International Journal of JOURNAL Electrical Engineering and Technology ENGINEERING (IJEET), ISSN 0976 & INTERNATIONAL OF ELECTRICAL 6545(Print),

, ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), IAEME TECHNOLOGY (IJEET)
ISSN 0976 6545(Print) ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), pp. 62-66 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijeet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.5028 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

IJEET
IAEME

APPLICATION OF GENETIC ALGORITHM AND NEURO FUZZY CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL OF INTERCONNECTED POWER SYSTEMS AND TO STUDY THE DEVELOPMENT OF A HYBRID NEURO FUZZY CONTROL APPROACH
J.Srinu Naick H.O.D/E.E.E PNC and Vijay Institute of Engg. & Tech Guntur. A.P- India. Dr K. Chandra sekar H.O.D/E.E.E RVR & JC Engg. College Guntur. A.P-India.

ABSTRACT Extensive work has been reported in literature on automatic generation and control (AGC) of power systems. Frequency changes are recognized as a direct consequence of imbalance between load and power generation. The main function of AGC is to shift the operating point in order that an equilibrium is reestablished, whenever an imbalance occurs between generation and load. AGC consists of secondary frequency controls and maintains the scheduled frequency during abnormal operating conditions. Several control techniques have been reported to achieve improved performance of interconnected power systems. Application of Generic algorithms (GA) is a very useful tool for tuning the control parameters of AGC systems. The genetic algorithm method is overviewed. GA is a numerical optimization algorithm capable of being applied to wide range of optimization problems that guarantees the survival of the fittest. Literature reported application of simplified models for interconnected power systems using GA. Too much of simplification in frequency response models lead to wide range of optimal solutions, which cannot be used in practice. To address this issue literature reported application of fuzzy logic control for AGC which is a satisfactory alternative to above conventional control methodology. The fuzzy logic approach can be effectively used for complex processes to solve wide range of control problems in power systems. This system basically uses a learning algorithm derived from neural networks theory. However this method cannot handle the system non-linearities and is a slow processing technique. An attempt is made in this paper to design and develop a hybrid neuro fuzzy approach which is a fusion of neural network and fuzzy logic. This approach can handle systems with non-linearities and at the same time the proposed approach is faster than the conventional controllers.

62

International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), IAEME The major contribution of the present work is to make a comparison on the application, merits and demerits of the conventional GA and fuzzy logic approaches and to study the development of a hybrid neuro fuzzy control approach addressing the limitations present in the conventional approaches. It has been concluded that the hybrid neuro fuzzy control approach can effectively handle systems with non-linearities and the processing speed is higher than conventional approaches. Keywords: AGC, imbalance, Genetic Algorithms, nonlinearity, Fuzzy logic. 1.0 INTRODUCTION In general the effective functioning of any power system is affected by the imbalance between generation and load. This imbalance often results frequency shifting from rated value and has to be reset using various control approaches[1]. The process of identifying the imbalance and shifting the operating point is called as automatic generation control (AGC). Normally the AGC systems operate on secondary frequency controls [2]. The primary frequency controls are achieved through the system governor mechanism. The AGC systems maintain secondary frequency controls during abnormal operating conditions [3]. The primary function of AGC is to adjust the generator set point automatically so that the mismatch between load and generation is taken care of. Hence a strategic design of AGC system assumes importance in power generation systems and needs extensive research work to be undertaken [4]. The area control error (ACE), namely the quantum of mismatch between generation and load is obtained through the AGC system, which dynamically controls and adjusts the operating point. Several control strategies using genetic algorithms (GA) and neuro fuzzy algorithms are developed to achieve the control. All these strategies aim at zero ACE signals. A detailed analysis of the basic constraints present in the physical system dynamics is to be made, before attempting to develop AGC [5]. An important physical constraint, to be considered in thermal and mechanical factors is the generation unit [6]. Another important issue to be addressed in the design of AGC is to consider the time lag between detection and response action of the control system [7,8]. Genetic algorithms (GA) are a numerical optimization algorithm which can be applied to wide range of optimization problems that guarantee the survival of the fittest [9]. Literature indicated that though the approach is effective, it has inherent limitations in giving wide range of optimal solutions, which cannot be used in practice. To address this issue literature reported application of fuzzy logic and neuro fuzzy logic approach which offered a satisfactory solution. However this approach cannot handle system non-linearities and is a slow processing technique especially in deregulated power systems. The work proposed in this paper attempts to identified the limitations in conventional methods and to propose a hybrid neuro fuzzy approach, which combines neural network and fuzzy logic. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW Work related to AGC of power systems is reviewed from literature. Bevrani etal [10] made extensive research work on feasibility of regional frequency based emergency control plans. Kumar etal [11]. Published their work on recent philosophies AGC strategies in power systems. Jalecli etal [12] made pioneering work on AGC of hydrothermal systems in a deregulated environment. Stagetal [14] applied computer capabilities for AGC issues. Donde etal [15] worked on tuning of PID controllers with fuzzy logic. Venkateswarn etal [17]. Worked on load frequency control using output feed backs. Misbra etal [18] published their work on development and implementation of a fuzzy
63

