International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 4 Issue 6- June2013

Performance Analysis of Heat Pump Assisted Solar Water Heating System

Apeksha Shandilya1, Abhay Singh2
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Sr. Engineer, Project Department, Global Economic Advantage Pvt. Ltd., Gurgaon, India
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Dy. Manager, Air craft division, Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd., Bangalore, India

Abstract It is proposed to improve the performance of solar air heater under the meteorological conditions of Bhopal. Analytical studies done on a solar assisted heat pump water heating system, where, flat plate solar collectors acted as an evaporator for the refrigerant R134a.The parameters like condenser temperature, collector area, material, thickness, absorptivity, emissivity of absorber plate, insulation material of condenser and water tank etc. affecting the performance of solar water heater. when water temperature in the condenser tank increases with time, the condensing temperature, also, increases, and the corresponding COP and collector efficiency values decline. With the time variation parameters like, COP, Collector efficiency and the spacing between absorber and bottom plate a balance in heat transfer coefficient efficiency and pressure drop is essential while designing a solar air heater. The results obtained are used for the design of the system and enable determination of compressor work, solar fraction & auxiliary energy required for a particular application. To ensure proper matching between the collector/evaporator load and compressor capacity, a variable speed compressor was also analyzed. Due to high ambient temperature in Bhopal, evaporator can be operated at a higher temperature, resulting in an improved thermal performance of the system. Keywords Solar water heater, Heat pump, Solar collectors, Solar Energy, R-134a. I. INTRODUCTION Among the alternative energy sources, solar energy is considered cheap, readily available, and nonpolluting which can be used in domestic or industrial low temperature thermal applications. Solar energy systems and heat pumps are, therefore, promising means of reducing the consumption of non renewable energy sources. To increase the evaporation temperature, the unglazed solar collectors can act as an evaporator to increase the thermal performance. Solar energy to heat water has been use for many years, and the design requirements of solar water heating equipment have been studied for more than 100 years. Interesting description of the

early solar water heating devices is given by Garg13. A solar water heating industry in South Florida was started in 1900. It is estimated that about 30000 to 50,000 units were installed by 1950, but around that time their popularity began to decline due to readily available cheap energy from fossil fuels. Solar water heaters employing flat plate collectors are widely use for water heating purposes. A. Built-in-storage type solar water heater In which all the three functions/components i.e. collection storage, and control are combined into a single unit. Hot water (upto 60 C only) from such water heaters has to be used during the day. Otherwise the heat stored would be lost during the night. 1) Performance prediction of solar collector: Thermal optimization18 of built in storage water heater must, of course, be based on the evaluation of system performance under diverse conditions. To facilitate engineering design of the heater, analytical optimization relations are written and derived from separate approximate formulations of solar heating and cooling heat losses. Schematic diagram of typical Built-in-storage type solar water heater shown in Fig 1.

Fig 1- Buit-in storage type solar water heater

Performance predictions- The instantaneous heat balance as shown in figure may be written as: (Radiation absorbed) = (Heat absorbed by water) + (Heat absorbed by container) + (Heat loss from absorber

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This can be written as: ITt ()e Ac = Ww (dTw/dt) + Wc (dtc/dt) + (UL + UB)Ac [(Tc Ta) + {(dTc/dt Where ITt = incident solar radiation Ww, Wc = Thermal capacities of water and container Tw, Tc, Ta = Temperatures of water, absorber and ambient air.For practical purposes it can be assumed (under steady state conditions) that the water temperature is equal to the absorber temperature, i.e. Tw = Tc and dTw / dt = dTc / dt. Thus Eq. can be written as: X (dTw / dt) + YTw = Z (c) Cover plate material: The characteristic of the cover plates through which the solar energy is transmitted are extremely important in the functioning of a collector. The most critical factors for the cover plate materials are the strength, durability, non-degradability and solar energy transmittance. The thermal and optical properties of cover plate material are tabulated in table4. II. OBJECTIVE OF PRESENT WORK As discussed above, forced circulation or pumped a solar water heating system which is having very less efficiency due to the poor heat exchange. In this problem a design & analysis of solar assisted heat pump water heating system is done with refrigerant 134-a as a working fluid. The analysis shown in subsection. Chapter predicts thermal performance of above type solar heater under metrological condition of Bhopal. The influence of various operating parameters on thermal performance has been examined and important variables are identified.

