Asst. Prof. Florence C. Navidad, RMT,RN,M.Ed.

After studying, you should be able to

formulate a null and alternative hypothesis;
examine the sampling distribution of a statistic
under H0;
Distinguish between a one-tailed and a two-tailed
test;
carry out a one & two sample t-test;
Carry out a one & two sample z-test;
identify the features that inuence the power of a
test.
2

 One Sample Mean Test

Two (Independent) Sample Mean Test
Paired (Dependent) T-Test

TEST STATISTIC
HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
Z-test
(population
mean)

T-test
(sample
mean)

One sample mean test Two sample mean test

One-tailed test

Two-tailed test
4

Procedures in Hypothesis Testing

1. Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis.
2. Choose a level of significance.
3. Choose the appropriate test statistic and
Compute the value of the statistical test
4. Establish the critical region
5. Make a decision
Decision Rule: Do not accept Ho if the test
statistic value lies inside the critical region,
otherwise accept Ho
6. State the appropriate conclusion.
5

 t- distribution
Symmetrical about the mean
Degree of freedom
More variable than standardized normal

distribution
n < 30
test the dierence between means

 (X )
t = ------------
s
n

( X ) n
or t = ----------------
s

df = n 1
n < 30
* The result is called as the Student-Fisher Distribution or
simply t-distribution for the t-test. The use of t-test
includes the use of the degrees of freedom of the
distribution (df).

t table with right tail probabilities

df\p
1
2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9
10

11
12
13
14
15

16
17
18
19
20

21
22

0.40
0.324920
0.288675
0.276671
0.270722
0.267181

0.25
1.000000
0.816497
0.764892
0.740697
0.726687

0.10
3.077684
1.885618
1.637744
1.533206
1.475884

0.05
6.313752
2.919986
2.353363
2.131847
2.015048

0.025
12.70620
4.30265
3.18245
2.77645
2.57058

0.01
31.82052
6.96456
4.54070
3.74695
3.36493

0.005
63.65674
9.92484
5.84091
4.60409
4.03214

0.0005
636.6192
31.5991
12.9240
8.6103
6.8688

0.264835
0.263167
0.261921
0.260955
0.260185

0.717558
0.711142
0.706387
0.702722
0.699812

1.439756
1.414924
1.396815
1.383029
1.372184

1.943180
1.894579
1.859548
1.833113
1.812461

2.44691
2.36462
2.30600
2.26216
2.22814

3.14267
2.99795
2.89646
2.82144
2.76377

3.70743
3.49948
3.35539
3.24984
3.16927

5.9588
5.4079
5.0413
4.7809
4.5869

0.259556
0.259033
0.258591
0.258213
0.257885

0.697445
0.695483
0.693829
0.692417
0.691197

1.363430
1.356217
1.350171
1.345030
1.340606

1.795885
1.782288
1.770933
1.761310
1.753050

2.20099
2.17881
2.16037
2.14479
2.13145

2.71808
2.68100
2.65031
2.62449
2.60248

3.10581
3.05454
3.01228
2.97684
2.94671

4.4370
4.3178
4.2208
4.1405
4.0728

0.257599
0.257347
0.257123
0.256923
0.256743

0.690132
0.689195
0.688364
0.687621
0.686954

1.336757
1.333379
1.330391
1.327728
1.325341

1.745884
1.739607
1.734064
1.729133
1.724718

2.11991
2.10982
2.10092
2.09302
2.08596

2.58349
2.56693
2.55238
2.53948
2.52798

2.92078
2.89823
2.87844
2.86093
2.84534

4.0150
3.9651
3.9216
3.8834
3.8495

0.256580
0.256432

0.686352
0.685805

1.323188
1.321237

1.720743
1.717144

2.07961
2.07387

2.51765
2.50832

2.83136
2.81876

3.8193
3.7921

23

0.256297

0.685306

1.319460

1.713872

2.06866

2.49987

2.80734

3.7676

24
25

26
27
28
29
30

inf

0.256173
0.256060

0.684850
0.684430

1.317836
1.316345

1.710882
1.708141

2.06390
2.05954

2.49216
2.48511

2.79694
2.78744

3.7454
3.7251

0.255955
0.255858
0.255768
0.255684
0.255605

0.684043
0.683685
0.683353
0.683044
0.682756

1.314972
1.313703
1.312527
1.311434
1.310415

1.705618
1.703288
1.701131
1.699127
1.697261

2.05553
2.05183
2.04841
2.04523
2.04227

2.47863
2.47266
2.46714
2.46202
2.45726

2.77871
2.77068
2.76326
2.75639
2.75000

3.7066
3.6896
3.6739
3.6594
3.6460

0.253347

0.674490

1.281552

1.644854

1.95996

2.32635

2.57583

3.2905

The average pulse rate of a normal person is 80.

