Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 205



 
 

 
 

 

& % #"  

Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia


Ministry Of High Education
Umm Al-Qura University
College Of Education
Faculty Of curriculum

 
   
    #$ - -
 )( &  % $    $  

%*+
 -
-

--

==

   m
   
l
[ : ]

==


&'()*+,-.   /!
 
"!   #$!%
012 &3-4 567 89:<;$=>&5</7/?@A>@?!BC!D
T GU< !VW3XY 8S.&8EF+=*+G1H& I 8J K/LMN&%OP.QF
 : 
 *+G_/&)18c( 2^I&_E8`-J /)
  /:\
    /!( 2^I&_E8`-J /)
 /:\
 e )f!@dC!D,-.( 2^I&_E8`-J /)
 12 /:\
 *IgD5h%W&/( 2^I&_E8`-J /)
 12 /:\
_ !d/ < W! &)>E <+Ai9 &/e 2d_X,+!W&1:\
 "! (#C&6&mIG I MEW(_4)4l)D I E%) IkjQ(:8 
tU<<&/5M<()U<V nY4)C&E;/?cM VJo Jp5 (q  _!A&6
~M! 7 U<%8 Mq(}McNI)1//l!Q 3X(,):@uN%Mv%w!H;/!Nxq
,.KE) )l:wGlf8l/W(  N) _! _M.;M.()"!<
_c M7O!. cM ()!<5 q(
 IE<( /- D 9 Q&@5D@!
/K2E_%h(T)M@;M1  :>&@)& _T)P:E*_l!Q ` 2d% 
 : @
 .,:@l<9 &m`!W(%/W!+=*+G_/&)18c  
-u
 .,:@l<9 &m`!W5MNW!   /!
 -u
 .,l<9 &m5MNW!e )f!@dC!D,-.
 -u
 .,l<9 &m5MNW!*IgD5h%W&/
 -u
( :8  < W>&G :>)& _e 2d_X,+!W&
d)& 2d_X,+!W&  "!#C&6&mIG I E%) IkjQ
_44l)D IkM:E 2d_X,+!W&"&N!_M.3X ! _
 . MEW4 ) &MEW
 : @mJdMVH !K2cA&6
*+G_/&)18c(%:+K/& u) !J  2^+_&Ew56
M&8@  2^I&_E81 e@&e /-<j 3#N   /!l-<D
 .l-<D_ : )e

--

Summary Of The Study


This study aims at showing of the role and the importance of mass educational
communication in serving the education process and learners thought towards creativity and
freely gives his opinion with respect to effective dialogue away from authority and the
importance of using these means that addresses a great mass in presentation of educational
programs with target thoughts and mental lighting. To achieve this, the study answered the
following questions :Q : What is the importance of mass educational communication in data and thoughts
transformation acted in its modern means "Space means"?
Q : What is the role of mass educational communication in serving the educational process
(acted in space means) ?
Q : What is the role of educational mass communication means (space channels) in free
opinion and creativity of learners?
Q:
What is the role of educational mass communication (space channels) in facing
mental terrorism ?
Q:
Are there statistical significant differences between the mathematical averages of
study sample due to marital status post graduates department specialization
Job background foreign language back ground feed back of this study ?
For answering these questions, the researcher wrote theoretical framework about the
study variables, then preparation a questionnaire as a tool of research contained (37)
statements divided into four axis with reliability percent (0.92) Using Alphachronback. The
study used the descriptive methodology, the community included (100) female students, they
are the students of post graduates in the -faculty of education-, Umm AL- Qura University
1428 H in the following departments (teaching methods education, psychology), a sample of
(59) questionnaire was obtained After data collection, analysis with repetitions and
mathematical averages and percents, statistical analysis and (T) test, the following results
were obtained :1- According to the importance of mass educational communication in data
transformation and target thoughts was in "very important" degree, with average of
(4.25).
2- According to the second axis in the role of mass educational communication in
serving the educational process was "very high" degree with average of (4.29).
3- According to the third axis, the (role of Space means), in free opinion and creativity
for learners was great.
4- The forth axis, the role of this kind of education in facing mental terrorism was very
great with average of (4.18).
5- There aren't statistical significant differences between the averages in the four axis
due to (marital status-department Specialization functional background
feedback of study). As there are statistical significant differences due to post
graduates for the interest of doctorate degree female students, as for interest of those
who have foreign language.
Recommendations : The researcher recommended the necessity of educational space
channels that enrich the educational field with target programs that contribute in data and
thoughts transformation, the promotion of the Media role in Serving the educational process,
to make educational reporters in educational space channels to strengthen the link between the
educational institutions and media.

--


&
 / 0
  '& $% #   ........... -. )/ 0 +'*)
 '68 95: ' 056 43....... 0;/ <:56 )/ 0 +'*)
 @; >=........... 58 )/ 0 - +'*)

05#> @ 6 F  '  B*; -D#  BC*;


-  BC*; +3  :5H
 B5> M=N*; JK C- =I

--



 "! 
 
#
$!%& ...
! 62 , 02 378% 9:8 +* 
$!% 
,-./!0- 1-2 3#&45'()
$!%
G- 3H 0I  J 9 I K! (,.@2CD/E-:A!B>=<!;/?.@
 ...#P-A>=!@QR
BH 0L"#M7!6NO
W! U "#!P B 2 3#&4 5P! S>H 0T$!0 U< ,!/!V0!

,- @ U.#U"#[3.#\+]5! I@#2,V#2, ZC X#P 2!Y
=! #U"#!=Y,a82`C/7^7!23#&45H 08<  
 .^@#(!b3c2dU#(!B!(,Y-.J 0eBfg,Q
2 372 l,5H 0h-1- 45iC>DI5!U#\7!j#!;0#L-#U"#!k#4
, @# # 0/3-.#GEHn!o/3-.#m!.OU"#-ZC 2, 0
 .2qrI,Us023#&45h-1-H 0!(.-DKOI,p0!6!$!=4 #
&m!. OGEH n ! o/3-. #m!. t#PVQu!=#U"#3 !
! (B!pQ?; 2 3#&452"v!D23!" !!( .#N!!Q8G-$/&3-.#
 .!(bK>D85!W#2,#
 .#!! (bK>2 3#^7 I, UsD0!   U#MU < wPB k#4
Dx 1 K 
B!pQ? =! M4#J$!q%#a8!K\3-.#U"#!ZC 2!1u
 .2,b!(#(!B3-9D2$!.E3-()
^7EJb! jQE , %.#2 Yy2 U.#
+ ,3\3-. #A>MU < 
Y !
 .23#
2 dU#^0! @ D KOI,p0I6=!4# #Mm
%.@G!qU"#IK
H 0J,z"BDI, 0
 !#!6=!W#2,JB#2 ,#2,$!!
0#
J #N L C=! M4 #{,( #a=/m!.O1!#JC k#423#
 .W37^VG-+
;> DI5!  x j#J #X  ^3-" J#PvU#G-9-U"#=RP!.rD
 .;LCT0A!BI5YI5m7f}#45| = 8q.H.QM #

 N !#~3! =$-07Cc
9QC'

--


3454

6
*7+

 
 Ze3# "J0"2
"
~ 
 Ze3#M, |>"2
 i
5u; 
 7
< BU
  5
(  '!0-1-
 
( G
 M
(P-# 2,$!,#
 
( ? Q
%*+-): 
< % :
(



 2

 

"2 U3# !57! 2

 

53#2

 

 

2,53# 2

 

7Q3# 2

 

'!% qj3# 2

 

%*+ ?) :B A


 (

 ,(S

 

3!+u:!/# Mp#

 

) g%(GOG!jBuJ, .#! ML5

 

^:"# 3-q.#

 

(P-G!jBE! ML5

 

2,5G!jBE! ML5

 

Zb!jCG!jBE! ML5

 

--)-

3454

6
*7+

9!0G!jBE! ML5

 

~-# D^Kb!H 0G!vuG!jBu! ML5

 

)!bG!jBE! ML5

 

'!p$G!jBE! ML5

 

<G!UG!jBE! ML5

 

5G!jBE! ML5

 

'!-G!jBE! ML5

 

!bG!jBE! ML5

 

'!Y!Qh!<>i(b!G?C3-G!jBE! ML5

 

) g%(J$!#~!53u MU#

 

( P-

 

~~! ~!53u MU#

 

i~!53uH 0^3#u h

 

-7^5!)2(Y~!53u MU#

 

:!,$!K3#!' 2!@#

 

H 0, .#3#!' 2!@#

 

%*+ ? ) : C$
(



 ,(S

 

(]3# 2

 

.3# 2

 

2,03# 2

 

7^3# 2

 

,#!O 2,b!jQu

 
--

3454

6
*7+

%*+ 3) :E %7 G6   F+(

H 02!Yu@#G GO

 

H 02!Yu@#G J$!#

 

H 02!Yu@#G g#!#

 

H 02!Yu@#G# 

 

H 02!Yu@#G [!r

 

%*+ LI) :I   F 4


  (

 ]b!.$Ze3# 2

 

'!,9-B3#
 

 

'!QV3# 2

 

37!j  Y

 

? Q

 

--


2%j#

 =! ,#

 

 2,0!.YE2#!@Q2,#7 o-Bx1-()Iv3GY

 

 !, #!'3#2 Q@Q2,#7 o-Bx1-()Iv3GY

 

 I@ #/!2,#7 o-Bx1-()Iv3GY

 

 Zje. #/!2,#7 o-Bx1-()Iv3GY

 

2,( 2, e # !/ 2,#7 o-Bx1-()Iv3GY

 

 '!)- #( x1-()Iv3GY

 

'!)- ##2(Yx1-()Iv3GY

 

 '!)- #2r^x1-()Iv3GY

 

 2,Y '! 2,#P! >Xx1-()Iv3GY

 

 '! #x1-()Iv3GY

 

 23#h-1-y2#O2, Cx1-()Iv3GY

 

 ,9M D^<! 2,@#2#Ox1-()Iv3GY

 

 I,U%.#v2$!.E7-x1-()Iv3GY

 

 2$!.E,qB23#.o-Bx1-()Iv3GY

   GO3-% #2,!@!'q-. 2-l @#'3U.#x1-()Iv3GY


   J$!#3-% #2,!@!'q-. 2-l @#'3U.#x1-()Iv3GY
  3- % #2,! @!'q -. 2 -l @ #'3 U.#x 1-()I v3GY
 g#!#

   #3-% #2,!@!'q-. 2-l @#'3U.#x1-()Iv3GY


  '!!z. ED\ #2 #E#"! .# , s"]b!.$x1-( /)Iv3GY
 2,0!.Yu2#!?.CR

--

2%j#

 =! ,#

  ?.CR '!!z.ED\#2#E#"'"3!.C>]b!.$x1-(~/)Iv3GY
 !, #!'3#2 Q

  '!!z. ED\ #2 #E#"! .# , s"]b! .$x 1-(i/)I v3G Y
 I@#?.CR

  ?.CR '!!z. ED\#2#E#"'"3!.C>]b!.$x1-(7/)Iv3GY


 2,( 2, r

  ?.CR '!!z.ED\#2#E#"'"3!.C>]b!.$x1-( 5/)Iv3GY


 2 #!P! u2, C

  ?.CR '!!z. ED\#2#E#"'"3!.C>]b!.$x1-(/)Iv3GY


 23#h-1-y2#O2, C

  '!!z. ED\ #2 #E#"'"3! .C]b! .$x 1-(o/)I v3G Y


 23#h-1-y(^<! 2,@#)2#O2, C?.C!

--


 2%j#

 =!,#

 

 2,#7O2,0!.Yu2#!x1-()Iv3J$!,#I#

 

 2,#7O!, #!'3#2 Qx1-()Iv3J$!,#I#

 

 2,#7OI@#x1-()Iv3J$!,#I#

 

 2,#7OZje.#x1-()Iv3J$!,#I#

 

 2,#7O2,( 2, rx1-()Iv3J$!,#I#

 

 2,#7O2( x1-()Iv3J$!,#I#

 

 2,#7O#2(Yx1-()Iv3J$!,#I#

 

 2,#7O2r^x1-()Iv3J$!,#I#

 

 2,Y 2 P! u2, Cx1-()Iv3J$!,#I#

 

 2,#7(! 2 2 #x1-()Iv3J$!,#I#

 

 23#h-1-y2#O2, Cx1-()Iv3J$!,#I#

 

 ,9M D23#h-1-y2#O2, Cx1-()Iv3J$!,#I#

--



 2%j#

 =!,#

 

9 ':' = 0( )Iv3% 

 

 2,#O(!B3-9D2$!.E()Iv3% 

 

 .#2$!.E()Iv3% 

 

 23#^7ONU!;:2b!v()Iv3% 

 

 2,b!(#(!B3-9D2$!.E()Iv3% 

 

 J C#@!\BE!2$!.E\9!,v()Iv3% 

 

 ML5!G!jBEim!()Iv3% 

 

 M 3h?q.()Iv3% 

--


 
 

 -
 -
 -
- 
 -
 !"#$%-

--

-:
^? j#I- #q#- H 0
#7I-B@Q D=!@$u CM4#
 :! #P-A>=!@QR
B
%9
#cH 0NOHqj H 0P?@#
 
$ !$Y-#!(,,W#2l,#I v:.#,U.#@!=$uUSX!.B-#!$R

BL "07   .@G!jBD-53OD
 e.A!B
$!% 
C= 4
E
B!Y!Qh!<u
5 ,%.#
B!,Q3- L,@.#I(0!.
#-Q'!b!U#
!  #!
U'!v- e &LH 0?0Y
M4#-(k#mD3
 .'!j#
2 !A>3- Ok B'o! =! @$u CDA!B
$!%2UQ= g,Q
 f e d cm :G! vg,Q.#IUaDA!B!5m2, Y2%12,p0

 d^7! #+0A!B
$!%JQ#G!jBEx9 

:!"&'

l  h g

k #mI. J U#2 #~3


I5  ! yP .#?#2"# CD2,p#2Uk B
 , .#2  !=UP? @#
, 0YIU#
#-3A>A!B
$!%3 G!jBu
 . :*) l o n m l km2d-#2#!#2,p#2!
I 0 2 QA> .,#G! jBE3- qB2 "#3! B ^#!r2 Q k B
G! jBE3- qB: m! 0() -k #mN2L5!2 Q J5 
J Q#G! jBE)- 5 CcX-. @A> .$g ,QJQ- #G $ ! 2 QG?C
 k jm:G!v!0

#-3
A!B
$!%! ,k#m(p(ML5!
. .:,-" l xw v u t s rqp o n m l

! #o!W#2,p#2,$!#t#  !#8YC 2 LrI  

=!U

 .!(, 03O= A>!5!qCH 0L@$!(.$


2 Q?.'o! |> | 2 '-qC!qCNQ0G!jBEf
P vI vG! jBE( =")[,  m.2 "#P vI vI 0-(&3-()^V4

--

!, j# G! jB?#2q, @2 ,b,#! Jb#@!=$uPe.!(Bm2"#


A>
#- 9  YVI G! jBE  ! ,# !9:^3! <u G- q#\73! #7! >
 
@$ 0 = Ze"#H 0B2,$!$-,#2,+v-d#8$!g,Qu
"u02!qr:"$!5
., v2#N
'3 #
 ,h7 ! y=! @$uh!q.  1! !.vA>j#k#m4

,[, #
.!K "#
5  ,%.#!5e W#!'0VCE#A>G-9-#
3! .0=7=! UM: G! jBE !=Uu!=x 9: 
Q?#G!,Yt#/!  !>@%
 L CO #D2 ,5O 
 Bf()M7#m=!#7% #
.G! jBEI 0
#!$!M7?, "#=#!',@#0Mz6"0#=#
G! jBE!=- -! # ,=R k#4 #'! -   7o!  G!jBE2,5 77B
. J!OI( 0G!jBEUf=>H.QXC '!- =- '!- =- .@,

k B sP! ( k .P- B&0b!'!-  &45$D=!@$uPe.


 yG! jB?#
.-5o u& U#,##!G!jBEH 0&0!@.O

",$M4#j#45!
N=!U !=#
# s^7z.'!,BhVC!..
#-Q
 C- (k <EhV CuD
.5-h uD=! @$u^3 vH 0x1,#7E>
         m :")0 1"2
0:
B3-9@Q 
B:&-M4#A!B
$!%

 :
34 l   
2e. @2 b!520@'!-  3!CO(!,B^L9
v
$:f!#x9:
W #203!@. 2,Y-#-U.#^3-#!;'Y"()2 ,m.22,.#^3-#k#mD
2,,)-#
.3!}=!@$u2CH 0!(.,5 j.Bf,#! b!-P-,#"(!,$

B! @
B3!(
B!!
B3vX-.@3
3!
B!- ^7!oD0!37!6
 "!,Y-#-U.#I #'3-qBC

--

8 02 QG! jBb! ' ()'E! 2!DT.#3-q.#462z,.$


G! jBEP B #:()M7 #x 1 g ,QML5! G! jBEb! -
 L 7 G! jBE !=Uu!3!9.&("$M4#JY-#-U.#3-q.#2z,.$ML5!
!  .I @YDM @BML5! G!jBEb!!(BW#!'-  !N .@
 .M"#I@N<DP#M@
2? N ! ! # L 3- ('! -  P Bb!-#&45= g,Q
7 0A>2L5!G!jB2 ,0gBb!30^3!0"ML5!G!jBE(>=)
! y3'! -  k B.@M4#3-(Iz,.B!($R4#."!#L
 .
:.7O20-[,#3-(k#m=-U
! >3!'!- $fM4#G!jBEG!U< U<-5I, .#! =y
()M7 #! &45.#2-BU#2,B
+Dnx9
4 , .#2, je<2 ,B- 5I, . #2, !O2 ( I, .#G! jBE3- 9 :
#-
7!   .U "
- ,U "B2#!a
5-0"U#
B3v
B7.
'!U 2-BU#2,B2+D
 .'!p$nI, .#>=.2!K,#!B
2 U# ^#34 34 ^3! 34 Y ,K-B,q. @I, .#2,je"#2,B#
 ..A!B
$!%?Cu
2 ,V#2 rML5!G!jBEb!^7!.E2% ^3 #!=k#4#
! (5 !/ 0-, <! 5  
!',.#o b!-#k B8%9 g,QI, .#
EJ (3- ( L 7 0A>G- 9-#D
,#!0^3 v
..B! /p$/!e.
G! jBEb!  B"()[ # 0=!, 0m.I,#!vO!,.BE7!VB
3 DJ! p#I, . #/? U/37M7 BW #2 ,, .#b! -#I5 2L5!
8 , v2 ,O- a] DML5! G! jBEb! Pe. @Bk#4 '!!
ML5! G! jBEb!  ,)-BUdW#2,, .#2-V#'E!^L'!37
 "!(,
--

E/ ! cI, . #8  CML5! G! jBEb!=>()2?!1 


M Pe. H 0/! B /?P-,#!2,!#2. 7?#LD
0
I, .#( ^Y  8% 9 W #( !,  J , .#=-  .#2 ,, .#2 0mu 
2 9!r2 ,,q#72#oRk#mN3#L70A>I, .#G!juML5!
 .##!

b! )G! jBEN 2 v?#">=x 1  ()J! 6  !
D2,#! jBE2 , #=: G- #A> # 5m2 Y3#2-v2v?02,V#(2,Y-#-U.#
 ,v2,#! jB2, 0!($-YDJ52-V#2, # =2-B2, 0!($-Y
.!.!5?!(,2V" b!)-# =G!jB2, 0!55-YD2,V#=:
 "
.CA>(
2 ,  #=!  $! @ 3 P-B= !($!URML5!G!jBEb!=Rk#4#
D2 "#37- U # ,5:BI, v7!  
,#>-$B!"$!(5 ,sD2,, .#
,q. @BML5!G!jBEb!=>"(P)<0/?$()[#0=!, 0mk#m
^0)D!(.,#!0!8.K 3.#I, .#! ,D^L2$!=!B=
8.K !
b!>J3 #2 UBH 0!(B3v8.K !(Y3!C23 C72 .
3! U#I, BG!D2b!#(!B3v8.K I, .#2(L3U.#H 0!(B3v
 "2!.U#;^#I, B
'! ,q 2 ! ^7!. EJ v#2Q! @# 7-5J?u!7=O46
b! -#@ #2 !Pe. 2 U
!=,v
b7!3!.BEW#2
M P!  ~! # $3-2#. G. U #q#x.$JU#22,Y-#-U.#
h "#7! k #mDN .^ <!L  ^ <!^3- j;- 
 3 @.U
 CX#!~!(E\?$EE7P?u(")M7-mg,Q.,
X #! y .,
,#?. 2,BI @ J
$O;37o; 0^p$p I 0U

--

DI @ ~4= N!(,G-s2$!j..B2,BJ5&0!(LC&L


 ".!5-
'! pD'! -  G7! .f! #(!,x9 W#2b!-#k BU#
=- . @4 ,?.#2 9!C! #x 9:H<?.B'7!2$!j=R^L20^,Y
  3 P- = I, .#H 0 E=! "!=-vjG!!2jC3:
 Pe.  + 0k #m Q3   \!cA>/! q23 3- o!z.2, 0!
! 6-nJ U#ML5!G!jBEb!29!C
5 ,sD
,BW#G!jBEb!
 .7!6ML5!J, .#G!jB?#b!A>
G! jBEG! D203! @. '3- q.#8 #"()[ # 0=! , 0 
2 v?#20! ^Y\!cx.D/372j#2,@#'E!jBE!,EML5!
G! jBEN 2 v?#.! CU "ML5! G! jBuP!0U"G!jBuI, .#N
I B2 ,V#I, . #h- 1-
@$- 5G! jBE!! (0HE/Y2,K2v?02,V#
 "G!jBE'3!(!#
^0! @  U#q#LB= ,q.@BML5!G!jBEb!=Rk#4#
 <!#x j,h uM  #2 Q\? +>I. g,QP( #/U[,#;! #](I,B
4 # !j#@ #( ]$- 54 5: qr~-j#N/,}&!3!,.CH 0/37!v
2 0-.\ q&4 ,?BI 4 M-B~-  k .M4#

N  LC23D-B

M7  m  N @ 3! B


z.$  ,Y  -% 9 H .Q^7 z.,#! 
m>I U#=c#(]X.EI(, B
!%9 , BD

G-#(">=(])

 ."
B!c/!%1-
!UQ /!,A!B!~.U#/! G-#!=
P ,M #>;D2Q
#Uf!;!#
B!0H 0n,Y!#].#

5-
0 ?\>+>D
#G! B~!  &m!,&,:BI. ~-j#
#
 U#2Q3!,.CE2Q8$!!"()g,mg,Q
B3v!!3!,.C
3  #'@(!57o2,#?'Y!@ #!#8YC W#hu
--

 U#P! 0
Y- U # #!#3! ,.#2 QIUn3!+>2@ #~7O^,#
#
 "-jr
Y-T#
 U h  ~- 5- #;- .Q2 Q! 5 UBf!  qBE25- =R46
 .N#!52O -(/4, BGE=!=>H.QMU#!~53u^b70&7!>
& 3b! @#M , .#"  !23 Dhu!'v-= ()=Y
 "J5!# @. I 
P! ,# 3  USW #2 -V# !'- ( = ),qrNv
 ,.#h uI . #H 0^ a2z "=- U.#! (.l,(BI . #2 l,?9>"!53
^ =- UB= E! (,N ! #X #~?q#X#2a! 3 xjBg,
 "=!,QODn!^73!+
! z# =2 -V#2,0!.YE!'3#8.K "()=CcM`-.#!1 
 ,.B2 ,0!.Y!  A>=-.4#G!+O,j$P#H 0!$!J3#\-.#
 =! @$u B!($: < 2q @. 2 ,V# ^ = CM  #PV Q3-! 
 "
#h LU.#2v!+.vJ$!@$u&5-Y~?.&-.a
=- (-U @$-,#)2 !#P- #2 ,V #^ %. I O2pB=Rk#4
! Z /  B "#M7! =#!'s2(Y-:2,.#Y I, .#
! /L 2 l/! pQ vO !'l#N "^%. IO2p0/?$()=Ym
N- 5- G! +O2 lJ 5^L qC2,  v-0H 0! 6!>M- q=!,@# (!
2 -$4 2 l#&4 57 O29!r5- 2,0u'3#2,B2,5 =>Nv-. 
 "I(5-2,.#]I,,. #2,b!.$,#! 7-YJ .BI53!)
H 0G! 4 5D8 0W #!'3#2 #/p$&m!}!v?q$k#4#
J , .#G! jBE
P- =  EM4 #3 #H 0- v-#'73 2 Q!#I 0 Q
3- 2 # ,B M  #2 Q\? +>MU#!~53u^5!)2(Y-DML5!
 .# @.#0/,
B0!@Db!-#k B3!.h #G!B
--

-:
 N . h- H 0
#?pH # M4 #P-,#f!#"(&M4#3-q. #
z,.$
23! "  ( !$W #2 l#k BJ 54,?.#2l~!"#29!CI5LN .
 .7? #D!#M7!j.vEX-.@ 3;!#(!B!0H 0%.#2 !"#2,.#D2#!#
  .@-2,!O
B0.zM D"~!"#()@Qm
 N #( !C2   U#J ,, 9#-(.@ 45Q!9
$-0/? 
Dx qB2  M . @ ,qe.#2, 0D2-,Q2,5 Oj#-52"#X-#
2 ,0!.YEX- #N 
=!(. @E=o'm2 ,0!.Y^- v
$ ! 3- q.#J v#
"XCO
   ~! "#! -#z.B2v!+~!"#( =")-"# N
2 !#"
.B.D3!
#-Q}CH 0
UQ&3!U 
Bm0
! } , 4 C: @ QA>2 Y!QD- 52#!&45D^7. &37!j
2q,
 ";!.$E@QD
.$!0>
! q
'! ,q^7!.E2,5:2Q!#3-<G?CB23#2 U"=Rk#4#
'! -   #
.+D\- .#h!q. M4#ML5!G!jBE29!C2j#
 .=!U !=#7Qk#4/o!z.2 .2o 2v.! D^Lh-
L I . #I, .#2 C-5b!-#h-#45D9O(")-m
DJ! p#I, .#P 2 ,!p$2 ,, B] I B! 6?C  Ud U#J!p#
 "2,, .# @!'
2,, B]gG?C2,, .#2, #2CD2v!q#k BG?.=Rk#4#
=7G-: h> L $U#~-OI6x.B~!"#2l.'#q#LB
2 O UA>
z.
,J0!.YEL,.#x9 M4#!=#45D29!C&>E @B
!( 02 OUA>
z.BJ0!.YEL,.#,#! 8$!m>"()
,"m!( 0

--

P-/!, 0/!q,q!6q2 .e h!vub!H 0.B!($R!( v!(B,0A>IK


 "2 .e !;jQu!e.#(^Y \-h!.Yu !;0[# !;0
, 0
N   ! (Y3!C2 -V#  @ !'C7N H 0^! 2,#@ !=m>
 I 0 2 ,)A>N . #7 Q'o! I(.,)- , qe.#452(Y-DI5L
P!  !(B!,# @! (b!);7 2,# @ %.B2 -V#("! @!')M5!p#m
I(-  1&7  2l "BH 0
.!KH 0.,#!BH 0)!Q.
 "G#D!(G- N$-#Ip#!,.#PVQEH 0
2 9!C)ML5! J , .#G! jBEb!  02 ,,B2 ,, B]70R
I5.z #2,!O^#H 0)!DU#2Q-.^4!$d(!(Jb! #
=R k#4 .2 pDI6gI6-QM`!0Gy=-",E4#"!~#2l
 q;!# 
J#MU#
0 >qJU#hU#2jC3 Bb!-#k B
 .MU#!~53u^b7k#4/o!z.\".@-
/3! 9N . #V=:()=CcM`-.#mG!45D
I(#! !5-#!.,#3! P- #I(,#>H !,p#- =Ox,@G!/3!
! (,I6N..##!!5- e!6#!-5!y2$3! #!5- , .#!!5.
Dk #m @
Y-.#^Q!(,#2Q=-UBg, #+-^-#+-
 .N  N . NP-B2b723-Q2Q
 :J#!.#[,b#G@#DZe .B23#2 U"
? 
 =
< =9 :    ; :


 :2,#!.#2,0#2 lO[,b#G@#45h.
'! -   $D(2,b! #'- #D/?.)ML5!J, .#G!jBE2,5 !:
 3!UO
2 , #2 CD(2,b! #'- #D/? .)ML5! J, .#G!jBE37!:
 2,, .#

--

\? +>D(2,b! #'- #D/? .)ML5! J , .#G! jBEb!37!:


 N . X#M #2Qhu
2 (Y-D(2,b! #'- #D/? .)ML5! J, .#G!jBEb!37!:
 MU#!~53u^5!)
A>7- B2 3#2 ,#2,!@!'q-. N2,b!jQ>2#E7'm\Y-B5 :
2 , C2,( 2, rZje.#I@#!, #!'3#2 Q2,0!.YE2#!
 23#&45h-1-y2#O2, C2,Y ('!#)2 P! u

-:
 :J !,23#5 Ze .B
'! ,.# jM4#j#45D29!CML5!J, .#G!jBE37o>
 .2
 .2,, .#2, #2CDML5!J, .#G!jBE^b!X2
h u- I . U\?+>A>22L5!G!jBEb!Pe.M7v
 .# @.#07!.E7!63-!^0 
3;>D
#
B
=    U#2 !5
,  .B22L5!G!jBEb!= A>^3!<u
3-(+!eBW#b!-#k BG?.^3 #4#'!.z #
&UP
 .G-#LB27!63!UO9-B2,,B2,, B]gDL
-:
ML5! J , .#G!jB?#!6!BD-jr
YH 0UB23#2,5 =>
M4 #P- ,#"
,$M4 #j#D29!C/!0-,<J, .#G!jBu'E! M4#
=!m>"()-m.##o!z.-('!-  $D^LU#20@#!I@B
2 L5!G!jBb!02,, B]g-5ML5!J, .#G!jBEo!UB33-a
^L CO
$D3! ".$2 ,#!77o vX-. @ 45=RN . /3-(+!
 "2ML5!G!jBu(^Y b!^9! !,Y-#-U.#
Bo !y
H 0;- #, @BM-V#P?0uP!("()=Cc7-@#^L8!1 

 "2,$, ~3!z.#H 0'!v-. !'-5- !'#!q#',. )!'-


- -

] g I. g ,Q^- Y ^b!#nG!jBEh-#k#4P!.5E!=46


g ,I (b3c2 QI(B!0?\> +>D25!@ #b!-#&45G?.N . #27!5
 .2,,#27!j.vEI(B3I(B!.P5G-I( `UI6g!
Y-B
-:
-:

 .2U 2UyX#P 2!w2,V#2, H 023#&45j.B


-:

  5 5P!0J$!#J3#j#DA!Bg%#45,qB
-:

2 UyX #P 2 !Y)2,V#2, !, #!'3#!'#!+H 023#&45j.B


2 -V#^37u2,?u2,V#[3.#\+]5! [#I 0):2,#!.#P!@vt#(2U
 . 5P!0'!#!+(,qe.#
-:

b! -# ML5! J , .#G! jBEG! BH 02 3#&4 5 j.B
ML5! J , .#G! jBEb! )H 02 3# j.B- 2 ,, .#2 L5!
 .MU#!~53u2(Y-M #2Qhu?\+>D!537(2,b! #

 -:
 9-#2/ 9/? 9;J"#8 9:9"()3-p>m2 #D-:

 "j#?C9-#:&,.=z61
T B Communication J 52, |uDG!jBE2 "()-m
 
!.U# P? U# + 0;3 3! UO !' -  G7! B)
G! jBE
 "(&3!<u
 '! -  '  r $! 6?CI.2,#7!B
, 0-5:!/ ,bY>
Q!#
B
2 CG!D45JB:'!.70 . 7 20- 7A>3!UO
 ...2,, .#2, #
- -

 v
p:;J < :3- (Y"()3- p > m2 #D-:
!$>:2! G!vL#>gQD.I(< :P-#L5!YI( * Y:!#3-(Y&(Y
 "3-(Y!5Q!(B!0!M 
jv!"yvL5!YJ=h$E
2 #D
#Bg Qx q jML5! 2  =>"()J! 6m#
! 6[, #2 0-.2 0-I BW#^LU#2"#.U#A>L"(L5!)2,?0u
D Q,9D.E!($ M 2Q!@ 8v-#IU=-U.BE7a-UB ;!
 "I(,2!@#2 P$!!57 j.NON8v
=!UD=Y-.v!#^L20-0^3!0-5:/!,bY>
Q!#
B
 .'!!.5uG-, D[$!P0#!#DI(,Y-&0!.!  Q
-:

2 , 0
$:"Defleur/Dennis[, 73- 7073!()MQ
0
2 ,?0>b! G!. !=-jje. =-,#!jBEP-!6?CJ .#Q^ 7.
h- .L 3- (A>^7aJ$!L.#2^.@2jb!#G! 3u8 l"$
 "B! N 2 L5!G! jBEb!  "BG!U < ^ I(, LK: .# 
 ".>...U#!,@#2%. 3-j#?'%j#-7#=- .#)
! A>jB2,b! G!jBb!0b!3G!3>-5:!/ ,bY>
Q!#
B
J .I(, K BN . [ $! z.L03-(A>2 .'!v D^0!.
 .3!9-B'!- B'!5!
-:

I N  I . I N J p#L Jp#0!B"


$ ()-
0

,, B
#cJ 3~! .)J , B,I .N I .I .N N .
3!UO$(J, B,I N CcJ, B,N (..J, BB-,
"^7 a2 ,, B 5 ,sH 0 #2,'-v02,, .#'r3! 
 

- -

I  N  0!.#!I. M4 #G! jBE h- #k#m-5-:!/ ,bY>


Q!#
B
 5O s3! U  '!-  'C#Jp#L !,p#k#m=!;-I . 
 .&7-"
-:

23! "x, .BW #J , .#G! jBE!'-. @  "


$ () -
0
W #2 ,, .#]#!  Q=cD2v.! DN . ^7aL'!0-
!  DN .  /3- (+! 2 !#2,0mu 2,$- .#'-# (!B
 "Q8vD+O2 ,V
 h- #k #m- 5:2 3#&4 5DML5! J, .#G!jBE!2Q!#jB
N .  L 3-(
.+!G?C22,, B2-B\!cx.M4#G!jBE
 U2 +!e 2  !,Y-#-U.#( !Bo W#^LU#2v!q#G?.
.q-I.g,Q
2,b! 2 L5!G! jB>2 ,  02 7!52 ,, B2 -B] g +04, .#
 .M #2Q
5- hu!'v!+ qB @.UU#Xj.B
-:

5! )- (/3-()* (p()+!#?C:5!p#(")3-pm:2 #D


 "L()
]5! D^5! p # Cc/! BP $= ! Ud" m! 0()7!, j#(!0
37!$I$~!53u3!KcV!y
B^5!)xj =-5g%#
 "3!K7!Q
U#

# B () Q J 5^5! p#=::23#&45D/!,bY>2Q!#(!B
 U#
KQ3 UB 0 p#^ 3!  2 !>]b!.$
#8%9 "#!'l
 .&3!KcIzQA>p#!

- -

-:

!/ 53/2 535@U#!53:53":


,()3-pm-:
"
!C:2/ 53/!53/!53;J"#53!CM k%.#!/!53I #!
 7
  3!dM4 # =#- 5"
$ H 0()- "#
0 -:
- 9 ".
10
0
#!
7
7:=! @$uH 0/! ,G7 '! 0!
 qv,@#2!C>23-jj.!QL.#(.#XmO-e.#
 M7 J Y>h " /4 ,B  (.#  #G!      q#
 I(B! ,Q B I(b4 RI( B ! #N  0#!;#>A>(J0!
 "qe #I6-  I(.Q
  % U ;H+!C7!.0H 0P-;J<:
$:/!,bY>
Q!#
B
'3  #L B3t #\! 5o> C@!~QH 0
5 ng, @.
[ # !&1BE 0
Eh <& E!}k#mL'3 #v3!Ut# 
 .2"#

-:

 N V " I!#(")I,5>m2,!53u2,je" #B7!`>-


 5A>G- 9-#Y #G!.E!(,z"B !57.-52,!53u!',je"#

QC^ UH 0M-q!y2,0!.Y 2,7 2,v02l#/!,!,/!@Un
 "', \-@!.3..#D
QL.#D
Q7-Y-#D
 G!. >D @(!#W#2,je"#k BJ5:!/ ,bY>2Q!#(!B
!5L#';! =>!(5 ,sY \q#DL@#G!O23!}b!-#
G- 9-# Y  k#m!(70+!Ch!q$8q0  !(.25-"^3-983
 .!(B!!#
-:

G! v;J "#D+! rG! 0>: U#U#:U"()3-pm-:

- -


D 37 H UQ v:G! v p#EI #E U#` E:
-, 
G! L U Y3.H y UB
, U ;J "#D U vU#! :^U#./3!U
 "U#L:U,,@
"
$ H 0 U# 0M4 #()=CcM`-.#&m!2Q!#.B
 "2, #2p#2,0
D=!@$u0!(, 0M`W#2,z(
-:

 (.#^3- 9DI.YIv"
$ H 0U !~53>()I,5>0
2 , .#.+ 0I(YC;!07N0 -e.#U#7 -##G!.!
 "&o-3
.
B! ^;!u#x,%90E 
'!0! 7
 P-!-5:23#&45DMU#!~53u!
Q!#jB
=- . @=! ,QO L DI5p$2(YBH 0C3!Y>2#!a!#
 ^<!,#! !>k#mDNe.@CX#M #2QhuvDI(.q 
2 #N3! B! (Bm2 ! #- jJ U#= !I6gBG!jBb!^<!L
[U v!y25- #/?B!vhuP! /!b!0U"45#2+!h!vu3-
 O
,0M4#.@ ,YD-@B= $W#!',v?COH 0K- @#H 0
 .3-q..  2v><-

- -


;5"6 !" 7894 ":

7894 ":<-
5"6 !"-
5"6 !" ?= *)>-

- -

-:
G!QM:=C
,#>
!5!I # +A>
,q.@E
I(3!\!cD, %.#I(zb!.$29?CI(3!^7!.EEG-QO
(!
 D
,#> -$!-UB
#?C,q.@Q3;! A>O
J(.,#
A>
z.,
.! . 2C
,,0 j$ A!B
$!%  X-B ?/ 0!Y
,%.#
W#!' 3#
0-1- A> 8vqB W#!' ,7O(! -s W# 2, ^ # ,)-B
!r(
Y-BgQ!U , .#2,.#0/,!(,.@,#k#m
#!D8

 .B!45
(Y-B20U#Q
QqG!@BU#/!,!</!,!/!-Y`JU#U#
 .23#!',7
 :!5N@,b3 Yj#45G!.

