometry of shadow projection. Use of formulae. 6.5 Radiographic Sensitometry 6.5.1 Characteristic curves, gradient density curves, gamma for typical films, effect of development conditions on characteristic curve. Types and choice of film used in industrial radiography. 6.5.2 Effect of intensifying screens (metallic, fluorometallic, salt) on exposure conditions and image quality. 6.6 Relative merits of X and Gamma Rays NOTE: For examination part 1B (Basic Radiation Safety) and part 1C (Radiation Protection) refer to the information provided under level 1. 7. Sector Specific Theory All the content of the specific theory syllabus for level 1 plus: 7.1 Exposure Factors Radiographic calculations. 7.2 Techniques Multi-film and panoramic techniques. Assessment of depth of known defects. Causes of diffraction effects and their minimisation. An awareness of the principles of real time systems.

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7.3 Radiographic Interpretation 7.3.1 Judging quality of processed radiographs, taking into account codes, standards, specifications, procedures and techniques. Calculation of IQI sensitivity. 7.3.2 Methods of Reporting. 8. Sector Specific Product Technology Theory 8.1 Basic Welding Processes 8.1.1 Terminology for welds. Basic principles of fusion welding processes. 8.1.2 Schematic layout and general method of producing welds: 8.1.2.1 MMA 8.1.2.2 TIG 8.1.2.3 MIG/MAG 8.1.2.4 SA welding 8.1.2.5 electroslag welding 8.1.3 Basic types of welds: 8.1.3.1 fillet welds 8.1.3.2 butt welds in plate, pipe, nozzle and nodes 8.2 Fabrication Defects 8.2.1 Types of defect associated with particular parent metal/welding process combinations including: 8.2.1.1 lack of fusion (all types) 8.2.1.2 porosity; worm holes, gas pores 8.2.1.3 cracks; centre line HAZ 8.2.1.4 visual defects including weld mismatch etc. 8.2.1.5 lack of penetration 8.2.1.6 slag 8.2.2 An explanation of how the above defects are formed. 8.3 In-service Defects: 8.3.1 fatigue cracks 8.3.2 stress corrosion cracks 8.3.3 hydrogen cracks 8.4 Stress Relieving What stress relieving is and why it is carried out. 8.5 Normalising Definition of normalising and the differences to annealing. 9. Practical Examination See PCN/GEN Appendix C2.1 for examination content.

PCG/GEN Appendix C2.2

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LEVEL 3 SYLLABUS Level 3 personnel are expected to be competent to assume the responsibilities of management of an industrial NDT facility. The PCN level 3 examination will therefore evaluate the candidate's knowledge of the following: Allocation of staff with appropriate certification according to customer's requirements. Supervision and maintenance of subordinate's certification and recertification documents and records. Compilation of records of equipment performance, repairs and maintenance; the work done and results achieved by supervised staff. The review of reports of work done by subordinates, its periodic validation, and the endorsement of routine reports. Review of current practices, equipment, techniques and instructions. Maintenance of standards and text book libraries. Safe working practices and current legislation. The level 3 examination syllabus is as follows: 10. General Theory All of the content of the general theory syllabus for level 1 and level 2 inclusive and, in addition: 10.1 Alternative Forms of Imaging (to film radiography) Fluoroscopy; real-time radiography; digital imaging techniques; advantages and limitations of each. 10.2 Trends and Developments Micro focus X -ray equipment; real time radiography and associated instrumentation systems, linear accelerators, neutron radiography. Uncommon gamma sources and their application. Computerised radiographic enhancement. 11. General Theory of NDT Methods at Level 2 11.1 General theory at level 2, including limitations and applications, of four NDT methods. The examination syllabi are detailed in appendices to PCN General Requirements and are obtainable from PCN or any of its test centres. 11.2 In detail, the level 3 candidate will be required to demonstrate a knowledge of the level 2 general theory syllabus covering the NDT method in which level 3 certification is sought and, in addition, three others selected by the candidate from RT, UT, PT, MT, ET and VT. 12. General Theory - Knowledge of PCN Requirements A thorough understanding of the PCN criteria for certification of all levels of personnel as applied in the current edition of the PCN General Requirements for the Certification of Personnel engaged in NDT. 13. Sector Specific Theory All of the combined syllabus for PCN Radiographer (welds) levels 1 and 2 and, in addition: 13.1 Techniques and Sensitivity 13.1.1 Detailed consideration of factors affecting image quality. weldments of varying thickness and varying geometry. X and gamma techniques for

