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CHAPTER 3 ENVIRONMENTAL BASE LINE DATA 3.1 GENERAL

The objective of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is to ascertain the baseline environmental conditions and then assess the impacts as a result of the proposed project during various phases of the project cycle. Identification of environmental parameters, data collection and impact predictions form the core of Environmental Assessment process. A Scoping matrix has been formulated to identify the attributes likely to be affected due to proposed project and presented as Table 3.1. The environmental baseline includes inventory of physical, ecological and socio-economic parameters. The data has been compiled for: Land Environment (land use, geology, seismology and soils); Water Environment (water resources, water use, water quality, hydrology); Air Environment (air quality); Noise Environment (noise levels); Ecological Environment (terrestrial ecology); and Socio-Economic Environment (demography, socio-economic, public health)

Based on environmental scoping matrix and project setting, the attributes likely to be affected are identified for baseline data generation. The information presented in this chapter has been collected from various sources. Majority of data has been collected from field studies. Field studies have been carried out in July 2007 to generate primary data on water, noise, soil, air quality, ecology and socio-economics at the project site. Formal and informal discussions were held with the local people, project affected people and local government/non-government organizations. These have provided very useful information, which have been integrated while preparing this report. Information on project facilities, size, magnitude and cost of the construction activities, geology and, seismology of the project site has been taken from the Supplementary DPR (May, 2007). Photographs of field visits are placed as Annexure-3.1 Study of literature, books, maps and reports have also provided useful secondary data on the project. The methodology adopted for data collection is highlighted wherever necessary and the frequency adopted for data collection for environmental attributes is summarized in Table 3.2. TABLE 3.1 SCOPING MATRIX Likely Impacts

Aspect Of Environment A. LAND ENVIRONMENT Construction Phase Change of land use Pollution by construction spoils Problems due to muck disposal from work camp B. WATER RESOURCES & WATER QUALITY Construction Phase Increase in turbidity of nearby receiving water bodies Degradation of water quality due to disposal of wastes from construction sites. Operation Phase
CHAPTER 3

Increase of water demand

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Likely Impacts Impact to water quality of water body by sewage water Oil/fuel and waste spills Use of rain water harvesting C. TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY Construction Phase Loss of trees Operation Phase D. SOCIO-ECONOMICS Construction Phase Operation Phase E. AIR POLLUTION Construction Phase Green belt development Land Acquisition Improved employment potential during project construction phase Development of allied sectors leading to greater employment. Pressure on existing infrastructure facilities such as electric line, etc. Real estate value enhancement and increased commercial activity Impacts due to emissions generated by construction machinery and Diesel Generator sets Increase in SPM Impacts due to increased vehicular movement Less air pollution Noise due to operation of various equipment Noise due to increased vehicular movement Noise due to more human activities Impact on Noise from Depot Traffic congestion due to construction material truck movement Increased traffic Increased incidence of water related diseases Transmission of diseases by immigrant labour population Less diseases due to less pollution

Aspect Of Environment

Operation Phase F. NOISE POLLUTION Construction Phase

Operation Phase G. Traffic Pattern Construction Phase Operation Phase H. PUBLIC HEALTH Construction Phase Operation Phase

TABLE 3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES AND FREQUENCY OF MONITORING

S. No Attribute Parameter Frequency Source

LAND ENVIRONMENT 1 Soil 2 Geology 3 Seismology

CHAPTER 3

Soil Characteristics Geological Status Seismic Hazard

3.2

--------

Field studies and project report Literature review Literature review

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S. No

Attribute

Parameter

Frequency

Source

WATER ENVIRONMENT 4 Water Quality

Physical, Chemical and Biological parameters AIR, NOISE AND METEOROLOGY 5 Ambient Air Quality RSPM, SPM, SO2,,NOx, CO, HC 6 Meteorology Temperature, Relative humidity, Rainfall 7 Noise Noise levels in dB (A) SCIO-ECONOMIC 8 Socio-economic Socio-economic characteristic of the aspects affected area

One Season

Field studies/literature review

One Season Data One Season ---

Field Studies/literature review India Meteorological Department/literature review Field monitoring Field Studies, Literature review.