International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), IAEME logic based constant speed DC drives. Chown etal [19] made pioneering work on design of fuzzy logic control tools for AGC. Jaleeli etal [20] worked on understanding automatic generation of power. 3.0 PRESENT WORK Application G.A approach of AGC is reviewed and its limitations are noted. Similarly the merit of neural fuzzy logic approach of GA approach is reviewed. The limitation of neuro fuzzy logic approach is also reviewed. Discrete references are seen in literature on the application of hybrid neuro fuzzy logic approach (HNF). In recent times this method gained considerable importance inview of their user friendly character in the areas of power generation control, pattern recognition, image processing, image denoising, image mining etc. Based on the expected outcome, the hybrid neuro fuzzy logic approaches are proposed. These hybrid neuro logic results from a fusion of neural networks and fuzzy logic. The main elements of a hybrid neuro fuzzy logic controller are i) fuzzifier, ii) rules consisting of if and then, and iii) defuzzifier. 3.1 Fuzzifier To start with the variables governing the dynamic performance of the system are considered as inputs to the proposed controller. Numerical values are replaced by linguistic variables. This process is nothing but fuzzification. The input variables include state errors, state error derivatives, integral etc. In the particular application of AGC of power systems, the area control error (ACE) and its time variant derivative d (ACE) / dt are chosen as the input parameters. At this stage a membership function is defined as a graphical representation of magnitude of participation (its effect) of each input. A trapezoidal membership function is proposed in the current work. If required the number of memberships can be more than unity. In fact the larger the membership units, the better will be the quality of control. Equality the more the membership, the more will be time of processing. Hence a compromise is made. The fuzzified linguistics are chosen as negative big (NB), negative small (NS), zero (NL), positive big(PB) and positive small (PS). 3.2 if and then rules The above rule statements can be as described. If error is Ei and change in error is E then output is 0. Hence if, part is concerned with process state interms of fuzzy proportions. Then part of the rule describes the control output interms of logical combination of fuzzy propositions. According to above methodology a rule table for fuzzy controller can be drafted. 3.3 Defuzzification Defuzzification is the reverse process of fuzzification. While the controllers output is interms of linguistic variables. These variables are converted into crisp outputs using centre of gravity method. It obtains the centre of area occupied by the fuzzy sets and is grow by X=EU(x) xdx/U(x)dx. As a case study the AGC of an interconnected system in a deregulated environment is considered. The three steps namely fuzzition if and then rules and defuzzification are considered and the output is analyzed. The result of current study on the face of it, indicated that there is slight improvement in performance of the system.

64

International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), IAEME 4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 1. The application of GA for AGC consisted of defining an objective function J which attempts to bring frequency to the nominal value for each of the area in an independent manner. 2. Simplified models are used in literature for interconnected power systems without any constraints which resulted in a wide range of optimal solutions. 3. Neuro fuzzy logic control applies fuzzy logic theory, and is an excellent alternative for conventional control routes. This approach can handle processes which are too complex for analysis using conventional methods. 4. The reliability of fuzzy logic make fuzzy logic controllers useful for solving a wide range of control problems in power systems. 5. The important constituents of a hybrid fuzzy logic controller are fuzzifier, defuzzifier and inference engine. 6. The input signals for any AGC device are the variables connected with the system dynamic performance. 7. MATLAB based adaptive net works which are functionally equivalent to fuzzy inference systems are reviewed. 8. A companion of the developed hybrid system with conventional system is made. 5.0 CONCLUSIONS 1. The proposed hybrid neuro fuzzy approach has improved dynamic response and works faster than conventional systems. 2. There is a slight improvement in the performance of the controller device compared to conventional systems. 3. In case of GA approach the undershot or overshot of system governor delays, the control system and cannot regain the match between frequency and load. In such cases the system loses its credibility. 4. Further there is a slight improvement in the performance of the system using hybrid neuro fuzzic approach. 6.0 REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] Bevrani H, Mitani Y, Tsuji K, Bevrani H. Bilateral based robust load frequency control. Energy Convers Manage 2005;46:112946. Egido I, Bernal FF, Rouco L. The Spanish AGC system: description and analysis. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2009;24:2718. Nanda J, Mishra S, Saikia LC. Maiden application of bacterial foraging-based optimization technique in multiarea automatic generation control. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2009;24:602 9. Egido I, Bernal FF, Rouco L, Porras E, Chicharro AS. Modeling of thermal generating units for automatic generation control proposes. IEEE Trans Control Syst Technol 2004;12:205 10. Ganapathy S, Velusami S. MOEA based design of decentralized controllers for LFC of interconnected power systems with nonlinearities, ACDC parallel tie-lines and SMES units. Energy Convers Manage 2010;51:87380. Hari L, Kothari ML, Nanda J. Optimum selection of speed regulation parameters for automatic generation control in discrete mode considering generation rate constraints. Proc Inst Elect Eng C 1991;138:4016.
65

