Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
6.1
Manufacturing Automation using PLCs
CHAPTER 6 Pneumatic Logic Sensors and Actuators
For example, consider Fig. 6.1, which shows a so-called 3/2 limit valve (meaning 3
connections and 2 positions valve). The valve shown as normally closed, so that the
outlet line is exhausted to atmosphere when the valve is not actuated. When the
valve is actuated, the roller is depressed against the return spring at the bottom, so
that the valve opens and passes supply pressure to the outlet line.
Exhaust
NC electro-
Output mechanical switch
Supply
pressure
NC
lim
Fig. 6.1 Normally closed limit valve
it structure, ISO and ANSI symbol and the
corresponding electro-mechanicalval switch symbol.
ve
Fig. 6.2 illustrates another pneumatic limit valve called 5/2 limit valve (meaning 5
connections and 2 positions valve), which has two independent outlet lines, one is
normally open and is the second normally closed. Such a valve is analogous to limit
mechanical switch with changeover contacts (NO and NC contacts switch).
For both cases, the limit valve can be used as push-button valve and do the same
stated functions, as shown in Fig. 6.2.
6.2
Manufacturing Automation using PLCs
CHAPTER 6 Pneumatic Logic Sensors and Actuators
Most directional-control valves are of the spool and sleeve type. Fig. 6.3, shows a
5/2 spool valve (schematically). When the spool position or pilot line has been
pressurized by p1 line. Flow line between A & D ports, and B & E posts are passed,
while C is blocked. If pilot line p2 is pressurized, the spool shifted to the lift with
corresponding change in flow paths as illustrated in Fig 6.3. Also, Fig. 6.3 shows
also the ISO or ANSI standard symbol of 5/2 way directional valve. This type of
directional valve can be used as SET-REST mechanical memory in pneumatic
circuit.
Output Output
Exhaust Exhaust
A+ A+
Supply Supply
pressure pressure
A- A-
Exhaust Exhaust
NC (A+)
NC (A+)
COM COM
NO (A-)
Equivalent changeover mechanical NO (A-)
limit switch Symbol.
Equivalent RLL changeover
mechanical limit switch Symbol.
D E
P1 P2
D E
A B C
Fig. 6.2 5-ways two positions directional limit valve; internal structure, ISO and
ANSI valve symbol, corresponding electromechanical switch symbol, and types
push buttons. D E A B C
P1 P2
A B C
6.3
Fig. 6.3 5-ways two positions directional pilot valve; internal structure, and ISO-
ANSI valve symbol.
Manufacturing Automation using PLCs
CHAPTER 6 Pneumatic Logic Sensors and Actuators
Fig.Pneumatic
6.4 6.4 Solenoiddirectional
actuation directional
control control valve (5/3 ways).
valve symbols
These pneumatic valves that discussed so far called directional control valves and
used as ON/OFF valves to control the airflow to the actuators. Most directional-
6.4
Manufacturing Automation using PLCs
CHAPTER 6 Pneumatic Logic Sensors and Actuators
control valves have two or three discrete ports or positions. Fig. 6.5, shows the
international ISO or United States ANSI standard symbols for three connections
two position valve, 3/2 valve. The two rectangles represent the two discrete
positions of the valve. Since the connection tubes are drawn in this case attached to
the left rectangle, this means that the valve is presently in the left position.
In Fig. 6.5, there are three connections, or valve ports, labeled as A, B and C,
respectively. As long as the valve remains in the left position, left rectangle, there is
airflow from port A to C, while port B is blocked. When this valve is shifted to its
right position, right rectangle, port A blocked, while port B and C are connected.
The arrowheads shown on the symbol are optional, they indicating the airflow
directions.
C D E
A B A B C
Fig. 6.5 Illustration of ISO and ANSI symbols of 3/2 and 5/2 ways
directional valve.
Fig. 6.5, shows the symbol of a five connections two position (5/2) valve. In the left
position, port A and D are connected, and likewise port B and E, while port C is
blocked. In the right position, port A is blocked, while port B is connected to D, and
port C to E.
In addition to the rectangles showing the valve positions, the symbol must also indicate
how the valve is shifted or actuated. The symbols for common actuation methods shown in
Fig. 6.6. As illustrated in Fig 6.6, the actuation symbols are for only one valve position.
Actually, the opposite actuation must also exist, because otherwise the valve could never
shifted back to its original position. various combination are available. For example,
Fig( 6.7a) shows a valve with pilot-pressure actuation and return spring. In Fig 6.7(b, a)
solenoid is substituted for the pilot line. Fig 6.7(c & d), no return spring, instead the valve
is shifted back by activating the opposite pilot line or solenoid, respectively.