3.2

PHYSIOGRAPHY

Kolkata is located in eastern India at 2233 N, 8820 E in the Ganges Delta at an elevation ranging between 1.5 to 9 metres. It is spread linearly along the banks of the River Hooghly in a north-south direction. Much of the city was originally a vast wetland, reclaimed over the decades to accommodate the city's burgeoning population. The Sundarbans National Park separates the city from the Bay of Bengal, which is located about 154 km to the south. The slope is about 0.3m per km. Kolkata is situated mainly on densely consolidated alluvial soil of quaternary period. The upper layer of soil is, however, presumed to be of tertiary and Mesozoic periods. 3.3 SOILS AND GEOLOGY

Like the most of the Indo-Gangetic plains, the predominant soil type is alluvial. Quaternary sediments consisting of clay, silt, various grades of sand and gravel underlie the city. These sediments are sandwiched between two clay beds, the lower one at depths between 250 and 650 m and the upper one ranging between 10 and 40 m in thickness. Kolkatta Metropolitan area is located on the lower deltaic plain of the composite Ganga-Bhagirathi delta and is covered by the sediments deposited by the river system flowing through the area during quaternary era. The sub surface geology of the area is completely obscured by a blanket of Recent sediments. The upper 300m of sediments are of Quaternary era and consists of alternations of clay, silt, sand and occasional pebble beds. Formation belonging to the Quaternary system are principal depository of the ground water in the area. Although lithological characters of these formations are fairly well known from the study of the boreholes logs. The demarcation of the boundary between the Pleistocene and Holocene ages in the vertical sequences has not been possible due to variety of reasons like absence of lithological contrasts, texture, colour etc. and inadequacy of faunal and floral evidences. In order to ascertain the quality and nature of soil within the vicinity of the project site, three soil sample were collected from the Depot Site. The sample were tested for physical and chemical properties. The results of soil analysis is presented in Table 3.3

CHAPTER 3

3.3

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TABLE 3.3 PHYSIO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS Sample /Parameter Soil Sample Soil sample Soil Sample Near Gate backside of Near lake office building pH 7.1 6.8 7.3 Texture Sand (%) Silt (%) Clay (%) Nitrogen (%) Phosphate (%) K (%) Ca (%) Mg (%) Na (%) Organic matter (%) 72.8 10.1 17.1 0.16 0.018 0.084 0.24 <0.01 0.049 8.72 70.7 8.4 20.9 0.12 0.021 0.077 0.21 <0.01 0.042 8.32 81.30 7.8 10.9 0.05 0.012 0.062 0.11 <0.01 0.030 0.18

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Source: Consultant study

Soil results shows that the soil is slightly alkaline is nature near gate and near lake. The texture results shows that the soil is mostly sandy is nature. 3.4 HYDROLOGICAL FEATURES

Kolkata Municipal Corporation area is underlain by Quaternary sediment consisting of a sequence of alternation of clay, silty clay, sand and sand mixed with occasional gravel. The sediments exhibit typical deltaic deposition showing facies variation at a few places with transition from aquiclude to aquitard. Sand and pebble form the aquifer materials. Although clay lenses often occur within the sand beds and individuals sand beds often tend to thicker and thin out depending upon sedimentary facies variation. The principal productive aquifers generally occurs within the depth span of 60-180m. A minor aquifer zone consisting of fine to medium sand has also been found to exist within the depth span of 20-40m. The average rainfall of 140-152cm observed in the area would ensure considerable percolation to recharge the ground water aquifers. Ground water occurs both shallow and deep under unconfined and confined conditions. In Ballyganj Dhakuria and Kasb area shallow zone occurs under unconfined conditions at a depth of 12m below ground level. In the western part of KMC area specially in Garden Barisha sector, aquifers upto 130m are brackish and those below 160m are fresh water. Where as in the north-east sector Barish towards Kalighat the brackish-fresh water profile reverses with a thick fresh water aquifer overlying the brakish water aquifers. This aquifer extends eastwards to Jadavpur Kasba area. In Santoshpur area, brackish water aquifers occur from top to a depth of 300m below ground level. In Fort William Ballyganj Beliaghata sector fresh water aquifer occurs down to the depth of 120m a nd is underlain by brackish water aquifer. In Dum Dum and Kasilpur areas fresh water aquifer exist from 12m to 200m below ground level. Fresh water aquifer is also observed at a depth of 60-100m in Kalighat Garia area. The ground water potential is reported about 90-120m 3/hour. 3.4.1 Surface Water Sources

