Wealth Ranking

An analytical exercise carried out by local KIs

based on their own criteria such as income, assets,
employment status and other local measures of well
being

Purpose
To investigate perceptions of wealth differences
and inequalities in community
Discover local indicators and criteria of wealth
Establish relative position of house holds in
community
 POINTS TO NOTE
 A sensitive topic: to be used after rapport building

Examine survey data from rural perspective

Helps to understand socio-economic disparities

Helps to know stratification of people

Wealth differences influence coping behaviours

Helps further study & policy making

 Steps in Wealth Ranking
Identify representative KIs from different SES
List all households
Make cards with head’s name and identification number
Mix cards thoroughly
Prepare card piles with category label
KIs to sort cards representing wealth categories
Record card number of each category and criteria used by each KI
Shuffle cards between KIs
Identify categories by consensus
List common criteria , calculate average no of categories
Record score of households for each KI and calculate av. score
 Wealth Ranking Formula
Si = ( n+1- Ci ) / n x 100
Si = Score of household as per KI
n = Total no of categories
Ci = Category of household given by KI

Wealth Categories = Average of all KIs

ex: 4+3+4+5 / 4 = 4
CF = (Max - Min score)/Wealth categories
 Wealth Ranking Table
H.NO KI 1(4) KI 2(3) KI 3(4) KI 4(5) Av.score
1 100 67 100 80 86.75
2 50 67 50 60 56.75
3 100 100 100 100 100.00
4 75 67 50 80 68.00
.
.
.
99 25 33 25 20 25.75
100 50 67 50 60 56.75

CF = 100-25.75 /4 = 18.56 (Categories 4 – with scores 25, 50, 75, 100)

100-18.56=81.44, 81.44-18.56 = 62.88, 62.88-18.56 = 44.32
81.44 to 100 (R), 62.88 to 81.43 (M), 44.32 to 62.87(P), 25.00 to 44.31 (VP)
CRITERIA OF WEALTH RANKING
 Distribution of house holds
according to Wealth Ranking

26% rich
43% medium
poor
16%
15% v.poor
 LIVELIHOOD ANALYSIS

Analytical technique of exploring behaviours,

decisions and coping strategies of households with
different socio-economic backgrounds

Factors (for each wealth category)

 Size of house hold
 Composition (Men/ Women/ Children)
 Labour migrants
 Assets
 Livestock
 Income sources
Expenditure pattern
Savings/ Debt
v.

v.
Medium

Poor
 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

Why problem identification?

• To identify problems faced by farmers
• To undertake research projects on farmers’ problems
• To target the technologies towards problems
• To identify technological gaps
• Develop, refine, & transfer appropriate technologies
 Problem identification

How to do it?

•Using key informants

•Snowball technique

•A minimum of 30 informants
Quantification of the identified problems

We Use The RBQ

R.B.Q = nΣ
fi(n+1) -i) 100
i=1
---------------------- X
Nn

fi= th
frequency of the i rank

n= no of ranks

N= no of farmers

Magnitude value= RBQ x Avg Yld loss(%)x area(crops)/No of animals

 RBQ & MAGNITUDE VALUE FOR PROBLEMS

sl No Problem % loss Area covered RBQ Magnitude

1 ELECTRICITY 25 140 60.86 215636.96
2 LABOUR SHORTAGE 35 185 73.88 478373
3 SCARCITY OF WATER 25 158 74.16 292932
4 P&D OF CROPS 50 250 92.77 1166582
5 LOW MARKET PRICE 42 228 81.1 785859
6 HIGH COST OF PESTCDE& FERT 34 165 60.05 341834.62
7 REPEAT BREEDING 22 200 34.44 154980.62
8 FMD OF ANIMALS 23 300 35.83 247227
9 MASTITIS IN ANIMALS 18 125 20.27 45607.5
10 LACK OF KNOWLEDGE ON FERT APPLN 17 100 30.27 51459
11 COLD STORAGE FACILITY 16 115 26.38 50056.05
12 LOW PRICE OF MILK 17 40 28.05 19074
 Problem Identification