13.1.2 Radiographic sensitivity, IQI sensitivity, flaw sensitivity, planar and volumetric defects, defect measurements. 13.1.3 The preparation of sensitometric data. The application of codes and standards, the selection or development of techniques in relation to the application of radiography in the absence of codes and standards. Capabilities and limitations of radiography compared to other NDT methods. 13.2 Care of Equipment and Consumables Observance of equipment rating, use and care of screens, use and care of cassettes, darkroom cleanliness, disposal of obsolete films and solutions, silver recovery. 13.3 Accuracy and Limitation A thorough knowledge of source and equipment capability, film types a nd performance, influence of product type and geometry, influence of factory and site conditions.
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13.4 Codes for Testing and Flaw Acceptance Limits Familiarity with the criteria in codes and standards covering the application of radiography and flaw limits. An understanding of the way in which these are applied in practice. NOTE: Codes and standards of other national (or international) origins may be proposed by candidates, if appropriate to their job responsibilities, for use in the preparation of this examination module. Candidates should notify the test centre of their choice on the enrolment form. 14. Sector Specific Product Technology Theory This examination part will cover the product technology syllabus given earlier under level 2, but the level 3 candidate will also require an understanding of the casting and forging processes and associated defects. 15. Sector Specific Practical For level 3 candidates not holding or having held a PCN level 2 radiography of welds certificate, the level 2 practical examination part must be passed. Refer to PCN/GEN Appendix C2.1 for examination content. 16. Procedure Writing Candidates will be required to produce a written procedure for the radiographic examination of a specified weldment to a provided code or standard. PCN publishes a document, CP25, for information and for use by candidates in this open book examination. RADIOGRAPHER INTERPRETER SYLLABUS 17. General Theory As per level 2 radiographer. 18. Sector Specific Theory As per level 2 radiographer. 19. Sector Specific Product Technology Theory As per level 2 radiographer 20. Practical Examination Refer to PCN/GEN Appendix C2.1 Specific Requirements for the Certification of Personnel in Radiographic Testing of Welds.

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REFERENCE LITERATURE Essential Reading - radiographic theory and practical

q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q q

BS 499 Part 1 : Glossary for welding, brazing and thermal cutting. BS 2633 : BS 3451 : BS 3455 : BS EN 1330-1: BS EN 1330-2: Class 1 arc welding of ferritic steel pipework for carrying fluids. Methods of testing fusion welds in aluminium and aluminium alloys. Glossary of terms used in nuclear science and technology. Non-destructive testing-Terminology Part 1 List of general terms Non-destructive testing-Terminology Part 2 Terms common to the nondestructive testing methods

BS EN 1330-3 : Non-destructive testing - Terminology. Terms used in industrial radiographic testing. BS EN 1435 : BS EN 444: BS EN 584-1: BS EN 462-1: BS EN 462-2: BS EN 462-3: BS EN 462-5: BS EN 25580: BS 5650: BS 4206 : Non-destructive examination of welds. Radiographic examination of welded joints. Industrial Radiography-General principles for radiographic examination of metallic materials using X and Gamma rays Industrial Radiographic Film - Part 1: Classification of films systems for industrial radiography NDT Image Quality of Radiographs - Image quality indicators (wire type) determination of image quality value NDT Image Quality of Radiographs Image quality indicators (step/hole type) Determination of image quality value NDT Image Quality of Radiographs - Image quality classes for ferrous metals NDT Image Quality of Radiographs - Image quality indicators (Duplex wire type) determination of total image unsharpness value. Minimum requirements for industrial radiographic illuminators for nondestructive testing Specification for apparatus for Gamma radiography. Methods of testing fusion welds in copper and copper alloys.

BS EN ISO 9000 series (for level 3 candidates only).

Product Technology Classroom Training Handbook The British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing. Training Course Notes. PCN requires candidates to have attended an approved course of training. Accredited Training Establishments are required to provide trainees with an up to date set of training course notes. These are considered essential reading. Essential Reading - Safety aspects A full reading list is published in PCN/GEN Appendix E3.2.