The river Hoogly is the only source of surface water supply. During the British period, sometime in 1870, a water works was set up at Palta about 30 Km North of the city to
CHAPTER 3 3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL BASE LINE DATA

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harness river water. From Palta, water is taken down to Tala reservoirs along the Barrackpore road from where the treated water is distributed to different parts of the city through four zonal mains and a vast network of smaller water lines. Since long, the Pala Tala system with a capacity 727 mld was the source of surface water for water supply to the city. Due to rapid growth of population, increase in salinity in the Hoogly River, excessive leakage through old pipe network and loss of pressure head due to long conveyance, the situation becomes increasingly difficult to maintain adequate water supply in the city. But with construction of Farakka Barrage and diversion of sweet water to the river Hoogli there has been marked reduction in the salinity of river water. After the establishment of the KMDA, developmental works for improvement of surface to KMC and other towns in the Kolkatta Municipal area have been undertaken. In seventies the water works at Palta was modernized. Subsequently two intermediate reservoirs and booster pumping stations were set up at Raja Subodh Mallik Square and Auckland Square. These have proved very effective in improving water supply to South Kolkatta. In 1982 a new water works was set up at Garden Reach to supply water to new KMC area like Behala, Garden Reach, Tollygunj and Jadavpur. 3.4.2 Ground water

Due to large-scale withdrawal of groundwater from the confined aquifers, a depression of piezometric surface in Central and South Central Kolkata has developed. The magnitude of the depression is 6-8 metres, and has developed over a period of about 40 years (1958-98) in the core sector covering Narkeldanga- Park Circus Bhowanipur. As a result, the general southerly flow in the confined aquifers has become radial in a much larger area surrounding the cone of depression. The central part of Kolkata Municipal Corporation area is drawing water from all directions resulting in its radial flow. The predominance of impervious clay in the near surface strata of Kolkata area and its immediate neighborhood inhibits local recharge to deeper aquifers in Kolkata area. The direction of ground water flow indicate that the recharge area for Kolkata region lies in the north and western part of the Greater Kolkata region. The major aquifer of the northern part of Greater Kolkata are interconnected with the near surface ground water sand beds at Kalyani-Ranaghat and Shantipur area in Nadia district. In the west, the Cis Damodar belt similarly has extensive near surface sand beds of considerable thickness. Extensive sand is acquired from these along the belt from Tarakeswar - Nalikul Mogra to Pandua and adjoining region. These sand beds form favourable zones of intense recharge. 3.4.3 WATER QUALITY