-: :

 : @/A
#wE@
 
( GLSM))
 *IgD (cJLSM))


-: -:
! (, 0G- jW #2!@#!'3#20-.;45DI.,
 .2,#!23#!'!3#k B!B3x,1-B, %.#,j.#;J"k#m





- -


-: :

) (
HE^7 J(^2$!U,.!v-1!!$j0DG!jBEb! -.B
'!vOP!%.v80!q.2@D
5!UdEj0GD!(0
ML5!G!jBEb!!(B39.s!(.DJB:B'!l#H 0^-!(@$
C73!UO!'-  $Db!5PBb!-#k B
,#>8 9! k#m
j0j#45H 0 +* m>3? G!,C 'o! 20DCc..
2,b! #b!-#Pe.G!jBEh-# 452,5 7o ML5!G!jBE
k BBf2, a2!K 2,Y7Q?^L92v
$:f!#8 YW#
2l,I .= 73 I B8%9 @%'!-  3!COJ .#/3jb!-#
! !(.v!+G?.73  P!5x1LK:B'mJ(7-,v v=7,.U#2!
 .7!6ML5!J, .#G!jB?#b!!( z,.7 #2% j n
-:

 M L K  J IH G F E D C B Am?0YG!v

 :,8@ l ^ ] \ [Z Y XWV U T S R Q P O N


= A>3OH 0A! B
$!%&Y = 4(=!@$u)2, r45=R4#
! 53!0>- 
B!0H 0 BW #2,# @ I p "-5#P-!(,y!(K
 
Y!.n!Hjv nJU#I#(!,!&Q!y^7!.E(!, 02p!
P - G!,s?'!#(
YD8v '!s
.(Y!>=U
=! @$u3!.k#m,D(/Em!;!# !~0/.;!#Y x!U
G!jBE3-9^7./!$-# /P-,#H.Q&7-Y4()J ,#m!
3OH 0 C C#
$!0,##q#3!#2#Pe.!2 .e

- -

7-  P! p#^ 3! z"  r- # H 0 /!- 3N q#H 0 /! +-qC
 .H /! 3 2#!3 ^UC!/ <-$
=! g ,Q
ML5!29!C^,7-(0A>&34YYBG!jBE=Rk#4#

!.D-q3 
#!v!H 0/7!.0!
B:"$2DL37!(.?2,u^3! % #
G! jBE=-U.()J ,#x1 !The Art Of Rhetoric(
?#)
2 37= -q 3 X .3- (g  %. J 5:2, !  9!02 K?K 
 6 =M ! (,^- . h! vu,#!   0g %#2 !yJ5(G!jBE)2?#
2 U2 3'3-qB"0!@#=#D! .2 ,2:h!vu-5G!jBEJ!O
2?#=,JY- U,@#7.u g,QJY- U,@#7.E(!, 0 + ^Y
 Cc #,. @ 5J+!0 5T 5m 5G! jB?#=>=: "#4 5D,v
 #DK J ?0>5!($:G!jBE5 3-   45.2+!# #,.@
-q3 .2, @.#A>(J(,B5+-# 3-"#,.@J0!v>5
 /! U. ,qr=- U= ^3 1"-q 3  0/? $()M! <x 1 ! 
I(BE! $^3! K>I(, LK: .# U. ,#I(v- ! #G- ,y/!3!0/!v7!9
0-1-
! 2 l OL =!G!jBEDq G!(.<M4#I,U !"
N, #2  /!, N! @#3! U Dk "#A>M7 BW #()J ,#N 
2U !.^ Q .=: =- +? X X C 2 (Y .^Y3!U A>G-9-#

 <. 
.!'v?2(,<7O!'v?=!@$uI@Y
"B2 !U.
&L , ^!'-v=!@$uD#!.D2!^-#=-+?
2 ,5 P! 0J # J#- Q4 N '-("#!'#"
B.D2 !#X-#
! #-$DLK:. #b!-"#H,- 2,5 .k!SD2!0#^7!,#
M7!  '- 9j= `2 1!#2 (" =)M!<m!
.3-(DX
^3 ()J ,#x 1 ! X7! $k#4 #"Ze<A>!(,
!/ !.52 #!=- +? I. 5I(, 0M7! -@H.Q
.3-(;! 70s
- -

 , s'7 )! #O[ =, ,+ v  W #k B! (^L U#


B3!aDN/L
Dk#m(p.U##-.B2 #U#2 ##-.EU# =x,1-.#H 00!@B
f- 0A>G! jBE- $;!%j;!qC;! 0;!UQ!5=!g,QI#J#3!.#
'!   !~% 9 !(.!#DLK:.#!($-2 #!=B>@QD@z.B^Y
X3! .2, 5!D)!U0\-=!,LK:B2?'mb!0^3!08$!W#
 qC ~ # =Q!m!#DLK:.#gD;!qr";#
,
! 5LK:B2  U#^- vP? u(f.L5!h!v>D#452,5 H 0,#. #IO
=! ,#)>= I 
, 0H 9G- #G!^3- 2-p8$!;-!#H 0
3- j#2 ,p #('!@ !'. <2 ,#2 #( ! =2U"#>=/%@#
N .@ H 0
B-vLK:.#^7!#^LU#2,?#3-j#'7 3UBz@#2,$!,#
2 #LK: .#^- vH 02#E7,Y4$
$:sm>I 
, 0H 9G-#!=
2 -('3! 0D!(.!, 92#! #- 1=>"()I, 0m.G-#D\j#
 G! jBE!Ib!  #
,B! . @ 3- (z #TBg,~4Y~-  D!(10
'3! ( &3! .0D ,qr4 C m>E>k #mHB: .EJ! qrP?0u!z#/!!
4 5DG! O
 ~, 0
?'- 9G-#!=v.J . 3-(z #2,#!jBE
 "2L5!xb"# .N'!l,# .D2,!qr
B!3!y7j#
h!q. >=!U ^7a2q,@b!H 0G!jBE(!,j.vW#^V#k B
=!5 "# m.
v-B Ud! A>jJU#2-#!\\VC#I #k#m
DG! jBEI, .#,#! '4C "0!#@!#7!@#![r=#D"()
 + 0Jv#G!jBu"!.>IK2 .e f!#G7N3!".$>h!@B>.@3-qB
A>X7 ! }PP!0DJU ?#G!jBEhVC"0!#=#D3-'3!<>
 ."20-@ 20muG?CL5!NG!jBE2v33!".$
DG! jBE h- #4 5o> D372 0!q#hV CE=!k#mA>2!1u!
J #+- # C7"() 9-  m
 z.E;zJ#f!#
:f!#
- -

8 C7m> "0 !.# =#Dk #m~ #


 #!jB!/K:.ML5!G!jBEf!0
 "3!".$ED2!%j#'4C .U#"$ !q
hVCR ML5! G! jBE j0  :
#-k #m()H-  
2 q'.0v"0[!r=#j.D.(J$! OB-Y!Q-)H 02q
&4 58 ,2  U#- U.#!( zBW#2 j QOG!. B-Y
3- + "0 !.# =# qD'? .# 2! 1>P!02b!3 G-+2q#
20! @#D2% 9()20!+H 0^3#!62,U,$!U,
#cP!0(-k37)
20! @#D2% 9()+H 0^37!v8%9 g,'!!q#'3-qBP!0D
( jk #m2 0!q#D^ Y^3-K8KQ W#!B-, #2#chVCP!0D
2 0!q#8 @O~-  G!. " =# =# < (QA>
-s!9#
 .U"o! .#-7#G!./!  (<2,$VU#E
4 52 D  2L5!'E!jBE3!".$-3-qB"()j$Nv
/ Y2 ^3- j".BP.B3-q.B2 .e G!jBEb!
,'4C M4#=#
L U#G!jBE453!".$@.o! .#!;YIK%j#P?O-7#J5b!-#&45
^-#'r!L5!7>!5"$'!-  o-B2, 0DIe1L&LK:Bx9
 "^LU#
=-  .#Pe. 2 . G #("  ')~- U# mI, .#G!D
4 5 '!,@rDI, .#I .#2, 0N@s-qBH 0^37!v2Q2,, B^7:
 "2,!#2. f!#G7IpD&!E45".$IK=#
A>2q, @2, @ '!(!=
  . @E/: <ML5!G!jBE =
2 Y!02 3-^3- j2 ,?0u( !B7! -# !;#03-(A>gB2,0!93!v
D2 !<'!Q!@A>L3-(A>3!UO!'-  PB3!vOk B8%9 g,Q
P! .53- a- 52,, .#2-V#2, #D!6!>UdE'!5!@!6^,Y'!v
8e. :()x.  m(ML5! J , .#G! jBE)2 3#&4 5
- -

2 ,Y'!Q!@2,q.#L3-(2,b 20-@ '3!<u,9-.#2,0!j#3!vO


D2 ,, .# !'rX , -BG?CI, .#D2,0!j#3!vOb-oB2
'!+! "$ 0D2 ! .7 O. @ I, .#]I.'!!3 
 .2,1!#2,#2,!#2,, .#2-V# @!'k B'!,#!

-:
H 02 ,, .#27! j.vE2, !,@#
B! @
B!0!qv2!UP-,#f!#.

 
B: "I #I #4 5!5( <W#'3-q.#
!0-$ 
QH."G!jBE
^ U#o>  r $DG! #&37
.,5 H 0x1!=5N,#7E>
Bo!|R
- 5P- ,#f! 0=>"()J ,#m2 .e
b!/!e.@2^3v^L20@
'E!  C7/ ,/: <!$ 1!QDG! jBE  ^7.
#!U< 
$-G!jBEf!0
 / Y/! [, #G!jBE!(z5!^!,G-Q,DK/!/! 0x9 ^7. !^,
 2 -  $- 5D  G!jBE.3O&45H 0=!@$uPvIv-5!>/!Q0/E!
'! , 0; Yu
@$,(G!!', .
@$,U,#CZe<M 3 ^U

 "20-.^7.G!jB
X-. @ -.^,}2$!U.n-(G!jBEh-$ I5 -5ML5!G!jBE
?/ v! $=! U A> j,3! ".$uH 0^3 v 
U .d! G!jBE!'-.@P.
 .s()H -  m.'!! @ !'( ! 'pD3! CO !'- 
 
VB! L 3-(!(!q.G?C29!C2,5 ML5!G!jBE20!9
G! jBEG!. D -.#4 5 @2 "# !'0-2,$!@$u[#H 03!Kc
2 .e 3!KH 0. #[,#
.3P!.5E-2,d7!O5! 8(ML5!
=! @$u2rb!-#k BLe@.#/!  @%
b!A>!#B!(VW#
 . 2,#!
 BML5!G!jBEb!-#23! 2,)-#( =")J!6!1 
8 v-#D! (&K: B 9! @ !=$u^3! 2,0!.YE27!j.vE2,!,@#$-

- -

27! j.v2, !,b! J 5!>2,?0>8@,#b!-#&458%1 g,Q


@$
 "!  2,!K^(Y !($-0/? 2-B2,0!.Y
2 , 02, !O(!.#! 32 @ C7I. 2,V#! -5I, .#! =y
= ^3 # != 4 #2,.#qC
#xqB.;!&#70>2,B
 ! 5L2 ,, .#  @ !'C7I. JU#2,, .#2-V#2, #&45\!q$@.
b! z @ ^ O:G! ,H 0'!@ k B2 .e .@!'
^3- j;-
- DKB2!K7#@(!.U= U W#..2 .e G!jBE
 .^<!L ^<!
= "!53 P! ,# 3 USW#2-V#!'- (),qrm
'! @ 2 $OP?0u^O:XCO.@!'3 37!U.
2 ,?0>'!n jB'3! <7 E!/ 2 ,,qB2 p$'!,BBI,5!2,#
 "!q#
2,#2,, .#2-V# @!'I5!@.#'!@ k B37,B= k<E
A>M7g,Q2!63-Ox9 T.#3!z$E!I@.M4#1!8v-#D29!C
G! jBb! x j.#ML5! G! jBEb! 2 9!C2 
B!,q&7!.E
7 #7 0>A>/L C /E 2,V#(B= J"()I,5>m.2L5!2,, B
/!,!`>/?0!B!(0!.g,/!%Y!$/!-B!5!>-.g,2,2l,D^!,% #
'!! ".EP- #P BLK: .
5420 @3- q.f! 0Dk #m/! $
 ."'!0VCE
3- q.M4 # j#45D29!C'BI, .#2,V#H 0^! 2,#-l@ !=m>
f! #
# 9-.! M`!02 jI(, BG!,YO2,BHBEg,'!pD
2,! @#2#! #2 ,p#2 ( &4 5!j#'!$!Uuk B.@B= E'!,B
o> I(, BN . 3-(U}70OG-9-#2,V#5 1=-U,
 k #m ,%.#b! -#2 !Pe. I(0! v>A>G-9-# I(b34COI(5-
- -

 .ML5!G!jBEb!!(5
, qe.#H 0=-b! #3 = M3 #(" )I,Q # 0mk#mD
 3- q.#k #m
 d! 2L5!G!jBEb!
B(<M4#LU#3-q.#2,.#
2  I DIe B2 ,Q!$ '! .7 ON2 G!.$D20^;!
 "XC 2,Q!$!(0! B!(B
G! jBEML5! G! jBEH  sM3 # != I .#45
 .G!jBEDNj.e 
0!ML5!J, .#
 ML5!G!jBux qjTm!
2 L5!P? 0ub!Pe.!I.BW#G!jBE2, 0"
$ ()9- 
0
! . 03- (A>b! #, 9-BH 0
B3vDML5!G!jBE,.
2p% #D2#!#I( jBG!jBE!Ib! #NL7O'!-.@ !'5!E
! '! 5!2,BH 0P!0M 3 CH 0^32"520@!(@$
 "
,V#!'-  3! $H 0^3 ?/ 9 ^7-Y-L- @#
b! 2q -I. M4 #G! jBE 
j"()= Cc ,Q
0
 "(=- B-732!%9)P?0u
D^ ,}'!+V <H 0M- qG! jBE! Ch-$:
$:"()J!6
0
 "G!jBEQ!9IKG!jBE2IK3-(2,+!67!B;7O
 ML5!J, .#G!jBEx qjy7-j !
 h- #45("ML5!G!jBuG!U< U<-5I, .#()2 ,0
G! DJ! `u3#!P-,#!/,v?C !/-B!/ ,!K+- 70>=!@$u2,BA>G!jBE
'! -  !& B+- 2, je< 9A>!/  (.
,,M4#.2C
b! G? C k #mI. .i!.$uH 0/37!v/!$!@$>xj,#23 #!'5!E'3!( 
 2 ,, B] U <H 0k #m'! 0-q 2!% j#o! .#h!4 !2 G!jBE
 ^  . ] #k B 3 2  q2 9!C2 -a ^  .2 -B] 'E!

 "!^3!(I BW#2-
- -

-:
 :JB(!ML5!G!jBE2,5 D!#70()j$N
3! UO, 9-BD/?( /! 
b! ~- :ML5! G! jBEI. 
b! /!e. @8 v-#[$D7O^L70:j. =O'!-  
 .2L5!G!jBE
L5! .P-g,Q2Q^LP?0>^(Y H 0ML5!G!jBE.
 .3! !'$!,#!'-  3v:
G! jBE 2 $3! !k #mG! ( 8 v-#DG! jBE h- #4 5j.
 .<! Jje"#
=-b! #= -  ^ ^L  9!0ML5! G! jBE2 , 0DV "B
 .2 !<2,0!^p$3-(A>=pG!jBu!

-:
X COG! jBEb! N = (!.nW#
.$!UML5!G!jBE.nf
2 ,.#2 , #8 @, ! (H %.W # ',  LU#! Zb!jr#!E>
 L 7 0A> jB!( g ,! (.$!Ub! -#k .#J qBW #J 5!5 Q
M4 #-5!(, .@ 
@#!!(.,5 !(.!,9D2v#2#!#~-  HU#N .@
2#! 3I .ML5! G!jBEb!P-B!y
$!U k B!(,q2j#&45!(@U
E>jBE!53!".$Z .,L3-(A>2#!#G-934.g,^2 29
A>!6- 9- 5^#(!B,2( (!.,9!Cb!-#k B.Zje., v70A>
(Wright)8 3!  ":G! v! 0()- ,#7k #mN .N . LU#7#k#m
2 ,.# !', # = .-(.G!jBEb!2L5!G-Q2('!%,1-B^0P,
G! ju!6!.  Ud
$Ob! -#&4 6ML5!  !q#J qBW#J58@,#
2 , #! L 
U#/!3 1/! $-U.B!,Y-#-U.#!.!C3-(^'!- 
 "J0!LK:.#

- -


YH 0ML5!G!jBE(!,.W#Zb!jrs2,5O
$Rk#4#
 L D!(, 0\-.
z.XCOG!jBEh-$ &L0!(7g,P-#
 :J !'!j#k B()H- Nk#mD3-O
[$! P 0
zQ2!e ML5! G! jBEb!#J . 3-(j.
 .\mOG-, 3!0O3! '3#D&7 
E>
 @E^ <!3-(45XE  =M Q+G!jBE

, 0H q&! EM7! Q 
 $-G! jBEh-#452,+H 0 , #
 .J . A> M Q!&D'!-  !=
 ! (h- q E>G B= g  BE^!0!($ A>2!1u!2, 02!0b!#>=
 .,z@B2+< H 0z@
 :ML5!G!jB#2,#!.#Zb!jrm()2?!
2 0mu!
.#! 3g B2 L5!G! jB2 , 7- Y q.ML5!G!jBE>=
 .ML5!G!jBub!!5L...%j#=-  .#
DIU%. BW #2 @  Ze "#k #m- 5(2 !v#()2-Q)7-Y q.
 :?Kb!)2-#3!3-(A>j.W#!'- 
 .!(W#!'-  7n
 .!(j, B '!-  2,^7!o~
 .'!-  L@B^7!0> ,BB^7!0> Y
8 @,#2 Y2 Y32 4B=- UB!/!#!G!jBEh-#45D2Y#24.#
 .Jje"#G!jBEDG!-5!23-
 .!(,W#2l,#!K:.-(4#.ML5!G!jBEN0!.#I.
 :!(Zb!jr()[#0=!, 0!1 
E vML5! G! jBEb! I pDM3-U"2Y#24.#sE
G! jBE h- #4 (4##^73]b!.$-C 2!v#>!@/!v?+>I.B
 .Q$!YI.=!,QOLD
- -

]. BW #-".#!; 1- #2 U"ML5!G!jBE


Y-=!,QOLD
 .2q,2l,#2,Y3!C (2,#c 2")2, C7~! 0!>
 
0m?#h!. E
Q2QU2L5!2,#!jBE2 ,-#.@ 3!.
 .2,%9^;v =- .#^5!"
 @U.#! #3v 
#-Qz.CD2L5!G!jBEb!L@B
 .3-(U}3v

$ 2 Q!#X BML5! J, .#G!jBE-5g%#45P!.5G!= !y
J , .#G! jBE!2 . Zb!jr2!1>U 2!@#Zb!jrA>2!1u!
 :ML5!
2 -B2 !K- UBA>- jr
YH 0H @ML5! J , .#G! jBE
=m>b! # !6
Y-W#2l#(.@-(4#3!".$E22L5!2,, B
 .ML5!G!jBu3-(D[$!z.#H 0 =-U3-(N[$!z.#!
 .7!5J, BM-B!+'m=-UBG!jBEh-#45D2#!#
2 !02 v2#! #I B! (7W#2 ,-#3!,.CI.G!jBEh-#45D
^K 2 !52#! #=- UB !( sW#2#!#0!(.,5 BE2 ,-#=O
 .7-" 6sE!( Y2! 2 ,-#3!,.C;-U#
DK B v'!-  (!+0G7!.$ jW#2 ,-#(">=)-,#7m
/ !a!l,<8@,#2 ,-#!.!(@$2#!#!'-.a I(- 7OLUB
 ".!(, .@X#H.Q!6N1 X#/!B!./LK:BKB!($>!/ , 
W #2 , -#  ! =H 0"=! 5- !" #2@,b#^U#P-B"()-,#7!1 
2#! #J52 ,-#.I(- L/!3-<E/LK:BN .@ DKBJ?0u=- B

!.5 !6
 Q\- ! # 3- (2 ,  U#= k #mA>2! 1u!T B
 "!($- y
2?  m
#?.@Q m>I, . #2!6b!-#=- .#G! ,H 0
! (Y!.$>@Q m>!(B!+!"$I, .#,1-,I.#=- .#x j"()="#
"!(e.

- -

-:
 ,BM7  v 9!# 2@ @S!($RML5!G!jBE2, 0I.BJU#
h- #k #m=O!( 5=(! v-.!>!( CQ 2, #k BP$A>!5Q
!( #2 , A>i! .s2#! #2#!3nj. j.A>i!.n&LG!jBE
=m>.! (,K ,- ".#  n'! #(!1V!y3.@ 3-(z #
 0!.B- YDI. B^2, 0-5J?0> J, BP-#
YH 0ML5!G!jBE!
G! jBEP. h-#k#mQA>2!(#DM7.#2,B2,$!@$>2 .-0
,
- YD #!#DP-ML5!G!jBu =:m!0()J!6k#mN
2 ,!K2 ,0!.Y -0
, 0!.BComplex Context Social  J0! .Y
 - (k#4 #2, @,+!(U#2 ,U,$!U,  -#0/? 2,27!j.v2,!,
J#! jBEX-. @ ( !,.2, #23-#29
#LJ#!jB(?.i!.$>2, 0
 :J52,! 7! 23 G?C

-:Mass Source -

3 j  =g ,QX COG!jBuh-$ h-$M 0ML5!G!jBE .


A>=- .Ze <   =- U v  QZe<=-UEG!jBEh-#45D
x 1 ! .k #mL  2 ,$- B2 ,0m>2 l,5  " #37 2 ,?0>2 @
 2 p2 0-(3 j   )dML5!G!jBED
$ ()H-
 d+! $!( 2#! 3U <D! (, 0\! BEW #J$!  1H 0B7O
g ,Q(gatekeeper)2 -#3! Q/!Q?q 9J ?0uH @?/ 4 !20-
2#! #!k#4 #2,2!,1!5S!539>IK'!-  A>G-9-#D^3..
 p$2 (Y^7! 0 SEML5! G!jBE@!'2,?0>2@03jBW#
2 5- #! (, BW #2+! @#!I. BE2#! #!=m>2,?0u2@ S2,je<
 .2,je<L232#!3!($OAO

- -

J#! jBE3 j =- UML5! G! jBED


$ ()J!6!1 
=-  .# !'l,52 0mu !'l,5 "#37% j#37 2,#! jB2 p

 .B! y2#! #2!, 93j 45A-.g,Q.2,b!,@#P?Oi!.$>'!5-7-.
 v.I6!6!3>A-.IK!(,C23!"I.B= H@'!- J$!3!U 
Mass ML5!  
$:ML5! G! jBED  ,."() j$ m

o- 3D
B!- &3! U  1H 0/37!v=-U= ^31T!}Communicator
 "C#2%12q!( $2-(
!
 :J !()j$ML5!G!jBED "
 :Media Institution2,?0u2@ 
!  P? 0u^3o 2 ##DP?0u<=H 02b!#2q @#k B!(j
 .2,+'E! '37>!( K!d
 :Media Organisation2,?0u2p 
2 qa2,% j#)2 ,?0u^7! i! .$>
,I.M4#!r(-#),J5
 (!5L."#37;!$O2#!2,$- .#!^#20mu
 :Mass Communicators=-,?0u
! (Y!.$>b! #,U "BG! DP? 0ub! DN !#2l#&45I B
 <! L < #2,?0u2p v<! <#=-,?0u !( $
 .2,?0u2@ v
/7 a/! jj. = J ?0uDV ""()H - !1 k #mD
J ?0u=R P! 0U".!/ ,!!! >
$-ML5!G!jBE2@ /!  I = 
,
m-%. @,!/ !/!%,%9/LBJ$! 0L.#,q.@M4#Ze"#k#m-5xY!#
 W #J$!   I( 0!BI(+!BI57@UI(!.5LN . !&.$H 0
M- M4 #h- 1- !^ ,Y2 H 0=-U= `J?0u=Rk#4#.I(,#>!6!j
 "3-(z #
dB
- -

h- #45D
$ 2Q!#XBML5!J, .#G!jBE-523#G!= !y
 :J !i37>U N  &m!A>2!1u!G!jBE

-: Mass Education Communicators

2 -V#2 ,?0ub! #i! .$> Y   BW #2 ,?0u2 l#k BJ5
A>!6! j>D=- W #^7- " 5O ,sD0! @BW #2 7!62 ,, .#
] i! .$uM- V#=-  .#Pe. 8 5 2-V# @!'#!(, .@
N, ?0uN Ib! # ?r(")J! 6&m!!(~! ^#2,, B2-B
N- V#^ CP 0A>/! !  Y3? r4 5] #&45~-  G-QN-V#
 '!, 9-jN, ?0u^ CP! >P 0! (B!,$!!>=-  .# !',.
 ."[3.#
A>2 -  G!j>H 0^3#(!$:"()0!"#(!0W#G!jBE^3!(!(
 "J . X#/LK:BVBg,2#-(@,J .
 mML5! G! jBEDN, ?0u| !D
.,5 J je"#G! jB?#
J je"#G! jBE'3! (!( ! ML5!G!jBE'3!(=>()j$
 #D
b?o
b! 3 G! jBEDJ je"#G! jBEA>J ?0ui! .ng ,Q
 2 ,# !'-  3! CO37!jG!jBEk#4I(=!B2v?02!v>J?0u
H 0/37! v=- UE
$R37! j &4 5 / ,Y/E!jBJ?0uTf!2,#L

Q!|H 0[U
#-QG!jBEDJ?0u|!J?0u
0D!|,s
^7! Y>H 0&0! @! ML5! G! jBED^L U#2!. L5!G!jBED
 .J@#T( 3.EJ?0u#
'! @A>i! .nG! jBE h- #45"()=Cc7-@#^L8!1 
 #!BB2, 0[O/!!6qe 2p b!#i!.$>70>H 0^37!v2,?0>
I K 
KQ>7 LK: .# sH.QG!jBEP?0u'E!D2 C. P- #
"k#m-Y 6%.
- -

-:Mass Message -

2 , 0M  J!O6=Rk#4#(.@2#!3U#5U#=>
J 0 m.(. @ J  . A>!6! j>^3 1H 02#!3G!3>-52,#!jB
7!  'm2#! 3G! 3>J 5^7a5 ,sG!jBE ."()#!r0
!( . @=  `J5- $  '  3! <> '! $!, '! - M- s v2 .
2 v!. '- qr ;'Yu 2 0-zy SJ55O&45%.BH.Q.@
! (, 07 #G!. !6- 9 %.#!6!3>2#!#I,jB70>2qV 
 ."(2Y#24.#)
o- # 9!02 K?K 2#! ##: .B m()H- !
I .#2 +~- O 2 ! !50L. #k#m(3!UOJ$! =)-
 j2 p^3- j! 53!,.CI. 2 -# OD=- UB^,o-320-k#4J5
 ! (v?+>2 .@2,je<'m2#!#xjB.@ A> J$! G!j>
 ..@ A>!(+D
J$!  D= C
3! "= 3j !0()J!6 
 /o-3 /3-9 '! =-UB= !>.I(,#>
$I.;!D!(-j
$RI6!(W#
non- 2 ,p #L2 #Verbal Language2,p #2 #!H@!}!5L !/ B-9
2#! # B.2#! #!H@!-5
,#>3j J(.M4#!;#Verbal Language
U ".B2 L5!2,#!jBE2#!#
 =7J#!jBE3j 5 0LC
k#4 N. @B2 ,vm2 ,2 ,0!.Y2, @$Zb! jCJ 0B! ($ E>M3P-v
2,bY>'!U,UB$!YA>'E!.EPe.=Rk#4#2,+!02, 0'E!.!
 .ML5!J#!jBE!"#(!, 0.W#!'-

Q!.! ($ 2#! # j.B8$!v8vA>"()=Cc,Q!1 
 )U#!(,
3!"&L= /!  33-((!32!0!($ g,Q!#U#
3- (2n <^3v@Qb!#I@B= Ud^" '-#h- G!jBEP!p$
 ."&5!"B!2,vBW#
- -

EG! jBE!'-. @ P .X-. @- 5ML5! G!jBE2#!3=Rk#4#


= ! >G! jBE4 5J 3- ODE>XCOG!jBEb!3!5L0 .
^ Q2#! 3D! (,3- O&4 5 .v2,b ^; 20-@2#!#=-UB
!(j%P-G?C2#!#&45SML5!G!jBEb!3-qB29!C

(Y2 Q!.2#! #8$!m>N . 3-(A>!6!3>IK!($- :.#
'm!( Zb! j ,.B! ($  |2 L5!2 ,, .#2#!#A>!$p$-#XC
=- -V#
#x q!  sJ U#7!5~- :PB232q!jBJ(2,5
 QA>[$! z.!53-(= M I5L4,?BN . h-N!5"#=-@4#
 .L

-: Mass Medium -

 M4 #  N  B@!2L5!2,#!jBE2 ,-#3!.0U 


!(- "B- ".#( ! Vv
#?C.2#!#H .M4#.@ 2#!#
2 ,5O
 $Rk#4#!(, .@A>!(+DJ5%.#h-$!6!;!1- #
4 53! ,.CML5! J#! jBE 6 /L /; Y n
$ H 0/? =! Uy
 v !(!,.!6!.I.= -5 2!A>/E-92v72!(2 ,-#@)
 P- B #b! 2,0 J5P?0ub!=>"()j$m.I62  2l#
2 , -#8 !vm>xY! $
$:G! jBE 9-.. @ A>
#! j> =-
& jvM4 #H ! 2#! #.@ I(!0(-"B=7)s=7#2(y
 "
x, .M4 #,-#2L5!2,#!jBE2 ,-#B()J!6!1 
2,#! jBE2#!#o-#/!.k#4P-   @ X= Audience3-(z #
2 L5!2#! #!6?C.B27!^7 J52L5!G!jBE2 ,=R!5
 .!QA>.@ IUs8sB
- -

2 ,^ (Y 'Ec^!#=-U.BML5!G!jBED"()H- !1 


". @ 3- (H 0ho- .#  (!9W#2#!#^L@$9H 0^37!v
 .
-:Mass Audience -

 vN .  L 3- ( v ML5!G!jBED2#!#G!.I.


, j. # !/ 7 07 aL!#"Q"
$:3-(()2!j 0
 
, 0LK: .#D 
+!M4#q# gQ!#!53!.'3!.0L! /!+
 '! 5!E 3! 0OD;- [$! M ;E 5N Y-Ev"
!.#
   ! y3N ? -# '!lN .@ ;E570 j'!,@DH.Q
3! qvO 7 0D ".=- $-U ^3! # I, vu 2##[$A>=-.vk#m
M 2 v?0M: !(,!,BBE^Q2!(-.sE2!<'!!@!( jB^0!.
  (>=)H- mk#mD.2!.'!!K=- nvL5!;E5=
k 2#! # n(J . ).@  =NQD!( IKo-3D!( 2#!#=-U
I5-0 $k#4 #^L 7 0 ML5!G!jBuD.@ ((!,q.@H.Q!5o-3
\ .#I z2!e  j.3- (4 5MassAudience. @ 3-(!
3-4 #
,L j#L U#
,&7 N'3#'7.E?.C[$!?#
 .;-QH 0!$u

3- (! (: #"J5()2!j !5m.@ 3-(z #L!!5


 ;! +O N Q?# G! #3- (! (:2 ( .N @ ~!"#G!+O
2 ! (:2 !#.G! Y#@ !; #3- (! (:[ ...N (
 = !=U  N #3- (! (:2 !vua.!#2!0!5N
 "...27!# !;
2 ,0!.Y2+dE
-UBg,Q3-(()J!6!1 
A>Ze <A>
Y-.BML5!G!jBEb!-k#4#!/ /?C./!`U"
- -


$O 
B4! b!v/7 
9-
,#>H@BEZe<A>!((Y-BD!(U#/!3-(
 .3-(k#m;! 0 ,!(,V"2!0Zb!j,.3-(D- 0
-:Feed Back -

&3- (G!  7732 D2 3-#2 92B2@ML5!G!jBE


2  .\ +!5HBU#LU"Jje"#G!jBE(!,.W#2j#k BJ5
k B (X j# Y3)~!z.##
,@! #^73 !6?C
 B   U. J U#^ <! L ^<! I(BE!jB 3-(b!3\q#
 B()J! 6 mk #mD.J . #!(%,1-B !(.!,9^7!0> 2#!#
3 jBW #2!z. Ek BJ 52,#!jBE2, #1,s-0o ^B 24.#
 + 0k#mG!jBE|!!=%.#!6?CUdg,2#!#J .0
 .
v!C> 
Q!|G-Q.@ 2 '!- 3j #j!
J  .  (!W # #773T - 5 Y#(>=)H-  
D <.@   NJ$! > !DI(!0 
3 ! 2!z.
2 Y# !'-  ;- 1H 03   !.2,#!jBE2, #2b#2@#!2,5O2!
20- 1- 2,z,BV EH <!.B^3- j2Q?#
b!31^7!0>2,#!.@
,#>
 . 2v3!UO2 G!j>5O,%.x@g,
H 0 .#,q. @ML5! G!jBED ">=m()j$!
'!@!(W#5!" N.@ ;#-G?C&3-(2!#@!'#
2 ,0G!  773H 0.#,q.@!2,?0u@!~ @!'2jje.2,
  ;! K 
3- ( 7`(! W#2,$- .#'E!jBEG?C3-(
 "#773G!U<O&452#b!#G?C ]!$#20m>
, #(!v!q$I3ML5!G!jBED(#773)^B 24.#@ B#
  Y <!  #!J#! jBE #45!5("W#2Q?. '3-q.#@k#m
^ <!^3- jG!jBE0
J#B= ,q.@BW#L5!k BM 3H 0.#U
- -

;3 L U#!58$!=>


,L@M4#!&E0^U-UBU., !
77o"I6- ()= Cc,Qk#m .&L!(b>U.f=!5m DB
 # !\c -B ML5! G! jBED.@  N
.7aI30!.#
G! !.!(,^<!;-6H 0gB2,0mu]#=] !<(!
 &7!  7 %.Bf. @ #37! 5k #mA>2!1>. !G!jB?#.@ P!
 "Interactive Media2#!#2 ,- #Pe.ED.
 /? ! 1 2! @#2 3OML5! G! jBE 9!0A>2! 1u!
G! jB?# Cc j0()[ #0=!, 0()H-
 :!5ML5!
- 5  2#! 3 0J  .  0Iz M4 #L, .#T: InfluenceLK:.#
G! jBELK: BX G-Q2+!v]b!.$A>G-9-#2-j#k#m7-9Oj#
2 , 0,#! :LK: .#^- v!,v2,,DUB2 U" =O.!#H 0ML5!
 .2,0-1- 2v#!I@.B
L, B L BU <H 0'LK:.#(pB()M!<
 s Ud! 5- !  '!5!!' 13!J . 3-(X#
 :2,#!.#'E!DLK:.#
 v3- ( !'- H 0 qM4#LK:.#-5:D 9#DLK:.#*
 .k#mD/!,! /3j3!CO=-UB
3- (G- ,D nM4 #LK: .#- 5:3-(!'5!DLK:.#*

$R-". #2#!#81Bm>!/ QE&3= Ud!H 0K,/!  /!!`>
 .LK:.#k#mnEv
! j #/! BJ  . 3-(H 0LK:.#
j:- @#! DLK:.#*
 .LK:.#!'-.@X-.@H 0 -5G!jBEb!!(,#>H@BW#

- -

! ,2 C..@ 3-(H 0 qBW#'L.#&45= 37>I( 


'!5!EDL,B'!5!EDL,BA>7-'!-  DL,.# =M !(,
 .- @#! DL,B
, 0BV!/L
=: 
,73  CcU " j#4 5! 9()J!6 !
'! .B(J#! jBE KO)H@!(, 0 + G!jBE(!i2,b!($2 ja!5
 :J52(2,#!jB3!Kc2K?K!5= NCv-J#!jBE3!Kc
2 z,.$  C  0!.#2 z,.$ n!-5CognitiveD KO
 .2-  2 T5m~!@.2L5!2,#!jB2#!#. #
2#! 3N!  . #2z,.$'4#!!-5AffectiveJ+!#KO~
 .2,5U#+-00!"2,#!jB
 KOD  KOh! .YM Perceptual MotorJ J37uKOi
2 ,p#2!z.  QH yJ  #X-.@H 0J- @#J+!#
 .!(,! 2,#!jBEb!#!&
@Y
2,! 1>;!, < G- C7 @2#! #H 0 qM4#- .#-5:Noise-".#
2 <!<- 1P0 -7#o 2,#c8$!;-Q 2 Q2 D!(, 0
2 -#:L'7Pe.I.g,H -"B 20!q#D^;73 =- .#
4 5M7  3j jv=7D!#X-.@ !'B@+!rI(# 
 .!/ %,%9/!(!((P0 2#!#HL,BA>!>
J 5G! jBE !'v- 9
 jL B"
$ H 0()j$
0!/  
A>J#! .#!G- s. @ A>   (!W#2#!#G-9=7G-sW#-#
 " &jM4#H s G!jBE2, 0P!S>P0
N @,b3N0- $ML5! G! jBE
Y-()[#0=!, 0 
L =-  .#^3- 9 ML5! G! jBE2 , ^!#! .!5Q -".#
2 ,p #2 #E#!2 v?0
 C  !.J 0mu'- j # nM4#-".#2%1-#
- -

J$!  I (;- 2 z,.$H  , 9-BD "A>4 5M7 ,2#!  #(Semantic)
 .2,?0u2#!# (!sW#I,5! !'% qj
ML5! J, .#G!jBE.M4#ML5!G!jB?#9!0^0!(=m>
 (ML5!G!jBE)G!jBEk#mI.,q G@#HU#
+! 
2, @,b3 9!02 @H 0ML5!G!jBE2, 0"B"()M7#m
M4 #.@ A>!(g2,o-3D
BU -j/?.@ (! 5
^ Y2#! 
0!q$& 73 0/ ! 6,z. @IK!5!IYVo-#&45k
.! 6,z. @! 5o-3n!( .@M4#GO A>!(go-3D!(-j
 "0!. .Zb!jCI5 U"BG!jBE^373B4U5
=- ,?0uI 5N yML5! G! jBE(  ) j$! 1 
 03- (z #!(d B! (Y!.$>I.,W#2#!#5 2,+=34#=-V
 $!Y encodingo- 3D^7- j J$!  1I. g ,Q2 !G!jB2 ,
A>(
,% j# s2 l,5M3! Cu # )2 ,?0u7- i!.$>DNjje.
G! , H 02 , -#( !%,.BW #2 9!r'K 3!,.CI.o-#3!,.C$!Y
2 ,Y-#-U.# !'$!UuPe. !2#! # $I. k#m(20muD2,B-j#'K )
2#! #k B2%b<2!U-#3-(.@g,3-(z #!( #2 ,-#!29!r
2#! #D
 . J$!  =- =!"!!(=-.,2jje G!.E(^Y 0
 .- @# 3!UO 0!" D!>/LK:B%.I(Br/!

