The Sounds of English Generally, the speech phones or sounds of English may be classified into vowels, consonants, and

diphthongs. Vowels are voiced sounds produced without obstruction of the oral cavity or constriction of the breath stream. Consonants are produced with the breath stream obstructed to produce friction either by completely stopping or narrowing the passage for a length of time or diverting the sound through other passages Diphthongs are a combination of two vowels produced as a single sound. The Vowel Sounds of English A vowel is a voiced sound produced without any obstruction or constriction as the sound flows through the oral cavity. The vowels vary from each other as to their production, in the size and shape of the oral cavity. When producing the sound, there are thing that are taken into consideration: Position of the tongue Shape of the lips Degree of tension of the lips and the tongue The tongue is an important speech organ when producing the vowel sound. The front, middle or back of the tongue is bunched toward the palate, thus varying the size and shape of the air passage. Hence, vowels are classified as front, central and back. The position of the lips is another factor in the production of the vowel sounds. The lips may be rounded or spread, closely rounded or in a smiling position. The degree of tension refers to the degree of tenseness (or lack of it) of the muscles of the speech organs in production. Some vowel sounds are produced with more effort and intensity than the other vowels. Vowel sounds may also vary as to the distance between the upper and lower front teeth. It may either by narrow, wide, half-wide. KINDS OF VOWELS 1. Front vowels are vowel sounds formed in front of the mouth or the tip of the tongue. /i/ /I/ /e/ // // /a/ 2. Central vowels are vowel sounds formed in the middle of the mouth. // // /^/ 3. Back vowels are vowel sounds formed with the back of the tongue arched toward the back roof of the tongue.

/u/ /U/ /o/ // // 4. Diphthong is a combination of two vowel sounds that glide to form a new vowel sound with the first vowel given more prominence. /eI/ /aI/ /I/ /oU/ /au/ /I / / a/ /u/

1. The Sound // Webster Length of Sound Front of Tongue Jaw Lips Between Teeth -

/i/ IPA long high tense spread wide narrow gap or space

To produce the /i/ sound, the tongue is bunched forward with its tip pressing the lower front teeth. The teeth and lips are slightly parted as a smile. The tongue, lips and jaw are all rigid as the air is pushed from the mouth. The /i/ sound is the highest of all the front vowels and it is voiced like all other vowels. Alternate spellings for this sound: 1. e as in she, me, be 2. ea as in meat, neat, seat 3. ee as in sweet, leeks, beets 4. ie as in believe, retrieve, siege 5. ei as in receipt, spontaneity 6. eo as in people 7. oe as in amoeba, foetus WORDS 1. grieve 2. seizure 3. impede 4. beaver 5. sheep 6. weak 7. chief 8. treason 9. obese 10. legalize PHRASES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. SENTENCES trees in the field feed the sheep a weird dream a piece of meat please repeat 6. hear the cheers 7. easy to eat 8. clear the pier 9. a spear from the rear 10. appear near the deer 11. sheaf 12. cheese 13. arena 14. feast 15. peach 16. eaves 17. sheik 18. tease 19. mean 20. leisure 21. screen 22. easel 23. demon 24. torpedo 25. scene 26. seize 27. thief 28. theater 29. foetus 30. excrete 31. teethe 32. leach 33. cease 34. believe 35. physique 36. heather 37. ravine 38. secrete 39. achieve 40. secret

1. The preacher claimed that praying the novena inside the cathedral is obsolete. 2. The amoeba attack on the comedian was lethal. 3. The zealous streetcleaner kept on speaking queerly. 4. Each child was given a serving of a piece of meat, green peas and sweet beans. 5. Please repeat your speech for the eager team. QUOTATIONS/POEMS 1. Believe not all that you see nor half of what you hear. 2. Diplomacy should bring about a happy meeting between the ideal and the real. - A. Roces 3. Only reapers, reaping early In among the bearded barley, Hear a song that echoes cheerly From the river winding clearly. - Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Lady of Shallot 4. Ah, my Beloved, fill the Cup that clears Today of past Regrets and future Fears: Tomorrow! Why, Tomorrow I may be Myself with Yesterdays Seven Thousand Years - Edward Fitzgerald, Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam of Nishapur 5. My little horse must think it queer To stop without a farmhouse near Between the woods and frozen lake The darkest evening of the year. - Robert Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 6. I sent thee late a rosy wreath, Not so much honoring thee As giving it a hope, that there It could not withered be. But thou thereon didst only breathe And sentst it back to me; Since when it grows, and smells, I swear Not of itself but thee! - Ben Jonson, Song to Celia 7. There was the Door to which I found no key There was the Veil through which I might not see; Some little talk a while of Me and Thee There was and then no more of Thee and Me. - Edward Fitzgerald, Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam of Nishapur

