Lateral Load Resisting Systems

IITGN Short Course Gregory MacRae

Many slides from 2009 Myanmar Slides of Profs Jain and Rai

Lateral Loads

Wind

Earthquake

Lateral Load Resisting Systems

Rai, Murty and Jain

Lateral Load Resisting Elements Vertical Elements

Moment-Resisting Frames Walls
Bearing walls / Shear Walls / Structural Walls

Gravity Frame + Walls Dual System (Frame + Wall) Vertical Truss Tube System Bundled-Tube System

Floor/Diaphragm Foundation various types

Rai, Murty and Jain

Vertical Elements

Building Structures
Structural Systems

Frame with Concrete Shear Walls

Concrete Frame with Shear Walls

Concrete Moment Resisting Frame

Steel Braced Frame

Rai, Murty and Jain

Building Structures

Structural Systems

Rai, Murty and Jain

Evolution of Systems
Vertical Elements
Moment-Resisting Frames Walls (Bearing walls / Shear Walls / Structural Walls) Gravity Frame + Walls Dual System (Frame + Wall) Vertical Truss Tube System Bundled-Tube System

Rai, Murty and Jain

U.S. Buildings, Zones 3 and 4

Sudhir K Jain

Lateral Load Resisting Elements

Bearing/Shear Wall System

Variations in LFRS Selection among seismic countries, Zones 3 and 4

Countries CHILE, US, PERU, COLOMBIA, MEXICO

Lateral Load Resisting Elements

Building Frame /Shear Wall System

Variations in LFRS Selection among seismic countries, Zones 3 and 4

Countries CHILE, US, PERU, COLOMBIA, MEXICO

Lateral Load Resisting Elements

Moment Resisting Frame System

Variations in LFRS Selection among seismic countries, Zones 3 and 4

Countries CHILE, US, PERU, COLOMBIA, MEXICO

Lateral Load Resisting Elements Wall/Frame Dual System

Variations in LFRS Selection among seismic countries, Zones 3 and 4

Countries CHILE, US, PERU, COLOMBIA, MEXICO

Lateral Load Resisting Elements

Countries CHILE, US, PERU, COLOMBIA, MEXICO

Bearing/Shear Wall

Building Frame/Shear Wall

Sudhir K Jain

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Lateral Load Resisting Elements

Countries CHILE, US, PERU, COLOMBIA, MEXICO

Moment-Resisting Frame

Wall/Frame Dual Frame

Sudhir K Jain

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STRUCTURAL FORMS Approximate Analysis of: - Moment Frames - Walls

Approximate analysis allows to get a simple estimate of member sizes and to check the magnitude of computer analysis results

Sudhir K Jain

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Moment Resisting Frame Components

Beams Columns Joints
P
P/2

P/2

h
Ph / 2

Ph / 2

Ph / 2

Ph / 2

Joints: Most frames have joints where the angle between the connecting members in maintained, i.e., rigid joints.
Sudhir K Jain
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Moment Resisting Frame

BMD

Frame with rigid joints and with very flexible beams.

Sudhir K Jain
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Moment Resisting Frame

Deflected shape due to flexural deformation of columns

Deflected shape due to flexural deformation of columns and beams.

Deflected shape due to flexural deformation of columns and beams, axial deformation of columns.

Sudhir K Jain

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Moment Resisting Frame

BMD Frame with rigid joints and with infinitely rigid beams
For such a frame with different flexibility beams, what is the range of column base moments?

Sudhir K Jain

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Moment Resisting Frame

0.5Lbeam htop
hmid

Lbeam
0.7htop 0.5hmid 0.5hmid 0.7hbot

hmid hbot

Moment Pattern Under Lateral Forces

Hinges (locations of zero moment) Midpoints of Beams

Aseismic Design Analysis of Buildings, by Kiyoshi Muto; Maruzen Company, Ltd., 21 Tokyo, 1974 xiv q-361 pp.

Moment Resisting Frame

Lateral Forces Lateral Shears Shears on Different Columns Exterior Columns Assumed to Carry One Half Shears of Internal Columns

Aseismic Design Analysis of Buildings, by Kiyoshi Muto; Maruzen Company, Ltd., 22 Tokyo, 1974 xiv q-361 pp.

