1.2.

3 Damage Analysis of Masonry Structures under Earthquake Action using ANSYS-Software

Song Ha Nguyen, Wolfram Jger Chair of Structural Design, Faculty of Architecture, TU Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 13, D-01062 Dresden, Germany

Summary Under earthquake action, masonry structures may collapse or suffer severe damages. In order to assess the damages, a complex nonlinear computational model is introduced to take into consideration both material and structural damage. The material damage can be simulated by adopting nonlinear material laws and the structural damage occurs e.g. as a result of crack formation. In this paper, a realistic nonlinear material law for masonry on the macro-level based on the elasto-plastic theory [7] is introduced and implemented with the ANSYS-Software. The tensile failure of brick, the compressive failure of masonry and the shear failure between mortar and brick according to the Mann/Mller theory (see [12]) are realistically described. Softening effects for tension, compression and initial shear strength are included. For the evaluation of damage, the global damage indicators based on changes of the eigen frequencies of the structure and eigenvalues of the system stiffness matrix are applied (see [10], [9]). Damage analysis with the aid of the introduced damage indicators under earthquake action is demonstrated by means of a numerical example.

Keywords Masonry, Damage Indicator, Earthquake, Material Law

22nd CAD-FEM Users Meeting 2004 International Congress on FEM Technology with ANSYS CFX & ICEM CFD Conference November 10-12, 2004, International Congress Center Dresden, Germany

Introduction

Masonry buildings are the most important construction type around the world. In Germany, most of the historical monumental structures and about 83.9% of the domestic buildings are made of masonry. The masonry structures are used even in seismic zones. Because of the inherent weakness to withstand horizontal loads, the behavior of masonry buildings under seismic loads has been a major concern. In the process of deciding whether a structure damaged during an earthquake can still be safely used in the future or if the structure has to be repaired, assessment of the damage and estimation of the residual load-bearing capacity of the structure are of primary importance. Damage to a structure leads to significant changes in its stiffness characteristics and a reduction of the load-bearing capacity. For assessment of the damage of a structure under earthquake action, the nonlinear time history analysis is employed. With this nonlinear simulation, the geometrical and physical nonlinearities can be taken into account. The material and structural damages are accumulated in the tangential system stiffness matrix and yield to changes of eigen angular frequencies.

2
2.1

Realistic Masonry Analysis under Earthquake Action

General

For assessment of the seismic effects on structures, different numerical models are developed. Most building codes suggest three methods: the equivalent static loads analysis (or lateral force method of analysis), modal response spectrum analysis and time history analysis. The equivalent static loads analysis may be applied to buildings whose response is not significantly affected by contributions from modes of vibration higher than the fundamental mode in each principal direction. The conditions for the buildings are given in DIN 4149 (new) [2] or EC 8 [5]. The modal response spectrum analysis has been developed for application in slender constructions like towers and high-rise buildings. With this method, the maximum responses of the system under seismic action are determined; the time parameter is neglected. This method is more or less restricted to linear systems. Nonlinear behavior can be considered approximately by introducing a behavior factor q. In DIN 4149 (new) [2], this factor is fixed for masonry with 1.5. The fixing is empirical, unfounded and unsatisfactory. In time history analysis, the nonlinear differential equations of motion are integrated in small steps over the time. The time-dependent response of the system can be obtained by direct numerical integration of its differential equations of motion. The dynamic response of the structure behaves conformably in relation to the progressive damage process.

&( t ) + D( t , v, d) v & ( t ) + K T ( t , v, d ) v( t ) = M ( t , v, d ) v I ( t ) M ( t , v, d ) & v

where M D KT t d & , & & v v, v mass matrix damping matrix tangential stiffness matrix time scalar damage incremental displacement, velocity, acceleration vectors incremental acceleration vector of the ground motion

(1)

& &I v

For the solution of the differential equations Eq. (1), a variety of explicit and implicit time operators have been proposed. For nonlinear analysis, the modified NEWMARK operator (s. [6], pp. 497) is used. The nonlinear equations are then solved with the modified NEWTON-RAPHSON method. With this method, geometrical as well as physical nonlinearities can be taken into account. The input & I (t) are presented as registered acceleration time functions or artificially generated v earthquake loads & acceleration time functions.