2. The Sound // Webster Length of Sound Front of Tongue Lips Between Teeth -

/I/ IPA short high less spread narrow gap or space

The produce the /I/ sound, keep the tongue bunched up toward the front of the mouth. The tip of the tongue is behind the lower front teeth. Lips and teeth are very narrowly parted. The lips are more relaxed than those for /i/. As the air moves through the mouth, the mid part of the tongue is arched upward toward the hard palate. Alternate spellings for this sound: 1. i as in pick, trick, pit 2. y in the medial position as in gym, larynx, tyranny 3. ay as in the final position as in Thursday, Monday, Friday 4. ai as in captain, bargain, certain 5. at as in chocolate, private 6. age as in postage, cabbage, cottage 7. ace as in necklace, preface, solace WORDS 1. niche 2. limb 3. linear 4. prison 5. inch 6. bliss 7. hiss 8. whimper 9. scripture 10. single PHRASES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. sit in the kitchen think big a Latin film a silly little kitten spill the ink 6. vim and vigor 7. kill the pig 8. drink milk 9. a willing witness 10. a trip to the big city 11. limousine 12. drift 13. witness 14. tick 15. kindle 16. inquiry 17. skimpy 18. scrimp 19. timid 20. trip 21. city 22. scribble 23. myth 24. brilliant 25. dwindle 26. pitch 27. civil 28. liquid 29. wink 30. ripple 31. mint 32. fifth 33. rhythm 34. skillet 35. mystic 36. victor 37. civil 38. thick 39. chill 40. mitten

SENTENCES 1. This morning, Him left for Milan, Italy on a business trip. 2. During the inquiry, the fifth witness to the crime was made to testify.

3. The timid king gifted his six siblings with a free trip this winter to Switzerland. 4. Is having a good diction a gift or a skill? 5. The villain was asked to sit still for a few minutes. QUOTATIONS/POEMS 1. He that eats till he is sick must fast till he is well. 2. God will forget our country if we forget those who die that we may live. 3. Come, fill the cup, and in the fire of Spring Your Winter-garment of Repentance fling; The Bird of time has but a little way To flutter and the Bird is on the Wing - Edward Fitzgerald, Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam of Nishapur 4. The boatman, he thrills as he hears it Out there in his little shift He sees not the reef as he nears it He only looks up to the cliff. - Lorelie 5. Then round and round and out and in All day the puzzled sage did spin In vain it mattered not a pin The pigtail hung behind him. - William Thackeray, A Tragic Story CONTRASTIVE PAIRS /i/ - /I/ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. peel pill team Tim cheap chip feast fist read rid 6. heat hit 7. bead bid 8. peach pitch 9. seek sick 10. teen tin

Banana chips are cheap. The ship sank fifteen feet deep. Sit beside me and kiss me on the cheek. Pete was seen riding on a jeep. Just kneel down and begin reading your misdeeds.

EXERCISES A. Encircle the word pronounced by the teacher 1. beach bitch 2. sin scene 3. cheek chick 4. Sid seed 5. reach rich

6. bit beat 7. wean win 8. sick seek 9. dean din 10. least list

B. Read the sentences aloud. Emphasize the difference between the /i/ and /I/ sounds. 1. Go back to your seat and sit down. 2. I have to leave this place if I want to live longer. 3. Do you think it is a sin to watch that violent scene in the film? 4. Peel the fruit and swallow it like a pill. 5. The old man slipped in the bathroom and fell into a deep sleep.

3. The Sound // Webster Length of Sound Front of Tongue Lips Between Teeth -

// IPA short low - middle slightly parted half - wide

To produce the // sound, let the middle part of the tongue bunch forward while the tip of the tongue is against the back of the lower front teeth. Lips and teeth are slightly parted in a half smile position This sound does not occur in the final position Alternate spellings for this sound: 1. e as in wed, Ted, ten 2. ea as in tear, read, bread 3. ai as in the said 4. a as in any, many, says WORDS 1. legend 2. bench 3. dead 4. debit 5. trek 6. sensible 7. infection 8. treasure 9. engine 10. special PHRASES 1. met the deadline 2. test with death 3. an excellent lecture 6. seven to eleven 7. meant something else 8. a September wedding 11. reckon 12. etch 13. jester 14. second 15. edge 16. pleasant 17. bread 18. dreadge 19. trench 20. senate 21. selective 22. says 23. fence 24. editor 25. heaven 26. tremble 27. ledge 28. many 29. gesture 30. embezzle 31. tender 32. scent 33. bed 34. steady 35. weapon 36. peasant 37. shelve 38. rebel 39. seventy 40. swell

4. a precious engine 5. fences and hedges

9. a dreadful spectacle 10. a genuine leopard

SENTENCES 1. Among the wedding presents they received were a bed, a kettle, an electric range and a cute teddy bear. 2. Ted painted the fence red and yellow. 3. Our treasure hunting in Negros was a pleasant experience. 4. Maribel fell from the edge of the bench. 5. My nephew sent me a red belt and a bread toaster PROVERBS /POEMS 1. Better die a beggar than live a beggar. 2. Creditors have better memories than debtors. 3. He that gains well and spends well needs no account. 4. I prefer the death of an ant which bites even in the moment of dying. 5. I sometimes think that never blows so red The rose as where some buried Caesar bled; That every Hyacinth the Garden wears Dropt in her Lap from some once lovely Head. - Edward Fitzgerald, Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam of Nishapur CONTRASTIVE PAIRS // - /I/ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. fell fill pen pin set sit send sinned tell till 6. pet pit 7. head hid 8. mess miss 9. spell spill 10. hell hill

1. bread in the bin 2. a deaf prince 3. a pit in the hill 4. filled to the brim 5. sit on the sala set 6. a fencesitter 7. hit on the head 8. spilled the mess 9. a pen and a pin 10. led to sin

EXERCISES A. Listen as the teacher reads each sentence. Underline the word used by the teacher. 1. Dont forget to (send, sand) the door right away. 2. Look for the (cattle, kettle). 3. My daughter Pamp loves to be (petted, patted). 4. The (men, man) refused to follow instructions. 5. Let us always pray for our (dead, Dad). The Sound // Webster Length of Sound Lips Teeth Mouth Between Teeth // IPA slightly long widely opened /slightly spread slightly parted slightly tense wide

