DST and Well Testing

Well Testing
Overview of the Equipment and Well Test Analysis
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Copyright 2007, , All rights reserved
Why Test Wells?

What kind of well do I have? Is the well productive? What are the flow characteristics of this well?
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Information from Well Tests

Reservoir information
Extents and structure Permeability and skin
GOR Samples for PVT analysis Production estimation
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Equipment required for Well Tests

Downhole tools used to isolate and control the reservoir - a temporary completion of the well Surface equipment designed to control pressure, separate effluents and meter flow Gauges and meters used to record pressure, temperature and rates Efficient disposal of well effluents
(10,000 bbls/oil/day burnt equivalent to 67 Megawatt of energy - medium size Nuclear Powerstation)
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Well Test Applications

Exploration reservoir size, hydrocarbon volume, hydrocarbon type, productivity
(is this zone economic?, how large is the reservoir?)
Reservoir Development pressure, permeability, connectivity, productivity, formation damage, drive mechanism
(what is the reservoir pressure?, how can we estimate reserves?, forecast future performance, optimize production)
Reservoir Management pressure, permeability, drainage, sweep efficiency, formation damage

(is the well damaged?, stimulation treatment efficiency, why is the well not performing as expected?)
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Testing and reservoir development

Testing informs the state of the reservoir at the time of the test. In case of unexpected production, testing helps the understanding of reservoir drive mechanisms, infill drilling and prodution optimization. On mature reservoirs, testing information may steer to strategical decisions and the revision of recoverable reserves.
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Types of Well Tests

Single-well tests Multi-well tests Drawdown (producing a well at constant Interference tests (producing one rate beginning at time zero and measuring well at constant rate beginning at the resulting pressure response) time zero and measuring the Buildup (shutting a well that has been resulting pressure rresponse at one producing and measuring the resulting or more offset wells) pressure response) Pulse tests (alternately producing Injection (Similar to a drawdown test. and shutting in (pulsing) one well Conducted by injecting fluid into a well at beginning at time zero and constant rate beginning at time zero and measuring the resulting pressure measuring the resulting pressure response at one or more offset wells) response) Injection-falloff (Similar to a buildup test. Conducted by shutting in an injection well and measuring the resulting pressure response) 7
What is a Well Test?

A test conducted by Changing production rate at a well Measuring resulting pressure response at the same well or another well
I
I S O
O
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: reservoir fluid withdrawal : well and reservoir systems : change in reservoir pressure
Introduction
Well Testing is a technique that examines a significant portion of the reservoir under dynamic conditions to determine its production capabilities & reservoir properties.
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Well Test Analysis

Input Information
Production rate (Q) Well head pressure (Pwh) Bottom hole pressure (P) Reservoir pressure (Pr) Productivity Index (PI) Static gradient of fluid Permeability and skin Drainage radius Gauge depth Datum depth Formation thickness (h)
Output Information
Sample of fluids Efficient of stimulation Dual permeability / porosity phenomena
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Testing and reservoir development

Testing informs the state of the reservoir at the time of the test. In case of unexpected production, testing helps the understanding of reservoir drive mechanisms, infill drilling and prodution optimization. On mature reservoirs, testing information may steer to strategical decisions and the revision of recoverable reserves.
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Well Test Methods/Techniques

Surface Well Test (SWT) Drill Stem Test (DST) Pressure Survey (P/T gauge) real-time memory PLT real-time memory MDT/RFT MRCD/CH RFT Permanent Sensors Echometer
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Types of Well Tests

