1iL OXlOlD COMiAilOi 1O 1iL YLAl

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Grcat Clarcudou Strcct, Oxord

Oxord Luivcrsity ircss is a dcpartucut o t|c Luivcrsity o Oxord
aud urt|crs t|c Luivcrsity's aiu o cxccllcucc iu rcscarc|, sc|olars|ip,
aud cducatiou |y pu|lis|iug orldidc iu
Oxord ic Yor|
At|cus Auc|laud iaug|o| iogot iucuos Aircs Calcutta
Capc 1ou C|cuuai Dar cs Salaau Dcl|i llorcucc ioug ioug lstau|ul
iarac|i iuala luupur Madrid Mcl|ouruc Mcxico City Muu|ai
iairo|i iaris So iaulo Siugaporc 1aipci 1o|yo 1orouto Varsa
it| associatcd coupauics iu icrliu l|adau
Oxord is a tradc uar| o Oxord Luivcrsity ircss
iu t|c Li aud iu ccrtaiu ot|cr couutrics
iu|lis|cd iu t|c Luitcd Statcs
|y Oxord Luivcrsity ircss luc., ic Yor|
iouuic ilac||uru aud lcorauc iolord-Strcvcus
1|c uoral rig|ts o t|c aut|ors |avc |ccu asscrtcd
Data|asc rig|t Oxord Luivcrsity ircss ua|cr)
lirst pu|lis|cd
All rig|ts rcscrvcd. io part o t|is pu|licatiou uay |c rcproduccd,
storcd iu a rctricval systcu, or trausuittcd, iu auy oru or |y auy ucaus,
it|out t|c prior pcruissiou iu ritiug o Oxord Luivcrsity ircss,
or as cxprcssly pcruittcd |y la, or uudcr tcrus agrccd it| t|c appropriatc
rcprograp|ics rig|ts orgaui.atiou. Luquirics couccruiug rcproductiou
outsidc t|c scopc o t|c a|ovc s|ould |c scut to t|c lig|ts Dcpartucut,
Oxord Luivcrsity ircss, at t|c addrcss a|ovc
You uust uot circulatc t|is |oo| iu auy ot|cr |iudiug or covcr
aud you uust iuposc t|is sauc couditiou ou auy acquircr
iritis| li|rary Cataloguiug iu iu|licatiou Data
Data availa|lc
li|rary o Cougrcss Catalogiug iu iu|licatiou Data
Data availa|lc

1ypcsct iu Ccutaur M1
|y Alliaucc i|ototypcscttcrs, ioudic|crry, ludia
iriutcd iu Grcat iritaiu
ou acid-rcc papcr |y
iiddlcs ltd
Guildord aud iiug's lyuu

