List of formulas

Differentiation Integration
( )
d
0
d
a
x
= d a x ax C = +

( )
1
d
d
n n
x nx
x

=
1
n
d , 1
1
n
x
x x C n
n
+
= +
+

d
sin cos
d
x x
x
= cos d sin x x x C = +

d
cos sin
d
x x
x
= sin d cos x x x C = +

2
d
tan sec
d
x x
x
=
2
sec d tan x x x C = +

tan d ln sec x x x C = +

d
sec sec tan
d
x x x
x
= sec tan d sec x x x x C = +

sec d ln sec tan x x x x C = + +

d
cosec cosec cot
d
x x x
x
= cosec cot d cosec x x x x C = +

cosec d ln cosec cot x x x x C = + +

2
d
cot cosec
d
x x
x
=
2
cosec d cot x x x C = +

cot d ln sin x x C = +

1
2
d 1
sin
d
1
x
x
x

1
2 2
1
d sin
x
x C
a
a x

(
(

= +

1
2
d 1
cos
d
1
x
x
x

NONE use
1
2 2
1
d sin
x
x C
a
a x

(
(

= +

1
2
d 1
tan
d 1
x
x x

=
+

1
2 2
1 1
d tan
x
x C
a x a a

(
(

= +
+

( )
d 1
ln
d
x
x x
=
1
d ln x x C
x
= +

d
d
x x
e e
x
= d
x x
e x e C = +

d
ln
d
x x
a a a
x
=
1
d
ln
x x
a x a C
a
= +

2 2
1 1
d ln
2
x a
x C
x a a x a

(
(

= +
+


2 2
1 1
d ln
2
a x
x C
a x a a x

(
(

+
= +



Highlighted formulas are in MF15

For integration formula, if you replace x with ( ) f x , you must put a ( ) f ' x in front.
Eg
1
n
d , 1
1
n
x
x x C n
n
+
= +
+

to ( ) ( )
( )
1
n
f
f ' f d , 1
1
n
x
x x x C n
n
+
(

= + (

+

List of rules

Differentiation Integration
Chain rule
d d d
d d d
y y t
x t x
= , where t is any variable.

Substitution



Product rule
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
d d d
u v u v v u
d d d
x x x x x x
x x x
= + (


Integration by parts

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) d u
u v d u v d v d d
d
x
x x x x x x x x x
x

(
(

=



Some tricks
1. Differentiate or integrate terms that will
reduce its complexity.
2. Apply by parts more than once.
Do not change the term for integration and
differentiation.
3. Add in the 1
eg dx x dx x

= ln 1 ln
4. Regrouping the terms
eg ( )( )

= dx xe x dx e x
x x
2 2
2 3

5. Recurrence
Do not change the term for integration and
differentiation.
Quotient rule
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
d d
v u u v
u
d
d d
d v
v
x x x x
x
x x
x x
x

| |
=
|
|
(
\



Implicit differentiation
Use of chain rule. Eg

( )
2
d d
2
d d
y
y y
x x
=

2
2
d d d
d d d
y y
x x x
| |
=
|
\

Taking ln on both sides to bring down the
power. Eg
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
sin
ln ln sin
ln ln sin
1 d 1
cos ln sin 1
d sin
d
cot ln sin
d
x
x
y x
y x
y x x
y
x x x
y x x
y
y x x x
x
=
=
=
| |
( = +
|
\
= +



Integration of trigonometry functions

1

n
cos sin

n
sin cos
Let ( ) f cos x =
Let ( ) f sin x =
2 n n cos sin Use identity
A A A cos sin 2 2 sin =
n n n 2 sin
2
1
cos sin =
3 n m cos sin , n m
If n m = , it is case 2
Use factor formula
( ) ( ) | | B A B A B A + + = sin sin
2
1
cos sin
( ) ( ) | | B A B A B A + + = cos cos
2
1
cos cos
( ) ( ) | | B A B A B A + = cos cos
2
1
sin sin
4 Even power

n 2
cos ,
n 2
sin
Use
2 2
sin 2 1 1 cos 2 2 cos = =
5 Odd power

1 2
cos
+ n
,
1 2
sin
+ n

1. Change power to even + 1

n n 2 1 2
cos cos cos =
+


n n 2 1 2
sin sin sin =
+

2. Use 1 cos sin
2 2
= +
3. Let ( ) f cos x = if sin is the odd
power or ( ) f sin x = if cos is
the off power.

Example

( )

C
d
d
d
d
+ =
=
=
=





7 5
1 case
6
1 case
4
4 2
4 2
4 3
sin
7
1
sin
5
1
sin cos sin cos
sin sin 1 cos
sin cos cos
sin cos


6 Substitution
(guided)
2 2
x a
sin a x = or cos a x =
Since 1 cos sin
2 2
= +
2 2
x a +
tan a x =
Since
2 2
sec 1 tan = +
2 2
a x
sec a x =
Since
2 2
sec 1 tan = +

Thinks to check and do before integrating

1
( ) x Q
1

a)
b ax +
1

Let ( ) f x ax b = +
b) ( ) x Q can be
factorised
Use partial fraction and integrate the different
fractions (starts again from case 1).
c)
2 2
1
x a +
Formula C
a
x
a
dx
x a
+ =
(

+
1
2 2
tan
1 1

d)
2 2
1
x a
Formula C
x a
x a
a
dx
x a
+

+
=
(

ln
2
1 1
2 2

e)
2 2
1
a x
Formula C
a x
a x
a
dx
a x
+
+

=
(

ln
2
1 1
2 2

f)
2
1
ax bx c + +

1. Complete the square.
2. Let ( ) f x be the squared term.
3. It will be reduced to case 1c), 1d) or 1e)
2
2
dx e
ax bx c
+
+ +

Split into
( )
2 2 2
2 A ax b
dx e B
ax bx c ax bx c ax bx c
+
+
= +
+ + + + + +

Compare coefficient to find A and B .
( )
2
2 A ax b
ax bx c
+
+ +
solved by letting ( )
2
f x ax bx c = + +
2
B
ax bx c + +
solved using case 1f.
3
( ) x Q
1

a)
b ax +
1

Let ( ) f x ax b = +
b)
2 2
1
x a
Formula
1
2 2
1
d sin
x
x C
a
a x

(
(

= +

c)
2 2
1
x a +

Substitution tan a x = (guided)
d)
2 2
1
a x

Substitution sec a x = (guided)
e)
2
1
ax bx c + +

1. Complete the square.
2. Let ( ) f x be the squared term.
3. It will be reduced to case 3b), 3c) or 3d)
4
2
dx e
ax bx c
+
+ +

Split into
( )
2 2 2
2 A ax b
dx e B
ax bx c ax bx c ax bx c
+
+
= +
+ + + + + +

Compare coefficient to find A and B .
( )
2
2 A ax b
ax bx c
+
+ +
solved by letting
( )
2
f x ax bx c = + +
2
B
ax bx c + +
solved using case 3.
5
( )
( ) x
x
Q
P

1. Proper fraction? If not convert to proper
fraction.
2. Convert to partial fraction if possible.
3. Case 1 or 2.