Review of Applied Physics (RAP) Volume 1 Issue 1, December 2012 www.seipub.

org/rap
1
ExactSolutionsforThermalProblems
Buoyancy,Marangoni,VibrationalandMagneticFieldControlledFlows
MarcelloLappa
*1

Telespazio
ViaGianturco31,80046,Napoli,Italy
*1
marlappa@unina.it
Abstract
In general, the thermalconvection (NavierStokes and
energy)equationsarenonlinearpartialdifferentialequations
that in most cases require the use of complex algorithms in
combination with opportune discretization techniques for
obtainingreliablenumericalsolutions.Therearesomecases,
however,inwhichsuchequationsadmitanalyticalsolutions.
Such exact solutions have enjoyed a widespread use in the
literature as basic states for determining the linear stability
limits in some idealized situations. This review article
provides a synthetic review of such analytical expressions
for a variety of situations of interest in materials science
(especiallycrystalgrowthandrelateddisciplines),including
thermogravitational (buoyancy), thermocapillary
(Marangoni), thermovibrational convection as well as
mixed cases and flow controlled via static and uniform
magneticfields.
Keywords
ThermalConvection;NavierStokesEquations;AnalyticSolutions
I nt r oduc t i on
Finding solutions to the NavierStokes equations is
extremely challenging. Infact, onlya handful of exact
solutions are known. For the cases of interest in the
present article (buoyancy, Marangoni, vibrational and
magnetic convection), in particular, these exact
solutions exist when the considered system is
infinitelyextended alongthe directionof the imposed
temperature gradient or the orthogonal direction; in
general, such solutions are regarded as reasonable
approximations in the steady state of the flow
occurring in the core of real configurations which are
sufficiently elongated (the core is the region
sufficiently away from the end regions, where the
fluidturnsaround,tobeconsiderednotinfluencedby
such edge effects). Even though limited to cases of
great simpicity, these solutions have proven able to
yielddirectlyorindirectlyinsightsandunderstanding
thatwouldhavebeendifficulttoobtainotherwise.
Hereafter, first the attention is focused on the case of
systems subject to horizontal heating (or to
temperature gradient along the direction in which
theyareassumedtobeinfinitelyextended),thenother
possiblevariantsandconfigurationsareconsideredin
thesectiononinclinedsystemsandsubsequentones.
Anal yt i c Sol ut i ons f or Ther mogr avi t at i onal
and Mar angoni Fl ow s
y
x
Cold
Hot
u
g
d


FIG.1SKETCHOFLAYEROFINFINITEEXTENTSUBJECTTO
HORIZONTALHEATING
In the following three subsections (focusing on the
Hadley flow, Marangoni flow and related hybrid
states) the horizontal boundaries are assumed to be
located at y=1/2 and 1/2, respectively. The velocity
components along y and z are zero (v=w=0) and the
componentalongxissolelyafunctionofy,i.e.u=u(y)
(whichmeanstheassumptionofplaneparallelflow
is considered). Temperature depends on x and y (i.e.
these solutions are essentially twodimensional).
Rayleigh and Marangoni numbers are defined as
Ra=GrPr=g|Td
4
/vo and Ma= RePr=oTd
2
/o,
respectively(whereisarateofuniformtemperature
increasealongthexaxis,disthedistancebetweenthe
boundaries, o is the thermal diffusivity, v is the
kinematic viscosity, |T is the thermal expansion
coefficient,Prtheratiobetweenvando,GrandRethe
Grashof and Reynolds numbers, respectively).
Referring velocity and temperature to the scales o/d
andd,respectivelyandscalingalldistancesond,the
governing equations in nondimensional form
(incompressibleform)read
0 = V V
(1)
| |
g
i T Ra V V V p
t
V
Pr Pr
2
V + V V =
c
c
(2)
| | T T V
t
T
2
V = V +
c
c
(3)
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2
where ig is the unit vector along the direction of
gravity and the Boussinesq approximation has been
used for the buoyancy production term in the
momentumequation.
In the presence of a free liquid/gas interface such
equations must be considered together with the
socalled Marangoni boundary condition, which
neglecting viscous stress in the gas (here the dynamic
viscosityofthegassurroundingthefreeliquidsurface
will be assumed to be negligible with respect to the
viscosityoftheconsideredliquid)reads
T Ma
n
V
S
S
V =
c
c
(4)
where n is the direction locally perpendicular to the
consideredelementaryportionofthefreeinterface,
S
V
the derivative tangential to the interface and Vs the
surfacevelocityvector.
Forthecaseconsideredhere(steadyflowwithu=u(y)
andv=w=0,asshowninFig.1)eqs.(1)(3)reduceto:

2
2
Pr
y
u
x
p
c
c
=
c
c
(5)
RaT
y
p
Pr =
c
c
(6)
2
2
2
2
y
T
x
T
x
T
u
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
(7)
whileeq.(4)canberewrittenas:
x
T
Ma
y
u
c
c
=
c
c
(8)
Assumingsolutionsinthegeneralform(withMa=0or
Ra=0 for pure buoyancy or Marangoni flows,
respectively):
(
(
(

+
=
(
(
(

=
0
0
) ( ) (
2 1
y g Ma y g Ra
w
v
u
V
(9)
) ( ) (
2 1
y f Ma y f Ra x T + + = (10)
]1, ]2, g1 and g2 can be determined as polynomial
expressions with constant coefficients satisfying
specificequationsobtainedbysubstitutingeqs.(9)and
(10) into eq. (7) and into the equation resulting from
crossdifferentiationofeqs.(5)and(6)(i.e.
3
3
d u T
Ra
dy x
c
=
c
).
Suchsystemofequationsread:
2
1
2
1
dy
f d
g =
(11a)
2
2
2
2
dy
f d
g =
(11b)
0 1
3
2
3
3
1
3
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|

dy
g d
Ma
dy
g d
Ra
(12)
to be supplemented with the proper boundary
conditions:
Kinematicconditions:
solid boundary: u=0 g
1
(y)=g
2
(y)=0 (13)
free surface: eq. (8)
0
1
=
dy
dg
and
1
2
=
dy
dg
(14)
Thermalconditions:
Adiabatic boundary:
0 =
c
c
y
T