The pulse rate of 16 patients from Neurology
ward are.


80 75 72 74 89 70 65 73

67 82 100 68 66 79 89 78


Can
we say that the patients pulse rate is below
the accepted norm at 0.05 level?
9

H0: the patients pulse rate is within or above the

accepted norm
H1: the patients pulse rate is below the accepted norm

= 0.05
One-sample t-test: SPSS

( X ) n
t = ----------------
s

Critical region: - 1.753 & T-test: -1.725

P-value: 0.105 > 0.05
Decision: Accept null hypothesis and do not accept
alternative hypothesis
Conclusion: The patients pulse rate is within the
accepted norm

10

One Sample Mean Test

The average age of care givers working in a

nursing home is 19 years old. A civic oriented
group made a recent survey on the age of the
care givers working in the same locality. The
following are the random sample of 20 using the
0.05 level of signicance.
16

20

18

16

15

17

21

16

24

15

13

15

12

14

19

20

13

17

14

21

Has the age of care givers gone lower?

11

H0: the average age of care givers is 19 years old

H1: the average age of care givers gone lower

= 0.05
One-sample t-test: SPSS

( 16.8 19 ) 20
t = ------------------- = - 3.08
3.19

Critical region: - 1.729 & T-test: -3.085

P-value: 0.006 < 0.05
Decision: Reject null hypothesis and accept
alternative hypothesis
Conclusion: The average age of care givers gone lower
12

19.6 29.9
23.8 17.7
19.6 24
29.1 28.9
25.2 37.7
21.4 18.3
22

29.8

A researcher determines

the BMI index of geriatrics

from Tondo. Using 0.05
level of signicance, is the
BMI index of geriatrics are
within the accepted norm?

27.5 29.7
33.5 31.7
20.6 23.8
13

 Compare the means of two independent

groups
Data are normally distributed
Data are expressed in interval and ratio.
N < 30

14

 (X1 X2)
t = -------------------------
1 1
Sp ------ + -------
n1 n2

or

s12 (n1 - 1) + s22 (n2 - 1)

Sp = --------------------------------
n1 + n2 - 2

(X1 X2)
t =----------------------------------------------------------
s1 2 (n1 - 1 ) + s22 (n2 - 1 )
1 1
----------------------------



- -----
+ -------


n1 n2
n1 + n2 - 2
Where:

X1 = mean of one sample

X2 = mean of the other sample
S12 = sample variance of one sample
S22 = sample variance of the other sample
n1 = size of the sample
n2 = size of the other sample

df = n1 + n2 - 2

15

Two (Independent) Sample Mean Test

The blood components in ml of packed red blood

cells and cryoprecipitate were analyzed. Using a

0.05 level, Is there a signicant dierence in the mean

content of the two blood components?
247
220
246
236
247

230
236
228
248
225

220
240
260
230
239

245
229
256
205
240

250
239
218
235
236

256
248
219
210

243
230
237
207

227
240
245
246

220
255
240
239

237
229
222
234

Cryoprecipitate

Packed Red Blood Cell

16

H0: there is no signicant dierence between the mean

content of packed RBC from two blood bank
H1:there is a signicant dierence between the mean
content of packed RBC from two blood bank

= 0.05
Two-sample t-test: SPSS
Critical region: approximately 2.017 & T-test: 0.507
P-value: 0.615 > 0.05
Decision: Accept null hypothesis and do not accept
alternative hypothesis
Conclusion: there is no signicant dierence between
the mean content of packed RBC & Cryoprecipitate

17

Two (Independent) Sample Mean Test

A researcher examine the cholesterol level

results of patients from San Vicente ward and
Santo Domingo ward. Is there any evidence
to show that the patients from San Vicente
ward have better cholesterol level than those
from the Santo Domingo ward using the 0.05
level? Cholesterol Normal value is < 200 mg/dl
SV 264 281 267 384 98 62 126 89 531 130
SD 175 44 80 112 462 62 98 447 125 318
18