22nd CAD-FEM Users Meeting 2004 International Congress on FEM Technology with ANSYS CFX & ICEM CFD Conference November 10-12, 2004, International Congress Center Dresden, Germany

For a realistic analysis of masonry, only the time history method is suitable. For this method, the & I (t) and the realistic description of the nonlinear acceleration time function of the ground motion & v

& I (t) is described material behavior are required. The acceleration time function of the ground motion & v in section 2.2. The realistic description of the nonlinear material behavior based on elasto-plastic theory is presented in section 2.3. The inhomogeneous and anisotropic characteristics are modelled through yield conditions and failure laws of a homogeneous comparison material (smeared model).
2.2 Earthquake Action Acceleration time functions of the ground motion are the most important initial information to describe the earthquake action. In application of the time history method, these functions are used as load functions. The acceleration time functions in general have an arbitrary time response which doesnt show any periodicity; they are transient functions. Beside existent acceleration time functions in various earthquake libraries, artificially generated acceleration time functions may be used. In order to generate the acceleration time functions numerically, the algorithm developed in [8] is presented here (see Fig. 1). random function FFT from time domain to frequency domain filter functions or elastic response function FFT from frequency domain to time domain Multiplication with an enveloped intensity function I(t)

x(t)

X()

Y()

a(t)

y(t)

Fig. 1

Generation of the acceleration time function 1, is

The algorithm, as outlined in Fig. characterized by the following steps: -

Generation of a random function with constant power spectral density S0 (uniform random noise) With the aid of discrete FOURIER transformation, the random function is transformed into the frequency range and modified by multiplication with the elastic response spectrum (see EC 8 or DIN 4149 (new)) or with the transfer functions of a highpass, low-pass and band-pass filter in each case (see [8] or [13]). After back-transformation into the time domain, the stationary soil acceleration is modified by modulation with an intensity function. The intensity function may take on different forms. Two possible intensity functions are shown in Fig. 2. The factors a, b, c, d1, d2 are determined by evaluating the seismographs for a particular location.

Fig. 2

functions Intensity

22nd CAD-FEM Users Meeting 2004 International Congress on FEM Technology with ANSYS CFX & ICEM CFD Conference November 10-12, 2004, International Congress Center Dresden, Germany

A horizontal acceleration time function generated by using this algorithm for earthquake zone 1 (ag = 0.4 2 m/s ) and ground type CT (according to DIN 4149 (new)) is presented in Fig. 3. The elastic response spectrum is shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 3

Horizontal ground acceleration time function ZV1 for the 2 earthquake zone 1(ag = 0,4 m/s ) and the ground type CT (E DIN 4149 2004-05)

Fig. 4

Elastic horizontal spectrum for the earthquake zone 2 1 (ag = 0.4 m/s ) with the ground type CT and the response spectrum of the ground acceleration time function ZV1 in Fig. 3

2.3 2.3.1

Material Law for Masonry Material Model

For the description of the nonlinear material behavior of masonry, in the context of this work a simple and robust material law on the macro level, based on the elasto-plastic theory is presented. With this material law, the elasto-plastic behavior of masonry under cyclic loading can be described realistically. At every cross-section point, the material behavior in the inelastic zone and the progressive material damage (softening effects) can be included. Due to the variety of possible failure mechanisms of masonry, the yield surfaces are derived from the failure criteria. The failure criteria under combination of shear and compression stress occur according to the failure model of Mann/Mller (see Fig. 5). The first failure mode, the adhesive tensile failure, occurs if the vertical stress is a tensile stress and exceeds the adhesive tensile strength between unit and mortar. The second failure mode gets substantial if the principal tensile stress exceeds the shear strength between unit and mortar. The third failure mode describes the compressive failure. An advantage of the model is the low number of the initial parameters which can be found in DIN 1053-1 [1] or DIN 1053-100 [2]. Since the stresses in direction parallel to the bed joints are low and considerably smaller than the experimentally determined strength of masonry, no failure criteria or yield rules are set to capture a possible failure in this direction. The stresses are in the elastic range and the strains follow HOOKEs law.