dTa/dt)/2}]

Where, X= Ww + Wc + (UL + UB) Ac/2 Y = (UL + UB) Ac And Z = ITt () Ac + (UL + UB) (Ac /2) [(dTa / dt) + 2Ta] The solution of equation gives: Tw = Z/Y + (Tw1 Z/Y) exp [-(Y/X)(t-t1)] Where Tw1 is initial water temperature at time t1, when fresh water is added. The total solar radiation recorded on the III. EXPERIMENTAL WORK & CALCULATION plane of the heater can be expressed as a Fourier series: Calculation for the proposed solar assisted heat pump water ITt = Ao + (Cn cos nwt + Bn sin nwt) heating system the input parameters are given in table 5. These parameters are variable and they may change The ambient air temperature was also expressed as a Fourier series as follows: according to conditions or requirement. Some other fixed Ta = Co + (Cn cos nwt - Dn sin nwt) parameters are given in table 6. To make the model more realistic, the transmissivity, absorptivity product In this system we use refrigerant R-134-a for heat ()e, was also assumed to be variable and is expressed as: transferring purposes. The schematic diagram of proposed heat pump assisted solar water heater is shown by the figure = qu dt 1. Ac (ITt dt) Using the above equations and the measured values of total solar radiation and ambient temperature for the test day, hourly values of storage water temperature can be predicted. All the above solar collector performance parameters are tabulated in table1. 2) Materials for collector: To design and construct solar collectors for heating and cooling purposes, knowledge of the properties of the materials and characteristics of the various components is necessary to predict the performance and durability of the collector. Property data can be classified in to three categories: thermo physical, physical and environmental properties. (a) Absorber plate material properties of metals used for absorber plates shown in table2. (b) Several thermal insulating materials which can be used to reduce heat losses from the absorbing plate and pipes are commonly available. The desired characteristics of an insulating material are low thermal conductivity,stability at high temperature (upto 200 C), no degassing upto around 200 C, self-supporting feature without tendancy to settle, ease of application, no contribution in corrosion. Properties of some of the insulating materials are given in below table 3

Fig2- Proposed heat pump assisted solar water heating system

Qu = AcI [ I() Ul (Tp Ta)] As the values given in table. We have the values ofAc = Collector Area = 1.5 x 2 = 3 m2 F = Heat removal factor = 0.9 (For nickel glass) = 0.89 (for nickel glass) Ul = Overall heat transfer coefficient = 1.3 (for glass cover) TF = Fluid Temperature = 50 C Ta = Ambient Temperature = 32 C I = Instantaneous solar radiation = 800 W/m2-S As we know, Ul = Ut +Ub Here as Ub is very small so consider negligible,

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 4 Issue 6- June2013
Qu = 3 x 0.9 [800(0.89) 1.3(50-32)] Qu = 2.7 [712-23.4] Qu = 1859.22 kj/kg B. CompressorWc = m {(p1v1)/c} x {n/(n -1)} [{PL /P1} {(n-i)/n} 1] Where, m = (Vd x N x ) / (V1 x 60) Where, m = mass flow rate P1 = Inlet pressure of refrigerator = 1 bar V1 = Specific volume of fluid (at P = 1 bar) c = Compressor efficiency n = Polytropic index = 1.3 P2 = Pure of refrigerator at outlet = 10 bar Vd = Displacement volume

Table1 Solar collector performance parameters

Coll. No. 1 2 3 4

Manufacturer & remarks NASA/ Honey Well MSFC NASA/ Honey Well NASA/ Honey Well (Mylar honeycomb) NASA/ Honey Well PPG Owens (evacuated) Solaron(data furnished by manufacturer)