Water availability and its quality will play a significant role in the project. In the extreme northern part (North of Shyambazar area) chloride concentration in ground water is above 5000mg/l. Similarly in the western part of Alipur i.e. in Garden Reach and adjacent area the chloride concentration in ground water is above 500mg/l. In the area lying between Beleaghata and Park Street chloride concentration in ground water is between 250mg/l and 500 mg/l. In Garia Jadavpur sector chloride concentration in ground water is within 250 mg/l. In the extreme northern part of KMC area iso-conductance value is above 2000 micro siemen/cm at 25OC. In Park Street Camac Street, Shyambazar, B.B.D. Bag and Dhapa areas iso-conductance value is between 1500-2000 micro siemen/cm at 25OC. In Sealdhah Beleghata Narkeldanga area and Garia Putiari
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Behala area iso-conductance value is between 1000-1500 micro siemen/cm at 25OC. In Garden Reach area iso-conductance value is more than the 1000 micro siemen/cm at 25OC. Ground water occurring in the alluvial sediments show much variation in their chemical character. In order to collect baseline data on the existing water quality, one ground water and two surface water sample were collected in the project study area and analyzed as per the procedure specified in standard methods for examination of water and wastewater published by American Public Health Association and the Bureau of Indian Standards (APHA/BIS). The results of the physio-chemical analysis are summarized in the Table 3.4 The results of the samples shows that all the parameters tested are with in the desisable lime as per IS: 10500/91 TABLE 3.4 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER SAMPLES Parameter Location Desirable limit As Surface per IS: Water 10500/91 Ground Lake Sample of (Max.) water Water tank Sample Sample backside of office pH Value 7.4 7.6 7.7 8.5 TDS (mg/l) TSS (mg/l) Iron as Fe (mg/l) Phosphates as PO4 (mg/l) Chloride as Cl (mg/I) Calcium as CaCO3 (mg/l) Sulphates as SO4 (mg/l) Total Alkalinit as HCO3 (mg/l) Nitrates as NO 3 (mg/l) Fluorides as F (mg/l) COD (mg/l) BOD3 (mg/l) Faecal Coliform/100ml ND-Not Detectable 3.5 245 21 ND 0.2 71 19 20 58 2 <1 4 1 229 15 ND 0.2 6 26 4 117 2.4 1.1 7 2 Absent 288 14 ND 0.3 91 30 16 67 2 1.1 11 4 Absent 500 0.3 250 75 200 200 45 1 -

S. No.

Permissible limit as per IS:10500/91 (Max.)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

No Relaxation 2000 Max 1 Max 100 200 400 600 No Relaxation 1.5 -

VEGETATION/FORESTRY

The project area is the urban area. There is no forest at the site earmarked for Depot. Trees do exist. Tree survey was carried to count the exact number of trees in the depot area. The main species are Peepal, Jam, Jamun, Royal, Imli, Neem, Ber, Eucalyptus, Mango. No rare or endangered species of trees were noticed during field studies. Most of the trees contain average girth size of about 30cm. About 220 trees exist on the depot site. An inventory of trees is presented in Table 3.5. It is observed that most of the trees are along the boundary wall which needs not to be cut. It is presumed that only 40% of the total trees i.e. around 90 tree will be cut.
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TABLE 3.5 TREES AT THE DEPOT SITE Tree Species Inside the campus Inside the campus along the boundary wall Peepal, 10 25 Jam, Jamun, Royal, Imli, Neem, Ber, Eucalyptus Mangos Total 13 7 13 7 20 7 2 10 89 Grand Total 16 20 18 4 25 2 12 9 131 220

Source: Consultant Field Study

3.6

METEOROLOGY AND AIR QUALITY

Meteorology is an important parameter in environmental impact assessment exercise. All air pollutants emitted by point and non-point sources are transported, dispersed or concentrated by meteorological and topographical conditions. The main parameters are: temperature, humidity, rainfall, winds and cloud cover. The meteorology and air environment of the area are discussed in subsequent sections. 3.6.1 Meteorology

Kolkata has a tropical climate. The annual mean temperature is 26.8 C (80 F). Monthly mean temperatures range from 19 C to 30 C (67 F to 86 F). Summers are hot and humid and maximum temperatures often exceed 40 C (104 F) during May and June. Winter tends to last for only about two and a half months, with seasonal lows dipping to 12 C 14 C (54 F 57 F) between December and January. The highest recorded temperature is 43.9 C (113 F) and the lowest is 5 C (41 F). Often during early summer, dusty squalls followed by spells of thunderstorm and heavy rains lash the city, bringing relief from the humid heat. These thunderstorms are convective in nature, and is locally known as Kal baisakhi (Nor'westers). Rains brought by the Bay of Bengal branch of South-West monsoon lash the city between June and September and supplies the city with most of its annual rainfall of 1,582 mm. The highest rainfall occurs during the monsoon in August (306 mm). The city receives 2,528 hours of sunshine per annum, with the maximum sunlight occurring in March. Regional Meteorology Department, Kolkata monitors meteorological parameters for Kolkata. Table 3.6 shows the mean maximum, mean minimum. mean total rainfall and mean number of rainy day of Kolkata.