22nd CAD-FEM Users Meeting 2004 International Congress on FEM Technology with ANSYS CFX & ICEM CFD Conference November 10-12, 2004, International Congress Center Dresden, Germany

1. R,1 = ( HZ + )

h
1 1+ h
fvk,
Tensile failure

2. R,2 = ( HS + )

3. R,3 = 0,45 RZ 1 + 4. R,4 = ( R )

RZ
gaping

friction failure

Failure due to crushing

Dd
Fig. 5 Failure Criteria by Mann/Mller [12]

2.3.2

Implementation with ANSYS

In this research project, the material law presented above is implemented in the FE program package ANSYS with the help of a user defined material routine. The implementation of the elasto-plastic constitutive relations in a FE program requires the consideration of two different levels, in the following called the global level and the material level respectively. On the global level, equilibrium must be satisfied in any linear or nonlinear FE computation. The node displacements as well as the strains of the integration points at each cross-section in every particular time step or time point are calculated by solving the differential equations Eq. (1) with the help of the NEWMARK operator and the modified NEWTON-RAPHSON method. Together with the strains and the stresses of the previous time step, the state variables of the user routine are determined at every integration point. On the material level, the plasticity relations must be satisfied. The resulting stresses as well as the tangent stiffness matrix at each integration point are then estimated by local NEWTON-RAPHSON iterations (return mapping method). The stresses and the tangent stiffness matrix are passed back to the main program. The softening effects are also included in the model with different softening parameters for all regions. The problem of the mesh objectivity is tackled by the introduction of an equivalent length related to the element size and fracture energies. On the global level, the residual forces are calculated at the end of the iteration step. If the fixed tolerance criterions are not fulfilled, a new iteration step is carried out with updated state values from the user routine. 2.3.3 Verification of the material model

The material model was verified by comparing the numerical results to the experimental results from tes [15] (s. Fig. 2). The comparison of the hysteresis diagrams of the experimental results and the numerical results shows that this nonlinear material model can well describe the behaviour of masonry under cyclic load and the collapse load can be well estimated by this model. The collapse deformation calculated by this model is considerably smaller than the collapse deformation in the test. A reason for this is that the discontinuity in the masonry caused by crack formation in the test is not included in this model which is based on the continuum mechanics. Furthermore, the input parameters used for calculating and the parameters of the tested wall might be not quite identical. The parameters of the wall tested by tes have not been measured before the test.
22nd CAD-FEM Users Meeting 2004 International Congress on FEM Technology with ANSYS CFX & ICEM CFD Conference November 10-12, 2004, International Congress Center Dresden, Germany

The input parameters used in the model were taken from the same material component of ibac (institute of building material research, Aachen university).
H [kN] 50,0 40,0 30,0 20,0 10,0 0,0 -10,0 -20,0 -30,0 -40,0 -50,0 -6,0 -4,0 -2,0 0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 d [mm]

Fig. 6

Hysteresis diagrams of the experimental result V6 by tes [15] and the numerical result

3
3.1

Damage Assessment
Damage phenomena

Damage occurs during the loading process; it is therefore a function of time. In general, a supporting structure initially remains in a damage-free state (undamaged state) for a certain period of time. Even after the first signs of local damage zones become evident, the global load-bearing behavior generally remains unaffected. However, if the damage zones continue to develop over-proportionally in both space and time, this progressive nonlinear damage process leads to system failure. A particular structure is susceptible to specific types of external loading. Especially in the case of alternating or cyclic loading, it is only possible to forecast damage processes by means of suitable realistic models. 3.2 Damage Indicators

In order to assess the damage of structures, several damage indicators have been introduced (see [10] and [14]). Whereas the indicators for local damage refer to the hysteretic characteristics of particular system details, those for global damage predominantly refer to changes in the stiffness parameters. In this paper, two damage indicators based on changes of eigen frequencies of the structure and eigenvalues of stiffness matrix are presented in the following. These damage indicators provide indirect estimates of the reduction of the global bearing capacity as a result of local damage of arbitrary kind. 3.2.1 Formulation of damage indicator using eigenvalues of the system stiffness matrix

The global damage indicator presented in this section is based on the changes in the system stiffness matrix during earthquake (see [10] or [14]). This damage indicator is defined in the form of Eq. (2).