Absorber Material Aluminium Aluminium Aluminium Aluminium

Absorber Surface Coating Black Nickel Black Nickel Black Nickel Black Nicke Black Nickel

Transparent cover 2glass 2 tedlar 1glass 2glass

FR

UL

0.94 0.94 0.90 0.96

0.56 0.69 1.3 0.57

0.74 0.56 0.89 0.77

0.95 0.73 0.97 0.97

0.07 0.1 0.97 --

0.78 0.77 0.92 0.79

5 6 7 8

Aluminium Aluminium Glass Steel

Black Nickel Black Nickel Selective surface Black Paint

2glass 2glass 1glass 2glass

0.93 0.85 0.75 0.67

0.80 1.1 0.20 0.77

0.76 0.73 0.72 0.73

0.97 0.8 ---

0.97 0.95 0.07 ---

0.78 0.77 0.9 --

Table 2 Properties of metals

Material Aluminium Iron Steel Copper Brass (70/30) Silver Tin Zinc, pure

Density(kg/m3) 2707 7897 7833 8954 8522 10524 7304 7144

Specific heat(kj/kgC) 0.996 0.452 0.465 0.383 0.385 0.234 0.226 0.384

Thermal conductivity (W/m C ) 204 73 54 386 111 419 64 112

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Table 3 Properties of insulating materials
S. N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Name of Material Crown white wool Crown bonded 150 Spintex 300 industrial Glass Wool Calcium silicate Expanded polystyrene ISO Cynurate Phenotherm Thermocole Polyurethane foam Cellular foam PIPE SECTIONS Rocklloyd Isoloyd Thermocole foam Thermal conductivity 0.034 0.066 0.975 0.044 0.07 0.017 0.020 0.029 0.035 0.016 0.093 0.075 0.021 0.035 0.017 Density 48 48 48 48 251.6 32 32 32 16 32 400 48 32 16 32 Out gassing No Yes No No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No Saging Yes No No Yes No No No No No No No No No No No Colour Change No Yes No Yes No No No No No No No No No No No Remarks Good but expensive Not good Good, reasonable cost Good Good, But component system become very heavy Not good Under testing Not good Not good Not good Not good Good Good Good

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Table 4 Thermal & Optical properties of cover plate materials

Material

Index if refrection

Normal incident shortwave transmittance =0.425m 0.840 0.870 0.900 0.840 0.960 0.920 0.870 0.930 0.920

Normal incident long wave transmittance =2.5-40 m 0.020 0.076 0.020 0.020 0.256 0.207 0.178 0.230 0.810

Thickness (m)

Density

Specific heat

Thermal Capacity

Glass FiberglassReinforced polyster(sunlight) Acrylic (plexiglass) Polycarbonate (lexan) Polyttrafluproethylene (Teflon) Polyvinyl Fluoroide (Tedlar) Polyster (mylar) Polyvinylidene Fluoroid

1.518 1.540 1.490 1.586 1.343 1.460 1.640 1.413 1.500

3.175*10-3 6.350*10-3 3.175*10-3 3.175*10-3 5.080*10-3 1.076*10-3 1.270*10-3 1.016*10-3 1.016*10-3

2.489*103 1.399*103 1.189*103 1.199*103 2.1448*103 1.373*103 1.394*103 1.770*103 0.910*103

0.754*103 1.465*103 1.465*103 1.193*103 1.172*103 1.256*103 1.046*103 1.256*103 2.302*103