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TABLE 3.6 MEAN TEMPERATURE, MEAN RAINFALL AND MEAN NUMBER OF RAINY DAYS IN KOLKATA Month Mean Temperature OC Mean Total Mean Number Rainfall of Rainy Days Daily Minimum Daily Maximum (mm) January 13.9 26.6 16.8 0.9 February 16.9 29.7 22.9 1.5 March 21.7 34.0 32.8 2.3 April 25.1 36.3 47.7 3.0 May 26.4 36.0 101.7 5.9 June 26.5 34.1 259.9 12.3 July 26.1 32.2 331.8 16.8 August 26.1 32.0 328.8 17.2 September 25.8 32.2 295.9 13.4 October 24.0 31.9 151.3 7.4 November 18.9 29.8 17.2 1.1 December 14.3 27.0 7.4 0.4
Source: http://education.vsnl.com/calweather/calidx.htm

3.6.2

Air Quality in KMA

For the City of Kolkata, monitoring of ambient air quality dates back to 1972. The monitoring stations recorded only SPM level between 1972-78, but added SO2 and NOx from 1978. This system continued to function till 1988, under Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS) programme conducted by National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) began monitoring at four stations in Howra in 1978. The West Bengal Pollution Control Board (WBPCB) contracted Centre for Study of Man and Environment (CSME) and the All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health (AIIHPH) in 1972 to monitor SPM, SO2, NOx at eight additional stations of Greater Kolkata. The results of analysis of secondary data show that in the KMA area, the SPM values are fairly high in the range of 400 micrograms per cubic meter. The annual mean SO2 concentration is comparatively less and is generally below 20 micrograms per cubic meter. The annual mean NO X concentration indicates an increasing trend, reaching around 70 microgram per cubic metre. Though SPM concentration is higher than permissible limit, SO2 and NO 2 were lower in ambient air quality of KMC. According to Central Pollution Control Board, vehicular emission load in Kolkata is 312 tons/day. Carbon dioxide is 203 tons/day, Hydrocarbons 47 tons/day, Nitrogen Oxides 53 tons/day and others 9 tons/day. The SPM, SO2 and NO x at traffic intersections were reported in increasing trend with the increase in vehicles in the city. Lead was detected at traffic intersections in past when leaded petrol was in use in vehicles. Now lead was reported in the range of 0.96 microgram per cubic meter to 7.42 micro gram per cubic meter. The main fuels used in vehicles are petrol and diesel. The main pollutants that come out from the exhaust of vehicular engines are: Carbon dioxide; Carbon monoxides; Oxides of Nitrogen,
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Oxides of Sulphur, Hydrocarbon, and Particulate Matter.

In addition to above pollutants, unburnt products like aldehydes, formaldehydes, acrolein, acetaldehyde and smoke would also be emitted from petrol and diesel operated vehicles. The concentration of these pollutants in the engine exhaust varies with the type of e ngine namely, spark ignition (petrol engine) or compression ignition (diesel engine) two stroke or four stroke engines; and also mode of engine operation. Table 3.7 gives the emission factor of major pollutants from petrol (SI), diesel (CI) and CNG engines. Diesel exhaust concentration of hydrocarbons is more than that of SI engine exhaust. Carbon monoxide concentrations in diesel engine exhaust is negligible to that of S I engines. Concentrations of oxides of nitrogen is more in diesel exhaust. Thus diesel engine exhaust contains lower concentrations of harmful pollutants like hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and therefore, it is less hazardous West Bengal pollution control is carrying out ambient air quality monitoring in Kolkata at different location for SPM, RSPM, SO2, and NOx on daily basis. Average value of monitoring results for Kolkata is presented in Table 3.8 for the month of July 2007 and a graphical representation is shown in Figure 3.1. Ambient air monitoring is also carried out by WBPCB at Salt Lake area. The result of the air monitoring at Salt Lake carried out by WBPCB is presented in Table 3.9 and the graphical representation is given in Figure 3.2. As a part of this study, ambient air quality monitoring (AAQM) has been carried out by setting up ambient air quality monitoring stations at the Depot site during July 2007. Result of ambient air quality monitoring carried out by the consultant at Depot site is presented in Table 3.10. The parameters monitored are RSPM, SPM, SO2, NOx , CO and H C. The ambient air quality data indicates all the parameters are less than the prescribed limits established by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) Table 3.11 shows the ambient air quality standards
FIGURE 3.1 AVERAGE VALUE OF MONITORING RESULTS FOR THE KOLKATA
140