0
2 1
= =
dy
df
dy
df
(15)
Conducting boundary: T=x ]
1
=]
2
=0 (16)
Inaddition,itmustbetakenintoaccountthatsincethe
considered parallel flow is intended to model a slot
withdistantendwalls,continuityrequiresthatthenet
fluxoffluidatanycrosssectionoftheslotbezero),i.e.:
0
2
1
2
1
=
}

udy

0
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
= =
} }

dy g dy g
(17)
Before going further with the description of solutions
satisfying the system of equations (1117), it is worth
noting that some insights into their expected
polynomial order can be given immediately on the
basis of eq. (12). According to such equation, in fact,
d
3
g1/dy
3
=1 for Ma=0, while d
3
g2/dy
3
=0 for Ra=0, which
leads to the general conclusion that the polynominal
expression for u will be of the third order for pure
buoyancy flow and of the second order for pure
Marangoni flow, while (on the basis of eqs. (11)) the
respective temperature profiles are of the fifth and
forthordersiny.
ThermogravitationalConvection:TheHadleyflow
In line with the considerations above, in the case of
liquid confined between two horizontal infinite walls
with perpendicular gravity, eqs. (5)(7) admit as an
exactsolutionthefollowingvelocityprofile:
|
.
|

\
|
=
4 6
3
y
y
Ra
u
(18)
generallyknownastheHadleyflow(Hadley,1735)as
it was originally used as a model of atmospheric
circulation (see, e.g., Lappa, 2012) between the poles
and equator (from a technological point of view, this
Review of Applied Physics (RAP) Volume 1 Issue 1, December 2012 www.seipub.org/rap
3
solutionisalsostronglyrelevanttothemanufactureof
bulksemiconductorcrystals).
The corresponding temperature profile changes
according to the type of boundary conditions
considered.Foradiabaticwallsitreads:
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
16
5
6
5
120
2 4
y y y
Ra
x T
(19a)
whereasforconductingboundariesitbecomes:
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
48
7
6
5
120
2 4
y y y
Ra
x T
(19b)
Thepolynomialexpressions]andgforsuchsolutions
areplottedinFigs.2.
-0.010 -0.005 0.000 0.005 0.010
Velocity
-0.50
-0.40
-0.30
-0.20
-0.10
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
y
a)
-0.0008 -0.0004 0.0000 0.0004 0.0008
Temperature
-0.50
-0.40
-0.30
-0.20
-0.10
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
y
b)
FIGS. 2 EXACT SOLUTION FOR THE CASE OF
THERMOGRAVITATIONAL CONVECTION IN INFINITE LAYER
WITH TOP AND BOTTOM SOLID WALLS: (a) VELOCITY
PROFILEg(y);(b)TEMPERATUREPROFILE](y)FORADIABATIC
(SOLID)ANDCONDUCTING(DASHED)BOUNDARIES.
MarangoniFlow
Intheabsenceofgravityandreplacingtheuppersolid
wall with a liquidgas interface supporting the
development of surfacetensiondriven (Marangoni)
convection,theexactsolutionreads(Birikh,1966):
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
4
1
3
4
2
y y
Ma
u
(20)
For adiabatic interface and insulated bottom wall the
temperaturedistributioncanbeexpressedas:
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
16
5
2
3
2
3
2 3
48
2 3 4
y y y y
Ma
x T
(21a)
thatforconductingboundariesmustbereplacedwith:
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
16
3
2
1
2
3
2 3
48
2 3 4
y y y y
Ma
x T
(21b)
-0.30 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10
Velocity
-0.50
-0.40
-0.30
-0.20
-0.10
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
y
a)
-0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02
Temperature
-0.50
-0.40
-0.30
-0.20
-0.10
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
y
b)
FIGS. 3 EXACT SOLUTION FOR THE CASE OF
THERMOCAPILLARYCONVECTIONININFINITELAYERWITH
BOTTOM SOLID WALL AND UPPER FREE SURFACE: (a)
VELOCITY PROFILE g(y); (b) TEMPERATURE PROFILE ](y) FOR
ADIABATIC (SOLID) AND CONDUCTING (DASHED)
BOUNDARIES.
Thepolynomialexpressions]andgforsuchsolutions
areplottedinFigs.3.
HybridBuoyancyMarangoniStates
As shown by eqs. (5)(7), under the considered
conditions(u=0,v=w=0),thenonlinearconvectiveterm
of the momentum equation becomes zero and the
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4
energy equation reduces to u=c
2
T/cy
2
, i.e. the
governing equations are linear; as a consequence,
more complex solutions can be built as superposition
(addition)ofothersimpleexistingsolutions.
Along these lines, in the presence of vertical gravity
andaliquidgasinterfacesupportingthedevelopment
of surfacetensiondriven (Marangoni) convection, the
velocity profile can be obtained as the sum of two
terms, the first term corresponding to the pure
buoyancydriven flow and the second term
representing the contribution of a pure
thermocapillarydrivenflow,whichprovidesasimple
theoretical explanation for the general form given by
eqs.(9)and(10).
Theresultingshearflowissetupbyacombinedeffect
of buoyancy and viscous surface stress due to the
temperature dependence of surface tension. The first
contribution related to pure buoyancy flow, however,
exhibitssomedifferenceswithrespecttoeq.(18)asthe
upper solid wall considered earlier must be replaced
with a stressfree boundary (see Fig. 4); the velocity
profilereads:
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
4
1
3 3 8
48
2 3
y y y
Ra
u
(22)
Hence, the resulting profile for mixed gravitational
Marangoniconvectionhastheform:
|
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
+ =
4
1
3
4 4
1
3 3 8
48
2 2 3
y y
Ma
y y y
Ra
u

(23)
Theassociatedtemperaturedistributionis:
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ + + +

+ =
2
1
3
16
19
5
2
5
10 5 8
20 48
1
2 3 4 5
y y y y y y
Ra
x T q
)
`

|
.
|

\
|
+ + +
2
1
16
5
2
3
2
3
2 3
2 3 4
y y y y y Ma q
(24)
The cases of adiabatic and conducting horizontal
surfacescanbeobtainedbysettinginthisrelationq=0
andq=1,respectively.
Equation(24)canbeextendedtothemoregeneralcase
in which thebottom is conductinganda Biot number
is introduced to describe heat transfer at the top free
surface by assuming q=Bi/(1+Bi). The solutions for
symmetrical(topandbottom)conditionscanagainbe
recoveredaslimitingcaseswhenBi0andBi:
When Bi, in fact, q1 and eq. (24) reduces to the
conducting case; when Bi0 (q0), it reduces to the
insulating boundary conditions for the temperature
profile.
-0.030 -0.020 -0.010 0.000 0.010 0.020
Velocity
-0.50
-0.40
-0.30
-0.20
-0.10
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
y
a)
-0.001 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003
Temperature
-0.50
-0.40
-0.30
-0.20
-0.10
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
y
b)
FIGS. 4 EXACT SOLUTION FOR THE CASE OF PURE
THERMOGRAVITATIONAL CONVECTION IN INFINITE LAYER
WITH BOTTOM SOLID WALL AND UPPER STRESSFREE
SURFACE: a) VELOCITY PROFILE g(y); b) TEMPERATURE
PROFILE ](y) FOR ADIABATIC (SOLID) AND CONDUCTING
(DASHED)BOUNDARIES.
GeneralProperties
The present section is devoted to illustrate some
fundamental properties of the solutions introduced in
theprecedingsectionswithrespecttothewellknown
Rayleighs condition, which so much attention has
enjoyed in the literature as a means for gaining
insights into the fluiddynamic instabilities of parallel
flows in the limit as Pr0 (Rayleigh, 1880; Lin, 1944;
Rosenbluth and Simon, 1964; Drazin and Howard,
1966).
Letusrecallthatsuchatheoremreads:Inashearflowa
necessary condition for instability is that there must be a
pointofinflectioninthevelocityprofileu=u(y),i.e.apoint
whered
2
u/dy
2
=0.
Thesecondderivativeofsolution(18)gives:
Review of Applied Physics (RAP) Volume 1 Issue 1, December 2012 www.seipub.org/rap
5
y Ra
dy
u d
=
2
2
(25)
that means the profile has an inflection point at
midheight (y=0) and satisfies the Rayleighs necessary
condition.
For pure buoyancy flow with upper free surface, i.e.
solution(22),thesecondderivativereads:
( ) 6 48
48
2
2
= y
Ra
dy
u d
(26)
that gives the inflection point at a sligtly different
position(y=1/8).
Theinflectionpoint,however,isnolongerpresentfor
thecaseofpureMarangoniflowsince:
0
2
3
2
2
= = Ma
dy
u d
(27)
thatmeansMarangoniflowsolutionsofthetypegiven
by eq. (20) do not satisfy the Rayleighs necessary
condition.
The most interesting case in this regard is, perhaps,
given by the mixed state represented by eq. (23). In
suchacase:
( ) W y
Ra
dy
u d
72 6 48
48
2
2
=
(28)
that makes the location of the inflection point a linear
functionofthenondimensionalparameterW=Ma/Ra:
8
1 12 +
=
W
y
(29)
-0.12 -0.08 -0.04 0.00 0.04
Velocity
-0.50
-0.40
-0.30
-0.20
-0.10
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
y
W=0.25
W=0.1
W=0
Inflection point

FIG. 5 VELOCITY PROFILE g1(y)+Wg2(y) FOR THE CASE OF
MIXED THERMOGRAVITATIONALTHERMOCAPILLARY
CONVECTION IN INFINITE LAYER WITH BOTTOM SOLID
WALL AND UPPER STRESSFREE SURFACE: THE INFLECTION
POINTDISAPPEARSFORW=0.25.
The inflection point disappears when y>1/2, i.e. for
W>1/4. Accordingly, these solutions satisfy the
Rayleighs necessary condition only if 0<W<1/4 (see
Fig.5).
TheInfinitelyLongLiquidBridge
For pure Marangoni flow, the equations of thermal
convection admit exactsolutionsalso for the case of a
liquid bridge assumed to be infinitely extended along
the axial direction z (Xu and Davis, 1983). For such a
casethesolutionisaxisymmetricandreads:
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
1
2
2
r
Ma
w
(30)
( )
2
2
1
32
r
Ma
z T =
(31)
The interface (adiabatic) is assumed to be located at
r=1. The Marangoni number is defined as
Ma=RePr=oTR
2
/o (where is the rate of constant
temperature increase along the z axis, R is the radius
of the liquid bridge). Velocity and temperature are
referred to the scales o/R and R, respectively
(moreover,alldistancesarescaledonR).
According to eq. (30), the velocity component along
the axis of the liquid bridge is solely a function of z
(w=w(z)). Temperature is a function of both axial and
radialcoordinates(zandr).
InclinedSystems
Thesolutionsgivenbeforeforthecaseofahorizontal
layeroffluidwithnoslipwallssubjectedtoauniform
temperature gradient along x can be extended to the
moregeneralcaseinwhichthelayerisinclinedbyan
angle 90u with respect to the horizontal direction
(seeFig.6).
90u
y
x
Cold
Hot
u
g

FIG. 6 SKETCH OF A LAYER OF INFINITE EXTENT INCLINED
WITH RESPECT TO THE HORIZONTAL DIRECTION
(TEMPERATURE GRADIENT ALONG THE x DIRECTION; u
ANGLEBETWEENVTANDg).
Inparticular,theanalyticalsolutionforsuchacasehas
distinctexpressionsdependingontheprojectionofthe
temperature gradient to the gravity vector, i.e.
accordingtowhetherfromaglobalpointofviewthe
layer tends to behave as a system heated from below
or from above (depending on the sign of 90u in Fig.
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6
6), and depending on the type of thermal conditions
alongthewalls.
In the following these expressions are given first for
the case of adiabatic walls (eqs. (32)(35)); then the
configuration with conducting boundaries is
considered(eqs.(38)(41)).
Heating from below (0<u<90)
( )
(

=
) sin( ) cosh( ) cos( ) sinh(
) 2 sin( ) sinh( ) sin( ) 2 sinh(
2
16
) sin(
2

u y y Ra
u
(32)
(

+
+
+ =
) sin( ) cosh( ) cos( ) sinh(
) 2 sin( ) sinh( ) sin( ) 2 sinh(
2 ) tan(
2
1


u
y y
y x T
(33)
Heating from above (90<u<180)
( )

+
=
) cos( ) sin( ) cosh( ) sinh(
) cos( ) sinh( ) 2 sin( ) 2 cosh(
16
) sin(
) (
3

u y y Ra
y u

( )
(

(
+ ) cos( ) sin( ) cosh( ) sinh(
) sin( ) cosh( ) 2 cos( ) 2 sinh(
3

y y
(34)
( )

+
+ =
) cos( ) sin( ) cosh( ) sinh(
) cos( ) sinh( ) 2 cos( ) 2 sinh(
2 ) tan(
2
1