-:
G! vuD^K  -#
 0-()! Y2,!'m

 :JB!8$!-#k B!(BY 237DML5!G!jBEb!H 0


b! H 0/! ,Bm/E! v>N #  v-.$=  UdE:(2,O-a)3!U#I, B
 .I(., -a2q-I(, B $f!20-q G!jBE

- -

G! jBEb! H 0G! vu@ ,=  UdI, .# =3! .0!:J #I, .#
 .
z"ML5!
 .M Q A> @#G! nM4 #M#!:JY3!rf!#H 0!.$E
b! G? C 2   Dn!y^.@237H 0=-U= A>/?,
 .ML5!G!jBE
;! .vH 0/!7! j.v=37! vN,#2,0!.YE2$!U m:2,0!.YE2$!U
 .=- .#h!4 o!(zG!jBEb!'!,$!U>
 v I( `! }I(, vI(B! 5!>D2 j0v =-@ =-#.:@#
.JK%.#!(!q,.BW#2j#N! 'mb!-#k BH 0G!vu!/!!.5>

-:
=! 4 6XCOG!jBEb!N2%12$!U2!02jML5!G!jB?#
3! ".$?#
 M4 #3 #2 z,.$2 ,, .#2 -V#2 , #2r
#?.E

! # !'v 
=!(.@E;YG?.Q8US
b!=>
,.M4#-#
W # 5t#/E- 9b! -#k B! (7BW #b! )-#!P!.5?#NQ!#!07!45
 b(>=  )H -  mg ,Q(- E #3!5)I( , ! (s
7 QM4 #(- E #3!5)2 !,@#I#!0G!jBEb!)%.-.54#N3#
 :2,#!.#2K?#b!)-#
 2 l,#D ! y2  . !'-  TB2,?0>2,)J5:2l,#x@E
 .!(3-(BJY3!rJ C#X-.@ H 0Q
;! nuP? 0ub! ! (,A- .B2 ,b!072 ,)-#&4 5 B: . ;Y 3!/ ,$!K
^73- # !'-  L@BG?C!5!.B= `W#v- 3!UO!L5!z #
 .!6
!z.4e.= `M4#v- !=,B!( , s2l,#
b! 
P- B! - 52 ,, B2 ,)-#&4 5.B:&"$J0!.YE3- $!/ #!K
g ,Q! ( .#2,0!.YE,#!.#L! I,#3! #$G!jBE
- -

!  .
# (!  -B2l"B
.l"B7#,5:.b!-#k BHB
  
$Rb!-#k .#{54#j#"(f-E=O.I,v

 .=?0u
,V#:!5&;!Y!6
BN.C N.,)
! (H.U.B)ML5!G!jB?#I(Ym-D&?o(Hiebert)',5Ze 
 "J !,2,?0u @!'#2,!Ob!)-#()[#0=!, 0k#mx1
h! vu*2 ,0!.YE2l ".#I, .#*L @.# , %.# !'*-  3! CO*
 "#2,V#?=*0u!', *2!#!'v?#
G!jBEb!-#JY-#-U.#3-q.#>=:
#-2-V#2,)-#"m()J!6 !
I, .#3 L 3 N 2 0-. I, .#im! 2 #-q#- ! (D2 ,V#
2 0mu2!% j #=! U2Q-. !!'3!U#I, B2,O-a]T( T.#Jd7!O
2 . 2q"$O =/!,#7/!,+2,V#.@D=:<m378$V$u2U<~-!=- .#
! >I, .#!'-.@2!D2,@3.#!'l,63B
,#! 
,! 
q,qI, .#!!',@

 "!(b7 H 0.
23 12 !0b! )? K!5= (P<#)J?0uLrgQ!#X
k #mN 2 ! "#2 ,.#G! D! CU "ML5! G! jB?#
 :2,#!.#?#b!)-#m!0()J!6
 ..((!Y-W#3!qCO03!.#70>G?C"!j#"v 2,)
 2 !,@#!2  . '3 #m! I.'!-  G?C2,!,@#2,)-#~
 .'!".#39>27!,#'3#
 ..!53W#'. '3!( !;#7>I  37i
-:
G #D2 9!C/L /!$: <!(B: "$2 4 ML5!G!jBEb!-#x9
 2U @#27! j.vE2, !,@#2q @ #2 07^7 b! -#&45.BW#2
- -

! (.,m!Y! (.,5  I#! b! -#k BI J#+-#D! 2,Y-#OH.Q


g ,Q=: "#k #m2 $!U k ., M4#P!.5E2!#L5!2!#!5m-%.
3- ( !13 @3!" qr^$!@'!(Y-.#I07!j#b!-#k B,)-B
f! #!   \! q$H 0b!-#k B^7!.E^3 #
$R4#!6?C
G! jBEb! m-%. @B() 9-  m.,z #!-.=x9
7 OH 0LK: .#D^3 v ! 6! P! .5E H 0 1!!$j0DML5!
G #D2, !,@#2U @#2 ,Y-#O27! j.vE^- #^$!@^7 J('!0!
fk #m I#! =- U$!,Q!$9!s8%9 2,?0ub!-#k B=R4#2
+- #D!(%. @BN. #2 3#2 !#'! p$!(B!b!-#k B B
!(.p$ I0#!(.r!(,)-BH 0.!(Bq,2,#!'-UBg,QJ#
! P? 0ub! LK:B'!p$I5:J0-#^31452-.#(!3!"^$!@
2, 0! b!3I,jBY k#m'!,$!U>G!jBE!Nb! #'!p#k B&-B
! O=R 2 ,3!B2 ,Q!$  ! 8,v-.#!2! b!-#Pe./LK:B
'! ,3OD' 57o  "# =# q' 2L5!P?0u'LK:BG-Q
'!, @.#D8 ,pQ= #4 5'!,$!#!',@#!',@rD/!Y38vE
 .U'!.H 0 '!0!7OH 0!(BLK:B237-
Y-.#I07y
 :'!p#k .#.>J !,
 :(29!9#?\+>)<! LK:.#2p$
L @.#h!vuH 0^3v2!02jML5!G!j BEb!
U .S! /p$
G! jBEb! -#= X BW #^p#k B"#=#AO7-#G?C'7!
$R
"! 1 ()J! 6k#mm!^<!^3-jLK:.#Q>H 0^3vML5!
2, 94 J#! jBE#=R4#LK:.#k#mD/!-v/j0U"B2,#!jBE2#!# =
4 5H 0 + v!( D2,#!jBE2, #-5b!#G!3>=!/E b!#G!3>
8 ,Hypodermic Needle Approach^ u2aCG!jBED&!E

- -

2% @#2 9!9#2 p$ Hypodermic Theory^ u2 a2p$IR2p#


 "Bullet Theory
LK: .#H 0
B3vD^L^-vJ?0u8q0 2p#&45=>"()M!<m
! #A> pB2 p#&4 5=>.?/ . 
.,% 1 ,j,#29!9# q
"-(
b! #!! (Q7 zyI(,  <! LK: .# Ud2, '! v- I53! .0!
 "2,?0u
 9!# 2 0-!(,0!.B^2, 0G!jBE2, 0= 
Q! >!}
k #m  g ,Q2, @b! # .J  . 3- (= - U= 2#-(@#[, 
G! jBED2q, @ B  ( !P-W#!', # =v-#"m!0()j$
! #7aL7#2#!#70RML5!G!jBED/,B xjBJje"#
I(.! v>!  I53! 0 ! BA>2! 1u!3!   '. !'5!EDN! .
k#4 #"2 9!C'3! (A>i! .sI62-(o-3D!(1I(B!, CI(b!)
'! ,3OD2p#&45'.5(")9- N!/?-+jBf2p#&45=R
 "7LK:.#2p$3-(p#G!x@!}2,$, !'3#P! jBfm>
 :7LK:.#2p$
2 p$3! ,($ !~0 D"()J! 6N ! 7 LK: .#2p$'7!
 :2p#&458si3<! LK:.#
 ."'U. 3!".$>im-~N. QH 0G!jBEBim-
 :N. QH 0G!jBEBim- 
8 7-Y(Berrlson)=- @#L(Lazarsfeld) , 3oE=-Q! #37
 DJ je"#G! jBE 
M4 #3 #(")9- x1 !(Gaudet)
H 0G! jBE B)2, 1 x 9 M4 #3 #4 5ML5! G! jBE2 , 0
 "(N. Q
M  #^7! I(., @B!e < 
 M4 #3 #2 ,5 g%#45"#
- -

 "4 #^7!#;E5Uf"()H-
%1 !-5(Opinion Leaders)
,S.N,-UN#@ G!0OG!Y3N  !N, .#^7!#!I(0g%#
^3- jP? 0ub! -# ,U#I(1BG?C2!#3-t#I(.-#I(0?+!
 "I5L0I(B,
( "#3! ,.C)3-( " I(! .D&? o(Lazarsfeld) ,3oEVvv
 :N,#!.#N1#()J!6N!
=  /E /! @2 3  '. #B!0P?0ub!=-UB= xY3O
 .'. #-s!0=-UB
 .M #^7!v0!(.,BI.= xY3O
$RP?0ub!LK:B=!!(
 =- U! 5LK:B U#^<!^3-j7OH 0KBE2,?0ub!# =M
2 ,b!(#2, j#=- U "I 5 .!'l .N=".4#M #^7!vG?C
 .20!7!I,vH".BW#2q#!7t#!($-g,2,#!jBEb! #
G! jBE" =G!vNQ=-Q!#!6Z CW#2,b!(#
z,.#()M!<Zr
^7! v= P? 0ub!  $!wP! #M  #
,Y-B-UBD!/ (/37 Jje"#
7 ON , -#37=-  J je"#G! jBE2 , 0D/! (/ j0=- dM #
 "P?0ub!
 :'U. 3!".$>im-~
I.  Y  ~-   ^ Y^ UM 
$ "3!U.E()J!60
 "^!,D
e.
-  N ! '! ,.@# !',@r^ L CO'- @#J 
H 0G! jBEB2,14COA>p #5m()9
im- #4 5X'U. 3!".$im-J37LU#M #4(4C g,QQ
(Rogers) Y3P v4 U5 CZe <  .'! -  B=: 
 :J52p#I(H 0!$0!@B'!,.#2b!v(Shoemaker)U,-<
] #^5! "- 7#A>h!. E% j#2 #!qH 0=- jQM  #^7!v

- -

 .P?0ub!-#/!1BI(0!B  I(k#4#I(2 j#'m2,$- .#


^ 3! UOT Bk#4G- 7!`>H 0^37!v^Y3!U I(#M #^7!v
 .I(0!B  L#27!#
 L, .#  ]02# @ !( !'I(0! B   G!jBI(#M #^7!v
 .I5L2,.#3!"0N#@
 .I(0!B  ,.J0!.YI(#M #^7!v
 2 ,0!.Y23! "  I($R M #^7!v
..M4#J0!.YE #2z,.$
 .I(0!B
 H  .3- (=: (U,-<oY3)=-Q!#x1-"m()M!<!

$ TE45U#('U.)^Y3!U 0&LU#!'-  ML5!G!jBEb!
,U "BDM  #^7!v0Jje"#G!jBE37JB:!5^<!!(, 0-!( ,
 "'U. ^3!UO&453-(v-
 :9!023 H 0'U. 3!".$2p$.B"()J!6m
J0! .YuP! p#D;! 0O8 v-#'- #0G!jBu3!U.u U. 
P? 0ub! '-v= :'U. 3!".$"2p#&45G-Q
QVvD(-#L)X
  J je"#G!jBE'-v=-UB!,'U. G-Q2 CD2, 0!
 "^Y^UG-Qv- ,U"BD2, 0!
 :<! LLK:.#2p$
'LK: B= /L 77 B'! ,3O2 !($D()J! 6m
7. I(#7O2@$= k#m!/ , 0,q. #2 !vL'vML5!G!jBE
3! +uJ je"#D! # !=,#!B 4 5 v I(B7. >Cc!5h!.v?#

q, (X-v)-0G?CKML5!G!jBE =A>k#mY7 #J0!.Yu
D2q,-0J5(2,b!.$E!', #)D-#&45.BMediating Factors
 :J !,.B!5LK:BsG!jBE2, 0
- -

  -.!ML5!G!jB?#I(1B;!K !#J.g,Q: 28c


 .k#m?C=-z.I(B!!.5I53!U
m! !6; L@.2-Ua2,?0u2#!#>=: 28c:I&~

B3- j.#2 z,.$M7!  J0! .YE ;z #
B!v-BJ5! .3 3-j.=
 .
#
@#!!(Bb!J5!
B!37>
E 
, E! } 
n 
3&3-j.!4.; : 28cDN# Y
 .2!@#2, #!B4.#!
n
 BE2 qV2q, 'K  -0G? CBG!jBEb!=R4#
 .3-(H 0LK:. #@^3 #!
 :G. LK:.#2p$
 m! (Moderate Effects Theory)G . LK: .#2 p$8 U "B
7 LK: .#2 p$ 02p#&45,.B'!,@#D()J!6
'LK: B
#AO@B!,2 Y!02,B'LK:BML5!G!jB?#@B2,$!#=:
= E>Jb!.$E.#I#!
$ P?0ub!-#2#. 2p$8%1 2 Yc2,B
7O! 2! @#(!B!5!--5! G-,!6[,#3-(2 , vL2@$!5
/! Q 2 #!e p#2 (YH 0h? +uD2#!I6- "! /!  =-1.
 .7#!'5!E#!-5! . #
 :G!#LK:.#2p$
- =>"()M! <mg,Q2%@#29!9#^U'7!0 2p#&45=>
 BW #p#2(YA>^7-#A>NQ!# !;#87!(z5!3-qBG!jBu
 "3-(H 0G!jBEb!LK:B^-vH 0
x 1 ! (Powerful Effects Theory)G! #LK: .#2 p$x 1-B
!(e. 0LK:.#Q>D^L^-vML5!G!jBEb!-#= "()J!6
 "2Ua2p\q
- -

 ,%.#2, !O7!   = 3NQ! #(" = ) 9-  N


 :J !,.!P?0ub!-#M-#LK:.#
 .NToXH 0(3U.#)2,?0ub!#^7!0>
 .2,?0u2#!#(
.@Bg,N3-(H 0,V#
&4 5 2z @b! 3i! .$!G! jBE!Ib! #P- J U#2 ! 5Os
 "5O
^- vA>^7- #!=( !)-,$-$g,#8.()J!6!1 
 :J5P?0ub!LK:.#2@#!2!52K?K'3!.0'7Q(P?0ub!
 .!5LK:BBA>
Y-B#7.H 0P?0ub!b!33UB0]./IV#
g ,Q=! U D& 9!s=!@$uH 0q,@BP?0ub!2,#-=>/2,#-"#
 .Y-.
Dk #m./!!z@$/!v!BI(B!@G!jBE!Nb!#N=>/(-.#)P!z@$E
 .3!CO"'$I(%9- K!d=:I(B!(Y-B
G! jBEb! Pe. >=g ,Q2 3#&4 5
Y-B  .B2 p#&4 5
G! LK:B
#=-U= U 2,, .#2, #2r2Ua2p^3-jML5!
 ..7#H 0
:
 LU#! ^L 0,.G!jBEP.X-.@-5ML5!G!jBE! =y
 :J !4#!ZG!U<O#
#=-U= V !'j#

-::

h3o N 54x,1-B"#:TB2#2!072 9 "()2?m


DI(+-0+0L5!DLK:.#2#!a:T.!/ Q?q9 !^Lj# ',z"#
 ."^7a'!- IB=72!A>G-9-#,
H 0LK: . #H @BW #7-((!"$:~773!$-,#0/?$()H- (!0
-U "I, vIB2, 0L5 ,sY !6N . 7O- '!,je<
- -

 "NoD7a.D!(.%j
 03 L.#J52!0# "Lassell -E0/?$()9- !(0
 ;3cH 0LK: .#A> (M4 # !'0! 7O03jM4#G!O; 3
"J @$I UsG?C/!@^7a5 Y k#mXC '!0! 7 G!
 
#!ML5!G!jBEG!U< !5L0Propaganda2!0#,.B
 :J !()2?!573 W#',
! 3 h! vuA>J BEJ (;-(.E;u~-  Pe.A>2!0#,S
 .
,#!$E'3!"#G!.A>H@BLK:.#A>JB
#!5=R2%,%9'!- PBW#M 2"#2l#2!0#7-Y
2 -#: b! -# 2%,% 9^3 #![, #'! - P BW #!!'0 #
 ....b! #2 '?o!  .#%j#:2!0 #

::

B"?q9ED".!(b!.$!'(!-  "$"2 #D()2?


0
M 3- UBH 0I50!@BW#2.!#b!2, @#!'-  2%,%j#3!CO!!#
2, 00/!,0-1-/LBM #45g ,2 U" b!v-#2vDb!9
 ".I6-,I(B!5!L5!
G! jB?#2 7 7- 2 0-"! ($:P? 0ub! ! @# Y 0
 "...%j#o! .#2 0mu . <!L <!U"M ,5!
D7 #( !Y!.nW # !'-  
 :E3vL-BDP?0u2,)oB
! (,. @W#!'-  ;#P?0u2,)PB"()M!<m^!,JQ-$2!
 "!/ ,0!.Y!/ U/!7!
B!,QD!(,.@^7!
#-B
'! -  #!/d B /3! C>
 9-P? 0u  =I #H 0"() , 0m
! 5-qB
b!%. (!Y ML5!G!jB?#2,!Ob!)-#Q .Inform

- -

 ML5! G! jBE2 , 03! +>DP? 0u|  =!(o-B%j#3-(p#AO!'#4


G. @$!% 9 .L5! !G! jBE ML5! G! jB?#/! 7P- ( x9 
,)-
B
- 73
 % 9)L5! !G! jBEb! H 0 qx 9 ML5! G! jBE!P?0uP-(
+- #DG!. E2b! <'!% q j &4 58% 9 Mass MediaP? 0ub!(...=- B

 "2,!O2,#!jBE2,)-#H 0!(.#E7$!w2, #P-( H 02#EJ#


Schramm And )[B 3PU  mP? 0ub! 2 ,5 D

 + 0 #


YD2 !0ML5! P? 0u3. 39u(")Roberts
= J 52q, @2 !Y>2.2q,@B2#D2 U" L@BA>i!.n2B'-9
I(b! q0>D. @B=-Y! .n! I(, qBJ 5! #h- ~4 YSP?0ub!
 "k#m
! r  P? 0ub!  .B"() Saxena!, @!! 1 
Do3! 37P? 0ub!  B= v-. J$ .z #2 !U.^-2,+v-d #
2,0! 9 2 ,#!'! !.5>=! ;- M %.#D^! #2-U=! #H 0^q,@#
H 0^3 #P? 0ub!!#v-.!y3.gj#D2(P?0ub!.
! 8v-#[$Dk#m\-@#G-Q:K:.;J<G J5P?0ub!.;J<
 "3-(z #I(P?0ub!
z.B
P?0u! I.(
$ k<E23#&45gG!-5ML5!J, .#G!jBE
W #
5 1()=Cc7-@#^L'm!(M4#-5M-V#
 0I, .#2!,5 ,sDP!(u"A>M-V#P?0#M7!<3u,##D!57>
 #2 Q!=! ,2,? u2 "#I, B H 0 #2  .e P?0ub!
'?U "[  B .D! , # !;^ #2,- @# !'5!E2 ,BJ? u
 "!(5!M-V#J0-#gH 0#.


- -


-::

B!,I . 0%.@- Q>


$ H 0I, .#(")2?
0
!/ 2l<!#- DJ!`>L,BQ>(.@B2,0!.Y2, 0!($ H 02!02,V#
 "
,#>. q. (!
2 3 3! +> 1^7! 0I. M4 #I, .#2,)"()[#0=!, 0m
 jN . A>' r !'-  3!   $J(2-V#! @!'5L
 "^G!,YOA>D!#V#$'3!( 2,B
2 ,BM "#G! 3- UB"J 5I, .#2 ,)()I,5>Y!!1 
- ! y2,0!.YE2U#!'5!E-qB^3! 0"U#2"#73-
 7 0  N '! -  2  " $!/ V "/! U/! z(2V "2 !K
 "N+-
! ,!53! j.C U ML5!G!jBEG!U< U"I, .#2,)U#
W #2 ,z(  !'-   N0- $PB2,)
.,QDI, .#(">=)M!<&m
D^ Y'3! (; @UB'!- PB J#I, .#2, 0I,0.#!>Pe.@B
 "J#LI, .#3!+>
J!  mP? 0ub! 3- qBI, .#3! ".$N ! B3>! 5
b! 3- qBI, .#3! ".$N!B3-B7-YLearner$L#X"(),
 "Cc$!YM3! P.#M7!j.vE-#$!YP?0u
:-:

;- =? 0u" #H 0^L^3vML5!G!jBEb!-#= 


,k<E!}
=? 0uML5! G! jBEG!U <  =R 4 #2U5OH.Q 23!O
2 0P?0uA>(J#!jB!"$"
$:()H- 
0g,QAdvertising
 "L5!!G!jBEb!0!6]V#2C ^U

- -

 @#- @.#2 3!z.#2 !0#b!  2 , - 5"()2? 


0
=Ok #m7!  3! Ut#] V#@   ( #&46]V# =k<E'!z. 
 "p#8#=?0u2,)=!@$u0X-v 27! 2Y!
! "#DLK: .#A>=? 0uH@P!0U""()[#0=!, 0x1 
ML5! G! jBEb!Pe.@B.23!5 ,sNU (.@ 3-(J-@.#
.2  .e !'$?0#b! - U "=- .#20mu?'%j#29!C
 "
-:
LK: .# %.!(0%.$W#ML5!G!jBE2, 0D"()j$m
 5 xz B! 0
.#! 3 
 ,#>G- 9-#J ?0u G! jBE!Ib!#H@M4#
 "^,0  I( HB ^UP!,#2, 0D2#-(@G!jBE
2 ,0!.Y  ,sA>ML5! G! jBE("( )H - !1 
 ?
#.BW#L5!2!e #k#m@(...I, BxBP?0>)2 .
 "I(- I53!U DJ#!.#!KBN . -$D
b!3KB=
 :J !'LK:.#k B2Q!#8z..v
2 z,.$^ Q-#!3- "#- BD2 L5! !'.@ !=$>2 3 ,s
P B=>"()M! <mk#mDgj#!5("W#2Q?. '3-q.#
! #7! >H 08 0W#2!6'L. !=P?0ub!3-qB'?9- b!
I @.L  Yf! 0D=- ",I( Y2 , I(.0! 2, 9OI(.! K 0
 j#@ !=$>8 Y p#&4 5 #
( ! !=,- %z= I(, 0f!0-#!
b! A>: z 
. Y #h!, # ^Q-#! "2L5!!'.Dg
=! l+E!! 53!+>D "=! W #^L "# 5O !'0! 2 L5!P?0u
b! ' K  CcH y #B- .#0! " Z e.#H 0
$!Bb!-2Q#

"2,0!.Yu!'v?#H 0P?0u


- -

G! jB?#2 ,0!.YE7! OI, 9  9=>"N()j$!


2 ,0!.YEI(B!v?0!#H 0G!jBEh-#45LK:BXD=-UML5!
2 ,-,#I(B! ,QD! ($- .nW #2 9!r2, 37ODI(,7-@BBW#
= NQ! #I pG- J0! .YEG! 4 5D2 ,( 2 , # 2, je"#
 "&7 NG!jBQ=7^!,,q.@EJ$!@$u.
ML5! G! jBE(") j$ mJ0! .YD! K37ML5! G!jB?#
P! #J0! .YEX-. @ H 0D! #! U.#G!D/!!5/37 2!0^3-j
3 P! ,#
 USW #2 ,0!.Y!',#@3^-v
#=O
,nM4#
 "I, x,%9
~!% 9 37 "() j$ m7 OI, vDK 37ML5! G!jB?#
I, vDK B2 L5!'E!jBE =I(B!!.5?.CH 0NQ!#!'p#
 I(B! 5!!#I,!5LK:B$!YI(B!5!!6=-1.4#7O
 "Cc$!Y
! (b7!! (,vA>=7! ! 57  YD2 ,0!.YE2,!,@#2q @#23;!13>
p#! ' Y! ,QP? 0ub! K: .B"()H -  m!(.,Y-#  
!/ B p#&4 5 .
0BM4#.2# #2,0!.YE2,!,@#
!,LU.#L.#2QP?0u2,#?.!x@B=(! .C k#4#
 "2##2!,2.JB:.#2,?0u7- 2v!5LV"
:
-  k #m m! ML5! G! jBEb!'-#2,! '!-2.!5
DMerrill & Lowenstein!. "$-#
,3 X#.B()9
Feed back^ B 2 4.# X j# Y3 o-.#i! .$u^7! 0>J5'!-23
 :J#!.#-%#H 0!6!BU !'- k B-".#2 #2!1>-.#

- -


-: Reproduction \

=! @$u!64 W #7- (k B! (j"i!.$u^7!0>=:()M!<X


2#! #20! 2 ,?0ub!#i!.$>9!0-qBY ^3-q. 'E
e.R
"-j.#'Ec,z@.#'Ec!q#2, 9O
'EhV C  !; # US!:m()9- !
= ! (Ud- j.#'Ec,z @.#'Ec! q !b!#i!.$>^7!0>=!Uu!x9
^7! 0>2 , 0I. B j. #? =- UB= ! (Udk#42, 9Ob!#0! B,B
 :J59!02@Pe.!i!.$u
 .2,p #o-#Pe.!2v-q 2 #i!.$>^7!0>
 .J 9O-j.#^3-j#o-3
 .=- #Pe.!^!,!!(<3-j#Pe.@BW#o-#!;q0>2,p #o-#x,1-B
 .!5LH,-  2, 9O'-9O$ i!.$>^7!0Rk#mI.'-j#
 .!( $ 2i!.$>^7!0>

-:Distribution \

 ,sH 02 ,?0u!^# 2,#!jBE2 ,-#^3v


j"()M!<
0
 "3!".$E
G! jBEb!  o-.#H jvO  ,%.#() 9-   m
 :2,! 9!02K?K-BEML5!
 2,#! jBE2#! # 2 , -#^3J5Portability()#H 0^3
 .=-UH$ .@ 3-(A>G-9-#
b! #G!. H 03- (^3 J 5Reviewability2 Y H 0^3
 .
#2! 2q#@Q!(.Y
 .!5393-3-(z #2#!#G!jH 02 ,-#^3J5Simultanity23-#

- -


-:Feed back -\

D2#!3"!($ H 0^B 24.#J5 Feed backXj#Y3()j$0


2#! 3!(BmQDB 2#!3H 0.@ (!7G!jBE!&E[! !&E
ML5! G! jBED YcJ je"#G!jBEDM3-
$:Xj#Y3,.^Y
 ."
 Q?B  B= ML5! G! jBE@!',q.@BE"()M!<N
!(,.G!jBE2, 01CB^0'L.!5= k#m&7s Xj#Y3
37uL @.# Jb! .$E4 .# Jb! .$E .#;  !=- 2 ,b!.$E2 , #
 "Jb!.$E
 :JB!( Feed back ^B 24.#)Xj#Y3()M!<I@v#
 :!5N0-$A>
BLK:Bg,QXj#Y3I@
 .sv2#!#LK:B=: #N-5: Df!7W
 .%.f2#!#LK:B=: #45::f!7W
 :J5h-$ 2K?KA>
.,v-B~-  g,QXj#Y3I@~
 .Jq-#G!jBEJ(Y- G!jBED%.h-#45:&If!7W

#- 9C: .g ,QML5!G!jBE',}-5:(x))1Wf!7W
 . #
i! .$uv2@ 3-(G! 7732 j.
,H@:l!8)f!7W
- 53- (z #!( 10 v
.#! 3 BD&,g,2,?0u2#! #Jb!(#
 .ML5!G!jBE!!C
 :N0-$A>
b7 ~-  g,QXj#Y3I@ Y
J je"#G! jBuJ G! jBE2 ,+ @Q7 %.4 5:  If!7W
2 #! !'.U#G? C=-U,ML5!G!jBED! P?U#!=-UJ(Y- 

- -

2 0mu ?' ]% j#A>; #7! # (!W # !'QV 


 .=- .#
'3! <u + 0J(Y- G! jBE2 #!QD=- U:  If!7W
'! 0-q +0P?0ub!D=-U #,#N,#
Y-#!'Q
'? % j#2 #!QD'! , P! v3 G? Ck#4P?O!'$-qu
 .=- .#20m#2@#!N.@ 5!" IzQ

-:Finance \

ML5! G! jB?#^ , Zb! jr  -.# ."() 9-  m
, ".#;-  -SA>i! .s^L '! @G? C ^7!0I.ML5!G!jBE!
 "!5L5!A>2,?0ub!#,9-B'E 'L-.# Ne.@
A>
.,.ML5! G! jBE ,." m ()[ # 0=! , 0! 
M7! I 07=72  .e 2 ,?0u (!b! 3g D23. E(!UdE^L'!@
2! 1u!2  .e 7- (^ 'YO'EA>^.@2Y!!($Ok#m.@
 "ML5!P?0uG!D #2 5 2,#2"#37-U#A>
2 ,#G! jBEb!!(, 0.BW#-.#G!U<O
@#!! "()M!<!1 
I5 b!-#&45;3BW#(!'2,?0u2,%j#2,U !:,KU"j.B!($R
 <! J- U -.#2 7#!', '7>'!V<E'!$?0u:J52, -.#G!U<O&45

 <2,% 9'! @ k #m2 ,-U!'5! @  J bJ- U-.#P?0u'3o0
! $!,Q ! (B!$2 ,qB,q. @BW#2,#! 237u(!.,#?.!6U#
,-UQ'!@J529!C
2 #7DP? 0#'3! u !=,#W @ jyP 5O2@23!z.#(!B!+!"$!,bY
2 ,-U'0! @ G? C-.#2,-U!'V<u!'$?0uG?C-.#'3!u
'! @ % j #J  -.#k#mL2, #!;'0u\3-#I07^3-94e.BW#

 "jy"#-#JBY-S2,?0u

- -


-: Gatekeeper \

&5! "$! & $!(!/ ,0-$/!,)!#7nM4#-5"


$: ()M!<0
 "
,BH 0 !,0,U"BDI(@M4#-5
,#>.@$!
2 ,0-$2 ,! #7 nM4#-5"
$ H 0 ()[#0=!, 00
! vm! $U! ,0,U "BD/L qC/! (/37  J#! .#!. @$W#b!#
 "M4#!&E!!B!5!
^L '! @G? C I.BML5!G!jBE2, 0=>"()M!<!1 
 B'!@ &45U#2,#!jBEb!#,9-BD29!r(!5 !(.@ !6^L9
Iz @B @.B= ! (, 0=R 4 6N M UM7! j.vJ !,J0!.Y!\,D
2 ,Q!$ 27! j.vE(!.% j!(. @ !( 5 
(Y\!,@#45!( b!
 "XC

-:
& m! ! (ML5! G! jBEb!  .#'E! a^ 0' Y
W #b!-#k BH 0Mass MediaML5!P?0ub!."B"()J!6
!(B3  .B! # L70A>2L5!b!#$H 0^3!6
!, @#.U#?'%j#2,$VU#> 2,U,$!U,'Pe.!2,#!jBE
'3- #2 ,0!.YE'L. # b! -#&4 5'3- qB8  v=-  .#-7#
 j0) H @! J##P!p#DG!jB?#^3!,@#\q#2,B!-  2,Y-#-U.#
 "(2 -#
 0^3!0"!($ H 0ML5!G!jBEb!!0()[#0=!, 0!
2 !v>2 !<'!! @ 0 C G! jBEH 0=!@$u^3vB^0!@'7 ^(Y
7- Y- 5,Q-#\3!#.2,!OG!jBE2, 0H 08 C7 b!7J5.I(G!jB!'v?0
N3 N, #N, ?0u h!qv!(,W#^(YOb!-#k B',<W# @!'
A>2 3  ^2 .e b!#"$g#D!(e.(&YO&45,"BH 0=- 4#

"!/ $!,Q N? A>jBN .@ /Y2^0!v


- -

-:
 !(! ".20J5!Mass MediaML5!G!jBEb!Bf
E- q.#H 0^3 #. @sDP.#2 z2Q?.2'3-qB!6Q
4 5^7!.E=Rk#4#
!($!6[,#,:.#!U#
!6J(NQ0B
G- jI. H .Q7  U# [Y!53-q02% 23G!jBEh-#
' ,  ML5! G! jBE
..! /p$^b!#
,sUd!Hjv H 0
27! j.vE2 ,0!.YE - #= k <E"()J,# # m'!j#
7!
2 Y37 .z #!54,.#!( q BW#b!)-#G!jBEb!PB2Y3/!,K/E!jB2,!,@#
- 5ML5! G! jBEb! 3- qB= '! . .Db!-#k B!(..BW#2
&4 (
, BM4 # .  z.E;YJ(G!jBEb!!(!BW#'3-q. #2z,.$
P? 0>b!.D(pB3-qB2 QJ!53!".$G!jBEb!H 0^<!KBp#