Single-well tests Multi-well tests Drawdown (producing a well at constant Interference tests (producing one rate beginning at time zero and measuring well at constant rate beginning at the resulting pressure response) time zero and measuring the Buildup (shutting a well that has been resulting pressure rresponse at one producing and measuring the resulting or more offset wells) pressure response) Pulse tests (alternately producing Injection (Similar to a drawdown test. and shutting in (pulsing) one well Conducted by injecting fluid into a well at beginning at time zero and constant rate beginning at time zero and measuring the resulting pressure measuring the resulting pressure response at one or more offset wells) response) Injection-falloff (Similar to a buildup test. Conducted by shutting in an injection well and measuring the resulting pressure response) 13
Reserves Definition
Reserves Estimated quantity of oil and natural gas related substances anticipated to be recovered from known accumulations, from a given date forward, by known technology under specific economic conditions that are generally accepted as being a reasonable outlook for the future
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Reserves: Definition
Proved Reserves These are the remaining reserves that can be estimated with a high degree of certainty, which for purpose of reserves classification means that there is generally 80% or greater probability that at least estimated quantity will be recovered. The reserves may be divided into proved developed and proved undeveloped to identify the status of development
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Proved Reserves
The reserves are considered proved based on the following criteria
Production and formation tests Well Logs/ Core analysis
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Probable Reserves These are the remaining reserves that are less certain to be recovered than proved reserves, which for purpose of reserves classification means that there is generally 40-80% probability that the estimated quantity will be recovered. Both the estimated quantity and the risk weighted portion reflecting the respective probability should be reported.
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Possible Reserves These are the remaining reserves that are less certain to be recovered than probable reserves, which for purpose of reserves classification means that there is generally 10-40% probability that the estimated quantity will be recovered. Both the estimated quantity and the risk weighted portion reflecting the respective probability should be reported.
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What Is A Well Test?

A tool for reservoir evaluation and characterization
Investigates a much larger volume of the reservoir than cores or logs Provides estimate of permeability under in-situ conditions Provides estimates of near-wellbore condition Provides estimates of distances to boundaries Provides estimates of well deliverability Allows capture of sample for PVT analysis
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Well Test Objectives

Exploration

Copyright 2007,
Estimate Distances to Reservoir Boundaries Estimate Reservoir Pore Volume Estimate Initial Reservoir Pressure Estimate Well Deliverability Measurements of the oil production rate Estimate Skin Factor Collection of the fluid samples Evaluation of the formation characteristics Influence of boundary conditions Determination of the initial reservoir pressure
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, All rights reserved
Appraisal
Well Test Objectives

Development
Estimate Skin Factor Measurement of the average reservoir pressure within the drainage area of the well Estimate the formation properties
Production
Estimate Skin Factor Diagnose Productivity Problems Estimate Permeability to Aid in Fracture Treatment Design Evaluate Stimulation Treatment Effectiveness
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Types of Well Test

Single well tests
Oil Well
Drawdown test- Produce a well at constant rate and measure the pressure response.
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Types of Well Test

Buildup test Shut in a well that has been producing and measure the pressure response.
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Types of Well Test

Injection test Inject fluid into a well at constant rate and measure the pressure response.
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Types of Well Test

Single well tests Gas Well
Isochronal Test A series of drawdown and buildup sequences at different drawdown flow rates, with each drawdown of the same duration and each buildup reaching stabilization at the same pressure as at the start of the test..
pwf1 pwf2 pwf3 pwf4
t Q1
t Q2
t Q3 Q4
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Types of Well Test

Modified Isochronal Test
A series of drawdown and buildup sequences at different drawdown flow rates, with each drawdown and buildup of the same duration.
Pwf Pwf Pwf 1 2 3 Pwf t t t t t t 4 Q Q Q Q 1 2 3 4
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Types of Well Test
Flow After Flow test A series of drawdown sequence, typically three or more, followed by a build up.
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Types of Well Test

Multi-well tests Interference test Produce one well at constant rate and measure the pressure response at one or more offset wells.
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Well and Reservoir Parameters
Near Wellbore Damage Wellbore Storage
Pressure change, derivative, psi
Permeability
Boundary Type
Early-time region
Middletime region
Late-time region
Elapsed time, hrs

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Flow-Regimes and Reservoir Features

Near wellbore (early time) Wellbore storage (PSS) -conductivity fracture (lin) Low cond fracture (bi-lin) Limited entry (sph) Horizontal well (sph or lin) Skin Reservoir behavior (middle time) Homogeneous (rad) Double porosity Double permeability (2 rad) Composite (2 rad) Layered reservoir Boundaries (late time) Single fault (hemi-rad) Leaky fault (2 rad) Constant pressure Channel (lin) Wedge (pseudo-rad) Closed reservoir (PSS)
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Why are Flow-Regimes Useful?