Farmer Ranking of Problems

Farmers’ Responses ( N = 30)

S.No. Problems Ranks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1. Low 12 8 4 1 5
Productivity in
Apple
2. Water Scaricity 4 2 7 4 6
3. Diseases in 3 5 4 7 4
Cabbage
4. Diseases in 3 3 2 5 4
Pea
5. Diseases in 8 6 6 3 5
Animals
 RBQ for Problems & Ranks

Area
#. Problems 1 2 3 4 5 Total
Affected
1 Low 40 24 10.6 2.3 10 86.9 6Acre
Productivity
in Apple
2 Water 13.3 6 18.6 9.3 12 59.2 25 Acre
Scaricity
3 Diseases in 10 15 10.6 7 8 50.6 12 Acre
Cabbage
4 Diseases in 10 9 5.3 11.6 8 43.2 8 Acre
Pea
5 Diseases in 26.6 18 16 7 10 77.6 25 No.
Animals
Village magnitude value and value based index
Total Loss
Problems VMV VBI
(Lakhs)
Low Productivity 521 16.8 8769
in Apple
Water Scaricity 1480 6 6660
Diseases in 607 13 7891
Cabbage
Diseases in Pea 351 15 5265
Diseases in 1940 4 7760
Animals
 PROBLEM TREE

• After identifying the top most researchable

problem the problem tree is drawn for it
• It is the logical reasoning of the existing
problem to its root causes
• It can be mapped like a flow diagram using
arrows and the reasons one related to the
other
• The root cause of the problem is identified
and the causal diagram is made
 PROBLEM TREE
• After you have identified the top most
researchable problem based on RBQ the
problem tree will be drawn only for
that(Change)
• Similar to the other techniques select the key
informants
• Then discuss the various root causes for the
existing problem
• Logically connect the root causes for one
another and identify the various levels of the
causes
 PROBLEM TREE

CULTIVATION OF SUSCEPTIBLE VARIETY

NON AVAILABILITY OF REST VARIETY

HIGH COST AND DEMAND FOR REST SEED MATERIAL

LESS SEED PRODUCTION AND DEVT OF REST VARIETY

LACK OF FACILITIES AND SOURCE MATERIAL FOR DEVELOPING REST VARIETY

 PROBLEM TREE

LACK OF RAIN AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION

CROP FAILURE POLLUTION OF WATER RESOURCES

LOSS OF FISH AND AQUATIC LIFE

LOWER AVAILABILITY OF FOOD

INCREASED DEPENDENCE ON COMMON PROPERTY RESOURCES

INCREASED ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

LOWER AVAILABILITY OF FOOD

INCREASED HUNGER AND STARVATION

 CAUSAL DIAGRAM

• It is the depiction of technological causes for

the problem identified and reasoning
• Similar to the problem tree the technological
causes are written at every level
• This leads to the development of a research
hypothesis and research problems
• Then we chalk out the individual action plan
for each of the cause
 CAUSAL DIAGRAM

LACK OF RAIN AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION

LACK OF RESISTANT VARIETIES/AGRONOMIC PRACTICES LEACHING OF FERTILIZERS AND CHEMICALS

CROP FAILURE POLLUTION OF WATER RESOURCES

LOSS OF FISH AND AQUATIC LIFE

LOWER AVAILABILITY OF FOOD

INCREASED DEPENDENCE ON COMMON PROPERTY RESOURCES

INCREASED ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

LOWER AVAILABILITY OF FOOD

INCREASED HUNGER AND STARVATION

 PROBLEM-CAUSAL Diagram

Low return from Agriculture

Low Yield Soil degradation High cost of cultivation

Water scarcity

Less irrigation Higher use of chemical Irrational use of plant

Erratic rainfall facilities fertilizer protection chemicals

Deep level of Labour scarcity

ground water Lack of knowledge about balance
use of chemical fertilizer

Poor availability of Soil degradation

ground water Lack of extension worker
linkage

Less irrigation
facilities
 PROBLEM –
CAUSAL Diagram
Low return from Agriculture

Low diversity in crops Low yield from Livestock

High mortality in high

Lack of organized marketing yield cross breeds
Water scarcity

Lack of storage facilities of crops

Diseases
Low performance of scented varieties Lack of knowledge
about other crops

