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Outline
Review last lecture Equivalent circuit analyses
Review basic concept Application to series circuits with conduction and convection Application to composite materials Application to other geometries
Heat Transfer
February 14, 2007
Spherical shell k is an average thermal conductivity (or a constant & = 4k (T2 T1 ) Q value) if k is constant 1 / r1 1 / r2 T0, TL = temperatures at x = 0,L; T1, T2 = temperatures at inner (r1) and outer(r2) radii
3
1.8
1.6
T = T0
&genx2 e
2k
&genxL e
2k
(T T )x 0 L
L
1.4
H=0
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
H=
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 x/L 0.6 0.7
0.2
k (TL T0 )
0.8 0.9 1
&gen Le
The heat transfer is constant in this 1D rectangle for both constant & variable k
& dT Q & = k =q A dx
Thermal Resistance
Heat flow analogous to current Temperature difference analogous to potential difference Both follow Ohms law with appropriate resistance term
Thermal Resistance II
Conduction & = k A(T1 T2 ) Q & = T1 T2 Q L Rcond Convection
& = hA T T Q s f
Rcond =
L kA
1 hA
&= Q
Ts T f Rconv
Rconv =
1
Radiation
Rrad =
9
)= Ah
1 rad
10
12
Combined Modes
Conduction Convection or convection plus radiation
Tsurr Rtotal
= As hconv + As hrad
& = h(T1 T1 ) q
Convection or convection plus radiation
Figure 3-6 from engel, Heat and Mass Transfer
&= q
htotal =
k (T1 T2 ) L
L
& = h(T2 T 2 ) q
14
Combined Modes II
A is area normal to heat flow L
Figure 3-6 from engel, Heat and Mass Transfer
&= q
&= Q
T1 T 2 1 1 L + + Ah1 kA Ah2
&= q
& Q T T = 1 2 A 1 +L+ 1 h1 k h2
15
If you know h1, h2, L, k, T1, and T2, but you do not know T1 and T2, can you find the heat flux? Once you found the heat flux from the information give, can you find T1 and T2?
& Q T T = 1 2 1 L 1 A + + h1 k h2
T1 = T1
& q h1
T2 = T 2 +
& q h2
16
Problem
A house has a 4 in thick brick wall with k = 0.6 Btu/hrftoF. The interior temperature is 70oF and the exterior temperature is 0oF. The inside and outside convection plus radiation coefficients are 3 Btu/hrft2oF and 4 Btu/hrft2oF, respectively. Find the heat flux through the wall. Given: Wall with L = 4 in = 4/12 ft and k =0.6 Btu/hrftoF has convection on two sides. T1 = 70oF, T2 = 0oF, h1 = 3 Btu/hrft2oF and h2 = 4 Btu/hrft2oF. & &=Q Find: q 17 A
A is area normal to heat flow
Solution
L
Figure 3-6 from engel, Heat and Mass Transfer
&= q
&= q
18
Solution II
A is area normal to heat flow L
Figure 3-6 from engel, Heat and Mass Transfer
Solution III
A is area normal to heat flow L
Figure 3-6 from engel, Heat and Mass Transfer
T T & = 1 1 q 1 h1
& q T1 = T1 = 70o F h1
How can we check results below found from analysis of overall problem and convection processes?
&= q
61.5 Btu hr ft 2
T1 = 49.5o F
T2 = 15.4o F
T T & = 2 2 q 1 h2
& q T2 = T 2 + =0o F h1
hr ft = 15.4o F 4 Btu 19 hr ft 2 o F
2
&= q
61.5 Btu hr ft 2
Composite Materials
Composite Materials II
& Q 2k (T1 T2 ) r = L r2 ln r 1
R= r 1 ln 2 2kL r1
For constant k
&= Q
Rconv,2 =
A2 = 2r2 L
1 1 = h2 A2 h2 2r2 L
& = Q r
T1 T2 T T = 1 2 R r 1 ln 2 23 r 2kL 1
&= Q
T1 T2 r 1 1 1 ln 2 + + h 2r L h1 2r1L 2kL r 1 2 2
24
Problem
A hot-water pipe (k = 35 Btu/hrftoF) in a house, made of inch schedule 40 pipe (OD = 1.050 in; ID = 0.824 in) is 40 ft long and contains water at 120oF. The air around the pipe is at 60oF. The heat transfer coefficients inside and outside the pipe are, respectively, 200 and 3 Btu/hrft2oF. Determine the heat loss & Q 2(T1 T2 ) from the pipe. =
L 1 1 r2 1 + ln + h1r1 k r1 h2r2
26
T1 T2 r 1 1 1 + + ln 2 h1 2r1L 2kL r h 2 1 2 r2 L
Solution
Given: T2 = T1 = 120oF, r1 = ID/2 = 0.412 in, r2 = OD/2 = 0.525 in, k =35 Btu/hrftoF, L = 40 ft, h1= 200 Btu/hrft2oF, h2= 3 Btu/hrft2oF 60oF,
Solution II
Given: T2 = 60oF, T1 = 1 1 12 in hr ft 2 o F = 120oF, r1 = ID/2 = 0.412 in, 200 Btu 0.412 in ft h1r1 r2 = OD/2 = 0.525 in, k =35 Btu/hrftoF, L = 40 ft, 1 r2 hr fto F 0.525 in = ln ln h1= 200 Btu/hrft2oF, 35 Btu 0.412 in k r1 2 o h2= 3 Btu/hrft F 2o hr ft F in 1 1 12 1 , 940 Btu & = = Find: Q hr h2r2 3 Btu 0.525 in ft
&= Q
2(T1 T2 )L 2 120oF 60oF (40 ft ) = o 1 1 r2 1 + ln + (0.146 + 0.007 + 7.619) hr ft F h1r1 k r1 h2r2 Btu 28
1 1 = h2 A4 h2 2r4 L
29
1 r2 1 r3 ln ln 1 1 = k1L r1 k2 L r2 h1 A1 h1 2r1L
1 r4 ln k3 L r3
30
Another Problem
Insulation with k = 0.2 Btu/hrftoF is to be added to the pipe in the previous example problem. Determine the heat transfer if the insulation is one inch thick.
&= Q T1 T 2 r2 r3 1 1 1 1 + ln + 2k L ln r + h1 2r1L 2k1L r 1 2 h2 2r3 L 2
&= Q
&= Q
Another Problem II
Unchanged resistances from previous example 1 1 r2 0.153 hr fto F
h1r1 + ln = k1 r1 Btu
=
&= Q
1860 Btu hr
Btu
2000
1500
500
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Thickness (in)
35
10
Resistance 6 (hrftF/Btu)
4
&= Q
Rsph
Rconv,2 =
A2 = 4r22 L
Figure 3-25 from engel, Heat and Mass Transfer
Rsph
1 1 r1 r2 = 4k
40
&= Q
A2 = 4r22 L
S/L
z/D
43 44