 "3-q.#k#m!B
=
#8 9!A>8 9H.QQ #!'b!-#k B=R46
 #()J! 6 m=!UDN . 3-(A>G-9-#H 0^L^3v
G- vH 0!6- jQD^K  Q3: ! ,3!B2 L5!G! jB2 ,  ' 
^L 2 #! ($ 3! .0H 02 , -#A> p#2 QJ 5AO2 Q :!6L5!
2 #!#2 Q 2 ,-#k B
Ks= v-. KO!P!.5EJ52,$!#2 Q ~!z0#
! (,#>
Y-  #! 5o!G? C2,0"#@!(!.2 ,- #T#P.#2 QJ5
7 t#2 ,2 !#D2 , -#i! $J 52 ,- #3-(BD&LCO2 Q 
 .2,-,#I(B!,Q/;YxjBg,
D:J#! .#- %#H 0b! -#k B3- qB()j$.B#
i! .$u !B M4#Oi.$-Y!Q-v2%. 2,$ hVCP!0
~! .G  + iB- Y! Q- USP! 0D2 0-q 7-  #ML5! 
D2 0-q  ?'%j#3-()P! q#x.2%. 2,$ Pe.!
- -

,q. @M4 #- $-#o! (Y=-  !-BPvP!0D."0!@#=#


L! hV C= - @U7P! ,#h!q. >P! 0k #m .'- j#^7!0>,z@B
Pe. !2#! 3G  $DJ$-3! - , ,Y-Yx |P! 0D.2 %. - j.#
  #2 %. ^3- j#. B^!vN3oLd7?hVCP!0D! .-7#!'Y-
 ! ,8% 9 W #B- ,2U <2,UOh!#^3o8!v P!0D.J
b! N \ #Digital transmission2 ,v#!,Y-#-U.#B-.8$V$u
!(2%. ^3-j#'-j#Z#Ni !P-Bg,Q2!@#2L5!G!jBE
 "# =#2 !($ ,B2,#!G!jBEb!=:G- #!M4#O!( $
 .2,#!.$>2 Q
 :J#!.#-%#H 0b!-#&45,jBU 
 :(Printed20-q)2L5!G!jBb!
. Books .U#
 .Newspapers%j#~
 .Magazine'? Y

 :( electronic2,$VU#>)2L5!G!jBb!
 .20mu(Audio)2,G!jBb!
 .=- .#(Audio-Visual)2j2,G!jBb!~
 :( all-inclusive2 !<)2L5!G!jBb!
 .Internet8$V$u~



.Satellite2,0!j#3!vO

 :h-$0^j.&4$J !,

(Printed )
-: Books )(

3! BN0  h > U 3! U  $! 6?CI.2 (2 ,-5


7 .# I -5h!..E .}-(2 9!QO,K-B^!#IO
- -

M !( .s= ,q. @BEW #


.$!U
#H~!.U#!b!-#'3-qB!(2- U
 .TPBTB3-qB8 !(XC 2 ,

Y-'! -   2 0-h- qIph
">$ H 0()-,#7
0v
 ";#P- L7#
-:

,z @B =! @$u US2 , A>2Y!'#-B()j$m


 ^7 G 2 !.U#8 k#4#!(.v7P02"#^4#7-,v&s&3!U
3! BDI ( 3- q.#! !67!.#2 ,3!UO&45e.#/?!U./!!p$8 U<3!UO
'- 9O! U#J$! 3!UO![,#^3-j o-#3DSJ$!@$uG!jBE
 Q'3- qB! 5 N '-jQ I3,.#2+=!@$u3-+g,Q
M7 #\3Pe. D7?,  P! 0Ec2 K?K vNj !;vx|v;!z6
! #N ! 67!B3! UO!'-  ,z@.#2 (2 ,G =-U,#Papyrus
2 dv'3! Q'3-+
Y!.$>=U.n;!#=-j !=M4#M7#\3$!YA>
;! z6 Q2 !.U#( !,'3- qBW #^V #G?C2,<! 7- YXC b!
 .D/3- qB("B2,$!@$u!'.8$!2 (G.#,z@.#b!
 "# !^,QIp BN$- vA>2 Y!3- ()U 2?#3-()X7 v'E!
,z @.#b! KA>2 Y!A>(P? uI K2,%,@ IK27-(,#)2!@#!=7O3-()
 QI zQD Q D Q/!0- 1-M- sW #xqO ^3!UO
 .
BUA>9-.#!=#A>YM4#=
$M4#U"#!~!.U#)(k#4

-:

2 . ^b!#2 - 
B!% 9xq  H 0~! .U# !'YN =!@$uH 
- $7I53! U - z ! $  I U
N 3! .# n
$:"2, @.#
2 p% #&4 5D 8v-#45D8KQ!($:!5$!5N@#!'l4I(BC
- -

=: =! K .Eq#!.2. !


b3!v"LCU#nLC-5~!.U#>=
 "B= ,%. @   2 . A>.B!(U#D  =-UBv
2,.#
[U2,$!@$u2! #i!.~!.U#(")-,#7m.~!.U#!;-.QE2vj#!;
J$! @$u U#3-q.#2(YM7! T.#3-q. #
@U2- 27! @!=$u!j
2 7! Zb! jr
,'-Bm>E>2 U#H:/!!.=-UE
U#.XC 2(Y
 ";X3!#2,#!jB2v?0P!v ~!.U #
f! #I 1H 0
B3v*"!(~!.U#',}70()[#0=!, 0m
 2 $3!
ZC3*
#B
$
2#-(*
.7N2,$!U 2,$!#&7! U
E=- .#! ^7 a ,0-
#[, # ,#G! .D/! b7*'!-  37!j&L
 "!5LI ,#
$-qEG!-5!
,".#o!(YA>i!.n
-: Newspapers)(

^3- j#2  U#! r20! 9! ($:"()2?  m! 2!% j# B
 "2!0#
,V#,.#I , .#P?0u! !'#
2 Q! 5. #"G! vg ,QU < :!(0()J!6 !
2!% j#;J <v2#!3!($:=-,#! NQD!($:!(C#
 "!(,2!.U#20-q 23#%j#"$20!9TB!(-(y2(
-:

 A>- jJU#=UI( Y= "#TH 0A!B


$!%>= 
 0"()J!6m!QE2d#'3! @!=$>=Rk#4#I(!jn!
! = A>^q#!  9-B2 3!#
,v+!K!S'!?0V
$:G!#H 0&L
^ U#&45#G!U<O&4520!#G!#DQM4#-5'oP#+!2-.n
!6?. A>37!  ,# #7? D2 d#'3! @ !=$>8 YW #J5
 "C U"20!q #2+A>G-9- #
I 52!% j#h .EIO = NQ!#m"()2?!1 
D!  7?,  v()P! 08 @ (=!N)!(2,%9I6=!
$ =-,,j#
- -

! 5Lv!3 D'()4 62 q KI5 2!%j#.gj#


2!% j#8 0 J #" \#D!  .h .CE46XCOf!#@(! =#
 "(\E-)2q
'!$-=-, !$ Q g ,QjH 02,@$#2 >!=
-:

2 ,32 $!U -.B8#oE!($ E>2L5!G!jB2 ,-2!%j#PvI#!


2 ,$!(.#! 3^L ! (.,5 =R 4#^;#{aN 3-(X#29!C=:"#
= "()- ,#7 m2,0- 1- \j# L U#( !B!,+D s= V W#
b! I 5 P!#M  #!((,Y-B!(,b3!v2@$g,Q8%9 '?%j#
'! -   .BJ(2!'.D!(0;!.EUdEW#G!jBu
 "^9! 2,!,@#2U#!^,
' ,S% j# =E> r $20 D=-  .#2 0mu BI#!
, 9!.;! $O   2 ,qB2 ,$!U>D"()[#0=!, 0N!!(0
2 ! #2 jj'!% 9I BQO3!CO$2,%j#2(8@,#
 '! Y!Q2 , BH 0% j# sk#4 2, @.#2 1!# #=- #
 8 v D.!'lv!(, 0G!vE(!P!.5E7746!#
 ",# 3!($
 v..D!(.$!U!(5 !(.!D2,5 2!%j #"()2?!1 
! ($:8 92,b! #2 4,.#2, ".#2q @#2#2 q @#(!$:89
7- 3! C  & "B!  +0.z #?9>-B^7 J(2 #?2Q!9
'! -   LU#3!#(!,`2L5!G!jB2 ,-2!%j#=R!5.2,!K
 "
,V#2, @.#9!0!(,`!JQ-#H.<D
-: Magazines -

E>)h-   0 BE


.37 
U#/! 37!/ 0-q"J5()-,#7!(0
(2  )2,#!
.,@BH 0x q9>=!.H 
^,Y
.0!+\32,0-$(/37!$

- -

= e T BJ 0 9  2  J5(Magazines)IR2, |u!!-5


 ";J<
,h!M4#@  #
,=M4#
-:

/ YC:. !53-()I'?80!q.v"()[#0=!, 0m


'! -  37! jI 5 xj.#h-.B3-q.B= /!,@$Lj#!50(P).U#0
G! D2 9!'! -  37! j ! 5LH 0\-..#ML5!G!jBEb!
 "!,Y-#-U.#P- #
-:

W #( ! ?'U SW # ', o   ()[ # 0=!, 0m


20 P- #2 !U#2-#2,0-1- (!.,qB^7.'!0-1- !(.!"
,5 !(.q0
H 0! (b-.Q'!!".EQO'3-q.#C!(b-.Q(!B!- 2KQ!539
! }2 p.^7 a2 ,o'V H 0!539G!D2jje.^7.'E!^0
 "!539vB2, 0(@

( electronic )
-:(Audio))(

3!".$E?"q9ED"20!<u(!"$ H 02 #D20mu()2?0


8vD. .#.!5L23!2,, B2,!K23!C>7- -7#2q-7-j Ip
 "N.@ vQ
(Radius)- 73 #A>2 0mu2  P- (7- "()J! 6 m
 Bg,QJ0muG!3u/?!B2,@.#&45^b#qvj$TB2,,B?#!
 "G!3>!6b7U<DG!3u02,B-j#!'Y-
-:

3- q.U"'()g,Q2,$VU#u2L5!2,#!jBEb!-#20muB
2 0muJ ,3! .# !=P! 0D()J! 6k#mm!

- -

W #8 V72 2 qa8 0m ! 0()D"20mu"-7#+03!CO


2 ,UO" !=.,2ED2,#O!!'e.$E]b!.$0B(BMR)2qa!(, 0 q
] #2 @ (` N )2,%9%j#M3a P!02!($D
P! 0D(W.N.B.C)2 qa=H @BW #(W.E.A.F)2 qaD23!Cu
^7! oA>X7 M4 #M3! z.# ?=0u ^" %.  !'E-#D2 0mu !'qa'  
80!q. W #2,UO2,+-#20mu2<8@:BP!0D! .G!3u!'qa
'! E-#D2-v2qaG [,:Bv2qa()!570 '!0mu2U<;!"$>
20mu'3-qBf!#G-Q!(gB= 8USM!.!<DP!0D^%.
g ,Q #^3o- 2 ,$! O2 0mu8 qB3!,$! JAO2, !#(!;~.$
I .2 9!r " !'#x @B! (U#G! 3u !'qa,, ".P- B^3o-#&458$!
^3o8 U .2 ,+2 ,0m>2 <P! 0! ,$! ': "$ 2 ,0mu!'r]#
DP! 0! (,2 ,0m>2qaG [,:BNj#D! !(( #
Y- J qH 0!(B3 v! 5m-$!(.q 3! S2 0mu8 #o! M!<2
2 ,b!#+!  2 9! . !'l2 !A>G- 9-#2,!,@#2,,q#2,
 .2#

-:

 dW #Y-o!H 0!(B3v!53!".$20-520mu,d!I5 =>


. @ ( !,.2,Zb!jC q.BEk#4 #!=U .@ (!
   B(- 7#3! ".$G? C)20mu =G-#Ud"()[#0=!, 0m
 ,. @h!4  -7#A>.@=!@$u!!/ ,#!Q/3!".$ML5!G!jBEb!
D^3!, @#D8 ,#D:Y! Q b! 0=7f! #D=! UM D2  .e 

 ."...%#D^b!q#D.U
f! # B!U#3! #! ,z #2 Q!.2 0mu(>=)2?!1 
i! .nEg ,Q2 ,Zb! jC q.E! 6?CG!jBE =k#mh!.?#5
- -

I(4 YL5! m-%. H 0^37!v20mu=Rk#4#,".#D^3!(A>-7#o!(Y


! y3!,.CE2Q.@ #x,.BJ(-".#H 0g45 #~-  G?C
2 j#2 ,$#2 v!0u#! .@ Y-Q!(,qk#4
B!5!
#-,Ib?.
 ..2,2,!,@#7 (!,q

-:(Audio-Visual) )(

2 ,,B?#A>!( 9 D7- B2  =-  .#()J ,# m


=-  .#2  
,#>pM 
,#>-$Ze"#=O^!$ A>8BvTelevision
  0T BTeleGOq !5Nq=-U.B Television2, |u2 #!
 .02#M 2#TBvisionJ$!#q 
 2 %./3- 9 Jb! (o! (Y
$:2,#2,Q!#(")2?
0
P! p$)2 9!C?  0 (2Q-. ^b#P!p$)M-#0'-j#!2-%j2!
 "(2 ^b#
-:

^3- j#$:2, #^0!#G?C"()J!6m!=- .#^U' 


 ".g ,QM!  o-Yf! #0^U#&45'()m>NJb!(3!,B2q-
2$-q >)8 0VCP! 0D^3-9A>2,b!(U#^-#-s$DZ./j0
 "^3-j#=(!-U.B9!0A>I@ho-BW#(-U,<
J$! OA>=- .#hVCD #Y:m()J ,# !
P! @YOI@YM -sH 0B
$-q>hVC!P!vM4#Pal Nipkow-U$
Charles  UY#3! "B (4 5  I K.^3- j#=- U.#z.B^7.9!0A>
P!v9OJ#N3oLd7?! -U$J$! O! 
3-+g,QJenkins
J$! q#  Cc (Y,1* v.P2Picture Tube&3-j#~-$ j
  v2 !U#2,b!(#
B3-j=- .#hV= h!q.g,QP27L=-Y
I K( )2 <k#m8#-B3--,$q<NP2^%. !'E-#DgG
 .PP!0!,$!qDg# 
- -

g ,Q! ,$!qDJ$-  BG! 3>2 qaG 8 @:BPP!0-$D


2 0mu2qa;YJ52q&45= ()=CcJ,#|!8%1
P! 02 ,$!#2, !#~hE$H.Q/!,-N.0!^ !(gB'.2,$!q#
 .P
 02 !($A>PP! 0 
$ ()#!1 
W #2 . 2 ,#G #D=-  . #J ,p.# !;#0-vU".B' '!,@r
'!,@#!',.@#M0D2,, B23!2,-UQ2,$- B'!,pB&b!38$!
PP! 0-U -=-  BP! v ;! #7!,B3"!.!', =- .#3-qBB3
A>=-  .#2 <!<H 03! Y!YM3- W,- @# !;2 Q33!.#D^GO
=H .QN k #m4 .(=- ,V$)P! p$0f!#G7!5L2,#!3
k #mQ! @# !z#o Q>H 0&0!!}P.#+H 0/L/!+-<=- .#qv
X COP? 0ub! H 0K
. Y2 b!5'3v^',}
,S!@
 .!(B39DJB:
-:

 j$ mg ,QML5! G! jBEb!  2 ,-^L2,5 =- . #
M  X-v -5j#@#N`2L5!G!jB^7 .o! .#=O"()
D'! !.5E  A>M7 2,?0>2 ,-o! .#.^Q2!QH 0.B2 ,
X- v  .- (k#4 #37uD2, !O@ !=$u- Q "! &! .$EG!
!/ % 1/LK: B! 68vh:b!#G!j>A>M7BW#2L5!2,#!jBEb!-#
 "N .@ H 0
 @#N  `
$Om-%.E="^- .#,.()2?m
L 7;!.#EH 0^3#
#Q^3-9
1!y5!" !&.$"-(j#
x, .2 ,$!U 7 o! z./!  
,".#2,^3!(A>i!.nE-5k#43-(
!, @#A>i e #H@(YG!L-BA>2!1u!&5!"!3!,.C2Q5!" #
 .
.,D[ `-5!5!",@ 
- -

() @QN '3 #  #=-  .#k . X C 
,Q!$ 
H 0
B3v&3! ".$20  ,sH 0'0! ^3-q.2,#!jB!',B2,'!$!U>"
D7! <3u
,Y-.#2 ,V#b! I 5  Q:&37o !}
, 0LK:.#5!" ~4Y
2, 9X-.aG!j>H 0^37!v2,0!.Y2q ,s
U !(p0 .!^,Q
 "J0!.YEL.#2, 0D2, 0! 3723!}2U2,!K
G! 3Rx @
$ 2,, .#=- .#Zb!jCI5 "()!Y2,!8!1 
=-  . #.X C '!(YD
5!"
, .@A>,=!UDN3j'!- 
=! # b-07- ,v 3%.#G!jBE2, 0D
.$G!45D!^0
2 v-q 2  U#!^3-j#'-j#!!(W#!'-  ?.Ch-BA>2!1u!=!U 
 "J%,1-.#I#
L Go! ^ 0'E! @B=-  .#3! K "J BA>3!< ()J,## !
2 ,0!.YEP- #I, .#2 !#P? 0u" =N j.e N =H.Q!(LU#
/L qC/o! (Y
$-H 0
,#>pC#
,B2, @B2 ,&.0I(#!
 Ud
q,q@Q =R^02-B2,, B2,!,2,,Bb!)'!,$!UR..
 "&LUB~-  .!^,QD/K/E!/37M7=
P- ,#G! +  .=-  .#
,Y-BG? C "()Hiebert' ,5m
 "3!.#D,YM 0I6-Qf!#0 '!- 

( )
 "B= U W#b!-#k B!(2Q!#jB2 !"#2L5!b!-#
 U  2,0! j#3! vO + 0=! X CO2 L5!b! -# 
 #XCOG #2,b! #'-#^5!"=- .#2<!<020muA>h!.u
2 QG! jB2 , P!   $P- ,# !$>"()I,5 > mg ,Q] # <!
b! D- .BE'3 vZb! j ,.M4 #J0!j##J5E 24Y^Q!
 +O2 !"# 2 ,b!# =#A>g#G!j>Ud
+0m>XCOG!jBE
- -

k#4 
8 !v! ($  H 0.&4,B27!#o! .#!'qa,q.@BEq#!45
"+! k BA>G-9- #2-.#!'qa2!v>UdH.Q2p5!'!$A>i!.n
P .#@ 2 v2 ,Q8% 9 =-  .#2 , !0=>"()J,# #!1 
 "9-#7H# M4#2,0!j#3!vO0g#!,54 JY-#-U.#
x 1 2,0! j#3! vO !,Y-#-UB 2!% j#^7!. G! D
! Do-.#D2,0!j#3!vO!,Y-#-UB^7!.E%j#80!q.(")j$
 @# #D2,0! j#3! vO !;$O'E! Pe. @B! .8 v-#[$D
 .
Pe.D8%|!(@$%j#=RXCOP?0ub!%j#A>3!Ct#<! 
D! (, qBJ U#X C G7= A>!52 !2,%j#$D2,0!j#3!vO
 "PO2 D!(+8v[$
=-  .#2 0mu^ ]5! "
+ 0 U 8$V$uDG!k#4
G! jBE!,Y-#-UB%j#'7!.(")j$N.'E!k#4bxjB
DV <E B'E! .QE/! @s8 $V$u2U <H 0! 6v-[,:BD2
 "2,%j#H 0/!Q!3 3B2,$?0>v-A>!(v--s$!Y2U"#
! (bvH 0VB= 2!%j#8U"8$V$u! =1 ()x3!
 /! $!!(, <3 H 0h?+E! x @B2 9!C'!C(8$V$uJe.@)N,B!$V$u
! (bvU. #(2 ,$VU#u2e @#)WebH 02 , ( !B!+ B!($ !!y
&4 5 L U#=R k #mA>2!1>.!(,M`!3!C 2I($i3!C7-Y-
 "%.# ^!$DG-C#I(,!,3!%.#2,$!U>!(b#-B%j#
!, E2,,+Y-Q'!!@G!jBE!',H 0 .#(")D-j#N
 ,.#3- q.# 2 Y37H 0G! jB'7  BW #2,0!j#3!vOPe.0
(  / ,B  ! B  G!jB2 ,(8$V$u)2, !#!'-  2U<8%9 
 "
B! .@~-!Pe.H 0~3. . #/E-$
- -

-:Communication Satellites )(

  2, 13O ^U#


-s!H 0(=!@$u
)13 D2, CP!.5j.f
- .I # + U#;! 0 k #m, D/ U.;! #A>G- 9- #k #mo!
 .YU#/!!".!/ (
0 -@3OG-QU!}^7!.u
 B^L92qa0^3!0"
$ (Satellite)J0!j##()J!60
W # !'Y- G! 3>G!. !P- g,Q(Micro Wave)j#2,5!.'!Y-H 0
H 02 .'! ,b-5 + 0G! 3uG!. uI.3OA>'!-  s
 "3Oxq@#2 !M- #
%q
G- Q3B2,b! 2"
$ H 0J0!j##()[#0=!, 00
 "=- .#B!6\#-7#'3!<>#^(Y !62,13O^U#
;! #  BG!3>2p$ "!($ H 02,0!j#3!vO0()j$!
 + 03D1-B 3-90;! #D'E!jBE3!v  qB.3t#JY3!r
 "
^7!0>G!3uG!.H 0^37!v'-v3!vOs.Jb! -U
-:

2 0!q#3! U.!
.U#2 #!G!jBED23 #
B!Y!,.Q@!=$uH($ = 4
 =- U# :.  ()J! 6k#mx1 !=-, .#!V#
 0G! Q2,13O2,m!2p$Q!9"B-,$\!%>"J1!#I#!#
 =#-Q
;X7!  2 ,,q#2 @ #!
".D3! <  2, 13O^U#xq23=-U#^U
N 3 Df! #G- Q3 ,#J0!9vG!3>/!p$Ud
$ P!0"'!,1!#
D2,0! j#3! vOPe.  ^U0.G "3?K3"J !#B!U#.0
^: Y!H 0f! #!% 9DP!0JU ?#2 Dk#m2,B!6'E!jBE
 #"2 Q3  63O -U#Jb! ! B P- , O^ L 9^\?+>
 ^ %.  !'E-#8 USD;!  #=!@$u7-92,$!U>"W,-@#J0!j#
"\"#-.-";! #2,2 Q3G P!0(<73!|!J0!j#!5v\?+>
- -

& GOP! 0D.=! @$u2q-;! #7!,B3j03!.#45.02,.,-@#


 ""$V @3 ,$"N,U O b#=-  .#2 <!<H 0^ <!f! #5!<
 .#xqH 0=E!5"3#

 # + NQPP!0D2,0!j#3!vOj0 #"m()
,,$!Y!
3! vO!,Y-#-UBD20@!($EA>^%. !'E-#7!}(Sputink)kB-J0!j##
'! $!,'- j#^3- j# #2 ,#!02 ! B M4 # !( !r (!B!(,#>8!1 2,0!j#
=V @-#2 @8  + ! 0PP!0D2,0!j#3!vt#2, 20!j#28$!.G!jBE
M J 3c2 <! (.B(Westar)3!. @J0! j# #(Western Union)=- ,$-

 "(Satcom)P-'!J0!j##?\+R20@(R.C.A)

-:

g ,Q2 ,-,# !^,D2 !63- O 2,0!j#3!vO0<! g#x9


A>^<!G!3u2qa2,$c2jI.M4#G!jBEk#m
$:"()J!6

Para ble^  2 ,b-6!H @ o!(k#mX-,=7M7#J$- .#o!(
 "=!#!=U 7,EM4#J0muG!jBE!G!3u45K!.
G- 9-#'E! jBE3! v Pe. G! =- .#G-C7!B "()j$m
 "2,b! #'-#G?C3O
YH 0+!  A>J$- .#G!3u!
 ^3- j 2 o! .# !'r B= 3! vO,q. @B"()H - !1 
,q. @B'! ,b-5/! ,#!Q- .B([U . # )2,B- j#L  2,B-j#2,B!62,0mu
 "^<!2,0!j#3!vO'3!<>!.#
I(B!!.5I6-,I(B!(Y-B@Q=!"!-.= 7t#x,.<! g#!
- 5"()J!6mV#2. /!1[,#2!63-Ox9 =3!,.CE!
=O^3 1'- #7 B j0D2 jje.8% 9 2 ,$- .#^5! " =O^3 1
'@ !#2 QD2, je"#2 O !'Y!,.Q?#/! 8% 9 2 ,$- .#^5! "

- -


@!.'! . )DL BI B ,B
Q2,'3!9^5!" =O
Q-.
 "2jje.'!l,
2,0! j#G #D'E! jBE'3- qB #"()Zachariah2L "Bo m
&4 52 Y!Q @2,0! j#3! vt#AO !',$!Uu !,Y-#-U.#7-,v@2,#
2, 13O-qr7'!q&4532 U^L'!qa,Bk#mG#
~ v A>I(!   '3! <>G! 3>G#&46U x9 #'!$-, .#!'U"
2, 13O- qr 0^,'!qaA>!(;!@#DJ0!9vM  2,13 '!qa
 "f!#D=!UM A>2##C7'-,#A>
-:Internet )(

P 0! (5 2 5-YZb! j^ ,.^3!v.B"8$V$u2U<()x3m


U ".Bg ,Q!( C77 2 ,Q2 , .#2 ,I,5! (!B?$>!(.7!
'! ,# '2 7! '3- q.# vH 0/Y
03!@.2,U,!7@QL.B
 "2,$, -6k#42,,q.#
m>2 7!@#2 , -#
$:8 $V$u 9!Ud"
$ N()J!6 !
. @ !=URm>2  .2,?0>b!
,!.BJ#!jB
 !;$>=- .#JB:
 "2U"#+02  2,%9H 0h?+u
2 ,$VU#u, - 2 , !02U<J58$V$u">=N()D-j# !
^ Q2U <,9-.!( 2 9-f!#G-Q20o-2,-!Q'!U<H 0M-.s
^ ,#X CO!'U "#!G! jBEH 0^3 #8 $V$#. @ JqXC 
H 0M- .s2 , 2 q 2U <! ,f! #D=! UM D~- !QM: G!jBE
 "'!"#2<2r HD!( 2 9-2,$VU#>,-Q
-:

2 ".a2 j(;! #& !^)45' ()J!6m


 2 b!C2 ,UOh! #^3o8 $!g ,Q2 2 ,UO^%. !'E-#D
P! p$ 02 ,!Y  g %# !=U4$W,-@#7!sE2-$~QhE$

- -

2,#?.  U! @B^L 9 qvA>2,v#^3!<u 2- 


,I@BJU,!7JU<
' g,Q(.@ !0LCODJ. B2 .'-v0# (!0
 "8$!3"8,072U<A>'3-qBIK2 U@02 ,!Y 23 N2 z.#
f8 $V$#J ,3!z$uU#.!/ je< /N8(Arpanet)
2 9!C'! <3- (p#P! 0D2 ,UO2q @#8%g,QE>I.
H 02 ". 2, j# # ,qBI5!  v8 $V$u !'2 !#!B3!Y!.B
Word )H0 P! p$7! .0!k #m
.,+d7G!. u2#-( D8 $V$u!'%9
 .(W.W.W)2,B-U#2, !#2U"#(Wide Web
-:

x 1 k #mD 1!!$ j0D2 9!C2(2L5!2,#!jB2 ,8$V$u


8 $V$u =g,Q'!-  !I(qBI( !#B^7 8$V$u( =")D-j#
 ! , # !'3#?~+ 2,-U(!'DN ! #-.'!-  #5h7-.@
 #!5 "$ 4 #P? Q 8$V$u8Q8$V$u!J-!QG!jB
#Ze<MO
 "'!.U o! .#%j#H 0I57!.0>8 vk#4I53!U "$!#f!0
!/  Q8,1 2(2L5!
,#!jB2 ,=x9 8$V$u(")J!6!1 
A>2! 1u!J$-  B J 0m>gM G!.I.
#?CXCOML5!G!jBEb!A>
! 5?/ 2 ,$- .#] #5! " N #D/E!/j08$V$u2,$VU#u%j#
P? Of! #D2 ,$- .#] #JI5 v-H 0G-C #8$V$u05!" #x,.BIb-v
'- #A>2! 1>2 ,3!.#2 ,!#2 ,, .#2 , #2, 1!#'- #H, - 2,U, ?U#

 "23!Cu
^ b7 7 #8 $! ($>2U "#&4 5D  ="N ()M!<!
H 0/ UQ=! =  J# #G! jBEG! A>
. $! G!3u^b7A>G!.E
 "'!-  ,#\!c
#8%@2!v#0/,L.#8Q!B G# @!'
2 ,$!U>2U"#D^7. b!-#Ip$i!$8$V$u(">=)!0 m
Yk#m2U"#&45A>8vM Df!#D=!! 3 #!+M G-9
"I, .#2 -#JY-#-U.#!O8$V$u
- -

-:
 m!(Katz Gurevitck & Haas !5.,3-YB!)=-Q!#7Q
G!.  + 0h! <>A>i! .sW #7 O !'Y!Q()M!<
 :JB!!5L P?0ub!
 :Affective Needs  I._W>CMn
2 z(#2 ,#!' r2 -.2 qB !'Y!h! <>A>7 OH @
2 ,?0u2#!#N! LU#=RML5!G!jBEb!Pe.!k#m2+!#
 .!(0!<>+-#0L. #2 ,J(3-(z #2,$!@$u2+!#+!
 :Cognitive Needs  +)_W>CMn
2 Y!h! <>I. ,G! jBEb! 
B!}X-j#^7!.EA>H@=!@$u
P- W #@!~ 
.>2, 0=>,.I(2 !'-  2-.2qB
2 Q#!=! @$uH 07- M4 #D #.#,%.#H@B^.@^3-j=!@$u(!
 ,sA>/! b7=- @! # =B2, =o-.#!'p$=Ok#m2$o-. 2,@#
^ 3!  3! UON20Ve I53!U I(,vI(B.NP!z@$E#.#
 #J @#B- .#A>P!z @$uP 0M7 .I( 03 jBW #! 6=-1.W#
 .=o-.#G?.C
  -:Personal Social Interfusing < W Q/!cD_WdCMn
g ,Q 7 O2, je<2-.2qB 2Y!J5Jje"#i!$u2Y!Q=>
b! Pe. >G?Ck#m'4#,s237#3.u2#2,vj
h j# 3!.#'E!QZ e.#,D/(YG47#!h!vuY G!jBE
G! jBu2 -.2 qB 2 Y!J 5J0! .YEi! $u2 Y!QM  #D?. CE 
 .;!.$#7#23Bf!#!;v9O2 b!#!
 :Escapist Needs  =_W>CMn
 
"!2#o>3!@ L,B~6D7#22qB !'Y!J5
 .B-B  v
- -

 :Entertainment Needs? +W>


&4 5I 5   .
,(,V#!'Y!h!<>Y G!jBub!Pe.>=
 .2,#!jBE!'3#2!
, 08.Y!45'!0!<u!'e.u
G! jBub!  + 0
,V#2,) X(Whright83#3!"B)gQ!#!
L @.#3! Ct# .#D3. EH 00! @BW #2 Q#!7 # BJ 5
 .gf!#D!,nJU#
#2oEJ57!<3u
\? +>D(ML5! J, .#G!jBEb!)b!-#k B3I.(!= !y
W # !'Y!
 $ 2 Q!# M U#!~53u2(Y- k#mM #2Qhu
 :3-(z #b!-#k B!("B
:(C!D,-.)W>
N! 2 ,5:2 -+^V #' ,SW#2,?0u20!j#(" =)x3m
'! !2-#O!;q0>A>: P-,#
z.B(hu2,V#2 I #2-  )
 "N! &45
2,b! #'-#! ! (Jb! #2 9!C/ Y2 !5'! !k B B
2 !#-3-(
,Y-B!6?CUd
7!52,, B]
-s!y(2,$- .#)
 .2- q
G! Dh  ^ Y^U
#!(,(p]!$IB$!Ek#4
 #!q#xz I(,z"B
?q-(#
#?CG!Q~-  
#M4#I  !N
o
> 5- k B 0! 6?C I.h:
$!%#!r&(!,25-
#M4#
G #k B! @BI N0  ?~q# 7 0N [!.#3^3!K>huk#m
 .2"#(!B2!#!E>^3-q.
DN- 5- 2 ,B2 QP B~! Q = A>NQ!#L""()=Ym

H 02   ^.# !'qaX Q>8 Y37J0 !]> $A>7-2,UO^%. !'E-#
H 0LK: .#D2 -.U 20-@ 2,b P?0ub!
 BM4#3#
,5 Q UEP!p.$!
2 ,0-. #2 32 , 0]! % 9!B!0m>2,b! #!B!qaH.B= =!Uy2,5O.M #

- -

2 ,  ] @ !!'H 0!(B!5!@j.BE2p.^3-jhuLU.#2,B[!.#^3!K>

 "LU.#[,#h?+E2!#!'-  3!4.H 0
 :(>&41 I7/@d)W>
'!(Yh!^!!'. 7-Y^ !2 v=>"()J$5#m
A>!(!% 9 !}=!8U#3-B= !($:<;!##'-9 G-vp#
 "G-#!L.#/E#!L.#
~! 53u Z e. $J U#
B-vG-  O,@#J53-2#=R4#
!  iC:  #k #m B &3! ( k B.D7@.mR
0-$ 2!U
= k <E
#!U <  U; #k #m !j v=-U$k#m!$R;!%<
C
 .^3!( k B9D377!6P?0#
2 ,+v-d #2 3=- UB= 2 3-] #,q.@B"()I,5>Y!m
= ,q. @B.=- . ,=-  . ,=3 Eg ,Q ! #I B= ,q.@B
Go! .# =H yJ je"#M  #2,je"#2U#Nj#D/!, 0/E!I6~ B
3! .0u2 U#!! @ T E
M  # 0H .Q M  # ; Y 0
 ."Jje"#
 :(Intellective Terrorism)*IgD5h%W&/W>
2 ,, . ^ .M 3- qBDG! P! 5j0hu?\+>=>
2 3!})M  #7  U#G! ,.huv=Rk#4#
,U N0 7!B
m!3v!0U2U#2,0u.'3 P5G--5(MU#!~53u
I, , #~-  - 5Y! #2 ,Q- 5~! 53u=": ()I,5 > Y!
 ."'!U LU.#7ap#Ljv=Y-#




- -

-:) (
-
-:
-:


-C/! $? 53 53  2 ,#2 #D~! 53u(")I,Q # 0 0
2 02+TB!20\+Pe.TBTerrorism2, |uD.
0
 "IU2! IU% #
 .!/ ,5B/!!53>5 53 
9 ":2#~!53u =m()# !
 53! C:M :k %.#!x.#! I #!/! 532 53I @U#!53:
JK?#
 "h#-r:25#!
C :
5.
53 
!C:;J"#

-:

G?. #!  (.#2 !02 jT"


$:~!53u()I,Q#00
 "
, 0 #
 s 
@ P!#M #!&.$~4-r!0

-:

T #M3! 3u2MU#!~53uJ.n"()I,5>Y!m


 "I(B!0>CG-0H 02!9-#Db#Jq!y
- (k #m E-5Ze"#
3!dv~!53u,}h-$MU#!~53u!

P-   "= =7!y32,#!
5 ,%.P-JC](=-U= A>~v
 .MU~!53>3!d
$ k<E
, 0
.q .@#!q#h>M4#I  !
2, je<2 ,BD3  = 
UdM4#LU#3 #/p$"()D4#m
DLK: .#H 0/37! vI  =- U=  q.O=RI(B3v-qBN0 N-5-
 %.EI(- DI(B!, je<D  L,BQ>A>M7J!`>U"&4,?B
H 039u/E2 0'E!DLU. #29#4,?.#x+0E>k#m
 "P #0!(b!0.IK!(pQ'!-  I((,Y-B
- -

"h- . !.#2 v?0 $!27!Q 2v?#0()I,5>Y!!1 


! 02 ,v,nE HC-.4, Bnfv!H 0n 3
H 0/!-q /! !0/3! +>!45.
 H"&!13G-$Dq3 
>!&#
 "2,, .#2, #
N! 2 v?#2,+08Y W#~3!z.#LU#]b!.$"()D4#Nk#4
M3! U.E- @#Q!94, .#Y/!#!N  P!,vA>N0 N-5- I54,?BN3
37! vL-$!N   =-%#k BIp]b!.$x Bv.
.!K>
,z"B/EJ0u
= .-$! I($Ok#m!6!0!(v?+>I54,?BX#2,0u23!U.E'3#sH 0
3! U.EA>, huI,0.P!, #2o?#2,@#[OI(#-.BI IKh LU.#A>

 "!5B
2 KM- BW # # ,(= 
$!URM4#-5I  (">=)=Y!1 
- 5.
qs  v!#LU. #L B!( .B h u3M-B!5B 
@I .
 "
  o!|u,j%. #G!x.M4#
3! - C /!U.=-UJU#4, .#70>H 0= E]( >=k#4
`"()I,5>m @.!(v-Eb!0!(v-E-+2d/!% @.^!,
=-U,#&,(2!#!^,% #7#70>DP!(u2,Q!$!(!.5Y]5!
Y-B=
'mDJ 0 =H 02 ,q#
.l,2 ,B -02,0!.YE
.l,?9>-0
2 , #
B3v
#-, /! 2 ,Q!$ 2 ,B!,
p#/! 2, . @
B! qB8v-#
 "XC 2,Q!$2,54#
= 2 ,# !B!.DI, .#A>^ p$;! #>"()= CcM`- .#!1 
X-. @A>H vE% 1Jb / Y, 1- ([,!  U2K3!|t#;!.
 ! ^7!(<H 0G-j% #2 ,!>2-V#2, #D/?0!/;Y.E2,3!.#'3-q.#
I . U8 !5LUB2+#!q#4, .#2, 0PVQP0G!DjB2 .@ ]5!
P? @.E , .#h! BEH 07- .#A>
(,Y-B
B!Q-+ v
. l  =!z(.2!02j
J0! @#M3! - @#2 ,BA> (B2 -B2 , I, .#=- U=  /E .b!@#1- #

- -

J$ #U#@.
!,#!5LB^7 ^<!L2qxj=!@$u!^,H 02p!% #
 .#G? C 
, 0; .0E (C)JP-BW#2 <!#2, @#0!" JM4#
' r~3!z. #, ##@!.E2 7- ?\CONj#^!'37!jH 0
L '! 3!}- /! Q-Y/3-5 B/ ,B2 O.1M4#O^! 23! 