To produce the // sound, put the tip of the tongue slightly upward and above the lower front teeth. The teeth are slightly parted while the lips are widely opened and stretched upward. This sound is voiced so there should be vibration when it is produced. It occurs only in the initial and medial position. Spelling for this sound: a as in nap, cat, class WORDS 1. brackish 2. lacquer 3. halves 4. gadget 5. trap 6. grass 7. wrath 8. fragile 9. hammock 10. package PHRASES 1. 2. 3. 4. abandon the bank cant stand the demands a sample of outcast humanity a batch of bad actors 6. 7. 8. 9. a badge on his back bad manners lack of plants a family match 11. gallant 12. panic 13. grasp 14. fanatic 15. patent 16. brag 17. canned 18. chance 19. plaque 20. dazzle 21. parasite 22. fabric 23. Adam 24. rack 25. hazard 26. havoc 27. traffic 28. parable 29. camera 30. back 31. hatchery 32. tramp 33. example 34. applicable 35. stand 36. band 37. flash 38. cattle 39. batter 40. bath

5. a gang of bandits

10. plants for the pageant

SENTENCES 1. Many love pancakes with canned apples. 2. The angry man strangled the robber. 3. Knowing the plane crash victims, we are all saddened by their deaths. 4. Dad was very glad to accept the plaque. 5. The captain now stands near the traffic lights. PROVERBS/POEMS 1. An empty sack cannot stand by itself. 2. The strongest man in the world Is he who stands most alone. - Henrik Ibsen 3. A face made up Out of no other shape Than what natures hand set up. 4. Son, said my mother Come, climb into my lap And Ill soothe your little bones While you take a nap 5. And gold threads whistling Through my mothers hand I saw the web grow And the pattern expand. CONTRASTIVE PAIRS // - /b/ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. knack knock band bond tan ton shack shock add odd 6. cab cob 7. black block 8. rack rock 9. pat pot 10. sack sock

a black block a hat for the hot summer a tap on the tabletop a golden cap for the cop kept several rocks in the rack // - // 1. 2. 3. 4. flash flesh band bend mass mess batter better 1. 2. 3. 4. sand send add ed bag beg dad dead

5. fad fed 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. begged to bring her bad lend me your land title mess up the mass pamphlets send several sandbags said a sad farewell // - /eI/ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. cash case chasm chaos past paste plaid played fact fake

5. mat met

6. gas gaze 7. black blake 8. has haste 9. badge beige 10. stand stayed

played with her plaid skirt stayed behind to stand by gazed at the gas station faked all the given facts a pair of beige plaid pants

EXERCISES A. Encircle all the words with the // sound. 1. He clasps the crag with crooked hands; Clue to the sun in lonely lands, Ringed with the azure world he stands. - Alfred, Lord Tennyson 2. Under a spreading chestnut-tree The village smithy stands; The smith, a mighty man is he, With a large and sinewy hands; And the muscles of his brawny arms Are strong as iron bands. - Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, The Village Blacksmith ~ ~ The Sound /e/ /i/ // // Webster Length of Sound Lips Mouth Between Teeth / / IPA

long spread / slightly rounded tense half-open

To produce the // sound, hump the back of the tongue quite high toward the soft palate. The tip of the tongue points upward toward the hard palate and the tongue is tense and rigid. Let the teeth have a narrow opening and the upper front teeth almost touching the inside of the lower lip. The sound glides from the

initial /U/ and as it moves toward /r/, the lips start to close together more tightly. Remember to keep the lips almost closed with only a small hole and the upper front teeth almost touching the lower lip. Alternate spellings for this sound: 1. ir as in bird, irked, sir 2. er as in herb, germ, desert 3. ear as in early, earnest, search 4. or as in worst, worth, work 5. ur as in fur, curb, urban 6. our as in journey, tournament WORDS 1. perch 2. purge 3. fertile 4. insurgent 5. curl 6. earnest 7. curtain 8. err 9. bird 10. circle 11. lurk 12. squirt 13. journal 14. dirge 15. learn PHRASES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. the first and third surgeons the nerve to work a pearl for my girl an urban circus ferns and herbs 6. the early bird 7. curse the attorney 8. the earnest colonel 9. a perfect sherbet 10. a turbulent turkey 16. nerve 17. while 18. circle 19. germ 20. dirt 21. church 22. curse 23. reverse 24. inferno 25. scourge 26. absurd 27. murder 28. search 29. tourniquet 30. currency 31. skirt 32. curry 33. pearl 34. disturb 35. saboteur 36. work 37. occur 38. refer 39. verse 40. hurt 41. firm 42. earl 43. smirch 44. courage 45. sermon

SENTENCES 1. The early bird catches the worm. 2. The surgeon immediately returned to the hospital for an emergency operation on the colonel. 3. The intern is the perfect person to nurse the sick Burmese president. 4. The worst circus accident in the world happened last Thursday. 5. The girl refused to wash the dirty curtains and girdles.

