SIeIIe's IdeaI Bod Vegelavianisn and Naluve

AulIov|s) Onno OevIenans

Souvce Sludies in Bonanlicisn, VoI. 34, No. 4 |Winlev, 1995), pp. 531-552
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ONNO OEBLEMANS
SIeIIe's
IdeaI
Bod
Vegelavianisn
and Naluve
THOUOH
THE FACT THAT SHELLEY WAS A VEOETABIAN Jov nosl oJ Iis
aduIl IiJe is veII
Inovn,
il Ias veceived IillIe sevious allenlion. TIis is
sonevIal
suvpvising,
since Iis
vegelavianisn
vas
Jov Iin neilIev
a
passing
Jad,
as NeviIIe
Bogevs
Ias
specuIaled,1
nov vIal
ve
nigIl loda
caII
sinpI
a
IiJeslIe
cIoice vilI IillIe
Ieaving
on
Iis inleIIecluaI IiJe.
TIougI
nan
veadevs conlinue lo Jind il
odd,
SIeIIe
undevslood diel lo Iave
inpovlanl
consequences
on novaI and
pIsicaI
IeaIlI,
and as a
deJining
Jealuve oJ
ouv
veIalion lo lIe naluvaI vovId.
Indeed,
SIeIIe
looI lIe valionaIe Jov
lIe
vegelaIIe
diel,
as il
vas
lIen
caIIed,
seviousI enougI
lo vvile lvo
diJJevenl
panpIIels
on
lIe
suIjecl
A Vindicalion
oJ
NaluvaI
Biel,
vevised as
one oJ lIe noles lo
Queen MaI:
and lIe
unpuIIisIed
and
sIigIlI
nove
lenpevale essa,
On lIe
VegelaIIe Sslen oJ
Biel,
vvillen
pvoIaII
a
eav
Ialev,
in
1813.
BolI
essas
naIe
novaI,
nulvilionaI and
even
vIal vouId
Ie
vecognized loda
as envivonnenlaI cIains Jov
vegelavianisn.
A Vindica
lion, noveovev,
Iecane
a
cIassic vilIin lIe
IooseI
veIaled anli-viviseclion
and
vegelavian
novenenls oJ Viclovian
EngIand. NeavI
aII connenlalovs
disniss IolI
essas, Iovevev,
I ciling
vIal
lIe
laIe lo Ie lIe nosl
aslonisIing
and vidicuIous cIain oJ lIe Jivsl
essa,
lIal
a
videspvead cIange
oJ diel slviIes al lIe vool oJ aII
eviI,
lIal
vegelavianisn
vouId nol
sinpI
Ie an
incidenlaI
pavl
oJ
Ulopian cIange
Iul Ie
an
iniliaI and
necessav slep
lo
posilive
and vadicaI veJovn.
OJ lIose
IiogvapIevs
and cvilics vIo Iave nol
ignoved
lIese
ideas,
nosl
Iave disnissed
SIeIIe's vegelavianisn
as a
sign
oJ Iis
oulIJuI
incIinalion
lo Ie Ied
aslva I
enlIusiaslic Iul
quixolic
veJovnevs IiIe lIe Nevlons
and lIe
BoinviIIes,
cvusadevs Jov a
MonIoddian
pvinilivisn
vIicI incIuded
a
connilnenl lo lIe
vegelaIIe
diel,
and vilI vIon Ie Jovned
a
IvieJ
Iul enlIusiaslic allacInenl
duving
1812 and
1813. HoInes,
Jov
inslance,
caIIs
SIeIIe's vviling
on
vegelavianisn pecuIiav
and
cvolcIel
and
IeIillIes il as
onI
one oJ
nan
Iizavve
oulgvovlIs
oJ
SIeIIe's pevenniaI
i. NeviIIe
Bogevs,
ed.,
TIe
ConpIele
FoelicaI WovIs
oJ Fevc BssIe SIeIIe,
voI.
i
|OxJovd
CIavendon
F,
1972) 398.
SiB, 34
|Winlev 1995)
531
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532 ONNO OEBLEMANS
inslaIiIil
and
anxiel.
Canevon is lIe
onI
nodevn
IiogvapIev
lo
pvesenl
SIeIIe's vegelavianisn
in
an delaiI,
lving
Iavd lo laIe il
seviousI
even
lIougI
Ie Jinds
SIeIIe's lIinIing
on
lIe nallev JiIIed vilI
aIsuvdilies,
and lIus
desevving
lIe vidicuIe
FeacocI,
anong olIevs, gave
il. Canevon
concIudes lIal
aIlIougI
Ie IinseIJ Inovs lIal
vegelavianisn
is scien
liJicaII
unsound,
il vas nol oul oJ Iine vilI lIe scienliJic
InovIedge
oJ
SIeIIe's
line,
is
suIslanliaII oviginaI
and,
since lIe Jivsl
panpIIel
vas
pvinled I
an
eslaIIisIed scienliJic
puIIisIev,
vas
pvoIaII
nol veceived
as
Ieing
as
odd
as il Ias seened lo nodevn audiences.2
OnI Henv
SaIl,
a
veIaliveI
IillIe Inovn
SIeIIe
and TIoveau enlIusiasl and Iale
19lI cenluv
aninaI
vigIls
advocale,
Ias nade a sevious deJense oJ
SIeIIe's vegelavian
isn,
avguing
lIal
SIeIIe IoIdI
and
consislenlI avvaigned
lIe
pvine
cause
oJ aninaI
suJJeving,
lIe venovaI oJ vIicI nusl
pvecede
lIe eslaIIisInenl
oJ
a
genuine
Iunan
snpalI
vilI lIe Iovev
vaces,
and lIal
SIeIIe's
dielelic lasles nusl Iave Iad sone inJIuence
on
lIal
spiviluaIil
oJ lone
vIicI naIes Iin
unique.3
SIeIIe's vegelavianisn
is vovlI
exanining
nol
sinpI
Iecause cuvvenl
IeaIlI
science,
as nosl
vagueI
IeaIlI-conscious veadevs oJ lIe ninelies viII
no
douIl Ie
avave,
Ias Jound
vegelavianisn
nol
onI
lo Ie
sound,
Iul
even lo Ie
nove
IeaIlI
lIan lIe so-caIIed IaIanced diel advocaled Jov
eavs
I
lIe Anevican
Bepavlnenl
oJ
AgvicuIluve,
vilI vIal
nigIl
nov
Ie
seen as ils unscienliJic
enpIasis
on
aninaI
souvces
Jov nulvilion. TIal
is,
aIlIougI
ve nov Iave
pecuIiavI conlenpovav
veasons Jov
seeing
SIeIIe
as a
visionav
in nallevs oJ diel
loo,
SIeIIe's vegelavianisn
sliII
desevves lo Ie exanined in lIe
IigIl
oJ Iis
ovn
undevslanding
oJ
il,
ils
IislovicaI
conlexl,
and Jov lIe
IigIl
il sIeds
on lIe naluve oJ Iis
lIinIing
in
genevaI.
Fov Iis
vegelavianisn,
Jav Jvon
Ieing
neve
cvanIiness,
ov even
dielav acuil,
is a
sign
oJ lIe
conpIexil
oJ Iis
lIinIing
on nallevs oJ
Iod,
nind,
and
sociel,
and oJJevs evidence oJ Iis
undevslanding
oJ a Iind
2. BicIavd
HoInes,
SIeIIe
TIe Fuvsuil
|London Fenguin, 1987)
220:
KennelI NeiII
Canevon,
TIe
Young SIeIIe |Nev
YovI
MacniIIan,
1950)
227-32.
Nevnan
Ive
WIile
in
SIeIIe,
2 voIs.
|Nev
YovI
KnopJ, 1940)
naIes
nan
veJevences lo
SIeIIe's vegelavianisn,
concIuding
lIal Ie
Iegan
lIe diel in
eavI
MavcI oJ
1813
and
essenliaII
conlinued lo Ie
vegelavian
Jov lIe vesl oJ Iis
IiJe,
Iul oJJevs no veaI evaIualion ov
expIanalion
oJ
vI
diel
sIouId Ie
inpovlanl
Jov
SIeIIe.
Bavid Lee CIavI
avgues
lIal lIe
essa pvecedes
lIe nole in
Queen
MaI
|valIev
lIan vice
vevsa)
and slales lIal lIe
inpovlanl
voIe vIicI
vegelavianisn
pIaed
in
SIeIIe's
IiJe and
lIougIl
is veason
enougI
lo
lv
lo ascevlain Jacls
concevning
lIe dale and souvces oJ Iis
panpIIels,
Iul does
nolIing
lo
expIain
lIis voIe
|TIe
Bale and
Souvce oJ
SIeIIe's
A Vindicalion
oJ
NaluvaI
Biel,
Sludies in
FIiIoIog
36
[Januav 1939]
70-76).
3.
Henv
SaIl,
Fevc BssIe SIeIIe
Foel and Fioneev
|1896:
London
Oeovge
AIIen &
Unvin, 1924)
120-21. AnolIev Iale nineleenlI
cenluv
enconiun on
SIeIIe's vegelavianisn
is WiIIian Axon's
panpIIel SIeIIe's Vegelavianisn |MancIeslev Vegelavian Sociel, 1890).
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SHELLEY'S IBEAL BOBY 533
oJ naleviaIisn in vIicI
a
vevoIulion oJ
lIougIl
and oJ
sociel nigIl
Ie
inJIuenced
I
lIe suIslances
ingesled I
ouv
Iod. SIeIIe's vegelavianisn
is
an
eavI
nonenl in lIe
deveIopnenl
oJ vIal I viII caII Iis
ecoIogicaI
sense oJ ouv
pIace
in lIe naluvaI vovId. LiIe lIe Ialev visions oJ naluve in
FvonelIeus UnIound and Monl
BIanc,
SIeIIe's avgunenls
aIoul diel
suggesl
lIe need lo
vecognize
lIal Iunan consciousness is
necessaviI
aIienaled
Jvon lIe naleviaI Jovces vIicI
IavgeI
delevnine
il:
and vIiIe
SIeIIe
JeeIs,
conlvav
lo
WovdsvovlI,
lIal lIis aIienalion
can nevev
Ie
conpIeleI
ovevcone,
Iis
Ulopian Iopes
Jov lIe eJJecls oJ diel
pvopose
lIal ve can
successJuII
vecveale ouvseIves
onI I coning
lo
Inov,
and
vovIing
vilIin,
naluve's Iavs.
TIe divecl souvces oJ
SIeIIe's vegelavianisn
Iave
aIvead
Ieen ade
qualeI invesligaled, pavlicuIavI I
CIavI and Canevon. FIulavcI's
essas
on
vegelavianisn, J.
F. Nevlon's A Beluvn lo Naluve
|1811)
and
JosepI
Bilson's An
Essa
on
lIe AIslinence
Jvon
AninaI
Food,
As
a
MovaI
Bul |1802)
ave
inpovlanl |lIougI
nol
conpveIensive)
souvces
Jov lIe cenlvaI ideas oJ
SIeIIe's essas.
WIal
an
excIusive exaninalion oJ lIe innediale
souvces
Jov
SIeIIe's vviling
on
vegelavianisn
nisses, Iovevev,
is a
geneaIog
oJ
ideas lIal
nigIl
naIe lIe
poinl
lIal Canevon
onI
aIIudes
lo,
lIal
SIeIIe's
avgunenl
Jov
vegelavianisn
is nol a
sign
oJ lIe
pecuIiavil
ov
idiosncvas
oJ Iis
lIougIl,
Iul valIev lIal Ie is avave oJ
signiJicanl
scienliJic
avgunenls
oJ lIe
da,
and lIal Iis deJense oJ
vegelavianisn
is
pavl
oJ
a
sevious
pIiIosopIicaI
deIale aIoul veJovn.
TIeve vas a
gveal
deaI oJ deIale in lIe 18lI and
eavI
19lI cenluvies,
spuvved I
a
gvoving
inlevesl in
conpavalive analon,
as lo vIelIev
Iunans veve
JundanenlaII
onnivovous,
ov
vegelavian |lIen connonI
levned
Jvugivovous).
AInosl
evev
lvealise
on
conpavalive analon
ov
Iunan IeaIlI lIal I Iave vead Jvon lIis
peviod
naIes
a
poinl
oJ
veigIing
in on one
side ov lIe olIev. Favl oJ lIe
pvoIIen
is lIal lIe evidence
vas
|and
seens sliII lo
Ie) anIiguous.