 "2#@
3 #>= !=H.Q
b!3 4-(k#mD& H 0~- I  =-Uv
?/ v! $I   f"()D-j#Ng,Q2-  #/?v!$
$- I  ~- q
;! K D~ `h- 7 ` U.- 5
.(
Bm2 ,vBA>H @- (2  #
! (,)-B!53!. H 0 ,
5!.$"B^Y^UU#,z.@].-5
.C

B3v,,BI  h>vG!n=Rk#4#."2,, .#2-V#2, #-q.#
I (#!~,. EH 0&0!@B#!q#5BE3 3!.BE2- 2!1>U
2 .}! ($:8 K[3 B2q#Pe./L:qC.J3 !~.U#D73!
!/  U!/  !53>=- 3!,3- j# H 0 -5!-#: 0iC.
v-"
;7  U#I(. (;!($>I(.,);7:=--I($:;E5M "!,!/ ,0!>/ v
N0  h> H 02! 9-#D 9! =- .}I5L#;E6JqE2,)-#
 .2, .#2B-DI(zI(B!v!+,UBI53!U 7 
=>2 ,.#D/! (/ j0=! =>I, .#(">=)I,5>Y!mk#4#
.@Q m>2,! 2#c
BmQD
U#.2l".#2,V#'7 2,! ^7 =!
- 5E/ ! 2 z,.#8$!!(e.;J m>2-.#2,Y!.$u
B-vA>!1 !6!.
 "J#+-#D
, 0!A>~v 1
\ v# . ( # #!+U#= -UB= V 23 =R4#
! (,3! B 03 v3 jx jB=  ,e !; q#,.#Dx!+3U#
=  Ud3 D"() ,qr m2 m#(!B#(!,q2,"Q-#
! (
 ! j#+-  =Ud!(,2 m#,"B= Ud/!  !(2 , #,"B

- -

/ Q/!  .v,q#& =7!L(<G-v!5.!j#L+-  =Ud


I y2 $3!/7 a&3 1=- U v 5!&:/!<.= I  ,q.@!,
 "G-(Y
- U.#D P? 0u
,Y-BD I, .#]5! D r( =")JV#m
 O2 D5! @.#2,? u2 "# ,qBDG! 5u4 M- V#D! #
h!, #
1qr! M U# O !=,7 (k #mU 0J(#! 
 "=#
! ,nW #2,,U#! .g,Q!#&3-aM"#O(")I,5>Mm
A>I6- 9X y^L U#I(B CI(. 3!}DI(.QXy'!..D!#(!
=>G- # U P?DP h9D=-",-$!m>!y27!j.vE#2,0!.YE#
 h- : 2  ( '.# 2? @#E/  T - (=!@,b3=!$!Y
#M"#O
D;- 2 ,-,# !^,! D2 2 lY! 'E?. CE2!/!,$!KT-57!(q1E

 "2, !'.D G!0OD '-,#


2 .J#!  !0D U2 ,, .#2 -p (" =)= CcM`- .# !1 

,3I, v 2 O
s! 2 LB'E! aJ 5!( .@!(v2O3!B034
&7- @ ;! A>! (x 2lq 2dU#!^,!'-!57 B2 1!'!,- 
~! .U#I, v M 5H 02 v! 2 @! 2 $3! 2 Y #PnM4#MU#!~53u

 "!.OJM7#L #D!0 P?u =3!.0!2@#


 U  M4 #M U#!~53#B7!`>2#-(@#[,#
$ |PB!}
h> - =  U  PO~O! Go!  D2,, .# @!'DH.Q
.3!}
! y3=7-CcG!D^, PO!G!D\-. ~O/?="EI5I(b!
- $-U=  U  I($ NQDI62!q^3-92e@$-$-U= H 0I(b! =-
2 ,.#!   <2  !' =3#8%1 "()J%,j#m.Cc;J<DN0
^ O7?   . CE2 QG?.E2l,#"!.>2U. #!@#!3!U.E25-
k #m= x 1-#  U. 7 O2l "BD^o3! #f!   8 $!^!@ H 0,:.#P0

- -

8 .K g ,Q3! U.E25- NG-sg,Q!.D7-@B= UdW#2,q @.#3!.

 "#25- 3!U.u2$ NJ!`>!B3>7-Y'!3#


! >^ O C73- '-v.q#!=mR"()=CcM`-.#!1 
A>2 7!5;! O!;N2,,'!v?0P-BEXC '!!.5! G!0O!;!G!"$@
! ($:2 /!  0 `
@$ O!(` /  2 !)2 3 D
$R
VQM #G7!B
N . # ~-  H 0 .I  7!.$ o!M =7!54C:= 
, 0G!U#!=!j.
^q, 7-  z%.#A>M7 ;! #! #J! `u 0!.##,M4#?;u

"I,#Ov-#[UBI, @#=. LU.#H 0^3#=J#!.#!^5!2-YO


 Y!
P! v!  U !~53> .#8 SW #'E!
 $Rk#4#
 #G!. !(.#^3-9DI.YIv"
$ H 0
0g,Q()I,5>
0E 2, .#.+ 0I(YC;!07>N0 -e.#U#7 -#
 "&o-3
.
B! ^;!u#x,%9
-: -
 
7B! y .7- Y!  8 @,#^ O( =")=CcM`-.#m

,H  .M4#3!+u- @# #AO!
0#\?CO3jJ5@%2,Y-#-,2,)
2 ,0!.YE2l ".#2 , 0DGO! #J 5^O=Ok#m.2,0!.YE!^,37G =!@$u
7 #>@ !~A> (BJ0! .Yu0!.#H 0P-B2,BI, BI B2, 02,0!.YE2l".#)
fmR (2 ,0!.YE !^,
@ !^US2,2,0!.Y/37 2!'!5!>L!/!- 
'3! (I(! @>I(- 4 (BG? C.J!`u0!.#45!57 D^OIB
2,b! jv>2,q @B2, 0m,Y.D:"$!/,$!K.7 E/  I(@$ ;!#9-.#

 "M@#MU#!~53u~-  E>@sE
W # ^O^3- j#2 @,b#f!  ()I,5>Y!7Qv
 :JB!J5J!53u #2 5 2,je"#(!,:"B


- -

-: -

 .BW #;#(!,,"EW# 
q#N:"BW#^B-. 2v?#>=
~! l.ELK: B8s2v 2-L2,je<!(BmD=-UB= !>POk B)=!A>
 v H 0 N,$ 0'!(O;E5G!+ :"k#4#=!O!q#(!,I?(J@#
D7! . '!,$ 0 U= ! >'! ,.# !7.#A>, !=,j#077B
 .23#vOIp #h!,j$E20!q#
-: -

=- E!  H 0G! +O3! Y>M O- D2b! "# !'3!  
 `= k #mH 0G! M @v0!B
$:2#!&45D7!0!.#9-

'? q#P!  D


 ,V#I($!Q I(B!3I6-,.E!23!}H 0G!+O
 .3!4.?#2,'!0! 2,2+H 0I53!Y>
H .Q  @%^ O C7I.E~!53u45= 2Q!#XB&m!}
 .
B!!.5.E
E!H 0#!q#z,2,, .# @!'C7
-: -

I 5   .#-#!~,;!O#-#^O=-U.B27!#p#D
"#Jb7G!+O= Y.;!t#J- @#.@ H 0LK:.#<^-#
 #-# Q ! (0 ,W # O#-#Q !(0, D="
 .=#-#(!,Y-.W#O! 2$3!I($v I53!z<U}!6!+ =-U
-: -

 :!(;!O!ZVB3!qC H 0M-qBW#29!r'E!
 Authoritative M-q @#h-#~O=-U =!PO~ O=-U=
! } p #2,% 1
@$.M4#-5ConvictedfatherP( h-#=-U=
 .2,- @#^#P$A>M7

- -

-: -
h L B"2 #D()=Y
0h#!/ B4$= !5! 
 "G!LH 0
0VCHy;J"#h & &:"$ Hy
0;J"#
Zb! jr'7. E'3 #
"]$ ()=Y
0?q9uD
A>M7 .#2 , # !', #!H vB=  Ud2 !2 l,' Y! m>W #2,je"#
f! #  . 2@ 'C 7#'r2@#!;-^Y2 ,9 '!Y!.$
 "2,$!@$u!^,7!,Q D2,0u!'vVCuX-.@'!Y!.#8$!m>
GO v- @ =  E/Y/!v-@U$JU#!$>"()I,5>Y!m
8 .B q# v-B-#.
0H e.$ 9O3#@= E /37 $JU#
 2 @ !( 
B!,Q8%9OParanoid PositionM7!(q1Ev- 0
BE!$
 "=#A>, ^#!!@Qu #!~,B3Ek"#
  ,U.#()= Y! 5m! h  #2, !'j#Q = !y
2 j# ! h> H @! =-UB= U !~53u29=R.^z.@ h!1O
'! 3  0&3! ,.CRGo!.2,% #Pj h (">=)I,5>Y!!1 
DI5! @B= !( @$2 ,0u^7!  #x @H .Q!( @$0,v#P!.#!juD
Bm
 "
, 0=-UB= JM4#U"#s
^3 #T B"! ($ h 2oOX#2$ 0
QD()M#m
 [ U#3! @,#A>N,#[U#OA>H 0O)LU.#!oL,BH 0
2 ,54#7- ,# Z e. # 03!UO,#-BY (4U5[U#i3!rA>C#
 "(2,,U.#2$ )2 U" ;Y ;!^7!0>G?C (2,b! .#2$ )25-.
37! vI($- ,0P!  O!~53u2!%I pB[,#"()I,5>Y!!1 
Ze "#D- .B=  `W #2 , @ !'#2!#2,je"#@!'#!5huH 0
2, je" #2 !#@ !'# 4 $^3! @rfO~3! z. d!0hu#/?5=-UJU#
 O2 !Q3'! !.5E ^b7h! @B2,$! @$u' rD2 ,#!I,  # .#I)! B..

- -

^3 #[#! 2 # ^Q!"  !!#H 0.@ IUH 0^3#!..#MU#

 "2 v!.!($:/!5!)B'!,qI v:.#H 0

  -: -
LK: B'm8% 9 ML5! G! jBEb! =: ! , P !l<V$= E

2 -  0g %  C! .U#^!,j0UBf=>2,-,#!B!,QDx1



0!. /! j e.
8 vt, 2, @.# +0 7+G!n !G!D
2,% 9X- 
!  `E'! Y!k Bh!<>Y k#m45I CD.
b!0
 .!
#s2E2,$- B2<!< 8!CJ0m>'-9 2,0- 2  2,-
P? 0u j0- 5P- ,#
,, $M4 # j# =k <E"()k, "H ' m
 !# !^, j0P? 0ud2Q?.'3-qBgQI 0
#x,B ! ML5!
 $!H 0 j.fML5! G! jBEb! ! ,Y-#-UB2 !"#2, !#'3-q.#DGO
2, @B^7  SG! jBEb! 8 $!=  
$- P?0u5/!  !>T.#
b! !L j.#- .# !'.3- qB -0 ! !5/?! 08% 9 #
 ;,B
[ $D2 ,?0u2#! # 5- 5 .z #J !O=- U &3!.0!=!@$u!;x9 3!UO

 "!($!98v-#
f!0- qJU#!/ Q3!/  
#U"Bb!-#k B=R @.##!"!
!(b! D
 J#!6?C&3!U -@BJ!(I n=!! !+2l,
#=-U,hu
 .#:.M3-Q-YDU#
E>- 5!-.#-. #/o!%=-U= P?0up."()I,5>Y!m
m!$>A>J0!@#M- (#J!`uU#I,0BP. #2 q. 2!K-##,"B;!m>
 "2,.#/!,l,/!,!K\.#( e.#^57?#!#
2 ,#!U#2 0#2,BD/!@,b3/37!(0-$:P?0ub! B"N()=Y!
DP? 0ub! ! 5!.B2 -v2#!3G!U#2B=7-5!3=>!5B~!"#G!+OX#

- -

'! ,#! ! .#H 0g  ! =-jr


YH 02,#2,!#2,0!.YE(!Ip
P? 0u(^Y v-.BE'3!<!52,?0u]#!~.!5!^,?\CO!k@.#
G! +OH 0/LK: B2 ,?0ub! -#X- v  2 ,b !'0mu8$!!y3.2l<! #!((,Y-B0
H 0 B2 ,vL '!, je</!KQ =5!"I52 -+'!0!=- -$!m>N5 
k .#/! Ym-2 ,0!.YE2 OI(B! ,Q=- UB=O=- q., k <? I($R ^  .#<!< !'

 "'!,#!



















- -


: -:

>=!(B!jj!(BE!2!U2,V#H 0'm-%.P! .5 L U#NQ! #
#/3v!5-# g,QN3/L2!#y!5-j.Cg%#3# o4 2
!.vA>,!= !y1'!,.#b!
, 0."B!22 J 5G!jB
45j#8 YW#-.#3! 9 ,z #!/ Q!.93! /8 #!Q /^ 5!Y2 Q!#
37A>G-9-#!' !k B-q.8.52r!5Le@Bb!-#2 ,V#I, .#
k B!(,!y2r> q= hU#x,.BW#
 J# = M 3Q!9U#
0
BM #-G!-5C^5!)2(Y~!53uU#MU#3#!'8#!BW#
45 ^ U#~3!H.Q <!U"h-1-3# 2!I 0 QH 0!($- 2 ,#
 .2 , v2Q!#
>= E (2I.2, #2-V#5!YH@2,, .#A>/A>G- 9-# " !
 
;YH 0-#M-. 45=!=>h-1-"P ! A> jJ U# <!L U
37h-1-45
.!
8 0 .
Q!#
-:
* -:

 &&E ()-W :u


b!37G!jBE!DML5L, .#37 D! # ,2D2 ,$(2 3-
2bv-d#2,+ .2,"#
k B853#A>2b!37H 0.#DG!jBEL,.#DD!# b
37J5,2e.!2,$2,%9P2 ! !=!,.- "02 ,02,je"#2 p.2,b
-v(!~!3 /!K-%m^L@Xv[DO2 E-H -M, 2  /!,B
D^, # b .P!0b
- -

- 7#A>h!. E% j# ;^vN 2 ,+!B32v?0Y-B]b!.#I5 8$!


 .!,@#H 077V#=- .#^5!"-7#A>h!.EN!,@#=- .#^5!"
= g ,QG  i3! C^   0H 02- %j#2#!qN2v?0Y-B
% j#= N 13!  , !% j#= N- ,
N 13! N J0! .Y! "$!, @#=-  .#^5! "- 7#A>h!.E =8K
 . 
 :u&E()@d?/!wLp
 .M7-@#=- . #],zL5!B!,vG?CML5!G!jBE-qB
 B! ,vG? C 2 ,$- .#  !^#2 , 0!#- qB- 5g%#455
2,% j#2,0 "#!'-  ],z3-(2Y!h!<uXH 0. #],z
L5! 2 Y!2 ,$- .#2#! #=- ",s"XH 0.#Tk#m2,O
2,% j#]! 2  . 2,0 "#^7! X-. @! ,vA>g %#(k#4#],z
^V DM7- @#=-  .#G? C ],z!5! .W#2U  2p$:29!r2,O
! X-. @J j.#J$,;!..-(g%#
4C M4# (]#2@#!! .]I-
 M7-@#=- .#G?C],z!6.W#2,?0u^7! &],.@
 0^3!08$!Ug%#^7 ! #!Y3()!(. !8SW#2,#8$!
D3- (23! "y=-  .#P- = 2, 0!#DI5!@!}
$ ]b!.#!= )(',.
2, @Y 2 +!eyo!  .#P- = 2 , 0!#}!  k#4],z% #2,0-.#]
 .7!<3u2,0-.#D!(!BW#2 ,-#!
 :u&E ()?I.,&d%/ 
 ."2,$,2,0?q.237"2L5!P?0ub!~!"#v-
~! "#3- (N 2 v?#2 ,q#2 !# +O sA>2 3#&45(B
N 2 v?#2, 9-jC2 3#2 ,(S^-qCSk#4J5^7. 2,?0ub!-#
- -

J #q#D23#&458Y 2 .e
BsDJ?0u3-(P?0ub!
U @ D=-3! "4 # " !~#!"#x@ 2q8Y "72DM3-@#
D2 3 2 ,#D~! "#3! 0 8 $!2 #!+/!#!+I570 M-V#J,j#
(M-$! #J$! #GO)2 -$!#2 Q ?~+I 52 N2v-#2#2l#
 .E/ "02,$!H 0M-.sg2$!.0^3!023#^7 
 :!(!#20-A>23#8j C
=-  .# .Qg ,QI(B!v <~!"#!^,QD=- .#2,5 A>23#L"B
 ..2Q!. 2,?0u!'+!"#2 A>!,#!k#mI( , BI DAO2B
D(2 ,#7"!~)  #(!, W#2,#^V#G-+A>2 9!]b!.#L"Bk#4
 .23 !;K 2,3 2 q#!;K =- .#^5!"
 :'!,9-.#
J jB2 Q!.2 ,?0>2 ,  G- Q\! q#2 !'37;Y>'!,9-.#
 .2 .e (!$-Y
 
9-B2 ,+
B!!.5> $-YJ jBJ?0>3-(G-Q'!37;Y>
 .2Q!. 2,?0ub!-#
 :u&E () */ 
 .W-U#.D2,%j#!'-  #3jML5!G!jBE
ML5! G!jBE=:"7!O2,0!32,d7! 23^3- A>23#k B85
 :N,.-U#N+- #2,%j#!'-  #3jW-U#
G! jBEb! -# .#G H yPe. EX-. @D .GO #
 .P!0
Y-
,.-U#
!! v'!0-1-b!-#k B
B! "7!6".#D.,:J$!##
 .2,%9

- -

b! P! .52 ,+I zQI- BH yI- .#X-. @D.:g#!##


 .(.@ 3-(p$2(Y2,%j# !!#!'0-1- !
,.-U#G!jBE
2,% 9'! - 3- (4 BHy(4.#X-.@H 0)KO:##d
 .G!jBEb!!5.
W # !'$!,#A> 9-. #! (,B!(, jB2$!. H 02 3# '.0
2 ,02 3#2 ,08 $!g %#2 U "D2 . 'E! @.#H 02!Yu (!.@B
- %() v-Go! /!,b-"0I53!,.C-%()!(-v^7a2,b-"0
 .2L5!b!-#Pe.Gg,Q[r8-U#!'p!a2p!a
.# =NQD2,-,#%j#;^vH 0#!#-5Ip. .# =NB
JB: BU.#X-.@H 0o! .#^5!"-7#h!H 0#!#-5Ip. L
] #7-  # .# !.-7#/LC o! .#(!, GO,BV#D2,-,#%j#
b! -# H 02 #!#2 j#- 5Ip.  L.#=R%.#
YH 02,%j#
 .?#
 :J !23#(!,#>8j CW#!',9-.#
&! D
#2 , !#7! `>(. @ 3- (gQA>G!jBEb!-%B= *
23.  I( #W # !'0!# !'5!E3! UO B2"v!2,$!U>
2  x jB ,. T ( X-. @ !!(d B2#! #i! .$>2,#!jBE!'3!
 ..D2,%j#3-O!2 ^-zB,z #2Q!.2,%j#
2 !#2% j#!2 , ( !'G!jBEb!N9-.#!U.#h-$7!`>*
J 5! >2,%j#2,0-.#!P-B= !53y[,#!57y2L5!G!jBEb!-
 B2,% j#2 ,0-.# (!` 1 25! @ &4 5~!,=!=>k#mD(I5!@B)
 .!(B!-!/ !5!-
 :u&E () c  
;! 0 '!5!E237:ML5!G!jBE-D2p#[O1~!
 .27-@#2,#2U  !P?0uG!DNjje. [3.#2l,5
- -

G! jBE! D2 p#[O1~!OMj.#A>23#&45(B


 .ML5!
'! !DML5!G!jBE^4B! NQ!#20-23#2,08$!
2 l ODI(B! 5!I (b3cH 0. #/!K-%'!!z.g,Q27-@#
2 @/! b7M p#3! +#2, ! 2 ,5 =-qI($ I(2@ g,Q2Qq
 =-v!#"=# !2,#g K=- d;E5/!$!,Q Mp#3!+#2,5 =-q=C
 D 2 b7^3- jk #m=! ;-2-$!K2,5 Mp#3!+u=-qI($  
G- Q.NQ!#Mp#3!+u!P!.57-YPb!#M #I045=!,QO
! ,2, 1'! p#&45=>/!K-%G!vML5!G!jBE!'p#NQ!#I,,B
G@ #02!Yu! .!,^o!.}!($ 2@X!,^,Y!($>I(^"0G!v
! OM p#!OD1!5=!m>!,NK-% !',bG-Q#g#!#
J,Q17-YH 0 /!K-%NK-% J K=R~!Ok BJ5!G!jBE
 .17-YP0Cg #X!,
g Q!# M4 #Mp#3!+uH 0.#^31H 023#&45' v
54 2 -,#2 ,)-#J 52 @r2 @,b#C G? C k #m
#?C 
'! 3#I p= g ,QJ @# !&EM # 0!.#J0! .YEhj#Jb-"#
 .2@rC  +O&458si3B2,?0u
 :u&E ()ui3@! 
 ."J$,Mp$g"2 !"#2,.#DP?0uG!jBE37
 ,.B=! #D2 ! "#2,.#DP?0ub!37H 0;- #23#&45J B
=! #DP? 0ub!-2q,p#J0!.YEM7!j.vEJ!,@#3!+u!6!.
 .'!,@.#b H.Q
#?.4
=!,.  0^3! 02 3#^7 8 $!2, 9-#!'3#A>23#&45J.B
= 2 ,$, 2 3#]b! .$ x B/!K-%="0()H 0!(,q.;!.ug,Q
- -

 I(. @$
.,BP! #M  #2l "BD2 #!2 , P?0ub!=.4#
 .NK-%
=-  .#( ^Y =-U .dNK-% 2 = ]b!.#)(':=- . #2@#!!
 .,2@
372 ,5: .BNK- %  H p#2 O=: - 1-=!,. E8 K 
 .,2@k#m.-qBH 0
B3v=- .#
 :u&E ()&< 
 
9-BG? C M- V#< u 5  ,BD&37M- V#P?0u
 .2-V#2,0!.YE @!'
< u 5  ,BD&37M- V#P? 0u2 A>2 3#&4 58 5
z @  ^O2 3 :2 -V#2 ,0!.YE
  @ !'9-BG? CM-V#
 .2-V#2,0!.YE @!'M-V#P?0uNG!jBE2,5 H 0,:.#2$O
!/  "() 2 3# .=- UBg,Q2,9-#!'3#23#&45
P- M- V#P? 0u =:]b! .#o   =! =!,. > 0^3!023#^7 !/ -B
 .23
9-BG?CM-V#<u5 ,.^L2Y3
P? 0#2 ,?0>2 -B;X7! 2 , 00-v7!`>:23#!',9-Bo 
D3 
#=- U= M- V#P? 0#'!, U#DM-V#P?0#I@vZ,jM-V#
 .
jj^7! /!"M-V#P?0u"xjg,P!#I, .#Q

-:*

 :u&E ()_ !M< 


 .'!,!`#/B2l<!#X#'!, @#2!8$V$u!',b! #
I, vI,5! h3oD! 537'!,b!  #2, @#3! K sA>2 3#&4585
'! @ 37=! ,2 , 9 2 ,!KI,5! I, v2 00oA>7! 5!(+!;M!55!)
2 Q D!/ #!+ 2 3#2,08$-UBv2, @#3!KsD2,#2,$
- -

 qv/7 8 -U#727-@#H 0N0o-2-$!#2q-. 270u


=m>./7 2 ,#'3! u/7=!02q /7%#/7
J #], rG#J#2,V#.UD;! 0OG#2 +0^3!023#.z
2 Q-.2 l   (EI $)3! ,C! 6G  2$-U
$!.0^3!0^7O
 .'!QV '!pQ?M I.#
 :JB!]b!.#8$!

2 B 2 , !',b! #8 .Q !,-20! ,o!  . ##!q#^5!"G




 .^5!"

DAO

AG  9N QD'!,b! #^5! "y27- @#2 +P!.5G 




 .8-U#D=!0D

2 ,V# .UD;! 0OG#,D3!Ct#3jI5 J52,##!',b! #




 .J#

D29!C=- B^(Y I(#-.B4#2 q# I5qv'3!u!=02 +




 .I(

De B=! 0D'!,b! #^5! " 7- ,vI 6 1-2 ,#7   


 .qvA>27-@#

] #2 1!#( ! ], 2, @.# ]P! 0U "23#2,02 + 


 .2,!,@#]#LC 2,0!.YE2,#2,!#
 :u&E()K <!?/!wLp
 .!(.(Y-2,,2,, .#2-V#Jb! #g#!'s
 :JBA>g%#(
2, #!',7O!5(pB!2,, .#2-V#Jb! #g#!'sH 0.#
 .2,!#
 .Jb! #g #2, @#P 2,!`u8$! ;-2,?0u2-V#3!Ks
- -

 .'!%.#k B2(Y-2,,H 0.#


 "0N K 0 g ,QJ 9-#  (]2,% @ 2 3#g Q!#Pe.
 .2 !!'Yu!2!Yuh-$s!/ QV
 27-@#!!'D[3.#2l,5;! 0 23#.=!
2,b- "#2 q#!2 3#2 ,03!,.C!;!=P!#I, .#Q !'J 
 .()2,#70 
/?./!,!`>/!$!Y .Jb! #g# =A>9-.#g%#]b!.$;-1H 0

$-2,? u2 ,# !!#2Ck#42,# =#D'!z( #N~3!.#D
H 0/L qC/!, /!$!Y .Jb! #g# =A>9-B!2!#37!j/3j
2 ,O2 ,0!.YE2 , #2 ,!#2 ,v?CO2 #JQ- #
7 #!',- H 0/! K BW#JQ-#!5L2,%j#2,!,@#27!j.vE
 .I @
 :u&E ()\  
2 ,V#2  +H 02 ,$,2 37"~! "#D2 ,YO2,$- .#!',b! #LK:B
 .""72!w
 :A>g%#(
 .!(, 0I6!v>X2,YO2,b! #'- #~!"#^5!"^2
 .2,YO!',b! #D!(B5!"~!"# W#!'0-1- ]#2
2 ,YO2,b! #'- #(!VBW#(2,!#2,v?CO2,0!.YE')LK:.#2
 .~!"#-$D
 2,! g^7 2$!.E/.J , %.#/J9-# (]g%#Pe.
P!  # "72 !w2 ,V#2 , D2 #2 @#2 +2,0H 080o'!- 
2 @/7 () 2 ,#8 #:B23-D~!" #im-/J3#
 .2#!+/!#!+#!#J 9O.
- -

 2 0-A>g %#9-B2o?#!'$3! ;Y>2$!.E]b!.$, s


 :!('!Y!..u
= ]b! .#) )( '2,YO!',b! #=]5!"~!"#^L2@$3-()
'!0! ()N!2,YO!',b! #^5!"DJ S3-4#,2@$
!, E(!/ ,-N.0!v ^5!" &45D!$u,2@$!P-,#D
 #2 3!}I(dI(.37\-!4527^3-j^(@#D
 .2,0!.YE2,!#XCO2,!"#!'+!"#
] #I K2,!#2,0!.YE]#^5!"N@"!~#Ip 
2 ,0!.YEb! @2 ,5:~! "#J 0 ,#7452,,- 2,@2,!,@#
 .203!@. 'L. )D2,!#
~! <K: B=!!2,YO2,b! #'-#!!$uK:B 3-4#K:B()
^! q 2 2Q! @A>k #m7.'-#&4(# !;K:B 2
2 ,#2 l,# 2,$ 2l,#!.$A>2(Y!$#^!q L3-4 #
 .XC 2(Y
 ,s:H 0'B'!QV 20-81'!Y!..E&45A>/7!.
^7!. E n! y2 ,YO!',b! #] #~!"#'5!"12,#@^O
2 ,$- .#'- #D! (02 ! b # 1!(B!, D? B! (2 ,!`u
 .2,

-:*

 :u&E ()( d!M< 


 .~!53uq.#2(Y-I, .#
 12 (Y- CD2 3 1-#I.= J! 3-jB1A>23#(B
k#m.&"$q.#I0#!(8e.W#,#!O:.#!~53uq.#
 .23#^7 D2 l ^0A>
.bM4#J!O23#G02!YuG?C
- -

- . h- #!=(,.)J523#^7 8$!J9-#(! (],Pe. *v


I @v]! , 2!Y2,V#2, U2#!#2v#?~+2,0H 02,$, 23#;Y>
2 , U2 #!#2 v#([)2 , |u2 #I@v()2,@$#2 #I@v()!,Y
N @2 #!+/!#!+()2,#8 k#4[()!,Y-#-UBI@v]!, !2,0-#2,V#
 .;-H 0N,%,@
! }~! 53u q.# -#=! ,B 2p#23#
0' !;-1D
~? q#( !,I5! 23 D~!53uq. #^05!p2,$, 23#
.%1
4 B q.#" $D8e.,#! '!,#c
."!;-H 0^37u=-  
 :JB
Q!#(!
!  CD
-,0G? C { U"I5!vJ, .#P!p#!=m>
$ *
 q.#H 0;! # !45L,.#!(E^31I, .#?9>=R~!53uq.#
= -  .=  ,z #2 9#!..#
\!%.#E,-B q.?9u!~53u
I. = J , .#P! p# 7 #^7!. =7G- sW #b-#H 0 .#I.
2q "$O2 +2 ,%#2 3-2q#A>!(G!.$E2,, .#2q#H 0;! #
+- C2 , 0I0 ! yI, .#2,0-#N@s2, 0=-U= J?9u =M
2 -B2, j"2 ,+-#2 3 "2,9A>^-0#H.B23#=R7j#45D!j#
 2@v8@,#2,B!$;! I $J$JU#=! !!. ,Q-#ie ,@#(!($O)
- #! B!,QD&7- Y^3 1 C .=! duH 0P-B2,B2-q  2,$!0m>
2 ,BD7! Y +A>G- 9-#!3! < v=-U$I59!b!Ok#m$= !q.>
 .@2Q!D#!e M #!B2,B2O&45;!
 :u&E ()Loiler@& 
 .~!53uG-Q,.#2!z.ED23 37
2 ,!53>'( .#J U +-  /! B.:JB23#&45'73 
G? C P? 0uG? C/.@/!1BG!+O..Ip.U"23!Y2Q
- -

N+- 7! `>J 52 ,#!'.D3 #2@,b#2( >=.2,je"#?'0!.#


3 2!z. 2 ,,I (
 $RJ#! .#! ?~q #D  -#BN q
 .
#-Q,.#!~53#2,b.E
 2, je"#(  !?')'! $!,# 9!0j023#&45.B
A>2! 1u!~! 53#~?q#. .!,I53-p%.#N,!p#I, .#J3
! ,2 oOI, .#I, ,B()3 #20!vD~!53u!.#G-QI5p$'!(Y
73- ])~( 2!z.!'-  /2!v/7.) (7-Y%.#'!p ! .
=-   (!1W #2 3! !!#G!.#3 D~!53#7a]( /2,, B
 .'?! G?C
2 +!3 #2 0!vD~! 53u=-+! EN   =23#&458"v
B BW # !!#2 +! 0, = "I ($ /! -0=-  0 .2@%.
2 3 !62 !.#2 q ^37> '7! <3>'!3 B'!- I(, BP#~!53u!
D!($-e. @=  UdW # !~53u!2qB 2,, .#Y! J0H 0-@,#I($ 
H 0^? 0~! 53#G!+OB2,3 +! '37>3B= I!.23
=- UBN   #'!3 B7! <3>2, 3 +! -B= H9-.k#4N  !!'.5
 .2 oO!2 qB 2 ,, .# @ !'P- B= /!  H9-!.~!53#2jj
I K N   #2 Q!.2,, .#'37u (!= ~!53#2jje 2Q!. I573-
 .2b?^3-j~!53uG-Q--,z.@= =-,q.@
 :u&E () *) 
 .~!53u2(Y-DMU#O,%.#2,+2,z,BV!;-
~!  ~! 53u   !~0 "U#A>[, b3U "2 3#k B (B
 .MU#O,sD2,0!.YE2l".#@!'37
,#>M7 MU#E
2 o?# !'$!,#8 Yg,QJ 9-# (]Pe. !
.37gQ!#XY 
 .(
$!.)Pe.!
- -

I, .# QD=- }M7-@#.DM #^7!v22,#8$!