PCG/GEN Appendix C2.2

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Recommended Reading Handbook of Radiographic Apparatus and Techniques, a concise guide to the radiography of welds. The Welding Institute. An Introduction to Industrial Radiology Techniques by R Halmshaw. Wykeham Publications. Non-Destructive Testing (second edition, 1991) by R Halmshaw. Edward Arnold. The Physics of Industrial Radiography by R Halmshaw. Heywood. Industrial Radiography. Kodak Limited, London. Data Sheets for Industrial Radiography. Kodak Limited, London. Industrial Radiography. Agfa-Gevaert Limited. Brentford, Middlesex. Recent Developments in Non-Destructive Testing. The Welding Institute. Radiation Safety for Site Radiography. Kluwer Publishing Limited. ASNT Classroom Training Handbook (originally published by General Dynamics). ASNT Self Study Handbook (originally published by General Dynamics). ASNT Question and Answer Book. ASNT Level III Study Guide. NDT Handbook, second edition, volume 7 (1991). ASNT Student Package. ASNT Instructor Package (overheads for training). NOTE: Some of the above are available only in reference libraries. For information on sources of the above recommended reading contact the Technical Secretary, The British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing, 1 Spencer Parade, Northampton NN1 5AA.

PCG/GEN Appendix C2.2

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Certification Services Division 1 Spencer Parade, Northampton NN1 5AA, United Kingdom Tel: +44(0)1604-259-056. Fax: +44(0)1604-231-489. E-mail: pcn@bindt.org

PCN/GEN Appendix C2.3 Issue 4

PCN/GEN Appendix C2.3 Issue 4 dated 01.01.01 (for immediate implementation) has been revised to amend only page formatting, BINDT contact information and general terminology. Further information concerning the content of PCN documents is available from the PCN Scheme Manager at the above address.

SPECIMEN EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR THE CERTIFICATION OF PERSONNEL IN RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING OF WELDS

ASSOCIATED DOCUMENTS: Appendix C2.1 to PCN/GEN Specific Requirements for the Certification of Personnel in Radiographic Testing of Welds. Appendix C2.2 to PCN/GEN Examination Syllabus for the Certification of Personnel in Radiographic Testing of Welds. Appendix E3.1 to PCN/GEN Specific Requirements for the Certification of Personnel in Radiation Safety. Appendix E3.2 to PCN/GEN Examination Syllabus for the Certification of Personnel in Radiation Safety. Appendix E3.3 to PCN/GEN Specimen Examination Questions for Radiation Safety Certification.

CONTENTS LEVEL 1 ....................................................................................................................................2 LEVEL 2 ....................................................................................................................................3 LEVEL 3 ....................................................................................................................................5

The British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing is an accredited certification body offering personnel and quality management systems assessment and certification against criteria set out in international and European standards through the PCN Certification Scheme.

LEVEL 1 PCN radiography certificates are valid only so long as the holder has been successful in a PCN radiation safety examination within the past five years and holds valid certification for Basic Radiation Safety or Radiation Protection to supervisor level. For initial radiography candidates, the basic radiation safety examination may be taken at the same time as the radiography examination. Radiation safety is detailed in PCN/GEN Appendix E. Level 1 General Theory of the Radiographic Method 1. The amount of X radiation or gamma radiation is often spoken of as the: a) wave length b) energy c) intensity d) frequency 2. Unsharpness (Ug) resulting from using a large source size can be compensated for by: a) increasing source to specimen distance b) addition of lead screens c) increasing specimen to film distance d) using a fast film 3. The emulsion or image layer of the unexposed film contains grains of: a) black silver b) hypo c) alkali d) silver halides 4. What is the one requirement that every radiographic film base must have? a) flexibility b) transparency c) toughness d) fine grain 5. If radiation energy is increased, with all other conditions remaining constant, the resulting radiograph will have: a) greatly improved contrast b) greatly improved definition c) less contrast d) a much lower density Level 1 Sector Specific Theory of the Application of the Radiographic Method in the Testing of Welds 1. Which of the following will cause artefacts on radiographs? a) cracked lead screens b) static electricity c) pressure after exposure d) all of the above

PCN/GEN Appendix C2.3

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2. An IQI is used to determine the: a) size of a discontinuity in the part b) density of the film c) radiographic contrast d) quality of the radiographic image 3. An exposure chart is used to: a) assess the current strength of gamma ray b) determine the radiographic exposure c) calculate the thickness of shielding d) all of the above 4. Collimators should be selected: a) by the quality control manager only b) for gamma ray sources only c) based on the film speed used d) to be of the size and shape to limit the beam only to the area of interest

LEVEL 2 PCN radiography certificates are valid only so long radiation safety examination within the past five years Safety or Radiation Protection to supervisor level. radiation safety examination may be taken at the Radiation safety is detailed in PCN/GEN Appendix E. as the holder has been successful in a PCN and holds valid certification for Basic Radiation For initial radiography candidates, the basic same time as the radiography examination.