Unsuitability of scented Poor AH practices Lack of Vet. hospital

varieties with local condition Lack of extension
worker linkage

Lack of knowledge
KI – about AH practices
Madhukar Shende
Pandurang S. Meshram
Chandrashekhar
Borkar
Lack of extension
Atmaram Borkar worker linkage
 SOLUTION TREE

High return from Agriculture

More Crop High Good High yield

Low Input Cost Organized marketing
diversificatio yield storage from
of paddy
onnn facility Livestock

High Yielding Availability High soil No Pest and Moderate

Agro Silvi Less Inputs Water diseases
varieties fertility rain
Horticulture
No Water Low mortality
Less Less scarcity in improved
Less Labour
Fertilizers Pesticides breeds
High
organic
Veterinary Knowledge
Tree Hort Crop matter
hospital of AH
Combination Combination
practices
Less Less
Weeding Irrigation
Awareness

More water-
holding capacity

Sandy soil

More organic
manure
 PROBLEM - SOLUTION

POOR FEEDING
•AVAILABILITY OF FODDER ROUND THE YEAR

•PROVIDING BALANCED FEED

•INCREASE AREA UNDER FODDER CROPS

•ADOPTION OF IMPROVED PRACTICES

•ADDITION OF MINERAL MIX IN ANIMAL DIET

•RECOMMENDED CONCENTRATE FEEDING

 Problem Tree
for
Top Researchable Problem
 Problem Tree for Top Researchable Problem
Low Productivity in Apple

Less Fruit Setting Fruit damage before harvesting

Poor Orchard Practices Poor plant health Shallow Soil &

Monkey
Unpredictable
Sloppy Terrain Micro & Macro
Menace
Climate

Less Scientific Input Limited Farmers Resources

Less or No soil No killing or
enrichment practices catching of
monkeys
Inappropriate variety Less or No Poor Plantation
measure to increase
Poor Pest & Disease
selection according to Layout
Management Ban on killing Religious
pollinating agents
climate sentiments

Hail Storms

Low Humidity & High Humidity &

during Flowering
Old & less Low % area under Less diverse High Temperature Foggy whether during
Foggy whether
yielding varieties pollinating varieties pollinating varieties during Flowering Flowering
High Humidity &

K.I.: Date:
 Solution Tree
for
Top Researchable Problem
 High Productivity in Apple

Good Fruit No Fruit damage before

Setting harvesting

No damage
Good Orchard Good plant Proper Forecasting by Monkey
Practices health bunding on Micro & Macro or birds
Sloppy Climate
Terrain
Quality Scientific Input More Farmers
Resources Soil Proper control
improvement by on monkeys by
amendments sterilization

Proper variety Measure to Good Integrated Pest &

selection increase Plantation Disease Management
according to pollinating agents, Layout
climate e.g. Bee Keeping
etc. Proper Netting against
Hail Storm

New & high 25-30 % area under Diverse pollinating

yielding pollinating varieties varieties to have
varieties large pollinating
period
 WHAT NEXT?
• After the field exercise you will be
identifying one top most researchable
problem
• For that identified researchable problem you
will formulate a project
• You will also develop an individual action
plan
 INDIVIDUAL ACTION PLAN