N7- @#[3 .#2 l,5;! 0 ) =- U.2 37 . 23 #2,J!
27- @#! !',A>J.B2, ()DN !#&(3-.#^7!(<H 0N 9!
 .2,O(k 2, A>2!1u!"0XQu
 .B^ <!!/ !  ~! 53#= g Q!# !573 W #2 3#]b!.$o 
A>2! 1>MLU. # U#3! ".$2 9!C^3- jM U# ET #q.#
8 $! 2 ,##'L. p#! 2 qB2 ,Y3!C8 $!;- 2, !,@#!~O
P!p$L,BD2# 2,'!!,T.#2-UH 0 #'E!aD2 }2, C7
 ,z. #2 ! 2 l,# ,(B vW # !<^L-# !2q @#A>G-9-#IU
o. EA>2! 1>27! j.v 2 -BX C 2, je</!!  : ".~!q. E
 .I,# ##!e q# q.#&U#H 0J?0u
W #37O( !GO .3! a2 K?KG? C 8 v'!,9-.# !
J$! #L M U# O ,%.#! (h?q 1E2 ,0!.YE2l ".# @ !'J
 g Q!#P ,g #!#3-  !2 v?#'m2, . @ !'3 #2,'E!@B
DM U# O ,%.#2 QV2 ,+2,z,BV D2 . 2 3#&4 5^
#?C
! g Q!#73 M U#O,sD2,, .# @!'37G!D~!53u2(Y-
! (.!Y ~?q#X#/UMU#E0 !".H 0#:J 
I(! p.$P 0 I, .#0~?q#h!q$A>M7BvW#?'U" 237!(B!D
 .2% !'0!!I(v!%.#E29#x,.!}

-:

 . @ (Y2 9?C- 5M4#P!0U"


10!A>p#!
$>
 .! ;- !(. 37h- 1- 2(! "'! 37H 0G-j8#!QW#2Q!#v
g %#k #mi! .$ ! 6-.fU#MU#!~53u ML5!J, .#G!jBu!
H ! [, # U#~!53u0k#4P!0U"ML5!G!jBE0%.!X-
2 3#M B3- H 0.<v
10!=Rk#mI#!23#&45D7 

- -

 :JB-%#H 0!($-YD2,#!
Q-#ML5!G!jBE!2 . !O!'3##!@##G?C(
 :/?=
\- Qo! (2 37()M Qg ()G?Y- 2 37
= Cck#237()J$!j#237()JU237()
+
'!-  $DG!jBEh-#k#m2,5 |()M- 0237()
]( D2 ,#!2 3#
 10 ! \!B$!YA>7!<3u2,0-.#D
2 3# .!-52$!.8$!!(B7 J9-# (]8e.^7O
 .2,#!
ML5! G! jBE 0 !,= D2,#!23#0!(?.C
! - 5ML5! J , .#G! jBE8#!B2,#!23# !P!0U"
#!B
 .-jr
YH 02,, .#2, #2CA>(
 Jb! #g #!2 . 2,#!O!'3##!@##G?C(~
 :/?= Q-#
()! "#2 37()] ,0 #g ()' ,0237
 j#DL 37! 6'!,b! #  =Jb! #g#0
10!= z
2 CDk #m2, @#!53!Kc% #'!3 #^(!7!.ux9 1!
k BPe.  $!YA>P5[,#;!G-b!-#k BxjBJU#2,?0>2-B
 .2,#!23#.!-5J9-# (]#!E!'3#
2 ,, .#2, #2r2,b! #'-#Le@BA>(B2,#!23# =E>
 B^3 1A> (B23-Q]DI(b3cg~?q#!'0>o>Dk#m
 .2,b! #'- #2,!`u!'e.EI5 -5CM #


- -

Q- # I, .#!~53u!2 . !O!'3##!@##G?C(i


 :/?=
2 37()LoilerL#- #2 37()I,Q # 02 37
~! 53u !.#!B()JU#! ()I,Q #0237= |()JU#!
 .2,#!23#.!-52$!.E8$!^7OJ9-#! (].e.v
M U# !~53u8 #!B2 ,#!2 3# =D2 ,#!2 3# 0 .
 hu7 M #2Qv23#&45D
j*vM4#2!02j~!53u[,#
&4 58 #!B ()LoilerL#- #2 37!  2 ,, .# @!'D29!C
2 ,#!
3#  .Bg ,~! 53uG- Q ,.#D2 3 372 3#
G- Q ,.#Dk #m2 3 J 52 ,, .# @ !'I 5  Q 3 #! 5oR
 .~!53u









- -


 !B8C

 DE4 -
  4=  ^ F3>G -
  , -
 -"%< H"I -

- -

-:
 ,%.#k #m
Q!#( !8 !vW #2,$, '-qr9j#45DI.
I K 23#^7 !(.23#(]s
,g,Q23#&455
2 ! k #m !(,qB2,,!(B!K!(v9%.#^7Ok B70>\+G!B
 .]b!.#, s0D!(0!B>W#2,b!jQu

-:
 . !' -   H 0 .M4 #J9-# (]2Q!#8e.
 .() , 0 m Survey x @ Pe.@B-k#4#J 9O
=! m>2 "#'7  !' $!,#' - qr!/ 3!,/!Ym- Surveyx@
I(- 7 O2 #!Q 0'! -  w29!rG!U<OQ 
$:x@ (]B
'! -   M3! , J @,b#U"#./!  
$RI(B!5!I50!"I(37>
 jM4 #U "#!^L ^ ".2 ,#=- UB J U#.23#"B!0
2 o?# !'-  A>G- 9- #2 ,z( &45Pe.23#&45D!(B7yG!jBE
ie.  (!, s2 3#^7 H 02,#!!'YR2 . 23#v+0k#m
 .]b!.#
-:
g Q!#(. @W#'7 h- O.("),0m

 .z # Oh-   U# .4 5 d2 3#]b! .$ ,%.#!(. 37
 ."Target Population(.@
DX #P 2 !w2 ,V#2, !, #!'3#!'#!+23#.=-U.
2 -V#^37u2,? u2 ,V#[3 B\ +]5! [ #I 0)2 ,#!.#P! @vO
\ +]5!  I @vJB! I @v D'! #!q#7 02 #!+()570(,qe.#
()^3- .7(),qe.#2-V#^37uI@vL.@Y!()&3-.7()[3.#
^3-.7()2,?u2,V#I@vL.@Y!()^3-.7()[#I 0I@vL.@Y!
- -

2 ,!# ^Q-#D .B2V "Zb! jC7- Y- ,..45L.@Y!()


 .^Q2-5/!#! n^Q2l,(2,v?CO'7!#I,#k#42,#
:

2 ,#O !'$!,#!Z. W #23#.2!#!'-  #0J !,

 @#')(3 U.#Pe. >#  2$!.EGO;H 02!YuD


 :J#!.#-%#H 0k#m23#.9-#()2-l
 

W
 
( )  
 !" #  $    
% '

&"

./..
12.5.6
./
% <<

-.2

1;

 !" #  $

 )"* +,
 )"*
34
7" " 8
9!:


.
2

= 
#?C x .2 ,0!.YE2 #!@Q2,#7 o-B!@#Gx1-
()7 '! Y. L I K2 #!+()7 '! Y.  !'#!q#!j#=!3UBH 0
H 0(,)(,)(,)2 @#8 $!g ,Q'! #!+()7 XC IK2#!+
 .(,)2@^Q2#!+570=!U=7nfJB- #!'#!q# !J#-.#

 2, #2,0!.Yu2#!x1-()U<
60

54.2

50
37.3

40
30
20

6.8

10

1.7
0
 F 

C



- -

C
D

 

W
 

(-)  
 = > ? =*    
 = > ? =*

% '

&"

52.2

.6

+" *

.1.5

@"A

% <<

1;

9!:


. @$!  U "L. @Y!  !'#!+= ! @#G A> p#G? Cx .
 (,)2 @2 #!+()&3-.#!'#!+70NQD2#!+()7(,)
 .2,#7 h-
= = > ? =* DE(-)B&C
64.4

70
60
50

35.6

40
30
20
10
0

)






 WW


( . )  
F= GF   
% '

&"

F

-<..
.<.1
.;
./..
% <<

6
/
-1;

HIJ =
KLM" N" OP
*Q?P N"
H RS TU *
9!:


.
2

P! @v 2 3 H 00o- B'! #!q# =Q?!@#GDp#G?C


(, [3 .# \+]5!  I @vD'! #!+ 5
#!+()7(,)2@
- -

I@v'!#!+(, (,)2@2#!+()I5702-V#^37uI@v'!#!+
2 ,V#I @v'! #!+/L C (,)2 @2#!+()570=![#I 0
 2,#7 h-(,)2@'!#!+()72,?u
 2,#7OI@#x1-()U<J#!.#U"#
40
37.3
35
30.5
30

25
20.3
20

15
11.9
10



 " #%


KJ


  J

G I

 W!"# W
 
( 2 )  
VWM"= GF   

% '

&"

VWM"

..2
./
./
1.
1.
./
..2
..2
./
1.
1.
./
..2
./
11.;
% <<



.
.


.
.


..
1;

>  !" 
N OX
Y  =
*Q?X N
ZN [CX
!= B\ ? TU *
]
^ 
ZN _`* a 
N b=
=" > F
H RS
c !A H RS
> *=* > '"&*
7" " 8
9!:


.
2
1
5
/
6
;
<

.
2
1

- -

&./01EF$% ,-
""#+* 
60

55.9

50

40

30

20

10
3.4

5.1 5.1
1.7

1.7 1.7

3.4 3.4

5.1 5.1
1.7

1.7

3.4

1.7

0

I




 OI


 K


Q 

% # RS





&



: %T  O

 U



% 


" 

" 



W 

   F

 

W J

278 W*56
  ) (1

   `d I=M= GF


%

`d I=e

"&

' %

If* +,

..

;11.

*If

--

./..

7" " 8

5.6

;1

<< %

9!:

x1-B  h-(,)2@'!)-L52#!+()= ]b!.#2 ,07


3#!,2'!#!q#  (,)
. @$! U"2#!+()57'!)-
 h-2,073# !  2'! #!q#- #'! #!+()57 0=! U=7 nfJB
@ .(,)2
- -

 2,#7O2,( 2, rx1-()U<J#!.#U"#


60

55.9

50
37.3

40
30
20

6.8

10
0

 F 



GX

GX
D

 *56W J
 
2
 (5)  

> If!= g`d DE


% '

&"

;.
--./
.
.
.
--./
2.1
..5
..5
% <<

1



1

.
.
--

`d

h 4 = i*
E j
kl  *
m "*
*
!=*
n!= o N
X
7" " 8
9!:


.
2
1
5
/
6
;

 *+,-*56./01EF$%&
22.7

13.6

25

22.7

13.6
9.1
4.5

 
 F



^ 





4.5

4.5

4.5



I
F

- -

[F

< Y


E

 
 

20

 

15

 

10

 

 

 
 
 

 $ 5 W J



2
(/)  
> If!= B! ` DE
% '

&"

B! `

.5.2

 ' N N" =A

2.1

k7' )A*

2.1

* p

;.

3F % *

--./

=" N" O

2.1

h e 9 LF

2.1

)) ' q=d *

2.1

Br" 'F O !

;.

7" " 8

% <<

--

9!:

9;=6' # $:6' 9> X( ) $U8


36.4

40
35
30

22.7

25
20
15

9.1

9.1
4.5

4.5

4.5

10
4.5

4.5

 




W

FW C

=

 






 `b

WI c
CC

W I
R
=

 F 

 
 
 

- -

<W

2 8
  )(6
> If!= *e O* DE
%

**e O

"&

' %

6.-

--./

..5

..5

2.1

2.1

2.1

2.1

-5

2.1

<

-6

2.1

7" " 8

2.1

--

<< %

9!:

 
&<./01EF$%,-8+* 
25
22.7

20

18.2

15

13.6

13.6

10

 
4.5

 
4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

 

0
%

%

15 % 18 % 26 %  28 %
7
5
4
3
 F
% % % %

- -

 >* ? @
6A72W J
+

(;)  
'  > b=N  % dX 3* DE
% '

&"

'  > b=N % dP

1/.5

.2

!=* +,

2-.2

-1

!=*

% <<

1;

9!:

2 ,Y '! #= `JB- #!'#!q# =N.!@#GDp# Q4 g*


2 ,Y 2 #M: (! >P 0A>=< JB- #!'#!q#!,(,)
.@$! U<
 .2,#7 h-(,)2@2#!+()570=!U
 2,Y 2 P! u2, Cx1-()U<
70
57.6

60
50

42.4

40
30
20
10
0


 


D

 

 
?W J
+

( <)  
> b= DE
% '

&"

5<
2<
% <<

1
<
-1

> b=
Z)=sX
7" " 8
9!:

- -

%

-

( ()2 ,Y '!#=`JB- #!'#!q#@! =#GDx1-#


'! #!+()57 0=! U=7 nfJB- # !'#!q# !,2, |E2 #`=
 .()2@
 2,#(!2 2 #x1-()U<J#!.#U"#
70%
60%
60%
50%
40%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
 F 

 

C
=

 B0/0C7-72W J


( )  
? 9Et Iu I=4 DE
% '

&"

-.,/
5-./
..5
% <<

2
./
6
1;

? 9Et Iu


RQSP v= I #
(OC '* 'J) I
7" " 8
9!:

%

.

H 02 # ( #[, #JB- #!'#!q# =N.!@#GDp#G?C


! ,2 ,#7  h-  (,)
. @$! U<23#&45h-1-y\?+u
2 @2 #!+()57 0=! U^ <! 2, @$;- 2 # ( #JB- #!'#!q#
'!#!+()570=!U=7nfJB- #!'#!q# !2,#7 h-(,)
 .(,)2@



- -

 23#h-1-y2#O2, Cx1-()U<


 

 FDEB0/0C7-W J



% '
6.
<.6
5-.-./
Ix
5.% <<

( -)  
x Z y OC 'd ' Iu DE
&"
OC 'd ' Iu
.
2
-.

Ix
5
./

x e > * !"U# x y 'J I


`d x y 'J I
*  O $ x y 'J I
x e > * !"U# x y OC '* I
`d x y OC '* I
*  O $ x y OC '* I
9!:

%

.
2
1
5

= 
#?C x .^ <! 2, @#2 #O8$!,9M D!@#Gx1-
D^ <! 2#t#IK2#!+()72!#!^,,9D2,@#2#t#=!3UBH 0
()7 2 ( , 9D2, @#2 #O(, '! #!+()7 2!#!^,,9
2 #O(, '! #!+()7 2 9!r!!'.5E,9D2,@#2#t#IK'!#!+
(,)2 @#8 $!g,Q^Q2#!+729!r!!'.5E,9D^<!
 .J#-.#H 0(,)(,)(,)(,)


- -

 ,9M D23#h-1-y2#O2, Cx1-()U<














-:
 .'4C* W#!, 0'!372#!+()0^3!023#&45D2,#
()^7!. >^3- .72 #!+() 9 /!,b-"0!53!,.C2#!+()&70
 .(2$!.()^7!.>k#4L.@Y!2#!+()9 (2$!.

 /

$!.E 23#!',7 ;-1D!5;! Questionnaire


$!.E0&3!0

 ~-  - 5Questionnaire=!,.E!;j.E("),0!(0!
 b! QI .#
2,z(2qNK-% 7O^3!.(.@M4#!'$!,#
 C B=7!( 5 2 3#h- 1-y2 qB !'$!,#3!+>D2,3!U  ;3c
 ."'!$!,#&45DNK-% #JB4#.#DgQ!#
H 0G- j% #2 b?^7 =!,. E ."()= Cc' ,0! 1 
 q2 lO70U"=!,.EPNv-2qBb!Q'!$!,'!- 
 ."=!,.Eh-1-yN, 7O70v!(0
!Yu

- -

- -:

8B-qC2Q!#';!I,j.#2@,b37O^^462,%#3#)2(2$!. E
C>(k#ms2, 0^3-j!(Y6 "7-2!#  :J#!.#!!(&!.
-:

6&45D
$!.E3#2#!a-52H 0.#3#P- =  EM4#

G!jBEJ , .# !2 rML52 , #\? +>2 , .# u2 QhM  #
-^5!)2(Y~!53u .MU#

b-1H 007' :J !;-1D2$!.E
'!(,Y-B7!<3'!^7 "H 023# .2
'!,7O m2 .'2 U"y2 j#3# .2
h?+E @v.h-1-P!H 02Q!#3# .2

-:

2 U";-1H 03#5 !(. l 2(! 7!.H 0/3! +uM p#3# !'


2! @#- qr'- #2!, 9!! ! 5m737O^^4 62 ,%#3# 2
)!(B3-9D(2$!.E (Iv3% ).2,#O
>; ()vM #N U-! 4 # YI5L C 
>^7!.@#B2U'3c;- 1D2$!. EI(B! pQ?I (b
2!1> 4Q#' > .!( ,BB^7!0
!(B3-9D2$!.E (Iv3% )DJ5!2,b!(#
9 :
$!.E
 :J#!.#!3!a23 H 0
0o-^7()=-U.B
3- .&7()70H 0."GO
3- .&7()70H 0."J$!#
3- .&7()70H 0."g#!#

- -

 .&7()70H 0."#3-
-: -

D
e. @ '7O   =:.#"Validity\ j#( v) 0
 ."
!,#81!/?[,B!,#2, 0
(2$!. E)2 ,%#^7O2!XG-Q(Iv3% )NU;3cH 0;!
g ,Q3! .0ED'4C * W#I(B!QVI(B!(,Y-BI(B!pQ? /!23#5O
x j,#' # 4 Q' #2!1>/!-#'#2!,9B
2$!. E8% 9 k#4 (I v3 % )^()/E()2$!.u'70
!/ ,b! jQ>\ j# !,vk#4 N U \9
, 0 q! M5!p#\j#!..B
 .(Iv3% )3!D/!B=!J C#@!\Bu!
 I,U%.#v2$!.E7-x1-()Iv3GY
 I,U%.#  I,U%.#v
 2$!.E
 .2,je"#!'-  /GO;
 
 
 .3!H 020o- 2$!.E'/J$!#;
 
 
'!-  $D2,5 ML5!J ,.#G!jB?#/GO3-
 
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 .
7!63!UO
2, #2CD37ML5!J, .#G!jB?#/J$!#3-
 .2,, .#
hu?\+>D37ML5!J, .#G!jB?#/g#!#3-
 .N . X#M #2Q
^5!)2(Y-D37ML5!J, .#G!jB?#/#3-
 .MU!~53u
 h-


:RS B Q
 :!5N,!  YH 02,b!(#(!B3-9D2$!.E'
-Q
- -

.02!0'!- 0&3!0:3# :g,Q2


!2#2 Q2,0!.YE3#!'!, #I@#Zje.#2, r (2 , C2,
2, C2,Y ('!#)2 P! u&45h-1-y2#O3# .2

20-M-n-:3!#' :J#!.#!3!a23 H 0!(o-B

G!jB?#/J  .# ! $D2 ,5 ML5  '! -3! UO()


7!6
3!0'4C:B ()P!v3O
G!jB?# /J , .# !2 CD37ML52 , #3! 0()2 ,, .#'
4C:B ()P!v3O
G!jB?#/J, .#!\?+>D37ML5u2QhX#M # N .
)3!0('4C:B ()P!v3O

G!jB?#/J , .# !-D37ML5^5! )2 (Y~! 53u()M U#


3!0'4C:B 1 v()P!v3O ! ,J !r ! , @Qi3 .
D(Likert)'U,#!$ :J#!.#!^P! @O
G!jB?#/J, .#!$D2,5 ML5  '!-3!UO 
7!6
/ 9=:
'C6

(I
/Y 

(I(L  , v  -.  I


2,5O2,5O

G! j>DG! 3  q    5O- 2 -V#


.2,, .#

  D !32 K?# 1X CO ! ,J !r ! ,v @Qi3 .
D(Likert)'U,#!$ :J#!.#!^P! @O

 

'C6

^L
Y 

@(K>DI;'!,#c -N22#!9O
 !3! D^92.2,, .#

- -

 2Y337
#
2,1  2q-.  ^L

2,1
Y

 :J#!.#G-D2%1-J5'U,#'!Y372Y37U#3!,1v
 J!@-.

 3#2Y37

 2,5O2Y37

 ,A>

 /Y2,1

 I(L

 ,A>,

 2,1

 2,5O, v

 ,A>,

 2q-.

 2,5O-.

 ,A>,

 ^L

 I(

 A>,

 /Y^L

 /YI(

-:Reliabitiy -

'7O8 *+m>!( @$]b! .#H 0G- j 


j"() v
0
^7O!'K:.#I.-.."2!2,o^VI-.#D2e.@
! }.M! @B8 $!.Cronbach Alpha! $! #2,b!jQu2#7! !!(,qB
 .'!#2,#!02Y3..B2$!.E =H 0G
-:

'! #!+ 52 3# .H 0(2$!. E)2 3#^4 62 ,%#^7O ,qB
]5!  :2,#!.#P!@vOD 5P!#X#P 2!YD2,V#2, D!, #!'3#
.[#I 02,?u2,V#,qe.#2-V#^37u[3.#\+
J 3#P!  #J$! #J 3# j#D2 Q!# v 2$!.Eo-Bv
 .!(p^7!.H.Q!(.!.y^5!Y2Q!#8!vg,Q 5 5
7 0/!  2 , #2 Y3#@ Q2 3# . o-BNJ#!.#G
 .23#.DN,z.@ #2-l 2@#^7- !'$!.E70^7! !'$!.E




- -

 ()Iv3GY
 2$!.u,qB23#.o-B
 2-l 2@#

'!$!.E  2-l 2@#!'  $!.E .7 


 ^7-

 ^7!

 2, #2Y3#

 P

 23#

 

 

 

 

 

 ^3-.7

 

 

 

 

 

 

 L.@Y!

 

 

 

 

 

 

 J#!u

2@$8 !,()8 ^7! !'$!.E2@$= !@#Gx .


! (2$!. ()2 0o- !'$!. E7 0=- Uk#4 ()^7-  !'$!. E
 .2#!+()M!@B23#2,0xjBk#4^7-()^7!2$!.()
 D! U#U "#!! $!. Uf2 3#.=:2Q!#8lY-:2)-% 
I. BfW#^7- '3!#70!58$!'!$!.uD2#!2-98(Y
'! 37'!#!+0^3!023#.= 29!Ck#m2Q!#v-.Bf!(, 02!Yu
 .!, 0
-:
 :2,#!.#,#!OPe.R2,b!jQu2! 8S

 2-l @#'3U.#
 .2,!@!'q-. 
N.0- N,!@QNq-.\#2,b!jQu2#E#23#.(t.Test)(')3!.C
 .NK-% 
 .!.#, s2#7!
NK- % !'$!,G? C ^7t #J C #@ !\BE \9!,#!B3u!?'
3- % #2 , U#2 Y3#3- '3!0^3!0N!B3E@!~!?'
 .
,#>J.BM4#


- -

="E>2"4 D-">4 J8








- -

2 -l @ #'3 U.#Pe. !!5L @B]b!.#, s0j#45D


&37ML5! J , .#G!jBEG-Q23#2,07!!' Yu2,!@!'q-. 
 .2,!@!'q-. @Q&U#,BV#1MU#!~53u^5!)2(Y-D
-:1I 1K6 5"C
( 2^I&_E8`-J /)
  /]?= 1I 1K6 L4&
 [*+G_/&)18c

'!q -. 2 -l @ #'3 U.#Pe. >G@ #4 5H 02 !Y#

b! D/? .)ML5! J , .#G! jBE2 ,5 [, BW #'3!  #2,! @
'3! #&4 6P!#J!@-. @!~Qk#43!UO!'-  $D(2,b! #
 k#mx1-() 


              ! "#$%  &$'% (  ! ) *
  . ) */  ! 0$% 123 4 +, -
( 

9#$%
< 
2.55

2.5

2.12

2.-;

2.-5

2. 1

9#$0

18

/

/

__

__

>

/ .-

-../

1.

__

__

__

__

>

5;.1

--

6.1

__

__

.;

__

>

55.

-../

6.1

./

__

-5

-.

__

__

>

22.

.;

1..

__

__

-5

--

__

>

22.

./..

1..

./

__

-2

-2

>

2<./

2<./

..5

..2

./

:; 60

60

2-

- -

5) 

60 +7

y Fz n ! v=  


o' W y x 4 ="d 3
n\ {I
+bW nF="d T`'
Rid ~ N" xW4
nF\  = U y > *=!=
 WX y   N =L{
!=" N" [Uu
!= N N g&" 
= I F\ 

\ {I  WP B\ ?    


nF=" `* W!A +U !p
> *=d
 'F"?X y nF="d N  nA)
U+I > *=d

( 

9#$%
< 

2. <

%6

%6

..;-

9#$0

18

/

/

__

>

2<./

.-.-

-<..

1.

__

-6

<

>

-6.6

2/.1

5.;

..2

./

-<

-.

>

...;

.;

--

..2

./

-.

-<

<

>

...;

6.1

5.;

./

:; 60

60

-2

.;

2.-1

5) 

60 +7

Oid Wd  U nI{


C 'd ZW BF F B{IN
T* J=

` g&" O q="


!="d g* HJ r"*

>F"*  N R P )


!":

!=" U d  N n


!="!= I  !" P

%  d

 $DML5!J, .#G!jBE2,5 = (,)#!#P!#G x .


 2 3# .= M / YI (
Y37H 02 ,#X#27!63!UO!'- 
 .3!UE!'-  $DML5!G!jBE
(,)N 8 QBv3-462,!@!'q-. @! =#Gx1-g,Q
'! -   $DML5! J , .#G! jBE2 ,5 H 02 - 2 Y37= (,)
4 58 s8Y3$W#'3!#()70D(/YI()2Y38$!27!63!UO
Jb! #g # j0D2 9!CI . X#D!#J0-#2,BH 00!@:J53-
3  q Jb! KI ,2l,5D'!-  #\-" #!"!9-jCLj#J . (]
2 b!2 ,, B2 -B2 l,- U.#G- 2 ,, .#2 -V# 5OG! jDG! 
g ,Q'! -  J .#I(3j2L5!2,b! #G!jBub!37o2, 0!#
 .J#-.#H 0(,)(,)(,)(,)(,)!(B!q-.8 
ML5! J , .#G! jBE2,5 H 02- 2Y37= !@#Gx1-k#4
W #'3! #( )7 0D(I ()2 Y38 $!2 7!63! UO !'-   $D
!5L @B'! -  G!. >DJ  . 2,!`J:J53-458s8Y3$
^3 vk .d]! $ # <! M3- j# #2 ,B ^7- " 2,vj 2#!5J 
- -

J 0 . '.I, vN \!@BuoN . [$!z.3-(-U.#


(,)!(B!q -.8 g,QN . #2,@#2,0!.Yu2,, .#5!p 7!
 .J#-.#H 0(,)()()(,)
()M Qg ()J U2 37]b! .$ 2 3#&4 5]b!.$.B
 :k#mP!0U"()] ,0#g()
+\- Qo!(237k#4
 .Q>o!  .# =L U"=-Uo! .#02 7- ]#H 0G!vu =D
 .I( , BI DAO2B
 .2!#37!j3jJb! #g# =
b! G? C '! -  #J# 3jo! .#H 0~-"#D7!.0uI.
$ 
 .2!%j#/LC 20muk#mJB:IKG!jBu
A>H #  v2,$! @$>^3 j#45D29!CJb! #G!jBE2,5 =Rk#4#
GoE=! 2,$! @$>2Y!%G!jBE!/7-Y-#!#DfM4#2##P-(,Q
 .^!,k Bj0Uf=>7#!^,QDJ! j0
-:NO"P 1K6 5"C
_&E8`-J /)
  /]? =NO"P 1K6 L4&
 [   /!( 2^I

'!q -. 2 -l @ #'3 U.#Pe. >G@ #4 5H 02!Y#
(2,b! #
b!D/?.)ML5!J, .#G!jBE37[,BW#'3! #2,!@
G '3! #&4 6P! #J!@-. @!~Qk#42,, .#2, #2CD
 :k#mx1-()Iv3


- -

() 


 )             ! "#$%  &$'% (  ! ) *
  0:= 4 +, -
( 

9#$%

5+@

< 

:;

2.5

2.2-

%.

2..2

%.

2..2

2.-/

2.-2

2. ;

..;.

>?

5) 

5+@

"#$0

>?

.;

__

__

>

55.

-6.6

1.

__

__

..

__

__

>

11.;

.<.1

..5

__

__

-6

-1

__

>

2/.1

2-.2

5.6

..2

__

..

__

>

11.;

-../

6.5

./

__

-1

-5

__

>

2-.2

22.

.;

./

__

-2

-5

__

>

2<./

22.

..5

./

__

-5

__

>

22.

.-.-

--

./

__

--

>

.-.-

./..

-../

1.

./

2.-;

:;

N *QX X  $  
aU F7"N F=4 c IA
a U N >  @+M"N
=! *e  , " '=L* v7E
!="

Ix !=" =! v= nI{


7" N )d L y 9"
=F" g*

cX F"   =? 


IW +, LiJu

!="  WP =? !`* Y


J d  " = C ' 
"iJ " 7E "# WX =!=

N  Fz  " OE ~


y  i"JP ? +U !=
+'& n !" P K
N 'Ad >  cX y `
 !{* y Ox d  xu
!=" A$

!=" =!  &"X !x BC


?d m A FU d S 

%  d

2 CDML5!J, .#G!jBE37= (,)#!#P!#G x .


 .=: k #m2 Q!#@ Bg,Q./Y^L
Y37H 02,#X#2,, .#2, #
 .2,, .#2, #2CDML5!J, .#G!jBE3723#

- -

(,)N 8 QB v3- 4 62,! @!'q -. @! =#Gx1-


2 ,, .#2, #2CDML5!J, .#G!jBE37H 02- 2Y37= (,)
:J 53- 4 58s8Y3$W#'3!#()70D(/Y^L)2Y38$!
'- v 0&Le @.
5 ,%.N, C;! N-BN,?0>A>2Y!Y
2 ,, .#2 , #H 0J 2 ,, .#2, #2r2!"! qH%1 
7!52-B
2q "$O ;K>I .#2 #!2 , 2, .#3%.#!o q#Dh-.#29
"E! j>I  #$!@ 37"!, <!BW#2,, .#G!jBu2 ,2(A-B2,j#L
D3! ".$u2 2 L5!2,, B2-B2!#Y-.#^31""$"!%,1-B
(,)(,)(,)(,)!(B!q -.8 g,QLU#J0!.Yu,
 .J#-.#H 0(,)(,)
DML5! J, .#G!jBE37H 02- 2Y37= !@#Gx1-!
8 s8Y3 $W#'3!#()70D(^L)2Y38$!2,, .#2, #2C
2 3! D^ 9! 2#! 9ON 2 - !',#c;K>DI(@:J53-45
8 g ,Q23 !=,853 ! !+W#2,, .#2, #3!U.Q>29<2,, .#
 .J#-.#H 0(,)(,)!(B!q-.
 :P!0U"()M- 0237]b!.$23#&45]b!.$.B
 5  ,.k #m2 ,, .#2 , #2 P-M-V#P?0u =8.K m>
!  ML5! J , .#G! jBE ! =y23
9-BG?CM-V#<u
x 1U "I( @-(k#4#M-V#P?0uY-5J, .#P?0u
,@$= Ud
H p#2O=:()=Cck#2378%1 k#42,, .#2, #2CD
..-qBH 0
B3v=- .#372,5:.BNK-% 
!(B! @[! B8% 9:2 ,, .#2 , #2 CD37P?0ub!- =m>
2  ^r37!j[!B8%9 P?0Eb!=>"(),0& !452,, .#
A>M #(!, D2 #-q#!.2  .e (!QD2 #-q# 2 0'!0!q#2@#!XCO
^O23 ^037!jH 0.B!(2q,f-#0I,5! ,U".#h?q.E2

- -

3!   !'-  I DP?0Eb![!B= ,q.@BBf37!j &45&CcA>....;!v9O


!(d B'! -  H 0G- jDb!6JY-#-U.#3-q.#LK:.!(.KQ!(BY!(BW#

 "G!+O;E5A>
3j.BJ(2,, B2-BP!(!(B!0H 0G!jBEb!= N45
 .7 - DKBg,Q~- q U"#!!6?.>m>2 I #37!j
2 9!C2 3-#2  " $2 Y!#3!COIBD3-OP!&4Cc/!  !/ !`>!>
 .!(Jb! #
-:Q"P 1K6 5"C
`-J /)
  12 /]? = Q"P 1K6 L4&
  [e )f!@dC!D,-.( 2^I&_E8

'!q -. 2 -l @ #'3 U.#Pe. >G@ #45H 02!Y#



 b! D/? .)ML5! J , .#G!jBEb!37[,BW#'3! #2,!@
J! @ -. @ !~Qk#4 N . X#M #2Qhu?\+>D(2,b! #
k#mx1- ()Iv3G'3!#&46P!#
() 


 )             ! "#$%  &$'% (  ! ) *
A% B:  &C D :E FGHI 4 +, -
( 

9#$%

5+@

< 

:;

2.15

2.25

2.-;

>?

5) 

5+@

"#$0

>?

./

__

__

>

5-./

.<.1

5.6

__

__

..

--

__

11.;

./..

1.

__

./

  A id v= OF N )!"


I >  =* S g q
%
G 'A G bx !="!= ' N

-/

-.

__

>

21.6

.;

..5

./

__

- -

:;

!?# N C  F )


`* B* " *"7 !
m)!"* QLA

>

c ' Z$ H "  c AX


g 7"d R  y

( 

9#$%

5+@

< 

:;

2.-2

2. 2

2.<.

..;/

..;.

../

>?

5) 

5+@

"#$0

>?

-5

--

<

__

>

y 'd g* x ~N a* 


OL4 B&i 34u > !":

22.

./..

5.;

./

__

!": y Ud [ i"AP !`*


n=

-5

__

>

c ' Z $ m  =L

22.

-/.

-/.

./

__

__

>

.1.5

.1.5

-1.2

..2

__

-.

__

>

.-.-

.;

--

5.6

__

--

__

>

.<.1

./..

-/.

1.

__

--

__

>

.-.-

./..

5.6

__

--

2. 2

:;

 T*N >  t T`d


 N ?*
NP ' BFx y `
!="d O`!p

% `d O: n d Ki


! BN Ud [ i"AX
S

$ N !"`!=  Ii T{


4 $ gr!d

x e >  F =?  i

Ld H?u "d   >=


=

%  d

DML5! J , .#G! jBE37= (,)#!#P!#G x .


2 Q!#@ B.^L 
Y37H 02,#M 3DN . X#M #2Qhu?\+>
2 Qh u ?\+>DML5! J , .#G! jBE37 23#.=:k#m
 .N . X#M #
(,)N 8 QB v3- 4 62,! @!'q -. @! =#Gx1-
2 Qh u ?\+>DML5! J , .#G! jBE37H 02- 2Y37= (,)
8s8Y3$W#'3!#()70D(/Y^L)2Y38$!N . X#M #
~? qI ( !.- V%! ,Q!,EI(B42l<!#2Ko:J53-45
2 @#! # !'v   + 0k #m27!623!" H 0^3#!,.,.

- -


!,v3!%. \m 2v3 D;!#M3-![.#3;!m>/3!/3!9N . #
D~- 5- " !.E2 (^- qCU "X CO!'.DN0 3-9
H 0(,)(,)(,)(,)!(B!q -.8 g ,QJ  .
 .J#-.#
ML5! J , .#G!jBE37H 02- 2Y37= !@#Gx1-k#4
'3! #( )70D(^L)2Y38$!N . X#M #2Qhu?\+>D
'!v! @y], (  !;#M  #2 =! # q:J53-458s8Y3$W#
 "N . ( ^2 ,0u2 ,# 9DI( @2 !2 323-Q]
N. ( #2,! "# ]! (B!v!+2 ,B  5- " !.P! ( ^J0!@
[ O2 V 23!#'4 #29!r!'0!#2 3o "Cz 3-!
(,)(,)(,)(,)(,)!(B!q -.8 g ,QI, @# q
 .J#-.#H 0
 25- #J, vuS D()I&m!2z,.#&45.B
 :27-@#2L5!P?0ub!J#-B= V
 Q D2,b!. ^3- jI(5- DI(B3 ,S4#7O!/!9!C!!.5*
N 2 7# \#@ !=D&4 Cc" .!53W#J$!@$u!"#7!,
 .2L5!P?0ub!= m>!( b!#N .
! (I(3! ; K>2 ,0uI(B3! (2 ,BN- 5- 7 0>DI(@B= J*
2 !K "$I( ,'!v 9,#:BI(,US2,0u2,v?COI5L!-qB
 .M7-@#.Dhu
-:F58 1K6 5"C
_&E8`-J /)
  12 /]? =F58 1K6 L4&
[*IgD5h%W&/( 2^I

- -

'!q -. 2 -l @ #'3 U.#Pe. >G@ #4 5H 02 !Y#

 b! D/? .)ML5! J , .#G!jBEb!37[,BW#'3! #2,!@
&4 6P! #J! @ -. @ !~Qk#4 MU#!~53u^5!)2(Y-D(2,b! #
 k#mx1-()Iv3G'3!#
() 


 )             ! "#$%  &$'% (  ! ) *
*> J ,)E 5, K ; $0 4 +, -
( 

9#$%

5+@

< 

:;

2..

2-;

2.-1

2.--

%1

2. ;

%1

2. ;

2. /

2. -

2.<1

2.<.

5) 

"#$0

>?

-/

-.

__

__

>

21.6

.;

1..

__

__

.<

__

>

1<.6

.<.1

1..

..2

__

-;

__

>

2;.-

-6.6

-<..

./

__

-/

-<

<

__

>

21.6

...;

5.;

..2

__

-5

-<

__

>

22.

...;

6.5

..2

__

-/

__

>

21.6

.<.1

--

__

./

-2

__

__

>

2<./

.1.5

-../

__

__

-2

-.

>

2<./

.;

..5

1.

./

-.

--

>

./..

1..

5.6

./

>

.-.-

-../

..2

./

.;
-.

>?

5+@

.;

2. 6

:;

%  d

- -

!="d 3 _S c !"J# )


 U T*N g* a*F t

   C &I N !


a " n Z&I D* "
Bz*u JP

U > iN n 


={d \ F$ =S '

&I > {d N &I 7i


>F % N =I& Qe
MI"d \ {I

>   g* 7" N )!"


S+'  '"?P



[e OF g* I 


Z&I p

 " ? > {"Fd c  `=


*u N Z {$

O=  i"JP o' F


i' N b=

 & IL" =\ S g* 


Oc ' Op

\C g* I > `L


&I , nI ",P
Z u

DML5! J , .#G! jBE37= (,)#! #P! #G   x .