Level 2 General Theory of the Radiographic Method 1. Thin sheets of lead foil in intimate contact with radiographic film increase film density because they: a) fluoresce and emit visible light which helps expose the film b) absorb the scattered radiation c) prevent back-scattered radiation from fogging the film d) emit electrons which helps darken the film 2. The fact that gases, when bombarded with radiation, ionise and become electrically conducting make them useful in: a) X-ray transformers b) X-ray tubes c) masks d) monitoring equipment 3. Developer preferentially reduces: a) bromide ions over silver ions b) silver ions over bromide ions c) exposed silver ions over unexposed silver ions d) unexposed silver ions over exposed silver ions

PCN/GEN Appendix C2.3

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4. Many modern X-ray units utilise _________ circuits to provide smooth high voltage supplies to the X-ray tube. a) diode b) triode c) Villard d) thyristor based 5. A beam of radiation consisting of a single wavelength is known as: a) microscopic radiation b) monochromatic radiation c) heterogeneous radiation d) fluoroscopic radiation Level 2 Sector Specific Theory of the Application of the Radiographic Method in the Te sting of Welds 1. The end result of filtering an X-ray beam is to: a) increase net contrast b) decrease net contrast c) increase or decrease contrast depending on the nature of the part radiographed d) have no effect on radiographic contrast 2. Which has a higher radiographic equivalence factor than steel? a) magnesium b) aluminium c) titanium d) brass 3. A film being manually processed was tapped gently to remove bubbles but clear streaks still occurred. This is because: a) developer was spilled on the film prior to development b) developer contaminated the fixer c) the film was not agitated sufficiently during development d) water splashed on the film prior to development 4. The focal spot should be small (as conditions will allow) in order to obtain the: a) density required b) sharpest image c) sharpest contrast d) required kilovoltage 5. Slag inclusions are a common weld defect but such defects will not be found in: a) MMA welds b) TIG welds c) submerged arc welds d) cored wire MIG/MAG welds

PCN/GEN Appendix C2.3

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6. A lack of fusion defect orientated perpendicular to the test surface is most likely to occur in which of the following processes? a) electroslag welding b) TIG welding c) MIG/MAG welding d) oxy-acetylene welding 7. Which of the following is a weld defect? a) porosity b) hot tear c) lamination d) burst LEVEL 3 PCN radiography certificates are valid only so long radiation safety examination within the past five years Safety or Radiation Protection to supervisor level. radiation safety examination may be taken at the Radiation safety is detailed in PCN/GEN Appendix E. as the holder has been successful in a PCN and holds valid certification for Basic Radiation For initial radiography candidates, the basic same time as the radiography examination.

Level 3 General Theory of the Radiographic Method 1. Radiographic film is most sensitive to light in the _________ spectrum: a) UV b) blue c) yellow/green d) red 2. Pair production occurs when electromagnetic radiation consists of photons in the energy range: a) 0.025 to 0.1 MeV b) 30 to 50 eV c) 1.02 or greater MeV d) 0.1 to 1.0 MeV 3. In a Betatron, electrons are accelerated by: a) field emission b) changing magnetic field c) high frequency electrical wave d) accelerating magnets 4. X-ray photons differ from gamma photons of the same energy only in their: a) biological effect b) origin c) interaction d) wavelength

PCN/GEN Appendix C2.3

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5. Focusing of the electron beam onto the target is controlled by: a) shape and size of filament b) shape and size of focusing cup c) position of filament within the focusing cup d) all of the above Level 2 General Theory of Other NDT Methods The examination will test the candidate's understanding of the general theory at level 2 of four out of the radiographic, ultrasonic, eddy current, visual testing, magnetic particle and liquid penetrant NDT methods to enable him/her to recognise correct application but not necessarily to specify techniques. 1. Thin sheets of lead foil in intimate contact with radiographic film increase film density because they: a) fluoresce and emit visible light which helps expose the film b) absorb the scattered radiation c) prevent backscattered radiation from fogging the film d) emit electrons which helps darken the film 2. The fact that gases, w hen bombarded with radiation, ionise and become electrically conducting make them useful in: a) X-ray transformers b) X-ray tubes c) masks d) monitoring equipment 3. The most effective method of demagnetisation is: a) AC aperture coil b) reversing and decreasing DC c) stroking with AC yokes d) hammering along the length of the part 4. For fine, surface breaking cracks the best magnetic particle inspection medium is: a) dry powder, black b) dry powder, fluorescent c) magnetic ink, black d) magnetic ink, fluorescent 5. Water washable penetrants require longer dwell times than solvent removable versions because of the presence of: a) emulsifier b) stabiliser c) penetrant remover d) contaminants