AninaIs
pIsicaII
nosl IiIe
us
|lIe
ovangulan,
lIanIs lo
MonIoddo,
Ieing
lIe nosl nolovious
exanpIe)
veve
nol,
as Jav as
anone
couId
leII, cavnivoves:
Iunans Iave
Iong
inleslines
IiIe
lIen,
suilaIIe Jov
sIovI digesling vegelaIIe
nallev,
and IacI cIavs ov
olIev oIvious
Iunling
and
IiIIing appendages.
Yel lIe Jacl venained lIal
ve seen lo Iave Ieen
ealing
neal as Jav IacI as
anone
couId
venenIev,
and lIal ve
possess
vesiduaI canine leelI.
Man
doclovs,
nosl
nolaII
Oeovge CIene
and
JoIn
AvIulInol in lIe
eigIleenlI cenluv,
and AI
evnelI,
WaIIis and Beddoes in lIe
eavI
nineleenlI,
Iad
avgued
lIal diel
vas
pvoJoundI
connecled lo
disease and
veII-Ieing. CIene
in
pavlicuIav
suggesled
lIal lIe cooIness oJ lIe
vegelaIIe
diel couId cuve nosl
iIIs,
since nosl sicIness
vas
acconpanied I
Jevev,
and lIe
onI
olIev lvealnenl
vas
lIe
Ielling
oJ excess IIood. He
avgued
loo lIal
Iongevil
Iad
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534 ONNO OEBLEMANS
decveased,
and disease
incveased,
since IunanIind
Iegan ealing
neal in
Iavgev quanlilies.4
Il vas
assuned
I
nan
olIevs lIal neal vas
lIe nosl
nulvilious
Jood,
since
pvesunaII
lIe
Iod
Iad lo do
vev
IillIe lo convevl
neal lo JIesI.
Moveovev,
nan
assuned lIal
ealing
neal nade
one san
guinav, usuaII lIougIl
lo Ie
good |il
vas
vaveI expIained
nove
pveciseI)
and even nove
vagueI,
lIe
ealing
oJ neal vas
lIougIl
lo
give slvenglI,
enevg,
and
couvage
lIvougI
a
Iind oJ
snIoIic
osnosis.
Vev
oJlen,
lIis
Iind oJ
avgunenl
is
acconpanied I conpavisons
nol
jusl
oJ lIe IeIaviov
oJ cavnivovous and IevIivovous aninaIs
|sucI
as
Jeavsone Iions and dociIe
covs),
Iul
I
vaciaI
conpavisons
oJ lIe
slvong
and Ivave
BvilisI,
Inovn
lIvougIoul Euvope
Jov lIeiv
pvodigious neal-ealing,
and lIe Iaziness oJ
lIe
vegelavian
BvaInin and soulIevn
Euvopeans, lIougIl
lo suIsisl
noslI
on
vegelaIIes
Iecause
lIe
veve aIso
lIougIl
lo Ie
noslI
poov
and
IacIvavd.5
WIal is odd aIoul lIis deIale is lIal lIeve
seen lo Iave Ieen
vev
Jev
connilled
vegelavians
avound vIiIe il vas
laIing pIace.
In lIe 18lI
cenluv, CIene avgued
Jov lIe
vegelaIIe
diel
on
IeaIlI
gvounds: Fope,
OoIdsnilI, TIonson,
and nosl
JanousI,
Bousseau in EniIe vvole
IvieJI
aIoul lIe novaI
necessil
oJ nol
IiIIing
aninaIs Jov
Jood,
and
nan
lIousands oJ lIe
poov
sinpI
couId nol aJJovd
a
veguIav
diel oJ neal.
Hovevev,
lIeve
vas no
concevled novenenl aJool
as
lIeve is
loda,
Jov
4-
CIene
vvole a nunIev oJ
guides
lo diel and
IeaIlI,
Iul see
pavlicuIavI
Iis
Essa
on
Beginen |London Bivinglon, 1740). CIene avgues
lIal since
ealing
aninaI Jood cveales so
nucI
disease,
il nusl Ie
pavl
oJ Ood's
punisInenl
Jov ouv
oviginaI
sin:
and so Ie
suggesls
|valIev oddI)
lIal ve sIouId
give up
aninaI Jood Jov a
conpIeleI vegelavian
diel
onI
iJ
ve ave sicI ov
oId. See aIso
JoIn
AvIulInol,
An
Essa Concevning
lIe Naluve
oJ
AIinenls
. . .
|London J.
Tonson,
1731):
A. F. M
WiIIicI,
Lecluves on Biel and
Beginen |London Longnan
and
Bees,
1799): J.
Tveed,
FopuIav
OIsevvalions on
Beginen
and Biel
|CIeInsJovd Megg
and
CIaII, 1820): JoIn AIevnelI
vas Jov a line
SIeIIe's
doclov,
and
avgued
loo Jov lIe
inpovlance
oJ diel in
undevslanding
lIe veIalion oJ
pIsicaI
and nenlaI iIIs. See TIe
AIenelIian Code
oJ
HeaIlI and
Longevil |London J.
WiIIians,
1829).
TIonas Beddoes nade
a siniIav
case,
lIougI,
IiIe
CIene
and WiIIian
LanIe,
an
inpovlanl
inJIuence on Nevlon
and
Bilson,
Ie vas
especiaII
insislenl on lIe IeneJils oJ a
vegelaIIe
diel. See TIonas
Beddoes,
Hgeia,
ov
Essas
MovaI and MedicaI on lIe Causes
AJJecling
lIe FevsonaI Slale
oJ
Ouv
MiddIing
and
AJJIuenl
CIasses, 3
voIs
|BvisloI J.
MiIIs, 1802-3),
and WiIIian
LanIe,
Bepovls
on TIe
EJJecls oJ
a
FecuIiav
Beginen
. . .
|London, 1809),
and A MedicaI and
ExpevinenlaI Inquiv,
inlo lIe
Ovigin, Snplons,
and Cuve
oJ
ConslilulionaI
Biseases,
pavlicuIavI, scvopIuIa, consunplion,
cancev,
and
goul |London J.
Mavnan,
1805).
Il vas LanIe nove lIan
an
olIev doclov oJ
Iis
da
vIo advocaled loo lIe
inpovlance
oJ
dvinIing
disliIIed
valev,
vIicI IolI Nevlon
and
SIeIIe picIed up.
5.
Fov
inslance,
TIonas
OvaIan,
aulIov oJ Suve MelIods
oJ Inpvoving
HeaIlI and
FvoIonging
LiJe,
3vd
ed.
|London SinpIe
and
MavsIaII, 1831), sas
lIal since aninaI Jood consisls oJ
pavls
vIicI Iave Ieen
aIvead digesled I
lIe
pvopev ovgans
oJ an
aninaI,
and
appIied
lo
lIe sane
uses,
il
consequend vequives onI
soIulion and
nixluve,
vIeveas
vegelaIIe
Jood
nusl Ie convevled inlo a suIslance oJ aninaI
naluve,
I
lIe
pvopev
aclion oJ ouv ovn visceva
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SHELLEY'S IBEAL BOBY 535
inslance,
lving
lo sleev
peopIe
ava
Jvon aninaI Jood. Even lIe Nev
lon-BoinviIIe
sel oJ
SIeIIe's
London couId
IavdI
Ie said lo conslilule
a
novenenl. Nol unIiIe lIe
equaII pvoIiJic vviling againsl
alIeisn,
vviling
aIoul,
and
novnaII againsl, vegelavianisn
vas nol
vesponding
lo an
acluaI
lIveal oJ
cIange.
WIal lIe deIale
ovev
diel seens
pavliaII
lo veJIecl is lIe nucI
Iavgev
and
nove
oIvious
concevn in nucI oJ lIe
seIJ-consciousI
scienliJic
vviling
oJ lIe
da
ovev lIe
pIace
oJ IunanIind in naluve. Il
concevns,
lIal
is,
a
pve-Bavvinian
exaninalion oJ Iov and vIeve
ve ave
vooled lo lIe
naluvaI
vovId,
an
eJJovl
expIicilI vepvesenled
in lIe
pIsico-lIeoIogicaI
vviling
oJ sucI
Jiguves
as
TIonas
Buvnel,
JoIn Ba,
WiIIian
SneIIie, and,
oJ
nove
divecl inJIuence
on
SIeIIe,
WiIIian
FaIe,
nosl oJ vIon incIude
a
discussion oJ diel.6 EacI
pvesenls
a nove ov Iess
lolaIizing avgunenl
aIoul
lIe veIalion oJ IunanIind and
naluve,
Iov evidence Jvon lIe
naleviaI,
naluvaI vovId
avgues
Jov
a
pavlicuIav
lIesis aIoul lIe veIalion oJ Iunan
Ieing
lo Ood.
SpeciJicaII,
Buvnel
avgued |valIev exlvaovdinaviI)
Jov lIe
iII-adaplalion
oJ naluve lo ouv
needs Iecause
ve ave
posl-Iapsavian
and
posl-deIuvian.
TIe
eavlI,
Ie
lIougIl,
Iad
gvolesqueI
deleviovaled
since,
and Iecause
oJ,
lIe
FIood,
and Ood's inJIuence
nov vas
IavgeI
aIsenl
Jvon naluve. His cenlvaI evidence
vas
lIe
appavenl
cIaos oJ lIe eavlI
as
Ie Jound
il,
pavlicuIavI
in lIe
appaIIing vougIness
and
ugIiness
oJ
noun
and
lIeveJove,
vequives
nove IaIouv oJ lIe slonacI and olIev
digeslive ovgans |4-5).
He
avgues
loo lIal
pvooJ
oJ lIe Jacl lIal ve need IolI aninaI and
vegelaIIe
Jood
Ia
in lIe Jacl
lIal
Tavlavs,
Inovn lo eal
onI
neal,
veve loo
Jievce,
vIiIe lIe
BvaInin,
Inovn lo Ie
vegelavian,
Iad a
gendeness,
soJlness,
and
niIdness,
diveclI
lIe vevevse oJ lIe
Tavlav,
Iul
vilI IillIe eIevalion oJ
nind: vIeveas,
a
pvopev
nixluve oJ IolI lIese Iinds oJ
aIinenl,
Jovns
individuaIs vIose
Junclions,
IolI
pevsonaI
and
nenlaI,
allain lIeiv
IigIesl
slale oJ
pevJeclion
|9-10).
And WiIIian
BucIan,
vvilev oJ one oJ lIe nosl
popuIav
IeaIlI
guideIooIs
oJ lIe
Iale 18 lI
cenluv, avgued
lIal il vas nol a
good
idea lo eal lIe neal oJ aninaIs lIal Iad
Ieen
ovev-dviven,
since lIeiv
Iunovs,
nol
Ieing pvopevI pvepaved
ov
assiniIaled,
venain
cvude,
and occasion
indigeslions, gvoss Iunovs,
and
oppvession
oJ lIe
spivils,
in lIose vIo
Jed
upon
lIen
|Boneslic Medicine,
ov
lIe
FaniI FIsician designed
lo vendev lIe nedicaI avl nove
genevaII useJuI, I sIoving peopIe
vIal is in lIeiv ovn
povev [1792:
HavlJovd SanueI
SIalev,
1840] 56-57). |He
aIso IIaned lIe
genevaI poov
IeaIlI oJ lIe
EngIisI
on
lIeiv ovev-con
sunplion
oJ
neal.) TIougI
ve
na
Jind lIe idea oJ
snIoIic
osnosis
anusing,
il is
IavgeI
sliII vilI us
loda,
as neal and
neal-ealing
ave
expIicilI
advevlised,
and
inpIicid
JeIl
I
nan
lo Ie a souvce oJ
slvenglI,
nuscIe and
povev. SiniIavI,
advevlisenenls Jov niII
pIa
on
snIoIic
associalions oJ vIileness and
nalevnil,
even as
lIe
ain Jov scienliJic auva
vIiIe
naIing IavgeI
oIsoIele nulvilionaI cIains. Fov an exaninalion oJ lIe associalion oJ
neal-ealing, nascuIinil,
and cIass in lIe nineleenlI and lvenlielI cenluvies see CavoI
Adans,
TIe SexuaI FoIilics
oJ
Meal
|Nev
YovI
Conlinuun,
1990).