H0: there is no signicant dierence between the

mean cholesterol level of SV and SD ward
H1: there is no signicant dierence between the
mean cholesterol level of SV and SD ward
= 0.05
Two-sample t-test: SPSS
Critical region: approximately 2.101 & T-test: 0.303
P-value: 0.765 > 0.05
Decision: Accept null hypothesis and do not accept
alternative hypothesis
Conclusion: there is no signicant dierence between
the mean cholesterol of SV and SD ward

19

X1
14
18
17
16
4
14
12
10
9
17

X2
12
9
11
5
10
3
7
2
6
13

The following are the

laboratory results in
hemoglobin of 10 male (X1) and
10 female(X2) patients. Test
the null hypothesis that there
is no signicant dierence
between the hemoglobin of
male and female patients. Use
the t-test at 0.05 level of
signicance.
20

1.0
9.8
13.2
11.2
9.5
13.0
12.1
9.8
12.3
7.9
10.2
9.7

1.5
12.0
7.4
9.8
11.5
13.0
12.5
9.8
10.5
13.5

Two groups of experimental

rats were injected with a
tranquilizer at 1.0 mg and 1.5
mg dose respectively. The
time given in seconds that
took them to fall asleep is
hereby given. Use 0.01
signicance to test the null
hypothesis that the dierence
in dosage has no eect on the
length of time it took them to
fall asleep.

 samples are drawn from the same population

dierence exists between the before and after

means.
used in experimental design to test the
eectiveness of a certain technique or
method or program that had developed.

 d
t = ------------
sd / n

d2 - (d)2 / n
sd = ----------------------
n - 1

or
d ( n )
t = ------------------------
d2 - (d)2 / n
----------------------
n 1
df = n - 1

D = the mean
dierence
between the
pretest and the
posttest.
D = d/n

23

Paired (Dependent) T- tests

Wt. in lb Wt. in lb
before
after

A random sample of
10 female adults were
taken, to test the
eectiveness of a
reducing pill. Their
weight before taking
the pill and the
weight 10 days after
the pill had been
taken were recorded
as follows:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

160
144
137
152
159
158
149
164
147
156

156
142
134
150
154
153
146
159
145
152
24

H0: there is no signicant dierence between the

mean level of pills before & after
H1: there is a signicant dierence between the
mean level of pills before & after

= 0.05
Paired t-test: SPSS
Critical region: approximately 2.821 & T-test: 8.720
P-value: 0.000 < 0.05
Decision: Do not accept null hypothesis and accept
alternative hypothesis
Conclusion: the reducing pill is eective
25

Paired (Dependent) T- tests

An experimental study was

conducted on the eect of
programmed materials in
Statistic on the performance
of 20 selected college
students. Before the
program was implemented
the pretest was administered
and after 5 months the same
instrument was used to get
the posttest result. The
following is the result of the
experiment.

X1
20
30
10
15
20
10
18
14
15
20
18
15
15
20
18
40
10
10
12
20

X2
25
35
25
25
20
20
22
20
20
15
30
10
16
25
10
45
15
10
18
25

26

H0: there is no signicant dierence between the

mean level of performances before & after
H1: there is a signicant dierence between the
mean level of pills before & after

= 0.05
Paired t-test: SPSS
Critical region: approximately 1.73 & T-test: 3.173
P-value: 0.005 < 0.05
Decision: Do not accept null hypothesis and accept
alternative hypothesis
Conclusion: Thus, the posttest result is higher than the
pretest result. It implies the use of the programmed
27
materials in statistic is eective.

RH
53
64
61
66
64
65
68
63
64
64
64
67

MH
58.1
62.7
61.1
64.8
63.2
66.4
67.6
63.5
66.8
63.9
62.1
68.5

As part of the National Health

Survey conducted by the
Department of Health and Human
Services, self-reported heights and
measured heights were obtained
for females aged 12-16. Listed
below are sample results. Is there
sucient evidence to support the
claim that there is a dierence
between self-reported heights and
measured heights of female aged
12-16? Use a 0.05 signicance level.

Always aim at complete harmony of

thought and word and deed. Always
aim at purifying your thoughts and
everything will be well.

- Mahatma Gandhi