=: k #m2 Q!#@ B.^L 
Y37H 02,#M 3DMU#!~53u^5!)2(Y-
 .MU#!~53u^5!)2(Y-DML5!J, .#G!jBE3723#.
(,)N 8 QB v3-462,!@!'q-. @! =#Gx1-!
~! 53u^5! )2(Y-DML5!J, .#G!jBE37H 02- 2Y37= (,)
3- 458s8Y3$W#'3!#()70D(/Y^L)2Y38$!MU#
, <#U#! - @2 7!5]!
 yN . X#T+-#!;.$Eo:J5
N5 #'o! "J0- #3-OJ$!@$u
Y-.#Jv#MU#x!@.#7! -
'- #P- 7 -2 ,U#2v?r2U#'7! !U#4%"2 b!2 +!#
H 0(,)(,)(,)(,) !(B!q -.8 g,Q2e@. 2,b! #
 .J#-.#
DML5! J , .#G! jBE37H 02- 2Y37= !@#Gx1-k#4
8Y3$W#'3!#()70D(^L)2Y38$!MU#!~53u^5!)2(Y-
2 ,+vL#Ip #27. u !'0#7- ,v3%.#!,.:J53-458s
M3!  !.#2'!, . ;!-#I( MU#-r^07#3n
3! Ut# ,q.#2 b!+n"#N2- #^Q- #3!".$ug#nION
M7! QO U#3 J @#~V ub- < 7 #'m(q^;!#^
 .J#-.#H 0(,)(,)(,)(,)(,)2,!@(!B!q-.8 g,Q
J , .#G! jBE37= (,)#! #J U#J! @ -.  x .
 .^L
Y37H 02,#M 3DMU#!~53u^5!)2(Y-DML5!
]b! .# 1 W#()I,Q#0237]b!.$23#&45]b!.$.B
 C7~! 53u q.#3! ".$>DI!!#I5-$!N  (! =, 08 jQW#
(2 3#2 l   1 )! #G@#0I(,2@)~!Y g,Q3 
H 0 .#I.= `
$ x .!5k#mD=-,=- I5!5:J#!.#!-5
- -

2 q#H 0;! #I. = J , .#P!p#7#^7!.>=7G-sW#b-#


 .2q"$O+2,%#23-2q#A>!(G!.$u2,, .#
! B^3 1 [\Q@ 9\- # ()] ,0#(!vW#!',9-.#1=Rk#4
2 @ 2O !;2,0-BLjBY ^-0#G!Y3N,?0uN-V#7-(Y
 .!(7!B !(.(Y-2,,Jb! #g #2-V#!'%.#+!ey
+- 7! `>I0 ! }I, .#2 ,0-#N @s2, 0=-U= J?9u>=
2 (Y-DL 37
#
$ 
,#!
3#
..K !}ML5!J, .#G!jBu!j#
 .I, .#2,0-$N@s?9u2, 01-(=m>MU#!~53u^5!)
-:S"T 1K6 5"C
 :>)& _e 2d_X,+!W&1]?= S"T 1K6 L4&
j
 Q( :8 ! _d/ < W! &>E 
["! #C&6&mIG I MEW(_4)4l)D I E%) Ik
7- YX2 t3!.C>!.#, sPe.>G@#45H 02!Y#
2 ,0!.YE2 #!A>7- B23O3!% #2,!@!'q-. N/!,b!jQ>2#7\
2 ,Y ('!#)2 P! u2, C2,( 2, rZje.#I@#!, #!'3#2 Q
( / ) 
:J#!.#-%#H 023#&45h-1-y2#O2, C

 ;  PG=  !  Q# 4 F> : " &  1O " ) = LM 3
: T U

a +,

a +,

B$0
:

<.;--

<. /6

P 8

9#$0

D$S

! ;)

! %

! 0

&

-. 1;

2.. /

N
> !:

-5.2;-

21/.<6<

11

B4
> !:

.;.-56

/6.1.1

N
> !:

--.<26

- -.5-;

11

B4
> !:

<.<6

./6

- -

&  ): 0

)$R
n!="  W# 
> *=d BFJ y Z+U !p
   &u
n!="  W# 
=! *4 y Z+U !p
!="

: T U

a +,

a +,

B$0
:

<..<2

<./

P 8

9#$0

D$S

! ;)

! %

! 0

&

.6.-21

/5.2;

N
> !:

. .2</

/-/..66

11

B4
> !:

..2<

--.56

N
> !:

...2;1

62-.- 5

11

B4
> !:

.- 6

<...

&  ): 0

)$R
n!="  W# 
9NP RQSX y Z+U !p
!="d 3 Z 
n!="  W# 
OU f ` * y Z+U !p
 Z&I UP

2 ,0;3cN (,)2 #E7X-. @ 0/!,b!jQ>2#7\7-YP0A>]b!.#L"B


 :G-Q2,0!.YE2#!?.C!23#
27!63!UO!'-  $DML5!J, .#G!jBE2,5
2,, .#2, #2CDML5!J, .#G!jBE37
N . X#M #2Qhu?\+>DML5!J, .#G!jBE37
MU#!~53u^5!)2(Y-DML5!J, .#G!jBE37
2 3O3! G- Q2 3#2,0;3c@E2,0!.YE2#!L.=RIK
.3!,G-Q2(!".2,0!.YE2#!L. /!23#.7 23=R
, 0
 ( /) 

 ! # ): C0 PG=  !  Q# 4 F> : " ! " ) = LM 3
: T U

a +,

a +,

a +,

a

B$0

8

P V

:

"!"

) %

<.1.6

<.162

<. ;2

<.5-<

<.11

.. 2

<.<<  ..2.1

C%

9#$%

:

1.21

2 .;1

.6

2.2.

2-.6

1.--

2-.55

.6

+" *

2.

2...;

@"A

1.6-

2<./5

.6

+" *

1..<

2-./6

1.12

2<.<6

.6

2.11

22.;1

- -

 # ):

+" *
@"A

@"A
+" *
@"A

)$R
n
!="  W# 

> *=d BFJ y Z+U !p
   &u
n!="  W# 
=! *4 y Z+U !p
!="
n!="  W# 
9NP RQSX y Z+U !p
!="d 3 Z 
n!="  W# 
OU f ` * y Z+U !p
 Z&I UP

L J5(<.5-<)GO3-D(')2,v= (~/)Iv3Gx .


J 5(<.11 )M! @B(')2,v=RJ$!#3-Dk#4(.<1)X-.@02#7
E2 ,#7;  3c=OT45( .. 2)M!@Bg#!#3-D! k#42#7L
 .&3-.7 L.@Y!;-2,3#2 Q ?.CRI(b3c .
OU f ` * y Z+U !p n!="  W# )- 5 #3-% #2@#!!
! ($ M (.<< )2 #E7X-.@0(..2.1)M!@B(')2,v=R(Z&I UP
?.CR  .2 ,#7;  3c=:k#m2Q!#@Bk#4(.<1)X-.@02#7


, 0. (b3c8 !B8 B3>'7o!  2 , #2, 3#2 Q
 :
D&3-. # !'#!+L. @Y!  !'#!+N 2,b!jQ>2#E7'm\Y-BE
.27!63!UO!'-  $DML5!J, .#G!jBE2,5
37D&3-.#!'#!+L.@Y! !'#!+N2,b!jQ>2#E7'm\Y-BE
.2,, .#2, #2CDML5!J, .#G!jBE
37D&3-.#!'#!+L.@Y! !'#!+N2,b!jQ>2#E7'm\Y-BE
.N . X#M #2Qhu?\+>DML5!J, .#G!jBE
37D&3-. # !'#!+L. @Y! !'#!+N2,b!jQ>2#E7'm\Y-B
! j#k #mM U# !~53u^5! )2 (Y-DML5! J , .#G!jBE
 .&3-.#!'#!+
 ( /) 

62 PG=  !  Q# 4 F> : " &  1O " ) = LM 3
T U

B$0

:

:

P 8

a +,

<.1/

<.55

a +,

<. -

-.<

9#$0

D$S

! ;)

): 0

! %

! 0

&

& 

/.5 6

1-.611

-5....

226...-

11

22./.6

.2.- .

- -

N
> !:
B4
> !:
N
> !:

)$R
n!="  W# 
> *=d BFJ y Z+U !p
   &u
n!="  W# 

T U

B$0

:

:

a +,

a +,

P 8

<..<

9#$0

D$S

! ;)

): 0

! %

! 0

&

& 

--. ;/

--<.6 ;

11

B4
> !:

.;...-

/.;;1

. .6/;

/1...5;

11

2.-1.

2-./5<

...-/5

6.<. 6;

11

.-.

<./.

<.2-

N
> !:
B4
> !:
N
> !:
B4
> !:

)$R
=! *4 y Z+U !p
!="
n!="  W# 
9NP RQSX y Z+U !p
!="d 3 Z 
n!="  W# 
OU f ` * y Z+U !p
 Z&I UP

]b! .$N (,)2 #E7X-. @0/!,b!jQ>2#7\7-YP0A>]b!.#L"B


 :G-QI@#?.C!23#7!!' Y>
27!63!UO!'-  $DML5!J, .#G!jBE2,5
2,, .#2, #2CDML5!J, .#G!jBE37
N . X#M #2Qhu?\+>DML5!J, .#G!jBE37
MU#!~53u^5!)2(Y-DML5!J, .#G!jBE37
 .7  23=R
, 0I@#?.CR .E2,#7; 3c=RJ#!.#!
 .3!,G-Q2(!".I@#L. /!23#
 ( /) 

% >W PG=  !  Q# 4 F> : " ! " ) = LM 3


T U

B$0

8

P V

:

:

"!"

) %

a +,

<.;;

<.<

a +,

<.6<

<.-2.

>W

9#$%

:

1...

2-.-2

..

If* +,

2.;2

2-.-.

--

If*

2.1

2..

..

If* +,

1.-.

2-./6

--

If*

1..6

2<. 1

..

If* +,

 %

a +,

<.<6

./6

1.62

2-.66

--

a +,

<..6

<.66

1./2

2 ..<

..

If* +,

1.1;

2-.56

--

If*

- -

If*

)$R
n
!=" 
W# 

> *=d BFJ y Z+U !p
   &u
Z+U !p n!="  W# 
!=" =! *4 y

n!="  W# 


9NP RQSX y Z+U !p
!="d 3 Z 
n!="  W# 
OU f ` * y Z+U !p
 Z&I UP

(<.< )J#- .#H 02 3O3! % #(')2,v= (7/)Iv3Gx .


 @B(.<1)X-. @ 02 #7L ! (,(<.66 )( ./6 )(<.-2.)
 :
, 02,(
, r?.CR .E2,#7; 3c=:k#m2Q!#
G! jBE2,5 D'!)- )!'-L#N2,b!jQ>2#E7'm\Y-BE
.27!63!UO!'-  $DML5!J, .#
G! jBE37D'! )- ) !'-L #N2,b!jQ>2#E7'm\Y-BE
.2,, .#2, #2CDML5!J, .#
G! jBE37D'! )- ) !'-L #N2,b!jQ>2#E7'm\Y-BE
.N . X#M #2Qhu?\+>DML5!J, .#
G! jBE37D'! )- ) !'-L #N2,b!jQ>2#E7'm\Y-BE
.MU#!~53u^5!)2(Y-DML5!J, .#

 (/) 

X  Y %E >= PG=  !  Q# 4 F> : " ! " ) = LM 3


T U
:

B$0
:

8
"!"

a +,

<.;<

<. -

a +,

<. 5

.2</

a +,

<. 2

.2/

a

<.<

-.11

P V
) %

9#$%

1.11
2.1<
2.;2
2.16
1..
5.<.

2-..2-. 5
2..56
2 .;<
2<.15
2-./.

.2
-1
.2
-1
.2
-1

!=* +,
!=*
!=* +,
!=*
!=* +,

1.1.
1.-6

2<.-5
2..;-

.2
-1

!=* +,
!=*

:  X >=

!=*

)$R
y Z+U !p n!="  W# 
   &u > *=d BFJ
y Z+U !p n!="  W# 
!=" =! *4
y Z+U !p n!="  W# 
3 Z  9NP RQSX
!="d
y Z+U !p n!="  W# 
 Z&I UP OU f ` *

J#- .#H 0AO2 K?#3! D(')2 ,v= ( 5/)I v3Gx .


= T 4 5(.<1)X-. @ 02 #7L ( .2/)( .2</)(<. - )M!@B
 :
, 02 #!P! u2, C?.CR .E2,#7; 3c
G! jBE2,5 D2 #!2 2 L#N2,b!jQ>2#E7'm\Y-BE
.27!63!UO!'-  $DML5!J, .#

- -

G! jBE37D2 #!2  2  L#N2,b!jQ>2#E7'm\Y-BE


.2,, .#2, #2CDML5!J, .#
G! jBE37D2 #!2  2  L#N2,b!jQ>2#E7'm\Y-BE
.N . X#M #2Qhu?\+>DML5!J, .#
(.< )2 #E7X-. @y(-.11)M! @B(')2,v=R#3-% #2@#!!
 .2 ,#7;  3c=: k#m2Q!#@B(.<1)X-.@02#7!($ M
:
, 02 #!P! u2, C?.CR
G! jBE37D2 #!2  2  L #N 2,b! jQ>2#E7'm\Y-B
.2 #!2 !j#k#mMU#!~53u^5!)2(Y-DML5!J, .#
 (
/) 

# ): D$?$Z >/ >= PG=  !  Q# 4 F> : " ! " ) = LM 3
T U
:

B$0
:

8
"!"

a +,

<..-

<.;6

a +,

<. -

.11

a +,

<..<

.<-

a +,

<.-

.-1

P V
9#$% :
) %
2.51
5.2
2.;;
2..1
1.61.22
1.<.
5.55

2 .12
2.. 2
2-.-<
22.11
2<.6
2-.55
2 . ;
2...5

./
2
./
2
./
2
./
2

>=
>/

)$R

I
I #
I
I #
I
I #
I
I #

BFJ y Z+U !p n!="  W# 


   &u > *=d
*4 y Z+U !p n!="  W# 
!=" =!
RQSX y Z+U !p n!="  W# 
!="d 3 Z  9NP
y Z+U !p n
!="  W# 
 Z&I UP OU f ` *

M! @BJ#- .#H 023O3!D(')2,v= (/)Iv3Gx .


(.<1)X-. @ 02 #7L ! (,( .-1)( .<-)( .11)(<.;6)
h- 1-y2 #O2 , C?.CR  .E2 3#2,07; 3c= k#m2Q!#@B
 :
, 023#
2 # I( #[, # 2 # I( # N 2,b! jQ>2 #E7'm\Y-BE
3! UO !'-   $DML5!J, .#G!jBE2,5 D23#h-1-y
.27!6

- -

2 # I( #[, # 2 # I( # N 2,b! jQ>2 #E7'm\Y-BE
.2,, .#2, #2CDML5!J, .#G!jBE37D23#h-1-y
2 # I( #[, # 2 # I( # N 2,b! jQ>2 #E7'm\Y-BE
2 Qh u ?\+>DML5! J , .#G! jBE37D2 3#h- 1-y
.N . X#M #
2 # I( #[, # 2 # I( # N 2,b! jQ>2 #E7'm\Y-BE
~! 53u^5! )2 (Y-DML5!J, .#G!jBE37D23#h-1-y
. MU#
(/) 

# ): D$?$Z(5\ 0 3) >/ >= PG=  !  Q# 4 F> : " ! " ) = LM 3

T U

B$0

8

P V

:

:

" !"

) %

a +,

a +,

a +,

a +,

<.2/

<.6;

<.2/

<..

<./2

<. .

<./-

.<.

>=

9#$%

:

3)>/


)$R

(5\ 0

2.6.

2 .-/

.<

..6-

2-./

1. <

2-.-1

.<

2.6;

2 .;5

5.

2 . 1

.<

2.26

.;../

1.<2

2 .5<

.<

2.;5

.;.2.

'J I
OC '* I
'J I
OC '* I
'J I
OC '* I
'J I
OC '* I

n
!="  W# 

> *=d BFJ y Z+U !p
   &u
n!="  W# 
=! *4 y Z+U !p
!="
n!="  W# 
9NP RQSX y Z+U !p
!="d 3 Z 
n!="  W# 
OU f ` * y Z+U !p
Z&I UP

M! @BJ#- .#H 023O3!D(')2,v= (o/)Iv3Gx .


 @B.(,)X-. @ 02 #7L!(,( .<.)(<./-)(<. .)(<./2)
h- 1-y^ <! 2,@#2#O2, C?.CR .E2,#7; 3c= k#m2Q!#
 :
, 023#
- -

2 # I( # 2, @$2 # I( # N 2,b!jQ>2#E7'm\Y-BE


'! -   $DML5! J , .#G!jBE2,5 D23#h-1-y^<!
 .27!63!UO
2 # I( # 2, @$2 # I( # N 2,b!jQ>2#E7'm\Y-BE
2 , #2 CDML5! J , .#G! jBE37D2 3#h- 1-y^<!
.2,, .#
2 # I( # 2, @$2 # I( # N 2,b!jQ>2#E7'm\Y-BE
h u ?\+>DML5! J , .#G! jBE37D2 3#h- 1-y^<!
.N . X#M #2Q
2 # I( # 2, @$2 # I( # N 2,b!jQ>2#E7'm\Y-BE
^5! )2 (Y-DML5! J , .#G! jBE37D23#h-1-y^<!
.MU#!~53u

______________________________________
 2pQ?
 .7E>!(Y-E'!jje.#7-Y-#k#mZje.#?.C!\#ie.@f

- -


 D-">O LU  !"VW0 !"X -

- -

-:
2"v!0G?C :J !?e.>Ud]b!.#

-: "
"-:

8 9-B3#= 2 G46P!#3! 0[ = g ,Q(,)- 53-'D


45/YI()2Y38$!3-(>8 jQm2,BH 00!@()Iv3^3!#J0-#D! #
X# j0D29!CI .g#P- #2 @#!(,)J! @Q -.H 0 H 0.Jb! #
3!#'45D 8 jQ! ,3-()I v3^3! #!( j$W #7!  J 0 5! p
2,, .#2,0!.YE ,2 @#!(,)J! @Q -. v H 0N . #2,@#
3!#'Dm3-45
B= H 0G.'!!z.3#2 ,5 G-Q2G! jBE
J, .#!$DML5  '!-3!UO/ YI()2Y3';!Y27!6( p$2 $!U /
45h-#D29!CG!jBEj#!2 $20 @#X C 2 ,Q!$ 2 ,Q!$ J#
'!-  #4#3!UO$D
#?.>=R  '!-3!UO27!6E=! Uy2 ,5O
.#!,IQ-#'-$ U2,b! #h  '!--3!UO;  .k#mL ^,

-: "
"-:

8 9-B3#= A>2 G4 6P!#  Y^L 2 Y3M ,- 53-/


3!08= g,Q'! Y^L2Y38$>8 jQm()I v3^3! #!( j$W #
Y!5 ,%.N, C;! N-BN,?0>A>2YJ!@Q-.H 0 H 02
P-#2@#!(,) g,Q3!#'45D2 Y37H 0NB3! 08 jQ v3-
8 jQg,Q^L()Iv3^3!#3! U.Q>2 9<!(j$W#2 , #2 ,, .#W #
=!,853 ! !+  ,2 @#!(,)J!@Q-.v H 0233! #'4 5D
 .3-

- -

45= H 0G.'!!z.3#37G-Q2G!jBEJ , .# !ML5


2CD2, #/Y^L)2Y3';!Y2,, .#(}!452,5 T h-#G! jBE
D2, # .= 29!C!(.r
b!,B^312,, .#3# '! #!+ 52
3#!'2, U!, #k BJ52,V#2, U#2 CDL  Q! (B!0H 0 W#
2, #0>2,, .#-7 .!537

-: "
)( "-:

8 9-B3#= A>2 G46P!#g ,Q.^L 2Y3M ,-53-


= 3!03'!Y^L2Y38$>8 jQm()Iv3^3!#2 Ko !(j$W#
42l<!#-V%!,Q!,EI(B -.H 0 H 0 ,.~?qI(!.
P-#2@#!(,) g,QJ!@Q3!#'4 5D D^L 2 Y38 $!3-
[3!0'>8 jQm()Iv3^3!#2 3o "!(j$W#'!0!#4 #2 9!r'
2 3!# [ O2 V  q ,2 @#!(,)J! @Q -. v H 0I, @#
3!#'45D .3-
45= H 0G  .'!!z.3# b! 37G- Q2G! jBEJ , .#
!)ML5\?+>D(2,b! #u2QhX#M # (^L )2 Y3';! YN .
}!452,5 Th-#\?+>DG!jBEu2QhX #M # ^3 1N .
4(P!, #
b!,B\?+R3#u2 Q^3 1x 9 h B8% 9 M  #
-QnEM 32Q=!(@$-!3-53,@##j0Db  ;!  #2 ,B!-
 .I, q .@BE3!U %UM H 0

-: "
"-:

8 9-B3#= A>2 G46P!#g ,Q.^L 2 Y3M ,- 53-


= 3!03'! Y^L2Y38$>8 jQm()I v3^3! #o !( j$W #

- -

;!.$uX#T+-# P- #2 @#!(,) g ,QJ! @Q -.H 0 H 0N .


3! #'4 5D 3! 08 D^L 2 Y38 $!3-'>8 jQm^3! #
()Iv3m(q!(j$W#'-<7#bu~3J@#U#H 0M7!Qu
,2@#!(,)J!@Q-.v3!#'45D .3-
45= H 0G.'!!z.3#37G-Q2G!jBEJ , .# !ML5
-D^5!)2(Y~!53u4 52 ,5 T ! }(^L )2 Y3';!YMU# h- #
-DG!jBE^5!)2(Y~!53u4 (P! , #
b!,B^31MU#3 #;! #
H 0#7  @.# .!(v?+uQ3 x,.!}3!UO

-:
- --
- - )(-
-:

&45]b!.$8#73#N2,b!jQ>2#E7Y-BE2 '!q-.@!D2,!3
A>7- B23O!2 #2 ,0!.YEI @#Z je.#2 , r (2 , C2 ,2 #O
&45h-1-y3#3c! BD[$!  Y-J#!.#!2;  7D2 ,# !32 3O
A>7-B!2#2,0!.YEI@#Zje.#2, r (2, C2,&4 5h-1-y2#O
3#3 .!,2G!jBEJ, .#!-DML5^5!)2(Y~!53u! .MU#
8%1m\7-YA>]b!.#'2 Q 7-B2,b!jQ>2#E73#!'!j#7-B!, #
'!#!+3-.#^m\7-Yk#4'2, r2@#!2,b!jQ>2#E7'! # 2 P! O
!j#7-B2,Y  .2,Y 2 2
-:

&45D
9?e.>!;-1H 03#=R]b!.$2 :J !yJ9-B
Q!#
-v7!`>' !MB2,, B2,b ,=M-V#J, .#] $DI( @B27!5
 '!-3!UO37oB27!62CDP?0u2, # .2,, .#

- -

N ! B3uM-!}2,, .#2,b! #'-#D #N-BN,?0>Z,j


 .2,b! #
B-P?0u2,, .# @!'
2,b! #ML5! G! jBub! G?C7!6P?0u!P!.5u^b7,-B
 .7!6P?0#2#!2"52,)H 0M-q P?0#2@! 2b7&4!$,#
H 0J g ,2,b! #ML5!G!jBub!G?CP?0u37,B
M3- Q-YD
 ;E7#Q3 
#x,.#!q#!'0 >q# @.#
 .7!5
-:

 :JBVB!($R2Q!#v2Qq !',9-.#!5m!@#]b!.#;-1H 0
\ +; K>D! 537ML5! J , .#G! jBub!  02 K!}237;Y>
 .[3.#
\ q .#D! 537ML5! J , .#G! jBub!02 K!}237;Y>
 .2[3.#
'?U " D!537ML5!J, .#G!jBub!02 K!}237;Y>
 ..2,, .#2, #((!Y-BW#
 .J#I, .#2 -0D&37J, .#P?0u02 K!}237;Y>
2 , # !'v!q#^ 7!. #)2 ,, .# @ !'P?0uN(G!jB>'-v)7-Y
 (k #m(2,?0u]#-q.#!( Q2!U2,, .# @!'D^7-Y-
I6- , -! y~! "#G! +O !'Y!,.Q>2 , .#/3- qB  'E!7!`>
 .I(B!0?\>+>;K>DI(@!I(B!!.5>

- -

- -


:-:
=c# IU#

J 3-pG! #u:()PUa#7g'L 37! 93


2q#)AO GOg#!##[!r .(7!@#

- -:

 >() 0M I,5_ E8&@92  h&f 


* W&&E (2.U- |O 2j .^5!#
> @&() 0M I,5 (<&)2 .U- |O
2j .^5!#
73=! 0\ "#2 q#2 ,#
-(), C!99
 
 .AO
# W&&E*()!13aM7 ( (73 U#J #^5! #
2q# .AO
YE5!@!W@_/G5
0M#0()#!D C
2q_/G[Y#23!z.#!#2q# .AO
0JV#0@)(;/G@E<*I) * 
3!q?@&:2qf!#2UJ?u 2U2q# .AO
!() ,aJl-<D&_@ 6  J
_wI" #~!.U#^5!#2q# .AO
 W&&E* ()7-aa2 , (e@E7Y  M3 @ ^L
=!02q# .2#!#
()'!% <  a ,qr'$;/G?  w-<*I&.

- -

 .!#2,+-#(k 2.U !


2 ,, .#2 -V#Jb! #g # !'s() # 0I,5>] ,0#
7! @#7 #5 &E)  N! (.(Y-2 ,,
 .j^3-j 2!Y=-@r
 " # Y37u &@I(<&)) a\o# 0J,# #
 .AO2q#=!0o-.#
M p$g "2 ! "#2 ,.#DP? 0uG! jBE37()= Cck #
[ 0^37!9=-@r@!#7# c:cDl& "J$,
 .8-U#2!YJ #"#
1 (%+Spss 2dDlE()!02%?q#G?a{0#
 .2#!#2q#=!0b37 2dD_c M
 .AO2q#!#=!U,#2.UgDd()@9!$J$5#
 .U2 q u&@IK/c()I,5>#00!"#
 .2,$!#2q#!#], rG#J#2,V#
_!:/ 12 & ( )  # 0   G! =!5 "#
 . AO2q# !# J ,!q  (  W&&E*
2 37"~! "#D2 ,YO2 ,$- .#!',b! #LK: B()H @,0! "#
M7!  Y//W" "72 !w2 ,V#2  +H 02 ,$,
 .J$!#7#="#
J 7OM7! #?W-<?+gD()   a- "#
 .AO2q#!#!#!
b!)-#G-Q2325- 20!9P?0u)02v3()=!, aJ%,j#
- -

  o)D2 (2 5- 20! 9I 07DP? 0ub! !(7BW#37O


[q @ ) 5P!0=!<^ D^Y2yM&  wD
  http://www.gifted.org.sa(P~c\
 ,BB2 qr 12, 12 L5!G! jBEb! () a^ j#
2 !Y2,$! @$uP- #2 @ B&/pJ , sMp$3!+>'!!.5E
 .=73O3>-L#
2 @(  J@!> W&&E*:(),0!>0D-j#
 .AO2q#=!0\3-#
)&<K2EgM GegD()  J+! # 07!,j#
'! 3# 2 -# !~53u !~.D W;<LSM_:
 .!#2,OP-  #2,#!$2,d7! -%#
%W&/ /- D( )()5! $! 9 #!CM5! p#
 .X#P 2!Y2,V#2, gD
G! jBE- D2 p# [O 1~!  ()!9\o#0J$!j#
2 U  !P? 0uG!DNjje. [3.#2l,5;! 0 '!5!E237:ML5!
! @#7 # c:cDl& 27- @#2 ,#
 .8-U#2!Y0^37!9=-@r
2 ,.# !q  _ (E8()()a#0J ,#
 .2,$!#2q#!#
= "#^3ogD5hgM ()() a  0 #
- -

g %# !'0-q " =#^3o- #2 #!7! <3u^-0 # !vO2,? u


 .AO2q#27-@#2,#2U  J #
2 .U e<!M)e&&)(<@) a=! 3D4 #
 .2,$!#2q#23Uu2,!
l-+GK/c(  u&@I()I,Q#0L"~- U#
 .AO2q#'LP- #!;,Q>37 
 O ,%.#2 ,+2,z,BV  !;- ()0,0JU#!
7 # "0[! r   E/G&SM~! 53u2 (Y-DMU#
 .2,O(k 2, U'!3#-%#0^37!9=-K?#![r
 /&*> _E)() a2! j
 =!02,$73O2l,#2,

 " #J$! .U#


 
1!)()=!, P! j0H -
 .2@!r2q#3o-.#
37(  W&&E*&()I <!5 J! 6
 .AO2q#=!0]5!
37
 
 12  W&&E*()I <!5 J! 6
 .AO2q#=!02!
 N /- D7 ?05H)!@_S() J 09!$2,"
2 Q!#M7! $%%W&/ /- D l- D*I/@
 .AO2q#J7O
- -

  ) *w-c() , 0 0M7 


 .2#!#2q#^Y\"#37GO;% #W=&H@&:
 U#37?  %W&/?M *IgD()M N @QM7- 
 .AO2q#23UuJ!
7/8J 4
12 ()a0G?Y-
2#! 3 M .w&!@2&@
%
c !/ 
2#!#2@#2,#2,?0u!'3#237J#P?0u^5!#2!YL.@Y!
 .GO7#
&H()ui 8 )u  ! tO()P.' 3
,,$!Y
 (k 2 .U2 (!q J #"#7-k 2!Y(  W&&E*
 .!#2,+-#
2 q#=! 0 U#37C !D,&IM&)()#0J%.=Y
 .2,$!#
= 5o372 .U  12 /!8/()=CcIU#0=!3,Q
 .AO2q#^Y
372 .U12 _%/()= CcI U# 0=! 3 ,Q
 .AO2q#^Y^Y
\ w-;/
"Lp()()!92! MQ
 .]! X#P 2!Y"&:u&@IK >O
gD5h&'gM_T+_() \3! @Q
- %#" c8/ c !/ "%%W&/ I N)7 
 .AO2q#^5!#2!Y~72, 2,0!.Yu!'3#

- -

@&@ cGII.GK/()i!x,34@Q
 .B&//W /- D @! _N /- 
 .^5!#;!v37I, .#!,Y-#-UB3-qB()2,q0a[,
2 q#^5! # z#37?2 &%@E% I/(), - ,#7
 .AO
~! .U#37J@!> _W&&E*l-<D()\7! j#x 3
 AO2q#N#ML5!
Y M@EL@!>7 (
)a!Y2,!
 .23U>2,!2 37
 12 &c( () 0=" #!  02?
 AO2q#=!0M3o!,#37(  W&&E*_M* 
37I, .#D! ,Y-#-U.#G! jBEb! () a!  02? 
 .27!@#2q#=!0U#
M U#37? @c
 1!/()=! 5M! <
 .AO2q#3
f! 0(  W&&E*  LSM() a , 0
 .AO2q#^5!#.U#
TnEf!_ M:
/VccD _2^I()0=!vm',0
 .!#], rG#J#2,V#.U_ `@
37?M  ??/&%I/  LSM()= Cc=! vm' ,0
 .2!#2q#=!0U#
37_
 /&)7   (&W&&E*+)5&v()3!"!0
 .AO2q#"7U#
- -

f! 0vx_l-<D@_c() a , 0


 .2#!#2q#^5!#.U#
LSMg
 D$%W&/( (),x!I,Q#0
 .j!, 2!Y<!# J$!#7#IE <(
&HGl(
) #J aI,  0
 .^5!#2j - |O2.Uu&EI
- |O2 .U
 
 
M()#JaI, 0
 .^5!#2j
 W&&E*12 ()7 #! r 0#! r 07- a aJ 0
 .2,$!#2q#!#<#2.U( 
 W&&E*12 () a[ # 0Hq jJ 3=! , 0
 .2,$!#2q#=!0;!937( 
&$nD$!1 I"&l-<D(),aM- 0
2 , L. @Y!2#! 3  @& < W_: )7/?H&-;/
 .X#P 2!Y[3.#\+]5! I@v2,V#
2 .U(  _E812 ()P? @# 03 x. 
 .2,$!#2q#!#<#
J3! #37 :IE5gD()[3- I,5 > Y!
 .AO
q#'L
f! 02   .D2 ,V#h> h u2 ,B() 0I,5>M
 .AO2q#^5!#.U#
l&@ 8)_M()J 0N  =!,   ? 97 
 .^5!#g!~.U#37%2 &@&_<!:IE
- -

C !D*I@d7 8@!$@_i;/()!QG!g,


=! @$u\- 2 ,$-$!# !'-   !'3# h u2 QU#!~53>
 .AO2q#^5!#
 .D2,% j#!'-  #3jML5!G!jBE()I,5@>QJU
 .j^3-j 2!Y7#  NW-U#
237"2L5!P?0ub!~!"#v-()J 0
+\- Qo!(
 .2@#7#qv "2,$,2,0?q.
 .j!, 
Q37l-<DM24 (8()k,"H
l-<nD1 ! (5)()= Cc (7- @#^L 
 !# E.&!%+3)M*/ %+&
 "#37()(!@<!) # 0[  v
 .2#!#2q#!#J##
@&:l-<D12 &1<Il% D_w&/)02v3() 3I
 ^ D^Y2y25- #J, vuJ #S D2(C!D+8vc
(P~c\[q @ ) 5P! 0 =! <
 http://www.gifted.org.sa
 M qv37(  _E8:()= Cc ,q #0aJ,#|!
 .2,$!#2q#2Q#^;!z#
2 .U1 2 &1 
)!/!8/()aT@Qj$
 .AO2q#8-U#?#

- -

 " #b37 c:cD&AfM/()I,Q#00j$


 .AO2q#=!0
2 .U(  W&&E* 12 &;/(),0!>5!-
 .AO2q#!#M"#
%W&/;/E$5h()=Cc=!0#0M`-.#
2,?u"=#!vO^3o_ !&SMN/gM G .v
.AO2q#qv2#

-: -

-Hiebert,Eldon Ray(1995)The Impact Of Mass Media , Longman, USA,3rd


Edition.
-Loiler,Molly(2006),The Role OF The School In Responding To And
Education About Terrorism, University of Southern California
-Saxena,Girish(2005)Challenges In
International Publishing House,Delhi.

Modern

Mass

Media

,Vista

-Schramm,Wilbur And Roberts(1977)The Process And Effects Of


Communication,University Of Illinois Press,Chicago,4th Edition.
-Zachariah,Aruna,(1996)Cmmunication
Media
And
Revolution,Kanishka Publishers,New Delhi,First Edition.

- -

Electronic






- -







)(
"  454 754
"





- -



 0= ': '9


cF ' :=563':a= ` / #>_ 9 K '& U







40U
  /
 /#
V







- -









)(
" "
) (








- -

& # 4#


#  #
#$ 
 
6  


Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia


Ministry Of High Education
Umm Al-Qura University

9-C3
cK ' :=563':a= ` / #>_ 9 K '& U
$=;' 5=:U +5e3/> 9'=3d>:

N
'>\9C'e @;< : :/'C=5

8
\> =6 :/ <;@ 9aI
3 ';: k'j: *  g'56

'& $c' 
-

- -

Y8 Z[8 \ Y65


Bm
 :5

9C'* 3I' ')=56 9=5'\(9=@ 3


'Jd 0U=5N 9: m@ [

\\4 ' \\a'3:\\ p'\\4 @\\=) \\ B\\ \\ o6\\d [-C3'C \\'JI )\\/ 9\\Q'\\o
'H o5NcK ' \:=563'\:a= '\ '\4 :' [\'JI )\/ o6\d>\9
_ K '& U.
= r 'C )/q 9QD\@ [\=# B\8 F  \-: \ #\ B#\ \ '9\/s' 6\d
' 9=5:6'4' 9=:=563 v# >@ o5N B3 ' [Cd;'@ $Uj [-C3K\'# 9u'@ 9=: F
 w.3 #%3@ F'a ' 6d'a ' w=.3'c.:.
p/' o5N  &5 Uj )d'63 > B;/' U3 @ 9@>K'@ B\()9\/JN p
CN p=:> o5N [-C3K' 3 w\#\/ $\U@ B\/ B\3@>v# 9=N\\. p
\ 3 \\ C\\d'@ 4\\ID \\ @'\\:3U )\\N =C63'\\#' \  w\\.'\\
'j;: )/ `4'.9
'4 -:z@ $Q:3
-@ \ \\cK ' \\:=563'\\:a= [\\3=: \\# 9\\I\\4 ' \ c6'\\4

 6 @ c6'=;.3 '.9Q
-' 63 / o5N }# cK ' :=563':a= 9/I #' 9=5:6'. 9=:=563
--  cN M=6- ;-' 9=/56:'&% 3U'K ):# -'> ;=5N +\s3
/ #[ '=;.3 ' # 9Q*J U#' \- 0563:\@K \a3/) \ '<\CU
':a '4 d F # 0N ' $=a'4 6- ;@ # [=5N ' p:3a:K. @[.
- } $cK '   )/ $U'  6 / C36 9Q ; ` U# $.6:3a:5' [QC
' ):# B'4' % \Ju3  B\5'\} $'\:> +\*s \3 \@ r\@ \# \=Ck/
 B5 $eC 9=&=.Q 9=:=56U# ;= '.6.

J# ,-.#
 :2Q!#

> : :/'C=5

- -

)"= !"W
3I'&-:95
$\\\/' \\U3 @3\\\ @'\\\-=C ' p\\\/ 9\\\='3\\\ \\\# ()9\\\/JN p'\\\a '+\\\;:
-:B3@>K
*________________________\0K
*'_____________________\cs3
*'q: $'\:56
)

(@'U

(=3d>/

(3`

-:B
'35 6/ $
' \ ______________________
'a \_______________________

$> B' Uj #;3/K


'
'C9Q

- -

-
  0%
4# &-

) 9/I'9=5:6
'(9=:=563

Y* # U

0 V\ 6

 0 :


0


I 
$
S

- -


I 
$
 )4

- _
I cI _# _#_  _S) bS _V _` ^_ /_3
3   4. #
6- :3 % &? _\&_G / /_ R_ g_  _ _# _f :_3
40U  .%S
4& -   4$ #  #Y G .
EU-
I / R
 E U \3Y  4 .#
-  g f R 0  6# RS* ) 
_R
l     0l 
 #* B  754G.

- _4# *_4 _ o$_ <_ _ # *__# n
4#  4   0S& F  .#
- __3 __ 4 __# ?__ LF__*I  __+Y__ #+
 ./
R__ \< /__  __-g__
 S __ /__# / ^F__7 __
__0 __:
\    4
t< & b54
S <s R 3 S # 40 b7
^F7  *S&-  E 
:36   .
l -   +  /  ) # ? .(-
(#-   % _*I ) _( *_ bS_  _6 :_3< _
.
 

