Chapter 2: Advanced Differentiation

11
2

2.1: APPLY ADVANCED DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAE AND IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS
2.1.1: Perform Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
- USI NG FORMULA PROVI DED

- Calculations directly using formula
- Form of question y = inverse trigonometric
- Example:
i. y = tan
-1
x u = x
ii. y = sin
-1
5x u = 5x
iii. y = tan
-1
(2x-1) u = 2x-1
iv. y = sin
-1
(cos x) u = cos x
v. y = sin
-1
(
) u =

vi. y = cosec
-1
(1 + x
2
) u = 1 + x
2

- Example (a)
Differentiate the following functions with respect to x:
i. y = sin
-1
(cos x)
ii. y = sin
-1
(
)
iii. y = cosec
-1
(1+x
2
)
ADVANCED DIFFERENTIATION
u
FORMULA:
-
-
-
-
-
-
FORMULA:
-
-
-

-
-

12

Solution:
i. y = sin
-1
(cos x)
Step 1: Identify the u from the equation and find

u = cos x ,
= - sin x
Step 2: Determine the formula and replace the u and

( )
dx
du
u
u
dx
d
2
1
1
1
sin
( ) ) sin (
) (cos 1
1
cos sin
2
1
x
x
x
dx
d
-

=
x
x
cos 1
sin
2
=
x
x
sin
sin
2
=
x
x
sin
sin
= -1

ii. y = sin
-1
(
)

u =

( )
dx
du
u
u
dx
d
2
1
1
1
sin
|
.
|
\
|
-
|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|

3
1
3
1
1
1
3
1
sin
2
1
x
x
dx
d

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
9
1 3
1
2
x
=
9
9
3
1
2
x

=
( )
2
9
9
1
3
1
x
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
9 x

iii. y = cosec
-1
(1 + x
2
)

u = 1 + x
2
,
= 2x

( )
dx
du
u u
u
dx
d
1
1
cosec
2
1
( )
( ) ( )
( ) x
x x
x
dx
d
2
1 1 1
1
1 cosec
2
2 2
2 1
-
+ +
= +

=
( ) ( )
2 4 2
2 1
2
x x x
x
+ +
=
( ) 2 1
2
2 2 2
+
|
.
|
\
|
+

x x x
x
=
( ) 2 1
2
2 2
+ +

x x

cos
2
x + sin
2
x = 1
1 cos
2
x = sin
2
x

Try this!
Find
for the following:

a) y = tan
-1
(2x-1)
b) y = sin
-1
5x
13

- USI NG PRODUCT RULE

- Calculations using product rule formula:

) (
)

- Form of question y =
- Example:
i. y = x
2
sin
-1

u = x
2
, v = sin
-1

ii. y = 3 sin
-1
(ln 2x) u = 3 , v = sin
-1
(ln 2x)
iii. y = x cos
-1
x u = x , v = cos
-1
x

- Example (b)
i. y = x
2
sin
-1

ii. y = 3 sin
-1
(ln 2x)
iii. y = x cos
-1
x

Solution:
i. y = x
2
sin
-1

Step 1: Form of y = uv, identified the value of u and v.
y = x
2
sin
-1

u = x
2
v = sin
-1

Step 2: Differentiate both u and v. For v, refer formula from page 11.
u = x
2

= 2x v = sin
-1

4
2
1 2
1

x
=

u
v
inverse trigonometric x
Differentiate sin
-1

Differentiate

2
1

2
2
1
1
-
=
|
.
|
\
|
x
14

Step 3: Use formula of product rule and simplify.

) (
) (
()

)(

ii. y = 3 sin
-1
(ln 2x)

u = 3
= 0 v = sin
-1
(ln 2x)
=
( )
2
2
1

2
1
1

2 ln
- -
x
x

=
( )
2
1 2 ln
1
x x

) (
(
( )
2
1 2 ln
1
x x
)
( )()
=
( )
2
2 ln 1
3
x x

iii. y = x cos
-1
x

u = x
= 1 v = cos
-1
x
= 1
2
1
1
-
x
=
2
1
1
x
) (
()
= (

Differentiate sin
-1

Differentiate cos
-1

Try this!
Find
for the following:

a) y = (1 - x
2
) sin
-1
x
b) y = x tan
-1
x

15

- USI NG QUOTI ENT RULE

- Calculations using quotient rule formula:

)(


- Example:
i. y =
u = tan
-1
x , v = x
ii. y =
u =
, v =

- Example (c)
i. y =

ii. y =

Solution:
i. y =

Step 1: Form of y =
, identified the value of u and v.

u = tan
-1
x , v = x

Step 2: Differentiate both u and v. Refer formula from page 11 for any inverse trigonometric.

