Problemario Resuelto Alg Lineal

PROFESOR: CARLOS CRUZ UPIITA IPN
EJEMPLOS TERICOS RESUELTOS DE MATEMATICAS II CAPITULO 1

1
1. Dado el sistema lineal
2 5
4 2
x y
x y t
=
=
Determina un valor de t para que el sistema tenga:
a. Una nica solucin.
b. No tiene solucin.
c. Una infinidad de soluciones.

Solucin

Usando la matriz aumentada [ ] A I y Gauss-Jordan se tiene lo siguiente:

1
1 1 2 1 2 2
5 5 1 1
4
2 2 2 2
2 1 5 1 1
0 10
4 2 10 4 2 10 0 0 10
f f f f f
y t
t
+
( ( (
=
( ( (

No hay valores de t de tal manera que el sistema tenga una nica solucin.

10 0 0
10 0 0 infinidad
si t el sistema no tiene soluciones
si t el sistema tiene una de soluciones

= =

2. Encuentre los valores de a tales que el sistema de ecuaciones

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) a a x a a a x a
a x a x a
2 2 2 3 6 4 2
1 1 1
2
2
2 3
1
2 1
= + + + + +
= +

a.- No tiene solucin
b.- Tiene una nica solucin
c.- Tiene una infinidad de soluciones.

Solucin Del sistema de ecuaciones obtenemos la matriz aumentada

1
1 1 1 1 2 1
( 2)
0 0
3 2 2 3 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 4 6 3 2 2 2 2 4 6 3 2 2 2
a
f f a f f f
a a
a a a
a a a a a a a a a a a a
+ +

( (
( (
+ + + + + + + +

3 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 4 6 2 2 3 2 0 2 (2 1)( 1) (2 1)( 2) a a a a a a a a a a
( (
( (
+ + + + +

Del resultado anterior obtenemos las condiciones para poder contestar las preguntas
planteadas, por lo tanto

Los valores de a para que el sistema no tenga solucin son 0 1 a y a = =

Los valores de a para que el sistema tenga una nica solucin son:

1
2
0, , 1 1 a a a y a

Los valores de a para que el sistema tenga una infinidad de soluciones son:

1
2
1 a y a = =

2

( )
1 3
1 2 3
2
1 2 3
4
2 3 5
3 3 5 8
x x
x x x
x x a a x a
+ =
+ + =
+ =


Solucin

1 2 2 1 2 2
1 3 3 1 3 3 2 3 3
2 2
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 0 1 4 1 0 1 4 1 0 1 4
2 1 3 5 0 1 1 3 0 1 1 3
3 3 5 8 0 3 5 3 4 0 0 5 6 13
f f f f f f
f f f f f f f f f
a a a a a a a a a
+ +
+ + +
( ( (
( ( (

( ( (
( ( ( + +

( ) ( )( )
2
5 6 13 3 2 13 a a z a a a a + = =

( )
( )
3 0 10
2 0 11
2, 3;
si a falso El sistema no tiene solucin
si a falso El sistema no tiene solucin
con a El sistema tiene una nica solucin
= =
= =

Y No hay valores de a que den una infinidad de soluciones.


( )
2
3
3 4
10
x y z
x y z
x y a z a
+ =
+ =
+ + =


Solucin

Solucin


3
1
2 2 1 2 2 2
1 3 3 2 3 3 2 1 1
7
2
3
1
2
2 2 2
1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 0 1
1 1 3 4 0 2 4 1 0 1 2
1 1 10 0 0 9 3 0 0 9 3
f f f f f
f f f f f f f f f
a a a a a a
+
+ + +
( ( (
( ( (

( ( (
( ( (

( ) ( ) ( )
2
9 3 3 3 3 a z a a a z a = + =

Con 3 0 6 a = = lo cual es falso por lo tanto no hay solucin.
Con 3 # # a z con = por lo tanto hay una nica solucin.
Con 3 0 0 a = = lo cual es verdadero por lo tanto no hay una infinidad de soluciones.

5. Sea
(
=

cos
cos
sen
sen
A Determine:

a. Una expresin sencilla para
2
A .
b. Una expresin sencilla para
3
A .
c. Una expresin sencilla para
k
A .

Solucin

( )
2 2
2
2 2
cos cos cos cos cos
cos cos cos cos cos
sen sen sen sen sen
A AA
sen sen sen sen sen

( + ( (
= = = =
(
( (
+

2
cos 2 2
2 cos 2
sen
A
sen

(
=
(

( )
3 2
cos 2 cos 2 2 cos cos 2 cos 2 2 cos
2 cos cos 2 cos 2 cos 2 2 cos 2 cos
sen sen sen sen sen sen
A A A
sen sen sen sen sen sen

+ ( ( (
= = = =
( ( (
+

3
cos3 3
3 cos3
sen
A
sen

(
=
(

cos
cos
k
k sen k
A
sen k k

(
=
(

6. Determine todas las matrices
2 2
0 B y
2 2
I B , tal que BA AB = donde:
(
=
d c
b a
A

Solucin


4
Sea
x y
B
z w
(
=
(

a b x y x y a b
AB BA
c d z w z w c d
( ( ( (
= =
( ( ( (

( )
( )
0
0
0
0
ax bz ax cy cy bz
ax bz ay bw ax cy bx dy ay bw bx dy y d a bw
cx dz cy dw az cw bz dw cx dz az cw cx z d a cw
cy dw bz dw cy bz
+ = + =
+ + + + + = + = ( (
=
( (
+ + + + + = + + =

+ = + =

Resolviendo el sistema

( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
3 3
1 3 3 2 3 3
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
c f f
b f f
f f f f f f
c b c b c b
b d a b bc c d a cb bc c d a cb
c d a c bc b d a cb c d a b d a
c b

+ +
( ( (
( ( (

( ( (
( ( (
( ( (

( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1
2 2
1
3 2 2
3 3 2 1
1
3 1 1 3 2
0
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
b
d a
d a
f f
b
f f f
f f f xf
f f f f xf d a
c d a c
bc b d a cb c d a c c b
c d a b d a c b
+

+

( ( (
( ( (

( ( (
( ( (
( ( (

( )
( )
( )
0 0
0 0
d a t cr
c
d a t cr
bt bt
c c c
x
z t c cx d a z cw
y
tomando B con
w r d a cy bz
z t t r
w r
+
+
=
( = + =
=
=
(
= =
=

=

Por ejemplo si ( )
7 12
5 5
4 6
5 3 2 1
A B verifique
( (
= =
( (

7 7 12 12
5 5 5 5
4 6 4 6
5 3 5 3 2 1 2 1
AB y BA AB BA
( ( ( (
= = =
( ( ( (

2 2
0 A , tales que
2
1 1
0 1
A
(
=
(

Solucin


5
2
2
1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1
x y x y x y x yz xy yw
Sea A
z w z w z w zx wz zy w
( + + ( ( ( ( (
= = =
( ( ( ( ( (
+ +

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
1 1
3
1 2
0 0 0
0 3
1 4
x yz
de se tiene
xy yw
z x w z x w
zx wz
zy w
+ =
+ =

+ = = + =
`
+ =
)
+ =

Si
2
2
1 1
1 1 1 1
0 1 1
0 1 0 1
1 1
x x
z xy y A A
w w
= =
( (
= = = = =
( (

= =

Si ( ) ( ) 0 2 1 0 1 x w x w sustituyendo en wy yw falso + = = + = =
por lo tanto no hay solucin.

8. Si A y B son matrices nxn , demuestra que ( )
1
1 1
AB B A

=

Solucin

Se sabe que ( ) ( )
1
1 1
AB AB I multiplicamos ambos lados por B A y simplificamos

=

( )( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
B A AB AB B A I B A A B AB B A

= =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
B I B AB B A B B AB B A I AB B A

= = =

( )
1
1 1
AB B A

=

9. Si A y B son matrices nxn entonces ( )( )
2 2
2 B AB A B A B A + + = + + Justifique su respuesta.

Solucin

( )( )
2 2
A B A B A AB BA B + + = + + + , si AB BA AB BA AB = + =

( )( )
2 2
2 A B A B A AB B AB BA + + = + + =

10. Si A y B son matrices nxn entonces ( )( )
2 2
A B A B A B + = Justifique su respuesta

Solucin

( )( )
2 2
A B A B A AB BA B + = + +
Si AB BA AB BA = + = 0 y el resultado sera valido.
Pero como no siempre AB BA = entonces el resultado no es valido.


6
11. Suponga que A es una matriz cuadrada talque
4
A = 0 . Encuentre el inverso de A I .

Solucin Como
( )( )
4 4 2 2
A A I I A I A I I = = + = 0
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
2 2
A I A I A I I A I A I A I A I A I I

+ + = + + =
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
2 2 3 2
I A I A I A I A I A I A I A A A I

+ + = = + + = +

12. Demuestre que ( ) ( )
T
T
A A
1
1
=

Solucin

Se tiene que
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
1 1 1 1
T T T
T T T T T
AA I AA I A A I A A A I A

= = = =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
1 1
T T
T T
A I A A A

= =

13. Pruebe que si A es simtrica o bien antisimtrica, entonces
2
A es simtrica.

Solucin

Si A es simtrica se tiene que
T
A A = entonces

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2
T T
T
T T
A AA A A AA A A A = = = = =

Si A es antisimtrica se tiene que
T
A A = entonces

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2
T T
T
T T
A AA A A A A AA A A A = = = = = =

14. Si
1 2
, , ,
n
A A A son matrices invertibles nxn , demuestre que
1 2 2 n
A A A A es invertible y
calcule su inversa.

Solucin

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
1 1
1 2 3 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 1 n n n n
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A

= = = =

( ) ( )
1 1
1 1 1 1 1
3 2 1 1 2 1 n n n
A A A A A A A A

= =

( )
1
1 1 1 1
1 2 3 1 2 1 n n n
A A A A A A A A
=


7
15. Demuestre que si A es una matriz de nxn antisimtrica entonces tambin lo es AB B
T
para
cualquier matriz B de tamao nxn .

Solucin

Si A es antisimtrica entonces
T
A A = por demostrar que
( )
T
T T
B AB B AB =

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
T T T
T
T T T T T T T
B AB B AB AB B B A B B A B B AB = = = = =

16. Demuestre que el producto de dos matrices ortogonales es una matriz ortogonal.

Solucin

Si A y B son matrices ortogonales entonces
1 1 T T
A A y B B

= = .
Por demostrar que ( ) ( )
1 T
AB AB
=

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
1 1 1 1
AB AB I A AB AB A I A A B AB A

= = =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
IB AB A B AB A B B AB B A I AB B A

= = = =

( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 T
T T
AB B A AB AB

= =
EJEMPLOS PRACTICOS RESUELTOS DE MATEMATICAS II CAPITULO 1

1
1. Determine todas la soluciones del sistema lineal:

4 4 8
2 3 7
3 3 2
2 2 1
x z
x w
z w
y z
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =

Solucin

1
2
4 0 4 0 8 1 0 1 0 2 1 0 1 0 2 1 0 1 0 2
2 0 0 3 7 2 0 0 3 7 0 0 2 3 3 0 1 1 0
0 0 3 3 2 0 0 3 3 2 0 2 2 0 1 0 0 2 3 3
0 2 2 0 1 0 2 2 0 1 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 3 3 2
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

8 8
3 3
1 1 1 1
6 6 2 2
2 2 2
3 3 3
5 1
3 3
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 2 1 0 1 0 2
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 3 3 2 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 3 3 0 0 2 3 3
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

1 1
2 2
1 1
3 3
1 0 0 0 3 3
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 1
0 0 0 1
x
y
z
w
= (
(
=
(

( =
(
=


2 3
2 3 2 5
6 3
x y z w
x y z w
y z w
+ + =
+ + + =
+ + =

Solucin

Expresando el sistema lineal en una matriz aumentada se tiene.

2 1 1
2 3 3 1 2 2 2 2
2
1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 3 1 0 2 4 2
2 1 3 2 5 0 1 1 6 1 0 1 1 6 1 0 1 1 6 1
0 1 1 6 3 0 1 1 6 3 0 1 1 6 3 0 0 0 0 4
f f f
f f f f f f f f
+
+ +
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

( ( ( (
( ( ( (

( ) 0 4 falso = Por lo tanto el sistema no tiene solucin.



2
2
5
5
1
x w
y z w
y z w
y
=
+ =
+ =
=

Soluciones

Solucin

Usando la matriz aumentada [ ] A R y Gauss-Jordan se tiene lo siguiente:

1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 2
0 1 1 1 0 5 0 1 1 1 0 5 0 1 1 1 0 5
0 1 1 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 6
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0
( ( (
( ( (

( ( (
( ( (
( ( (

2
1 0 0 1 0 2 2
1
0 1 0 0 1 1 1
6
0 0 1 1 1 6 6
0 0 0 0 0 0
,
x t
x w
y r
y w t
si z t r
z w r
w t
r t r
= +
= (
= +
(
= =
(
= + +
( = =
=
(

=

4. Usando A = x b resuelve el siguiente sistema de ecuaciones:

4 2 2
2 13 7 1
2 3
x y z
x y z
y z
+ =
+ =
=

Solucin


1 2 2
1
2 2 3 2 2 2
2 1 4 2 1 0 0 1 4 2 1 0 0 1 4 2 1 0 0
2 13 7 0 1 0 0 5 3 2 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 1
0 2 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 5 3 2 1 0
f f f
f f f xf f
+

( ( (
( ( (

( ( (
( ( (

1
3 2 2 2 1 1 3 3 2
2 3 3
4 2
5
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
5 1
2 2
1 4 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 2
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 5 3 2 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 4 2 5
f f f f f f f f
f f f
+ +
+
( ( (
( ( (

( ( (
( ( (

1 1
1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 2 1 0 2 2 4
0 1 0 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 1 14
0 0 1 4 2 5 4 2 5 4 2 5 3 25
A A

( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( (
= = = =
( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( (

x b


3
4, 1, 25 x y z = = =
5. Usando nicamente Gauss Jordan demuestre si es posible pasar de la matriz A a la matriz B
o viceversa, para ver si los sistemas cuyas matrices aumentadas aparecen abajo son
equivalentes.

(
(
(

=
30 1 24 1 16 4
34 0 29 1 20 5
6 0 5 0 4 1
A
(
(
(

=
2 1 2 3 8 2
8 0 6 1 8 2
6 0 5 0 4 1
B

Solucin

1 2 2
1 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3
5
4 3
1 4 0 5 0 6 1 4 0 5 0 6 1 4 0 5 0 6
5 20 1 29 0 34 0 0 1 4 0 4 0 0 1 4 0 4
4 16 1 24 1 30 0 0 1 4 1 6 0 0 0 0 1 2
f f f
f f f f f f f f f
+
+ + +
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (

1 2 2
1 3 3
2
2
1 4 0 5 0 6
2 8 1 6 0 8
2 8 3 2 1 2
f f f
f f f
si son equivalentes
+
+
(
(

(
(

2 2
0 B y
2 2
I B , tal que BA AB = donde:

(
=
1 0
2 1
A
Solucin

Sea
1 2 1 2
0 1 0 1
x y x y x y
B AB BA
z w z w z w
( ( ( ( (
= = =
( ( ( ( (

2 0
2 2 2 2 2
2
2 0
x z x z
x z y w x x y y w x y w x
z w z z w z z z z
w z w z
+ = =
+ + + + = + = ( (
=
`
( (
+ = =

= + =
)


4
,
0
x y
B con x y
x
(
=
(

2 2
0 B y
2 2
I B , tales que BA AB = donde:

(
=
1 1
0 2
A
Solucin

Sea
2 0 2 0
1 1 1 1
x y x y x y
B AB BA
z w z w z w
( ( ( ( (
= = =
( ( ( ( (

2 2
2 2 2 2 0
2 2
x x y
x y x y y y y y
x z y w z w w x z z w z x w
y w w
=
= = ( (
=
`
( (
+ + + = = +

+ =
)

0
,
x
B con x w
x w w
(
=
(
+

8. Hallar la inversa de
4 4 0
2 0 3
0 3 3
(
(
(
(

Solucin


1
2 3 3
1 1 4
1
2 2 3 1 2 2
1 1
4 4
2
1
2
4 4 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
2 0 3 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 1 0 0 2 3 1 0
0 3 3 0 0 1 0 3 3 0 0 1 0 3 3 0 0 1
f xf f
f f
f f f f f
+
( ( (
( ( (

( ( (
( ( (

3 1 1 2 1 1
1
3 3 2 3 3 5 3 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
4 4 3 4 3
2
1 1 1
3 3 3
1 1 2 1 1 2
2 2 3 10 5 15
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
0 2 3 1 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 1
f f f f f f
f f f f f f f f
+ +
+ +
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (

3 1 1
20 5 5
1 1 1
10 5 5
1 1 2
10 5 15
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
(
(
(
(

3 1 1
20 5 5
1
1 1 1
10 5 5
1 1 2
10 5 15
A
(
(
=
(
(


5
(
(
(
=
5
1
4
1
3
1
4
1
3
1
2
1
3
1
2
1
1
A

Solucin


1 1
1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2
1 1
1 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 2 12
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 3 2 3 2 3
12
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 3 4 12 12 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 4 5 12 45 3 12 45 3
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 6 12 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
f f f f f f
f f f f f f f f
+ +
+ +
( ( (
( ( (

( ( (
( ( (

3 2 2
1
3 1 1 6
1
6
1
1 0 4 6 0 1 0 0 4 36 30 9 36 30
0 1 1 6 12 0 0 1 0 36 192 180 36 192 180
0 0 1 30 180 180 0 0 1 30 180 180 30 180 180
f f f
f f f
A
+
+
( ( (
( ( (
=
( ( (
( ( (

10. Si
(
=
0 2
2 1
A ,
0 2
1 2
B
(
=
(

hallar:
( ) ( )
1 2
1 1
2
5 2
T
A B A B I

+

Solucin

( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
1 1 1 1
0 2 1 2 4 0
1 2 2 0 5 2
A B B A BA

( ( (
= = = =
( ( (

( ) ( )
2 2 1 2 1 2 3 2 75 50
5 25 25 25 25
2 0 2 0 2 4 50 100
T T T T
A A A A
( ( ( (
= = = = =
( ( ( (

( )
2
0 2 1 0 1 0 8 0
2 2 4 2
1 2 0 1 0 1 0 8
B I
( ( (
= = =
( ( (

( ) ( )
1 2
1 1
2
4 0 75 50 8 0 63 50
5 2
5 2 50 100 0 8 45 94
T
A B A B I

( ( ( (
+ = + =
( ( ( (


6
11. Sea
4 4 0
2 0 3
0 3 3
A
(
(
=
(
(

y
5 1 0
3 0 2
0 4 1
B
(
(
=
(
(

, calcular
2
2
T
A B BA +

Solucin

2
1 1 0 1 1 0 24 16 12
0 3 5 0 3 5 8 17 9
1 0 1 1 0 1 6 9 18
A AA
( ( (
( ( (
= = =
( ( (
( ( (

5 3 0 10 6 0
2 2 1 0 4 2 0 8
0 2 1 0 4 2
T
B
( (
( (
= =
( (
( (

y
5 1 0 4 4 0 22 20 3
3 0 2 2 0 3 12 18 6
0 4 1 0 3 3 8 3 9
BA
( ( (
( ( (
= =
( ( (
( ( (

2
24 16 12 10 6 0 22 20 3 36 30 15
2 8 17 9 2 0 8 12 18 6 18 35 7
6 9 18 0 4 2 8 3 9 14 2 29
T
A B BA
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
+ = + =
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

12. Sea
1 1 0
0 3 5
1 0 1
A
(
(
=
(
(

, calcular
( )( )
2
3
7 3 A A A I + =
Solucin

2
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 2 5
0 3 5 0 3 5 5 9 10
1 0 1 1 0 1 2 1 1
A
( ( (
( ( (
= =
( ( (
( ( (

2
1 2 5 1 1 0 6 9 5
7 5 9 10 7 0 3 5 5 30 45
2 1 1 1 0 1 5 1 6
A A
( ( (
( ( (
= =
( ( (
( ( (

3
1 1 0 1 0 0 4 1 0
3 0 3 5 3 0 1 0 0 0 5
1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 4
A I
( ( (
( ( (
= =
( ( (
( ( (

( )( )
2
3
6 9 5 4 1 0 19 6 25
7 3 5 30 45 0 0 5 25 5 30
5 1 6 1 0 4 26 5 19
A A A I
( ( (
( ( (
+ = =
( ( (
( ( (


7
1 2 3
2 3 2
3 1 1
A
(
(
=
(
(

Solucin

3 1
5 5
1 2 3 1 0 0 1 2 3 1 0 0 1 2 3 1 0 0
2 3 2 0 1 0 0 7 4 2 1 0 0 1 2 0
3 1 1 0 0 1 0 5 10 3 0 1 0 7 4 2 1 0
( ( (
( ( (

( ( (
( ( (

13 1 2 1 2 1 1
5 5 5 5 50 10 50
3 3 1 1 4 2 2
5 5 5 5 25 10 25
7 7 7 11 11 1 11 1
5 5 50 10 50 50 10 50
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 0
0 0 10 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
( ( (
( ( (

( ( (
( ( (

13 1 1
50 10 50
1
4 2 2
25 10 25
7 11 1
50 10 50
A
(
(
=
(
(

1 2 3
2 1 1
3 0 1
A
(
(
=
(
(

Solucin

2 1
5 5
1 2 3 1 0 0 1 2 3 1 0 0 1 2 3 1 0 0
2 1 1 0 1 0 0 5 5 2 1 0 0 1 1 0
3 0 1 0 0 1 0 6 10 3 0 1 0 6 10 3 0 1
( ( (
( ( (

( ( (
( ( (

1 2 1 2 1 1 1
5 5 5 5 20 10 4
2 1 2 1 1 1 1
5 5 5 5 4 2 4
3 6 3 6 3 6 1 1
5 5 20 20 4 20 20 4
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 4 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
( ( (
( ( (

( ( (
( ( (

1 1 1
20 10 4
1
1 1 1
4 2 4
3 6 1
20 20 4
A
(
(
=
(
(

15. Si
1
1 3 0
0 1 1
1 1 4
A
(
(
=
(
(

y
1
2 1 1
0 0 2
1 1 1
B
(
(
=
(
(

hallar ( )
1
AB

=

Solucin


8
Como ( ) ( )
1 1
1 1
2 1 1 1 3 0 3 6 5 3 6 5
0 0 2 0 1 1 2 2 8 2 2 8
1 1 1 1 1 4 0 5 3 0 5 3
AB B A AB

( ( ( (
( ( ( (
= = = =
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

16. Sabiendo que
|
|
|
\
|
=
1 124 0
4 0 2
7 3 1
1
A y que
|
|
|
\
|
=
2 7 3
0 3 1
5 1 3
) (
1
AB calcular B.

Solucin

Obsrvese que:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2
AB B A AB A B A A AB A B A A AB A B I

= = = =

( )
( )
( ) ( )
1
1
1
1 1
AB A B B A AB

= = Por lo tanto hay que calcular AB

Usando la matriz aumentada ( )
1
AB I
(

y Gauss-Jordan se tiene lo siguiente:

1 2 2
1 3 3 3 2 2 1
3
3
3 1 5 1 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 0 1 3 0 0 1 0
1 3 0 0 1 0 3 1 5 1 0 0 0 8 5 1 3 0
3 7 2 0 0 1 3 7 2 0 0 1 0 2 2 0 3 1
f f f
f f f f xf f xf
+
+
( ( (
( ( (

( ( (
( ( (

2 1 1
1 1
3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 2
7 3
3
2 2
8
3 3 1 1
2 2 2 2
1 3 0 0 1 0 1 3 0 0 1 0 1 0 3 0
0 2 2 0 3 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
0 8 5 1 3 0 0 8 5 1 3 0 0 0 3 1 9 4
f f f
f f f f f f f

+
+
( ( (
( ( (

( ( (
( ( (

3 2 2
3 1 1
7 3 5 11
2 2 2 2
3
3 3 5 1 1
2 2 3 2 6
1 4 1 4
3 3 3 3
1 0 3 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 3 0 0 1 3
f f f
f f f
+
+
( (
( (

( (
( (

1
6
6 33 15
2 9 5
2 18 8
AB
(
(
=
(
(

( )
7 28
3 3
1
1 2 1
6 3 3
125 314
3 3
1 3 7 6 33 15 20
2 0 4 2 9 5 1
0 124 1 2 18 8 189
B A AB
( | | (
| ( (
= = =
| ( (
|
( (
\

17. Calcular
31
A donde:
1 1 1
2 2 1
2 2 1
A
(
(
=
(
(

Solucin


9

2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 1 2 2 1 0 0 1
2 2 1 2 2 1 0 0 1
A AA
( ( (
( ( (
= = =
( ( (
( ( (

3 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 2 2 1 2 2 1
0 0 1 2 2 1 2 2 1
A A A A
( ( (
( ( (
= = = =
( ( (
( ( (

3 3 6 2 7 7 14 2 15 15 30 2
3 31
6 7 3 14 15 3 30 31 3
A A A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
= = = = = =
= =
= = = = = = = = =


1
1. Suponga que ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
, , , , , , , , u u u u v v v v w w w w = = = son coplanares.

a. Demuestre que existen , , a b c no todos cero tales que:

1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
0
0
0
au bu cu
av bv cv
aw bw cw
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =

b. Explique porque
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
0
u u u
v v v
w w w
=
Solucin

a) Como ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
, , , , , , , , u u u u v v v v w w w w = = = son coplanares. Sea
0, 0 0 z uxv z u z v y z w = = = = 0 i i i es decir, z es perpendicular tanto a
, u v y w. Sea ( ) , , z a b c = 0 esto demuestra a).

b) Como ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
, , , , , , , , u u u u v v v v w w w w = = = son coplanares, entonces son
linealmente dependientes por lo que existe al menos uno de ellos que se puede
escribir como una combinacin lineal de los que sobran. Sea
1 2
w c u c v = +

( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 3 2 3
, , , , , , w c u c v c u u u c v v v c u c v c u c v c u c v = + = + = + + +

1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 3 2 3
, , w c u c v w c u c v w c u c v = + = + = +

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 2 3
1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 3 2 3 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 2 3
0
u u u u u u u u u
v v v v v v c v v v
c u c v c u c v c u c v c u c u c u u u u
= = =
+ + +

2. Si
a b
b a
(
(

a. Para que valores de a y b la matriz A es no singular
b. Halle
1
A

Solucin

2 2 2 2
0
a b
a b a b a b
b a
=

2 2
1
1
a b
a b
A
b a
(
=
(


2
3. Utilizando nicamente operaciones elementales por rengln o columna (no desarrolle los
determinantes) para verificar si es verdadero o falso las siguientes afirmaciones:

a)
a c
c b
b a
c a c
b c b
a b a
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
b)
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
c c
b b
a a
ab c
ca b
bc a
=

Solucin a) Multiplicando la columna 1 por -1, sumando el resultado con la columna
3 y poniendo el resultado en la columna 3 se tiene:

1 1 3 3 3 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
col col col col col col
a b a a b b a b
b c b b c c b c
c a c c a a c a
+ +

= =

Solucin b)

2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
a bc a bc a a abc a a a a
abc
b ca b ca b b abc b b b b
abc abc
c ab c ab c c abc c c c c
= = = =

4.
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 4
1 1 1 1
d c b a
d c b a
d c b a
D = es el determinante de Vandermode de 4x4, demuestre que:
( )( )( )( )( )( ) c d b d b c a d a c a b D =
4

Solucin
1 2 2
1 3 3
1 4 4
1
1
1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 col col col
col col col
col col col
a b c d a b a c a d a
+
+
+

=

=

( )( )( )
2 3 4
,
2
3 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 0 0 0
1 1 1
col col col
factorizando
y
a
b a c a d a
a b a c a d a
a b ab a c ac a d ad a
=
+ + +
+ + + + + +
=

( )( )( )
2 3 3
2 4 4
1
1
2
3 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 0 0 0
1 0 0
col col col
col col col
a
b a c a d a
a b a c b d c
a b ab a c ac b ab d ad b ab
+
+
=
+
+ + + +
=


3
( )( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
43 44
2
3 2 2
1 0 0 0
1 0 0
factorizando
a y a
a
b a c a d a
a b a c b d c
a b ab a c b a b c d c a c d
=
+
+ + + + + +
=

( )( )( )( )( )
3 4
2
3 2 2
1 0 0 0
1 0 0
1 1
col col
factorizando
y
a
b a c a d a c b d c
a b a
a b ab a a b c a c d
=
+
+ + + + + +
=

( )( )( )( )( )
3 4 4
1
2
3 2 2
1 0 0 0
1 0 0
1 0
col col col
a
b a c a d a c b d c
a b a
a b ab a a b c d b
+
=
+
+ + + +
=

( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( )
resolviendo
el
b a c a d a c b d c d b
=

( ) ( ) ( )( )( )( )
4 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1
a b c d
D b a c a d a c b d b d c
a b c d
a b c d
= =

5. Usando la matriz adjunta hallar
1
A
de :
2
2
2
1
1
1
a a
A b b
c c
(
(
=
(
(

Solucin

( ) ( ) ( )( )
1 2
1 3 2 3
2
3 3
1
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 2 3 1 2 3
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0
factorizando
b a
c a
f f f
f f f f f f
a a a a
A b b b a b a b a c a b a b a c a b a
c c c a c a c a c b
+
+ +
= + + =
+
= = =

( ) ( )( )
2
2
2
1
1
1
a a
A b b b a c a c b
c c
= =

( )
2 2
1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2
11 21
2 2
( 1) ( 1) ( )
b b a a
A bc b c bc c b A a c ac ac a c
c c c c
+ +
= = = = = =


4
2 2
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
12 22
2 2
1 1
( 1) ( ) ( )( ) ( 1) ( )( )
1 1
b a
A c b c b c b A c a c a c a
c c
+ +
= = = + = = = +

( )
1 3 3 2 3 3
13 23 33
1 1 1
( 1) ( 1) ( 1)
1 1 1
b a a
A c b A c a A b a
c c b
+ + +
= = = = = =

( ) ( )
2 2
3 1 2 2 3 2 2 2
31 32
2 2
1
( 1) ( ) ( 1) ( )
1
a a a
A ab a b ab b a A b a b a b a
b b b
+ +
= = = = = = +

( )( )( )
1
( ) ( ) ( )
1
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( )
bc c b ac c a ab b a
A c b b c c a c a b a a b
b a c a c b
c b c a b a
(
(
= + + +
(

(

Realizando la multiplicacin y simplificando tenemos:

( )( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
( )( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
( )( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) 1
( )
bc c b ac c a ab b a
bc ac ab
b a c a c b b a c a c b b a c a c b b a c a b a c b c a c b
c b b c c a c a b a a b b c
b a c a c b b a c a c b b a c a c b b a c
c a
c b b a
b a c a c b b a c a c b b a c a c b
A

+ + + +

(
(
( = =
(
(

( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
1 1 1
c a a b
a b a c b c a c b
b a c a b a c b c a c b
+ +

(
(
(
(
(

6. -Sea
nxn
a b b b
b a b b
A b b a b
b b b a
(
(
(
( =
(
(
(

; demuestra que: ( ) [ ] b n a b a
a b b b
b a b b
b b a b
b b b a
n
) 1 (
1
+ =

Solucin Para una matriz 2 2 x ( )( )
2 2
a b
a b a b a b
b a
= = +

Para una matriz 3 3 x
3 1 1
1 3 3 2 2
1
1
3
0 0
0 0
0
Col col col
f f f Col col col
a b b a b b a b b
b a b a b b a b b
b b a b a b a a b a a b
+
+ +

= = =
+

( ) ( )
2 3 3
2
0
0 2
0 0 2
f f f
a b b
a b b a b a b
a b
+
= = +
+


5
Para una matriz 4 4 x

4 1 1
4 2 2
4 3
1
1
1
3 1 4 4
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0
Col col col
Col col col
Col col col f f f
a b b b a b b a b b
b a b b a b b a b b
b b a b a b b a b b
b b b a b a b a b a a b a b a a b
+
+
+ +

= = =

+

( ) ( )
3 4 4 2 4 4
3
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
3
0 0 0 0
0 0 2 0 0 0 3
f f f f f f
a b b a b b
a b b a b b
a b a b
a b b a b b
b a a b a b
+ +

= = = +

+ +

Para el caso nxn

1 1
2 2
3
1
1
1
1
1
3
1 1
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0
n
n
n
n n
Col col col
Col col col
Col col col
Col col col
n n n
f f f
a b b b a b b a b b
b a b b a b b a b b
b b a b a b b a b b
b b b a b a b a b a a b a b a a b
+
+
+
+
+

= = =
+

( ) [ ]
3
4
2 1
1
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
( 1) 0 0 0 0
0 0 2 0 0 0 ( 1)
n n
n n
n n n n n
f f f
f f f
f f f f f f
n
a b b a b b
a b b a b b
a b a n b a b b a b b
b a a b a n b
+
+
+ +

= = = +
+ +

( ) [ ]
1
( 1)
n
a b b b
b a b b
a b a n b b b a b
b b b a
= +


6
7. Estimar el determinante
( )
1 1 1 1
1 3 3 3
1 3 6 6
1 3 6 3 1 n
=

Solucin

( ) ( )
3 4 4 1 2 2 2 3 3
1 3 3 3 5 5 2 4 4
1 2 3
................. ................. ...................
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 3 3 3 0 2 2 2 0
1 3 6 6 0 2 5 5
1 3 6 3 1 0 2 5 3 1 1
n n n n n n
f f f f f f f f f
f f f f f f f f f
f f f f f f f f f
n n
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
= =

( )
2 2 2
0 0 3 3
0 0 3 3 2 n

( )
4 5 5
4 5 5
4
...................
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 2 2 2 0 2 2 2
0 0 3 3 1 2 3 0 0 3 3
0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 3
n n
f f f
f f f
f f f
n
n
+
+
+
= = = =

Obsrvese para el caso 6 6 x

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 3 3 3 3 3 0 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 2
1 3 6 6 6 6 0 2 5 5 5 5 0 0 3 3 3 3 0 0 3 3 3 3
1 3 6 9 9 9 0 2 5 8 8 8 0 0 3 6 6 6 0 0 0 3 3 3
1 3 6 9 12 12 0 2 5 8 11 11 0 0 3 6 9 9 0 0 0 3 6 6
1 3 6 9 12 15 0 2 5 8 11 14 0 0 3 6 9 12 0 0 0 3 6 9
= = = =

4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 3 3 3 3 0 0 3 3 3 3
1 2 3
0 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 0 3 3 3
0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 3
0 0 0 0 3 6 0 0 0 0 0 3
= =
4
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 3 3 3 3 3
1 3 6 6 6 6
1 2 3
1 3 6 9 9 9
1 3 6 9 12 12
1 3 6 9 12 15
=


7
8. Si A es una matriz invertible de nxn , demuestre que: ( ) ( )
1
1
1
adj A A adj A
A

= =
Solucin

Se tiene que: ( ) ( )
1
adjA adjA I
= (*)

Y por otro, lado sabemos que
1 1
1
A
A adjA adjA A A

= = por lo que sustituyendo en (*)

Se tiene:
( )( ) ( )
1 1
1
A
A A adjA I adjA
A

= = (**)

Por otro lado se tiene que
( )
1
1 1 1 1
1
1 A
A A adjA adjA A A
A A
| |
| = = = =
|
\
(***)

De (**) y (***) se demuestra que ( ) ( )
1
1
1
adj A A adj A
A

= =

9. Muestra que si A es una matriz nxn entonces
1
=
n
A A adj

Solucin

Se sabe que
1 1
1
A
A adjA adjA A A

= = aplicamos el determinante a ambos lados

1
adjA A A
= recordemos que
n
kA k A = por lo que

1
1 1
1
n
n n
A
adjA A A A A A
A

= = = = por lo tanto
1
=
n
A A adj

10. Demuestre que si A es ortogonal, entonces 1 = A

Solucin

Sabemos que una matriz no singular A es una matriz ortogonal so
1 T
A A
=

1 1
1 1
T T T
A A y A A A A I A A A A

= = = = =

2
1 1 A A = =


8
11. Demuestre que:

a.
2 2 2
u v u v + = + si y slo si 0 u v =
b.
2 2 2 2
2 2 u v u v u v + + = +

Solucin a) solucin b)

( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2
0
u v u v u v
u v u v u v u v u v u v
u v u u u v v u v v
u v u v
u v u v u v
u v u v si u v
+ = + +
+ + = + + + +
+ = + + +
+ = +
+ = + +
+ = + =

12. Demuestre que u v u v sen + =

Solucin

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
u xv u x v u x v u vx u x v v v u u v u u v u v u v = = = = = (

( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
cos 1 cos u x v u v u v u v u v sen = = =

2 2 2
2
u v u v sen u v u v sen + = + =

13. Demuestre que
2 2
1 1
4 4
u v u v u v = +

Solucin

( ) ( )
2
2 u v u v u v u u u v v u v v u u u v v v + = + + = + + + = + +

( ) ( )
2
2 u v u v u v u u u v v u v v u u u v v v = = + = +

( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 1 1
4 4 4 4
2 2 4 u v u v u u u v v v u u u v v v u v u v + = + + + = =


1
1. Si a A =
3
, b B =
3
y
3
C abd = con , , 0 a b c hallar:

a.
( )
( )
1
3 1
1
3
T
A B
AB
=

b.
( )
( )
1
1
1
T
n
a
A B d C
A b B
=

Solucin

a)
( )
( )
1
3 1 1
2 3 3
2 2
1 1 1 3 3 2
3
3
27
27 27
T
A B
A B
A B
ab b
a a
A B A
AB

= = = =

b)
( )
( )
3 3 3
1
1
3 1 3 1 1 1
3 2 2 2
1 1
3 4 3 1 3 1 1
1
n n n
T
T
n
A C
a abd
n n n n
a a a a
A B d C
B d A B d C
bd a d
a b b b A b B A b B A b B
= = = =

2. Sabiendo que
|
|
|
\
|
=
1 124 0
4 0 2
7 3 1
1
A y que
|
|
|
\
|
=
2 7 3
0 3 1
5 1 3
) (
1
AB calcular B.
Solucin

Obsrvese que:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2
AB B A AB A B A A AB A B A A AB A B I

= = = =

( )
( )
( ) ( )
1
1
1
1 1
AB A B B A AB

= = Por lo tanto hay que calcular AB

1 2 2
1 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 1
3
3 4
1
3 1 5 1 3 0 1 3 0 1 3 0 1 3 0
( ) 1 3 0 3 1 5 0 8 5 0 2 2 0 2 2 6
3 7 2 3 7 2 0 2 2 0 8 5 0 0 3
f f f
f f f f xf f f f f xf
AB
+
+ +
= = = = = =

( )
( )
( )
11 21 31
12 22 32
13 23 33
6 2 35 33 15
2 6 15 9 5 5
7 9 2 21 3 18 9 1 8
A A A
A A A
A A A
= = = =
= = = = =
= = = = = =

1
6
6 33 15
2 9 5
2 18 8
AB
(
(
=
(
(

( )
7 28
3 3
1
1 2 1
6 3 3
125 314
3 3
1 3 7 6 33 15 20
2 0 4 2 9 5 1
0 124 1 2 18 8 189
B A AB
( | | (
| ( (
= = =
| ( (
|
( (
\


2
1
A
de :
(
(
(
=
5
1
4
1
3
1
4
1
3
1
2
1
3
1
2
1
1
A
Solucin

1
1 2
2 2
3 3 3 3
1
2
1 1
3 12
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 3 2 3 2 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 3 4 12 12 12 12
1 1 1 1 4 4
3 4 5 12 45 180
1 1 1
1
0 0
2160
0 0 0
f f f
f f f f f f
A
+
+ +
= =
= =

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
11 12 13 15 16 240 10 12 60 8 9 72
1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1
21 22 23 10 12 60 5 9 45 4 6 12
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
31 32 33 8 9 72 4 6 12 3 4 12
A A A
A A A
A A A
= = = = = =
= = = = = =
= = = = = =

1 1 1
240 60 72
1
1 4 1
60 45 72
1
2160
1 1 1
72 12 12
9 36 30
1
36 192 180
30 180 180
A
| | (
| (
= =
| (
|
(
\

1
A
de :
1 2 3
2 3 2
3 1 1
A
(
(
=
(
(

Solucin
3
1 2
1 3 2 3
5
2
2
3 3
2
3 7
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
2 3 2 0 7 4 5 0 1 2 5 0 1 2 50
3 1 1 0 5 10 0 7 4 0 0 10
factorizando
f f
f f f
f f f f f f
A
+
+ +
= =

= = =

1 1 2 1 3 1
11 21 31
3 2 2 3 2 3
( 1) 3 2 1 ( 1) ( 2 3) 5 ( 1) 4 9 13
1 1 1 1 3 2
A A A
+ + +
= = = = = = = = + =

1 2 2 2 3 2
12 22 32
2 2 1 3 1 3
( 1) ( 2 6) 8 ( 1) ( 1 9) 10 ( 1) 4
3 1 3 1 2 2
A A A
+ + +
= = = = = = = =

1 3 2 3 3 3
13 23 33
2 3 1 2 1 2
( 1) 2 9 11 ( 1) (1 6) 5 ( 1) 3 4 7
3 1 3 1 2 3
A A A
+ + +
= = + = = = = = = =

1
1 5 13
1
8 10 4
50
11 5 7
A
(
(
=
(
(


3
5. Usando A = x b donde
1
A
= x b , resolver el sistema lineal siguiente:

2 3 6
2 3 14
3 2
x y z
x y z
x y z
+ + =
+ =
+ =

Solucin Del sistema obtenemos
1 2 3
2 3 2
3 1 1
A
(
(
=
(
(

,
6
14
2
b
(
(
=
(
(

y hallaremos
1
A
, obsrvese

que del problema anterior ya se encontr
1
A
, es decir
1
1 5 13
1
8 10 4
50
11 5 7
A
(
(
=
(
(

por lo que

1
1 5 13 6 6 70 26 1 1
1 1
8 10 4 14 48 140 8 2 2
50 50
11 5 7 2 66 70 14 3 3
x x
y A y
z z
+ = ( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( (
= = = = + = =
( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( ( + + =

x b

6. Usando A = x b donde
1
A
= x b , resolver el sistema lineal siguiente:

2 3 9
2 8
3 3
x y z
x y z
x z
+ + =
+ =
=

Solucin Del sistema obtenemos la matriz de coeficientes, es decir

1 2 2
1 3 2 3 3
2
3 6
3
5
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
2 1 1 2 1 1 0 5 5 5 0 1 1 20
3 0 1 3 0 1 0 6 10 0 0 4
factorizando
f f f
f f f f f f
A A
+
+ +
(
(
= = =
(
(

= =

1 1 2 1 3 1
11 21 31
1 1 2 3 2 3
( 1) 1 0 1 ( 1) ( 2 0) 2 ( 1) 2 3 5
0 1 0 1 1 1
A A A
+ + +
= = = = = = = = + =

1 2 2 2 3 2
12 22 32
2 1 1 3 1 3
( 1) ( 2 3) 5 ( 1) ( 1 9) 10 ( 1) 5
3 1 3 1 2 1
A A A
+ + +
= = = = = = = =

1 3 2 3 3 3
13 23 33
2 1 1 2 1 2
( 1) 0 3 3 ( 1) (0 6) 6 ( 1) 1 4 5
3 0 3 0 2 1
A A A
+ + +
= = + = = = = = = =


4

1
1 2 5
1
5 10 5
20
3 6 5
A
(
(
=
(
(

1
1 2 5 9 9 16 15 2 2
1 1
5 10 5 8 45 80 15 1 1
20 20
3 6 5 3 27 48 15 3 3
x x
y A y
z z
+ + = ( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( (
= = = = + = =
( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( ( + =

x b

7. Resolver el siguiente determinante:

8 20 0 4 8
0 15 0 1 9
0 6 0 0 3
0 6 0 4 3
4 4 1 5 3

Solucin

8 20 0 4 8 0 20 8 4 8 1 4 4 5 3 1 4 4 5 3
0 15 0 1 9 0 15 0 1 9 0 15 0 1 9 0 20 8 4 8
0 6 0 0 3 0 6 0 0 3 0 6 0 0 3 0 6 0 0 3
0 6 0 4 3 0 6 0 4 3 0 6 0 4 3 0 6 0 4 3
4 4 1 5 3 1 4 4 5 3 0 20 8 4 8 0 15 0 1 9

= = = =

1 4 4 5 3 1 4 4 5 3 1 4 5 4 3 1 4 5 4 3
0 8 20 4 8 0 8 20 4 8 0 8 4 20 8 0 8 4 20 8
0 0 6 0 3 0 0 15 1 9 0 0 1 15 9 0 0 1 15 9
0 0 6 4 3 0 0 6 4 3 0 0 4 6 3 0 0 0 66 33
0 0 15 1 9 0 0 6 0 3 0 0 0 6 3 0 0 0 6 3

= = = = =

1 4 5 4 3 1 4 5 4 3
0 8 4 20 8 0 8 4 20 8
0 0 0 1 15 9 0 0 1 15 9
0 0 0 6 3 0 0 0 6 3
0 0 0 66 33 0 0 0 0 0

= = =


5
8. Resolver el siguiente determinante:
6 9 0 3 6
0 6 0 1 9
0 3 0 0 3
0 3 0 4 3
4 1 1 5 3

Solucin

6 9 0 3 6 6 9 6 3 0 3 9 6 6 0 4 3 3 0 0
0 6 0 1 9 0 6 9 1 0 1 6 9 0 0 1 6 9 0 0
0 3 0 0 3 0 3 3 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 3 3 0 0
0 3 0 4 3 0 3 3 4 0 4 3 3 0 0 3 9 6 6 0
4 1 1 5 3 4 1 3 5 1 5 1 3 4 1 5 1 3 4 1

= = = =

( ) ( ) ( )
4 0 0 0 0
1 3 0 0 0
4 3 3 6 1 216 0 3 3 0 0
3 9 6 6 0
5 1 3 4 1
= = =

9. Usando propiedades elementales de los determinantes, hallar el o los valores de k para que
el siguiente determinante se diferente de cero:

0
0 1 1 1 3 0
1 3 4 2 1 0
0 0 1 2 0
0 0 1 5 0
0 0 0 0 2 0
1 1 1 2 2 1
k
k
= NO USAR COFACTORES

Solucin

1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 2 4 3 1
0 5 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 5 0 0 1 0 5
0 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 2
0 1 2 4 3 1 0 1 2 4 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 2
0 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 3 0 0 1 1 1 3
k k k
k k k

= =


6

2
2
1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2
0 1 2 4 3 1 0 1 2 4 3 1 0 1 2 4 3 1
0 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 2
0 0 1 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 5 2 0 0 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 5 2
0 0 1 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2
k k k
k k k k
k k k

= =

( )
2
2
1 1 2 1 1 2
0 1 2 3 4 1
0 0 1 0 2
2 1 0 1
0 0 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 1 5 2
0 0 0 0 0 2
k
k k con k
k
k k

= =


1
1. El conjunto que consiste en un objeto con la suma definida por objeto objeto objeto = y la
multiplicacin por un escalar definida por c objeto objeto = i . Es un espacio vectorial?

Solucin

)
)
u v objeto objeto objeto V
c objeto objeto V
= =
= i

?
) a u v v u
objeto objeto objeto objeto
objeto objeto u v v u

=
=
= =

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
?
?
?
) b u v w u v w
objeto objeto objeto objeto objeto objeto
objeto objeto objeto objeto
objeto objeto u v w u v w

=
=
=
= =

) c u e u e u u
objeto e objeto e objeto objeto e objeto
e objeto e objeto
= =
= = =
= =

) d u inv u e inv u u e
objeto inv u objeto inv u objeto objeto inv u objeto
inv u objeto inv u objeto
= =
= = =
= =
Existe invu .

( )
( )
( )
?
?
) e c u v c u c v
c objeto objeto c objeto c objeto
c objeto c objeto c objeto c objeto c u v c u c v

=
=
= =
i i
i i i i

( )
( )
( )
?
?
?
) f c d u c u d u
c d objeto c objeto d objeto
objeto objeto objeto
objeto objeto c d u c u d u
+ =
+ =
=
= + =


2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
?
?
?
) g c d u cd u
c d objeto cd objeto
c objeto objeto
objeto objeto c d u cd u
=
=
=
= =

?
) 1
1 1
h u u
objeto objeto u u
=
= =

Si es espacio vectorial

2. Determine si el conjunto dado junto con las operaciones dadas, es un espacio vectorial si no
lo es, enumere las propiedades que no se cumplen. El conjunto de todos los nmeros
reales; con las operaciones v u v u = 2 y u u c c =

Solucin

) 2 2
)
Multiplicacin, suma y diferencia de reales es real
Multiplicacin, suma y diferencia de reales es real
u v u v u v
c u cu cu
=
= i

?
)
2 2
a u v v u
u v v u u v v u

=

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
?
?
?
)
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 4 2
b u v w u v w
u v w u v w
u v w u v w
u v w u v w u v w u v w

=
=
=
+

)
2 2
c u e u e u u
u e u e u u
e u e u
= =
= =
= =
No se cumple porque u no es nico

)
2 2
2 2 2
d u inv u e inv u u e
u inv u u inv u u u
u u inv u inv u
u inv u inv u u
= =
= =
= =
= =
No se cumple porque no existe u .

3
( )
( )
( )
?
?
)
2
2 2
e c u v c u c v
c u v cu cv
cu cv cu cv c u v c u c v

=
=
= =

( )
( )
( )
?
?
)
2
f c d u c u d u
c d u cu du
cu du cu du c d u c u d u
+ =
+ =
+ +

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
?
?
?
) g c d u cd u
c du cd u
c du cd u c d u cd u
=
=
= =

?
) 1
1
h u u
u u u u
=
= =

Como no se cumplieron las propiedades a), b), c), d) y f) , El conjunto de todos los
nmeros reales; con las operaciones v u v u = 2 y u u c c = no es un espacio
vectorial.

lo es, enumere las propiedades que no se cumplen. El conjunto de todos los nmeros
reales positivos; con las operaciones v u v u = + y
c
c u u=

Solucin

)
)
c c
u v u v u v
c u u u
+
+
=
=
Multiplicacinde dos reales es real
Donde i

?
) a u v v u
u v vu u v v u

=
=

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
?
?
?
) b u v w u v w
u v w u v w
u v w u v w

=
=
=
= =


4
)
1
1 0 1
c u e u e u u
u e u eu u e
e con u e
= =
= = =
= =
es nico

1 1
)
1 1
u u
uinv u inv uu
inv u inv
= =
= =
= =
Existe invu .

( )
( )
( ) ( )
?
?
)
c c
c
c c
e c u v c u c v
c u v u v
u v u v c u v c u c v

=
=
= =

( )
( )
( )
?
?
)
c d c d
c d c d
f c d u c u d u
u u u
u u u u c d u c u d u
+
+ =
=
= + =

( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
?
?
)
d cd
c
d cd
g c d u cd u
c u u
u u c d u cd u
=
=
= =

?
1
) 1
1
h u u
u u u u
=
= =

si es espacio vectorial

lo es, enumere las propiedades que no se cumplen. El conjunto de nmeros reales de la
forma 2 b a + , Donde b y a son nmeros racionales, bajo la suma de
nmeros reales usual y la multiplicacin por un escalar definida slo para escalares
racionales

Solucin

Sea 2 a b = + u y
1 1
2 a b = + v

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
1 1 1 1
) 2 2 2
) 2 2
u v a b a b a a b b u v
c u c a b ac bc c u
= = + + = + + +
= + = +
u
Donde i i


5
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
?
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
)
2 2 2 2
2 2
a u v v u
a b a b a b a b
a a b b a a b b u v v u

=
+ + = + +
+ + + = + + + =

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
?
?
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
?
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
)
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
b u v w u v w
a b a b a b a b a b a b
a b a a b b a b a b a b
a a a b b b a a a b b b

=
+ + + = + + +
+ + + + = + + +
+ + + + + = + + + + +
= =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
)
2 2 2 2 0 0 2
0 0 2 0 0 2
c u e u e u u
a b e a b e a b a b e
e e

= =
+ = + + = + = +
= + = +
Es
nico

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
)
2 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 2
2 2
a b inv u inv u a b inv a b
inv u a b inv a b
= =
+ + = + + + = + = +
= + = +

( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
?
1 1
?
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
) 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
e c u v c a b c a b
c a a b b ca cb ca cb
ca ca cb cb ca ca cb cb c u v c u c v

= + +
+ + + = + +
+ + + = + + + =

( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
?
?
)
2 2 2
2 2
f c d u c u d u
c d a b c a b d a b
c d a b c d a b
c d u c u d u
+ =
+ + = + +
+ + = + +
+ =

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
?
?
)
2 2
2 2
g c d u cd u
c d a b cd a b
cd a b cd a b c d u cd u
=
+ = +
+ = + =


6
( ) ( )
?
) 1
1 2 2 1
h u u
a b a b u u
=
+ = + =

si es espacio vectorial

5. Si V es un espacio vectorial, entonces demuestre que:

a. e u = 0 , para cada u en V.
b. e e = c , para cada escalar c.
c. Si e u = c , entonces 0 = c o e u =
d. ( ) u = u 1 , para cada u en V.

Solucin a) Solucin b)

( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0
0
u u c e c e e
u u u c e c e c e
u inv u u u inv u c e invc e c e c e invc e
u inv u u u inv u c e invc e c e c e invc e
e u e e c e e
e u e c e
= + =
= =
= =
= =
= =
= =
i i i i
i i i i i i
i i i i i i i i i i
i i i i i i i i i i
i i
i i

Solucin c) solucin d)

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
1 1 1
0
1 1 1
1 1 1
1
1 0
0 1
) 0
1
1
1
g h c u e
c c c
c
Suponga que c u e y que c
u u u u
u u u
tenemos u u u c u e e
u u u e
Para el caso c u e y que c u u e
se demuestra por a u e
u u invu e invu
u u invu e invu
u invu
=
=
=
= +
= = = = =
= =
= = =
=
=
=
=
i
i
i i i
i i
i i i
i i
i i
i
i
i
i

6. Sean { }
1 2
, , ,
n
v v v
una base en V. Sean {
1 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3
, , , , u v u v v u v v v = = + = + +

}
1 2 3 n n
u v v v v = + + +
. Demuestre que { }
1 2
, , ,
n
u u u
es tambin una base.

Solucin Como { }
1 2
, , ,
n
v v v
una base en V, se tiene que:
1 1 2 2 3 3
0
n n
c v c v c v c v + + + + =

1 2 2
0
n
c c c c = = = = =


7
Por demostrar que:
1 1 2 2 3 3 n n
d u d u d u d u + + + + = 0

1 2 2
0
n
d d d d = = = = =

Usando
1 1 2 2 2 2 n n
d u d u d u d u + + + + = 0
y sustituyendo

1 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
, , , ,
n
u v u v v u v v v u v v v v = = + = + + = + + +

( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 n n
d v d v v d v v v d v v v v + + + + + + + + + + + = 0

Reordenando se tiene:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3 1 2 3 2 3 3 n n n n n
d d d d v d d d v d d v d v + + + + + + + + + + + + + = 0

Como { }
1 2
, , ,
n
v v v
una base en V se tiene que

1 2 3
2 3
3 1 2 3
0
0
0 0
0
n
n
n n
n
d d d d
d d d
d d d d d d
d
+ + + + =

+ + + =
+ + = = = = = =
`
=
)

1 2 3
, , , ,
n
u u u u Son base.

7. Sea { }
1 2 1
, ,..., , ,...,
k k n
B u u u u u
+
= una base ortonormal para
n
, { }
1 2
, ,...,
k
S gen u u u = y
{ }
1
,...,
k n
T gen u u
+
= , para cualquier S y T x y , muestre que 0 = x y

Solucin

Como B es una base ortonormal se tiene que:
1 2
0 u u para i j = i , por otro lado,

1 1 2 2
... 1, 2,..,
k k i
S c u c u c u con c para i k = + + + = x x y

1 1 2 2
... 1, 2,..,
k k k k n n i
T c u c u c u con c para i k k n
+ + + +
= + + + = + + y y

( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
... ...
k k k k k k n n
c u c u c u c u c u c u
+ + + +
= + + + + + + x y i i

( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2
... ...
k k k k n n k k k k n n
c u c u c u c u c u c u c u c u
+ + + + + + + +
= + + + + + + + + + x y i i i

( )
1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1
... ...
k k k k k k n n k k k k n n
c u c u c u c u c u c u c u c u c u c u
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + = + + + + + i i i i


8
1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1
...
k k k k k k k k k k n n k k
c u c u c u c u c u c u c c u u
+ + + + + +
+ + + = i i i i
1 2 1 2 k k
c c u u
+ +
+ i
1 1
...
n n
c c u u + + i + +

1 1 k k k k
c c u u
+ +
i
2 2 k k k k
c c u u
+ +
+ i ...
k n k n
c c u u + + i 0 0 = = x y i

8. Sean ( ) ( ) ( ) { } ( ) ( ) ( ) { } 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 1 , 2 , 2 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 1 = = T y S bases para
3
R . Cules son
los escalares respectivos en cada una de las bases que generan al vector ( , , ) x y z ?

Solucin

1 2 2
1 1
1 3 3 2 3 3
2 1 0 2 1 0 2 1 0 2
2 1 2 2 1 2 0 1 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
f f f
f f
f f f f f f
x x x
y y x y
z z x z
+

+ +
( ( (
( ( (
+
( ( (
( ( ( +

3 1 1
3 2 2
2
2
1 0 2 1 0 0 2 2
0 1 2 2 0 1 0 2
0 0 1 0 0 1
f f f
f f f
x x z y
x y z y
x y z x y z
+
+
+ ( (
( (

( (
( ( + +

( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) 1,1,1 2 2 1, 2,1 2 0,1,1 2, 2,1 x z y z y x y z = + + + +

Por otro lado

1 1 1 2 2
3 2 2
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
f f f f f
f f f
x x x
y y x y
z z z
+
+
( ( (
( ( (
+
( ( (
( ( (

1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
x
x y z
z
(
(
+
(
(

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) 1,1,1 1,1, 0 0,1, 0 0,1,1 x x y z z = + + +
9. Determine si la siguiente transformacin es lineal:
|
|
\
|
+
+
=
|
|
|
|
|
\
|
w y
z x
w
z
y
x
T R R T , :
2 4

Solucin

Sea ( ) ( ) , , , , , , u x y z w y v x y z w = =

( ) ( ) ( ) { } ( ) ( ) , , , , , , , , , , T u v T x y z w x y z w T x x y y z z w w x x z z y y w w + = + = + + + + = + + + + + +

Por otro lado

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , , , , , , , , T u T v T x y z w T x y z w x z y w x z y w + = + = + + + + + =


9
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , T u T v x z x z y w y w T u v T u T v + = + + + + + + + = +

( ) ( ) { } ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , , , , , , , , T cu T c x y z w T cx cy cz cw cx cz cy cw c x z y w cT u = = = + + = + + =

T si es transformacin lineal

10. Encuentre ncleo, imagen, rango y nulidad de la transformacin lineal:

|
|
\
|
+
+
=
|
|
|
|
|
\
|
w y
z x
w
z
y
x
T R R T , :
2 4

Solucin

1 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1
x
x z x z y
z w
y w y w z
w
( ( (
( ( (
+ = =
( ( (
= +
( ( ( + = =
( ( (

Por otro lado

( ) ( )
' 1 0
' 0 1
x z x
x z y w
y w y
+ ( ( ( (
= + + +
( ( ( (
+

( ) ( ) { }
( ) ( ) { }
1, 0,1, 0 , 0, 1, 0,1 dim 2
Im 1, 0 , 0,1 dim 2
Nu T gen Nu T
T gen I
= =
= =

11. Sea un valor propio de la matriz no singular A con vector asociado x . Demuestre que
1

es un valor propio de
1
A
con un vector propio asociado x .

Solucin

( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
x x x x x x x x x x A A A A A A A A A

= = = = =

12. Demuestre que si A es no singular y diagonalizable, entonces
1
A
es diagonalizable.

Solucin

Como A es no singular y diagonalizable se tiene que:

( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
D P AP A PDP A A A PDP I A PDP IP A PD P P

= = = = =

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
P A PD PD A PDD PD A P PD P A PP

= = = =

1 1 1
A PD P

=

1
1. Determine si el conjunto de vectores dado es linealmente dependiente o independiente.

En
22
0
, , ,
0 0 0 0 0
a b c d e g h
M
f j k
( ( ( (
=
`
( ( ( (
)
donde , , , 0 a c f k

Solucin formamos la ecuacin
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
0 c u c u c u c u + + + =

Y construimos la matriz aumentada asociada con el sistema homogneo resultante de la
ecuacin anterior y la llevamos a su forma escalonada reducida por filas, es decir:

1 2 3 4
0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
a b c d e g h
c c c c
f j k
( ( ( ( (
+ + + =
( ( ( ( (

3 4 2 1
3 4 2 1
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
a b d g
f c k c c c ac c e h
c c c c f j
k
(
(
= = = =
(

( = = = =
(

Por lo tanto si son linealmente independientes.

2. Determina una base y la dimensin para el espacio generado por los vectores:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3 4
1, 2, 3 , 2, 0, 4 ; 0, 4, 6 , 2, 4, 6 = = = = u u u u
Solucin

1 2 0 2 1 2 0 2 1 2 0 2 1 0 2 2
2 0 4 4 0 4 4 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
3 4 6 6 0 2 6 0 0 2 6 0 0 0 4 0
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

( ( ( (
( ( ( (

1 0 2 2 1 0 0 2
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
( (
( (
( (
( (

Por lo tanto
1 2 3
, u u y u son base y la dimensin que generan es 3


|
|
|
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
|
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
|
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
|
|
|
\
|
=
|
|
|
|
|
\
|
=
8
11
4
3
10
10
5
3
,
2
2
2
6
;
2
4
1
1
,
4
3
2
1
5 4 3 2 1
u u u u u

Solucin formamos la ecuacin
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
0 c u c u c u c u + + + =

Y construimos la matriz aumentada asociada con el sistema homogneo resultante de la
ecuacin anterior y la llevamos a su forma escalonada reducida por filas, es decir:

2
2 1 1 1 2 2
2 3 3 1 2 2
1 2 2 2 4 4
2
7 3
4 2
1 1 6 3 3 1 1 6 3 3 1 0 8 2 7
2 1 2 5 4 0 1 14 1 10 0 1 14 1 10
3 4 2 10 11 0 7 16 1 20 0 0 82 8 50
4 2 2 10 8 0 2 22 2 4 0 0 6 0 16
f f f f f f
f f f f f f
f f f f f f
+ +
+ +
+ +
| | | | | |
| | |

| | |
| | |

| | |

\ \ \

1
4 4 8
3 1 1 1
4 2 2 4 3 8
3 2 2
1 2
3 3 4 1 1 6 3 4 4 8
43 113
8
3 2
14
82 581
82
3 12
8 8 8
3 3 3
506 253
3 12
1 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 8 2 7
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 14 1 10
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 8 0 0 0 1 0 0 82 8 50
f f
f f f
f f f f xf
f f f
f f f f f f f f
+
+
+
+ +
| | | | | |
| |

| |
| |
| |

\ \ \

|
|
|
|

{ }
1 2 3 4
, , dim 4 baseH u u u y u H = =

1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 3 4
( , 0, , 0), ( , , , ), ( 6, 2, 2, 2), ( 7, 4,1, 4), = = = = u u u u

Solucin

1
1 3 3 1 1 2 1
2 2 2
1
4 4 2
1 1
2
2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
1 1 6 14 1 1 6 14 6 7
0 2 4 0 2 4 0 2 4
2 1 0 1 4 8 2 1
0 2 4 0 2 4 0 2 4
f f f f f
f f
f f
+

( ( (
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (

2 1 1
2 3 3
2 4 4
1 1 6 14 1 0 8 6
0 1 4 8 0 1 4 8
0 1 4 8 0 0 0 0
0 1 4 8 0 0 0 0
f f f
f f f
f f f
+
+
+
( (
( (
( (
( (
( (

{ }
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2
( , 0, , 0), ( , , , ), B gen = = = u u

5. Sean ( ) ( ) ( ) { } ( ) ( ) ( ) { } 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 1 , 2 , 2 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 1 = = T y S bases para
3
R . Cules son
los escalares respectivos en cada una de las bases que generan al vector ) 1 , 1 , 1 ( ?

Solucin

1 2 2
1 1
1 3 3 2 3 3
1 0 2 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 0 1 2 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 2
f f f
f f
f f f f f f
+

+ +
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (

3 1 1
3 2 2
2
2
1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1
0 1 2 3 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
f f f
f f f
+
+
( (
( (
( (
( (

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1,1,1 1, 2,1 0,1,1 2, 2,1 = +

3
Por otro lado

1 1 1 2 2
3 2 2
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 2
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
f f f f f
f f f
+
+
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (

3 2 2
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 2 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
f f f +
( (
( (
( (
( (

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1,1,1 1,1, 0 0,1, 0 0,1,1 = + +

6. Sea ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
6, 3, 26 , 2,1, 5 , 1, 2, 1 V gen = y ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
1, 1, 0 , 0,1, 1 , 1, 0,1 W gen =
W V = ? Justifica tu respuesta.

Solucin formamos la matriz
1
2
3
v
A v
v
(
(
=
(
(

Cuyas filas son los vectores dados en V y determinamos la forma escalonada reducida

por filas B de la matriz A. Sabemos que las filas no nulas de B forman una base

1 2 2 2 1 1 3 1 1
1
2 2 1 3 3 3 2 3 3
2 2
6 15
6 3 26 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
2 1 5 2 1 5 0 3 3 0 1 1
1 2 1 6 3 26 0 15 32 0 15 32
f f f f f f f xf f
f f f f f f f f
+ +
+ +
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

( ( ( (
( ( ( (

1
2 2 3 3 17 1 2 2
3 2 2 2 3 3
2
2
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 17 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 1 1
f f f f f f f
f f f f f f
+
+ +
( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( (

( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( (

Como los renglones de la ltima matriz son los vectores que generan W se tiene que:
V W =

7. Sea ( ) ( ) ( ) { } 5 , 8 , 8 , 7 , 5 , 0 , 2 , 1 , 4 , 2 , 2 , 2 = gen V ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
1, 0, 0, 11 , 0,1, 0, 8 , 0, 0,1,1 W gen =
? W V = Justifica tu respuesta.

Solucin formamos la matriz
1
2
3
v
A v
v
(
(
=
(
(

Cuyas filas son los vectores dados en V y determinamos la forma escalonada

reducida por filas B de la matriz A. Sabemos que las filas no nulas de B forman una base
para V.


4

1 2 2
2 3 3 1 2
2
7
2 2 2 4 1 2 0 5 1 2 0 5
1 2 0 5 2 2 2 4 0 2 2 14
7 8 8 5 7 8 8 5 0 6 8 40
f f f
f f f f xf
+
+
| | | | | |
| | |

| | |
| | |

\ \ \

1
3 3 2
3 2 2 2 1 1
1
2 2 2 3 3 3 1 1 2
2
6 2
1 2 0 5 1 0 2 9 1 0 0 11
0 1 1 7 0 1 1 7 0 1 0 8
0 6 8 40 0 0 2 2 0 0 1 1
f f
f f f f f f
f f f f f f f f
+ +
+ +
| | | | | |
| | |

| | |
| | |

\ \ \

Como los renglones de la ltima matriz son los vectores que generan W se tiene que:
V W =
8. En
4
R sea ( ) { }
, , , : 0 H x y z w ax by cz dw = + + + = donde , , , 0 a b c d .
a. Demuestra que H es un subespacio de
4
R .
b. Encuentre una base para H.
c. Cuanto vale la dimensin de H.

Solucin

a) Sea ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
, , , , , , x y z w y x y z w H

( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
, , , , , , , , , x y z w x y z w x x y y z z w w + = + + + +

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
2
0 0
0 a x x b y y c z z d w w ax by cz dw ax by cz dw + + + + + + + = + + + + + + + =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
, , , , , , x y z w x y z w a x b y c z d w = + + + =

( )
1 1 1 1
0 0 ax by cz dw = + + + = =

H es un subespacio de
4
R .

b) 0 , , ax by cz dw sea y t z r w + + + = = = =

1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
x bt cr d b c d
y t
t r
z r
w
( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( (
= = + +
( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( (

( ) ( ) ( ) { }
,1, 0, 0 , , 0,1, 0 , , 0, 0,1 la base es b c d

c) La dim 3 H =

5
9. Encuentre el rango, el espacio nulo y la nulidad de:
|
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\
|
=
9 12 6 3
14 14 1 0
8 6 5 2
3 4 2 1
A

Solucin

1 2 4 3 1 2 4 3 1 2 32 31
2 5 6 8 0 1 14 14 0 1 14 14
2
0 1 14 14 0 1 14 14 0 0 0 0
3 6 12 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Rang
| | | | | |
| | |

| | |
=
| | |

| | |
\ \ \

1
1 3 4 3 1 2
2 3 4 4 2 3
4
32 31
32 31 0 32 31 14 14
14 14 0 14 14 1 0
0 1
x
x x x x t x t r x
si t r
x x x x r x t r x
x
| | | | | |
| | |
+ = = =
| | |
= +
| | | + = = = +
| | |
\ \ \

( ) ( ) { }
32, 14,1, 0 , 31,14, 0,1 espacio nulo A gen = Y la nulidad de A es 2 nul A =

10. Encuentre el, el rango , la nulidad y una base del espacio solucin del sistema

homogneo de la siguiente matriz
1 1 2 3
2 2 4 6
2 2 4 6
3 3 6 9
A
| |
|

|
=
|
\

Solucin

1 1 2 3 1 1 2 3
2 2 4 6 0 0 0 0
2 3 0
2 2 4 6 0 0 0 0
3 3 6 9 0 0 0 0
y t
x y z w si z r
w
| | | |
=
| |

| |
+ + = =
| |
=
| |
\ \

2 3 1 2 3
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 3
0 0 1
x t r
y t rango A
t r
z r nulidad A
w
( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( (
=
( ( ( ( (
= = + +
( ( ( ( ( =
( ( ( ( (

Y la base es ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
1,1, 0, 0 , 2, 0,1, 0 , 3, 0, 0,1


6
11. Si
(
=
(
8
5
1
1
T ;
(
=
(
4
9
2
2
T . Determine
(
15
10
T y
(
y
x
T

Solucin

Dada la informacin que tenemos de cada transformacin escribimos la ecuacin siguiente:
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
10, 15 1, 1 2, 2 c c = +
Y construimos la matriz aumentada asociada con el sistema resultante de la ecuacin
anterior y la llevamos a su forma escalonada reducida por filas, es decir:

25 25
1 2 2 2
5 5 5
1 4 4 4 4 4
1 2 10 1 0 1 2 10 1 2 10
0 1 0 1 1 2 15 0 4 5
x y
x y x y
x c x x
c y x y
+ +
( = ( ( (

( ( ( (
= +

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
25 5 25 5 25 5 295
2 4 2 4 2 4 4
10, 15 1, 1 2, 2 1, 1 2, 2 5, 8 9, 4 , 95 T T T T = = = =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 4 2 4 2 4
, 1, 1 2, 2 1, 1 2, 2 5,8 9, 4
x y x y x y x y x y x y
T x y T T T
+ + +
= + = + = + =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
5 5 8 8 9 9 4 4 19
2 4 2 2 4 4 4
, 5, 8 9, 4 , , , 5 3
x y x y x y x y x y x y x y
T x y x y
+ +
= + = + =

( ) ( )
19
4
, , 5 3
x y
T x y x y
=

12. Escriba ( )
3
, , x y z en trminos de la base ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
2,1, 3 , 1, 4, 5 , 3, 2, 4

Solucin

Se tiene que ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , , 2,1, 3 1, 4, 5 3, 2, 4 x y z a b c = + +

2 3
4 2
3 5 4
a b c x
a b c y
a b c z
+ =
+ =
+ =

1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2
2 3 3 2 3 3
2 2
3 3
2 1 3 1 4 2 1 4 2
1 4 2 2 1 3 0 9 7 2
3 5 4 3 5 4 0 7 2 3
f f f f f f f xf
f f f f f f
x y y
y x x y
z z z y
+ +
+ +
( ( (
( ( (

( ( (
( ( (

9 1
2 2 2 2 2 1 1 9 31
2 3 3
10 4
9
9 9 9
7
2 2
7 7
9 9 9 9
13
31 7
9 9 9
1 4 2 1 4 2 1 0
0 9 7 2 0 1 0 1
0 7 2 3 0 7 2 3 0 0
y
x
f f f f f f f
f f f
x y x y
y
x
y y
x y
z y z y z
+
+

( + ( (
(
( (

(
( (
(
( ( +


7
7
3 2 2 9
10
3 1 1 9
6 11 10 6 11 10
10 4
9 9 9 31 31
2 2 17 7 2 17 7
7
9 9 31 31
13 7 13 9 7 13 9
7 9
31 31 31 31 31
1 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
y x y z x y z
x f f f
f f f
x y x y z x y z
y x y z x y z
x z
a
b
c

+
+
+ +
+ +
( ( + =
( (
=
( (
( (
+ =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
6 11 10 2 17 7 7 13 9
31 31 31
, , 2,1, 3 1, 4, 5 3, 2, 4
x y z x y z x y z
x y z
+ +
= + +

13. En
3
R , ( ) ( )
1
2, 1, 4
B
= x donde ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
1
3, 0, 0 , 1, 2, 1 , 0,1, 5 B = . Escriba x en trminos de
la base ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
2
1, 1, 0 , 0,1, 1 , 1, 0,1 B = .

Solucin
[ ] [ ]
2 1
2 1
x x
B B
B B
T

=
1 0 1 3 1 0 1 0 1 3 1 0 1 0 1 3 1 0
1 1 0 0 2 1 0 1 1 3 3 1 0 1 1 3 3 1
0 1 1 0 1 5 0 1 1 0 1 5 0 0 2 3 2 6
( ( (
( ( (

( ( (
( ( (

[ ] [ ]
2 1
2 1
3 3
2 2
3 3
2 2
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 0 1 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 3 2 9
0 1 1 3 3 1 0 1 0 2 2 2 2 1 7
0 0 1 1 3 0 0 1 1 3 1 3 4 14
x x
B B
B B
T

( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( (
= = =
( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( (

( ) ( ) ( ) 9 1, 1, 0 7 0,1, 1 14 1, 0,1 x = +

14. En
3
R , ( ) ( )
1
2, 1, 4
B
= x donde ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
1
1, 1, 0 , 0,1, 1 , 1, 0,1 B = . Escriba x en trminos de
la base ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
2
3, 0, 0 , 1, 2, 1 , 0,1, 5 B =

Solucin

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
2, 1, 4 2 1, 1, 0 1 0,1, 1 4 1, 0,1 6 3, 5
B
= = + = x x

Escribimos la ecuacin
1 1 2 2 3 3 1 2 3 2
, , c u c u c u donde u u u B + + = x

Y construimos la matriz aumentada asociada con el sistema resultante de la ecuacin anterior
y la llevamos a su forma escalonada reducida por filas, es decir:

1 1
3 2 2 3 3 2 1 1 3 3
5
3 1 1 2 3 2 3 3 3
7
11
5 86 1 11 5
3 3 3 33
2
20
11
7
11
1
3 1 0 6 1 0 2 1 0 1 0 0
0 2 1 3 0 1 5 5 0 1 5 5 0 1 0
0 1 5 5 0 2 1 3 0 0 11 7 0 0 1
f f f f f f f f
f f f f x f f f f
+ +
+ +
| |
| | | | | |
|
| | |
|

| | |
|
| | |

| \ \ \
\

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
86 20 7 86 20 7
33 11 11 33 11 11
, , 3, 0, 0 1, 2, 1 0,1, 5 6 3, 5
B
= = + = x x

8
15. Sea ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
1, 2,1 , 0,1,1 , 2, 2,1 S = y ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
1,1, 0 , 0,1, 0 , 0,1,1 T = bases en
3
R si
3
v R y
[ ] ( ) 2, 0,1
S
v = determine [ ]
T
v usando la matriz de transicin
T S
P

Solucin

Para hallar la matriz de transicin
T S
P

realizamos lo siguiente:

1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 2
1 1 1 2 1 2 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (

1 0 2
0 0 1
1 1 1
T S
P

(
(
=
(
(

Finalmente [ ] [ ]
1 0 2 2 4
0 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 3
T S
T S
v P v
( ( (
( ( (
= = =
( ( (
( ( (

16. Sea { }
1 2 3
, , S v v v = y { }
1 2 3
, , T w w w = bases en
3
R donde ( ) ( )
1 2
3, 2, 0 , 2,1, 0 , w w = =
( )
3
3,1, 3 w = . Si la matriz de transicin de T a S es :
1 1 2
2 1 1
1 1 1
S T
P

(
(
=
(
(

Determine los vectores de la base S.

Solucin

Como
1 1
S T
S T S T S T
P M M M M P
= = donde

1
2
1
1
1
1
1 1 2 1 1 2 1 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 0
2 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 3 2 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 3 1 0 1
S T
P
( ( (
( ( (
=
( ( (
( ( (

2 1
3 3
1 1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 3 2 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
0 0 3 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
( ( (
( ( (

( ( (
( ( (

2 1 2 1
3 3 3 3
1 1
1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3
1 3 2 3 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 3 0 1 0 1
S T S T
S T
P M M P

( ( ( (
( ( ( (
= = = =
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
1, 0,1 , 1,1, 0 , 0, 0,1 v v v = = =


9
17. Utilice el proceso de Gram-Schmidt para determinar una base ortonormal para el subespacio
de R
4
con base
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3
1, 0, 0,11 ; 0,1, 0, 8 ; 0, 0,1,1 = = = u u u

Solucin Sea ( )
1 1
1, 0, 0,11 v = = u

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
44
2 1
1 1
61
*
88 44 4
2 2 1 2 122 61 61
0,1, 0, 8 0, 0,1,1 ,1, 0, 44, 61, 0, 4
u v
v v
v v v = = = = u
i
i

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 3 1
2 2 1 1
4 11 11 4 1
3 3 2 1 5673 122 186 93 186
0, 0,1,1 44, 61, 0, 4 1, 0, 0,11 , ,1,
u v u v
v v v v
v v v = = = u
i i
i i

( )
*
3
11, 8,186,1 v =

Por lo tanto la base ortonormal es:

( )
1
1
122
1, 0, 0,11 w =
( )
1
2
5673
44, 61, 0, 4 w = ( )
1
3
34782
11, 8,186,1 w =

18. Considere la base ortonormal
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
1 2 2 1
5 5 5 5
, 0, , , 0, , 0,1, 0 S = para
3
. Escriba el vector
( ) 2, 3,1 como una combinacin lineal de los vectores en S.

Solucin

Como S es una base ortonormal se pede realizar lo siguiente:

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
2, 3,1 2, 3,1 , 0, , 0, 2, 3,1 , 0, , 0,
( (
= + +

i i

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
3 4 1 2 2 1
5 5 5 5 5 5
2, 3,1 0,1, 0 0,1, 0 , 0, , 0, 3 0,1, 0 = (

i

( )
( ) ( )
( )
3 4 1 2 2 1
5 5 5 5 5 5
2. 3,1 , 0, , 0, 3 0,1, 0 =


10
19. Determine una base ortonormal para el espacio solucin del sistema homogneo:

1
2
3
1 1 1 0
2 1 3 0
1 2 6 0
x
x
x
( ( (
( ( (
=
( ( (
( ( (

Solucin

2
1
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 4
2 1 3 0 1 5 0 1 5 0 1 5
1 2 6 0 1 5 0 1 5 0 0 0

( ( ( (
( ( ( (

( ( ( (
( ( ( (

1
1 3
2
2 3
3
4 4
4 0
5 5
5 0
1
x t
x x
x t x
x x
x t
= (
+ =

(
= =
` `
(
+ =
)

( =
)

Como solamente es un vector se tiene entonces que: ( )
1
18
4, 1 1 u =

20. Determine:

a. Una base para el espacio columna de A, formado por vectores que no son vectores
columna de A.
b. Hallar una base ortonormal del espacio columna de A.
c. Cul es el rango de A?
d. Hallar la base y la dimensin del espacio nulo de A.

2 1 3 7 9
2 2 4 8 12
2 0 2 8 8
4 5 1 5 5
A
(
(
(
=
(
(

Solucin a)

Expresamos la transpuesta de la matriz A

2 2
3 2
7 6
9
1 1 7
1 1
1 2 0 5 1 0 2 9
2 2 2 4 1 0 0 11
0 2 2 14 0 1 1 7
1 2 0 5 0 1 0 8
0 0 0 0
3 4 2 1 0 0 1 1
0 2 2 14
0 0 2 2
7 8 8 5 0 0 0 0
0 6 8 40
9 12 8 5 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 6 8 40
( (
( (
( (
( (

( (
( (
( (
( (

( (
( (
( (
( (
( (
( (

( ) ( ) ( ) { }
1 2 3
1, 0, 0,11 , 0,1, 0, 8 , 0, 0,1,1 3 base Col A u u u rango A = = = = =


11
Solucin b)

Sea ( )
1 1
1, 0, 0,11 v = = u

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
44
2 1
1 1
61
*
88 44 4
2 2 1 2 122 61 61
0,1, 0, 8 0, 0,1,1 ,1, 0, 44, 61, 0, 4
u v
v v
v v v = = = = u
i
i

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 3 1
2 2 1 1
4 11 11 4 1
3 3 2 1 5673 122 186 93 186
0, 0,1,1 44, 61, 0, 4 1, 0, 0,11 , ,1,
u v u v
v v v v
v v v = = = u
i i
i i

( )
*
3
11, 8,186,1 v =

Una base ortonormal del espacio columna de A es:

Solucin c)

( )
1
1
122
1, 0, 0,11 w =
( )
1
2
5673
44, 61, 0, 4 w = ( )
1
3
34782
11, 8,186,1 w =

2 1 3 7 9 1 1 2 4 6 1 1 2 4 6 1 0 1 3 3
2 2 4 8 12 0 1 1 1 3 0 1 1 1 3 0 1 1 1 3
2 0 2 8 8 0 2 2 0 4 0 2 2 0 4 0 0 0 2 2
4 5 1 5 5 0 9 9 11 29 0 9 9 11 29 0 0 0 2 2
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

1 0 1 3 3 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 3 0 1 1 0 2
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0
( (
( (
( (
( (
( (

( ) ( ) { }
1
1 3 2
2 3 5 3
4 5 4
5
1 0
2 1 2
2 1, 1,1, 0, 0 , 0, 2, 0,1,1 1 0
0 1
0 1
x t
x x x t r
x x x x t t r base Nul A
x x x r
x r
= | | | |
| |
= =
| |
| | = = = + =
`
| |
= =
| |
| |
=
\ \ )

dim 2 Nul A =


12
21. Encuentre una base ortonormal en
4
R que incluya los vectores

( ) ( )
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
, , , 0 , , 0 , = = u u

Sugerencia: Primero encuentre dos vectores
4 3
, v v para completar la base

Solucin

Sea
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
, 0, , 0 1, 0,1, 0 , , , 1,1,1, 1 u u v y v = = = =

Y utilizamos los vectores cannicos de
4

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3 4
1, 0, 0, 0 , 0,1, 0, 0 , 0, 0,1, 0 , 0, 0, 0,1 , e e e e = = = = y formamos la matriz:

1
2
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (

( ) ( )
3 4
1, 0, 0, 0 , 0,1, 0, 0 u u = =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 3 1
2 2 1 1
**
1 1 1 1 1 1
3 3 2 1 4 2 4 4 4 4
1, 0, 0, 0 1,1,1, 1 1, 0,1, 0 , , , 1,1, 1, 1
u v u v
v v v v
v u v v = = = =
i i
i i

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 3 3 2 3 1
3 3 2 2 1 1
**
0 1 1 1 1
3 4 3 2 1 4 4 2 2 2
0,1, 0, 0 1,1, 1, 1 1,1,1, 1 1, 0,1, 0 0, , 0, 0,1, 0,1
u v u v u v
v v v v v v
v u v v v = = = =
i i i
i i i

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 3 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
, 0, , 0 , , , , , , , , 0, , 0, w w w y w = = = =

22. Determine el polinomio caracterstico, los valores propios y los espacios propios
correspondientes, de la siguiente matriz.

(
(
(

=
1 2 2
1 2 2
1 1 1
A
Solucin

( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2
1 1 1
2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 4 2 2
2 2 1

+ + + + +

(
( (
= + + =
(
( (

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 2 3 2 3 2
1 2 2 1 1 1 + = + + = + = = +

0, 1, 1 = = =

13
Con 0 =

1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 0 1 2 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
2 2 1 0 2 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

( ( ( (
( ( ( (

1
0
1
0
0 0
x t x
x y
si x t y t y t
z
z z
| | | | | | | |
=
| | | |
= = =
| | | |
=
| | | |
\ \ \ \

Con 1 =

1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
2 2 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
2 2 1 1 2 2 2 0 1 1 0 0 0
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

( ( ( (
( ( ( (

0 0
0
1
0
1
x x
x
si z t y t y t
y z
z t z
| | | | | | | |
=
| | | |
= = =
| | | |
=
| | | |
\ \ \ \

Con 1 =

( )
( )
( )
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
2 2 1 1 2 3 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
2 2 1 1 2 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

( ( ( (
( ( ( (

1
0
1
0
1
x t x
x z
si z t y t y t
y z
z t z
| | | | | | | |
=
| | | |
= = =
| | | |
=
| | | |
\ \ \ \

Con
( )
( )
( )
0 1,1, 0
1 0,1,1
1 1,1,1
su valor propio es
su valor propio es
su valor propio es
=
=
=


14
23. Calcular
31
A donde:

1 1 1
2 2 1
2 2 1
A
(
(
=
(
(

Del problema anterior se tiene que:
( )
( )
( )
0 1,1, 0
1 0,1,1
1 1,1,1
su valor propio es
su valor propio es
su valor propio es
=
=
=

1 0 1
1 1 1
0 1 1
C
(
(
=
(
(

por lo que hay que hallar
1
C

1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

( ( ( (
( ( ( (

1
0 1 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
C
(
(
=
(
(

31
31
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
A
( ( (
( ( (
= =
( ( (
( ( (

31
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 2 2 1
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1
A A
( ( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( ( (
= = = =
( ( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( ( (

31
1 1 1
2 2 1
2 2 1
A A
(
(
= =
(
(

24. Calcule la potencia siguiente:
4
4 4 2
4 4 2
2 2 1
(
(
(

Solucin

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
16 8 16
8 2 8 8 8 2
2
1 2 2
2 4 4 1 4 16 2 2 4 8 2 8 2 4
2 4 4

+
+

(
( (
= + = (
( (
(


15
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 3 2 3 2
1 8 2 2 2 2 8 8 4 4 9 = = + + + = + =

( )
2
9 0 9 = = =

Con 0 =

1 0 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2
2 4 0 4 2 4 4 0 0 0
2 4 4 0 2 4 4 0 0 0
( ( (
( ( (

( ( (
( ( (

2 2 2 2
2 2 0 1 0
0 1
x t r x
y t
x y z si y t y t r
z r
z r z
+ | | | | | | | | | |
=
| | | | |
+ = = = +
| | | | |
=
| | | | |
\ \ \ \ \

Con 9 =

1 1 1
4 4 2
9 9
2 2
1 9 2 2 8 2 2 1 1 0
2 4 9 4 2 5 4 0 0 1 1
2 4 4 9 2 4 5 0 9 9 0 0 0
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

( ( ( (
( ( ( (

*
1 1
2 2
1
2
1
0
1 2
0
1 2
x t x
x z
si z t y t y t r
y z
z r z
| | | | | | | | | |
+ =
| | | | |
= = =
| | | | |
+ =
| | | | |
\ \ \ \ \

Sea ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3
2,1, 0 , 2, 0,1 , 1, 2, 2 v v v = = =

Obsrvese que
1 3 2 3
0 0 v v y v v = =

Sea ( )
1
2,1, 0 u = entonces

( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2,1,0 2,0,1
4 2 4
2 5 5 5 2,1,0 2,1,0
2, 0,1 2,1, 0 2, 0,1 2,1, 0 , ,1 u

= = =

2 2 1 4 4 2 1
3
5 3 5
5 5
5 1 4 2 2 4
3
5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5
5 2 1 2 2
3 3 3 3
3 5
0
1 2 2 0 0 0
2 4 4 0 0 0
2 4 4 0 0 9
0
(
(
( (
(
(
( (
(
= =
(
( (
(
(
( (
(
(

4 2 1
5 5
5 2 4
3 5 3 5 3 5
1 2 2
3 3 3
0
1 2 2 0 0 2187 729 1458 1458
2 4 4 0 0 4374 1458 2916 2916
2 4 4 0 0 4374 1458 2916 2916
(
( ( (
(
( ( (
= =
(
( ( (
(
( ( (

(


16
4
1 2 2 729 1458 1458
2 4 4 1458 2916 2916
2 4 4 1458 2916 2916
( (
( (
=
( (
( (

25. Usando una matriz diagonal, calcule
5
A donde

5 4 2
4 5 2
2 2 2
(
(
(
(

Solucin

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
5 4 2
4 5 2 5 5 2 4 4 8 4 4 2 8 10 2
2 2 2

= + + + + = (

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )( )
2
2
6 1 16 1 4 1 5 30 6 20
5 7 6 4 4 4 2 2 2 1 5 6 16 4

+ + +
= + + + = + + = (

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 3 2
1 11 10 1 10 1 1 10 12 21 10 = + + = = = + +

( ) ( )
2
5 4 2
4 5 2 1 10 0 1 10
2 2 2

= = = =

Sustituyendo 1 = en [ ] A I se tiene

**
1 1 1
1 2 2 2
2
3
5 1 4 2 4 4 2 1 1 1 1 1
4 5 1 2 4 4 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
2 2 2 1 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2
x t r
x t t r t r
x r
= + ( | | ( ( | | | | | |
| | | | ( ( (
= = + = +
`
| | | | ( ( (
| | | |
( ( ( =
\ \ \ ) \


1
2
3
1 1 4
5 10 4 2 5 4 2 1 1 4 1 0 0 2 2
4 5 10 2 4 5 2 0 9 18 0 1 2 2 2
2 2 2 10 2 2 8 0 9 18 0 0 0 1
x t
x t t
x t
= ( ( ( ( | |
| ( ( ( (
= =
`
| ( ( ( (
|
( ( ( ( =
) \


17
1
1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 0
1 0 2 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 4 1 1 0
0 2 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 1
P P
( ( (
( ( (
=
( ( (
( ( (

5 5 4 2 4 2
9 9 9 9 9 9
1
1 1 4 1 1 4
9 9 9 9 9 9
2 2 1 2 2 1
9 9 9 9 9 9
1 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 4 1 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 9 2 2 1 0 0 1
P
( ( (
( ( (
=
( ( (
( ( (

5
5 5 4 2 4 2
9 9 9 9 9 9
5 5 1 5
1 1 4 1 1 4
9 9 9 9 9 9
5 5
2 2 1 2 2 1
9 9 9 9 9 9
1 1 2 1 0 0 1 1 2 10
1 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 2 10
0 2 1 0 0 10 0 2 10
A PD P
( ( ( ( (
(
( ( ( (
= = =
(
( ( ( (
(
( ( ( (

5
44445 44444 22222
44444 44445 22222
22222 22222 11112
A
(
(
=
(
(

26. Usando una matriz diagonal calcule la potencia siguiente:

5
6 6 3
6 6 3
3 3 9
(
(
(

( ) ( )( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
18 3 18 3 18 18 3 3 36 12 36
12 12
9 3 3
3 6 6 9 6 6 36 3 3 6 18 3 18 3 6
3 6 6

+ + = + = +
=
(
( ( (
= + + + =
( ( (

(

( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
2
2 2
9 108 12
9 12 9 9 21 108 18 21 90 6 15

+
= + + = + + = + =

( ) ( )
9 3 3
3 6 6 6 15 0 0, 6 15
3 6 6
y

= = = = =


3 2
1
2
3
1 1
9 0 3 3 9 3 3 1 2 2 1 0 0 0 0
3 6 0 6 3 6 6 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
3 6 6 0 3 6 6 0 15 15 0 0 0 1
x
x t t
x t
(
= ( ( ( | |
(
| ( ( (
= =
( `
| ( ( (
( |
( ( ( =
) \
(


18

2
3
1 1 1 1
3
2
1
1 1
3
3
3 3 3
9 6 3 3 1 1 1 1 0 2 2 2
3 6 6 6 3 0 6 0 3 3 0 1 1 1
3 6 6 6 3 6 0 0 0 0 1
0 3 3
x r
x r r
x r
( (
= ( ( | |
( (
| ( (
= =
( ( `
| ( (
( ( |
( ( =
) \
( (


2
1
2
6 1
1 1
3 3
3
1 2 3
9 15 3 3 6 3 3 1 2 3 1 0 1 1
3 6 15 6 3 9 6 0 15 15 0 1 1 1
3 6 6 15 3 6 9 0 0 0 1
0 15 15
x s
x s s
x s

( (
= ( ( | |
( (
| ( (
= =
( ( `
| ( (
( ( |
( ( =
) \
( (

Obsrvese que los vectores son mutuamente ortogonales dos a dos por lo que:

5 5
5 5
5 5
2 6 15 2 1 1 1 1 1
6 3 6 3 2 2 2 2
5 5 1 5
6 15 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
2 6 3 6 6 6 6 3 6 6 6
5
6 15 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 6 3 3 3 3 6 3 3 3 3
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 6 0 0
0 0 15
0
A PD P
( ( ( (

(
( ( ( (
(
= = = ( ( ( (
(
( ( ( (
(

( ( ( (

5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5
4 6 15 2 6 15 2 6 15
6 3 6 3 6 3
5
2 6 15 6 15 6 15
6 3 6 3 6 3
2 6 15 6 15 6 15
6 3 6 3 6 3
258309 250533 250533
250533 254421 254421
250533 254421 254421
A

(
+ + (
(
(
+ =
(
(
(
( + +


30
3 3
2 2
5 3
2 2
1
2
2 2 1
A
(
(
=
(
(

Solucin

Calculemos el I A

( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
2 5 5
2 2
3 3
2 2 3
4 5 2 2 2 3
5 3 5 3 3 5
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
2 1 1 3 2 1 3 4 2
2 2 1

+ + +
+ +

(
( (
= + + = (
( (
(

( )( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 3 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 1 2 3 3 + = + + + + =

( ) ( ) ( )( )
3 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
1 = + + = + =

19
( ) ( )
3 3
2 2
2
5 3 1 1
2 2 2 2
1
2 1 0 1, 1
2 2 1

= = = = =


1 2
3 3 3 3
1 2 2 2 2
5 3 3 3 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3
1 1 1
1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
2 1 2 0 0 1 1 1
2 2 1 1 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
x
x t t
x t
(
= ( ( ( | |
(
| ( ( (
= =
` (
| ( ( (
| (
( ( ( =
) \


( )
( )
( )
1 2
3 3 3 3
1 2 2 2 2
5 3 7 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3
3 2 2
1 1
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
2 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 1
2 2 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
x r
x r r
x r
(
= ( ( ( ( | |
(
( | ( ( (
= = =
` (
( | ( ( (
| (
( ( ( ( =
) \

Sustituyendo
1
2
= en [ ] A I se tiene

1 2
3 3 3 3 3 1
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
5 3 3 3 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 1
3 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 1
2 2 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
x s
x s s
x
= ( ( ( ( ( | |
| ( ( ( ( (
= = =
`
| ( ( ( ( (
|
( ( ( ( ( =
) \

1
0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
P P
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
=
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

1
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
P
( ( (
( ( (
=
( ( (
( ( (

y
1
2
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0
D
(
(
=
(
(

( )
( )
30
30
30
30 30 1
1 30
1
2
2
1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
0 0
A PD P
(
( ( ( ( (
(
(
( ( ( (
= = = =
(
(
( ( ( (
(
(
( ( ( (

(

30 30 30
30 30 30
1 1 1
2 2 2
30 30 1
1 1 1
2 2 2
0 1 1 1 1
1 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 1
A PD P
+ ( (
(
( (
(
= = =
( (
(
( (
(


20

30 30
30 30
1 1
1073741823 1073741823
2 2 1073741824 1073741824
30
1073741823 1 1 1
1073741824 1073741824
2 2
1 1 1
1
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 1
A
+ (
(
(
(
= =
(
(
(
(

28. Determine el polinomio caracterstico, los valores propios y los espacios propios
correspondientes, de la siguiente matriz.

(
(
(
(
8 6 4 0
2 0 2 2
3 3 1 3
5 5 5 3

Solucin

3 5 5 5
3 1 3 3
0 0
2 2 0 2
0 4 6 8
A I

= =

1
3 5 5 5 3 5 0 0
3 0 5 0
3 1 3 3 3 3 4 0
3 4 3 0
2 2 0 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
0 4 6 8 0 6 2 2
0 2 6 2

=
= =

2
5 0 0 0
5 3 0 0
3 5 0 0
6 16
3 3 4 0
3 0 0
3 3 4 0
5
6 2 4 0
2 6 4 0
6 4 0
6 0 2 2
0 6 2 2
6 2 2
= = = =

( ) ( ) ( )
2
6 16
5 4 2 0
5

| |
=
|
\
2, 2, 4, 8 =

Para 2 =

( )
( )
( )
( )
3 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
3 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 6 6 0 1 0 1
2 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 4 0 4 0 0 1 1
0 4 6 8 2 0 4 6 10 0 4 6 10 0 0 6 6
( ( ( (
(
( ( (

(
( ( (
(
( ( (
(
( ( (

(


21
1 1
1 4
2 2
2 4 4
3 3
3 4
4 4
1 0 0 1 1
0
0 1 0 1 1
0 2
0 0 1 1 1
0
0 0 0 0 1
x t x
x x
x t x
x x si x t t para
x t x
x x
x t x
= | | ( | |
=
| | (
=
| | (
+ = = = =
| | ( =
=
| | (
=
\ \

Para 2 =

3 2 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 1 0 0 0
3 1 2 3 3 3 1 3 3 0 16 18 18 0 1 1 1
2 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 12 12 12 0 0 2 2
0 4 6 8 2 0 4 6 6 0 4 6 6 0 0 2 2
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

1 1
1
2 2
2 4
3 3
3 4
4 4
0 1 0 0 0 0
0
0 0 1 1 1 0
0 2
0 0 2 2 1
0
0 0 2 2 1
x x
x
x x
x si x t t para
x t x
x x
x t x
= | | ( | |
=
| | (
=
| | (
= = = =
| | ( =
=
| | (
=
\ \

4 para =

3 4 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 1 0 0 0
3 1 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 12 12 12 0 1 1 1
2 2 0 4 2 2 2 4 2 0 8 6 8 0 0 2 0
0 4 6 8 4 0 4 6 4 0 4 6 4 0 0 2 0
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

1 1
1
2 2
2 4 4
3 3
3
4 4
0 1 0 0 0 0
0
0 1 0 1 1
0 4
0 0 0 1 0 0
0
0 0 0 0 1
x x
x
x t x
x x si x t t para
x x
x
x t x
= | | ( | |
=
| | (
=
| | (
+ = = = =
| | ( =
=
| | (
=
\ \

8 para =

3 8 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
3 1 8 3 3 3 7 3 3 0 4 0 0 0 1 0 0
2 2 0 8 2 2 2 8 2 0 0 6 0 0 0 1 0
0 4 6 8 8 0 4 6 0 0 4 6 0 0 0 6 0
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( (


22
1 1
1 4
2 2
2 4
3 3
3
4 4
1 0 0 1 1
0
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 8
0 0 0 1 0 0
0
0 0 0 0 1
x t x
x x
x x
x si x t t para
x x
x
x t x
= | | ( | |
=
| | (
=
| | (
= = = =
| | ( =
=
| | (
=
\ \


5
1 3 0 0
3 1 0 0
0 0 1 3
0 0 3 1
(
(
(
(
(

Solucin
1 3 0 0
3 1 0 0
0 0
0 0 1 3
0 0 3 1
I A

= =

( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 1 9 3 3 1 1 9 0 + = ( (

( )( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 8 2 8 0 4 2 0 4 2 y = + = = =

Para 2 = se tiene

1 3 0 0 2 1 3 0 0 3 3 0 0 1 1 0 0
3 1 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 3 3 0 0 3 3 0 0
0 0 1 3 0 0 2 1 3 0 0 3 3 0 0 1 1
0 0 3 1 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 3 3 0 0 3 3
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
x t
y t
t r
z r
w r
= ( ( | | | |
| | ( (
=

| | ( (
= +
`
| | ( ( =
| | ( (

=
) \ \

Para 4 = se tiene

1 3 0 0 4 1 3 0 0 3 3 0 0 1 1 0 0
3 1 0 0 3 4 1 0 0 3 3 0 0 3 3 0 0
0 0 1 3 0 0 4 1 3 0 0 3 3 0 0 1 1
0 0 3 1 0 0 3 4 1 0 0 3 3 0 0 3 3
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( (


23
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
x s
y s
s q
z q
w q
= ( ( | | | |
| | ( (
=

| | ( (
= +
`
| | ( ( =
| | ( (

=
) \ \

Obsrvese que los vectores son ortogonales.

1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 1
1 1
2 2 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0
P P
( (
( (
( (
( (
( (
( (
= = = =
( (
( (
( (
( (
( (

5
5
5 5 1
1 1
5 2 2
5
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 0
0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 4 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 4
A PD P
( ( (
( ( (

( ( (
= = =
( ( (
( ( (

5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5
5
5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5 5
1 1 0 0 2 0 4 0 2 4 2 4 0 0
0 0 1 1 2 0 4 0 2 4 2 4 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 0 2 2 0 2 0 4 0 0 2 4 2 4
0 0 1 1 0 2 0 4 0 0 2 4 2 4
A
( ( + + (
( ( (
+ +
( ( (
= = =
( ( (
+ +
( ( (
+ +

5
992 1056 0 0 446 528 0 0
1056 992 0 0 528 446 0 0
1
0 0 992 1056 0 0 446 528 2
0 0 1056 992 0 0 528 446
A
( (
( (
( (
= =
( (
( (

30. Calcule la distancia del punto ) 1 , 4 , 2 ( = v de
3
al subespacio W, que consta de todos los
vectores ) , , ( b a a

Solucin

( ) ( )
( , , ) 1,1, 0 0, 0,1 a a b a b = +

( ) ( )
{ }
1 1
2 2
, , 0 , 0, 0,1 W gen =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
Pr 2, 4, 1 , , 0 , , 0 2, 4, 1 0, 0,1 0, 0,1
W
oy V
(
= + (


24

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
6 6 6 1 1
2 2
2 2 2
Pr , , 0 1 0, 0,1 , , 0 0, 0, 1 3, 3, 1
W
oy V = + = + =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2, 4, 1 Pr 2, 4, 1 3, 3, 1 1,1, 0
W
V oy V
= = =

( ) Pr 1,1, 0 2
W
D v oy V = = =

31. Considere el vector ) 6 , 2 , 3 ( = v en
3
. Sea W el subespacio de
3
que consta de todos los
vectores ) , , ( b b a . Descomponga v en la suma de un vector que se encuentre en W y un
vector ortogonal a W.

Solucin

Se tiene que ( ) ( ) ( ) , , 1, 0, 0 0,1,1 a b b a b = + donde ( ) ( )
1 2
1, 0, 0 , 0,1,1 v v = =

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 8
1 2
1 1 2 2
1 2
3,2,6 1,0,0 3,2,6 0,1,1
1 2 1,0,0 1,0,0 0,1,1 0,1,1
Pr 1, 0, 0 0,1,1 3 1, 0, 0 4 0,1,1 3, 4, 4
v v v v
w v v v v
v oy v v v = = + = + = + =
i i i i
i i i i

( ) ( ) ( ) 3, 2, 6 3, 4, 4 0, 2, 2 z = = ( ) ( ) Pr 3, 4, 4 0, 2, 2
w
v oy v z = + = +

Obsrvese que ( ) ( ) Pr 3, 4, 4 0, 2, 2 0
w
oy v z = = i

32. Calcule la distancia del punto (1, 3, 0, 0) v = de
4
al subespacio W, que consta de todos
los vectores ( , , , ) a a b c b c + + .

Solucin

( ) ( ) ( )
( , , , ) 1,1, 0, 0 0,1, 0,1 0, 0,1,1 a a b c b c a b c + + = + +

Veamos si los vectores anteriores son . L.i

1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

por lo tanto si son . L.i

Sea ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3
1,1, 0, 0 , 0, 0,1,1 , 0,1, 0,1 v v v = =
obsrvese que
1 2
v v

1 1 2 2
, u v u v = =
1 2
3 3 3 3
Pr Pr
u u
u v oy v oy v =

( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
1,1,0,0 0,1,0,1 0,0,1,1 0,1,0,1
3 1,1,0,0 1,1,0,0 0,0,1,1 0,0,1,1
0,1, 0,1 1,1, 0, 0 0, 0,1,1 u

= =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1
3 2 2 2 2 2 2
0,1, 0,1 1,1, 0, 0 0, 0,1,1 , , , , u = =


25
Sea ( ) ( )
( )
* * *
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 3 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
, , 0, 0 , 0, 0, , , , , , u u u = = =

( )
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
Pr 1, 3, 0, 0 , , 0, 0 , , 0, 0
W
oy V
(
= +

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1, 3, 0, 0 0, 0, , 0, 0, , 1, 3, 0, 0 , , , , , ,
(
( + =

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
Pr , , 0, 0 1 , , , 2, 2, 0, 0 , , ,
W
oy V = + = + =

( )
3 5 1 1
2 2 2 2
Pr , , ,
W
oy V =

( ) ( ) ( )
3 5 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Pr 1, 3, 0, 0 , , , , , , 1
W
v oy V = = = = Distancia

1 = Distancia

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PROFESOR: CARLOS CRUZ UPIITA IPN

EJEMPLOS TERICOS RESUELTOS DE MATEMATICAS II CAPITULO 1

= x b , resolver el sistema lineal siguiente:

= x b , resolver el sistema lineal siguiente:

con un vector propio asociado x .

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