Switching: Router on Stick: Traffic going from one VLAN to other must travel up the trunk to the router

and then back down the same trunk. The trunk between router and switch called router and stick. What is difference between Frame-relay and MPLS? 1. What are the company's WAN objectives? o Does company simply need to connect remote offices to a central location for server resource access? o Are there any critical applications such as voice that must run across the WAN? 2. Is cost a primary decision factor? 3. How much bandwidth do I really need? Frame Relay: 1. Require a private network but do not want to pay for dedicated private links to each location, you may consider Frame Relay. 2. Frame Relay is a cost effective technology when cost is a factor, you can pay for a lower rate of bandwidth than with a dedicated point to point link. 3. Frame Relay has no quality of service (QoS). MPLS: 1. If you have Quality of Service (QoS) sensitive applications running across your WAN then you should consider MPLS. 2. The primary difference with MPLS is that you can purchase quality of service for applications across your WAN. 3. During the provisioning process the carrier will order to determine which applications are important to your business, they will then build a QoS template to service these applications on your WAN. These applications will be given priority over all other traffic in times of peak load. What is difference between Routing and Switching? Switching: 1. Switching involves moving packets between devices on the same network. 2. Switches operate at layer 2 of the OSI Model. 3. Packet should be sent by examining the MAC address within the data link header of the packet. 4. A switch maintains a database of MAC addresses and what port they are connected to. Routing: 1. Routing involves moving packets between different networks. 2. Routers operate at layer 3 of the OSI Model. 3. A router is able to determine where to send a packet using the Network ID within the Network layer header. 4. It then uses the routing table to determine the route to the destination host. How you will configure Policy map? Bandwidth allocation based on interface.

A network engineer at SP want to allocate 30mbps bw on an internet DS3 link for traffic coming from server to Internet router Ethernet segment. Class-map SERVER Match input-interface fast Ethernet 1/1 Policy-map FEBANDWIDTH Class SERVER Bandwidth 30000 Interface HSSI 0/0 Service-policy output FEBANDWIDTH Simple configuration for QoS Class-based WFQ. Class-map GOLD Match access-group 101 Policy-map goldservice Class GOLD Bandwidth 500 Interface serial 0 Service-policy output goldservice Access-list 101 permit ip any any

E1 PRI Configuration. Controller E1 1/3 Framing no-crc4 Channel-group 1 timeslots 1-31 Description PANJIM E1 SMA-3 29

Layer 3 Switching: 1. the switch performs only hardware-based packet switching

2. Layer 3 switches can be placed anywhere in the network because they handle high-performance LAN traffic and can cost-effectively replace routers. 3. Layer 3 switching is all hardware-based packet forwarding, and all packet forwarding is handled by hardware ASICs. The benefits of layer 3 switching include the following Hardware-based packet forwarding High-performance packet switching High-speed scalability Low latency Lower per-port cost Flow accounting Security

Quality of service (QoS)

MLS: Multi-layer switching combines layer 2, 3, and 4 switching technologies and provides high-speed scalability with low latency Multi-layer switching can make routing/switching decisions based on the following

MAC source/destination address in a Data Link frame IP source/destination address in the Network layer header Protocol field in the Network layer header Port source/destination numbers in the Transport layer header

STP:

1. Spanning tree protocols executes an algorithm called spanning tree algorithms. 2. This algorithm chooses a reference point in the network and calculates the redundant paths to that reference point. 3. After it find all the link in the network, the Spanning tree algorithms chooses one path on which to forward frames and shut the redundant links to stop any network loops occurring in the network. 4. By electing a root bridge that will decide on the network topology. 5. There can be only one Root Bridge in the network. a. Root bridge ports are called designated ports b. Designated ports operate as in forwarding state. c. Forwarding state ports send & receive traffic. 6. If you have any other switch in the network, they are called non-root bridges. a. The port that has lowest cost to the root bridge is called root port. b. Root port send and receive traffic. c. The other port on the bridge considered as a non-designated ports. d. Non-designated ports can not send / receive traffic. e. This is blocking mode.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Layer 2 link management protocol Provide redundancy in the Layer 2 network Prevent loop in the STP domain. Only send out BPDU when they are received one on their root port.