[4]

[5]

[6]

International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 6553(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July-August (2013), IAEME [7] [8] [9] IEEE Standard 122-1991. Recommended practice for functional and performance characteristics of control systems for steam turbinegenerator units; 1992. Hiyama T, Nagata T, Funabashi T. Multi-agent based automatic generation control of isolated stand alone power system. Int Conf Power Syst Technol 2004;1:13943 Ghoshal SP, Goswami SK. Application of GA based optimal integral gains in fuzzy based active power-frequency control of non-reheat and reheat thermal generating systems. Electric Power Syst Res 2003;67:7988. Bevrani H, Ledwich G, Ford JJ, Dong ZY. On feasibility of regional frequency-based emergency control plans. Energy Convers Manage 2009;50:165663. Kumar IP, Kothari DP. Recent philosophies of automatic generation control strategies in power systems. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2005;20:34657. Jaleeli N, Vanslyck LS, Ewart DN, Fink LH. Understanding automatic generation control. IEEE Trans Power Syst 1992;7:110622. P. Ajay-D- Vimal Raj, J. Raja, S. Senthil Kumar, R.C. Bansal, Automatic Generation of Hydro-Thermal and Thermal-Thermal systems in a Deregulated Environment. G. W. Stagg and A. H. El-Abiad, Computer Methods in Power System Analysis, McGraw Hill Co., 1985. Vaibhav Donde, M. A. Pai, and Ian A. Hiskens, Simulation and Optimization in an AGC System after Deregulation. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTES, VOL. 16, NO. 3, AUG2001 A.Visioli, Tuning of PID Controllers with Fuzzy Logic, Proc. of the IEEE Int. Conf. on Control Theory and Applications,, Vol. 4, No. 1, January 2001, pp. 1-8. K.Venkateswarlu and A.K. Mahalanabis, Load frequency control using output feedback, Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India), pt. El- 4, Vol. 58, pp. 200-203,Feb. 1978. S. Mishra, A.K. Pradhan and P.K. Hota, Development and Implementation of a Fuzzy logic based constant speed DC Drive, Journal of Electrical Division of Institution of Engineers (India), Vol. 79, pp. 146-149, Dec. 1998. G.A.Chown and R.C.Hartman, Design and experience with a Fuzzy Logic Controller for Automatic Generation Control (AGC), IEEE Trans. Power Syst., Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 965970, Nov. 1998 N. Jaleeli, L. VanSlyck, D. Ewart, L. Fink, and A. Hoffmann, Understanding automatic generation control, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 1106-1122, Aug. 1992. B.Rajani and Dr.P.Sangameswara Raju, Comparision of Pi, Fuzzy & Neuro-Fuzzy Controller Based Multi Converter Unified Power Quality Conditioner, International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 136 - 154, ISSN Print : 0976-6545, ISSN Online: 0976-6553. M.S.Sujatha, Manoj Kumar.N and Dr M. Vijay Kumar, Under Frequency Load Shedding for Reduction of Energy Loss Using by Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Technique, International Journal of Computer Engineering & Technology (IJCET), Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 389 - 398, ISSN Print: 0976 6367, ISSN Online: 0976 6375. VenkataRamesh.Edara, B.Amarendra Reddy, Srikanth Monangi and M.Vimala, Analytical Structures for Fuzzy Pid Controllers and Applications, International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 1, Issue 1, 2010, pp. 1 - 17, ISSN Print: 0976-6545, ISSN Online: 0976-6553.

[10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]

[16] [17] [18]

[19]

[20] [21]

[22]

[23]

66