Example 4.

1
An inventor claims to have devised a cyclic engine which exchanges heat with reservoirs at
27C and 327C, and which produces 0.6 kJ of work for each kJ of heat extracted from the
hot reservoir. Is the claim believable? If instead he claimed that the delivered work would be
0.25kJ / kJ of extracted heat, would the engine be feasible?

Q
H
=1KJ , W=0.6KJ , T
H
=600K, T
c
Efficiency:
=300K
0.6
actual
H
W
Q
= =

( )
1 0.5
c
ideal Carnot
H
T
T
= =

Since
actual ideal
>
the engine is not possible.
However for a delivered work of 0.25kJ / kJ of extracted heat the
;
actual ideal
<
hence the
engine is feasible.

A rigid vessel of 0.06 m
Example 4.2
3
volume contains an ideal gas, C
V
=(5/2)R, at 500 K and 1 bar. (a)
If 15 kJ of heat is transferred to the gas, determine its entropy change. (b) If the vessel is
fitted with a stirrer that is rotated by a shaft so that work in the amount of 15 kJ is done on the
gas, what is the entropy change of the gas if the process is adiabatic? What is S
total
1 1
/ 1.443
t
n PV RT mole = =
?

2 1
15000 ( )
V
U Q W Q J nC T T = + = = =
[W=0]
Hence T
2

=1000K
| |
2 2
2 1 2 1
1 1
ln / ln / ; but
t
P
P T
S n C T T R P P
P T
= =

Hence 20.8 /
t
S J K =
For second case, the since change of state of the gas is same as in part a
20.8 /
system
S J K =
;
0(as there is no heat effect on the surrounding)
surr
S =

20.8 /
t t t
universe system surr
S S S J K = + =
;
(Hence stirring process is irreversible)

An ideal gas, Cp =(7/2)R, is heated in a steady-flow heat exchanger from 70C to 190C by
another stream of the same ideal gas which enters at 320C. The flow rates of the two streams
are the same, and heat losses fromthe exchanger are negligible. Calculate the molar entropy
changes of the two gas streams for both parallel and countercurrent flow in the exchanger.
What is S
Example 4.3
total
Temperature drop of stream B in either case of flow is the same as the temperature rise of
first stream A =120
in each case?
o
C. Thus, exit temperture of stream B =200
o
Thus in both cases:
C
463
ln 8.726 /
343
A P
S C J molK
| |
= =
|
\ .

473
ln 6.58 /
593
B P
S C J molK
| |
= =
|
\ .

total
S (in both types of flow) = 2.15 /
A B
S S J molK + =


Ten kmol per hour of air is throttled from upstream conditions of 25C and 10 bar to a
downstream pressure of 1.2 bar. Assume air to be an ideal gas with C
Example 4.4
P
m

=(7/2)R. (a) What is

the downstream temperature? (b) What is the entropy change of the air in J /molK? (c) What
is the rate of entropy generation in W/K?
=10Kmol /hr.
Since Q, W
S
12 2 1 2 1
( ) 0; 298
P
H C T T T T K = = = =
=0, the process is isenthalpic

( ) ( )
2 1 2 1
ln / ln / 17.63 /
P
S C T T R P P J molK = =

Rate of entropy generation:
G S m S

= =48.97 W/K

A steady-flow adiabatic turbine (expander) accepts gas at conditions T
Example 4.5
1
=500 K, P
1
=6
bar, and discharges at conditions T
2
=371 K, P
2
=1.2 bar. Assuming ideal gases, determine
(per mole of gas) W
actual
, W
ideal
, W
lost
, and entropy generation rate. T
surr
=300 K, C
P

/R =
7/2.
2 1
( - ); 3753.85
p S S
H nC T T W H W J = = =

2 2
1 1
ln - ln 4.698 /
P
T P
S n C R J K
T P
(
= =
(


W
ideal
H = - T

S =- 5163J
,
14 . 093
ideal S actual lost
W W J W = =
S
G
=W
lost
/ T

=4.698J /K
A steam turbine operates adiabatically at a power level of 3500 kW. Steam enters the turbine
at 2400 kPa and 500C and exhausts from the turbine at 20 kPa. What is the steam rate
through the turbine, and what is the turbine efficiency?
Example 4.6

S
W

=- 3500KW, H
2
=2609.9 KJ /Kg, S
1
=7.3439 KJ /Kg
0
K, H
1

/
S
m W H =
=3462.9 KJ /Kg
=4.1 Kg/s;
Since the process is adiabatic for a reversible process: S
1
=S
2
Thus S

2
=7.3439 KJ /Kg
0
At 20kPa checking the steam table we find that at the exit the steam is wet, since the
following condition holds at 20kPa:
K
0 0
2
( 0.8321 / ) ( 7.9094 / )
liq vap
S kJ kg K S S kJ kg K = < < =

Thus:
2
( )
liq
liq vap
S S x S S = +

On substituting the values of all the parameters we get:
x =0.92.
Thus for reversible and adiabatic process:
3
2
( ) 2.421 10
liq
id
liq vap
KJ
H H x H H
Kg
= +

2 1 2 1
( ) / ( ) 0.82
id
H H H H =