Who What Where When How

Scientist, Development of expert system for Apple. The Village + April, 2002 – Jun, 2002 Visit & Discussion
Computer Applications system will have two sections : Institute July,2002 – Nov., 2002 Analysis
(Sudeep Marwaha ) 1.The system will help in disseminating the Institute Aug., 2002 – Dec., 2002 Coding
& knowledge about the varietal selection according Institute Jan., 2003- Feb.,2003 Visit & Discussion
( Yash Pal Singh) to the climatic conditions present at the farmer’s Village + Feb., 2003- Mar.,2003 Data Entry
orchard. The issues like % area under pollinating Institute April, 2003 – Jun., 2003 Coding
varieties & elongated pollinating period due to Institute July, 2003 – Aug., 2003 Visit, Discussion &
diversified pollinating varieties, good high yielding Institute Sept., 2003 Data Entry
varieties will be addressed. Different Demonstration &
2.The system will also be able to help in Institutes and Installation
identification of the pest & diseases and will RHRS,
suggest the possible measures to control them. Mashobra,
For the expert system development following Shimla
procedure will be adopted : RHRS,
•Identifying the different parameters on which data Mashobra,
is to be recorded and establishing the relation Shimla.
between them.
•Designing the database
•Writing the code for integrating the web based
front end to the database.
•Discussion with farmers for collecting sample
data
•Testing the integrated system with the sample
data.
•Removing the bugs found during sample data
entry
•Collecting & Feeding the actual data available on
the different varieties, practices, pests, diseases
and the control measures into the system.
•Demonstrating and installing the expert system at
RHRS, Mashobra and showing it to villagers of
Dhagogi and motivating them to use the facility.
Research Topic, Questions and Hypothesis for the
Animal Related Researchable Problem
Problem : Losses due to Disease of
Jersy cattle in Dhagogi village.
Research Topic : Identification of
suitable practices to reduce losses due to
diseases in Jersy cattle.
Independent Variables : Appropriate
Animal Husbandry practices, Disease diagnosis
and treatment.
Dependent Variables : Income, Animal
Health
Universe : Farmers of Dhagogi Village
having Jersey cattle.
Research Question –I : Can control of diseases in Jersy cattle
reduce losses and enhance the income of the farmers.
Research Question –II: What animal husbandry practices can
be followed to control diseases in Jersy cattle.
Independent Variables : Disease diagnosis and treatment,
Hygienic artificial insemination, Identification of weeds causing
haematuria, Disease Management.
Dependent Variables : Income, animal Health, normal
pregnancy and delivery, long duration of milk yield, short inter-
calving period.
Universe : Farmers of Dhagogi Village.
Unit of Analysis : Jersy cattle.
Indicators : Total milk production, milk Yield,
intercalving period, abortion, haematuria, number of Jersy calves.
Hypothesis – I : Less the diseases in Jersy cattle, less the
losses and more the income of the farmers.
Hypothesis – II : More scientific the animal husbandry
practices, less the incidence of diseases in Jersy cattle
Research Topic, Questions and Hypothesis for the
Top Most Researchable Problem
Problem : Low Productivity in Apple due to poor
orchard practices.
Research Topic : Identification of suitable practices
to enhance apple productivity.
Independent Variables : Appropriate Varieties, Orchard
practices.
Dependent Variables : Income, Plant Health.
Universe : Apple growing farmers of Dhagogi
Village.
Research Question –I : Can knowledge about appropriate varieties &
their acceptance enhance the Apple productivity and income of the farmers.
Research Question –II : How information about orchard practices can enhance the
Apple productivity and income of the farmers.
Independent Variables : Suitable varieties, Floor Management, Pest &
Disease Management, Soil enrichment.
Dependent Variables : Income, Plant Health, Soil Health, Orchard
Intensity.
Universe : Apple growing farmers of Dhagogi Village.
Unit of Analysis : Individual Orchard.
Indicators : Yield, Fruit Color, Size, Income, Fruit Setting %, Leaf
bearing duration, Less Pest & Diseases, Pollinating Period, Pollination, Soil
parameters (% organic matter, Soil pH etc.)
Hypothesis – I : The knowledge about the issues like appropriate % area
under pollinating varieties, diversified pollinating varieties to increase pollinating &
hence better fruit setting, high yielding varieties etc. increases the productivity &
hence income.
Hypothesis – II : Better pest & disease management through expert system
can reduce the incidence of pest & disease; less fruit damage before harvesting and
hence more productivity
Village study - Experiential Learning of PRA Tools

