Columbian exchange

Results:
Immediate: Spanish defeat Aztec & Incan empires, millions of Native Americans die from European
diseases, enslaved Africans sent to Americans, American foods (corn & potatoes) introduced to Europe
Long-term: Spread of items, inc. horses, corn, potatoes, sugar, around the world, population growth in
Europe, African, and Asia; exchange of ideas, technology, arts, language between Europe and Americas,
population migration from Europe to Americas, growth of capitalism
Primary reason for Europe’s eventual rise to world dominance
Economic revolution, the creation of colonies, which allowed mercantilism: a country sought to export more
than it imported to build its supply of gold and silver  created a favorable balance of trade

Modernization in Japan
1. Japan had no choice but to let the powerful ships in and accept Commodore Perry’s letter from President
Fillmore. With the threat of more ships arriving, the Japanese agreed to the Treaty of Kanagawa, which
opened 2 ports for the US. This ended Japan’s isolation from the rest of the world.
2. Modernization: adapted the best of European ways in gov’t, school, military; industrialized
3. Universal public education and mandatory attendance
4. Causes: Russia and Japan were the 2 major world powers, and both wanted Manchuria. Russia refused to
sign a treaty that would give Manchuria to Russia if they left Korea alone. The Japanese launched a surprise
attack
Results: Japan drove Russia out of Korea and had a major military victory over Russia. Japan gained control
of Manchuria, and Russia had to withdraw from Manchuria and Korea. The West gained a new perspective
on Asia, as they thought Russia (European) was superior.
5. Shut down Korean newspapers, took over schools and replaced Korean subjects with Japanese ones, took
land away from Korean farmers and gave them to Japanese, forbade Koreans from starting businesses,
helped create strong Korean nationalist movement

Chapter 29: The Great War

1. Define, ID
o Powder keg of Europe: Balkan Peninsula, long history of nationalist uprisings and ethnic clashes
o Stalemate: deadlock
o Propaganda: one-sided information designed to persuade
o Total war: a conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort
o Belligerent:
o Defensive war:
o Reparations:
o League of Nations: an international association founded after WWI whose goal would be to keep
peace among nations
2. Fundamental, long-range causes of war, specific example of each
o Nationalism: intense competition among nations

o Imperialism
o Militarism
o Alliances
3. Immediate cause of war: Serbian assassin murdered Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria Hungary in
Sarajevo, Austria refused to negotiate, Austria declared war on Serbia
4. total war: governments dedicated to war, told factories what to produce, everyone put to work; Rationing of
food; suppressed anti-war activities, used propaganda; women were put to work, changed people’s opinions
5. Germany used unrestricted submarine warfare on ships near Britain, sank the Lusitania, which had 128
Americans, U-boats sank 3 American ships, Zimmerman telegram: Germany would help Mexico
“reconquer” land, Americans felt bond with British and had economic ties with Allies
6. Tipped balance in Allies favor?!?
7. Devastating, drained treasuries of European countries, destroyed land, $338B
8. Germany …
9. Treaty of Versailles
o Provisions: League of Nations, Germany surrenders territories to France and overseas colonies,
restricted Germany’s military, and Germany was solely responsible, had to pay allies reparations
o Many American objected to the settlement and the League of Nations, Americans wanted to stay out
of European affairs
10. Test

Chapter 11, 21: Russia 700-1796

The Slavic people of the land which became known as Russia were initially influenced by these 2 peoples:
Vikings (north) and Greek (south). Later, Russian was ruled by Mongolia. Around 1500, prices from the city-
state of Moscow, who had grown rich serving their __ masters, led Russia in ending this domination by
outsiders. These princes took on a new official title – czar and became absolute monarchs.