D=

stiffness of the damaged structure stiffness of the undamaged structure

(2)

The stiffness of a structure may be expressed with the aid of the eigenvalues of the system stiffness matrix. This leads to a set of fuzzy damage indicators:

D iK ( t ) = 1

K i ( t , v, d ) K i ( t = 0, v, d = 0)

(3)

22nd CAD-FEM Users Meeting 2004 International Congress on FEM Technology with ANSYS CFX & ICEM CFD Conference November 10-12, 2004, International Congress Center Dresden, Germany

in which (t,v,d) is the i eigenvalue of the system stiffness matrix at time point t (in damaged state) th and (t=0,v,d=0) is the i eigenvalue of the system stiffness matrix in the undamaged state. If a value

th

D iK is equal to unity, the system stiffness matrix becomes singular; that is, the K displacements increase in an uncontrolled manner and the structure fails. The maximum value of D i

may be interpreted as a global damage indicator. This determines the minimum separation distance between the damage and the failure state:

D K (t) = max { D iK (t)}, i = 1, , N

in which N denotes the number of degrees of freedom of the structure. The damage indicator according to Eq. (4) describes the evolution of the local damage globally. 3.2.2 Formulation of a damage indicator using eigen angular frequencies

(4)

DK

If material behavior has been formulated in a damage-oriented manner, damage alters the global tangential system stiffness matrix KT(t, v, d). On that basis, the eigen angular frequencies of a structure may be chosen as characteristic parameters for (nonlinear) damage indicators (see [10] or [14]).

D i (t) = 1

i ( t , v, d ) i ( t = 0, v, d = 0)

1iN
th

(5)

where Di(t) is the damage indicator; i(t, v, d) is the i eigen angular frequency at time t, dependent on th the displacement state v(t) and the degree of damage d(t); i(t = 0, v, d = 0) is the i eigen angular frequency at the beginning of the service life (t = 0) for the undamaged system (d = 0). Owing to the simplicity of the latter and its high sensitivity, this provides a suitable means of estimating the residual load-bearing capacity of the system and interactive control of the numerical simulation. Critical loading states and critical local damage states are sensitively indicated in relation to global load-bearing behavior. The eigen angular frequencies i required to evaluate Eq. (5) follow from the eigenvalue problem without the inclusion of damping: (KT(t, v, d) - M)v = 0
2

(6)

Here KT changes as a result of damage during the loading process. If KT is known at time t, the eigen angular frequencies i may be computed form Eq. (6). 4 4.1 Example System and Loads

For demonstration a standard terraced house made of masonry is studied under earthquake action. The geometry of the building was taken from [15]. It is a 1-storied residential house with a wooden roof construction on a ground plan of 10.0 x 6.0 m. The terraced house is stiffened in the longitudinal direction by the gable walls against horizontal loads. In the transversal direction the interior walls (sideways of the staircase) carry the majority of the horizontal load. The roof construction is a purlin type roof with the roof areas acting as stiff plates due to the integration of wind panicles. In order to model the terraced house as realistically as possible, a 3D model with SOLID elements is used (see Fig. 7). The roof construction is modeled as a single unit with SHELL elements. The equivalent stiffness of roof construction is approximately determined.

22nd CAD-FEM Users Meeting 2004 International Congress on FEM Technology with ANSYS CFX & ICEM CFD Conference November 10-12, 2004, International Congress Center Dresden, Germany

The earthquake load is applied as acceleration time functions of ground motion. These loads consist of three acceleration time functions independent of each other, which act simultaneously on the structure in the three perpendicular directions x, y and z. The acceleration time functions are generated according to earthquake zone 1 2 (ag = 0.4 m/s ) and ground type CT (according to DIN 4149 (new) [2]).

