Third International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology

Voltage improvement using STATCOM for Prototype Hardware model, using Synchronous and Induction type Generator
H.S.Dalvi
Department of Electrical Engineering Assistance Prof., G.H. Raisoni College of Engineering Nagpur, India hsdalvi123@yahoo.com Abstract : As Availability of coal is decreasing day by day and
the load demand is increasing very rapidly ,the demand for setting new coal based conventional power plants have gone down. The other factors like availability of appropriate land, cost per MW generation, raw material availability, Pollution issues, etc are other constraints for developing new coal based plants. The present world wind power scenario with fast increasing installed capacity, crossing 63000 MW is adoption of new technological innovations based on proven latest acceptable designs. This has triggered the focus for setting more new nonconventional plants like wind, solar, biomass, etc. The wind generation has gained enough popularity due to advancement in the technology, availability of material, expert skilled labour, Installation cost, etc. Recently VSC based FACTS devices have been used for flexible power flow control, secure loading and damping of power system oscillations. Some of the FACTS devices are also used to improve the transient and dynamic performance of the system. The effect of different Loads, and voltage compensation using VSC based STATCOM is presented in this paper. During Compensation Voltage increases and load angle is maintained near unity, in some cases it is difficult to maintain the load angle near unity.

V.K.Chandrakar
Department of Electrical Engineering Prof.& Principal, G.H.Raisoni College of Engineering & Technology for Womens Nagpur, India vk_vkc@yahoo.co.in The STATCOM has ability to recover terminal voltage. If the Reactive power is supplied near the load, the line current is minimized, reducing power losses and inspiring voltage regulation at the load terminals

II

SYSTEM MODEL

The single line diagram as per the hardware model is shown in the figure I.

SG

Trasmission Line

LOAD

IG

Keywords : Voltage source converter (VSC), synchronous generator (SG) ,Induction Generator (IG) Leading Power factor (LD), Lagging power factor (LG) I. INTRODUCTION

STATCOM

DSP Controller

The wind, solar etc energies are available readily and easily and can be re-used without polluting the environment. This has tempted us to focus on various issues of using these plants smoothly. The Problems like voltage dip, frequency variations, Synchronization etc. are major constraints for connecting this plants in the grid directly. H.S.Dalvi Author is the Co-coordinator for RPS Project on stabilization of wind generator using STATCOM . Dr. V.K.Chandrakar Principal, G.H. Raisoni College of Engineering and Technology for Womens Co-author is chief Co-ordinator for RPS project on Stabilization of wind generator using STATCOM
978-0-7695-4246-1/10 $26.00 2010 IEEE DOI 10.1109/ICETET.2010.146 413

Fig 1 III CASE STUDY Three types of different loads , Resistive Load, R-L Load and R-L-C Load are connected to the Synchronous generator . VSC based STATCOM consist of DSP based firing module, Intelligent Power Module etc.3 Phase voltage is injected in 3-phase transmission line from Intelligent Power module ,based on phase angle variation between voltage and current, which is adjusted by DSP firing unit. The compensation is based on Load .If it is lag, voltage will be injected and vice versa. The comparative studies of different Loads are shown below.

A.

Case I : During Resistive Loading ( R=50 Ohms)

TABLE NO I

TABLE III 3-PHASE VOLTAGE, LOAD ANGLE AND PHASE CURRENT OF OUTPUT DURING RESISTIVE LOAD Voltage Vr = 57V Load angle +1 Current IR = 1.3A

3-PHASE VOLTAGE, LOAD ANGLE AND PHASE CURRENT OF INPUT DURING NO LOAD

Voltage

Load angle

Current

VR = 161V

+86

IR = 0.2A

Vy= 58V

+2

IY = 1.2A

VY= 168V

+86

IY = 0.2A

Vy= 55V

+2

IB = 1.2A

VB= 164V

+85

IB = 0.2A

When Load of 50 Ohms is connected, load current starts flowing and there is voltage drop across the transmission line. Input Parameters are as shown in Table II.
TABLE II 3-PHASE VOLTAGE, LOAD ANGLE AND PHASE CURRENT OF INPUT DURING RESISTIVE LOAD

During compensation the voltage gets boost ,it is almost same compared with sending end voltage and by adjusting firing angle = 19 LD (Leading ) through DSP controller, load angle also changes i.e. it gets reduced for reactive power compensation as shown in table IV.
TABLE IV 3-PHASE VOLTAGE, LOAD ANGLE AND PHASE CURRENT OF COMPENSATION VOLTAGE USING STATCOM DURING RESISTIVE LOAD