u = tan
-1
x
= 1
2
) ( 1
1
-
+ x

v = x
= 1

Differentiate tan
-1

Differentiate x = 1
16

Step 3: Use formula of quotient rule and simplify.
) (

=
(
()
()

=
(

ii. y =

u =
= 0 + 1
2
1
1
-
+ x
v =
= 0 - (
)
= - (
) (
) (
) (
)() (
)
(
)(
)
(
)(

Differentiate tan
-1

Differentiate 3 tan
-1
x (use product rule):
u = 3 v = tan
-1
x
= 0
=
Try this!
Find
for the following:

y =
co

17

2.1.2: Perform Differentiation of Hyperbolic Functions

- Form of question y = hyperbolic functions
- Example:
i. y = cosh (7x + 2) u = 7x + 2
ii. y = sinh 2x u = 2x
iii. y = cosh (ln x) u = ln x

- Example (d)
i. y = cosh (7x + 2)
ii. y = sinh 2x
iii. y = cosh (ln x)

Solution:

i. y = cosh (7x + 2)

u = 7x + 2 ,
= 7

( )
dx
du
u u
dx
d
sinh cosh = ( ) ( ) 7 2 7 sinh 2 7 cosh - + = + x x
dx
d

= 7 sinh (7x + 2)

ii. y = sinh 2x

u = 2x ,
= 2
( )
dx
du
u u
dx
d
cosh sinh = ( ) 2 2 cosh 2 sinh - = x x
dx
d

= 2 cosh 2x

u
FORMULA:
-
-
-

-
-
-
18

iii. y = cosh (ln x)
u = ln x ,

( )
dx
du
u u
dx
d
sinh cosh = ( ) ( ) 1
1
ln sinh ln cosh - - =
x
x x
dx
d

( ) x
x
ln sinh
1
=



) (
)

- Example:
i. y = x sinh x u = x , v = sinh x
ii. y = e
3x
cosh x
2
u = e
3x
, v = cosh x
2

iii. y = x
3
sinh 2x u = x
3
, v = sinh 2x

- Example (e)
i. y = x
3
sinh 2x
ii. y = x sinh x
iii. y = e
3x
cosh x
2

Solution:
i. y = x
3
sinh 2x
y = x
3
sinh 2x

u = x
3
v = sinh 2x

Try this!
Find
for the following:

a) y = ln (tanh x
3
)
b) y = coth (ln x
2
)
c) y = ech (
)
u
v
hyperbolic functions x
19

u = x
3

= 3x
2
v = sinh 2x
= 2 2 cosh - x = 2 cosh 2x


) (
( ch ) h (
(ch )
h

ii. y = x sinh x
u = x
= 1 v = sinh x
= 1 cosh - x

) (
(ch ) h ()
ch h

iii. y = e
3x
cosh x
2

u = e
3x

= 3e
3x
v = cosh x
2

= x x 2
2
sinh -
= 2x sinh x
2

) (
( h
) ch
(h
ch

Differentiate sinh

Differentiate 2x = 2
Differentiate sinh

Differentiate cosh

20

- USI NG QUOTI ENT RULE

- Calculations using quotient rule formula:

)(


- Example:
i. y =
co
u = ch , v = x
2

ii. y =
(h )
u = (h ) , v =

iii. y =
co
u =
, v = ch

- Example (f)
i. y =
co

ii. y =
(h )

Solution:
i. y =
co

Step 1: Form of y =
, identified the value of u and v.

u = ch , v =

Step 2: Differentiate both u and v. Refer formula from page 17 for any hyperbolic functions.
u = ch
= sinh 2x 2 = 2 sinh 2x

v =
= 2x

Step 3: Use formula of quotient rule and simplify.

)(
( h )ch ()
( h ) ch

( ch )

( ch )

Differentiate 2x = 2 Differentiate tan
-1

21

ii. y =
(h )

u = (h )
= x
x
cosh
sinh
1
- v =
= 3e
3x

)(
(

h

) (
)
(
ch
(ch )

ch

2.1.3: Perform Differentiation of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

- Form of question y = inverse hyperbolic
- Example:
i. y = sinh
-1
x u = x
ii. y = cosh
-1
(3 - 2x) u = 3 - 2x
iii. y = tanh
-1
(
) u =

Differentiate ln:

Differentiate sinh:

ch
h
ch
u
FORMULA:
-
-
-
-
-
-
Try this!
Find
dy
d
for : y =
co

22

- Example (g)
i. y = cosh
-1
(3 - 2x)
ii. y = sinh
-1
x
iii. y = tanh
-1
(
)