u
y y
y x T

( )
(

(
+ ) cos( ) sin( ) cosh( ) sinh(
) sin( ) cosh( ) 2 sin( ) 2 cosh(

y y
(35)
where
| |
4 / 1
) cos(
2
1
u Ra =
for u<90 (36a)
| |
4 / 1
) cos(
2 2
1
u Ra =
for u>90 (36b)
Interestingly,somefundamentalinsightsintothiskind
of solutions can be obtained (as noticed by Delgado
BuscalioniandCrespodelArco,2001)consideringthe
vorticityproduction term of the vorticity balance
equation.Forthepresentcasesuchtermreads:
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
) cos( ) sin( u u
y
T
x
T
Ra
(37)
The evolution of these flow profiles with Ra is ruled
by the balance of dissipation and production of
vorticity by buoyant forces. According to eq. (37)
above, the production of vorticity due to the y and x
components of buoyancy are proportional to Ra
sin(u)cT/cxandRacos(u)cT/cy,respectively.
The temperature ygradient is created by the flow
advection and at low enough values of Ra it is
negligibly small; therefore, at small Ra and for any
(not vertical) inclination the flow is generated solely
bytheycomponentofbuoyancy(atlowvaluesofRa,
intheconductingregimethecrossstreamtemperature
gradient is vanishingly small and the vorticity is
generated by the crossstream component of gravity,
at a rate given by sin(u)cT/cx; this induces a cellular
flowwhoseydependencecoincidesforu=90withthe
profile(6)).
As Ra increases, the streamwise advection creates an
increasing(positive) temperaturegradient along the y
axis, whichacts asanother source of motion owing to
the presence of the streamwise component of
buoyancy; as explained before, this term produces
vorticity at a rate given by cos(u)cT/cy and hence its
effect greatly depends on the range of the inclination
angle.
Whenheatingfromabove(u>90)theeffectoftheaxial
buoyancy is to suppress the convection in the center
part of the layer, as long as cos(u)cT/cy>0 while
sin(u)cT/cx<0. ForlargeenoughRaandu>90,the flow
is confined to small regions near the walls where
cT/cy~0.
On the contrary, if the cavity is heated from below
(u<90), both sources of vorticity have the same sign
and as Ra increases a positive feedback loop between
u(y) and T(y) occurs: any increment of the flow
intensity increases the crossstream temperature
gradient, which in turn, enhances the intensity of the
flow.
Forconductingboundariestheexpressionsforheating
frombelowandfromaboveread:
Heating from below (0<u<90)
( )
(

=
) sin( ) sinh(
) 2 sin( ) sinh( ) sin( ) 2 sinh(
16
) sin(
2

u y y Ra
u

(38)
(

+
+ =
) sin( ) sinh(
) 2 sin( ) sinh( ) sin( ) 2 sinh(
2
1
2 ) tan(
2
1


u
y y
y x T
(39)
Heating from above (90<u<180)
( )

+
=
) ( sin ) ( cosh ) ( cos ) ( sinh
) cos( ) sinh( ) 2 sin( ) 2 cosh(
16
) sin(
) (
2 2 2 2 2

u y y Ra
y u

( )
(

(
+ ) ( sin ) ( cosh ) ( cos ) ( sinh
) sin( ) cosh( ) 2 cos( ) 2 sinh(
2 2 2 2 2

y y
(40)
( )

+
+ =
) ( sin ) ( cosh ) ( cos ) ( sinh
) cos( ) sinh( ) 2 cos( ) 2 sinh(
2 ) tan(
2
1
2 2 2 2


u
y y
y x T

( )
(

(
+ ) ( sin ) ( cosh ) ( cos ) ( sinh
) sin( ) cosh( ) 2 sin( ) 2 cosh(
2 2 2 2

y y
(41)
withgivenbyeqs.(36).
Review of Applied Physics (RAP) Volume 1 Issue 1, December 2012 www.seipub.org/rap
7
u
u
Hot
Cold
y
x
g


FIG. 7 SKETCH OF A LAYER OF INFINITE EXTENT INCLINED
WITH RESPECT TO THE HORIZONTAL DIRECTION WITH
HEATING APPLIED THROUGH THE BOTTOM WALL
(TEMPERATURE GRADIENT IMPOSED ALONG THE y
DIRECTION).
Equations (32)(35) and (38)(41) provide analytical
solutions if the imposed AT is parallel to the walls as
shown in Fig. 6; thermogravitational convection in an
inclined layer, however, also admits exact solutions if
the imposed T is primarily perpendicular to the
walls i.e. if such temperature gradient acts across the
thickness of the layer(i.e.layer withupper andlower
wallskeptatuniformdifferenttemperaturesasshown
inFig.7).Suchasolutionreads:
|
.
|

\
|
=
4
) sin(
6
3
y
y
Ra
u u
(42)
withRa=g|ATd
3
/vo.
Thecorrespondingdistributionoftemperaturealongy
is governed by diffusion only and is approximately
uniformthroughouttheplaneofthelayer.
Velocity (u) tends to zero (as expected) in the limit as
u0(insuchacase,infact,itisawellknownfactthat
convection arises only if a given threshold of the
Rayleighnumberisexceeded).
y
x
Cold Hot
v g

FIG. 8 SKETCH OF A TRANSVERSELY HEATED VERTICAL
CAVITY IN THE LIMIT AS THE VERTICAL SCALE OF MOTION
TENDSTOINFINITY.
Itisalsoworthnoticingthatforu=90onerecoversthe
idealized case of a transversely heated vertical cavity
(in the limit as the vertical scale of motion tends to
infinity,seeFig.8):
|
.
|

\
|
=
4 6
3
x
x
Ra
v
(43)
this profile is generally referred to as conduction
regimesolution(owingtotheassociatedtemperature
profilealongx,thatasmentionedbeforeislinear).
Convec t i on w i t h Vi br at i ons
PureThermovibrationalFlow
Let us recall that thermovibrational convection can be
regarded as a variant of the standard
thermogravitational convection for which the steady
Earth gravity acceleration is replaced by an
accelerationoscillatingintimewithagivenfrequency
(Lappa,2004,2010).
Disturbances induced in a fluid by a sinusoidal
displacement of the related container along a given
direction( n istherelatedunitvector)
( ) n t s t) bsin(e = (44)
wherebistheamplitudeande=2tf(fisthefrequency)
induceanacceleration:
( ) t) sin(e
e
g t g = (45)
where
2
g b n
e
e =
;whichmeansvibratingasystemwith
frequency f and displacement amplitude b
corresponds to a sinusoidal gravity modulation with
the same frequency and acceleration amplitude be
2

and vice versa (accordingly, hereafter the terms

gravity modulation, periodic acceleration,
container vibration and gjitter will be used as
synonyms). This also means that
2 3
T
b Td
Ra
e
e | A
vo
=
can be
regardedasavariantoftheclassicalRayleighnumber
with the steady acceleration being replaced by the
amplitudeoftheconsideredperiodicacceleration.
In general, the treatment of the problem is possible in
terms of three independent nondimensional
parameters only, where the first is the wellknown
Prandtl number (Pr) and the others are the
nondimensional frequency (O) and displacement (A),
definedas:
o
e
2
d
= O
(46)
d
T
b
T
A
= A
|
(47)
where,obviouslyAO
2
=PrRa
e