Fig. 7 4.2 Results

FE model of the row house

The behavior of the terraced house is studied for different levels of earthquake action through an earthquake load factor k. The factor k is equal to 1 for earthquake 2 action in zone 1 with ag = 0.4 m/s . In this example, the damage indicator based on the change of first eigen angular frequency (see Eq. (5) with i = 1) is used. Damage of the row house is studied with different strong levels of earthquake action through an earthquake load factor k. In this example, the damage indicator based on the change of first eigen angular frequency (see Eq. (5) with i = 1) is used. Fig. 8 shows the damaged areas at the stiffening walls for the case of the earthquake load factor being equal to 2.5. In the figure, the damaged areas are presented as equivalent plastic strains.

point 1

Fig. 8

Damage areas at the stiff walls with k = 2.5

0,00 0,00 -0,20 -0,40 -0,60 -0,80 -1,00

2,00

4,00

6,00

8,00

10,00

Fig. 9

Variation of the stress in vertical direction at the point 1 (see Fig. 8 )during the earthquake process with the load factor k = 1

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Fig. 9 shows the variation of the stress in z direction (vertical direction) at the point 1 (see Fig. 8) 2 during the earthquake process with an earthquake load factor k = 1 (ag = 0.4 m/s ). At this load level, major areas of the masonry walls work in the elastic range. The structure remains undamaged. The stresses calculated by nonlinear and linear models are identical. The damage indicator is equal to zero. For an earthquake action with the factor k = 2.5 (ag = 1.0 m/s ), the stress in the vertical direction at the point 1 is represented in Fig. 10. At this load level, major areas in stiff wall work in plastic range. The structure experiences local damage. The stresses from nonlinear and linear models are different significantly. At t = 4.5 s the damage indicator calculated through Eq. (5) with i = 1 is
2

D1 (t ) = 1

1 (t = 4.5, v, d ) 2.5585 = 1 = 0.6044 6.4673 1 (t = 0, v, d = 0)

linear analysis

0,50 0,25 0,00 -0,25 -0,50 -0,75 -1,00 -1,25 -1,50 0 2 4 6 8 10

nonlinear analysis

Fig. 10 Variation of the stress in vertical direction at the point 1 (see Fig. 8 ) during the earthquake process with the load factor k = 2.5

Conclusion In this paper, the time history method is used to analyze masonry structures under earthquake action. The earthquake loadings are taken as artificially generated acceleration time functions. The nonlinear material law based on elasto-plastic theory for masonry is introduced at the macro level and implemented in the ANSYS program package. For damage assessment, the different damage indicators are discussed. As an example, damage of a terraced house under earthquake action is studied. With the algorithm presented in this paper, the residual load-bearing capacity of masonry structures after earthquake action can been estimated. The results help to make a decision whether a damaged structure can still be safely used in the future or if the structure has to be repaired. The material law based on elasto-plastic theory is not quite correct for the precise description of damage. In the future, the new material law based on e.g. endochron theory or damage theory will be developed. Acknowledgment The research discussed in this contribution has been financed by the federal office for building and regional planning BBR (Bundesamt fr Bauwesen und Raumordnung) of Germany (project Z 6 10.07.03-03.09 / II 13 80 01 03-9).
22nd CAD-FEM Users Meeting 2004 International Congress on FEM Technology with ANSYS CFX & ICEM CFD Conference November 10-12, 2004, International Congress Center Dresden, Germany