Spanning Tree Protocol Timers Variable Hello timer Description Determines how often the switch broadcasts hello messages to other switches.

Forward delay Determines how long each of the listening and timer learning states will last before the port begins forwarding. Maximum age Determines the amount of time protocol information timer received on a port is stored by the switch.

STP five states: 1. Blocking 2. Listening 3. Learning 4. Forwarding

5. Disabled The major difference between RSTP and STP Is how they avoid temporary loops? 1. STP did it with a timer. 2. RSTP coordinates between neighbors to turn on links more quickly after topology changes. PVST: Per Vlan Spanning tree: 1. Maintains a spanning tree instance for each vlan configured in the network. 2. It uses ISL trunking and allows vlans trunk to be forwarding for the same some vlan and blocking for the other vlan. 3. Treat each vlan as a separate network. 4. It has the ability to load balance traffic by forwarding some vlans on one trunk and others vlans on other trunk without causing loop in the network. 5. Cisco proprietary. 6. Supports on ISL trunk. Per Vlan Spanning tree + (PVST+): 1. Same as PVST. 2. Additionally supports 802.1Q 3. Supports on Non Cisco device. RSTP: Provides for faster spanning tree convergence after a topology change Features: Faster network convergence 1. port fast 2. uplink fast 3. backbone fast Port Fast: 1. Used to make point-to-point port between port and server / desktop. 2. Immediately enter into forwarding mode by decreasing learning and listening states time. 3. Switches send out BPDUs every hello time, with the current information. Configuration: RA(config)#int fa0/0 RA(config-if)#switchport mode access RA(config-if)#spanning-tree portfast Uplink Fast: 1. Used to minimize the network downtime when the network topology changes. 2. Beings with forwarding mode from blocking mode.

3. Must be used at access-layer side. RA (config-if) #spanning-tree uplink fast Backbone Fast: 1. If the switch finds an alternative path to the root bridge, it uses this enw path. 2. This new path and any other new alternate path, will be used to send a Root Link Query BPDU. By turning on backbone fast. 3. The Root link Query BPDU are sent as soon as an inferior BPDU received. 4. This can be enable faster convergence if any backbone link fails. RA(config-if)#spanning-tree uplink fast MSTP: Multiple Spanning tree protocol 1. Number of spanning tree instances can be created. 2. Create STP domain and then map vlans to those instances. How to configure Inter Vlan routing? How you will configure campus Network? How you will configure HSRP for LAN?

Enabling VTP Pruning Pruning increases available bandwidth by restricting flooded traffic to those trunk links that the traffic must use to access the destination devices. You can only enable VTP pruning on a switch in VTP server mode. Ether channels: 1. An EtherChannel consists of separate Fast Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet links can bundled into a single logical link 2. It supports eight switches in the bundling 3. When you create an EtherChannel for Layer 2 interfaces, a logical interface is dynamically created 4. Then manually assign an interface to the EtherChannel by using the channelgroup interface configuration command. PAgP and LACP is used for auto ether channels.

The Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP) and Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) automatic creation of EtherChannels by exchanging packets between Ethernet interfaces. PAgP is a Cisco-proprietary protocol that can be run only on Cisco switches LACP is defined in IEEE 802.3AD and allows Cisco switches to manage Ethernet channels between switches that conform to the 802.3AD protocol. By using one of these protocols,

a switch learns the identity of partners capable of supporting either PAgP or LACP and learns the capabilities of each interface. It then dynamically groups similarly configured interfaces into a single logical link (channel or aggregate port); these interfaces are grouped based on hardware, administrative, and port parameter constraints. PAgP: configured in the auto or desirable modes only. Not in on mode. LACP: configured in the active and passive modes only. Not in on mode.