QUOTATIONS/POEMS 1. The devils mouth is a misers purse. 2. Experience without learning is better than learning without experience. 3. A hero lives not only because of his heroic deeds, but also because he has a biographer who preserves, interprets, and depicts his life and deeds on the imperishable parchment of written literature. - Zaide 4. The globe we inhabit is divisible into two worlds: the common geographical world and the world of books. - Leigh Hunt 5. If you were a cloud, and sailed up there Youd sail on water as blue as air And youd see here in the fields and say Doesnt the sky look green today? The Sound // Webster Length of Sound Lips Mouth Tongue Between Teeth /^/ IPA short not rounded lax low, mid-way half apart

To produce the /^/ sound, pull back the tongue toward the rear of the mouth and hump the back of the tongue slightly upward toward the soft palate. The lips and teeth are slightly parted. As the air steam moves through the mouth, it passes through the narrow space between the humped tongue and the soft palate. The difference of the /^/ from the schwa sound lies in the formation of the tongue during production. In the /^/ sound, the tongue is humped in the back of the mouth while in the schwa sound, the tongue is flat in the mouth. Alternate spellings for this sound: 1. u as in us, sun, under 2. o as in son, love, oven WORDS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. blunt plump rough scum bunch punch 13. tust 14. mumps 15. tongue 16. smug 17. rupture 18. luster 25. skull 26. duck 27. pungent 28. shuttle 29. mushroom 30. publish

7. hum 8. scrub 9. pumpkin 10. induct 11. plunge 12. love PHRASES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

19. jump 20. some 21. rugged 22. rummage 23. custom 24. lunge

31. judge 32. cousin 33. refund 34. shrug 35. justice 36. hungry

an abundance of honey struch with a club the lucky judge a hundred muscles run in the slums

6. rough and tough 7. fun on Sunday 8. consult my brother 9. a ruptured tongue 10. public trust

SENTENCES 1. My brother was punished because he got mothers money and spent a hundred pesos on toys. 2. Much honey spilled in the oven when I was preparing lunch. 3. Her son, tough still young, looked husky, rough and rugged. 4. The judge left his luggage on the bus. 5. My cousin, who is an athlete, tried a high jump but unluckily he broke his skull. CONTRASTIVE PAIRS /^/ - / / 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. run ran cut cat truck track luck lack but bat 5. 6. 7. 8. 6. trunt grant 7. drug drag 8. dumb dam 9. crush crash 10. fun fan kept track of the truck run into the cat cut through the dam ran into the dam

cut the cats tail lack of drugs made fun with my fan dragged the drug addict

EXERCISES A. Underline the word used by the teacher 1. wish you (luck, lack) 2. a feather in his (cup, cap) 3. a (track, truck) field 4. (whom, hum) a tune 5. deaf and (dam, dumb) 6. a (drug, drag) race 7. (crushed, crashed) ice

8. a sharp (tang, tongue) 9. (grunt, grant) his request 10. a hamburger (bun, boon) B. Underline all the words with the /^/ sound in the sentences. 1. The lucky hunters found an abundance of elephants tusks and skulls in the jungle. 2. Last Monday, a young judge from the Dutch government arrived for a conference. 3. It is fun to go hunting especially during Sundays. 4. The committee discovered rampant graft and corruption among our government officials. 5. Every lunch and supper, I and my close chums see to it we consume all food up to the last crumb. The Sound / / Webster Length of Sound Lips Teeth Mouth Tongue / / IPA

short slightly open slightly parted lax low

To produce the / / sound, relax the tongue at the bottom of the mouth. Put the tip of the tongue against the lower front teeth. The lips and teeth are slightly parted and there is almost no movement. Alternate spellings for this sound: 1. u as in until 2. a as in above, alone, attend 3. e as in the, believe, maker 4. o as in symbol, polite, purpose WORDS 1. afraid 2. appear 3. alone 4. attend 5. affair 6. around 7. behind 8. bacon 9. soda 10. sofa 11. believe 12. pagoda PHRASES 13. occur 14. circus 15. focus 16. compare 17. debtor 18. telephone 19. purpose 20. error 21. delta 22. cover 23. epoch

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

made to understand afraid to be alone around for the affair about to announce a telephone near the fountain

6. acame all along 7. a polite society 8. unable to volunteer 9. a Catholic activity 10. a mischievous character

SENTENCES 1. The debtor failed to attend the conference. 2. I couldnt believe the affair was postponed again. 3. The focus of the presidents attention was the error on the cover. 4. Dont leave the cactus on the sofa. 5. My husband loves to eat bacon with soda. EXERCISES Read the sentences and encircle all the unstressed syllables or schwa sound. 1. The arena will be closed till Sunday. 2. Do you think you will be absent for the occasion? 3. That person sounds both ignorant and mischievous. 4. I have no idea as to his whereabouts. 5. Father finds the affair absurd though well-attended. 6. The soldiers surrounded the factory. 7. Always wear the proper attire for class. 8. The husband works in the circus. 9. The chairman called off the conference after about an hour of waiting. 10. Dont leave that machine behind the sofa. The Sound /oo / Webster Length of Sound Mouth Teeth Lips Tongue / U / IPA short lax slightly parted slightly open low - high

To produce the /U/ sound, pull back the tongue, tis back humped toward the soft palate. the sides of the tongue are turned up allowing air to pass over. The teeth are parted narrowly and the lips are slightly open forming a small hole to let air pass through. Alternate spellings for this sound: 1. oo as in book, stood, hook 2. ou as in would, could, courier 3. u as in cushion, bush, full WORDS

1. stood 2. partook 3. hood 4. pudding 5. hook 6. bouillon 7. rookie 8. push 9. goody 10. foot PHRASES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. a good cook full of soot ambush in July stood by the pulpit shook the wood