Solution:

i. y = cosh
-1
(3 - 2x)

u = 3 - 2x ,
= -2

( )
dx
du
u
u
dx
d
2
1
1
1
sinh
+
=
( ) ) 2 (
1
2
) 2 3 (
1
2 3
1
cosh -

=
x
x
dx
d

=
1
2
) 2 3 (
2

x
=
1 9 12
2
4
2
+
x x

=
) 2 3
2
( 4
2
+
x x
=
) 2 3
2
(
1
+
x x

ii. y = sinh
-1
x

u = x ,
= 1

( )
dx
du
u
u
dx
d
2
1
1
1
sinh
+
=
( ) 1
2
1
1
1
sinh -
+
=
x
x
dx
d

=
2
1
1
x +

iii. y = tanh
-1
(
)

u = (
) ,

( )
dx
du
u
u
dx
d
1
2
1
1
cosh

4
3
2
4
3
1
1
4
3
1
tanh -
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
x
x
dx
d

=
|
|
.
|
\
|
16
2
9
1
3
4
x
=
2
9 16
12
x

23



) (
)

- Example:
i. y = (x
2
- 1) tanh
-1
x u = x
2
- 1 , v = tanh
-1
x
ii. y = e
2x
cosh
-1
x

u = e
2x
, v = cosh
-1
x

- Example (h)
i. y = (x
2
- 1) tanh
-1
x
ii. y = e
2x
cosh
-1
x

Solution:

i. y = (x
2
- 1) tanh
-1
x


y = (x
2
- 1) tanh
-1
x

u = x
2
- 1

v = tanh
-1
x

u = x
2
- 1
= 2x v = tanh
-1
x
= 1
2
1
1
-
x

Try this!
Find
for the following:

a) y = sech
-1
(sin x)
b) y = cosech
-1
(tanh 2x)

u
v
inverse hyperbolic x
Differentiate tanh
-1

Differentiate x = 1
24


) (
)
(
) (
) (h
)()
(
) (h
)

ii. y = e
2x
cosh
-1
x
u = e
2x

= 2e
2x
v = cosh
-1
x
= 1
1
2
1
-
x

=
1
2
1
x

) (
)
e
(
1
2
1
x
) ch
)
(
1
2
2
x
x
e
)
ch

2.1.4: Perform Differentiation of Implicit Functions
- Function of: f(xy)
- Differentiate functions of y with respect to x
- The chain rule must be used whenever the function y is being differentiated.

- Example (i):
Use implicit differentiation to find
for each equation:

i. y
2
2x
2
= 1
ii. 2xy y
3
= x
2

iii. xy + sin y = 1
Try this!
Find
for the following:

y = 3 sinh
-1

25

Solution:

i. y
2
2x
2
= 1

Step 1: Differentiate functions of x with respect to x (straight forward).

Step 2: But when differentiating a function of y with respect to x we must remember the rule:
[()]
[()]
)
Step 3: Rearrange equation to collect all terms involving
together and simplify.

ii. 2 xy y
3
= x
2

* (
) ()+
)
(
) (
)
Use product rule:
u = x v = y
(
dy
d
)
() (
) ()() () (
) ()
26

iii. xy + sin y = 1

(
) c (
( c )

co

2.2: UNDERSTAND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION
2.2.1: Define Partial Differentiation
- Function of multiple variables (more than one variable).
- Applications that require functions with more than one variable:
i. Ideal of gas law (Changes of pressure with respect to volume).
ii. Changes of oil level in cylinder.
iii. Changes of weather forecast.
- Symbol is delta
- Since partial differentiation is essentially the same as ordinary differentiation, the product, quotient and chain rules may be applied.

) (
)
Use product rule:
u = x v = y
(
dy
d
)
() (
) ()() () (
) ()
Differentiate
of sin y
Try this!
a) Determine the gradient of the curve:
x
2
+ y
2
2x 6y + 5 = 0 at (3,2)
b) Given x
2
+ 3xy ln y = 3x. Find
if x = 0 and y = 1.
27

2.2.2: Perform Partial Differentiation to Find First Order Partial Differentiation
- Use this symbol
and
.
- Example (j):
Find
and
for following functions:

i. z = (x
2
+ 3y)
5

ii. z = sin 2x + cos 3y
iii. z = y
4
+ 2x
2
y
2
+ 6x 7
Solution:
i. z = (x
2
+ 3y)
5

Step 1: When finding
, y is treated as constant and differentiate the x exactly the same as for ordinary differentiation.

z = (x
2
+ 3y)
5
= 5(x
2
+ 3y)
5-1
2x
= 10x(x
2
+ 3y)
4

Step 2: When finding
, x is treated as constant and differentiate the y exactly the same as for ordinary differentiation.