1.659 3.61 1.534 1.260 0.036 0.049 0.051 0.063 0.059

N = Speed of motor (variable) v = volumetric efficiency v = 1 + C C (PL/P1)1/n Here, C = V1 /V2 If value is not given then we know, V1 = 0.03 V2, v = 1 + 0.03 0.03 (10/1)1/1.3 = 85% Vd = Displacement volume Vd = (/4) D2 x L Vd = (/4) (0.035)2 x 0.026 Vd = 0.025 m3 m = (0.025 x 1000 x 0.85) / (0.001043 x 60) m = 340 Kg/s Wc = m (P1V1/ c) x {(n)/ (n-1)} [(p2/P1)(n-1)/n -1] Wc = 340 x (0.001043 x 1/0.85) x (1.3/0.3) [(10)(0.3/1.3) 1] Wc = 1.26 KW 3.1.3 CondenserQc = Qu + Wc Qc = 1.859 + 1.26 Qc = 3.119 KJ/Kg COP (System) = Qc / Wc = (3.119) / (1.26) = 2.47 3 3.1.4 Collector Efficiencycoll = Qu / (AcI) = (1859.2) / (3 x 800) coll = 77% To find out condenser temperature we will use the following relation, Qc = [ ao + a1 (Tc Tw) + a2 (Tc Tw)2 ] x 100 Where,(ao, a1, a2 are coefficients) ao = 0.2225 a1 = 0.4838 a2 = 0.024 Tw = 32C m2

Qc = 3.119 Kj/Kg By putting these values we get, Tc = 58C

Table 5 Input parameters

Collectors Area Absorber Plate

Area (Each Collector) Material Thickness Surface Treatment absorptivity, emissivity, Material

1.5 m2 Copper 1.0 mm Black 90% 0.9 Copper 9.52mm 8mm 100mm Polyurethane 50mm Aluminum Sheet 0.035 mm 0.026mm 01 250 Liter Polyurethane

Tube

Outer diameter inner diameter spacing, Material,

Insulation Case Compressor

Thickness Material Bore Stroke Number Of cylinder Size

Condenser/ Water tank

Insulation Material

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 4 Issue 6- June2013
Thickness 50mm
Graph4.3 Table 6 Some other useful parameters

4130 J kg -1 K-1 3ms-1 5, 60 min 0.36 Wm-2K-1 a0 = 0.2225, a1 = 0.4838, a2 = 0.024

C o l l e c to r e ffic i e n c y

Latitude Collector Azimuth Collector tilt angle Ambient Temperature Initial Water Temperature in the Tank Specific Heat of Water Wind Speed Time Step Heat loss coefficient of tank Coefficients

23 degree 15 minutes Zero degree 10 degree 32 degree 30 degree

Variation of collector efficiency with compressor speed

0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 900 960 1020 1200 1500 Collector efficiency(Ac = 3m2) collector efficiency (Ac = 4m2) collector efficiency (Ac = 5m2)

C o l l e c to r flu i d te m p e r a tu r e ( 0 C )

IV. RESULT A series of calculations conducted under the meteorological conditions of Bhopal and these results are presented in this section. We changed the values of variable parameter with respect to other parameter and get the predicted values for the proposed heat pump assisted solar water heater. The following graphs show the relations between two or more parameters. Graph 4.1
Variation of COP with time for different speed of the compressor (solar radiation 600 Wm
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 60 120 Time, min 180 240
-2

Compressor speed (rpm)

Graph 4.4

Variation of collector fluid temperature with Compressor speed

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 900 960 1020 1200 1500 Compressor speed (rpm) Collector fluid temp(collector area=3m2) Collector fluid temp(collector area=4m2) Collector fluid temp(collector area=5m2)

RPM=900 RPM=960 RPM=1020 RPM=1500

COP

Graph 4.5

Variation of collector efficiency with time for different storage volume

0.8 0.7
C o ll ecto r effi ci en cy

Graph 4.2
Effect of Compressor speed on COP with collector area as a parameter
10 9 8 7 6
CO P

Collector efficiency(Storage volume=150 lt) Collector efficiency(Storage volume = 250 lt) Collector efficiency(Storage volume = 300 lt) Collector efficiency (Storage volume = 400 lt)(Sheet3!$A$1 0 60 120 Time (seconds) 180 240 Collector efficiency(Storage volume = 500 lt)