6. BonaId Wovslev idenliJies lIis Iind oJ
vviling
as an
eavI exanpIe
oJ
ecoIogicaI
lIinIing
in Naluve's
Econon
A
Hislov oJ EcoIogicaI
Ideas
|CanIvidge CanIvidge
UF, 1977)
26-55.
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536 ONNO OEBLEMANS
lains,
and lIe
ivveguIavil
oJ sea and
Iand,
as
opposed
lo Iis
conjecluved
pavadisaI
vovId,
vIicI vouId Iave Ieen
snoolI,
veguIav,
and
uniJovn:
vilIoul
Mounlains,
and vilIoul
a
Sea.7 TIe olIevs
avgued,
nove Ja
nousI,
Jov Iov lIe essenliaI
adapledness
oJ IunanIind and naluve ve
veaIed lIe
inleIIigence,
IenevoIence and aclive
design
oJ Ood in lIe
pvesenl
vovId. In sone sense
lIeiv
avgunenls
ained lo
pvesenl
vIal
vas
oIvious,
lIal,
as
Ba
Iad
avgued
Jivsl,
vIen
ve
discovev
sonelIing
oJ inlvicale
conpIexil
ve assune il Ias Ieen
designed
and conslvucled lIal
va.8
TIis
avgunenl
lended lo
go
in lvo
diveclions: Jivsl,
vIal
ve
nigIl
caII lIe
slviclI
uliIilavian
design
idea,
expIicil aIvead
in Oenesis and
an
inpovlanl
conponenl
oJ ovlIodox
CIvislianil |and
vIicI veacIes
a
Iind oJ cIinax
in Bacon's vision oJ a Nev
AlIanlis),
lIal
evevlIing
in naluve is
designed
Jov lIe
use
oJ
IunanIind: and, second,
lIe nove aved
avgunenl
lIal
lIougI
naluve veveaIed nucI evidence oJ
design,
lIe
design
vas in one
sense an end in
ilseIJ,
and nol
sinpI design
Jov Iunan
IeneJil:
lIeve
vas
Jav nove
IiJe,
Ieaul, conpIexil
and
vedundanc
in naluve lIan couId
evev
Iave Ieen cvealed
soIeI
Jov lIe
use
oJ Iunans.9 In eilIev
case,
lIeovelicians
oJ naluve Iad lo naIe voon in lIeiv
conceplion
oJ naluve Jov
pveciseI
lIe
appavenl
vioIence and cIaos vIicI Buvnel Iad
seen in lIe
lopogvapIicaI
evidence,
Iul olIevs sav nosl
oIviousI
in lIe
cavnage
oJ vIal
ve nov
caII lIe Jood cIain. As
JoIn
BvucInev
pul
il in Iis
FIiIosopIicaI Suvve oJ
lIe AninaI
Cvealion,
lIougI slud
oJ naluve
veIieves
us oJ
Jeav,
oJ
sup
posing
an incensed
Beil,
an
inpovlanl
Jacl lIal is
aIvas lIvealening
lo
vecveale lIis Jeav is aninaIs lIivsl lo
deslvo
eacI olIev.10
Biel, lIen,
Iecane a Iind oJ cvux in lIe
undevslanding
oJ naluve.
MlIs
oJ lIe OoIden
Age |BiIIicaI
ov
olIevvise),
as
SIeIIe
noles al lIe
Ieginning
oJ Iis
Vindicalion,
Iad
genevaII
envisioned
a vovId vilIoul lIe vioIence
oJ cavnivovisn. Mosl
posl-Nevlonian
lIeovelicians oJ
naluve, Iovevev,
Iad lo accounl Jov lIe exislence oJ aninaI
vapaciousness |as
il
vas
oJlen
caIIed)
in a
vovId lIal
vas lo veJIecl lIe inJinile visdon oJ Ood in lIe
pvesenl.
Indeed,
as
WiIIian SneIIie
avgued,
in a
passage quoled I
Bilson
|and
lIus vead
I SIeIIe),
lIe vioIence oJ lIe naluvaI vovId
vas nosl
oIviousI
seen in IunanIind
7-
TIe Sacved
TIeov oJ
lIe
EavlI,
ed. BasiI
WiIIe |1684:
CavIondaIe,
111. SoulIevn IIIinois
UF, 1965)
53
8.
JoIn Ba,
TIe Wisdon
oJ
Ood
ManiJesled
in lIe WovIs
oJ
Cvealion,
10lI ed.
|London
WiIIian
Inns, 1735)
30.
TIis
avgunenl
vas nade nosl
JanousI I FaIe |vIo cIeavI
Iovvoved Jvon
Ba)
in lIe
Ieginning
oJ Iis NaluvaI
TIeoIog |London
B.
FauIdev, 1802).
9.
Fov a
sunnav
oJ lIis
genve
oJ
lIeoIogicaI-scienliJic vviling,
see BonaId Wovslev's
Naluve's
Econon
and BasiI
WiIIe,
TIe
EigIleenlI Cenluv BacIgvound
Sludies on lIe Idea
oJ
Naluve in lIe
TIougIl oJ
lIe Feviod
|1940:
Boslon Beacon
F,
1961).
10.
JoIn
BvucInev,
A
FIiIosopIicaI Suvve oJ
lIe AninaI Cvealion
|London J. JoInson,
1768)
vni,
xiv.
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SHELLEY'S IBEAL BOBY 537
OJ aII
vapacious
aninaIs,
nan is lIe nosl univevsaI
deslvoev.
TIe
deslvuclion oJ cavnivovous
quadvupeds,
Iivds and insecls
is,
in
genevaI,
Iiniled lo
pavlicuIav
Iinds lIe
vapacil
oJ nan Ias
IavdI
an
Iinila
lion. His
enpive
ovev lIe olIev aninaIs vIicI inIaIil lIis
gIoIe
is
aInosl univevsaI. He
accovdingI enpIos
Iis
povev,
and suIdues
ov
devouvs
evev
species.
OJ
sone oJ lIe
quadvuped
lviIes,
as lIe
Iovse,
lIe
dog,
lIe
cal,
Ie naIes doneslic sIaves.11
Yel Jov
SneIIie,
as
Jov BvucInev and nosl
olIevs,
vapaciousness
vas a
sign
nol oJ lIe
degenevalion
oJ
a
posl-Edenic
naluve,
Iul valIev evidence oJ
lIe venavIaIIe
oeconon
oJ naluve.
Indeed,
lIe
vev
nolion oJ an
econon
oJ
naluve,
oJ
an
inlvicaleI
inlevconnecled sel oJ
veIalions,
nec
essav
Jov eilIev
posilive evoIulionav cIange
ov
lIe
nainlaining
oJ
an
equiIiIviun,
seens
Iinged
on
accounling
Jov lIe vioIence oJ lIe Jood
cIain. BolI BvucInev and SneIIie
spend
a
gveal
deaI oJ line
expIaining
lIe visdon oJ
videspvead
cavnage,
Ioping
lo
expIain
lIe
nslev
oJ Ood's
vas
lo lIe olIevvise
appaIIed
oIsevvev oJ naluve. BvucInev is
I
Jav lIe
nosl
ingenious
Ieve,
avguing
lIal cavnivovisn aIIovs Ood lo cveale nove
Iinds oJ
species,
and lIal
divevsil
is
necessav
iJ lIe vIoIe oJ lIe
gIoIe
is
lo
Ie inIaIiled
I
UJe. He
lIougIl
loo lIal lIe inlense
conpeliliveness
oJ lIe Jood cIain
Ieeps
a
cIecI
on
popuIalions
oJ individuaI
species,
insuving
lIal no one
species gains
doninance,
and
so
incveasing
ovevaII
divevsil. Anlicipaling
MaIlIus,
BvucInev
appIies
lIis
Iogic
lo IunanIind
as veII. In a
valIev
pevvevseI
civcuIav
avgunenl,
Ie slales lIal Iecause lIe
uncIecIed
gvovlI
oJ Iunan
popuIalion
Ieads lo
vioIence,
vapine,
and
nuvdev,
popuIalion-depIeling
Jovces sucI
as
disease,
cavnivovous
aninaIs,
and
vav ave an
essenliaI
pavl
oJ lIe
econon
oJ naluve. SneIIie nove
IvazenI avgues
lIal lIe
exlvaovdinav vapaciousness
oJ Iunans?lIal lIeve
is no aninaI
ov
Iandscape
ve cannol
conquev?is
evidence oJ ouv
pvovess
as a
species, suppovling
lIe
connon sense nolion lIal ve
Iovd
ovev
aII lIe
naluvaI vovId.
Ealing,
Jov
SneIIie,
is lIe nosl
povevJuI
and innediale
Jovn oJ
consunplion
in a
vev
conpelilive econon
|lIougI
in lIe sane
passage
Ie denonizes voIves Iecause
lIe
loo viII IiII
anlIing).12
I an
lving
Ieve lo
pvesenl
a
sunnav
oJ lIe nexus oJ ideas in lIe
11. WiIIian
SneIIie,
TIe
FIiIosopI oJ
NaluvaI
Hislov,
voI i
|EdinIuvgI
CIavIes
EIiol,
1790) 375-76.
12. BvucInev
81-84.
SneIIie
376-78.
SneIIie
acluaII
Ias a
gveal
deaI oJ
diJJicuIl
accounling
Jov lIe
degvee
oJ
cavnage
in lIe naluvaI
vovId,
especiaII
lIe
oceans,
vIeve lIeve
is
IavdI
a IevIivove lo Ie Jound. AninaIs Iave lo eal
sonelIing,
Ie
suggesls
valIev
JeeII,
and lIe
sslen
oJ nuluaI deslvuclion Ias lIe JinaI
pavadoxicaI
eJJecl oJ
pvesevving species.
He
avgues
loo lIal cavnivovous
conpelilion
naIes cevlain aninaIs
|Iunans especiaII)
nove
inleIIigenl,
Iul Ie concIudes lIal lIe veason Jov lIe
exlvaovdinav
anounl oJ
cavnage
in
Naluve nusl venain
a
nslev |391).
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538 ONNO OEBLEMANS
IacIgvound
oJ
SIeIIe's
inlevesl in
vegelavianisn.
In
vviling
aIoul
diel,
SIeIIe,
IiIe lIose
pIiIosopIevs
oJ naluve vIo
pvecede
Iin,
diveclI
con
Jvonls ideas aIoul innale
vioIence,
and oJ
ouv
veIalion lo a
naleviaI econ
on.
LilevaII, exanining
diel is
a
va
oJ
laIIing
aIoul Iov
ve ave
connecled lo lIe
vovId,
oJ Iov
ve
suvvive
I laIing
il in.
B ceIeIvaling
ouv
cavnivovisn,
BvucInev and olIevs denonslvaled Iov ve
nigIl vecog
nize ouv
pveeninenl posilion
in lIe vovId
|veveaIing
IolI Ood's visdon
and lIal ve ave His
Javoviles) I noling
lIal
ve ave al lIe
lop
oJ lIe Jood
cIain. As SneIIie
noles,
ve can
|and do)
eal aInosl
anlIing.
Biel is
inlevesling
loo Iecause il
pvesenls
lIe
nove
nelapIsicaI pvoIIen
oJ lIe
veIalion oJ
Iod
lo
souI,
lIe naleviaI and lIe
spiviluaI.
As I
noled,
discus
sion oJ diel
vev
oJlen incIudes sone nolion oJ Iov Jood aJJecls cIavaclev.
TIis
ougIl
nol lo Ie loo
suvpvising,
since MiIlon
vepvesenls jusl
lIis
pvoIIen
in
BapIaeI's
discussion oJ diel in BooI
v
oJ Favadise Losl. TIe
passage
is MiIlon's cIeavesl
pvesenlalion
oJ Iis
pIiIosopIicaI
nonisn:
since
oJ EIenenls / He
gvossev
Jeeds lIe
puvev,
ve ave
onI sIigIlI
Iellev lIan
vIal ve
eal:
and
ealing,
as an accounl oJ
pIsicaI
and inleIIecluaI
nouv
isInenl
|lIe
lvo ave nol
uIlinaleI
dislincl
Ieve) expIains
ouv
pve-Iapsavian
polenliaI
JIouvs and lIiv Jvuil
Mans
nouvisInenl,
I gvaduaI
scaIe suIIin'd
To vilaI
spivils aspive,
lo
aninaI,
To
inleIIecluaI,
give
IolI IiJe and
sense,
Fansie and
undevslanding.
TIe Edenic diel is
vegelavian
Iul
covpovaI:
lIe line
na
cone,
BapIaeI
JuvlIev
expIains,
vIen
nen / WilI
AngeIs
na
pavlicipale,
and
Jind / No inconvenienl
Biel,
nov loo
IigIl
Fave.13 An evvov in diel is oJ
couvse lIe cenlvaI evenl oJ lIe
poen |and Oenesis)
loo,
a
Jacl
inpovlanl
lo
SIeIIe's
Jivsl
essa.
TIe
genevaI poinl
is lIal iJ diel delevnines vIo and
vIal ve
ave,
lIen,
Iavving
lIe
discovev
oJ
sone
elIeveaI Jood lIal
acluaII
suslains
us?InovIedge
aIone does nol
acconpIisI
lIis
even in MiIlon?
ve ave
inexlvicaII
Iound lo lIe naluvaI vovId. In IolI MiIlon's
vevsion,
and lIe
nove connon one in lIe
eigIleenlI cenluv
vIicI assuned lIal
cIavaclevislics oJ Jood
veve
lvansJevved lo lIe
ealev,
spiviluaI Ieing
is lied
lo vIal
ve
digesl.
We ave
aninaIs,
necessaviI pavl
oJ
a
naleviaI,
even
necIanislic vovId
even iJ one Jivsl nallev aII. TIe
lendenc duving
and
JoIIoving
lIe
eigIleenlI cenluv, lIougI,
vouId Ie lo see
lIis Jivsl nallev
13-
MiIlon's FoelicaI
WovIs,
voI.
i,
ed. HeIen BavIisIive
|OxJovd
CIavendon
F, 1952)
110-12.
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SHELLEY'S IBEAL BOBY 539
as
pIsicaI
and necIanicaI valIev lIan
OodI, coning diveclI
Jvon lIe
naluvaI vovId valIev lIan
onI
nedialed
I
il.
So
SIeIIe
vas on
saJe
gvound
in
avguing,
as
Ie does in IolI
essas
on
lIe
vegelaIIe
diel,
lIal ouv cIoice oJ Jood is nol a lviviaI
nallev,
lIal il
indeed
sas
nucI aIoul Iov
ve
ave,
ov lIinI
ve
ave,
connecled lo lIe
naluvaI vovId. And
el SIeIIe's vegelavianisn
naIes
an
inpovlanl
nove
Ieond
lIe naleviaIisl
posilion
oJ lIose vIo vouId Iave Ied Iin lo laIe
diel
inpovlanlI
in lIe Jivsl
pIace,
iJ
onI
Iecause
a
Iavge najovil
oJ lIose
vviling
aIoul diel and
ouv
pIace
in lIe naluvaI vovId veve conlenl vilI
ouv
polenl posilion
as
onnivovous
pvedalov. ExpIicil
naleviaIisls,
IiIe
FvieslIe
and
HoIIacI,
ov
lIe
inpIicil
naleviaIisls,
IiIe
SneIIie,
lended lo
avgue
lIal naluve Ias
pvoduced
lIe slalus
quo?ouv
naluvaI
pIsicaI posi
lion in lIe vovId is lIe
va
ve Iave
naluvaII
and
gvaduaII
cone lo
Ie,
even iJ cevlain excesses oJ civiIizalion Iave Ied
us
aslva.14
TIis is lvue even
oJ Evasnus
Bavvin,
an
inpovlanl exanpIe
Jov lIe
oung
SIeIIe
vIo,
vIiIe
naIing expIicil
lIe
possiIiIil
oJ a
pvesiding,
innanenl
spivil
in
naluve
|nol
unIiIe lIal oJ
JoIn Ba), avgued
nonelIeIess Jov lIe
pvinac
oJ lIe
pvesenl
nonenl:
cIange
in naluve is Jov lIe
Iesl,
and so ouv
onnivovousness is
|as
in
SneIIie)
a
sign
oJ lIe
giJl
oJ
ouv
naluvaI
adapl
aIiIil.
In
HoIIacI,
anolIev
inpovlanl
divecl souvce Jov
SIeIIe's
ideas oJ
naluve,
Ie vouId Iave encounleved nol
onI
a
lIovougI-going
naleviaI
isn,
Iul
a
consevvalive
sense
oJ lIe
inevilaIiIil
oJ lIe nonenlun oJ
evoIulionav cIange
noIded
I
naluve. In TIe
Sslen oJ
Naluve,
HoIIacI
avgues
lIal
Man
aIvas
deceives IinseIJ vIen Ie aIandons
expevience
lo
JoIIov
inaginav sslens.
Man is lIe vovI oJ naluve?Ie exisls in naluve?Ie
is suInilled lo Iev Iavs?Ie cannol
slep Ieond
lIen,
even in
lIougIl?il
is in vain lIal Iis nind vouId
spving
Jovvavd
Ieond
lIe
Iounds oJ lIe visiIIe vovId?Ie is
aIvas
necessilaled lo veluvn. Fov
a
Ieing
Jovned
I
naluve,
and civcunscviIed
I
Iev,
lIeve exisls
nolIing Ieond
lIe
gveal
vIoIe oJ vIicI Ie Jovns a
pavl,
and oJ
vIicI Ie
expeviences
lIe inJIuence.15
Even lIe valIev IoIislic vevsions oJ naleviaIisn
pvesenled I
Bavvin and
HoIIacI sIouId Iave
suggesled
lo
SIeIIe
lIe naluvaIness oJ
a
neal-Iased
diel vIicI
vas
IolI Iislovic and
connon.
TIal
SIeIIe
vesisls lIis Une oJ
14.
Fov
inslance,
TIonas Tvollev?a
pIsician
vIose nosl
inpovlanl vviling SIeIIe
Iad
vead?suggesls
lIe avl oJ
cooIev,
in addilion lo lIe slvess oJ uvIan
IiJe,
and
deIaucIev,
as
Ieing anong
sucI excesses
|A
Viev
oJ
lIe Nevvous
Tenpevanenl [1807:
Nev YovI Avno
F,
1976] 25-30).
15.
F. H. T.
HoIIacI,
TIe
Sslen oJ
Naluve: ov,
lIe Lavs
oJ
lIe MovaI and
FIsicaI WovId,
voI.
1
|London
O.
KeavsIe, 1797) 17-18.
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540 ONNO OEBLEMANS
lIougIl suggesls
lIal Ie JeIl lIal IunanIind's veIalion lo naluve couId Ie
vecvealed.
B invesligaling
lIe
vev
idea oJ vIal is
naluvaI,
Ie veiJies neilIev
lIe slalus
quo
nov a
pvinilive
slale,
Iul
inagines
Iov
ve
nigIl
discovev
lIe condilions vilIin vIicI ve can
IavnoniousI
Iive and
deveIop.
SIeIIe's
case
Jov
vegelavianisn
lIus
allenpls
lo
veconciIe lIe delevninislic
naleviaIisn vIicI aIIovs diel
a
pIsicaI |even nelapIsicaI) inpovlance,
vilI lIe
ulopianisn
so evidenl in
Queen
MaI vIicI sees Iunans veJasI
ioning
lIeiv naleviaI veIalion
lo lIe naluvaI vovId in ovdev lo cveale a nev
spiviluaIil.
Il is lIis vision vIicI
pvoduces
a
genuineI ecoIogicaI
elIics.16
TIe lone and ain oJ
SIeIIe's vegelavianisn
is evidenl Jvon
a
IvieJ
nenlion oJ diel in Iis
BeJulalion oJ
Beisn,
vvillen in Iale
1813,
vougII
lIe
sane line Ie is
lIougIl
lo Iave vvillen On lIe
VegelaIIe Sslen oJ
Biel.
Indeed,
lIe Jovnev
essa
succinclI pvesenls
vIal is nosl
inlevesling
aIoul
lIe veIalion oJ lIe
oung SIeIIe's conpIex
inlevesl in
naleviaIisn,
so
IeJove I exanine ils
avgunenl
aIoul
diel,
Iel
ne
allenpl
lo sunnavize lIe
genevaI
dviJl oJ ils
avgunenl.
TIe
essa's
noninaI
CIvislian, EuseIes,
pvesenls
an
appavenlI
slvicl naleviaIisl veJulalion oJ lIe
Juzz
naleviaIisn
oJ lIe deisl
TIeosopIus |vIose avgunenls
ave an
anaIgan
oJ
FaIe
and
Faine,
and vIo
Iegins
lIe
essa I poinling
lo lIe
appavenl
IacI oJ
divinil
oJ lIe Ood oJ lIe
BiIIe).
EuseIes uses
HoIIacI,
FvieslIe
and Hune lo
veJule lIe viev oJ naluve
popuIavized I FaIe |Iul
evidenl loo in nucI
oJ lIe
pIsico-lIeoIogicaI vviling
I oulIined
aIove)
lIal naluve's
inlvicac
veveaIs lIe caveJuI
design
oJ
a
Cvealov,
and
lIal, noveovev,
lIe JinaI end
oJ lIis cvealion is Iunan
veII-Ieing.
EuseIes,
lIal
is,
IolI
queslions
ouv
aIiIil
lo deduce causes Jvon
pevceived
eJJecls,
oJ
lIings
in naluve
pevceived
as eJJecls oJ
a
Fivsl
Cause,
and assevls lIal TIe
gvealesl, equaII
vilI lIe
snaIIesl nolions oJ lIe
Univevse,
ave
suIjecled
lo lIe
vigid necessil
oJ
inevilaIIe Iavs
|132),17
vIicI ecIoes HoIIacI. He
avgues
loo
|Jvon
FvieslIe
and
HoIIacI)
lIal Mallev
...
is nol inevl. Il is
inJinileI
aclive
and suIde.
LigIl, eIeclvicil
and
nagnelisn
ave
JIuids nol
suvpassed I
16. Nova CvooI and BeveI Ouil?n Iave
avgued
lIal lIe
pvinav
nolivalion Jov
SIeIIe's
inlevesl in diel in
pavlicuIav,
and nedicine and lIe conneclion Ielveen
spivil
and
Iod
in
genevaI,
vas a
despevale allenpl
lo Jind a cuve Jov lIe
spIiIis lIe
lIinI Ie Iad conlvacled
vIiIe al OxJovd
ov Elon
|SIeIIe's
Venoned
MeIod [CanIvidge CanIvidge
UF,
1986]
69-81).
WIiIe il is no
douIl
possiIIe
lIal
SIeIIe
did indeed Iave
spIiIis,
and lIal Ie
Ioped
a vadicaI
cIange
in diel vouId cuve
il,
lIe eJJecl oJ lIeiv
avgunenl |inevilaIIe, pevIaps,
in
a
IooI-IenglI inquiv
oJ a
singIe Jacl)
is
veduclive:
il
ignoves
lIe nuIli-Jaceled naluve oJ
SIeIIe's vegelavian ecoIog.
17.
AII veJevences lo
SIeIIe's pvose
ave laIen Jvon
SIeIIe's
Fvose TIe
Tvunpel oJ FvopIec,
ed. Bavid Lee CIavI
|AIIuquevque
TIe U oJ Nev Mexico
F, 1954)
and ave ciled
I page
nunIev.
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SHELLEY'S IBEAL BOBY 541
lIougIl
ilseIJ in
lenuil
and
aclivil
IiIe
lIougIl lIe
ave sonelines lIe
cause
and sonelines lIe eJJecl oJ nolion
|133).
Yel lIe
avgunenl
vises aIove ils innediale souvces
and,
I Jocusing
on
vIal
nigIl
Ie seen as lIe cenlvaI conlvadiclion
ov
pavadox
oJ
a
HoIIacIian
naleviaUsn,
veveaIs
SIeIIe's
ovn desive lo
gvound
aclion Jov
cIange
in an
olIevvise delevninislic vovId. TIis occuvs in one sense
Iecause Hune and
HoIIacI,
lIougI
IolI
enpivicisls,
do nol
JinaII
naIe
an
eas
Jil.
HoI
IacI's necessilavianisn
depends
on
pveciseI
lIe veiJicalion oJ cause and
eJJecl lIal Hune lIvovs inlo
queslion.
FuvlIevnove,
as BasiI
WiIIe puls
il,
HoIIacI cannol
IeIp lIinIing
in levns oJ
an
unspoiIl
naluve vIicI Ie
vovsIips,
and an
evving Iunanil
vIicI Ie condenns. Ouv evvovs cannol
Ie 'naluve'
. . .
el
lIeve is
nolIing
vIicI naluve Ias nol
pvoduced
|WiUe 157).
WIiIe lIe
oung SIeUe
is
IavdI
consislenl in lIis
nallev
eilIev?Ie
avgues
in lIe nole on
necessil
in
Queen
MaI lIal
UIevl
and
cIance
ave
IolI
iIIusions,
and JuvlIev
aIong
in lIe
BeJulalion
lIal lIe nind
is
onI
an
eJJecl?EuseIes
suggesls
lIal lIe
appeavance
oJ an
aIsoIule
naleviaI delevninisn
can
Ie undevnined
I inagining
ouv ovn
pIsicaI
naluve as olIev lIan il is.
Il is naniJesl lIal iJ lIe
ee
couId nol
see,
nov lIe slonacI
digesl,
lIe
Iunan Jvane couId nol
pvesevve
ils
pvesenl
node oJ exislence. Il is
equaII
cevlain, Iovevev,
lIal lIe eIenenls oJ ils
conposilion,
iJ
lIe
did nol exisl in one
Jovn,
nusl exisl in
anolIev:
and lIal lIe conIi
nalions vIicI
lIe
vouId
Jovn,
nusl so
Iong
as
lIe
enduved,
devive
suppovl
Jov lIeiv
pecuUav
node oJ
Ieing
Jvon lIeiv Jilness lo lIe
civcunslances oJ lIeiv silualion.
|132-33)
Anlicipaling
Bavvin,
EuseIes
suggesls
lIe
possiIiUl
oJ
nuIlipIe adaplive
ness,
lIal individuaI
Ieings |ov species)
can
adapl
lo
given
civcunslances
in diJJevenl
vas |Ience,
Jov
Bavvin,
lIe
divevsil
oJ
species).
WIiIe
HoIIacI
expUcilI
vuIes oul lIe
possiIiUl
lIal naluve
na
Ie olIev lIan
as ve Jind
il,
as
indeed do
Fope
and
nan
olIev
EnUgIlennenl
lIinIevs,
SIeUe
aUovs Jov lIe
possiIiUl
lIal ouv
pIsicaI adapledness
is nol
Jixed.
CIange
can cone
IolI Jvon
an
aIlevalion oJ exlevnaI civcun
slances UIe dinale
ov,
il
seens,
Jvon innev nolivalions IiIe
appelile.
BolI
Ieve and in lIe
essas
on
vegelavianisn,
naluve
appeavs
lo denand oJ
aninaIs
genevaU
lIe
consenlaneil
oJ lIeiv Jvanes
lo lIe civcunslances
oJ lIeiv
silualion,
Iul nol oJ Iunans Iecause lIe exislence oJ vIal ve
laIe lo Ie
ouv
IigII deveIoped
consciousness
inevilaII
naIes naluve aUen
and olIev. TIis diJJevence Jvon lIe sluJJ oJ naluve aUovs us
|JaIseI)
lo
assevl ouv
supeviovil
ovev
il,
ov
denands lIe Iind oJ
veinagining
oJ ouv
conneclions lo lIe naleviaI lIal
SIeUe pvesenls
Ieve. Fov Iellev
ov
vovse,
ouv
consciousness?lIe
aIiUl
lo
inquive
and
veason
IviUianlI pvesenled
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542 ONNO OEBLEMANS
I
lIe
essa
as a
vIoIe?JinaII
aIIovs us
lIe Jveedon lo cIoose
ouv
evoIulionav palI.
TIe
avgunenl suggesls
lIal naluve is
onI
delevnined,
gains
lIe
appeavance
oJ uIlinale
causalion,
in
velvospecl
and Jvon
a
vigidI
ideoIogicaI pevspeclive,
lIal lIe Juluve is in sone sense
open. TeIeoIog,
an
idea oJ
a
pvogvessive
evoIulion,
is
pecuIiav
lo Iunan
lIinIing
and,
lIougI
nol
vvong,
is nol
necessaviI
a
pavl
oJ naluve. HoIIacI and
EuseIes IolI
avgue againsl
lIe
soIipsisn
oJ
inagining
a
Ood
vev
IiIe us
vIo Ias
designed
a vovId
speciJicaII
Jov ouv needs. Hunans ave al lIe
pinnacIe
oJ neilIev lIeiv
ovn,
nov
oJ naluve's
deveIopnenl.
TIus il is lIal
SIeIIe
can
inagine cIange
Jvon vilIin vIal vas Jov
Iin an
expIicilI
scienliJic and naleviaIisl Iase vIicI sliII IoIds in ils
sigIl
lIe
possiIiIil
oJ vadicaI
spiviluaI cIange.
TIeve ave
nan
couvses
oJ
deveIopnenl, pIsicaI
and
novaI,
vIicI IunanIind
can
laIe,
and
a
pvi
nav
one Jov
SIeIIe,
in vIicI lIese
inaginings pIa
lIenseIves oul in lIe
nosl
expIicid
naleviaIislic
levns,
is lIal oJ diel. In lIe
BeJulalion
and in
lIe lvo
essas
on
vegelavianisn,
diel is lIe nosl
conspicuous
cIoice ve
Iave oJ
adapling IavnoniousI
vilIin naluve's
Iavs,
ov
oJ
conlvavening
lIen. In lIe
BeJulalion
EuseIes
avgues
lIal
UnnaluvaI
diel,
and lIe IaIils
consequenl upon
ils use ave lIe
neans,
and
evev conpIicalion
oJ
JvigIlJuI
disease is lIe
end,
Iul lo assevl lIal
lIese neans veve
adapled
lo lIis end
I
lIe Cvealov oJ lIe
vovId,
ov
lIal Iunan
capvice
can
avaiI lo lvavevse lIe
pvecaulions
oJ
Onnipo
lence,
is aIsuvd. TIese ave lIe
consequences
oJ lIe
pvopevlies
oJ
ovganized
nallev:
and il is a
slvange pevvevsion
oJ lIe
undevslanding
lo
avgue
lIal
a cevlain
sIeep
vas
cvealed lo Ie IulcIeved and devouved
I
a cevlain individuaI oJ lIe Iunan
species,
vIen lIe conJovnalion
oJ lIe
Iallev,
as is naniJesl lo lIe nosl
supevJiciaI
sludenl oJ
conpava
live
analon,
cIasses Iin vilI lIose aninaIs vIo Jeed
on
Jvuils and
vegelaIIes. |133)
TIe
avgunenl suggesls
lIal
ve
Iave lIe Jveedon lo
depavl
Jvon
oId,
ov
lo cveale nev
adaplalions,
Iul lIose
adaplalions
ave
necessaviI
conslvained
I pIsicaI
condilions. We
na
eal so
lIal
ve
conJovn lo naluvaI Iavs
ov
olIevvise.
Moveovev,
lIese Iavs
ave nol
cIeavI
discevniIIe,
and
so ve can
naIe lIe
vvong
decision
even as ve lIinI
ve ave
naIing
lIe
vigIl
one.
LiIe HoIIacI and
nan
olIev
pIiIosopIevs
oJ naluve
lIougI, SIeIIe
avgues
lIal ve can naIe
allenpls
lo Ieavn lIese
Iavs:
lIe
naIe lIenseIves
evidenl,
Jov
inslance,
I sluding
disease and
conpavalive analon.
TIe
enpIasis
is nol
onI
on
cuving
individuaI disease and sociaI
iIIs,
Iul
nove
genevaII,
on
veinagining
ouv exislence in naluve
I vecognizing
ouv
conpIex
conneclion lo il. Fav Jvon
Ieing
ils Iovd
ov
pveeninenl pvedalov
as
pvevious
discussions oJ Iunan diel
concIude,
ov neve aulonala
IIindI
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SHELLEY'S IBEAL BOBY 543
conscviIing
lo naluve's
Iavs,
Iunans
ave aIIe lo discovev
|and
in sone
sense
cveale)
an
ideaI naluvaI evoIulion
I adapling
lo naluvaI Iavs. As
SIeUe
sas
in
nan
oJ Iis
pvose pieces
oJ lIis
peviod,
lIese Iavs ave IolI
uIlinaleI nslevious
and
pavliaU
vecovevaIIe
lIvougI
oIsevvalion,
va
lionaI
inquiv,
and
even,
as is evidenl Jvon
SIeUe's
ovn
lviaIs vilI
vegelavianisn, expevinenlalion.
SIeUe's vegelavian avgunenl
ains lo incIude and veconc?e vIal is laIen
lo Ie Iavd scienliJic
Jacl,
on
lIings
ve can
oIsevve and
docunenl,
and
an elIicaI
avgunenl
Jov Iov and
vI
ouv conneclions lo lIe naluvaI vovId
couId Ie nade Iellev. Since
SIeUe's
inlevesl in science is veU-Inovn and
vespecled,18
il is vovlI
noling
loo lIal Iis
essas
on
diel
ave
lIe
onI
lexls
Ie
pvoduced
vIicI
seIJ-consciousI
enlev a deIale vIicI vouId Iave Ieen
vecognized
as
IeIonging
lo lIe science oJ Iis
da.
Indeed,
lIe IoUsn oJ
Iis
avgunenl
vouId nol Iave slvucI
conlenpovavies
as oul oJ
pIace
eilIev,
since
avgunenls
aIoul
ouv
pIace
vilIin naluve lIal Ied lo nove ov
Iess
elIicaI concIusions
veve connon nol
onI
lo
pIsico-lIeoIogicaI vviling,
Iul in vvilevs UIe HoIIacI and Evasnus Bavvin
as
veU. TIe inlevcon
necledness oJ
pIsicaI
and novaI aclion is one oJ lIe
Ie
lenels
pavlicuIavI
oJ
HoIIacI,
vIo
avgues
lIal in
spile
oJ lIe Jacl lIal aU lIe evvovs oJ
nen
ave
pIsicaI
evvovs novaI and sociaI
pvoIIens
can Ie soIved
I
lIe
pvopev
advancenenl oJ science
|HoIIacI 19). FvieslIe
svilcIed Ielveen
expevi
nenls on
lIe
naluve oJ aiv lo Iis
disquisilions
on nallev and
spivil.
Fov
SIeUe
as
Jov
nan
scienlisls oJ Iis
da,
lvulI
vas nol discvele and
speciaUzed, capaIIe
oJ
Ieing
navIed
cIeavI
inlo Iinds and
JieIds,
Iul vas
aU
pavl
oJ lIe
slud
oJ
naluve,
vIose lvulI couId Ie
puvsued
in
nuIlipIe
vas.
NevevlIeIess,
lIe
essas
on diel
pvesenl
vIal is
vecognizaII
Baconian
evidence Jov lIe nevils oJ
vegelavianisn.
TIe
pvinav
scienliJic
avgunenl
oJ IolI
essas,
UIe lIal oJ eavIiev
vviling
on
diel,
is lIal
Iunans,
UIe covs
and
pvinales,
ave
evidenlI pIsicaU adapled
lo eal
vegelaIIe
valIev lIan
aninaI
nallev,
and lIal
a
depavluve
Jvon lIis
naluvaU pvescviIed
slale Ias
Ied
inevilaII
lo disease. TIal
ve ave
naluvaU vegelavian
is oJ couvse vIal
vas
|and is)
nosl
JacluaU
conlenlious,
Iul Vindicalion
Iegins lving
lo
eslaIIisI lIis. Ils
avgunenl
is
IavgeI
Iovvoved Jvon
J.
F.
Nevlon,
Iov
evev,
and is nol in vIelovic
nov ain as
scienliJic
as
lIe
essa
oJ
a
eav
Ialev.
|AIlIougI
lIe lvo
essas
diJJev in lone?lIe eavUev oJ lIe lvo is nove
pvone
lo lIe Iind oJ ovevslalenenl cIavaclevislic oJ
one in lIe JIusI oJ Jivsl
18. CavI OvaIo's A Nevlon
Anong
Foels
|CIapeI
HiII U oJ NovlI CavoIina
F, 1930)
is
sliII lIe nosl
conpveIensive
accounl oJ
SIeIIe's InovIedge
oJ
science,
lIougI
Ie laIes no
nole oJ
SIeIIe's essas
on diel. See aIso
Havv
WIile,
SIeIIe's
BeJence oJ
Science, SiB,
16
|1977) 319-30,
Jov a nove vecenl accounl oJ
SIeIIe's
inlevesl in science as
conpIenenl
ing,
valIev lIan
opposing,
Iis ideaIisn.
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544 ONNO OEBLEMANS
discovev?lIe
naIe
essenliaII
lIe
sane
case.)
In lIe
Jovnev,
SIeIIe
laIes
as
evidence lIe
nlI
oJ lIe OoIden
Age,
MiIlon's accounl oJ
Eden,
and lIe
slov
oJ
FvonelIeus,
aII oJ vIicI
ave
aIIegovies,
Ie
sas,
Jov lIe
Jacl lIal Iunans Iave evoIved inlo a
pevpeluaII
diseased condilion
I
luvning
Jvon
a
vegelaIIe
diel lo a neal-Iased one. His nove
convincing
avgunenl,
laIen
up
in IolI
essas,
is Jvon
conpavalive analon. SIeIIe's
iniliaI evidence in lIis
nallev ains Jov lIe Jovce oJ connon
sense,
and
vas
pvesenled
Jivsl
I
FIulavcI,
lIal
ve
do nol seen
naluvaII
incIined
ov
capaIIe
oJ
IiIIing
aninaIs Jov
Jood:
ve
inslincliveI
sIvinI Jvon IolI lIe
acl oJ
IiIIing,
vIicI
ve nusl invenl looIs and
slvalagens
lo
acconpIisI,
and lIe
IIood
JIesI,
vIicI nusl Ie cooIed
ov
olIevvise
pvepaved
lo Ie
nade ediIIe. Move
expIicilI
naleviaIisl
sliII,
SIeIIe
dvavs evidence Jvon
lIe deIale oJ Iis
conlenpovavies
aIoul diel in
naIing
inlevnaI
conpavi
sons aIoul
leelI, coIons,
slonacIs and
inleslines,
in aII oJ vIicI Ie Jinds
Iunans lo vesenIIe Inovn
Jvugivovous
aninaIs IiIe lIe
ovang-oulang.
EquaII inpovlanl
Jov
SIeIIe
as scienliJic evidence is lIal ouv evvov in
diel Ias
oIsevvaII
Ied lo
pIsicaI
disease. In IolI
essas
SIeIIe
avgues
lIal aninaI Jood is lIe
cause
oJ nosl
pIsicaI
disease,
since
lvuI
viId
and lIus
naluvaII adapled
aninaIs
appeaved
lo Iin lo suJJev
vev
IillIe
disease
conpaved
lo nan. TIe
ovevvIeIning
pvesence
oJ disease is lIe
pvinav
evidence lIal
ve conlinue lo
ignove
naluve's
pvecepls
Bul no Iouv oJ lIe IiJe oJ nan is
exenpl
Jvon lIe dveaded invasion
oJ
a
novlaI
naIad.
. . .
HospilaIs
ave JiIIed vilI a lIousand
scveaning
viclins:
lIe
paIaces
oJ
Iuxuv
and lIe IoveIs oJ
indigence
vesound
aIiIe vilI lIe Iillev
vaiIings
oJ disease.
|93)
TIal IaIJ oJ
evev genevalion pevisIed
IeJove oId
age
is no
douIl
lvue,
and
SIeIIe
couId nol Iave
Inovn,
oJ
couvse,
oJ IacleviaI and vivaI
causes
oJ disease. Yel lIe conneclion Ielveen diel and disease
vas nove
lIan
jusl
a
viId
IpolIesis.
WiIIian LanIe
puIIisIed
sevevaI IooIs in lIe Jivsl
decade oJ lIe nineleenlI
cenluv
on cancev
and diel vIicI nade lIe
case
lIal nosl diseases veve caused
I dvinIing poIIuled
valev and
pulveJied
JIesI,
and lIus couId Ie cuved
|see
nole
4):
Ie
pvesenled expevinenls
vilI
diel lIal
cIeavI suggesled
lIal
a
vegelavian
diel
IeIped
sIov dovn and
vevevse cancevous
gvovlIs.
And,
as I
suggesled
aIove,
il Iad Ieen
IavgeI
accepled
since
CIene
lIal diel in
genevaI
vas
inpovlanl
lo IeaIlI.
SIeIIe
ciles
as
slalislicaI evidence
|Iovevev pvinilive
and
anecdolaI)
lIal
none
oJ
lIe
JaniI
oJ Nevlon
ov
LanIe Iad died aJlev
svilcIing
lo lIe
vegelaIIe
diel,
as
veII
as
ciles Iis
ovn
expevinenlalion
vilI
diel,
since al lIe line
oJ
vviling
lIe Jivsl
essa
Ie Iad Ieen
vegelavian
Jov
eigIl
nonlIs and lIe
inpvovenenls
oJ IeaIlI and
lenpev
Ieve slaled is
[sic]
lIe vesuIl oJ Iis
ovn
expevience
|90).
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SHELLEY'S IBEAL BOBY 545
To ansvev
lIe
lIovn pvoIIen
oJ Iov il is lIal Iunans Iave luvned lo
an unnaluvaI diel in lIe Jivsl
pIace,
so
lIal
lIe
nov
JeeI lIal neal is a
necessav
and desivaIIe
Jood,
SIeUe suggesls,
valIev
IaneI,
lIal siniIav
vIoIesaIe
cIanges
oJ diel Iave Ieen Jovced
upon
doneslic aninaIs vIo
lIen aIso
dispIa
unnaluvaI
cvavings
Jov Jood.
InpIicil
Ieve,
lIougI,
is lIe
vecognilion
oJ lIe unavoidaIIe aUenalion oJ consciousness in naluve
sug
gesled
in lIe
BeJulalion
and nosl
cIeavI,
as ve viU
see,
in Monl BIanc.
Because
ve nusl lIinI oJ ouvseIves
as eilIev aIove
ov
oulside lIe naleviaI
vovId,
ve ave
capaIIe
oJ
cvealing
vavious
appeliles
Jov ouvseIves vIicI
ve
viU nonelIeIess lIinI oJ
as
Ieing
naluvaI. Fov
SIeUe
lIese
appeliles
ave Iased on
decisions oJ lIe
pasl
and
pvesenl
and delevnine diJJevenl
evoIulionav palIs.
We
na
nisundevsland lIe cause oJ ouv
aIienalion,
assuning
il is
oving
lo ouv
pevIaps Ood-given supeviovil,
and
deIiIevaleI
pIace
ouvseIves
againsl
and on
lop
oJ lIe naluvaI vovId. Ov
ve
na allenpl
lo see
Iov
ve ave a
pavl
oJ
naluve,
delevnined
I
il,
and vovI lo Uve
as
Iesl
ve can vilIin lIose condilions ve can
pevceive.
TIus il
is,
I
lIinI,
lIal IolI
essas
ave
expIcilI specuIalive
valIev lIan
ovevvIeIningI
concIusive:
lIe
ave a caU lo
expevinenlalion,
lo see iJ
diel can veduce lIe
pvevaIence
oJ disease and cveale a
peopIe
and
a nalion
oJ
a
diJJevenl cIavaclev. He
speaIs lIvougIoul
lIe lvo
essas
oJ
giving
lIe
vegelaIIe sslen
a
Jaiv
lviaI,
oJ lIe
expevinenl
oJ
cIange,
and oJ
vegelavianisn
as an
expevinenl
vIicI
na
Ie lvied vilI
success,
nol aIone
I
nalions,
Iul
I
snaU
socielies, Javv?Iies,
and even
individuaIs
|85,
89,
95).
Move
inpovlanl,
lIe
essas
ain lo convince nol
pvinaviI I
lIe
pvesenlalion
oJ Jacl
so
nucI
as
I inpvessing
lIe
inaginalion
oJ lIeiv
veadevs lIal lIe
possiIiUl
oJ vadicaI
cIange
is
veasonaIIe,
accessiIIe and
veIaliveI sinpIe.
BolI
essas
naIe lIe cenlvaI case lIal an avaveness
oJ
diel Ieads lo an avaveness
oJ lIe inlevconnecledness oJ naluve and con
sciousness, vIicI,
vIiIe nol
ovevconing
ouv
aUenalion,
viU al Ieasl cveale
in us an
ecoIogicaI inaginalion.
TIe
Ieginning
oJ lIe second
essa
enpIasizes jusl
lIis inlevconnecled
ness.
SIeUe
slales lIal Iecause lIe inJIuence oJ
Iod
on nind Ias
aIvead
Ieen adnilled
I
nosl
pIiIosopIevs
il needs nov lo Ie
vecognized
Iov Jav lIis inJIuence
nigIl go
and in vIal
va
cIange nigIl
Ie eJJecled
Il
IeIongs
lo
pI?osopI
aIone lo lvace lIe venole eJJecls oJ nislaIes
consecvaled
I
IaIil,
lo navI lIeiv inJIuence
on
individuaI
cIavaclev,
lo
eslinale lIe sun oJ
a
lIousand
unvegavded
evenls as
aJJecling
lIe
veIJave oJ
sociel,
and lo lvace lo lIe inJIuence oJ unnaluvaI IaIils oJ
UJe
Ialved,
nuvdev and
vapine,
vavs, nassacves,
and vevoIulions.
|92)
Even as
Ie counseIs
againsl expecling
loo nucI Jvon a
cIange
in diel and
lo
expecl
no
Ulopian advanlages |Ie
aUovs lIal sone
disease is Ievedi
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546 ONNO OEBLEMANS
lav,
and lIal in
an
case
disease Ias sucI
a
Jivn
gvip
on
Iunanil
lIal
videspvead
veIieJ viII nol cone
innedialeI [84-85]),
Ie
avgues
lIal a
cIange
in diel viII Iave eJJecls Jav
Ieond
lIose
neveI
oJ
pIsicaI
IeaIlI.
In lIe
Vindicalion,
Jov
inslance,
SIeIIe
vondevs
vIelIev,
Iad lIe
popuIace
oJ Favis dvunI
al
lIe
puve
souvce
oJ lIe Seine and
salisJied lIeiv
Iungev
al lIe evev-JuvnisIed laIIe oJ
vegelaIIe
naluve,
lIal
lIe
vouId Iave Ienl lIeiv IvulaI
suJJvage
lo lIe
pvoscviplion
Iisl
oJ
BoIespievve?
...
Is il lo Ie IeIieved lIal
a
Ieing
oJ
genlIe JeeIings,
vising
Jvon Iis neaI oJ
vools,
vouId laIe
deIigIl
in
spovls
oJ IIood?
...
Il is
inpossiIIe
lIal Iad
Buonapavle
descended Jvon
a vace
oJ
vegelaIIe
Jeedevs lIal Ie couId Iave Iad eilIev lIe incIinalion
ov
lIe
povev
lo ascend lIe lIvone oJ lIe BouvIons. TIe desive oJ
lvann
couId
scavceI
Ie exciled in lIe
individuaI:
lIe
povev
lo
lvannize
vouId
cevlainI
nol Ie
deIegaled I
a
sociel,
neilIev Jvenzied
I
ineIvialion,
nov
vendeved
inpolenl
and ivvalionaI
I
disease.
|85-86)
Il is
passages
IiIe lIese lIal nosl veadevs Iave Jound IiIavious
ov
aIsuvd.
CevlainI
as
exanpIes
oJ lIe eJJecls oJ diel
lIe
ave
pvoIaII
loo
IislovicaII
speciJic
lo
appeav pvoIaIIe.
Yel
lIe
ave in one sense lIe
cvux
oJ
SIeIIe's
avgunenl.
Fov Iis veaI
poinl
Ieve is lo
suggesl
lIal a
cIange
in diel invoIves
nol
sinpI
lIe IeneJiciaI eJJecls oJ lIe Jveedon Jvon disease lIal
pvevenls
lIe nind Jvon
lIinIing valionaII |and
lIus
elIicaII),
Iul aIso lIal lIe
vecognilion
oJ lIe
pvevaIence
oJ vioIence in a
sslen
oJ diel lIal
vequives
lIe conlinuaI
sIaugIlev
oJ aninaIs vouId
necessaviI
Iave a
saIulav
eJJecl
on ouv avaveness oJ vioIence in
genevaI. SIeIIe's lIinIing
Ieve is nucI
IiIe lIal oJ
OandIi,
on vIon Ie Iad a divecl inJIuence.19 To
conquev
ouv
pvediIeclion
lovavds
vioIence,
ouv
aIiIil
lo
accepl
ils
appavenl necessil,
vioIence nusl Ie vooled oul al aII IeveIs. TIe vioIence lIal
ve nosl
casuaII
accepl
and
ignove
is lIal vIicI
ve
inJIicl
upon
lIe aninaIs
ve eal. Il is
nol
sinpI
lIal lIis vioIence is aII avound
us,
lIal evidence oJ il exisls Jvon
ouv Jood laIIes lo lIe cIolIes
ve
veav:
il is aIso lIal lIis vioIence
IilevaII
suslains us.
Bovvoving
lIe idea lIal ve inIue lIe cIavaclevislics oJ lIe
Jood
ve
eal,
SIeIIe suggesls
loo lIal ve laIe
on
lIe cIavaclevislics oJ lIe
nannev in vIicI ve oIlain
ouv
Jood. As
ve Jeed
upon
vioIence,
ouv
appelile
Jov il is vIelled.
Moveovev,
ouv
aIiIil
lo valionaIize
ov even
sinpI ignove
lIe vioIence lIal is al lIe vool oJ ouv
sociel
naIes
us
nove
IiIeI
lo valionaIize
ov
ignove
olIev Iinds oJ vioIence.
|TIonas
Move
naIes
a siniIav
avgunenl
in
Ulopia,
and
so
Ias sIaves do lIe
IulcIeving
oJ
aninaIs oulside lIe
cilies.)
As
SIeIIe avgues
al lIe cIose oJ lIe second
essa
19-
CJ. Avl
Young, SIeIIe
and NonvioIence
|TIe Hague
Moulon, 1975) 19-33
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SHELLEY'S IBEAL BOBY 547
Hov can Ie Ie
expecled
lo
pvesevve
a vivid
sensiIiUl
lo lIe Ienevo
Ienl
snpalIies
oJ
ouv
naluve,
vIo is JaniUav vilI
cavnage, agon,
and
gvoans?
TIe
vev
sigIl
oJ aninaIs in lIe JieIds vIo ave deslined
lo lIe
axe nusl
encouvage oIduvac
iJ il Ja?s lo avaIen
conpassion.
TIe
IulcIeving
oJ IavnIess aninaIs cannol JaU lo
pvoduce
nucI oJ
lIal
spivil
oJ insane and Iideous exuIlalion in vIicI
nevs oJ a
viclov
is veIaled
aIlIougI puvcIased I
lIe
nassacve oJ
a Iundved lIousand
nen. IJ lIe use
oJ aninaI Jood Ie in
consequence
suIvevsive lo lIe
peace
oJ Iunan
sociel,
Iov unvavvanlaIIe is lIe
injuslice
and Iav
Iavil
vIicI is exevcised lovavd lIese nisevaIIe viclins.
TIe
ave
caUed inlo exislence
I
Iunan avliJice lIal
lIe
na dvag
oul a
sIovl
and nisevaIIe exislence oJ
sIavev
and
disease,
lIal lIeiv Iodies
na
Ie
nuliIaled,
lIeiv sociaI
JeeUngs oulvaged.
Il veve nucI Iellev lIal
a senlienl
Ieing
sIouId
nevev
Iave exisled lIan lIal il sIouId Iave
exisled
onI
lo enduve
unniligaled nisev. |96)
B cIoosing
lo suslain ouvseIves
on
aninaI Jood
ve
Iave cIosen lo
vage
a
Iind oJ vav on
naluve,
lo lovluve and
expIoil
aninaI UJe and
inlvoduce,
IolI
pIsicaU
and
spiviluaU,
a
covvupling
inJIuence inlo ouv
Uves. We
na
cIoose lo do
olIevvise,
lo exisl in sucI
a
va
as lo nininize lIe
Iavn ve
do IolI lo ouvseIves and
lo olIev
Iiving lIings.
And,
il nusl Ie
slvessed,
SIeUe's
enlIusiasn Jov lIe veJovn is in
Iavge pavl
due lo lIe
sinpIicil
oJ il?a
cIange
oJ diel is
eas?
in veacI oJ
evev
individuaI. A
veluvn lo
naluve,
as
IolI Nevlon and
SIeUe
caUed
il,
does nol nean
a
vegvession
lo a
pvinilive pasl,
Iul
a nove lo a
sslen
lIal vouId
quicII
Iving
veaI IeneJils. TIal
is,
pavl
oJ lIe veIevance oJ lIe veJovn oJ diel is
lIal il vouId
Iving
aIoul veaI sociaI
cIange.
As veU
as
necessaviI cIanging
lIe novaI and
pIsicaI
IeaIlI oJ lIe
individuaI,
lIeve vouId Ie concvele
poUlicaI
and econonic vevavds.
FvoIaII Iovvoving
Jvon
a
sivvdIav
avgu
nenl in
FaIe's
MovaI and FoIilicaI
FIiIosopI, SIeUe
avgues
lIal Iecause
lIe Iand and
Jeed-gvain
needed lo
pvoduce
UveslocI couId
pvoduce
len
lines lIe
quanlil
oJ
vegelaIIe
Jood,
a
vIoIesaIe
cIange
oJ diel couId
innedialeI pvoduce enougI
Jood Jov
evevone.20
TIe
consequences
oJ
lIis
cIange
vouId aIlev lIe
poIilicaI
econon
Iecause il is
onI
lIe
veaIlI
lIal
can lo
an gveal degvee,
even
nov,
induIge
lIe unnaluvaI
cvaving
Jov dead JIesI
|87).
As veU
as
incveasing
lIe Jood
suppI,
lIe
cIange
in diel vouId
ease
conpelilion
Jov
Iand,
a
pvinav
Jovce in lIe
cvealion oJ cIass division. IJ Iand vas Jveed Jvon lIe
ineJJicienc
and
inequaIil
enJovced
I
a
sslen
vIicI denands lIal
so
nucI Iand Ie used
Jov
pasluvage,
lIeve vouId Ie
nove
Iand Jov nove
Javnevs,
and ouv
vespecl
Jov vIal lIe Iand and lIose vIo liU il
pvoduce
vouId
necessaviI
incvease.
20. CJ. MovaI and FoIilicaI
FIiIosopI |London
B.
FauIdev, 1786) 599-601.
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548 ONNO OEBLEMANS
TIus,
lIe
spivil
oJ lIe nalion lIal sIouId laIe Iead in lIis
gveal
veJovn
vouId
insensiII
Iecone
agvicuIluvaI:
connevce,
vilI aII ils
vices,
seIJisI
ness,
and
covvuplion
vouId
gvaduaII
decIine
|87).
Beadevs oJ
SIeIIe
ave
oJ couvse JaniIiav vilI Iis
Ulopian poIilics
Jvon
Queen
MaI lo FvonelIeus
UnIound,
Iul lIe lvo
essas
on
vegelavianisn pvesenl
a
pvaclicaI
and
naleviaI,
aIIeil
pvosaic,
vision oJ Iov lIis
cIange
couId occuv.
SIeIIe's
agvicuIluvaI spivil suveI anlicipales
lIe siniIav vision oJ WiIIian Movvis in
Nevs
Jvon
NovIeve,
in vIicI lIe
coopevalive spivil
oJ
Javning,
and
a
vespecl
Jov lIe inlvinsic
Ieaul
and IiJe oJ lIe Iand lIal
pvovides
suslenance,
cveale
|Jov
Iale lvenlielI
cenluv
veadevs al
Ieasl)
vIal is
suveI
lIe nosl
appeaIing
ulopia
evev
envisioned.
Il is in lIis
spivil
lIal
SIeIIe
sas,
nosl
noloviousI,
Iis
pvoposed
veJovn
slviIes al lIe vool oJ aII eviI
|85).
TIe cIain is
anusing
Iecause nosl oJ
us
do nol laIe
an
oJ lIe
pvoposed
veasons
Jov
vegelavianisn seviousI?diel
seens a nallev loo lviviaI lo Iave
consequences
oJ lIe
gIoIaI
veacI lIal
SIeIIe avgues?and
Iecause
ve
lend
veducliveI
lo vead lIe slalenenl lo
nean
lIal aninaI Jood is lIe
cause
oJ eviI. Mosl oJ us ave
vvong
on
IolI
counls. In lIe Jivsl
pIace
none oJ
SIeIIe's avgunenls
Jov
vegelavianisn
is
unveasonaIIe, and, indeed,
nodevn
inquiv
is
pvoving
lIen nove veason
aIIe aII lIe line.21
SecondI, SIeIIe
neans
I
lIe slalenenl nol lIal diel
15
lIe vool cause oJ
eviI,
Iul lIal Iecause
a
cIange
in diel Jovces
us
consciousI
lo
vecognize
lIe vioIence
ve
IIilIeI pavlicipale
in,
lo
vecog
nize lIal
ve ave
connecled lo naluve nove
pvoJoundI
lIan
ve
genevaII
lIinI,
a
cIange
lo a
vegelaIIe
diel
goes
lo lIe cove oJ ouv
spiviluaI
and
pIsicaI Ieing.
Indeed,
vIal is nosl
slviIing
aIoul lIe
passage
is lIal
SIeIIe
insisls lIal
ve can
consciousI cIange
lIe naleviaI vools oJ
ouv
Ieing,
lIal
ve can
dvanalicaII veadapl
lo ouv
naluvaI vovId.
SIeIIe's avgunenl
is a
JundanenlaI
ecoIogicaI
veJovn. In
conlenpovav
levns,
Iis
vegelavianisn
veveaIs
an
eavI
inslance oJ Iis nove
genevaI
vesislance lo lIe nolion oJ an
anlIvopocenlvic
univevse,
a vave
Jeal in
accounls oJ naluve
up
lo lIe
eavI
nineleenlI
cenluv.
In lIe
snpalI
and
vespecl
Ie Ieve
dispIas
lovavds non-Iunan aninaI
IiJe,
Iis insislence on
pIacing
Iunan IiJe vilIin naluve so lIal
ve ave in sone sense vuIed
I
il
valIev lIan vice
vevsa,
and in Iis
Ulopian
desive lo
inagine
and cveale a
nev
and Iavnonious veIalion lo
naluve,
SIeIIe
ovevluvns lIe lvadilionaI
IievavcI
oJ lIe
gveal
cIain oJ
Ieing.
WIiIe
Spinoza
and Hune deveI
oped cviliques
oJ
CIvislianil
Jov ils
veIenlIessI
inslvunenlaIisl and anlIvo
21.
See,
Jov
inslance,
Fvances Moove
Lappe,
Biel
Jov
a SnaII FIanel
|Nev
YovI
BaIIanline,
1982): JoIn
BoIIins,
Biel
Jov
a Nev Anevica
|WaIpoIe,
NH
SliIIpoinl
F,
1987):
and Felev
Singev,
AninaI LiIevalion
|Nev
YovI
Avon,
1977)
Jov
conlenpovav
inslances oJ lIe sane
vision,
as veII
as a
sanpIing
oJ veseavcI inlo lIe IeneJils oJ a
cIange
in diel.
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SHELLEY'S IBEAL BOBY 549
ponovpIic
viev oJ
naluve,
neilIev venl as Jav
as
SIeIIe
in
deveIoping
lIe
vools oJ
a
lvuI
Iiocenlvic viev oJ lIe naluvaI vovId.22 His envivonnenlaI
elIic is nove
vadicaI lIan lIal oJ
WovdsvovlI,
vIo is
connonI vegavded
as
IevaIding
a
dislinclive vonanlic
ecoIog.23
WovdsvovlI is nove san
guine
aIoul lIe
exisling
Jilness oJ lIe Iunan nind and
naluve,
and
avgues
vepealedI
Jov lIe
necessil
oJ lIe nind's
aIiIil
lo doninale and
veconslvucl naluve in ovdev lo veveaI lIe innale
povev
and
cvealivil
oJ
Iunan consciousness.