Manual Mechanical(plunger)
Pneumatic(pilot)
Fig. 6.6 Common methods used to actuating directional valves.
Pneumatic
(pilot
Fig 6.7(e) shows additional position to the 5/2 directional valve. The mid-position blocks
all the ports. This type of valves is called 5/3 directional valves (5 connections, 3
positions). The original position (or normal position) of the valve at the middlesignal
(blocked
ports position). amplifier)
6.5
Manufacturing Automation using PLCs
CHAPTER 6 Pneumatic Logic Sensors and Actuators
Fig. 6.8, shows some additional pneumatic symbols, and most should be self-explanatory.
For example, air supply symbol used as common (all points connected to air supply).
Check valve symbol represents a one-direction air flow valve. The shuttle valve has free-
float ball or disk able to seal either of two seats, if either input A or B is pressurized, the
ball seals the opposite seat, hence output C is high (this type of valve used as OR gate,
where the C output is high only when one of the input A or B high).
Fig. 6.7 Valve symbols for five different ways of valve actuation.
Vent to atmosphere
Single-acting Air compressor
cylinder with a
return spring
Pressure Check valve
Regulator unidirection
Double-acting
cylinder
Bidirectional
Shuttle valve
air motor Air supply
Variable
Restriction restriction
(fixed) return)
Single-act-cylinder(spring (needle valve)
P1
6.6
3/2 way directional valve(cylinder actuating valve)
Operation :
When push button pressed, pilot line of the 3/2 cylinder actuating valve is
pressurized.
Air pass the left cylinder side, results in piston moved forward.
When push button valve release, the 3/2 valve return to it’s original position
and the piston return using spring force to it’s original position(shown position).
The circuit is drawn in it’s initial position.
- A +
.a+
START
A- A+
Operation :
At the beginning, all elements positioned as shown in Fig. 6.10.
Push button valve pressed, pilot line A+ is pressurized, shifting the 5/2 pilot
valve to it’s right rectangle symbol position. This will pressurized the A+ of the
cylinder room, causing the piston moves forwards.
When push button released and pilot line A+ is vented, the 5/2 cylinder valve
remains in it’s new position (setting mechanical memory).
At the end of the cylinder stroke, piston rod actuating limit valve 3/2 ( a+ ), to
which pressurized pilot line A-, causing the cylinder return to backward position
automatically (original position), hence, resetting the mechanical memory.
PROBLEMS
6.8
Manufacturing Automation using PLCs
CHAPTER 6 Pneumatic Logic Sensors and Actuators
double-acting cylinder). Hence, this will forces the operator to withdraw
both hands from the dangerous area before the press descends. Draw
pneumatic circuit to actuates double acting cylinder using three pneumatic
valves; the first and the second valves are two 3/2 push button valves, and
the third valve VA is 5/2 directional valve with one pilot line and return
spring ?
Ans) - A +
START-1 START-2
A- A+
VA
6.2) Draw the ISO or ANSI symbol of 3/2 limit valve with normally open
design structure?
Ans)
Exhaust Supply
pressure
Output Output
Supply Exhaust
pressure
NC
lim NO
it lim
val it
ve val
ve
6.9
Manufacturing Automation using PLCs
CHAPTER 6 Pneumatic Logic Sensors and Actuators
6.3) Draw a pneumatic circuit to drive two double acting cylinders ( A and B )
using two 5/2 pilot type valves, push button 3/2 valve and two 3/2 limit
A −
valves using the following control sequence : START , A , B , − .
+ +
B
Ans)
- A +
.a+
START
A- A+
VA
- B +
.b+
B- B+
VB
6.4) Develop the pneumatic network for R/S Flip-Flop using Pilot 5/2 valve and
2 push-button valves 3/2 type with spring return, draw the pneumatic
network circuit ?
6.10
Manufacturing Automation using PLCs
CHAPTER 6 Pneumatic Logic Sensors and Actuators
6.5) Develop the pneumatic network circuit using for the following pneumatic
machine sequence:
A A
+−
+ A−
+ B
START,A , + ., B −
C C−
6.8) Develop pneumatic network circuit for AND, OR and NOT gates?
6.11
Manufacturing Automation using PLCs
CHAPTER 6 Pneumatic Logic Sensors and Actuators
Laboratory 6.1 : Develop the pneumatic logic network for question 6.3 using the
pneumatic tools given lab.
6.12