In the specific case of sufficiently small amplitudes

(A<<1) and sufficiently large frequencies (O>>1) of the
www.seipub.org/rap Review of Applied Physics (RAP) Volume 1 Issue 1, December 2012
8
vibrations, it is known (see the historical background
reported in Lappa, 2010) that, for given Prandtl
number, vibrational convection depends only on one
relevant dimensionless parameter, the socalled
vibrational Rayleigh number originally introduced by
Gershuni(GershuniandZhukhovitskii,1979):
Pr 2 2
) (
2
) (
2 2
2
2 2
A O
= |
.
|

\
| A
=
A
=
e vo
|
vo
e|
e
g Td Td b
Ra
T T
V
(48)
where AT is the considered applied temperature
gradient.
Under the assumptions of small amplitudes (A<<1)
and large frequencies of the vibrations (O>>1), the
Gershunis formulation leads to a closed set of
equations for the timeaveraged quantities. The time
averaged continuity and energy equations remain
formally unchanged (i.e. they correspond to eqs. (1),
and (3), respectively, with T T = and V V = ); the time
averagedmomentumequationmustberewrittenas:
| | | | w w n T w Ra V V V p
t
V
V
V V + V + V V = ) ( Pr Pr
2
c
c
(49)
where w appearing in the production term (the
mathematical details related to the derivation of this
termaregiveninLappa,2010)isanauxiliarypotential
functionsatisfyingtheequations:
0 = V w (50a)
n T w . V = . V ( ) n T w
2
. V . V = V (50b)


FIG.9SKETCHOFLAYEROFINFINITEEXTENTSUBJECTEDTO
VIBRATIONS.
Following Birikh (1990), the mathematical problem
relatedtothederivationofananalyticsolutionforthe
conditions corresponding to Fig. 9 can be defined as
follows.
Assumingagenericplaneparallelflowsolutioninthe
form:

(
(
(

=
0
0
) (y u
V
(51)
) (y f x T + = (52)
(
(
(

=
0
0
) (y w
w
(53)
the original partial differential equations for
momentum, energy and the auxiliary potential
functionwgivenbeforecanbereducedtoasystemof
ordinary differential equations (here u is the angle
betweentheshakingdirectionandthexaxis):
0 ) cos(
3
3
= + u
dy
dw
Ra
dy
u d
v
(54)
0
2
2
= + u
dy
f d
(55)
) sin( ) cos( u u =
dy
df
dy
dw
(56)
that combining eq. (54) with eq. (56) can be cast in
compactformas:
) sin( ) cos( ) ( cos
2
3
3
u u u
v v
Ra
dy
df
Ra
dy
u d
= +
(57)
0
2
2
= + u
dy
f d
(58)
with
2 2
T
V
( b d )
Ra
2
e|
vo
=
where is the rate of uniform
temperature increase along the x axis and boundary
conditionsaty=1/2:u=0(noslip)andd]/dy=0or]=0
foradiabaticorconductingwalls,respectively.
Notably, the dimensionless characteristic number of
theproblemtogetherwiththecomponentsoftheunit
vector n appearing in these equations can be grouped
intwoparametersonly:
) sin( ) cos(
1
u u
v
Ra R = (59)
) ( cos
2
2
u
v
Ra R = (60)
ofwhich,thefirstonecanbeusedtoobtainconditions
corresponding to the existence of the socalled states
of quasiequilibrium (no timeaverage flow) by
simply setting it equal to zero (which leads to two
possible cases of quasi equilibrium: the wellknown
condition of vibrations parallel to the temperature
gradient (u=0sin(u)=0R1=0) and vibrations
perpendicular to the temperature gradient
(u=90cos(u)=0R1=0)).
Ingeneral,theanalyticformoftheplaneparallelflow
established in the layer for other values of u not
corresponding to equilibrium (u=0, u=90) must be
determinedbysolutionofthesystem(54)(56)withthe
additionalconstraints:
}

=
2 / 1
2 / 1
0 ) ( dy y u
and
}

=
2 / 1
2 / 1
0 ) ( dy y w
(61)
Review of Applied Physics (RAP) Volume 1 Issue 1, December 2012 www.seipub.org/rap
9
As illustrated in detail by Birikh (1990), this approach
leadstothefollowingmathematicalexpressions:
( )

+
=
) cos( ) sin( ) cosh( ) sinh(
)) cos( ) sinh( ) 2 sin( ) 2 cosh(
16
) (
3
1

y y R
y u

( )
(

(
+ ) cos( ) sin( ) cosh( ) sinh(
) sin( ) cosh( ) 2 cos( ) 2 sinh(
3

y y
(62)
( )

+
=
) cos( ) sin( ) cosh( ) sinh(
) cos( ) sinh( ) 2 cos( ) 2 sinh(
2 ) tan(
2
1
) (


u
y y
y y f

( )
(

(
+ ) cos( ) sin( ) cosh( ) sinh(
) sin( ) cosh( ) 2 sin( ) 2 cosh(

y y
(63)
forthecasewithadiabaticwalls
( )

+
=
) ( sin ) ( cosh ) ( cos ) ( sinh
) cos( ) sinh( ) 2 sin( ) 2 cosh(
16
) (
2 2 2 2 2
1

y y R
y u

( )
(

(
+ ) ( sin ) ( cosh ) ( cos ) ( sinh
) sin( ) cosh( ) 2 cos( ) 2 sinh(
2 2 2 2 2

y y
(64)
( )

+
=
) ( sin ) ( cosh ) ( cos ) ( sinh
)) cos( ) sinh( ) 2 cos( ) 2 sinh(
2 ) tan(
2
1
) (
2 2 2 2


u
y y
y y f

( )
(

(
+ ) ( sin ) ( cosh ) ( cos ) ( sinh
) sin( ) cosh( ) 2 sin( ) 2 cosh(
2 2 2 2

y y
(65)
forthecasewithconductingwalls
where
| |
4 / 1
2
) ( cos
2 2
1
u
v
Ra =
(66)
ModulatedBuoyantFlows
There have also been studies on the effect of time
modulated gravity (or vibrations) on systems with
basic buoyant convection induced by vertical static
(steady and uniform) gravity and horizontal
temperaturegradients
The simplest model for this kind of flows is the
canonical layer of infinite horizontal extent already
examinedbeforeforpurebuoyancy(theHadleyflow)
andvibrationalflow(purethermovibrationalflow).
Byanalogywiththeanalogousproblemtreatedforthe
pure thermovibrational case, let us start the related
discussion by observing that under the effect of high
frequency vibrations (in the framework of the
averaged formulation discussed before) also this
system admits solutions corresponding to quasi
equilibrium, i.e. states in which the mean velocity is
zero. These states are made possible by a perfect
balance of the static component of the body forceand
pressuregradientestablishedintheliquid.Therelated
mathematical (necessary) conditions of existence for
the specific case considered here, i.e. vertical steady
gravity and horizontal temperature gradients
o
x
T i V = ,
reduceto:
0 ) sin( ) cos( = Ra Ra
v
u u (67)
When requisites for mechanical quasiequilibrium are
not satisfied timeaverage fluid motion arises. Such
convective states are twodimensional and admit
analytic solution in the form of planeparallel flow.
Following the general concepts introduced before for
pure thermovibrational flows, these solutions can be
representedas
( )

