LECTURE 01

INTEGRATION
(INDEFINITE INTEGRALS , DEFINITE INTEGRALS)

It is known that for a derivable function on [a, b] we write the derivative of f (x) is denoted by f (x) or Df (x)

= lim = lim

or

Now find Anti-derivative or Primitive of a function f (x) if F (x) = f (x). Let F(x) be a Primitive of a function Then

f (x) and let C be any constant.

+ = F (x) = f (x)

F(x) + C is also a Primitive of f (x). Thus, if a function f(x) possesses a primitive, then it possess infinitely many Primitives which are contained in the expression F(x) + C where C is a constant.

Then for f (x), a function, the collection of all its Primitives is called the indefinite integral of f (x) and is denoted by . Thus, + = f (x) = F(x) + C when F(x) is Primitive of f (x) and C is an arbitrary constant known as the constant of integration. Here is the integral sign, f (x) is the integrand, x is the variable of integration and dx is the element of integration or differential of x.

1646 1716, .

The process of finding an indefinite integral of a given function f (x) means finding a function F(x) such that = f (x).

INTEGRAL FUNCTION:

Let f (x) be a continuous function defined on [a, b]. Then the function F(x) = for all x[a, b] is called the integral function of the f (x). Note: Determining the primitive of a function or indefinite integration is the process inverse to differentiation where as determining the integral function of a function is the limit of sum of an infinite number of small terms.

THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL: Let f (x) be a continuous function defined on [a, b] and F (x) be another f , function such that F (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of then = is called as definite integral of the function f (x) over the interval [a, b]. a and b are called limits of integration. (a being the lower limit and b be the upper limit). (This is called as Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus). Note: 1. In definite integrals constant of integration is never present. ( as = F(x) + C therefore = + + = F (b) + C F(a) C = F (b) F(a)

2. If f (x) =

f (x) = g (x).

Let us know more about the Definite Integral: 1. The definite integral as the limit of a sum: The summation aspect of definite integral is more fundamental and it was invented by Leibnitz. (At first Leibnitz called this as Summational Calculus instead of Integral Calculus and Integral Calculus proposed by his pupils, Johann Jakob and Johann Bernoulli). As f (x) be a continuous real valued function defined on [a, b] which is divided into n equal parts each of width h by inserting (n-1) points, a + h, a + 2h, a + 3h, , a + (n-1)h between a and b.
2

Then, nh = b a =

of each sub-interval decrease. i.e. as n h 0.

and it is evident that if n increases, the width

Let sn denote the sum of the areas of n-rectangles, taken the left end points of the subintervals. Then, sn = h f (a) + h f (a + h) + h f (a + 2h)+..+ h f (a + (n-1)h) i.e., sn = h[ f (a) + f (a + h) + f (a + 2h) + .+ f (a + (n-1)h)] Clearly, lim gives the area of the region bounded by the curve y = f (x), x-axis, x = a and x = b. = lim

..(1)

Similarly, Sn denote the sum of the areas of n-rectangles, taken the right end points of the subintervals. Then, Sn = h[ f (a + h) + f (a + 2h) + .+ f (a + nh)] and (1) and (2) gives the area of a definite integral. The above process of evaluating a definite integral is called integration from first principles or integration by ab-initio or integration as the limit of sum.

This sum is a Riemann Sum, named for the German Mathematician BERNHARD RIEMANN (1826-1866 Sn = Upper Riemann sum = sn = Lower Riemann sum =

Sn = General Riemann sum =

If f is continuous then = lim = lim = lim which is known as Riemann Integration.

The following are to be noted in this context. i) If f (x) is not defined at x = a and x = b and defined defined in the interval (a, b), then can be evaluated.

open

ii)

If = 0, then the equation f (x) = 0 has at least one root lying in (a, b), provided f is a continuous in (a, b).

iii) In , the function f need to be well-defined defined and continuous in the closed interval i.e. [a, b]. For instance, instance, the consideration of the / definite integral 1 is erroneous since the function = 1/ is not defined in the portion -1 1 < x < 1 on the closed interval [-2, 3].

2.

ALGEBRAIC AREA:

is numerically equal to the area bounded by y = f (x), the y-axis and ordinates x = a and x = b

represent sum of areas of the region bounded by In general the curve y = f (x), the X-axis axis and the ordinates x = a, x = b.

The area above the X-axis X axis enter into this sum with a positive sign, while those below the X-axis axis enter it with negative sign.

= A1 A2 + A3 A4 + A5

3.

NUMERICAL AREA or ABSOLUTE AREA or CONVENTIONAL AREA.

The algebraic area fails when we find how much paint is required to paint over the hatched portion shown in the above figure. In this case we have to partition the entire integral into parts and compute the absolute area (without changing the sign) of each portion separately and add. Such an area is called an absolute area of the integral and we denote this as = A1 +A2 + A3 + A4 + A5 . Note: A definite integral does not always represent the area under a curve. Example: 1 1 = + Then = =

and

Now 1 = 0 Example: Evaluate sin , where [.] denote the greatest integer function. Solution: f(x) = sin x is a non-monotonic function in [0, 2], hence draw the graaph of f(x) = [sin x]

sin = Algebraic area of the region between and 2

= ()(-1) = -
We have found that 1. If f (x) is positive between a and b then represents the area of the curve.

2.

area of the curve.

If f (x) is negative between a and b then represents the

3. If f (x) is some times positive and some times negative between a and b, then measures the difference in area between the part above x axis and the part below the x axis. Example: Find the conventional area of sin . Solution: Conventional Area = |sin | = sin + sin
= cos + cos = -cos + cos 0 + cos 2 - cos

1 + 1 + 1+ 1 = 4.