11. boulevard 12. should 13. shook 14. fulcrum 15. book 16. cook 17. bosom 18. woman 19. jury 20. brook

21. wolf 22. could 23. push 24. cushion 25. pulley 26. pulpit 27. bulletin 28. wooden 29. soot 30. butcher

6. a wolf by the brook 7. not good to look 8. pull the fulcrum 9. a crooked cook 10. took a good book

SENTENCES 1. The government official was ambushed and riddled with bullets by men who stood near a wooden building. 2. The cook and the butcher only shook their heads when they were questioned. 3. The crook took a last look at the gushing brook. 4. Bullions of gold were found under the pulpit. 5. The pudding, which is full of raisins, tastes good. PROVERBS /POEMS 1. He who is a good son will be a good husband and a good father. - Rizal 2. A gown made of the finest wool Which from our pretty lambs we pull Fir-lined slippers for the cold. With buckles of the purest gold. - Christopher Marlowe, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love The Sound /oo/ Webster Length of Sound Tongue Lips Teeth Mouth /u/ IPA long high slightly open slightly parted tense

To produce the /u/ sound, the tongue is pulled back in the mouth and humed toward the soft palate, but not as far high as the /U/ sound. the lips are

slightly open to form a hole for the air as it leaves the mouth when it is pushed through. the teeth are slightly parted. Since the tongue is not humped so high, the air leaves the mouth in a lower position. Alternate spellings for this sound: 1. oo as in tooth, brood, rooster 2. ou as in coup, group, souvenir 3. u as in truth, rude, brute 4. o as in tomb, womb, movie 5. ue as in true, blue, sue 6. oe as in shoe 7. ew as in crew, brew, threw 8. ui as in juice, bruise, fruit WORDS 1. recruit 2. lewd 3. scrutinize 4. prudent 5. poor 6. doom 7. prune 8. lieutenant 9. inclusion 10. raccoon 11. choose 12. rooster PHRASES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. fruit juice for my brood improve your routine pool in school a smooth canoe a coup in June 6. a rude brute 7. a blue room 8. the brutal truth 9. a frugal crooner 10. few shoemakers 13. tattoo 14. lunatic 15. suicide 16. scuba 17. poodle 18. smooth 19. cruise 20. balloon 21. stoop 22. uncouth 23. ooze 24. goose 25. sleuth 26. jewel 27. kudos 28. exclude 29. tour 30. moon 31. flute 32. leukemia 33. scoop 34. shoes 35. proof 36. fool

SENTENCES 1. Luz wore a loose blouse in the swimming pool. 2. The uncouth fool sipped the soup noisily. 3. The movie fan lost her tooth when she fell from the stool. 4. I found a small spoon in my fruit juice. 5. The man removed his toupee before he jumped into the pool. CONTRASTIVE PAIRS /U/-/u/

1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4.

could cooed soot suit look Luke stood stewed

5. 6. 7. 8.

full fool pull pool would wooed should shoed

The fool is full of pranks. The suitor wooed the lady to go with him to the woods. His suit was very dirty with soot. Daddy tried to pull me to the deep pool.

EXERCISES A. Read the following questions and answers. Pronounce the italicized words well. 1. Do you know anyone who could shoot the fool? It is the man who stood near the pulpit? 2. Did he pull the trigger? He did. 3. Would you please pull the wooden chair for me? Oh, sure. Wait, its full of soot. 4. Please dont wipe it off with your woolen suit. Dont worry, I wont. 5. Luke comes from a good school. Does he read good books too? Oh, yes. In fact, hes always full of wonderful ideas. The Sound // Webster Length of Sound Teeth Mouth Lips Tongue / b / IPA short wide apart lax rounded low

To produce the / b /, press the tongue flat on the bottom of the mouth, then open the mouth into a wide circle. The teeth are parted widely and the tongue and mouth are relaxed as air passes through the mouth. Do not tighten the muscles of the mouth. Spellings for this sound: o as in pot, top, mop WORDS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. shock snob clock sopt bomb 9. officer 10. poverty 11. orange 12. college 13. bronze 17. cottage 18. foreign 19. beyond 20. problem 21. rocky

6. box 7. blond 8. horror PHRASES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

14. gone 15. adopt 16. pomp

22. concert 23. content 24. democracy

follow the orthdox blocks on top of the cot a knot in his sock dishonor the project gone in the forest

6. a dishonest occupation 7. rocks inside the box 8. gone promptly 9. offer to God 10. spot the dot on the plot

SENTENCES 1. The cop shot the robber on the arm. 2. The ox hid under the log. 3. Bob won a lot of money in the jackpot. 4. The angry mob rushed into the hot barn. 5. Geology and biology are never obsolete. EXERCISES A. Write on the blank the word used by the teacher. 1. (body buddy) Fred has been my _____ since high school. 2. (luck lock) I will try to find my _____ somewhere. 3. (bomb bum) The team found a _____ behind the bushes. 4. (doll dull) The movie shown this afternoon was rather _______. 5. (cot cut) This _____ is rather long and wide. The Sound // Webster Length of Sound Lips Teeth Mouth // IPA short rounded (oval) halfway open lax