Voltage

Load angle

Current

Voltage

Load angle

Current

VR = 79V

-19

IR = 1.5A

VR = 69V

-17

IR = 1.2A

VY= 83V

-21

IY = 1.5A

VY= 73V

-18

IY = 1.4A

VB= 81V

-23

IB = 1.5A

VB= 71V

-21

IB = 1.4A

Transmission line Parameters are B. Vs = 60 V and VR = 53 V S = +21o and R = +11o The Transmission Line parameter shows sending and receiving end voltage at respective load angles. The output parameters are as shown in Table III, due to drop in the transmission line, the current increases drastically as shown in Table III. The total angle T = -14 .The total angle is the angle between sending and receiving end, as it is Lagging as the load is combination of resistance and Inductance. CASE II : When R-L Load is connected in the system
TABLE V 3-PHASE VOLTAGE, LOAD ANGLE AND PHASE CURRENT OF INPUT DURING ( R- L ) LOAD

Voltage

Load angle

Current

VR = 75V

-40

IR = 0.9A

VY= 81V

-47

IY = 1.0A

VB= 75V

-46

IB = 1.1A

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When R-L load is connected in the system, the current is low as compared to Resistive load, due to lagging Power factor as shown in Table V. The value of =50 and L=60mH Transmission line Parameters are Vs = 70 V and VR = 58 V S = +35o and R = +28o The Transmission line parameter shows sending end voltage is comparatively more than receiving end voltage, due to drop in the transmission line.
TABLE VI 3-PHASE VOLTAGE, LOAD ANGLE AND PHASE CURRENT OF OUTPUT DURING ( R- L ) LOAD

C.

Case III: When R-L-C Load is connected

TABLE VIII

3-PHASE VOLTAGE, LOAD ANGLE AND PHASE CURRENT OF INPUT DURING ( R- L-C ) LOAD

Voltage

Load angle

Current

VR = 127V

+83

IR = 0.1A

VY= 133V

+82

IY = 0.1A

VB= 129V

+85

IB = 0.1A

Voltage

Load angle

Current

VR = 75V

-29

IR = 0.9A

VY= 62V

-34

IY = 0.8A

When R-L-C load is connected, current is very low. The values of R-L-C are taken as R= 50 , L= 60mH ,C= 4F are hence the reactance becomes very high, reducing the current as shown in Table VIII. Transmission line Parameters are

VB= 54V

-33

IB = 0.9A

The load angle has reduced, but current is almost constant..

TABLE VII 3-PHASE VOLTAGE, LOAD ANGLE AND PHASE CURRENT OF COMPENSATION VOLTAGE USING STATCOM DURING (R- L ) LOAD

Vs = +125 V and VR = +120 V S = +26o and R = +24o The Transmission line parameter shows almost same voltages on Input and Output side, with same load angle. The total angle between sending and receiving side is T = -1
TABLE IX

Voltage

Load angle

Current

3-PHASE VOLTAGE, LOAD ANGLE AND PHASE CURRENT OF OUTPUT DURING (R- L-C ) LOAD

VR = 91V

-12

IR = 1.1A
Voltage Load angle Current

VY= 96V

-12

IY = 1.1A

VR = 125V

+84

IR = 0.1A

VB= 90V

-19

IB = 1.3A

VY= 125V

+84

IY = 0.1A

During compensation the voltage gets boost ,it is almost same compared with sending end voltage and by adjusting firing angle = 33 LG (Lagging ) through DSP controller, load angle also changes i.e. it gets reduced for reactive power compensation as shown in table VII.

VB= 125V

+86

IB = 0.1A

415

The Output voltage is almost same, with slight increase in load angle. The current is almost same
TABLE X 3-PHASE VOLTAGE, LOAD ANGLE AND PHASE CURRENT OF COMPENSATION VOLTAGE USING STATCOM DURING (R- L-C) LOAD

Voltage

Load angle

Current

VR = 148V

+71

IR = 0.1A

VY= 154V

+78

IY = 0.2A

The Principle and theoretical effects of shunt reactive compensation in a basic AC system is shown in figure 2.The figure 2 shows source V1, a transmission line. a typical inductive load. figure 2 shows no compensating device. Since the load is assumed inductive, it requires reactive power for proper operation, which must be supplied by the source, increasing the current flow from generator and through transmission lines. If the load current is supplied near the load, the line current is minimized. In figure 3 current source is being used to compensate the reactive current compensation from the source is almost eliminated. The current source or a voltage source can be used for reactive shunt compensation. The main advantages of using voltage or current- source VAR generators are that reactive power generated is independent of the voltage at that the point of connection and can be adjusted in a wide range.
V1 X R V2