Aepoor village, Chityal Mandal,

Nalgonda District
on
5th March, 2009 (Thirsday)
 INSTRUCTIONS
• The village is 85 Kms from NAARM and takes 2-2.5 hrs
to reach
• All trainees must be ready by 0630 hrs at the halls of
residence and board the vehicle
• Hospitality committees must ensure that sufficient
drinking water and breakfast loaded in the bus well in
advance
• Six groups are made for purpose of village study.
• All trainees will wear caps and shoes for vigorous
walking during the PRA exercise.
• Collect the FET items like pencil, chart papers, rangoli
powder etc. from the Course Directors.
• Each group shall have a group facilitator, hence select
a group facilitator for the purpose
• We shall return only in the night by dinner time, so be
prepared.
 INSTRUCTIONS
• 0630 HRS departure from NAARM (Breakfast & tea inside
the bus)
• 0830 hrs reach Aepoor village, assemble at Panchayat
office for introduction and briefing
• 0900 hrs PRA exercise
• 1300 Hrs Lunch
• 1400 to 1530 hrs triangulation meeting and finalization of
issues for general meeting by the groups
• 1530 hrs social mapping with rangoli powder followed by
general discussion for validation of PRA findings &
observations with farmers
• 1730 hrs wrapping up and departure
• 2000 hrs reach NAARM
• Each group will make presentation on PRA technique-
wise findings and observations on 6th March, 2009
(Friday)
 Problem identification technique

Identify 30 farmers through snow ball technique.

Ask the problems they face and rank them according to their
importance, Rank 1 being most important.

Find the Average yield loss experienced by the farmers

because of that particular problem taking both main and bi-
products into consideration.
 Farmers Ranking of Problems
Problems Farmers Responses (N=30)
Ranks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Water scarcity 15 10 5 - - - - - - -

in rice
no.s no.s no.s

Susceptible 10 5 5 5 5 - - - - -

varieties in rice no.s no.s no.s no.s no.s

 The formula for calculating the RBQ
RBQ = n ∑ f i ( n +1 - i) x 100
i =1 ---------------
Nxn
i= Concerned rank ( say 1 to 10 )

N =Total no of farmers ( in our case, 30 farmers)

n = No of ranks ( say, we have asked the farmers to rank problems up to

first 10 ranks, then, n =10)

f i = Number of farmers reporting that particular problem under i th rank

Each rank has to be separately calculated and all should be summed up to

get RBQ value ( say, for 1 to 10 ranks)
 RBQ Calculation:
(i) Rank 1 for Water scarcity :
15 (10+1-1) x100
--------------------- = 15 x 10 x 100
30 x 10 ----------------- = 50
300 (ii) Rank 2 for Water scarcity :
10 (10+1-2) x100
--------------------- = 10 x 9 x 100
30 x 10 ---------------- = 30
300
(iii) Rank 3 for Water scarcity :
5 (10+1-3) x100
--------------------- = 5 x 8 x 100
30 x 10 --------------- = 13.33
300

Now sum up the values for all the three ranks for calculating the RBQ value
for 'Water scarcity' problem. 50 + 30 + 13.33 = 93.33
 Problem identification technique

Find the Extent of damage caused by the problem

(If it is a crop problem, find the acreage of crop affected in
the village. If it is a livestock problem find the number of
animals affected in the village.
Wherever it is expressed in terms of unit enterprise, (eg:
fishery/Poultry) multiply the no.of animals in an unit
enterprise with the total no. of unit enterprises to get total
no.of animals affected .
Calculate Total economic loss caused due to the problem
(Standard price of the main products x Average yield loss +
Standard price of bi-products x Average yield loss) per
acre/ animal/ unit enterprise x area/ no.of animals/no.of
enterprises)
 Find the RBQ values for all the problems listed.

 To find what is most important problem in the Village,

Calculate the VBI separately for each problem.

 VBI ( Value Based Index) = RBQ x Total economic loss

experienced by the problem at the village level ( Standard
price of the main product x Average yield loss + Standard
price of the bi-products x Average yield loss per acre or per
animal or per unit enterprise x total affected area (in acres)or
animals or unit enterprises in the village

 The problem that has the maximum VBI is the most

important problem to be tackled first.