To produce the / / sound, pull back the tongue, hard toward the rear of the mouth. The back of the tongue must be humped high toward the soft palate. The teeth must be parted well and the lips should form an oval with its sides pulling inward; the upper and lower lips are far apart. the feeling must be sort of choking in the beginning before releasing the sound. Alternate spellings for this sound: 1. a as in all, almanac, always 2. o as in off, long, cross 3. au as in sauce, caught, aura 4. ou as in bought, thought, ought 5. aw as in pawn, lawn, shawl WORDS

1. raucous 2. pause 3. morbid 4. torch 5. aught 6. taut 7. ball 8. lord 9. law 10. haughtly 11. wrought 12. report 13. bought 14. fought 15. jaw PHRASES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

16. sport 17. horn 18. hawl 19. staunch 20. brought 21. thought 22. ought 23. call 24. slaughter 25. crawl 26. forge 27. daughter 28. caught 29. taught 30. audience

31. snort 32. awe 33. corpse 34. course 35. naught 36. distraught 37. Paul 38. snort 39. stalk 40. water 41. toss 42. sought 43. pawn 44. author 45. raw

a shawl for the pauper a short fortress a caucus this August an inaugural ball caught in the lawn

6. sought the fraud 7. laundry near the faucet 8. yawn at dawn 9. an awkward pause 10. a staunch lawyer

SENTENCES 1. The pauper bought a shawl from the auction. 2. Tell her to open the vault with caution. 3. Do you normally put sauce over your sausage? 4. The actor exudes an aura of confidence. 5. The child ought to put back the hawk on the lawn park. EXERCISES A. Write S if you hear the same vowel sound. Write D if you hear different vowel sounds. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. goes gauze lawn dawn coke cope thought ought pause cause 6. call coal 7. coat soap 8. on own 9. hall whole 10. sort sport

B. Write on the blank the word used by the teacher. 1. (boat, bought) The businessman finally _____ the _____. 2. (costs, coasts) Land along the _____. _____ very high. 3. (lawn, loan) Mother tried to get a _____ to replace our old

4. (chalk, choked) 5. (gauze, goes) 6. (Joe, jaw) 7. (hole, hall) 8. (ode, awed) 9. (cold, called) 10. (paused, pose) The Sound // Webster Length of Sound Back of the Tongue Tongue Lips Between Teeth -

_____ lower. The baby who swallowed the _____ _____ to death. Down _____ the new _____ I just bought. _____ broke his _____ while playing basketball. The policeman found a large _____ at the back of the _____. Im always _____ whenever I read _____ to a Skylark. Besth was _____ to work but she couldnt because of a _____. The model _____ for a while to make a nice _____. // IPA

long low lax unround wide

To produce the // sound, raise the back of the tongue very slightly, almost flat but keep the tongue lax. Keep the mouth relaxed too and side open but not rounded. Produce the sound a little longer but keep the tongue low. Spelling for this sound: a as in alm, mark, darling WORDS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. PHRASES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. a charming card a farmer on his farm a sarcastic remark at the back of the yard a mark on her arm 6. a large scarf 7. parched farm 8. an artistic partner 9. cards in the jar 10. the dark park balm arm alm chart darn far farm mark 9. jar 10. card 11. charm 12. yard 13. carve 14. heart 15. smart 16. scarlet 17. barn 18. charge 19. hard 20. lark 21. parch 22. harsh 23. partner

SENTENCES 1. Sergeant Alonzo was appointed as Arthurs guardian. 2. A large scarf was tied around Pams arm. 3. The gardeners had a hard time putting up the welcome arc in the park. 4. Roxas Boulevard seemed very far from our orchard. 5. The smart artist marked the scarlet cards. EXERCISES A. Read the questions and answers. Make sure you pronounce the italicized words well. 1. Why is Arthur crying? A burning cigar dropped on his palm. 2. What did the gardener find? He found a guitar in the park. 3. You look so happy! Who woundnt? Mark gave me this marvelous garland. 4. What is the commotion about? The guards are clearing the market of all junk. 5. Where are you going? Im going to the pier to claim our cargo of garlic and charcoal. The Sound /a/ Webster Length of Sound Tongue Teeth Lips Mouth / eI/ IPA long low apart spread widely tense

To produce the /eI/ sound, the tongue is bunched forward and high. The tip of the tongue is above and slightly behind the lower front teeth. Lips and teeth are wide apart as in a smile before it begins to close a little as the air stream moves through the mouth. At the same time, the tongue moves forward and lower in the mouth. This vowel sound is a diphthong which means it has two vowel sounds but it pronounced as one syllable. this first vowel sound is more stressed than the second vowel. The sound begins with /e/ gliding to /I/. This sound is more extended in the final position as in tray. It is shorter before a voiceless consonant as in waif. Alternate spellings for this sound: 1. ay as in pay, day, bay 2. ey as in they, prey, obey 3. ei as in eight, sleight, weight 4. ea as in steak, break, great 5. ai as in pail, tail, nail

WORDS 1. plague 2. stamen 3. freight 4. rampage 5. great 6. shake 7. Asia 8. whale 9. strange 10. vacate 11. saut 12. neighbor PHRASES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. a tray on the table break the plates my favorite apron a beige negligee planes and trains 6. tornado in April 7. a gracious alien 8. daily mail 9. the reign of the atheist 10. make the same mistake 13. cradle 14. beige 15. reign 16. radar 17. waif 18. faint 19. maid 20. stay 21. papacy 22. weight 23. paisley 24. frail 25. eight 26. hazel 27. hasten 28. parquet 29. daily 30. flame 31. placate 32. feign 33. braid 34. waste 35. trace

SENTENCES 1. The amiable lady paid Mother a long-awaited visit. 2. Shane ate a plate of baked macaroni and a slice of raisin cake. 3. Clothes with shades of gray and beige suit the lady very well. 4. The speeding train hit the main gate of the Bayview Building. 5. Please dont waste your clay and crayons. EXERCISES A. Cross out the word with a different sound.. 1. ache, gauge, gauze, craze 2. weigh, receive, phrase, feign 3. bail, late, eight, knead 4. opaque, acre, plaid, bouquet 5. beige, wage, hedge, plaque 6. saut, matinee, alien, foreign 7. against, parquet, croquet, resum 8. ballet, freight, suede, amass 9. psalm, negligees, status, clich 10. mosaic, avail, plaque, wail The Sound // Webster Length of Sound Tongue Teeth / aI/ IPA long low close together

Lips Mouth

spread tense

To produce the /aI/ sound, keep the tongue down with the lips and teeth apart for the /a/ sound. Then glide slowly to /I/ with the lips spread and the tongue bunched forward. Alternate spellings for this sound: 1. i as in ice, like, bright 2. y as in try, shy, cry 3. ie as in die, cries, pie 4. ui as in disguise 5. ei as in height 6. ey as in eye 7. uy as in buy WORDS 1. bribe 2. typist 3. thrice 4. pioneer 5. idle 6. height 7. sprite 8. pry 9. tyrant 10. grime 11. squire 12. island 13. sigh PHRASES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. malign his client like to disguise preside at night choir in the aisle a quiet inquiry 6. a dynamic guide 7. twilight time 8. entice her to die 9. fly high and mighty 10. a wise mind 14. like 15. stylus 16. defy 17. python 18. stile 19. might 20. fright 21. dry 22. twine 23. enzyme 24. science 25. slimy 26. quite 27. describe 28. thigh 29. excite 30. bias 31. hive 32. pride 33. blithe 34. myopia 35. wiry 36. pied 37. disguise 38. supply 39. riot

SENTENCES 1. The neophyte left her diamond ring inside her diary. 2. I surmise Miles crisis would be over by Friday. 3. The tyrant tried to stifle the violence in the islands. 4. A giant wave tossed the tourist guide a mile away. 5. My client tried to entice the migrant to buy her a fake sapphire. CONTRASTIVE PAIRS

/aI/ - /eI/ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ride raid mine main lice lace right rate while whale 6. bite bait 7. sign sane 8. fight fate 9. pine pane 10. try tray 4. will die any day 5. tried to fight off his fate 6. buy a lot by the bay

1. try to take the tray 2. didnt bite the bait 3. a mighty mate /aI/ - /I/ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. mice miss height hit like lick sight sit grime grim

6. rhyme rim 7. fight fit 8. light lit 9. mile mill 10. gripe grip 4. missed hitting the mice 5. liked to lick a lollipop 6. sit away from my sight

1. to fill up the file 2. bring the kit and the kite 3. got ill on the isle

EXERCISES A. Encircle the word with the /aI/ soundand underline the word with the /I/ sound. 1. Jun tried to find the missing witness to the crime. 2. The prisoner, after a deep silence, made assign upon seeing the tyrant. 3. This fight tonight will finally decide his famous might. 4. I easily caught his sight because of his height. 5. I developed migraine because of the blazing city lights. The Sound /oi/ Webster Length of Sound Mouth Lips Tongue Teeth /I/ IPA long lax slightly closed midway slightly closed

To produce the /I/ sound, pull back the tongue toward the rear of the mouth, at the same time, hump it high toward the soft palate. This position has a choking effect just as in /b/. The teeth and lips should be closer but only slightly. As the air moves into the mouth, move down the tongue from the // sound to /I/, stretching the lips and making it tense and rigid.

Alternate spellings for this sound: 1. oi as in boil, choice, broil 2. oy as in coy, toy, cloy WORDS 1. destroy 2. embroider 3. boycott 4. hoist 5. anoint 6. oyster 7. ointment 8. recoil 9. buoyancy 10. loiter PHRASES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. several noisy boys broiled oysters a poisonous poinsettia destroy the boycott a coy viceroy 6. a flamboyant employer 7. a royal portrait 8. an annoying voice 9. a spoiled boy 10. noise in the cloister 11. avoid 12. point 13. spoiled 14. voyage 15. broil 16. poignant 17. exploit 18. noise 19. deploy 20. moist 21. choice 22. poison 23. void 24. voice 25. toil 26. turmoil 27. foist 28. employ 29. poise 30. rejoice

SENTENCES 1. Joy loves to embroider lovely doilies. 2. The envoy from Hanoi seemed to enjoy his voyage. 3. Lloyd has poignant memories of his exploits with his employer. 4. Troy ordered broiled sirloin and boiled oysters. 5. Do poinsettias grow in moist soil? The Sound // Webster Length of Sound Tongue Lips Teeth Mouth / oU/ IPA long mid-high rounded opened midway lax

To produce the /ou/ sound, draw back the tongue from the lower teeth. The muscles in the back of the mouth are tight. The teeth are parted widely with the lips forming a circle. As air comes out of the mouth, the tight circle of the lips relaxes, the tongue moves forward and flattens on the bottom of the mouth. There are many who not produce this sound properly because they do not open and round their mouths well before letting air come out of the mouth. Alternate spellings for this sound:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. WORDS

i as in go, elope, nose oa as in float, boat ow as in blow, show, row ou as in though, bough ew as in sew oe as in woe