Flow regimes, when recognized, can help the interpreter recognize what the reservoir looks like, i.e. what is the model Depending on their succession and time of occurrence, it is possible to build a reservoir model with 3 distinct components:
Near-wellbore model Formation behavior Boundaries

The key: flow-regimes show simple mathematical relationship between pressure and time
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Near Wellbore Damage (Skin)

2000
p < pb
p > pb
Mud filtrate invasion
Pressure, psi
1500
Skin due to Invasion

1000
Skin due to Production

hp h
ps
500
Skin due to Flow Regime Skin of due to Partial Penetration Distance from center wellbore, ft
10
100
1000
10000
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Reservoir Parameters
1300
Initial Pressure
1200
Adjusted Pressure, psi
1100
Permeability (from slope)
1000
900
800
700
600 10000000 1000000 100000 10000 1000 100 10 1
Adjusted Horner Time Ratio
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Boundaries
Parallel Faults, Channels
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Productivity
Oil
Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR)
Gas
Absolute Open Flow Potential (AOFP)
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Design Philosophy
Test design optimization Test objectives Reservoir parameters (basis of design) Test design criteria and limitations Test sequence and duration (pressure transient simulation) Productivity analysis Range of expected rates and drawdown values PIPESIM* 2007 software ECLIPSE* 100 software WELLTEST* 200 software
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Basic Data
Fluid data Average reservoir pressure Average reservoir temperature Bubble point/dew point pressure Gas composition or specific gravity with co2 and h2s contents Gas properties compresibilty,viscosity,formation volume factor and z factor Water properties compresibilty,viscosity,formation volume factor and water salinity Oil properties compresibilty,viscosity,formation volume factor CGR,GOR or solution gas liquid ratio Total compressibility
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Testing Hardware
DST
Tools Gauges
SWT
Equipment Gauges
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DST Equipment
Isolate the target zone. Perforate. Control well flow. Convey fluid to surface. Acquire downhole data Spot stimulation fluids Well kill Avoid swabbing
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DST packers Isolate the target zone

Packers Production
Permanent, run separate HPHT Floating seal assy Cost
Test
Retrievable, run on DST string Set by string manipulation + weight Needs slip joints for string expansion
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Slip-Joint
Allow for string contraction and expansion during testing Internally balanced 5ft stroke 2-4 normally run on a DST Drill collars run below for adding weight on the Packer
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TCP Guns
Tubing-Conveyed Perforating (TCP) Advantages: large guns fired underbalanced with well-control equipment in place Deepest penetration long intervals efficiently perforated variety of firing systems ability to drop guns allowing future through tubing operations
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Well Control Flow

Test and Control Valves
Ball Tester valve - multi use Combined Test and Circulating valves
Tubing tester valve

Flapper or ball type- One shot
Safety Valves
Flapper or ball type - one shot
Circulating valves
Sliding sleeve One shot and multi cycle
+ + + -
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Data Capture
Datalatch
Allow real time monitoring WL running tool inside Tubing
DGA gauge carrier

Memory gagues
LINC
Power latch system
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Bottomhole Sample carrier

Sampling carrier to be run in the DST string Samplers activated by Rupture disc Up to 10 samplers in each carrier PVT samples under reservoir conditions
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Surface Well Test Equipment

Control pressure and flow Separate the well effluent Meter and record rates, pressures and temperatures. Provide sampling ports. Storage or disposal of well effluents.
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Control Pressure and Flow

Flowhead controls pressure and flow allows movement of the test string supports the weight of the test string allows tools to be introduced into the well
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Control Pressure and Flow

Choke Manifold contols wellhead pressure controls flow rate
critical flow sand and water production
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Control Pressure and Flow, Separator