z = (x
2
+ 3y)
5
= 5(x
2
+ 3y)
5-1
3
= 15(x
2
+ 3y)
4

ii. z = sin 2x + cos 3y

= (cos 2x) 2 + 0
= 2 cos 2x

= 0 + (-sin 3y) 3
= -3 sin 3y

iii. z = y
4
+ 2x
2
y
2
+ 6x 7
= 0 + 4(x)
2-1
(y
2
) + 6 0
= 4xy
2
+ 6
= (4y)
4-1
+ 2(x
2
)(2y)
2-1
+ 0 0
= 4y
3
+ 4x
2
y

Try this!
a) Given z =
. Find
and

b) Given z = x
3
ln (5y), Find
and

28

2.2.3: Second Order Partial Differentiation

- Example (k):
i. Given z = x
2
sin y + y
2
cos x. Find
and

ii. Given z = 4x
3
+ 6xy
2
3y
2
. Find
and

Solution:
i. Given z = x
2
sin y + y
2
cos x. Find
and

Step 1: Find
and
first

= (2x)
2-1
sin y + y
2
(-sin x)
= 2x sin y y
2
sin x

= x
2
(cos y) + (2y)
2-1
cos x
= x
2
cos y + 2y cos x

Step 2: Find other derivatives

)
=
(x
2
cos y + 2y cos x)
= 2x cos y + 2y (-sin x) = 2x cos y - 2y sin x

)
=
(2x sin y y
2
sin x)
= 2x cos y 2y sin x

The Second-Order Partial Derivatives of z = f(x, y)
-

)

-

)

-

)

-

)

29

ii. Given z = 4x
3
+ 6xy
2
3y
2
. Find
and
= 12x
2
+ 6y
2
0
= 0 + 12xy 6y

)
=
(12x
2
+ 6y
2
) = 24x

)
=
(12xy 6y) = 12x 6

)
=
(12x
2
+ 6y
2
) = 12y

2.3: CONSTRUCT TOTAL DIFFERENTIATION
2.3.1: Define Total Differentiation, dz

Try this!
a) Given z = cos (2x
2
+ y). Find
and

b) Given z = 2xy

cos x, Find
and

c) Given z = (3x + 2y) (4x 5y). Find
and
) (
)
DEFINITION
Let z = f(x,y) then the total differential for z is:

30

2.3.2: Use Partial Differentiation to Produce Total Differentiation
- Example (l):
Given Define total differentiation for below z:
i. z = 2x
3
y + x
2
y
2
+ xy
3

ii. z = x sin y - y sin x

Solution:
i. z = 2x
3
y + x
2
y
2
+ xy
3

Step 1: Find
and
first

Step 2: Calculate the value using total differentiation equation

) (
)

ii. z = x sin y - y sin x

( c ) ( c )

2.3.3: Solve Problems Regarding Rate of Changes
- Example (m):
The base radius of a cone, r, is decreasing at the rate of 0.2 mm/sec while the perpendicular height, h, is increasing at the rate of 0.4
mm/sec. Solve the rate at which the volume V, is changing when r = 8 mm and h = 10 mm.

Solution:
Step 1: List out data from the question.

h = 10 r = 8

Step 2: Differentiate the volume/area formula.

31

Step 3: Complete the rate of change equation.

) (
) (
) (
)
() (
) () (
)
() (
) ()()() () (
) ()(
) = -6.702 mm/s

- Example (n):
The power (P) used by one resistor (R) is given by formula P = I
2
R (unit watt). If I = 15A and R = 100k, find the value which the
power P is changing when I increase at 4A and R increase at 20 k.

Solution:

I = 15 R = 100
dI = 4 dR = 20

P = I
2
R

) () (
) ()
() (
)()
()()() (
)() = 16500

Try this!
a) Temperature (T), a flat metal is changing due to its position. Given T(x.y) =
60
. Find
at the point (2,1).

b) The height of a cone is 3 mm and increases at the rate of 0.2 mm/s. The radius of the base is 2 mm and decreases at
the rate of 0.1 mm/s. Solve the rate of change for the volume of the cone where v =
r
2
h
c) The radius of an opened-cylinder increases at 0.2 cm/s and its height decreases at 0.5 cm/s. Discover the rates of
changes on its side area if radius is 8 cm and height is 12 cm.
d)

i. If a = 8 cm, b = 10 cm and measurement error for cm and cm, calculate the
maximum error of ABC area.
ii. If a increase with the rate of 1 cm/s and b decrease with the rate of 0.5 cm/s, calculate the change of
ABC area when a = 8 cm and b = 10 cm.
A
B C
a cm
b cm

Chapter 2: Advanced Differentiation

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Chapter 2: Advanced Differentiation

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11

for the following:

for the following:

, identified the value of u and v.

for the following:

for the following:

, identified the value of u and v.

for the following:

for each equation:

for the following:

together and simplify.

for following functions:

(12xy 6y) = 12x 6

at the point (2,1).

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