120

100 Concentration ( g/m )

3

80

60

SPM RPM SO2 NOx

40

20

10/7/2007

11/7/2007

12/7/2007

13-7-2007

14-7-2007

15-7-2007

16-7-2007

17-7-2007

18-7-2007

19-7-2007

20-7-2008

21-7-2008

22-7-2009

23-7-2009

24-7-2010

25-7-2010

26-7-2011

27-7-2011

28-7-2012

29-7-2012

Date

CHAPTER 3

3.9

ENVIRONMENTAL BASE LINE DATA

30-7-2013

1/7/2007

2/7/2007

3/7/2007

4/7/2007

5/7/2007

6/7/2007

7/7/2007

8/7/2007

9/7/2007

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FIGURE 3.2 MONITORING RESULTS FOR THE SALT LAKE AREA

140

120

100 Concentration (g/m )

3

80

SPM RPM SO2 NOx

60

40

20

5/7/2007

7/7/2007

9/7/2007

13-7-2007

19-7-2007

22-7-2007

25-7-2007

Date

TABLE 3.7 EMISSION FACTORS FOR DIFFERENT VEHICLES

TYPE PCG/MUVG Passenger Car gasoline (PGCL) Multilevel Utility Vehicle Gasoline (MUVG) PCD/MUVD Passenger Car Diesel (PCD) Multi utility Vehicle Diesel (MUVD) LCV NORMS India Stage 2000 norms (Euro-I) Bharat Stage-II (Euro-II) Bharat Stage-III (Euro-III) Bharat Stage-IV (Euro-IV) India Stage 2000 norms (Euro-I) Bharat Stage-II (Euro-II) Bharat Stage-III (Euro-III) Bharat Stage-IV (Euro-IV) India Stage 2000 norms (Euro-I) Bharat Stage-II (Euro-II) Bharat Stage-III (Euro-III) Bharat Stage-IV (Euro-IV) India Stage 2000 norms (Euro-I) Bharat Stage-II (Euro-II) Bharat Stage-III (Euro-III) Bharat Stage-IV (Euro-IV) India Stage 2000 norms (Euro-I) Bharat Stage-II (Euro-II) Bharat Stage-III (Euro-III) Bharat Stage-IV (Euro-IV) 2001-2005 norms (India Stage 2000 norms) 2005-2010 norms (Bharat Stage II norms) 2001-2005 norms (India Stage 2000 norms)
3.10

Trucks

Bus

2 Wheelers 2 stroke

CO 2.4 1.98 1.39 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.58 0.50 5.1 0.72 0.64 0.50 3.6 3.2 2.8 1.4 3.6 3.2 2.8 1.4 2.2 1.4 2.2

HC 0.48 0.25 0.15 0.126 0.25 0.13 0.05 0.056 0.14 0.063 0.056 0.030 0.87 0.97 0.77 0.39 0.87 0.87 0.77 0.39 2.13 1.32 0.7

NOx 0.39 0.2 0.12 0.127 0.59 0.5 0.45 0.5 1.28 0.59 0.50 0.025 6.3 5.5 5.0 2.45 12.6 11.0 10.0 4.9 0.06 0.07 0.3

PM 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.016 0.14 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.2 0.07 0.05 0.025 0.28 0.12 0.10 0.06 0.56 0.24 0.24 0.22 0.05 0.05 0.05