VB= 150V

+77

IB = 0.1A

The voltage during Compensation as increased, and the load angle also changes but load angle has not changed drastically. Fig. 3 IV ROLE OF STATCOM

LOAD Iq

VSC based STATCOM consist of DSP base firing Module, intelligent power module, isolation transformer and filter circuit. Reference signal is taken from the input source. To the DSP firing circuit unit the 3Phase voltage is injected in 3-phae transmission line from intelligent power module based on phase angle variation between the voltage and current. This is adjusted by limit switch from DSP firing unit. The compensation is based on load, if it is lag; the compensation will be in load by using injected voltage and vice versa. The injected voltage is made a pure sine wave by using filter circuit. V
V1 X R R V2 V2

Since shunt compensation is able to power flow in the system by varying the value of the applied shunt equivalent impedance, changing the reactive power flow in the system, during dynamic disturbances, the transient stability limit can be increased and effective power oscillations can be damped out.

VI

STATIC COMPENSATOR

SHUNT COMPENSATION

The application of self commutated converters as a means of reactive power has demonstrated to be an effective solution. This technology has been used to implement more sophisticated compensator equipments such as STATCOM. The STATCOM is based on a solid state voltage source, implemented with an inverter, and connected in parallel to the power system through a coupling reactor, in analogy with a synchronous machine, generating balanced set of three sinusoidal voltages at a fundamental frequency, with controllable amplitude and phase shift angle. A STATCOM is a controlled reactive power source.

LOAD

Fig. 2

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VII

CONCLUSION

The Prototype hardware model shows that during compensation, voltage increases, and load angle can be adjusted using firing angle from DSP controller. The Induction generator is connected to battery charger unit. through FPGA based control. We can get the output by inverting the circuit using batteries as energy storage device. 25 batteries are used to store the energy. PWM technique and DSP controller are used for controlling the STATCOM voltage. The prototype model is successfully implemented and installed in the Institute premises.

[6] V K Chandrakar , A.G.Kothari Fuzzy Logic Based Unified Power flow Controllers ( UPFC) for Improving Transient Stability ,The International Journal of Power and Energy Systems, Vol 28,No 01 2008 [7] A Arulampalam, M Barnes, N Jenkins and J.B.Ekanayake Power Quality and stability improvement of a wind farm using STATCOM supported with hybrid battery energy storage IEE Proceeding Generation, Transmission ,Distribution, Vol 153, No 06, pp 701-710 , November 2006 [8] Manual of Stabilization of Grid connected Wind Generator by ViMicrosystems, Chennai

VIII
Particulars

APPENDIX
Ratings 3Phase,1200V,25A 1200V,10A 440V ,3.7A ,2HP 440V,2.7A (per Phase),3KVA 100W,12V DC 500Watts,300RPM 0.5,12mh,Z=4.21 TMS32F2407

Intelligent Power Module (IPM) IGBT Rating Induction Motor Alternator Wind generator (Induction type) Transmission Line model DSP kit

VIII

REFERENCES

[1] S.M.Muyeen ,Mohd. Hasan Ali,Rion Takahashi, Toshiaki Murata and Junji Tamura, Transient Stability Enhancement of Wind Generator by a New Logical Pitch controller ,IEEJ Trans PE.,Vol 126 ,No 8, pp742-752 August 2006 [2] Ahmadreza Tabesh and Reza Iravani , Small-Signal Dynamic Model and Analysis of a Fixed-Speed Wind Farm A frequency response approach IEEE transaction on Power delivery ,Vol 21,No 02,pp 778-787 April 2006 [3] M.Jazayeri, M.Fendereski Stabilization of Grid Connected Wind Generator During Power Network Disturbances by STATCOM UPEC 2007 pp 1182- 1186 [4] Haizea Gaztanaga, Ion Etxeberria-Otadui, Dan Oenasu and Seddik Bacha Real Time Analysis of the Transient Response Improvement of Fixed-Speed Wind farms by using a Reduced- Scale STATCOM Prototype IEEE transactions on Power systems Vol 22,No.02 pp 658-666, May 2007 [5] Hee-Sang Ko , Juri Jutskevich Power Quality Control of Wind-Hybrid power generation system using Fuzzy-LQR controller ,IEEE transaction on Energy conversion Vol 22,No 2 ,June 2007 ,pp 516 - 527

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