SIeIIe avgues
Jov Iov Iunan consciousness is
aIienaled Jvon
naluve,
and lIal ve need nevevlIeIess lo
acInovIedge
Iov
ve ave
dependenl upon
and delevnined
I
ils Iavs. TIe elIic lIis deJines
invoIves
a
vecognilion
lIal Iunans ave neilIev lIe cenlev nov
lIe end oJ
naluve,
and nove
signiJicanlI,
lIal naluve
ilseIJ is an OlIev lIal nusl al
once Ie IeId in
ave
and
vecognized
as
Ieing
diJJevenl
Jvon,
and
onI
navginaII
avaiIaIIe
lo,
Iunan consciousness.
Moveovev,
and
again
IiIe
nodevn
ecoIogisls, SIeIIe
avgues
in Iis
essas
on
vegelavianisn
lIal indi
viduaI,
sociaI and
poIilicaI consequences
vesonale Jvon a
vecognilion
oJ lIis
Jacl.
I Iave lvied lo
pvesenl SIeIIe's avgunenl
Jov
vegelavianisn
as
snpa
lIelicaII
as
possiIIe
Iecause in
spile
oJ vIal is
pevIaps
a
na?vel? oJ
lone,
lIe
essas
conlain nucI oJ vIal is
genevaII
consideved lo Ie
visionav
in
SIeIIe,
and Iecause Iis
vegelavianisn
is an
inpovlanl inpelus
Jov an
ecoIogicaI aspecl
oJ lIis
lIougIl
lIal is
pvesenl
in nucI oJ Iis Ialev vovI.
SIeIIe
oJ couvse vvole no
poelv
aIoul
vegelavianisn |lIougI
Ie occa
sionaII
veJevs lo il in
poelv
vvillen
lIvougIoul
Iis
IiJe)
Iul lIe
spivil
vIicI il IolI
vepvesenls
and
IeIps
lo cveale is
cIeavI pvesenl
in
Queen
MaI,
nol
onI
Iecause
one
oJ ils noles is a
vevised vevsion oJ Iis Jivsl
essa,
Iul aIso Iecause il
pvesenls
an
undevslanding
oJ naluve as
aII-enconpassing
in
povev,
and
el
capaIIe
oJ
ieIding
a
ulopia
22. TIeve ave
nan
accounls oJ lIe cove lenels oJ a
deep
ov Iiocenlvic
ecoIog,
Iul
lIe
sIave a sense lIal lIe naluvaI vovId is lo Ie consideved an end in ils ovn
vigIl
valIev
lIan as a vesouvce vIicI exisls
soIeI
lo Ie
pIundeved I
us. Wovslev
avgues
lIal OiIIevl
WIile's NaluvaI
Hislov oJ
SeIdon is an
inpovlanl eavI exanpIe,
vIicI in luvn Ieads lo lIe
vonanlic
ecoIog
oJ
WovdsvovlI,
TIoveau and Enevson.
Conlenpovav
deJinilions ave
oJJeved
I Oeovge
Sessions and BiII
BevaII,
Beep EcoIog Living
as
iJ
Naluve Malleved
|SaIl
LaIe
Cil
OiIIs, SnilI,
1985),
BodevicI
NasI,
TIe
BigIls oJ
Naluve
|Madison
U oJ
Wisconsin
F,
1989),
NeiI
Evevnden,
TIe NaluvaI AIien
|Tovonlo
U oJ Tovonlo
F,
1985).
23.
TIe nosl
inpovlanl
and
pevsuasive
vecenl deJense oJ WovdsvovlI in lIese levns is
nade
I JonalIan
Bale,
Bonanlic
EcoIog
WovdsvovlI and lIe EnvivonnenlaI
Inaginalion, |Nev
YovI
Boudedge, 1991).
See aIso Wovslev
81-92,
Evevnden
32-33,
and
JosepI
Wavven
BeacI,
TIe
Concepl oJ
Naluve in
NineleenlI-Cenluv EngIisI Foelv |1936:
Nev YovI
Fageanl
BooI
Conpan, 1956)
47
JJ.
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550 ONNO OEBLEMANS
LooI
on
ondev
eavlI
TIe
goIden
Iavvesls
spving:
lIe
unJa?ing
sun
SIeds
UgIl
and
UJe:
lIe
Jvuils,
lIe
JIovevs,
lIe
lvees,
Avise in due
succession:
aU
lIings speaI
Feace,
Iavnon,
and Iove.
. . .
Spivil
oJ Naluve! lIou
LiJe oJ inlevninaIIe
nuIliludes:
SouI oJ lIose
nigIl spIeves
WIose
cIangeIess palIs lIvougI
Heaven's
deep
siIence
Ue:
SouI oJ lIal snaUesl
Ieing
TIe
dveI?ng
oJ vIose IiJe
Is one Jainl
ApviI sun-gIean:?
Man,
UIe lIese
passive lIings,
TI
viU
unconsciousI
JuIJiUelI
LiIe
lIeivs,
Iis
age
oJ endIess
peace,
WIicI line is Jasl
naluving,
WiU
sviJlI, suveI
cone.
|in.
192-96: 226-3
7)24
Il sliU needs
lo
Ie
denonslvaled,
lIougI,
lIal lIis
ecoIogicaI
elIic is nove
lIan
jusl
a nallev oJ lIe
oulIJuI SIeUe's
enlIusiasn Jov lenels oJ
a
Oodvinian and HoIIacIian necessilavianisn. TIe
conpIele
denonslvalion
oJ lIis is a nallev Jov anolIev
essa
vIicI exanines
speciJicaU
lIe envi
vonnenlaI
ulopianisn
oJ sucI
poens
as Lines Wvillen
Anong
lIe
Euganean
HiIIs,
FvonelIeus
UnIound,
and Ode lo lIe Wesl Wind. TIese
poens
con
linue lo
pvesenl
naluve as
aU-povevJuI
and
as
polenliaU
IolI ininicaI and
acconnodaling
lovavds Iunan desive. Fov
inslance,
inages
oJ eavlI
as a
JIoveving
isIe,
ov a
Oveen and azuve
spIeve voUing lIvougI
space,
in
Euganean
HiIIs and FvonelIeus UnIound
vespecliveI, suggesl SIeUe's aI?il
lo
inagine
naluve as a
Jovce lIal incIudes
evevlIing
as a
singIe ovganisn.
TIe Ode
lo lIe Wesl Wind
suggesls
loo Iov aU
Uving lIings
ave
connecled
lo lIe
Iavgev ccIes
oJ
naluve,
vIicI
ave
IolI deslvuclive and indiJJevenl
lo lIe
aspivalions
oJ
IunanIind,
and
polenliaU
veslovalive and
Ienign.
In
lIal
poen,
il can Ie
avgued,
lIe
aI?il
lo Ie in
snpalI
vilI lIese nucI
Iavgev
novenenls is IevaIded
as
Ieing genuineI vevoIulionav.
TIal lIeve is nol in
SIeUe's
inleUecluaI
caveev a
dvanalic
nove
lovavds
an
ideaUsn vIicI sees naluve as
neveI
a
nasI ov an
iUusion,
and lIus
JinaU
denies lIe
inpovlance
oJ
conJvonling
lIe delevninisn oJ lIe
nale
viaI lIal is
an
essenliaI
pavl
oJ lIe
ecoIogicaI
elIic,
is
suggesled
loo
I
Monl
24-
BeJevences lo
SIeIIe's poelv
ave ciled
I
canlo
|ov seclion)
and Iine
nunIevs,
and
ave Jvon
SIeIIe's Foelv
and
Fvose,
eds. BonaId Beinan and SIavon Fovevs
|Nev
YovI
Novlon,
1977).
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SHELLEY'S IBEAL BOBY 551
BIanc. TIe
poen
is
pevIaps
Iis nosl
pevpIexing
on
lIe veIalion oJ
con
sciousness lo naluve idenliJied nosl
slavII
as
lIe
inovganic
Iase Jvon vIicI
IiJe
spvings,
and Ias Ieen
seen
IolI
as
dening
lIe
inpovlance
oJ lIe
naleviaI,
and
as
ceIeIvaling
il. Il seens lo ne
cIeavI
lo do lIe Iallev. Fvon
lIe
poen's spIendid opening nelapIov IiIening
lIe individuaI nind lo a
neve
lviIulav
oJ lIe
evevIasling
univevse oJ
lIings,
lo ils
descviplions
oJ
lIe venoleness and
inaccessiIiIil
oJ lIe Fovev lIal vesides in and
Ieond
lIe
nounlain,
lIe
poen
vovIs lo
depicl
lIe
speaIev's
disovienlalion al
vecognizing
lIe indiJJevence oJ lIe naleviaI lo lIe IiJe il
el Ivings
inlo
Ieing.
TIe
gIacievs
cveep
LiIe snaIes lIal valcI lIeiv
pve,
Jvon lIeiv Jav
Jounlains,
SIov
voIIing
on:
lIeve, nan
a
pvecipice,
Fvosl and lIe Sun in scovn oJ novlaI
povev
Have
piIed
done,
pvanid,
and
pinnacIe,
A
cil
oJ
dealI,
dislincl vilI
nan
a lovev
And vaII
inpvegnaIIe
oJ
Ieaning
ice.
Yel nol a
cil,
Iul
a
JIood oJ vuin
Is
lIeve,
lIal Jvon lIe Ioundavies oJ lIe
sI
BoIIs ils
pevpeluaI
slvean:
vasl
pines
ave
slveving
Ils deslined
palI,
ov in lIe
nangIed
soiI
BvancIIess and sIalleved sland lIe
vocIs,
dvavn dovn
Fvon
on
venolesl
vasle,
Iave ovevlIvovn
TIe Iinils oJ lIe dead and
Iiving
vovId,
Nevev lo Ie vecIained. TIe
dveIIing-pIace
OJ
insecls, Ieasls,
and
Iivds,
Iecones ils
spoiI:
TIeiv Jood and lIeiv velveal
Jov
evev
gone,
So nucI oJ IiJe and
jo
is Iosl. TIe vace
OJ
nan,
JIies Jav in
dvead:
Iis vovI and
dveIIing
VanisI,
IiIe snoIe IeJove lIe
lenpesl's
slvean,
And lIeiv
pIace
is nol Inovn.
|100-20)
TIe vision oJ Monl BIanc
|vagueI
veniniscenl oJ lIe vovId viev oJ
TIonas
Buvnel)
is lIe
ne
pIus
uIlva oJ lIe naluvaI
vovId,
vIicI undevnines
ullevI an
sense oJ
an
anlIvopocenlvic
vovId. TIe
avgunenls
oJ inslvu
nenlaIisls lIal naluve is cvealed Jov
Iunanil,
ov
oJ sone
conlenpovav
cuIluvaI cvilics lIal lIe
concepl
oJ naluve is cvealed
I
us, cannol,
I
lIinI,
vilIsland lIe viev
|IilevaII)
oJ naluve as
lIe uIlinale
gvound
lIal
SIeIIe pvesenls.
We
na
vecognize
lIal
ve
inlevpvel
and deJine naluve
diJJevenlI
as
individuaIs and
cuIluves,
Iul ve cannol
gel
Ieond
lIe Jacl
denonslvaled Ieve
|as
in lIe Ode and FvonelIeus UnIound and lIe
essas
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552 ONNO OEBLEMANS
on
vegelavianisn),
lIal
a
naleviaI vovId exisls lIal is
inJinileI Iavgev
and
nove
conpIex
lIan
ve,
and vIicI is indiJJevenl lo ouv exislence. Con
sciousness
ilseIJ,
lIe
poen avgues,
is
uIlinaleI
delevnined
I
and
gvounded
in lIe naleviaIisn oJ lIe
univevse,
and
el
lIe lvo ave venole
and inaccessiIIe lo eacI olIev. TIeve is
an
inconnensuvaleness Ieve vIicI
nusl IaJJIe us inlo
IuniUl.
TIis avJuI douIl ov
JailI
so niId lIal can
vepeaI
/
Lavge
codes oJ Jvaud and voe and aUov us
JinaU
lo Ie vilI
naluve vecondIed
|77-81)
is
suveI
UIe lIe
IuniUl
IeJove
naluve
vepve
senled as
veU in lIe
essas
on
vegelavianisn.
TIeve
loo,
douIl aIoul ouv
naslev
oJ naluve
veveaIs
lo us ouv
dependence
upon
il and lIe need Jov
a nev
lenpevance.
Il is vilI lIis
vecognilion
lIal
ve
na
Iegin
lo
ovevcone lIe vioIence ve do
againsl
naluve,
and in ils nane.
Univevsil
oJ
Ollava,
Canada
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