2 Wheelers 4 stroke

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TYPE 3 Wheelers 2 stroke

CNG Bus 3 Wheeler 2 Stroke 3 Wheeler 4 stroke

NORMS 2005-2010 norms (Bharat Stage II norms) 2001-2005 norms (India Stage 2000 norms) 2005-2010 norms (Bharat Stage II norms) 2001 Norms 2001 Norms 2001 Norms

CO 2.4 4.3 2.45 0.66 0.29 0.29

HC 0.7 2.05 0.75 2.75 1.45 2.40

NOx 0.3 0.11 0.12 9.87 0.02 0.75

PM 0.05 0.08 0.08 0.05 -----

Source http://wbpcb.gov.in

TABLE 3.8 AVERAGE VALUE OF MONITORING RESULTS FOR THE KOLKATA Date SPM RPM SO2 NOx 3 3 3 g/m g/m g/m g/m3 1-7-2007 77 30 4 33 2-7-2007 92 33 5 44 3-7-2007 74 33 4 31 4-7-2007 70 22 4 36 5-7-2007 84 30 5 45 6-7-2007 60 19 4 40 7-7-2007 61 22 5 41 8-7-2007 70 25 4 36 9-7-2007 103 42 5 47 10-7-2007 106 42 5 44 11-7-2007 117 45 5 48 12-7-2007 89 33 4 44 13-7-2007 103 42 5 46 14-7-2007 105 38 5 40 15-7-2007 100 35 6 45 16-7-2007 74 28 5 41 17-7-2007 63 22 5 38 18-7-2007 76 27 5 49 19-7-2007 92 32 4 49 TABLE 3.9 MONITORING RESULTS FOR THE SALT LAKE AREA Date SPM RPM SO2 NOx 3 3 3 g/m g/m g/m g/m3 5-7-2007 100 33 5 49 7-7-2007 61 22 5 41 9-7-2007 83 29 4 49 13-7-2007 103 42 5 46 19-7-2007 62 22 4 53

Source http://wbpcb.gov.in

CHAPTER 3

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S. No.

Location

Source: Consultant Study

Central 4 PM to 12 Park Midnight Depot 12 Midnight to 8 AM 8 AM to 4 PM

TABLE 3.10 AIR QUALITY AT PROJECT SITE SPM RSPM SO2 NOx g/m3 g/m3 g/m3 121.0 55.0 10.5 27.0 187.0 142.0 90.01 69.0 <10.0 11.5 21.0 29.0

CO g/m3 1.1 1 1.2

HC g/m3 <10 12 <10

TABLE 3.11 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS ( g/m3) Residential, rural and other Pollutants Industrial area Sensitive area areas Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Annual Average* 80 60 15 24 hrs** 120 80 30 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) Annual Average* 80 60 15 24 hrs** 120 80 30 Suspended Particulate Matter SPM Annual Average* 360 140 70 24 hrs** 500 200 100 Respirable Particulate Matter(RPM) (size less than 10um) Annual Average* 120 60 50 24 hrs** 150 100 75 Lead (Pb) Annual Average* 1 0.75 0.5 24 hrs** 1.5 1 0.75 Carbon Monoxide (CO) Annual Average* 5000 2000 1000 24 hrs** 10000 4000 2000
Source: http://www.cpcb.nic.in/Air/Airqualitystands.html

3.7

SEISMICITY

Kolkata falls in zone III of the seismic map of India but it is very near to zone IV hence the region in and around Kolkata may be considered as seismically active and the tectonic elements of the area are considered capable of generating an earthquake of moderate to severe intensity Suitable seismic coefficients may be adopted in the design of structures commensurate to the Indian Standard seismic zoning of the country in IS.1893-2002 (after the occurrence of Gujarat Earthquake in January 2001). Seismic Zoning Map of India is placed as Figure 3.3. 3.8 NOISE