7
6 - & SI :3 \< / o  C  4 #

b5
.
___7- ) ___( ___ :_ _

___3 /___ ___S 4___I ______ / &___c
*Y /3.R
_0$ S # - _ _ /_
I R _ :_\
_Y _
  7* E :  B %&G .E U
__# %__3 __S #- __ __ g*__ __&- __ 0__Z __ 
.4
__6 - :__3__ E __ ?__ __` - &__ __  __4
l # :4 7 %S.
:3
3- YU_ _4 _ _ _
_6 /_ R :_3
gg# 3 
UY   4 40  _34 _4 _^
(.
\  /  # ) ( :_3
3_ %3 40
6- :3 G
3

3 A #
 RY  _ + 4_)   _3 _ {_# 4_Z# _
A7 .
\  /  # ) ( 
6 / R:3 c
R \< /  - 4(
Y .g+7

I  V

\   RF )FZ+ R?S 4 (FZ+


 ?

I Y
R  \
Y
 
)/>_ 9 K
'& U(

-
  0%
4# &-

) 9/I'9=5:6
'(9=:=563

Y* # U

0 V\ 6

 0 :


0



- -


I 
$
S

- |0S Y g$ <-


I 
$
 )4

6- :3 E R #    R \< / ? |6 +


4& -   ?   U S 4# + ` _
   ) 0 V 3.R
b -\   ^ /3
3 _ 4_  _` _

:3 # +  / 47.


- S R *4 S & RS + *
6
-__o __4 __ /Y*__ __ R __ __ /__ %__ + &__ __#
#< %4 
.
:3
3 -  4$ /   ^_ /_3 /
_3
    0 )\ 43
S  : BU.
R - 
:3  # }7 R 4# _ I C_7
 
G
c< 
3l ) c o$.
 7- : /\3 ^7 & /4
.R
R - 
:3&40$ /4  /  U  /#  :
 .
(__&- __ __0 # 4 __0$ 4__0U __` ^__ /__3__)3c
+G & R  S  .0?S
R -   + 
:_3 %_S <_ /<_ _/
<\ S 47    4$4  ^ f.
/- & / &4   
  # - )G \.+
- 6  # _ :3_ _V %_3 %_ _  _ R_53
4 .FZ+
R \< / /&-&  /4 4 _^ _
_  E_ _ _%
&.

  g  - :3 G _ _ &_G %_


_6 _+ _
 0 E  /#n S.
:___3 +___Z- ___# ___#___ +Y ___G ___4 ___ )___
7  / 
.
# %#U-  4 # 
/  3 _ 4
/ Rf  `7#-
$4 Y Y  ./4

I  V

\   RF )FZ+ R?S 4 (FZ+


 ?

I Y
R  \
Y
 
)/>_ 9 K
'& U(








)(
" "





- -

& # 4#


#  #
#$ 
 
6  


Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia


Ministry Of High Education
Umm Al-Qura University

9-C3
cK ' :=563':a= ` / #>_ 9 K '& U
$=;' 5=:U +5e3/> 9'=3d>:

N
'> /9C'e @;< : :/'C=5

8
> =6 :/ <;@ 9aI /
3 ';: k'j: *  g'56

'& $c' 
-

- -

Y8 Z[8 \ Y65


Bm
 :5

9C'* 3I' ')=56 9=5'/(9=@ 3


'Jd 0U=5N 9: m@ [
4 ' a'3: p'4 @=)  B CN ())/ 9-U/ 9-C3  o6d'C\'JI )\/ 9Q
' o'H o5NcK ' :=563'\:a= '\ '\4 :' [\'JI )\/ o6\d>\\_ 9
K '& U.
= r 'C )/q 9QD@ [=# B8 F -:  # B#  ' 9/s' 6d' 9=5:6'9=:=563
4' v# >@ o5N B3 ' [Cd;'@ $Uj [-C3K\'# 9\u'@ 9\=: w\.3 F #\%3@ F'\a
' 6d'a ' w=.3'c.:.
p/' o5N &5 Uj )d'63 > B;/' U3 @ 9@>K'@ Bp\=:> o\5N ()9\/JN p
CN [-C3K' 3 w#/ $U@ B\/ B\3@>v# 9=N\ \. p \3 \ 4\Iq
@'Cd  @':3U )N =C63'#'  w. 'j;:` )/ `4'.9
'-:z@ $Q:3 3
-@ cK ' :=563':a= \# 9I\4 ' \c6'\4  \6 @ \c6'\=;.3
'.9Q
/ 9# 6/- }# cK ' :=563':a= 9/I #' 9=5:6'. 9=:=563
-'D3= o5N s3 } $cK ':a= \ 9' \# [\Q*\J \U#'\- 0563\:
@K  ' [ '[ #@ [ / p/ #N ' ' 63@K )N' 5d3'.p:.
-8K ' o } $cK ':a=  9' C36 9Q= [5   )/ $U' [/ . ` U#
6:3a:5' [QC ):#' % Ju3  B\5'\} $'\:> +\*s \3 \@ r\@ \# \=Ck/
 B5 $ 9=&=.Q 9=:=56U# ;= '.6.
 ):%3 `4-:5 / 9-C3K
/56/ /F .9/N

 / =-@/ 96  > o .# o5N 9@>K  -:z
# J} [5'&) 9=}%';. '& ( 9=}%9\=:
47 -c': ' :=563':a= Q:3/
$.- #'/56: U# '9#
# J} [5'&) 9=}%'\;. '& ( 9=}\%
47 ?c': ' :=563':a= Q:3/
9/I #' 9=5:6'9=:=563
# J} [5'&) 9=}%'\;. '& ( 9=}\%
47 ? c':C ' :=563':a= Q:3/
#*J @K  9' ' ')=:563:
# J} [5'&) 9=}%'\;. '& ( 9=}\%
47 c':E ' :=563':a= Q:3/
/ #>_ 9 K '& U

J# ,-.#
 :2Q!#

> : :/'C=5

- -

;"= !"W)-:
3I'&/95
* $/' U3 @3 @-:z
*)0F=3I( ________________________/
*> # ()9/JN p'a '-:B3@>K +;:
*' : 95'/9=:56
)

(@'U

(=3d>/

(3`

/B
'35 6/ $
' ______________________/
'a _______________________/

$> B' Uj #;3/K


'
'C9Q

- -

^" -:"O': ' o>  3 .# o5N 9@>K -:z


# J} [5'&) 9=}%';.
47 -c' : ' :=563':a= Q:3/
'& ( 9=}% $.- # 9=:'/56: U# ':r=@ [#
@ 0/>9
'C6

=C =C 9e3/9&=6
>


 E)Z # _ _ g*_ -_

 0Z   .#


_
_4# *__4 _ o$_  R__#
<____ ____ # *________3 ^____ /3n
4#  4  . F
 %____#U  _____ ?_____  _____ ____U_____ S
__4# __+ __` __  __ __0 V
) 3
.
& R \< / /&  /4 4 #
^ 
 E  & %.
__ R __
:__3&__4__0$ /4 __ /  /__#
 U  :
 .
___6 :___3___ ___ # }___7___R
___4# ___ I C___7 ___ ___
___G
c
< 
3l ) c o$.

 3  4 # ? LF_*I


 +Y./   #+
S R *_4 S_ &_ RS_+
*
.6
 0 _4# _ _
 _ 0 _Z :_3
 }# 4 
S ) (.

:__3
3__ __ __ 34 ?__ __
) __(
<  *3 4#.
g__# __ __4 __UY __  S__
 E U 
#.R
_____S _____ %FY*_____ *_____
_____0
4#.

- -

=6
> 9#

# J} [5'&) 9=}%';.


47 ?c': ' :=563':a= Q:3/
'& ( 9=}% 9/I #' 9=5:6':r=@ 9=:=563
'[ @>9
'C6

=C =C 9e3/9&=6
>

__ bS__ __
I cI __#  _ S) __#
V ` 46 ^ /3  4.R
__ __ 0__ % &?__ __\&__G / __ __#
  / R g f :3 40U  .%S
&__4 __  __4$ __#__ __#
Y G l  E U
 EU
I /_ R_
 E_ U_\3Y
 4 .#

__#__ *__ __#__l __

 #* B  754G.
__6 :__3__ E __3__ __` - &__
___   ___4 l___ ___# ___ :%___S
4 7.
 :3
3 YU_ _4 _

6 / R :3 gg# 3  _UY

 .
__ /__ %__ + &__ __# __#<__%
4 
.

 7 : /\3 ^7 & /4


.R

____# ____  
____ ____ #____ -)____G
\.+
4__  __34 __4 __^ __( &__/__ %
   # .#
 g f R 0  6# RS
* ) 
l R    .
4  
  %_
_
$ 4/_ # _
_+
4# <S  #  # .#
:3 +Z # # + 4 
) 7  / 
.

- -

=6
> 9#

# J} [5'&) 9=}%';.


47 ? c':C ' :=563':a= Q:3/
'& ( 9=}% #*J @K  9' ' ':r=@ )=:563:
'[ @>9
'C6

=C =C 9e3/ 9&=6=6
>

 (#   % *I ) _( *_ bS_ 


6 :3<  .
 

7

__0$ __S # __ __ /__


Il__ R __:
__\
__Y __ __ E__ :__  B %&__G
* 7 .E U
\  /  _# ) _( 4_0
  0 G
3
:3
3 %3
3 A #
 RY _
 + 4)   3  {# 4Z#  A7.
   R \< / 4_( _ _
_6 /_ R:_3 c
Y .g+7

)^   ^_ /_3


_3 _ 4_
 ` 
:3 # +  / 47.

 :3
3  4$ /  _/
^____ /____3
____3 ____  ____  ____0 )____\
43
S  : BU.

&__( __ __0 # 4 __0$ 4__0U __` /__3


^ )3 c +G & R  S 
.0?S
__ R __ __ __+ __
:__3 %__S
<_ /<__ _\__< / _S 47__ __
  4$4  ^ f.
 __
__  g :__3 __G __ __ &__G %__

___6 ___+ ___ ___ ___0 E  4___# ___n


S.

S ^7   SV 0G &4 %3g+7
:3 EUG Y .

U
 %&___G___ ___ /___ % ___ / 4 /3
___S
0S ) ^7 $.0

g___# ___ ___ ___o___0# %___#  


___3 0
)\  g.

__# R__6 __4 __ /  __ /3


__S __# U
<- 4)< %&G Y 0 G 44.

- -

> 9#

# J} [5'&) 9=}%';.


47 c':E ' :=563':a= Q:3/
'& ( 9=}% / #>_ 9 K '& U @=:r
'[ @>9
'C6

=C =C 9e3/ 9&=6=6
>

   R \< /g
)\  S / ^F7
__
__0 __ : t__< __& b__54__
S R
 <s. b7
 & (I ) ( \< / __ C _4
#
b5
.
7 ) ( :

3 / S 4I /
 & c*Y /3.R
 _6 _ # _ :_3__V %_3 %
    R53 4 .FZ+
  0 gg#Y 
_ 4  /_#
 
 / R A #.

\     4 ^F7  *S


 3 S #
&-  E 
:36  .

S /
7  &-

U )3
S .R75
___ :___3
3&___ /4___^ ___( /___3 Q___ I
 _
&_ (_  %<_ _g_  /

Y 4. S
 _7 _ g _ /YU_ _) _A
S6_____
S _____Y <_____ _____
 \n & ) R.
__l ___ __ ___+ __ / ___ ) ___#
? .(-
__4 c__4 g__# __
__ 6Y __/__ R
)\ < /_o _ R_ _ + _Y _/
6  0# U
+ 4.0

* <3-> 9-C3K 0 =I o'6 m*


- -

> 9#





)(
" "





- -

:D@ 9:}H :U/ '9


'> 9'9=:56

'0d.

.\  @)  F

3

';: k* '3g

\d :/;d

3 j/

';: k* '3g

\> ;H :5

3 j/

K ' 9@ 3'=es3

\ @ $=.Nd

3 Nd/

';: k* '3g

\@< :/'-e.

3 Nd/

05N';&g

\ CN [=H';/ =e5`

3 Nd/

';: k* '3g

\ CN' :/ ):'$=Cd

3 Nd/

';: k* '3g

\> X' :/

3 Nd/

';: k* '3g

3 Nd/

';: k* '3g

0K

\ / m' -



- -





)(
" "





- -

4#  # &


 #  #
 #$
 
  
6

Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia


Ministry Of High Education
Umm Al-Qura University
College Of Education
Faculty Of curriculum

9-C3
&+  Y  0$4  c U  # * B
 $  $ % & )(

N
S0 
7  | 
4$ /S )

8
$
#
7 | U
< /
56' g * j:' k;:' 3


 ?%*+
-

- -

Y8 Z[8 \ Y65


9C'* 3I' ')=56 9=5'/(9=@ 3

Bm
 :5

'Jd 0U=5N 9: m@ [ .....6@ /


v\\# 'C\\. 9\\Q @\\ >v \\\\;6@ 9" B*__ __# __U __ c
4 0$ Y_ _&+" @ \8v \6 '\3\> =6\ \:/ 9\aI/
' H: $=;' .> 9' 0\d.@ =3\d>:'\;: k*\ '\3 9\=5U@ g' 9\6/> 9\=@ 3
' ..
 `4'@ 9 / )/\ @ 9\6' }= 9\d'\ o' \63 F'\/ o\5N
)\\/ J 9\\=:\\cF ' \\:=563'\\:a= '\\ $\\Q:3: \\#   \c\\}- [5
\
;H[ '& $.- # -9=}%'/56: U# ' 9#  \%` ' \# +6\j3:\J
*;/ ' # 9C'.::)/ $
9/I' 9=5:6'- 9=:=563*J \@K \ 9'\ '\ ' -)=\:563: \=I />\9
_ K '& U.
= r 'C )/q 9QD\@ [\=# B\8 F  \-: \ #\ B#\ \ '9\/s' 6\d
' 9=5:6'4\' 9\=:=563 v\# /}=\ B';& 9=\d'\a: ';\ \#;\ >@\ B':\9=N
o5N;@ 9# `4 ') 9=QC pC\ "" )\/ 9\-U/ 9-C3J\=) \CN( @\.
/ K 9:=H 9=# 6/ ' 9' c' 9=QC; ' 9\@ 3'\.@ 9\=:=563 \/
 9= /':3U ' QC' j: '4  F  ' o' \=_3'\a;:
'-=C5 '=: j/ 9=Q@ k}3- 9> )/ 9=-.9N
B # \ `4\:@ 9-C3\F
B';C > ;/
3I'&8 95 6 )d -
/ B\\ \\. p \\3 \\ C\\d'@ 4\\Iq\\./ \\ &5
\\3@>v# B
 w\\#\\
<.
B'& / 6e3
& 5N
.
< I ' ;=Nd:' 9I 9=QC' 5 9' 9/N 9=QC N  m
/
'C/9Q
> @;< : :/'C=5
'  C 3U'Kjawaher2005@maktoob.com/-

- -

`_1I B

 

-:

<  /5+
*__ % &__  g__
 __4# 4__G
I __B  () __\#__( E__54 __F
)#   -:
*  7:3 $B

g  V$

*
 :#
* :
* :L*I
* +I :0

<

 g$


4c

 $
.+4 V

:0

:
I

.+4
0$ :%#
*< + Y n ) n( :S$
 V
 :

7 Rn

) n(............................

*< +454 + - co
:
B :3 +\Y
+  S
#
#

B  I

0

7 #

S + 
#
#

B  I

0

7 #

- -

7


`_-:NO"P B

47 - : 9=:cF ' :=563':a= $.- #'/56: U# '.9#


:
 
  ()
   :

/ 9=:

'C6


____ E)____Z ____# ____ *____ -____

 4 .#

4___I &___ ___ /4 ___4___F ___#


. 3+

 ___`
___6 &___4___0$ /4  ___U ___/
 ./#
 __3__# __A __#__3 $B
./#  +

 :3
3 34 ? _
_ #
<  *3 CS . FZ+

g  U   _ _ S _4#


+.

___ 0S  ___ *___4*< n___  ___ #


4G 4#    .F

_______S _______ %FB*_______ F_______Z+


U *
  0 4#.

 +Z  *
6 4G  %_Z+_
 % *4 S S.

0

g# B  6 /


 # .E U

- -

0

 %6 4
- -

V
0

47 ? : cF ' :=563':a= 9/I #' 9=5:6'. 9=:=563


# :$ :<  ()\3 E5  0$A:

!  

'C6

S

 0 _ _ 4 /_ _S-_ 


#  Z 7 .#
 4_6 S3 cI  _4_ R:7_5
)  S 
I V # .#
(__$ __$7 __ : /__\3__ /4__+
< ^7  /
.R
 5 4 ?
$ 4_#
$____ ____ #B ____G ____ ____7
3 $B &.S
:3 +Z # # + 4 
) g#  7  / 
 .
__ %__ &__ __# __# __
  |  
 .
__ __0 : 4__ B*__ __# __
S____   _ __# ____
 ____#*____ B
 754G .

#   
  #_ -_V )_G
*.+

- -

S

 )4

+#5

+#5

47 ? _ :C \cF ' \:=563'\:a= \#*\J \@K \ 9'\


' '. )=:563:
# :$ :<  ()\3 E5  0$A:

R 
$

S#

S

____# R____6 ____4 ____ / ____ /3


____S
____# U ____<- 4____)< %&____G ____0
B G 44   E U .7
___ 0___ ___ % ___S
Y___0U ___3
 ./#
____G ____ 3 
____U ____0 ____G
4( % 6.0
^___) ___# ___7 ___ ___S ___0
6  4 
 .#

G  3 I o #_
  - )^ .
Z 47 _ / 0 +G /
_U
^7<.
  47 S  6
 7./
g___# ___ ___ ___o 0 ___B_ _
4 7  0# %#)\  ./g

__  g__  :__3 __G 0__ __`


%____ ^____ /____3 ____6 ____+  ____S
 /#n S.

- -

S

 +#5 )4

+#5

4___7 ___ :E \\\cF ' \\\:=563'\\\:a= / \\\#>\\\\\\_ 9 K\\\


'& U .
# :$ :<  ()\3 E5  0$A:

'[ @>9

S#

S

_____0 _____4  _____Z _____ {_____#


Z7  /. -
g__# B ___ ___
__ 4  ___ /___#

 / R .
7  g  4_6 / _3g
S _B
 A S6.
4____ ________G 34 ____S / ____S
^F7 .Z
^__7 C__SY __G 4__
/__ __4n
.GS
0) +  /4 (F VB +
V &+-.
___F /___
___7 )___& Q___+
___
U
S.
7 + 
3 / 4I /SU &+.
o7___G ___Z  ___&+ ___&+ ___6\I
&4_____ _____+ _____4 _____4 F_____Z+
 .I+
&+ ___ 4___ ___
4___7___U ___b
&+  6 R$4Y . %?-

- -

S

 )4

+#5

+#5







)(
" "







- -

   &u > *=d BFJ y Z+U !p n!="  W#  :
/ )$R
bI  c )$d * ;):  )$R ! )  0 5)  1* a  ) !G0 0( /^_) 68)
:;

a  ) 10 0

5) 

**.

!=" N" [Uu  WX y   N =L{

**.

= I F\  != N N g&" 

*.

!="d g* HJ r"* ` g&" O q="

**.

!="!= I  !" P !=" U d  N n

**.

n\ {I o' W y x 4 ="d 3 y Fz n ! v=  

**.

U+I > *=d  'F"?X y nF="d N  nA)

**.

nF\  = U y > *=!= Rid ~ N" xW4 +bW nF="d T`'

**.

> *=d nF=" `* W!A +U !p \ {I  WP B\ ?  

**.

T* J= C 'd ZW BF F B{IN Oid Wd  U nI{

**.

!": >F"*  N R P )


<.<1 g *

<.<   **

3"*  G\ WX a a >Q* * '# >Q* *  m N  p g* D{"
(<.<1)   n` !="d g* HJ r"* ` g&" O q=" O '  * (<.< )
!=" =! *4 y Z+U !p n!="  W#  :e f )$R
bI  c )$d * ;):  )$R ! )  0 5)  1* a  ) !G0 0 (J/^_) 68)
:;

a  ) 10 0

5) 

**.

!=" A$  !{* y Ox d  xu N 'Ad >  cX y `

**.

!=" =! *e  , " '=L* v7E a U N >  @+M"N

**.

aU F7"N F=4 c IA N *QX X  $  

**.

+'& n !" P K y  i"JP ? +U != N  Fz  " OE ~

**.

=F" g* 7" N )d L y 9" Ix !=" =! v= nI{

**.

?d m A FU d S  !=" =!  &"X !x BC

**.
**.

"iJ " 7E "# WX =!= J d  " = C '  !="  WP =? !`* 
IW +, LiJu cX F"   =? 
<.<   **

3"*  G\ WX a a >Q* * '# >Q* *  m N  p g* D{"
(<.< )

- -

!="d 3 Z  9NP RQSX y Z+U !p n!="  W#  :g f )$R
bI  c )$d * ;):  )$R ! )  0 5)  1* a  ) !G0 0 (h/^_) 68)
:;

a  ) 10 0

5) 

**.

n= !": y Ud [ i"A# !`* OL4 B&i 34u > !": y 'd g* x ~N a* 

**.

!="d O`!p NP ' BFx y `

**.

 S ! BN Ud [ i"A % `d O: n d Ki

**.

 N ?*  T*N >  t T`d c ' Z $ m  =L

**.

= Ld H?u "d   >= x e >  F =?  i

**.

4 $ gr!d $ N !"`!=  Ii T{

**.

g 7"d R  y c ' Z$ H "  c AX

**.

g)!"* QLA `* B* " *"7 ! !?# N C  F )

**.

G 'A G bx !="!= ' N I >  =* S g q   A id v= OF N )!"
<.<   **

3"*  G\ WX a a >Q* * '# >Q* *  m N  p g* D{"
. (.)

Z&I UP OU f ` * y Z+U !p n!="  W#  : i  )$R
bI  c )$d * ;):  )$R ! )  0 5)  1* a  ) !G0 0 (/^_) 68)
:;

a  ) 10 0

5) 

**.

*u N Z {$  " ? > {"Fd c  `=

**.

 U T*N g* a*F t !="d 3 _S c !"J# )

**.

S+'  '"?P >   g* 7" N )!"

**.

={d \ F$ =S ' U > iN n 

**.

i' N b= O=  i"JP o' F

**.

Z u &I , nI ",P \C g* I > `L

**.

Oc ' Op  & IL" =\ S g* 

**.

Z&I p [e OF g* I 

**.

MI"d \ {I >F % N =I& Qe &I > {d N &I 7i

**.

Bz*u JP a " n Z&I D* "    C &I N !

 G\ WX a a >Q* * '# >Q* *  m N  p g* D{"<.<   **
. (<.< ) 3"*

- -











)(
" "











- -

-:
 :im-#B
 ^5! )M I (H 0!$0!@B2,!K^7 -5"
$ H 0im-#()M!<0
 "P!p#k#m ^5!p#k BD2,!O9!#N'?j#!'v?#37>P!p$
o- # !; 0^3!0"
$ Deutsch B-70/?$()9- 
0
2 ,  Ib! v;! 2 j#'m!#20-K!S= VW#2 !#N$-#
 "!

-:
P!p#^b70iE
$ Hy2,v-#
,J0$= !, 0/!Ym-3!.!0
! 0()M! <k #mN .- 1-#!/ ,.2+!@#!/!@.=-U= 
#!.M4#
M (/ )=- U= 
#!.M4#P!p#
 ="
, (!/ ,v)im-#=-UJU#":G!v
!(B!e. ( !b!)D2  .im! #8 $!! ( U#.- 1-#!I @.,@=-U
! :P! ,#,z "B'!-  I,pB:J5b!)3:P-BJ(!(- 0
 ."!(,IU%.# 5-p#H 0^q,@#.#H 0!B0!@
 :J !,j.#;J"b!)-#&45()9>- 73 v

Y 3! ()> ! (q3'! $!,#I,pBH 0im-#^3J5: EI h&
 .!(37>@fW#!'$!,#N2 j#"
#
 v2-(UBfW#!'$!,#"im-#P!,v=>:@MEI h&
 Ud' B .
$R
, 0
,+mim-#!=m>'B ./!b7
$R
 .27!'3!.C!!(%.#
2 (Y-'7 ' .#x jB=  Ud:
 pxl 87 (%W&)I h&)
  %.#I. fm>k #mv2L^Yb!Q\+A>7-Bg,
 .!,#!'U,UBDZ#'.#k B

- -

im- , @#h- #N ! V B' .#Xyim!#x@B:\ 8I h


m>(I H .)G- Q2 ,' B !U#!!.Bim!!5(E) (I$)

$RI  H .G- Q2 v# 2Y37!U#!2,'B!#!B im-#
 !(I.($W#^5!p#!,2 9mxj
I (H 0^3 # '.#2% 9X 3! .C- 55-p#! IU%.#:(*SI h
 ..#IU%.#N2,.Q2v?0I(#IU%.#N
,K2v?0!(5-p#
 :im!#k .#.>J !,

 :ML5!G!jB?#P<im-
G! jBED(X j# Y3)~! z.#i!.. U
$ P<Xim-#45D
3- ( v-BmR  .@ N^<!^73!5=-U= =7ML5!
D C  v   =i!.. U
$R2,b! ^!v0!]!$^5!"0/?
 .k#m0^<! 2q J . 3-(x j= =72L5!
.#!3
 Y3H 0. "BML5! G! jBE2 , 0= P<X"()9-  m
 ]! $#A>I(0!. P 0 2 0-q < ;0N . v-BJY!..>X9
D()J! 6 !1 ."! (0  2 @# < ;0I(v- B
 ,V#g ,Q  j. 37(3 j )2,?0u2p \2@ SML5!G!jBE
!B
B;3P-,37!j^0rH .B2,%j#!#, sL@.#
2 ,?0u2 @ !N !#v
3 
.!.7!BGZ#=R45G?C"
!  .!5 "$7- k B20!+I.
$RGate KeepersN  7- ^o!Y>m>
I( jB v2 -$!K2 ,# '! 0!A>=-.4#7OI((J . ).@ 3-(
2#!  #( )x < M4 #J je"#&m-$2#!#k BH B702#!#
J ?0u3j A>Xj#Y3=- I($R2#! #I5L@BI((H 0;!2,?0u
 .()J!6ML5!G!jB?#P<im-x1-J#!.#U"#.( )

- -









 ML5!G!jB#P<im-
 :Maletzkes Modelk.#!im-
3 jBW #k B(x-U#)-".#- #N0-#
%,1-.im-#45,.
im- #4 5=R k#4 #- "B-1/!  2 ,-#@
B!A>2!1u!2#!#0
! 4 5?/ . @ ?/ =! ;-j. H 0^K 2,0!.YE2,@#-#!I.5
 2 , -# x- U# - # h- $7-Y"-5()[#0=!, 0
%1
2, @# -#!.#! I. 5 v  D^7! 0K Bx- U# - #&452#!#
 ." (!,#>J.W#20!2,je"#2,#2,0!.YE

Ym-k .#!J$! Og Q!#P v: m () 9-  !
^ 2, @$2 ,0!.Y2 , 0ML5! G! jBE2 , 0= / .ML5!G!jB?#
2 , .# 9!#H 0im- #4 5H ! ((# -#  #A>i! .s
N !  Bx-  - 17- Y2! 1> (J . 2 ,-#2#!#j. )G!jB?#
2 , -#^ 37! j#2#! # 0^37! j#x-U#- #k BJ . 2 ,-#Mj0
 .j. DKB
2 ,0!.YE2, @# -##!"im-#45I.5()J!6!1 
J .W #2 0!k#4 
@#J .  j. 3-jBJ . j. DKBW#
 :J#!.#U"#D!@#Y
%1v."J . j. (!,#>

- -












 ML5!G!jB#k.#!im-
 :Westley & Maclean ModelN !J .@im-
2 , #D 37H 0/ML5!G!jB?#!(Ym-N !J .@Pv
2 #2 , 0Dk#4-(Ze< ML5!G!jBED ! =2,#!jBE
 "! 6-()[ # 0=! , 0k#mN !(P-= U 
M4 #2 , #D(  )37H 0ML5!G!jB?#
,o(Westely)J .@im-
D2 Y#24.# 
BM4#3#H 02 Q DI.Ze< 
7v
! ."2 Q DZe< JB:BvW#ML5!G!jBE2, 0
'! -  = v-#- 5! im- #45V:m()9-
?/ /? =- UM4#(A) A>jB(X)#!SW#^7. 37!j 'm
A>!6! 3RP- 2 ,'! - ! (3! .e,'! -    #
jB!/ ,% 9
37! j 
,#>8 9W#!'-  k Bg,Q(C)#!. @
) (,b3
 5I5(B)I533-(A>'!-  G!3RP-g,Q(A)3j (!,^7.
 .2,#!jBu2, #
- -

 :N!5 im-#45o()J!6!1 
 2 Q DI.Ze< 
7M4#2,#!jBE2, #D 37
 .2, #k BQ
& 32 Q DI.Ze< 
7g,Q(Feed Back)Y 37~
 (F)im-#D
?/ J% j#(A)  A> j,(X)'! -  3 j JB:Y3!(
 :3-(!=,B:Y#!=0-$!5
4 5(FBC)CcY3!5IK(FBA)q. r!.(A) A>54:GO
W # !'-  !(A)(3 )#
 3?R P-g,Q A>54
J#! .#U"#
%1-(FAC)Iv I(@#!./!<Y#=-U!5!( 3
 ()J!6
,!






 :De Fleur3- M#=!Ym-
 :ML5!G!jB?#NYm-3- M7Pv
'!! 1u! ,.()9- k#mN!im-#4(:GOim-#
 :2,#!.#
G! jBE" .#^ U#k B3- M7 g ,Q2 b72,#! jBE2 , #=- UB
 ..Jje"#G!jBEH 0j.BE ML5!
ReceiverJ  . Transmitter v!#Source3 j 3- M7o  
 .2,#!jBE2, #D2 jQ& 45= 3!.0!Destination6
- -

 .Y #^7 8v-#[$DG!jB?#


,!($ H 0B= U !^# =o 
 .G!jBE2, 0Q2 QM DU}-".#Y
 ()J!6
,!3- M7
QVvM4#im-#x1-J#!.#U"#







 :(J0!.YP!pP?0ub!)J$!#im-#~
P! p$P? 0ub! im- #4 5 .() 9-   m
! (,K Bg ,Q .D2 .e 2,0#2p$O20-0!.J0!.Y
D2 ,0#2 p$t#2  .e 37OI ((J0! .YP! pP? 0ub! ) U#U".#
'! .D2 ,0#2 p$t#2  .e 37OZ%. #2#!aA>M7-!.
'E! ,D  U "2,#! jBE2 , #I (A>! (,
$3! M7BXCO
 G! jBE2 , 0A>3- M7im-  p2,".#2,!#27!j.vE2,!,@#
 .B2 ,UO2 ,!#2 ,0!.YE p#DB2p$O20-0!BG?C
 :JBD2p$O&45
 .2-.U 2,b 
0-@8$! ;-:2,?0ub!#i!.$R2j.2,02p$ 
 J- #X-.@ H 0=! ;-:2,?0ub!#o-.2j.e 2,0#2p$O~
 .J  J, vu
'! ".#4 ,BH 0 BW #:G! jB?# ".#!2j.e 2,0#2p$O37i
 .2j.e '3o-#'E!-#~-# [-,"# [2,?0u
- -

 .]#,jB-@.#-2,?0u'E!-#377
LK: .#( 2,?0u2 ,-#D2Q!@ !o;="--4#:N#- 37 5
 .3-(H 0
 .\mO7.k (.@ 3-(37
?/ U <2#! #2 ,0-$2,#! jBE2 , #DK , !  , 0!.g ,Q
-  
% 1! J0!.YP!pP?0ub!3- M7im-dJ#!.#U"#.!/ $- 
 :()9















 J0!.YP!pP?0ub!3- M7im-

- -

 :The Hub ModelML5!G!jB?#5im-


G! jB?#I(Ym! Bohn 5- Ungurait8 |Hiebert' ,5=-Q!#Pv
AO QO ! 5! '4 C W #() 9-  m!ML5!
2 , 0J 52,#! jBE2 , # .M4#im-#k#mim!#&45H.U.BI(b!O
Hub 5im-  (p"()J! 6 m.^. @PB2QD2,U,!72b7
2 D^! jQ;  @g,Q!($!U4C:BW#QO2 @ 
"B2, G!jBu:
"  !&
Y3 BBI K"#jBH.Q@.B'!Y-S^!j@.;!
 .()9- 
,!ML5!G!jB?#(5)im-x1-J#!.#U"#














 ML5!G!jB?#5im-

- -

-:
xq, 2 ,#!02 5m=- U=  E2,? u2 ,#2OA>J.=>
^ # !j- #H @,2 $!U &L 
,#>
 ! A>G-9-#2#!a G-9- #
 3, D;J<
, 0I.s2-5n-('E!,DJv#2U#
 I 5L!5 0 W#im!#!&i. 2v~#G!jBE !;0fk#4#(!$:<
.G! 45DI5-7-(25!@2,#2-j.#im!#70I.-!v
G! jBE  !;0 G! Q^L2,02-jBim!!5()M!<m
2 p$P! >I,5> 3-. #   [G!jBE!'p$D2,025!@!(dB~#
L 3-. #P vk#4 2 -#2@#IU#=c#(!B! q.@B2,?>P?0>
!(d BW #2 ,#im! #,L5!!G!jBEP!p$
,G!B/!Ym-N@Q
 2 ,UO2 ,3Oim! #^ 7!. E80!q.  ~#G! jBE  !;0v
 .2,?>2,0'!!1>


-: -

  U#!9;!7$3-q,#7-5LCh--5P?u
 
03 !J?u!q#!,.im-#45=R4###Dxq 
P? 0u =X 3"P! >I,5\> 7=: () 9-   m& ,!(< !!+
I U#=c #
 B! q. @ 9O(!OM-.n'! QD.J?u
'!-. @2 @ "i3BG?CI.BG!jBE!', 0= o v2%,%j#2@#
 YA! B
$!%  0 !( 2 @# !~.U#
 B! qG! jBu 
 :()9- 
,!im-#k#mdJ#!.#U"#."
$:<



- -






 



 

 J?uG!jB?#P!>I,5>im-
-: -

! im- #4 5J #!jBE! " #! Ym-N @Q ,3-.# .v
'?,q. @2 @D2 .9!#20-=-U.()9-  m
 :J#!.#!J59O(!OM-.n
J ?0uJ0! .YEM7! j.vEJ !,@#P! p#H 0M- .n O,q.@ 
 .XCO9!#Jv! .ng,
W # -#2 0-S2!#2,l,#-#p#M-.nJ$!#,q.@ 
 -#2 ,0!.YE -#" B.G! jBE2,z,BV !K: .BK- B=  Ud
2 ,$-$!# -#2 ,.#2q "$ 27! j.vE -#2 -V# -#2 ,!#
 .2,Y-#-U.#2,!v#2,".#
 ..D2!#2,#!jBE!!',@#Y-Bg#!#,q.@ D
 .2 .e J#!jBE!"#
Y M-.n#,q.@
- -

' ;Y>'- qC2 0- "BW#2,#!jBu!', #d[!r,q.@ 


 s'! -   - %# J#! jBu!"#!'($!U,)'!,#cS
'? 4 ,B2 ,?0ub! #2!, 9G! jBE'- v3! ,.C 5O
 .k#mLA>..2,#!jBE
 ./! !( I0BW#XCO2,#!jBE7-(D2 .^$!@ 
?/ ! U./! !p$&3! .0!G!jBEA>pim-#45=:N@QL3-.#X
 %.#! (,! , 0!.BW #2 ,0#Ip#9!#!'$-U 20-
,BB
 .G!jB?#!U. J U#LK:.#
 :()9- 
,!J#!.#U"#Dim-#45.














 ML5!G!jBuP!p#N@QLim-
- -











)(
" "





- -

  
 
: 

     

: 

  

:  

   
! "#$ %  &'( 

 *+!

.. ( 

  

, 
  - ' 

5 65 " 5! "#$"&/ % 012  3  *   &'( $    .
5=  .   >7  0-   : ,   " :,7 8-  9  : ;<. ,!
5= 5   & $ ? @ : A( B  C  D : #+7 A %  8 5B G    A 9  %. %<   F E  F "   . *6 :  
>75 5@  , #  '
; @ & $   ; <- %FH 6# % (  &7@$  B  A6
K @5F. 57 %5 C ,: IH 6 %   % :    J7  0@'C 8- D2 *  8 . " ( ?L   %/:
05 .  1 ,7C O, % *
I  -  *
I 7 N  012  M6# 8- $ 8 F : ?
R5  95  3EC (: A  .      2P ( Q  <(  
S:= A/-  012  M6#
:C  D : A    %  - T:$ ?(    : 1
; 
; @'(. V: 1 Z

V: 1 Y

 K  8. V: W

V:S U

:T:$  D @'- , "-  A    %!   Q  -: ; 7D
; @'(. V: 1 Z

V: 1 Y

 K  8. V: W

V:S U

:7  7 - 7F   1  & $  &7  ,7[ F : JDD
; @'(. V: 1 Z

V: 1 Y

 K  8. V: W

V:S U

:& $ 0  8. 2 A    %    %   -: ;  


; @'(. V: 1 Z

V: 1 Y

 K  8. V: W

V:S U


  &'( $ 8A7.

 A     07 #\ D 


> V( ]#7   @\   


- -

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi