FLUID MECHANICS

TO MAZHAR IMAM

LAB MANUAL
AGHA DANISH ILYAS Roll no D-12-CH-113 3rd semester

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This certificate is awarded to AGHA DANISH ILYAS Enrolled in D.C.E.T as a regular student of BE Chemical In the following batch and bearing roll number 2012 113 This is to certify that he has completed the required task and fulfilled all the requirements of the given task and submitted the lab manual according to the given schedule.

____________________ Teacher

____________________ Date

AGHA DANISH ILYAS ROLL NO. 113

FLUID MECHANICS S no. Date experiments

To Study Methods of unit WL202

Page no. remarks signature

4-5 6-7

Temperature Measurement by a

2
To study the process unit control pressure UCP-P

8-9

3
To study the process occuring in a fluidization and fluid bed heat transfer unit H693 To study the process of sedimentation ESED

10-11

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EXPERIMENT NO # 1
Methods of Temperature Measurement by a unit WL202 Introduction Many physical phenomena (e.g., pressure, volume, electrical resistance, expansion coefficients, etc.) can be related to temperature through the fundamental molecular structure. Temperature variations affect these quantities, and hence their changes can be used to indirectly measure temperature. Temperature measurement devices can be classified as mechanically operative or electrically operative Apparatus The WL 202 experimentation set-up covers the full range of temperature measurement methods. As well as non-electrical measuring methods, such as gasand liquid-filled thermometers and bimetallic thermometers, all typical electronic measuring methods are covered in the experiments. The electronically measured temperatures are displayed directly on programmable digital displays. A temperature-proportionate output voltage signal (0 - 10V) is accessible from lab jacks, enabling temperature characteristics to be recorded with, for example, a plotter. A digital multimeter with precision resistors is used to calibrate the electrical measuring devices. Various heat sources or storage units (immersion heater, vacuum flask and laboratory heater) permit relevant temperature ranges to be achieved for the sensors being tested. A plastic casing houses the sensors, cables, temperature measuring strips and immersion heater. 1 power-regulated socket, 2 laboratory heater for water and sand, 3 psychrometer to determine air humidity, 4 gas pressure thermometer, 5 bimetal thermometer, 6 vacuum flask, 7 mercury thermometer, 8 digital display, thermocouple type K, 9 digital display, thermistor (NTC), 10 digital display, PT100, 11 multimeter.

Theory
Liquid thermometer: practically all liquids can be used in thermometers but other liquids (except mercury) cause additional errors as the temperature drops. And must be colored so that it is visible in the capillary tube and the reading of

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the temperature made easier. Liquid containers for mercury are larger than for other liquids due to the smaller coefficient of expansion. -Bimetallic thermometer: A thermometer, the sensitive element of which consists of two metal strips which have different coefficients of expansion and are brazed together. The distortions of the system in response to temperature variations are used as a measure of temperature. -Gas thermometers: A thermometer which utilizes the thermal properties of gas. There are two forms of this instrument: (a) a type in which the gas is kept at constant volume, and pressure is the thermometric property; and (b) a type in which the gas is kept at constant pressure, and volume is the thermometric property. The gas thermometer is the most accurate of all thermometers and is used as the standard instrument for measurement of temperature. Psychrometer: An instrument used to measure the water vapor content of the air. A type of hygrometer. It consists of a wet-bulb and a dry-bulb thermometer. Atmospheric humidity can be determined using a psychrometer. For this purpose two thermometers are fitted to a board. One thermometer measures the temperature at atmospheric humidity. The second thermometer measures the temperature at 100% humidity. Resister thermometers (RTD): A type of electrical thermometer in which the thermal element is a substance whose electrical resistance varies with the temperature. Such thermometers can be made with very short time constants and are capable of highly accurate measurements. Thermistor: Semiconductor resistance temperature sensors (thermistors) are more sensitive than RTDs. They have a very large negative coefficient, and a highly nonlinear characteristic A semiconductor which exhibits rapid and extremely large changes in resistance for relatively small changes in temperature. Thermocouple: A temperature-sensing element which converts thermal energy directly into electrical energy. In its basic form it consists of two dissimilar metallic conductors connected in a closed loop. Each junction forms a thermocouple. If one thermocouple is maintained at a temperature different from that of the other, an electrical current proportional to this temperature difference will flow in the circuit. The value varies with the materials used. Couples of copper and constantan, which generate approximately 40 microvolts per C of couple temperature difference, are often used for meteorological purposes.

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EXPERIMENT NO # 2
To study the process unit control pressure UCP-P

Anodized aluminium structure. Panels and main metallic elements in stainless steel.and a diagram in the front panel with similar distribution that the elements in the real unit. Pressure Sensor, Differential Pressure Sensor, Pneumatically Operated Control Valve, On/off valves.Pressure regulators, one for controlling the pneumatic operated control valve and the second supplies the necessary flow and/or pressure to the circuit that is to be adjusted. Storage tank. Pressure manometers, Flow meter, Intel/outlet valve, Diaphragm.Exhaust valve, I/P Converter. Control interface box with process diagram in the front panel and with the same distribution that the different elements located in the unit, for an easy understanding by the student.All sensors, with their respective signals, are properly manipulated for -10V. to +10V. computer output. Sensors connectors in the interface have different pines numbers (from 2 to 16), to avoid connection errors. Single cable between the control interface box and computer. The unit control elements are permanently computer controlled, without necessity of changes or connections during the whole process test procedure. Simultaneously visualization in the computer of all parameters involved in the process. Calibration of all sensors involved in the process. Real time curves representation about system responses. Storage of all the process data and results in a file. Graphic representation, in real time, of all the process/system responses. All the actuators values can be changed at any time from the keyboard allowing the analysis about curves and responses of the whole process. All the actuators and sensors values and their responses are placed in only one computer screen. Shield and filtered signals to avoid external interferences. Real time PID control with flexibility of modifications from the computer keyboard of the PID parameters, at any moment during the process. Real time PID and on/off control for pumps, compressors, resistances, control valves, etc. Real time PID control for parameters involved in the process simultaneously. Open control allowing modifications, at any time and in a real time , of parameters involved in the process simultaneously. Proportional control, integral control and derivative control, based on the real PID mathematical formula, by changing the values, at any time, of the three control constants (proportional, integral and derivative constants). Possibility of automatization of the actuators involved in the process. Three safety levels, one mechanical in the unit, other electronic in control interface and the third one in the control software.

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Process occurring in a unit: Process unit control pressure is use to control a pressure and flow of a fluid especially gas. In this unit to generate a pressure compressor is used. After fluid passing through a compressor it enter in a unit where valves are present to control flow after that fluid passes through the Pneumatic control valve. the working of a pneumatic control valve is automatic adjust the flow of a fluid by the reference pressure. there are two paths for the fluid 1) if a fluid has some dust particles or some other impurity so we pass it through a tank in which a fluid is stored and refined by the filtration process this path is called indirect path 2) if our fluid is free from undesired particles so fluid is pass through a direct path After that some sensors are installed in a unit to observe the pressure one of the sensor is Differential pressure sensor At last there are two paths for the outgoing of fluid 1) If it is required to measure the volumetric flow rate gas is pass through a rotameter which measure pressure and also use to control a flow rate from a outlet 2) The second path is to directly take out the fluid from a unit

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EXPERIMENT NO # 3

To study the process occuring in a fluidization and fluid bed heat transfer unit H693 FLUIDIZATION
A mass of solid particles that is made to flow like a liquid by injection of water or gas is said to have been fluidized. In water treatment, a bed of filter media is fluidized by backwashing water through the filter.

FLUIDIZED BED
A fluidized bed is formed when a quantity of a solid particulate substance (usually present in a holding vessel) is placed under appropriate conditions to cause the solid/fluid mixture to behave as a fluid. This is usually achieved by the introduction of pressurized fluid through the particulate medium. This results in the medium then having many properties and characteristics of normal fluids; such as the ability to free-flow under gravity, or to be pumped using fluid type technologies.

Bed types can be coarsely classified by their flow behavior, including :

Stationary or bubbling bed is the classical approach where the gas at low velocities is used and fluidization of the solids is relatively stationary, with some fine particles being entrained. Circulating fluidized beds (CFB), Annular fluidized bed (AFB).

Heat Transfer in Fluidized Beds

Heat transfer in the fluidized bed is, apart from the particle and gas mixing, the most important process contributing to the intensity of the physical and chemical processes. In fact, several different processes can be distinguished: particle-gas heat transfer, heat transfer between different points in the bed, heat transfer between the fluidized bed particles and the larger particles floating in the bed and the heat transfer to the submerged surfaces in contact with the bed. All of these heat transfer processes are very intensive in fluidized beds. In the case of uniform fluidization, the temperature difference between points in the bed does not exceed 2-5C, with mean bed temperatures of several hundred, even 1000C. Gas temperature, when leaving the bed, is practically the same as the particle temperature. These facts tell us of the great capability of the solid particles to exchange heat with the fluidizing gas. Intensive heat transfer is, first of all, a consequence of the large specific heat transfer surface (3000 to 45000 m2/m3), although heat transfer coefficients to the particles in the bed are relatively small, 6-25 W/m2C. The large heat capacity of the solid

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particles also makes the temperature difference between gas and particles small. Gas temperature follows the particle temperature. Application Use of liquid/solid fluidization techniques for size classification is a common practice in mineral processing operations. Extending its application in gravity separation for finer feed particles ( 0.5 mm) is not straightforward as these fine size particles tend to remain in a mixed state during fluidization. Separation is effective within a limited range of size (ratio) with proper control on superficial water velocity. Taking an example from the food processing industry: fluidized beds are used to accelerate freezing in some IQF tunnel freezers (IQF means Individually Quick Frozen, or freezing unpackaged separate pieces). These fluidized bed tunnels are typically used on small food products like peas, shrimp or sliced vegetables, and may use cryogenic or vapor-compression refrigeration. The fluid used in fluidized beds may also contain a fluid of catalytic type; that's why it is also used to catalyze the chemical reaction and also to improve the rate of reaction.

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EXPERIMENT NO # 4
To study the process of sedimentation ESED SEDIMENTATION

10

Sedimentation is the tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a barrier. SEDIMENT Any particulate matter that can be transported by fluid flow and which eventually is deposited as a layer of solid particles on the bed or bottom of a body of water or other liquid. Sedimentation is the deposition by settling of a suspended material. PROCESS OF SEDIMENTATION
Sedimentation is a physical water treatment process using gravity to remove suspended solids from water. Solid particles entrained by the turbulence of moving water may be removed naturally by sedimentation in the still water of lakes and oceans. Settling basins are ponds constructed for the purpose of removing entrained solids by sedimentation. Suspended solids (or SS), is the mass of dry solids retained by a filter of a given porosity related to the volume of the water sample. This includes particles of a size not lower than 10 m. Colloids are particles of a size between 0.001 m and 1 m depending on the method of quantification. Because of Brownian motionand electrostatic forces balancing the gravity, they are not likely to settle naturally. The limit sedimentation velocity of a particle is its theoretical descending speed in clear and still water. In settling process theory, a particle will settle only if: 1. In a vertical ascending flow, the ascending water velocity is lower than the limit sedimentation velocity. 2. In a longitudinal flow, the ratio of the length of the tank to the height of the tank is higher than the ratio of the water velocity to the limit sedimentation velocity.

Experiments In a sedimentation experiment called tripothsis, the applied force accelerates the particles to a terminal velocity at which the applied force is exactly canceled by an opposing drag force. For small enough particles (low Reynolds number), the drag force varies linearly with the terminal velocity, i.e., (Stokes flow) where f depends only on the properties of the particle and the surrounding fluid. Similarly, the applied force generally varies linearly with some coupling constant (denoted here as q) that depends only on the properties of the particle, . Hence, it is generally possible to define a sedimentation

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coefficient that depends only on the properties of the particle and the surrounding fluid. Thus, measuring s can reveal underlying properties of the particle. In many cases, the motion of the particles is blocked by a hard boundary; the resulting accumulation of particles at the boundary is called a sediment. The concentration of particles at the boundary is opposed by the diffusion of the particles. The sedimentation of a single particle under gravity is described by the Mason Weaver equation, which has a simple exact solution. The sedimentation coefficient s in this case equals , where is the buoyant mass.

The sedimentation of a single particle under centrifugal force is described by the Lamm equation, which likewise has an exact solution. The sedimentation coefficient s also equals , where is the buoyant mass. However, the Lamm equation differs from the MasonWeaver equation because the centrifugal force depends on radius from the origin of rotation, whereas in the MasonWeaver equation gravity is constant. The Lamm equation also has extra terms, since it pertains to sector-shaped cells, whereas the MasonWeaver equation is one dimension

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