1. remote 2. rotor 3. episode 4. motive 5. chose 6. ocean 7. abode 8. scope 9. evoke 10. those 11. throne 12. emotion PHRASES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

13. dough 14. veto 15. expose 16. tiptoe 17. mope 18. grown 19. hoe 20. croak 21. torso 22. shallow 23. open 24. both

25. mocha 26. elope 27. vogue 28. token 29. rope 30. remote 31. owe 32. poke 33. soda 34. erode 35. bloat 36. zone

boasted in high tone hold my elbow soap your nose broke into a joke prose and poetry roam around the globe groped for his soaked clothes

8. hoped to be known all over 9. wrote a note 10. a noble goal 11. woke alone 12. old jokes 13. a frozen doughnut 14. a hoax this October

SENTENCES 1. Homer doesn't know how to row a boat. 2. The chaperone opened the door and watched the commotion. 3. I hope you noticed the hole in the envelope. 4. The tourists roamed around Rome as a bonus. 5. The old folk moaned as they choked over a piece of pork. CONTRASTIVE PAIRS /oU/ - /b/ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. robe rob coke cock bloat blot goad god pope pop 6. node nod 7. ode odd 8. note not 9. soap sop 10. coat cot

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

a note in his coat a coke for the pop singer an ode to God soap it so it wont blot a coat on his cot not a note again an orange robe /oU/ - // 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. coal call hole hall coast cost owe awe role - roll 6. boat bought 7. loan lawn 8. row raw 9. coat caught 10. sew saw

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

caught in a hole saw a boat bought a new lawn mower a roll call a hole on his coat a costly loan roll along the coast

EXERCISES A. Listen to the teacher as she reads the sentences. Which word did she use? 1. (saw sew) You _____ the green cloth, didnt you? 2. (hall hole) Go over to that _____. 3. (bowl ball) I couldnt find the _____. 4. (lawn loan) The spinster is very happy to get the _____. 5. (low law) The teenager wasnt sure it was _____. The Sound /ou/ Webster Length of Sound Tongue Lips Teeth Mouth / au/ IPA long low to high rounded widely wide apart lax

To produce the /au/ sound, the tongue must be high and far back. The teeth are wide apart with the lips forming a hole or a circle. As the air moves through the mouth, the tongue moves forward with its tip touching the lower front teeth. At the same time, the lips close together to form a smaller hole. To produce the sound properly, open the mouth well before closing it to form a smaller circle.

Alternate spellings for this sound: 1. ow as in plow, prowl, brow 2. ou as in pound, hound, abound 3. WORDS 1. house 2. owl 3. cloud 4. oust 5. aloud 6. devout 7. foul 8. sour 9. amount 10. shroud PHRASES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. out for an outing shouted aloud impound the owl plowed through the house a proud accountant 6. a town council 7. frown and pout 8. without doubt 9. an ounce of sour cream 10. surrounded by scouts 11. hound 12. lounge 13. doubt 14. proud 15. howl 16. town 17. lousy 18. grouchy 19. abount 20. tower 21. frown 22. council 23. couch 24. shower 25. renounce 26. browse 27. drown 28. mountain 29. pout 30. brow

SENTENCES 1. He stool proudly on the ground but frowned upon seeing the grouchy old man. 2. The old woman ousted the old man out her lousy house. 3. The victim of a foul play was found crouched in the lounge. 4. The children were not allowed to play near the mountain or the howling sea. 5. I found a small wooden owl in the pouch of his trousers. EXERCISES A. Cross out the word that has a different sound. What common sound do you hear? 1. frown, brown, round, blown 2. toad, cloud, aloud, proud 3. drown, renounce, known, town 4. count, mount, cold, amount 5. foul, howl, fowl, bowl 6. sprout gout, doubt, gourd 7. brow, browse, brown, broom 8. crowd, loud, found, old 9. flow, plow, cow, scowl

10. south, mouth, both, trout The Sound /a/ Webster Length of Sound Tongue Lips Teeth Mouth /a/ IPA short middle slightly open halfway open lax

To produce the // sound, raise the front part of the tongue midway to the hard palate. The sound, being a diphthong, begins with the // sound and quickly glides to the /a/ sound. Alternate spellings for this sound: 1. a as in dare, bare, care 2. ea as in swear, bear, tear 3. ei as in their, heir 4. e as in there, where 5. ai as in lair, pair, fair WORDS 1. rare 2. wear 3. pare 4. square 5. bear 6. hair 7. dare 8. rare 9. despair 10. prayer 11. compare PHRASES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. care for my hair a town square a hilarious affair glared at the pair share in the repair 6. an expensive air fare 7. a pair of shoes 8. spare the debonair 9. marriage in January 10. careful on the stairs 12. affair 13. varied 14. area 15. Mary 16. glare 17. declare 18. various 19. aware 20. welfare 21. marriage 22. careless 23. barely 24. heirloom 25. solitaire 26. apparent 27. repair 28. agrarian 29. February 30. aquarium 31. necessary 32. hilarious

SENTENCES 1. The daring pilot landed the airplane with a broken fuselage. 2. You have to repair the tear in your dress before you can wear it. 3. I am not aware that you really care for me.

4. The architect was very careful in selecting the rare design. 5. The heiress was in deep despair over her broken marriage.