+
=
) cos( ) sin( ) cosh( ) sinh(
) cos( ) sinh( ) 2 sin( ) 2 cosh(
16
) (
3
1

y y R
y u

( )
(

(
+ ) cos( ) sin( ) cosh( ) sinh(
) sin( ) cosh( ) 2 cos( ) 2 sinh(
3

y y
(68)
( )

+
=
) cos( ) sin( ) cosh( ) sinh(
) cos( ) sinh( ) 2 cos( ) 2 sinh(
2
2
1
) (
2
1

y y
y
R
R
y f

( )
(

(
+ ) cos( ) sin( ) cosh( ) sinh(
) sin( ) cosh( ) 2 sin( ) 2 cosh(

y y
(69)
forthecasewithadiabaticwalls
( )

+
=
) ( sin ) ( cosh ) ( cos ) ( sinh
)) cos( ) sinh( ) 2 sin( ) 2 cosh(
16
) (
2 2 2 2 2
1

y y R
y u

( )
(

(
+ ) ( sin ) ( cosh ) ( cos ) ( sinh
) sin( ) cosh( ) 2 cos( ) 2 sinh(
2 2 2 2 2

y y
(70)
( )

+
=
) ( sin ) ( cosh ) ( cos ) ( sinh
) cos( ) sinh( ) 2 cos( ) 2 sinh(
2
2
1
) (
2 2 2 2
2
1

y y
y
R
R
y f

( )
(

(
+ ) ( sin ) ( cosh ) ( cos ) ( sinh
) sin( ) cosh( ) 2 sin( ) 2 cosh(
2 2 2 2

y y
(71)
forthecasewithconductingwalls(seeFig.10)
where
| |
4 / 1
2
2 2
1
R =
(72)
Ra Ra R
v
= ) sin( ) cos(
1
u u (73)
) ( cos
2
2
u
v
Ra R = (74)
-0.010 -0.005 0.000 0.005 0.010
Temperature
-0.50
-0.40
-0.30
-0.20
-0.10
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
y
Ra =1000
v
Ra =0
v
a)
www.seipub.org/rap Review of Applied Physics (RAP) Volume 1 Issue 1, December 2012
10
-0.0002 0.0000 0.0002
Temperature
-0.50
-0.40
-0.30
-0.20
-0.10
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
y
Ra =1000
v
Ra =0
v
b)
FIG. 10 EXACT SOLUTION FOR THE CASE OF MIXED
THERMOGRAVITATIONALTHERMOVIBRATIONAL
(AVERAGE) CONVECTION IN INFINITE LAYER WITH TOP
AND BOTTOM SOLID CONDUCTING WALLS (u=0, Ra=1): (a)
VELOCITYPROFILEu(y);(b)TEMPERATUREPROFILE](y).
MixedMarangoni/ThermovibrationalConvection
Likebuoyancyflow,alsothethermalMarangoniflow
canbestronglyaffectedbyimposedvibrations.Sucha
case is considered in this section (surfacetension
inducedflowinteractingwithvibrationaleffectsinthe
absence of a static acceleration component, i.e. Ma=0,
Ra
e
orRav=0andRa=0).
Interesting results along these lines deserving
attention are due to Suresh and Homsy (2001), who
considered the infinite parallel Marangoni flow
subjected to gravitational modulation at low
frequencies (where the averaged model is not
applicable) for the case in which finitefrequency
vibrations are perpendicular to the layer (u=90), (Fig.
11; they assumed as base unmodulated Marangoni
flow the popular return flow solution given by eq.
(20) and employed a quasisteady approach, in the
limitofverylowforcingfrequency).

FIG. 11 SKETCH OF FLUID LAYER OF INFINITE EXTENT WITH
UPPER FREE SURFACE SUBJECTED TO VIBRATIONS
( ) s t bsin( t)n e =

WITHARBITRARYDIRECTION.
Following the general concepts introduced earlier,
such solution (see Figs. 12) can be expressed as the
superposition of two components, i.e. the steady
Marangoni component proportional to Ma (oTd
2
/o)
and a periodic vibrational component proportional to
Ra
e
(be
2
|Td
4
/vo=AO
2
/Pr, where is the rate of
uniformtemperatureincreasealongthexaxis):
) exp( ) ( ) ( t i y g Ra y Mag u
B M
O + =
e
(75)
) exp( ) ( ) ( t i y f Ra y Maf x T
B M
O + + =
e
(76)
where, as already reported in the case of pure
Marangoniflow,foradiabatichorizontalwalls:
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
4
1
3
4
1
) (
2
y y y g
M
(77)
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
16
5
2
3
2
3
2 3
48
1
) (
2 3 4
y y y y y f
M
(78)
and,asanalyticallydeterminedbySureshandHomsy
(2001):
2 3 2 1
) exp( ) exp( ) (
m
c m mc m mc y g
B
q
q q + =

(79)
and:
+ + + = ) exp( ) exp( ) exp( ) (
3 2 1
q q q m d n d n d y f
B

2 2
5 4
/ ) exp( n m d m d q q +
forPr=1 (80a)
+ + = ) exp( ) ( ) (
3 1
q q m d d y f
B

4
5 4 2
/ ) exp( ) ( m d m d d q q q + + forPr=1 (80b)
with
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
1
y q
(81a)
2 / 1
Pr
|
.
|

\
| O
=
i
m
(81b)
( )
2 / 1
O = i n (81c)
)) sinh( ) cosh( ( 2
1 ) 1 2 )( exp(
4
2
1
m m m m
m m m
c
+
+
=
(82a)
)) sinh( ) cosh( ( 2
1 ) 1 2 )( exp(
4
2
2
m m m m
m m m
c
+
+
=
(82b)
) (
1 2 3
c c m c = (82c)
) (
2 1 4
c c c + = (82d)
ifPr=1
| +

= ) exp( ) exp( ) (
) sinh( 2
1
1 2 1
2 2
2
1
m c n c c
m n
m
n n
d
|
)
`

+
2 2
2
) exp( 1
) exp(
n m
n
m c
(83a)
| +

= ) exp( ) exp( ) (
) sinh( 2
1
1 2 1
2 2
2
2
m c n c c
m n
m
n n
d
|
)
`

+
2 2
2
) exp( 1
) exp(
n m
n
m c
(83b)
Review of Applied Physics (RAP) Volume 1 Issue 1, December 2012 www.seipub.org/rap
11
2 2
1
3
m n
mc
d

