Symbols

Some of the functions described in this paper are non-linear in nature. Linear Boolean logic symbols commonly used in system protection diagrams are not adequate to truly represent these functions. The process control industry has developed symbols and diagramming formats to represent non-linear processes. The symbols and diagramming format are commonly known as SAMA diagrams, as they were originally a standard developed by the Scientific Apparatus Makers Association. Though the Scientific Apparatus Makers Association has declared the original standard obsolete, and no longer permits the direct association of the organization name with the industry standard, these symbols, and the term SAMA diagram, are still in common use in the process control industry.. It is the opinion of the authors that protection engineers need to become familiar with these symbols, as protection systems migrate from traditional protection and control to automatic process control.
Symbol Function Symbol Function

Measuring

Analog

Setpoint

f(x)

Non-linear function

Automatic Signal Processing

H/

High signal monitor

Final Controlling

Proportional

DI

Time delay on initiation

DT

Time delay on termination

Dividing

X2m

Exponential

Multiplying

Summing

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References
[1] IEEE Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil Immersed Power Transformers, IEEE Standard C57.91, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, New York NY, 1995. [2] L. L. Grigsby, editor, The Electric Power Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2001. [3] Adaptive Transformer Thermal Overload Protection, Final Report of IEEE Power System Relaying Committee Working Group K3, IEEE Power Engineering Society Power System Relay Committee Report, January, 1999. [4] IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Power Transformers, IEEE Standard C57.91, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, New York NY, 2000. [5] G. Swift, D. Fedirchuk, Z. Zhang, A New Relaying Principle for Transformer Overload Protection, 52nd Annual Georgia Tech Protective Relaying Conference, May 6-8, 1998. [6] G. Swift, T. S. Molinski, W. Lehn, A Fundamental Approach to Transformer Thermal Modeling Part I: Theory and Equivalent Circuit, IEEE Transactions On Power Delivery, Vol. 16, No. 2, April 2001, pp. 171 175. [7] G. Swift, T. S. Molinski, R. Bray, R. Menzies, A Fundamental Approach to Transformer Thermal Modeling Part II: Field Verification, IEEE Transactions On Power Delivery, Vol. 16, No. 2, April 2001, pp. 171 180. [8] SIPROTEC 7UT612 Differential Protection Relay Instruction Manual, Siemens AG, Nuremburg, Germany, 2002. [9] T-PRO Transformer Protection Relay User Manual Version 3.3 Rev 1, NxtPhase T&D Corporation, Vancouver, BC, 2003. [10] Functional Diagramming of Instrument and Control Systems, The Measurement, Control & Automation Association, Williamsburg, VA, 1981. Special thanks to Wayne Hartmann as the original author of some of the drawings.

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About the Authors

Mike Giordano, P.E. is presently an Electrical Engineer in the Distribution Engineering & Design Protection and Control department of Northeast Utilities Systems, responsible for substation controls design, transformer protective relay scheme design, distribution protection design, and distribution automation system design. Mike has also extensive experience in the Electrical Test and Engineering group of NU. In addition, Mike is a Certified Firefighter I and Incident Safety Officer from the National Fire Academy, and a licensed Professional Engineer in the State of Connecticut. Rich Hunt, M.S., P.E. is presently a Senior Field Application Engineer for NxtPhase T&D Corporation, responsible for technical marketing, technical sales, and technical support of optical current and voltage sensors, and protective relays and fault recorders. Rich has over 10 years of utility experience at Virginia Power and the University of North Carolina, as well as over 6 years of industry experience. Rich earned his M.S.E.E at Virginia Tech under the guidance of Dr. Arun Phadke, with a thesis topic entitled Hidden Failure in Protective Relays: Supervision and Control. Rich is a member of the Main Committee of the IEEE PSRC, and is a Professional Engineer licensed in the Commonwealth of Virginia.

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