References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] DIN 4149-1: 1981-04. Bauten in deutschen Erdbebengebieten. Lastannahmen, Bemessung und Ausfhrung blicher Hochbaute. DIN: Berlin April 1981 mit DIN 4149-1/A1:1992-12 E DIN 4149: 2004-05: Bauten in deutschen Erdbebengebieten. Auslegung von Hochbauten gegen Erdbeben. Entwurf. DIN: Berlin Oktober 2004 DIN 1053-1: 1996-11. Mauerwerk. Teil 1: Berechnung und Ausfhrung. DIN: Berlin 1996 EC 6: Bemessung und Konstruktion von Mauerwerksbauten. Teil 1-1: Allgemeine Regeln. Regeln fr bewehrtes und unbewehrtes Mauerwerk. Deutsche Fassung ENV 1996-1-1: 1995 EC 8: Auslegung von Bauwerken gegen Erdbeben. Teil 1-1. ENV 1998-1-1. Grundlagen Erdbebeneinwirkung und allgemeine Anforderungen an Bauwerke. Deutsche Fassung ENV 1998-1-1: 1994. Teil 1-2: Grundlagen Allgemeine Regeln fr Hochbauten. Deutsche Fassung ENV 1998-1-2: 1994. Teil 1-3: Grundlagen Baustoffspezifische Regeln fr Hochbauten. Deutsche Fassung ENV 1998-1-3: 1995. Teil 1-4: Grundlagen Verstrkung und Reparatur von Hochbauten. Deutsche Fassung ENV 1998-1-4: 1996 Argyris, J; Mlejnek, H.P.: Die Methode der Finiten Flemente, Band III: Einfhrung in die Dynamik. Vieweg Verlag: Braunschweig 1988 Chen, W.F.; Han, D.J.: Plasticity for Structural Engineers. Springer-Verlag New York, 1988 Hosser, D. Ahorner, L.; Schneider, G.: Realistische seismische Lastannahmen fr Bauwerke. Institut fr Bautechnik, IRB Verlag: Berlin 1986 Jger, W.; Nguyen, S.H.: Erdbebenbeanspruchung von Mauerwerk Numerische Simulation zur Bewertung der Tragwerksschdigung. In: Brameshuber, W.; Schuber, P. (Hrsg.) 30. Aachener Baustofftag "Mauerwerk", Festschrift zum Dank an Dr.-Ing. Peter Schubert, Aachen, 2004, S. 175-191 Krtzig, W:B.; Noh, S.Y.: Computersimulation progressiver Schdigungsprozesse von Stahlbetonkonstruktionen. Finite Elemente in der Baupraxis, 1998, S. 123-132 Lourenco, P.B.: An orthotropic continuum model for the analysis of masonry structures. Delft University of Technology. Report No. 95-NM-R0712, 1995 Mann, W.; Mller, H.: Schubtragfhigkeit von Mauerwerk. In: Mauerwerk-Kalender 1978, Ernst & Sohn Berlin, 1978 Meskouris, K.: Structural Dynamics, Models, Methods, Examples. Verlag Ernst & Sohn: Berlin 2000 Nguyen, S.H.; Mller, B.; Graf, W.: Modeling of time-dependent loading as a fuzzy-process. In: Fifth European Conference on Structural Dynamics (EURODYN 2002), Eds. Grundmann, H.; Schuller, G.I., TU Mnchen, A.A. Balkema Publishers: Rotterdam 2002, Vol. 1, pp. 679-684 tes, A., Lring, S.: Zur Horizontalaussteifung von Reihenhusern. In: Das Mauerwerk 4 (2000), S. 152-158 tes, A.; Lring, S.: Tastversuche zur Identifizierung des Verhaltensfaktors von Mauerwerksbauten fr den Erdbebennachweis. Abschlussbericht der Lehrstuhl fr Tragkonstruktionen, Universitt Dortmund, 2003 Rautenstrauch, K.; Schlegel, R.: Numerische Modellierung von Mauerwerk. In: Brameshuber, W. & Schubert, P. (Hrsg.): 30. Aachener Baustofftag "Mauerwerk". Festschrift zum Dank an Dr.Ing. Schubert, P., Aachen 2004, S. 193-217 Zilch, K.; Schermer, D.: Experimentelle und numerische Untersuchungen zum Erdbebentragverhalten unbewehrter Mauerwerksbauten. In: Mauerwerk Kalender 2004. Hrsgg. v. P. Schubert, H.-J. Irmschler u. W. Jger. Ernst & Sohn: Berlin 2004, S. 649 664

[6] [7] [8] [9]

[10] [11] [12] [13] [14]

[15] [16]

[17]

[18]

22nd CAD-FEM Users Meeting 2004 International Congress on FEM Technology with ANSYS CFX & ICEM CFD Conference November 10-12, 2004, International Congress Center Dresden, Germany

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22nd CAD-FEM Users Meeting 2004 International Congress on FEM Technology with ANSYS CFX & ICEM CFD Conference November 10-12, 2004, International Congress Center Dresden, Germany

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