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

5 4 3 2 1 0 900 960 1020 1200 1500 Speed of the Compressor, RPM

Collector Area, 3m2 Collector Area, 1.5 m2

Graph 4.6

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) Volume 4 Issue 6- June2013
also analyzed.Due to high ambient temperature in Bhopal, evaporator can be operated at a higher temperature, resulting in an improved thermal performance of the system. Results show that, when water temperature in the condenser tank increases with time, the condensing temperature, also, increases, and the corresponding COP and collector efficiency values decline. Average values of COP ranged from about 4 to 9 and solar collector efficiency was found to vary between 40% and 75% for water temperatures in the condenser tank varying between 30C and 50C. VI. REFERENCES
Graph 4.7
Effect of storage volume on thermal energy output by the collector and condenser
60 50
T em p e r a tu r e ( 0 C )

Variation of COP with Time for different storage volume

12 10 8
CO P

COP(Storage volume = 150 lt) COP(Storage volume = 250 lt) COP(Storage volume = 300 lt) COP(Storage volume = 400 lt) COP(Storage volume = 500 lt)

6 4 2 0 0 60 120 Time (seconds) 180 240

40 30 20 10 0 150 250 300 Storage volume (m3) 400 500

Collector fluid temperature (0C) Condensing Temperature (0C)+Sheet2!$A$1 Water (0C)

Graph 4.8
Variation of COP with solar radiation for different collector area
9 8 7 6
CO P

[1] Kreider, T.F.; and Kreith, F. 1981. Solar Energy Hand book. McGraw-Hill, New York,NY, USA. [2] Duffie, J.A. and Beckman, W.A.(1980),solar engineering of thermal processes, john Wiley & Sons, New York. [3] Chiou, J.,E1-Wakil, M. M., and Duffle, J.A.(1965), A slit and expanded aluminum foil matrix solar collector , Solar Energy,9, 73-80. [4] Hamid, Y.H. and Beckman, W.A.(1971), Performance of Air cooled radiatively heated screen matrices, Trans.ASME, J. of Engineering for power, 221-224. [5] Sorour, M.M., and Hassab, MA.(1986),A screen type solar water heater, Proc.8th International Heat Transfer Conference, San Francisco,6,3097-3103. [6] H.P. Garg, Solar Water Heating Systems, D. Reidel, Holland, 1986 [7] F. A. Brooks, Solar energy and its uses for heating water in California, Bull Calif Agric. Exp. Sta, No. 602, 1936. [8] S. Chandra, Domestic Water Heating , Solar Energy Technology Handbook, Edited by W.C. Dickinson and P.N. Cheremisinoff, Marcel Dekkar, Inc. New York.1980. [9] Liu, Yeh-Di., Diaz, L.A., and Suryanarayan , N.V., Heat transfer enhancement in the water heating flat plate solar collectors, ASME Trans., 106, pp.358-363, (1984). [10] Singh, P. (1978) Cheap packed bed absorbers for the solar air hweaters, proc. International Solar energy Society, New Delhi, 29-,900-904. [11] SP Sukhatme, Solar Energy, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi 1984. [12] WM Kays, Convective Heat and Mass Transfer, Tata McGraw Hill, New York (1966). [13] Solar Energy Fundamentals and Application, HP Garg and J prakash, Tata Mc Graw Hill Publishing Company Ltd., 2002

COP (Ac=1.5m2) COP(Ac=3m2) COP(Ac=4m2) COP(Ac=5m2)

5 4 3 2 1 0 300 400 500 Solar Radiation (w/m 2) 600 700

V. CONCLUSIONS Analytical studies were performed on a solar assisted heat pump water heating system, where, flat plate solar collectors acted as an evaporator for the refrigerant R-134a. The system was analyzed under meteorological conditions of Bhopal. The results obtained are used for the design of the system and enable determination of compressor work, solar fraction & auxiliary energy required for a particular application. To ensure proper matching between the collector/evaporator load and compressor capacity, a variable speed compressor was

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