Moment Resisting Frame

20kN

40kN

40kN

20kN

120kN

40kN

80kN

80kN

40kN

240kN

Shears on Different Columns

Lateral Forces

Lateral Shears

Exterior Columns Assumed to Carry One Half Shears of Internal Columns

Example:

If the storey shear at the top level is 120kN say, then the shear force on 23 an internal column in 20kN, and on an external column is 40kN.

Moment Resisting Frame

6kN 20kN 40kN 40kN 20kN Example: Top right beam shear is found by considering a free body. The beam axial force is first computed from . horizontal equilibrium as 20kN. Then, by taking moments about the column mid-height, the beam shear is 20kNx0.3*3.6m /(0.5x7.2m)= 6kN. 0.5 x 7.2m

40kN

80kN

80kN

40kN

20kN
Shears on Different Members

6kN

0.3 x 3.6m 20kN

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Moment Resisting Frame

6kN 21.6kNm 20kN 40kN 40kN 20kN

Example: The beam moment demand is therefore 0.5 x 7.2m * 6kN = 21.6kNm due to earthquake loads. This can be combined with gravity loads for design.

40kN

80kN

80kN

40kN 21.6kNm 0.5 x 7.2m

20kN
Forces on Different Members

6kN

0.3 x 3.6m 20kN

A similar process may be used to obtain all moments, shears and axial forces throughout 25 the frame.

Moment Resisting Frame

Seismic axial forces in columns are generally small in the internal columns since the shears in the beams either side of the column tend to cancel out. They are generally greater in the external columns
Forces on Different Members

Degree of Freedom in 2-D Frame

Degrees of freedom (3 per joint)

Degrees of freedom after neglecting axial deformations (one per joint +one per floor)

Sudhir K Jain

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Degree of Freedom in 3-D Frame

Sudhir K Jain

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Moment Resisting Frame

y
x
Plan of a three-storey building having three two-bay frame in the y-direction, and by two four-bay frames in the x-direction
Sudhir K Jain
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Moment Resisting Frame

Plan of a three-storey building having three two-bay frame in the y-direction, and by two four-bay frames in the x-direction
Sudhir K Jain
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Walls

Bearing wall / structural (shear) wall Shear wall shear beam Large width-to-thickness ratio; else like a column Height-to-width small ( 1) Mainly shear deformations large ( 4) Mainly flexural deformations in-between Shear and flexural deformation Foundation rigid body rotation

Sudhir K Jain

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Walls

Wall with Shear Deformation

Wall with Flexural Deformation

Wall with both Shear and Flexural Deformation

Sudhir K Jain
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Example
Stiffness due to point load at the top
0.15m thick

0.4m 14m 0.4m 4m

3.6m

0.4m

Wall Section
Area = 860,000 mm2 Shear Area = 540,000 mm2 (= 0.15m x 3.6m) Moment of Inertia = 1.867 1012 mm4 E = 25,500 MPa G = 10,500 MPa

Sudhir K Jain/MacRae

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Example
WH W 14000 6 19 . 6 10 W mm 12 3EI 3 25,000 1.867 10 WH W 14000 2.46 10 6 W mm As G 540,000 10,500
3 3

flexure

shear

Total Deflection

flexure +

-6 W mm = 22.1X10 shear

k wall

W 22.1 10 6W

45,320 N mm

45,320 kN m

MacRae/Sudhir K Jain

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Rocking of Footing
Footing

4m

Shear wall

8m

Winklers Foundation
M

k(x ). 4dx

Sub grade modulus for some soils k 30,000kN / m3

x
Sudhir K Jain
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Rocking of Footing
Rocking stiffness of footing
Rocking moment M causes rotation Restoring moment
4

4m k x x dx
4

5.12 106 kNm

Rocking stiffness of footing M 5.12 106 kNm / rad Horizontal load W acting 14m above Moment applied on footing = 14W kNm