=
(83c)
2 2
2
4
m n
mc
d

=
(83d)
2
3
5
n
c
d =
(83e)
ifPr=1
| + = ) exp( ( ) sinh( 2
) sinh( 4
1
1 1 1
m c m c m
m m
d

(

(
+
4
2
)) exp( 1 ( 2
)) exp(
m
m
m c
(84a)
| + = ) exp( ( ) sinh( 2
) sinh( 4
1
1 2 2
m c m c m
m m
d

(

(
+
4
2
)) exp( 1 ( 2
)) exp(
m
m
m c
(84b)
2
1
3
c
d =
(84c)
2
2
4
c
d =
(84d)
2
3
5
m
c
d =
(84e)
withthehorizontalboundarieslocatedaty=1/2.
a)
b)
FIGS. 12 EXACT SOLUTION FOR THE CASE OF MIXED
MARANGONITHERMOVIBRATIONAL CONVECTION IN
INFINITE LAYER WITH ADIABATIC BOUNDARIES (Pr=1, Ma=1,
u=90,Ra
e
=5,O=1).
Sol ut i ons i n t he Pr esenc e of St at i c and
Uni f or m Magnet i c Fi el ds
In many material processing techniques, a magnetic
fieldis commonlyused tocontrol theliquidflows. Its
action can lead to the braking of the flow (i.e. the
reductionoftherateofconvectivetransport)ortothe
dampingofpossibleoscillatoryconvectiveinstabilities.
Forthesereasons,anumberoftheoreticalstudieshave
appeared during recent years concerning the effect of
magnetic fields on the basic flow motion in several
geometrical models of semiconductor growth
techniques.
The present section illustrates the effect of a constant
magnetic field (static and uniform) on the
fundamental solutions for gravitational and
Marangoniconvectionintroducedinearliersections.
PhysicalPrinciplesandGoverningEquations
Themotionofanelectricallyconductingmeltundera
magneticfieldinduceselectriccurrents.Lorentzforces,
resulting from the interaction between the electric
currentsandthemagneticfield,affecttheflow.
In the following, as stated in the title of the present
subsection, the physics of the problem and the
introductionofthecorrespondingmodelequationsare
considered for the simple and representative case of
constantmagneticfields.
A uniform magnetic field with magnetic flux density
(alsoreferredtoasmagneticinduction)Bogeneratesa
damping Lorentz force through the aforementioned
electric currents induced by the motion across the
magnetic field that in dimensional form can be
expressed as
L f
F J B = .
where
f
J
is the electrical
current density. Like other body forces (e.g., the
buoyancy forces), an account for this force can be
yielded simply adding a relevant term to the
momentumequation.
Following this approach, scaling the magnetic flux
density with Bo and the electric current density
f
J

with oeVrefBo, the momentum equation including the
Lorentz force, can be written in nondimensional form
(assuming as usual Vref=o/d) and in the absence of
phasetransitionsas:
| | ( )
Bo f g
i J Ha i RaT V V V p
t
V
. + V + V V =
2 2
Pr Pr Pr
c
c

(85)
whereHaisthesocalledHartmannnumber
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12
2 / 1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
v
o
e
o
d B Ha
(86)
oeistheelectricalconductivityandiBotheunitvector
inthedirectionofBo.
Thenondimensionalelectriccurrentdensity
f
J
canbe
expressedviatheOhmslawforamovingfluidas:
Bo f
i V E J . + = (87)
whereEistheelectricfieldnormalizedbyVrefBo.Since
(see Lappa, 2010), in many cases of technological
interest) the unsteady induced field is negligible, in
particular, the electric field can be written as the
gradientofanelectricpotential:
e
E u V =
(88)
Theconservationoftheelectriccurrentdensitygives:
0 = V
f
J
(89)
which combined with eq. (88) leads to a Poisson
equationfortheelectricpotential:
( ) V i i V
Bo Bo e
. V = . V = u V
2
(90)
Finally,themomentumequationcanberewrittenas:
| |
( )
Bo Bo e
g
i i V Ha
i RaT V V V p
t
V
. . + u V +
V + V V =
2
2
Pr
Pr Pr
c
c
(91)
BuoyantConvectionwithaMagneticField
Thesimplestmodelinsuchacontextistheflowinan
infinite planar liquid metal layer confined between
two horizontal solid walls driven by a horizontal
temperature gradient (the canonical infinite Hadley
flow whose general properties have been treated in a
previoussectionintheabsenceofmagneticfields).
Notably, for electrically insulating horizontal walls
such a flow admits analytical expression even in the
cases in which it is subjected to a magnetic field with
direction vertical or parallel to the applied
temperaturegradient,orevendirectedspanwisetothe
basicflow(seeFig.13).

FIG. 13 SKETCH OF LIQUID LAYER UNDER THE EFFECT OF A
HORIZONTAL TEMPERATURE GRADIENT AND A MAGNETIC
FIELD WITH VERTICAL, STREAMWISE OR SPANWISE
DIRECTION.
In the case of vertical field, the analytic solution (see,
e.g.,Kaddecheetal.,2003)reads:
(