PCN/GEN Appendix C2.3

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6. The property of a liquid which affects the speed of flow is: a) surface tension b) viscosity c) contact angle d) a combination of all the above 7. In eddy current test systems where encircling coils are used, coupling efficiency is referred to as: a) lift off b) edge factor c) fill factor d) phase differentiation 8. When the voltage applied to a circuit and the current through the circuit both reach their maximums at the same time the voltage and current are: a) additive b) in phase c) regenerate d) out of phase 9. The angle at which the shear component of an incident beam is refracted at 90 degrees to the normal is called the: a) normal angle of incidence b) first critical angle c) angle of maximum reflection d) second critical angle 10. As frequency increases in ultrasonic testing the angle of beam divergence of a given diameter crystal: a) decreases b) remains constant c) increases d) varies uniformly through each wavelength Knowledge of the Requirements for PCN Certification 1. The minimum period of experience required to be eligible for the level 1 Ultrasonic Practitioner (Welds) examination is: a) 3 months b) 12 months c) 1 month d) 6 months

PCN/GEN Appendix C2.3

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2. Candidates who fail to achieve 70% in one section of the examination but who achieve a composite grade of 80% or more are eligible for: a) one retest of the failed part b) two retests of the failed part c) one retest of any two parts selected by the test centre d) one retest of any two parts selected by the candidate 3. PCN candidates shall have near distance acuity, corrected or uncorrected, in at least one eye, such that the candidate is capable of reading: a) Jaeger number 1 letters at not less than 30 cm b) Jaeger number 1 letters at not more than 30 cm c) Jaeger number 1 letters at 300 cm d) Jaeger number 1 letters at 30 cm Sector Specific Theory of the Application of the Radiographic Method in the Testing of Welds 1. X-radiography and neutron radiography can be considered: a) equivalent NDT techniques b) competitive NDT techniques c) complimentary NDT techniques d) unsuitable for testing welds 2. Which of the following could cause non-repeatability of film contrast when producing a radiograph of the same weld? a) supply voltage b) supply current c) screen thickness d) all of the above variables 3. Real-time radiographic systems using an image intensifier and a vidicon camera or a fluorescent screen and isocon camera combination can perform at ___________ sensitivity. a) less than 1% b) between 1.5% and 2% c) not better than 5% d) not better than 10% Materials Technology Theory 1. A common cause of solidification cracking in welds made with high deposition rate processes is: a) hydrogen entrapment b) contaminated flux or shielding gas c) weld preparation has an unsatisfactory depth to width ratio d) operator error

PCN/GEN Appendix C2.3

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2. A casting discontinuity which is caused by gas release or the evaporation of moisture during solidification is: a) microshrinkage b) porosity c) porous segregation d) hydrogen induced porosity 3. The heat treatment process which is employed to give a soft ductile product, by recrystallisation of the material, is termed: a) tempering b) hardening c) stress relieving d) annealing 4. Poor through thickness ductility in rolled plate, often associated with non-metallic inclusions, gives rise to: a) lamellar tearing b) reheat cracking c) uniform porosity d) hydrogen cracking 5. The welding process which would be chosen for its rapid deposition rates, high welding speeds and deep penetration quality joints is: a) electroslag b) manual metal arc c) submerged arc d) TIG 6. Hydrogen cracking, due to the break down of water molecules creating hydrogen which dissolves in the weld metal and HAZ, is most likely to occur in which of the following welding processes? a) TIG b) MIG c) sub-arc d) MMA 7. In open die forging the top and bottom dies are called, respectively, the: a) tup and anvil b) cope and drag c) head and foot d) hammer and anvil 8. Discontinuities which originate in the cast ingot can often be reduced by a process which closes and welds the voids, as well as breaking up inclusions, this process is: a) machining b) welding c) forging d) cold extrusion

PCN/GEN Appendix C2.3

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