Sudhir K Jain

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Rocking of Footing

14W 5.12 106

2.73 10 6W radians

Wall displacement at roof level

rocking

2.73 10 6 W
rocking 5 5 flexure

14 3.83 10 5W m
shear 8

Total deflection
total

3.83X 10 W m 2.21X 10 W m 3.83X 10 W m

Wall stiffness
k wall

W 5 3.83X 10 W

26,110kN / m

Sudhir K Jain

Rocking governs deflections and stiffness!!! It must be considered

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Rotation of footing

Shear Wall with Openings

Issues Stiffness calculations Force resultants/stresses Detailing Stiffness

Small Opening Ignore reduction in lateral stiffness due to opening

Large Opening Behaves as two walls connected with a coupling beam

Sudhir K Jain
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Shear Wall with Openings Issues

beam
Wall beam

Imaginary beam
Shear panels

Analysis Model

Column

beam

Column

I=

I=
Column

Ib

Sudhir K Jain

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Example

Beam size 200 X 1100

0.15m thick 14m A B A B

0.4m
0.4m

Section AA Section BB
Opening

4m

3m

6m

Sudhir K Jain

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Wall-Frame Systems How does a moment-resisting frame deform?

Say, frame is generally uniform (with height) Storey stiffness same
Storey Shear
1000

Storey deformation

Displacement Profile

1000 1000

5 5

20 15

1000 1000
1000

5 5 5

10

400
100

1000 1400 1500 1550

5 7 7.5 7.75

28.25 23.25 16.25 7.75

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Sudhir K Jain

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Wall-Frame Systems How does a wall structure deform?

The deflected shape is Straight line for point load at top Approximately a quarter cycle of sine function in case of earthquake force. Deformation:

Cantilever beam
(flexural beam; ignoring shear deformation)
::Large inter-storey displacement

Frame
Zero Slope :: Small inter-storey displacement

Zero Slope
:: Small inter-storey displacement What happens, if we combine the two?

Large inter-storey displacement 42

Sudhir K Jain

Wall-Frame Interaction
Building has walls and frames which shear lateral loads Extreme 1 :: Walls too rigid compared to frames Frames deform as per walls Extreme 2 :: Frames too rigid Walls deform as per frames
Walls and frames comparable :: Interaction through floor diaphragm
Sudhir K Jain
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Wall-Frame Interaction
Interacting Forces

tension

Combine
compression

Rigid Frame

Shear Wall

Combine Deformations

Shear Mode Deformation

Bending Mode Deformation

Sudhir K Jain

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Wall-Frame Interaction

Walls :: flexural deformations

Frames :: deformations are like shear beam

Buildings must be designed to carry interaction forces

This can be considered in analysis

Sudhir K Jain

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Other Systems
Tube Systems
A

Bundled Tube
B 1

Shear lag A Compression Columns B

Variation in axial force in columns

Plan

Tension Columns Force

Plan

Sudhir K Jain

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Horizontal Elements
Rai, Murty and Jain

Slabs:
Cast In Situ (Common in India)

Precast: E.g. Post-tensioned (with topping)

Cold-Formed Steel Deck

jpcarrara.com http://www.formstress.co.nz/products/ribtimber.html#construction

Reinforced Concrete Cast-in-Situ Slabs

The slab is subject to horizontal load.

t
b

Moment of inertial for bending in its own plane tb3 ( Very large quantity!!) I
12

Floor is stiff for bending deformation in its own plane.

Sudhir K Jain
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Floor Diaphragm Action

L L

k
b

k/2

Plan of a one-storey building with shear walls

Springs represent lateral stiffness walls / frames

t = floor thickness; width of the beam representing floor diaphragm b = floor width; depth of the beam representing floor diaphragm

L = span of the beam representing floor diaphragm

Sudhir K Jain

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Floor Diaphragm Action

Lateral earthquake force, EL Beam representing floor diaphragm Ibeam = tb3/12

K K/2 K

Vertical load analogy for floor diaphragm action

Sudhir K Jain

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In-plane versus out-of-plane deformation of floor

In Plane Force

Out of Plane Force

In Plane Deformation of Floor

Out of Plane Deformation of Floor

Sudhir K Jain
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Floor Deformations

In-Plane Floor Deformation

Out of Plane Floor Deformation

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Foundations
See Prashant Presentation

Thank you!!
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