Chapter 2 The Project Management and Information and Technology Context

Discussion Questions: 2. Explain the four frames of organizations. How can they help project manages understand the organizational context for their projects? Structural frame deals with how the organization is structured (usually depicted in an organizational chart) and focuses on different groups roles and responsibilities in order to meet the goals and policies set by top management. Human Resources frame focuses on producing harmony between the needs of the organization and the needs of the people. Political frame addresses organizational and personal politics. It assumes that organizations are coalitions composed of varied individuals and interest groups. Symbolic frame focuses on symbols and meanings. It relates to the companys culture

3. Briefly explain the differences between functional, matrix, and project organizations. Describe how each structure affects the management of the project. A functional organizational structure is the hierarchy that most think of when picturing an organizational chart. The staff has specialized skills in their respective areas. Project managers have little or no authority. A matrix organizational structure represents the middle ground between functional and project structures. Personnel often report to both functional manager and one or more project managers. Project managers in a matrix organization have staff from various functional areas working on their projects. A project organizational structure also has a hierarchical structure, but instead of functional managers or vice presidents reporting to the CEO, program managers report to the CEO. Their staffs have a variety of skills needed to complete the projects within their programs. Project managers have the most authority in this type of structure.

Chapter 2 The Project Management and Information and Technology Context

6. What are the phases in a traditional project life cycle? How does the project life cycle differ from the product life cycle? Why does a project manager need to understand both? Traditional project life cycles include concept, development, implementation and close-out phases. Projects often produce products which follow product life cycles such as software development. Project managers must understand the specific life cycle of the products they are producing as well as the general project life cycle model. Due to the complexity and importance of many information technology projects and their resulting products, it is important to take time to review the status of a project at each phase.