= y
Ha
Hay
Ha
Ra
u
) 2 / sinh( 2
) sinh(
2
(92)
(

+ + = y
y
Ha
Hay
Ha Ha
Ra
x T q
6 ) 2 / sinh(
) sinh(
2
1
3
2 2
(93)
with the horizontal boundaries located at y=1/2 and
theparameterqgivenby:
) 2 / sinh( 2
) 2 / cosh(
8
1
Ha Ha
Ha
= q
(94a)
foradiabaticboundariesand
2
1
24
1
Ha
= q
(94b)
forconductingboundaries.
If a horizontal magnetic field parallel to the applied
temperature gradient (magnetic field applied along
the xdirection) is considered, there is no direct effect
of the field on the parallel flow in the layer as the
velocity is parallel to the field direction (
Bo
V i 0 . =
),
which (taking into account eqs. (87)(90)) leads to the
vanishingoftheproductiontermineq.(91).Thebasic
flow is, hence, the flow without magnetic field given
byeq.(18).
For a magnetic field still horizontal but directed
spanwise to the basic flow (i.e. a magnetic field
applied along the zdirection), the basic parallel flow
inthelayerisstilltheflowwithoutmagneticfield.
A justification for such a behavior is not
straightforward as one would assume, and deserves
somespecificadditionalinsights.
First of all, it has to be noted that as long as we
consider the basic flow as being horizontally
homogeneous, the electric field induced by the liquid
motion is uniform and directed perpendicular to the
planeofthelayer.Zerocirculationofthisfield(related
tothefundamentalirrotationalnatureofelectricfields
when steady magnetic fields are considered) implies
thatnoelectriccurrentsclosingwithintheliquidlayer
can be induced, but the electric impermeability of the
horizontalboundariesalsoprecludesthepossibilityof
any electric current passing normally through the
layer; thereby, insulating horizontal walls lead to a
separation of electric charges over the depth of the
layer, so giving rise to an electrostatic field which
Review of Applied Physics (RAP) Volume 1 Issue 1, December 2012 www.seipub.org/rap
13
cancelsthatinducedbytheliquidmotion.Asaresult,
there is no electric current induced by a horizontally
uniform basic flow in a coplanar magnetic field and,
therefore, there is no direct influence of the magnetic
fieldonthebasicflow.
MarangoniFlowwithaMagneticField
Notably, like the Hadley flow discussed before, also
the infinite surfacetensiondriven flow admits
analytical expression under the effect of a magnetic
field.
Inparticular,ifthemagneticfieldisparalleltothefree
surface, i.e. satisfies Biy=0 (hereafter referred to as
coplanar field), then, following the same arguments
alreadyprovidedfortheinfiniteHadleyflow,itcanbe
concluded that the field has no influence on the basic
flow, and consequently the parallel flow remains the
sameaswithoutit(thisisexactlythereturnflowgiven
byeq.(20)).
By contrast, if the magnetic field is perpendicular to
the free surface the analytic solution (neglecting
exponentially small terms for strong magnetic field
Ha>>1)becomes(Priedeetal.,1995):

+
(

|
.
|

\
|
= Ha y
Ha
Ma u
2
1
exp
1

)
`

|
.
|

\
|
+
2 2
1
2
1
exp
1
Ha
Ha y
Ha
(95)

+
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
| +
= Ha y
Ha
y
Ha
y
Ma x T
2
1
exp
1
2
1
3 2

)
`

|
.
|

\
|
+ + Ha y
Ha Ha
y
2
1
exp
1
4 3
(96)
where, as usual, the horizontal boundaries are
assumed to be located at y=1/2 and Ma= oTd
2
/o (
being the rate of uniform temperature increase along
the x axis and d the depth of the layer), Ha=Bod
(oe/v)
1/2
.
REFERENCES
Birikh R.V., (1966), Thermocapillary convection in a
horizontal fluid layer, J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phys. 7: 43
49.
BirikhR.V.,(1990),Vibrationalconvectioninaplanelayer
with a longitudinal temperature gradient, Fluid
Dynamics, 25(4): 500503. Translated from Izvestiya
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No.
4,pp.1215,JulyAugust,1990.
DelgadoBuscalioniR.andCrespodelArcoE.,(2001),Flow
and heat transfer regimes in inclined differentially
heatedcavities,Int.J.HeatMassTransfer,44:19471962.
Drazin P. and Howard L.N., (1966), Hydrodynamic
stability of parallel flow of inviscid fluid, Adv. Appl.
Mech.,9:189.
GershuniG.Z.andZhukhovitskiiE.M.,(1979),Freethermal
convection in a vibrational field under conditions of
weightlessness,Sov.Phys.Dokl.,24(11):894896.
Hadley G., (1735), Concerning the cause of the general
tradewinds,Phil.Trans.Roy.Soc.Lond.,29:5862.
KaddecheS.,HenryD.andBenHadidH.,(2003),Magnetic
stabilization of the buoyant convection between infinite
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J.FluidMech.,480:185216.
Lappa M., (2010), Thermal Convection: Patterns, Evolution
andStability,JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd,700pp.ISBN13:
9780470699942, ISBN10: 0470699949, John Wiley &
Sons,Ltd(2010,Chichester,England).
Lappa M., (2004), Fluids, Materials and Microgravity:
Numerical Techniques and Insights into the Physics,
538 pp, ISBN13: 9780080445083, ISBN10: 00804
4508X,ElsevierScience(2004,Oxford,England).
Lappa M., (2012), Rotating Thermal Flows in Natural and
IndustrialProcesses,540pp.ISBN13:978111996079
9, ISBN10: 1119960797, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (2012,
Chichester,England).
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instabilities in liquid metal: Hartmann number versus
Prandtlnumber,Magnetohydrodynamics,31(4):420428.
Rosenbluth M.N. and Simon A., (1964), Necessary and
sufficient conditions for the stability of plane parallel
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Suresh V. and Homsy G.M., (2001), Stability of return
thermocapillary flows under gravity modulation, Phys.
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thermocapillarity,Phys.Fluids,26(10):28802886.

www.seipub.org/rap Review of Applied Physics (RAP) Volume 1 Issue 1, December 2012

14
Marcello Lappa is Senior Researcher and Activity
Coordinator at Telespazio (formerly, Microgravity
Advanced Research and Support Center). He has about 100
publications(mostofwhichassingleauthor)inthefieldsof
fluid motion and stability behavior, organic and inorganic
materials sciences and crystal growth, multiphase flows,
solidification, biotechnology and biomechanics, methods of
numerical analysis in computational fluid dynamics and
heat/mass transfer, high performance computing (parallel
machines). In 2004 he authored the book Fluids, Materials
and Microgravity: Numerical Techniques and Insights into
thePhysics(2004),ElsevierScience,thatowingtothetopics
treated is currently used as a reference book in the field of
microgravity disciplines and related applications. He is
EditorinChief (2005present) of the international scientific
Journal Fluid Dynamics and Materials Processing (ISSN
1555256X). In 2010 he authored the book Thermal
Convection: Patterns Evolution and Stability (2010), John
Wiley&Sons,inwhichacritical,focusedandcomparative
study of different types of thermal convection typically
encountered in natural or technological contexts
(thermogravitational, thermocapillary and
thermovibrational) was elaborated (including the effect of
magnetic fields and other means of flow control). He
extended the treatment of thermal convection to the case of
rotating fluids in a subsequent book (Rotating Thermal
Flows in Natural and Industrial Processes, John Wiley &
Sons, 2012), expressly conceived for a broader audience of
students (treating not only fluid mechanics, thermal,
mechanicalandmaterialsengineering,butalsometeorology,
oceanography, geophysics and atmospheric phenomena in
othersolarsystembodies).Inrecentyears,hehastakencare
oftheactivities(atTelespazio)forpreparationandexecution
of space experiments in the field of fluids onboard the
International Space Station (ISS) in direct cooperation with
NASA on behalf of the European Space Agency (ESA).
Related activities include: design of the mission scenario
(Mission Operation Implementation Concept); development
of all the products required to manage the payload
(procedures, payload regulations, joint operation interfaces,
payload technical support concept, certification of flight
readiness);coordinationofexperimentscienceteams.