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Chapter Three
Materials/Mass Balance
Dr. Abdel Fattah Hasan Dr. Amal Al-Hodhod
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Introduction
Materials and Energy Balance: A key tool in achieving a quantitative understanding of the behavior of Environmental Systems. Accounts for the flow of energy and material into and out of Environmental Systems. Models Production, transport, and fate of Pollutants and Energy in the Environment.
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Conservation of Matter
Matter (without nuclear reaction) can neither be created nor destroyed Its Mathematical form is called: Materials Balance or Mass Balance For an environmental system: Accumulation = Input Output
Env. System: River, Pond, Pollution Control Device...etc.
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Conservation of Energy
Energy (without nuclear reaction) can neither be created nor destroyed Its Mathematical form is called: Energy Balance
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Useful Relations
Density () [M/L3] = Mass [M]/Volume [L3] Mass (M) = Density () x Volume (V) Mass Flow Rate [M/T] = [M/L3] x Q [L3/T] Concentration of Component A (CA) [M/L3] = Mass of A [M]/Volume [L3] Mass Flow Rate of Component A [M/T]= CA [M/L3] x Q [L3/T]
Mass Balance
Input Accumulation dM/dt Output
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Mass Balance
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Efficiency
Input Accumulation dM/dt Output
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State of Mixing
Two Extreme cases (Models): 1. No Mixing 2.Complete Mixing
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) OR Continuous Mixed Flow Reactor (CMFR)
Including Reactions
Conserved Substances: Substances do not undergo chemical, biological or radioactive transformations. In case of transformations, Mass Balance will become:
Accumulation Rate = Input Rate Output Rate Transformation Rate
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Kinetics
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So, r = - k Cn k: reaction rate constant C: concentration of substance n: exponent or reaction order For first order reactions: The rate of loss of the substance is proportional to the amount of substance present at any given time t. So, r = - K C = dC/dt (units of k; s-1 or d-1)
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By Integration:
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Mass Balance:
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Also,
u: sped of flow, L: system length, A: x-sectional area of PFR
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