Steam Exchanger equipped with choke raises the temperature of the well effluent prevents hydrate formation reduces fluid viscosity breaks down emulsions before the well effluent enters the separator requires separate boiler
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Test Separator
CAPACITIES AND RETENTION TIME LEVEL CONTROL OIL METERING GAS METERING SAFETY FEATURE
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Separator features
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Separator Measurements
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VX meter
Venturi
Detector Source
P T
P
Flow
Composition Meter
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Surge tank
Calibration tank Used to calibrate flow meters in Separator Allows all gas to be bleed off Can be used to collect interfaces Used for low flow rates
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Recorder
Surface Testing Acquisition Network sensors and meters used to acquire:
pressure temperature flowrates
oil water gas
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Disposal
Burners and Booms efficiently dispose of the oil produced at the surface during an offshore well test reduces storage and pollution problems to limit the heat radiation on rigs, the burners are attached to booms to keep them at a safe distance from the rig
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SUBSURFACE SAFETY TOOLS

Fixed rigs Floaters rigs
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SAFETY SYSTEMS COMPULSORY ON ALL FLOATERS :
SENTREE
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Subsea BOP stack

Subsea test tree
Safety valve, ball and Flapper Fail safe closed Allow for disconnect Shear ram can be closed Retainer valve can be run above to trap string contence
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SenTREE 3 - Basic Tool Features

Reduced length and modularity (compared with old generation: EZ-Tree) Can unlatch under full tension Unlatch at an angle up to 6 deg 1.5-in. coil tubing cutting capability Chemical injection point Hydraulically or Mechanically UNLATCH Connections: 3 ID & 5 ACME BOX x BOX Other version: SenTree 7 (ID= 7) 15 Kpsi WP
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RETAINER VALVE

Fail safe closed Works (close/open) in conjunction with the Sentree Prevents pollution Cuts wireline fail safe Cuts coil tubing with pressure assist closure Integrated Bleed Off Valve (BOV), for between Retainer and Sentree. Chemical injection point Connections: 3 ID & 5 ACME BOX x BOX 15 Kpsi WP
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DST and Well Testing

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DST and Well Testing

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Well Testing

Overview of the Equipment and Well Test Analysis

Why Test Wells?

Information from Well Tests

GOR Samples for PVT analysis Production estimation

Equipment required for Well Tests

Well Test Applications

Reservoir Management pressure, permeability, drainage, sweep efficiency, formation damage

Testing and reservoir development

Types of Well Tests

What is a Well Test?

Well Test Analysis

Testing and reservoir development

Well Test Methods/Techniques

Types of Well Tests

What Is A Well Test?

Well Test Objectives

Well Test Objectives

Types of Well Test

Types of Well Test

Types of Well Test

Types of Well Test

Types of Well Test

Pwf Pwf Pwf 1 2 3 Pwf t t t t t t 4 Q Q Q Q 1 2 3 4

Types of Well Test

Types of Well Test

Well and Reservoir Parameters

Near Wellbore Damage Wellbore Storage

Pressure change, derivative, psi

Elapsed time, hrs

Flow-Regimes and Reservoir Features

Why are Flow-Regimes Useful?

Near-wellbore model Formation behavior Boundaries

Near Wellbore Damage (Skin)

Mud filtrate invasion

Skin due to Invasion

Skin due to Production

Adjusted Pressure, psi

Permeability (from slope)

600 10000000 1000000 100000 10000 1000 100 10 1

Adjusted Horner Time Ratio

Parallel Faults, Channels

DST packers Isolate the target zone

Well Control Flow

Tubing tester valve

DGA gauge carrier

Bottomhole Sample carrier

Surface Well Test Equipment

Control Pressure and Flow

Control Pressure and Flow

Control Pressure and Flow, Separator

SUBSURFACE SAFETY TOOLS

SAFETY SYSTEMS COMPULSORY ON ALL FLOATERS :

Subsea BOP stack

SenTREE 3 - Basic Tool Features

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