The available records indicate that since 1 989, a number of agencies and institutions
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have monitored noise within Kolkata Metropolitan Area. These are Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Department of Ecological Studies, School of Environmental Sciences, Kalyani University, West Bengal Pollution Control Board (WBPCB), Bose Institute and All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health. The noise levels in the KMC area are reported high. The regulatory mechanisms are apparently ineffective to the extent that the average ambient noise level even in the declared Silence Zone reached 79 dB (A) and 65 dB (A) during day and night respectively as against the limit of 50 dB (A) and 40 dB (A) and nearly equals to the prescribed upper limit for industrial zone Monitoring of noise level for public transport system (buses, metro-rail, trams, & suburban-trams), showed the highest value in Metro system (Max : 98 dBA with average of 92 dBA) followed by bus, tram and suburban trains (Average +- 90 dBA) at source. The results of monitoring in Public Places (Movie Hall; Market; Eateries) revealed more than 80 dBA. Finally, noise level during festival season always exceeded the normal value. RITES has measured noise levels at Depot site in July 2007 as per standard practice. The noise levels so obtained are summarised in Table 3.12. It could be concluded that the noise levels recorded at various places are higher than prescribed permissible levels of 55-dB(A) (day) and 45-dB(A) (night) for residential areas. Noise level standards are shown in Table 3.13 TABLE 3.12 NOISE LEVELS AT DEPOT SITE
Location Time 06-08 09-11 12-14 15-17 Average 18-20 21-23 Average 06-08 09-11 12-14 15-17 Average 18-20 21-23 Average 06-08 09-11 12-14 15-17 Average 18-20 21-23 Average Leq 56.50 55.20 56.00 57.00 56.18 53.20 51.50 52.35 61.00 62.30 62.50 65.20 62.75 59.20 57.60 58.40 53.50 54.60 55.70 56.80 55.15 51.20 49.85 50.53 Lmax 58.20 58.30 59.10 60.10 58.93 56.30 54.60 55.45 64.30 65.60 65.80 68.50 66.05 61.20 59.50 60.35 55.08 56.18 57.28 58.38 56.73 52.76 51.41 52.09 Lmin 54.20 52.90 53.70 54.70 53.88 50.90 49.20 50.05 58.65 59.95 60.15 62.85 60.40 56.85 55.25 56.05 51.15 52.25 53.35 54.45 52.80 48.35 47.00 47.68 Leq(day) Leq(Night)

Near Gowdown

56.18

51.50

Near Gate

62.75

57.60

Near Lake

55.15

49.85

CHAPTER 3

3.13

ENVIRONMENTAL BASE LINE DATA

EIA for Metro Depot at Central Park Kolkata for E-W Metro Corridor

RITES LTD. Urban Environmental Engineering

TABLE 3.13 NOISE LEVELS STANDARDS dB(A) CATEGORY OF ZONES Leq IN dB(A) Industrial Commercial Residential Silence Zone ** DAY * 75 65 55 50 NIGHT 70 55 45 40

Source: Central Pollution Control Board * Day Time is from 6.00 AM to 9.00 PM. ** Silence Zone is defined as an area up to 100m around premises of Hospitals, Educational Institutions and

3.9

EPILOGUE

Based on environmental baseline data documented in this chapter and project features reported in chapter 2, the environment impacts are described in chapter 4. FIGURE 3.3 SEISMIC ZONING MAP OF INDIA

CHAPTER 3

3.14

ENVIRONMENTAL BASE LINE DATA

EIA for Metro Depot at Central Park Kolkata for E-W Metro Corridor

RITES LTD. Urban Environmental Engineering

ANNEXURE 3.1

AIR MONITORING AT DEPOT SITE

SOIL SAMPLE COLLECTION AT DEPOT SITE

CHAPTER 3

3.15

ENVIRONMENTAL BASE LINE DATA

EIA for Metro Depot at Central Park Kolkata for E-W Metro Corridor

RITES LTD. Urban Environmental Engineering

LOCATION OF LAKE WATER SAMPLE

LOCATION OF SURFACE WATER SAMPLE

CHAPTER 3

3.16

ENVIRONMENTAL BASE LINE DATA

EIA for Metro Depot at Central Park Kolkata for E-W Metro Corridor

RITES LTD. Urban Environmental Engineering

GODOWNS AT DEPOT SITE

TREES AT DEPOT SITE

CHAPTER 3

3.17

ENVIRONMENTAL BASE LINE DATA