1|is |oo| is iutcudcd at oucc to cutcrtaiu aud to iuoru. lt as hrst couccivcd |y lo|
Scrivcu, t|cu Scuior Lditor iu t|c Arts aud lccrcucc Divisiou o Oxord Luivcrsity
ircss, as a uodcru-day vcrsiou o lo|crt C|au|crs's 3..| .; L.,s ), t|at quiutcs-
scutially uiuctccut|-ccutury gat|criug o uscul aud auusiug lorc ou calcudar custous,
hllcd out it| |atcvcr poppcd iuto t|c aut|or's uiud |cu t|c days rau t|iu, aud dc-
scri|cd iu |is su|titlc as 'A uisccllauy o popular autiquitics iu couucctiou it| t|c cal-
cudar, iucludiug auccdotc, |iograp|y, ~ |istory, curiositics o litcraturc, aud odditics
o |uuau lic aud c|aractcr'. iut |crcas C|au|crs covcrcd days iu to voluucs
o souc pagcs cac| iu suall priut aud dou|lc coluuu, c crc rcquircd to accou-
uodatc days iucludiug lc|ruary, a day ac|uolcdgcd t|ricc iu |uuau |istory)
it|iu a siuglc voluuc, o uorc gcucrous typograp|y, |ilc lcaviug roou or a sccoud
part t|at s|ould trcat o calcudars iu gcucral, rcvic t|c |istory o t|c uodcru C|ris-
tiau or iutcruatioual calcudar, aud givc souc accouut o t|c c|ic uou-C|ristiau calcu-
dars. Vc crc t|crcorc rcquircd to cxcludc, cxccpt iu rarc iustauccs, |irt| aud dcat|
datcs o auous pcoplc, uorc particularly siucc t|crc arc uauy suc| |oo|s o datcs iu
cxistcucc. iart l as rittcu joiutly |y |ot| aut|ors, iart ll is t|c cxclusivc or| o
lcorauc iolord-Strcvcus, |o is also rcspousi|lc or all trauslatious t|roug|out t|c
|oo| uulcss ot|crisc statcd ou t|c pagc or iu t|c ii|liograp|y.
Vc |avc ad|crcd quitc closcly iu iart l to our iustructious, t|at c s|ould list ouly
cvcuts aud pcoplc couucuoratcd ou a ccrtaiu day. iistory is all too li|cly to ovcrta|c
us ou uatioual days, t|at is t|c |a.ard o all suc| tiuc-|ouud coupilatious. Vc |avc
uot listcd t|c uauy Vorld or iatioual 1|is-aud-1|at Days proclaiucd |y iustitutious
aud corporatious t|at scrvc as uot|iug |ut copy or dcspcratc caturc-ritcrs, t|c |u-
uour ould soou car o, uor |avc c t|c political aut|ority to dccidc t|c rclativc or
a|solutc ucrits o causcs callcd good, prouotcd ou a particular day t|at t|cy uay |c
orgottcu or t|c rcst o t|c ycar. Apart rou iritis| aud LS |olidays aud couucuo-
ratious, c |avc uot uadc auy cort to |c couprc|cusivc, our dcscriptious o |olidays
iu ot|cr couutrics crc c|oscu as t|c aucy uovcd us, aud siucc t|cy arc otcu ta|cu
rou |istorical sourccs uay uo lougcr rcncct currcut custous.
Souc |olidays t|at uo sccu quitc sccular arc |ascd ou t|c C|ristiau calcudar, iu
uauy cascs t|is ouly rcturus t|cu to t|cir origiual status, as pagau cclc|ratious |ic|
t|c C|urc| attcuptcd to cxtirpatc. lt ill uot plcasc all rcadcrs to |c rcuiudcd cvcu iu
our usc o t|c traditioual a||rcviatious aud ) t|at t|c calcudar o aucicut louc
|as |ccouc t|c uodcru iutcruatioual staudard as a rcsult o C|ristiauity, t|osc to
|ou t|csc acts arc ocusivc uay carc to dcvisc, aud t|cu pcrsuadc t|c |uuau racc to
usc, a truly uou-scctariau aud politically ucutral calcudar it| au cra |osc cpoc| s|all
|c cqually auspicious or all t|c orld aud uot ucrcly its sccularist li|crals). lailiug
suc| a calcudar, aud suc| au cra, c scc uo virtuc iu cvadiug uauicst acts, uor cau c
apologi.c or t|c ovcr|cluiugly C|ristiau coutcut o iart l ccrtaiu rccrcuccs to
aucicut louc apart). lcstivals o ot|cr rcligious, |ic| arc uostly |ascd ou t|c luuar
calcudar aud cau rarcly |c accouuodatcd to spccihc louau days, arc dcscri|cd iu
iart ll.
Calcudar custous cau |c dcccptivc, t|oug| t|cir origius souctiucs sccu lost iu t|c
uists o tiuc, uot iurcqucutly t|cy arc iu act quitc uodcru, or dcli|cratc rcvivals. 1|is
is particularly truc iu our ou agc, |crc tourist opportuuitics |avc |ccouc t|c gliut iu
t|c cyc o couuuuitics it| c|augiug ccououics. iccausc so uuc| o our uatcrial is
|ascd ou |istorical sourccs, it ould uot surprisc us i cutcrprisiug couucils crc to dis-
covcr iutcrcstiug possi|ilitics. Ou t|c ot|cr |aud, calcudar-|ascd |olidays arc dicult
to ht ou t|cir propcr days iu au iudustrial socicty, iudccd, uauy |olidays, oucc calcu-
drical, |avc |ccu uovcd to t|c ucarcst Mouday to aord a lougcr cc|cud, it| a cou-
couitaut dccliuc iu t|c day's origiual siguihcaucc.
Mauy o t|c couucuoratious iucludcd iu t|is |oo| ill arousc dicrcut rcspouscs
iu dicrcut rcadcrs. Morc t|au ouc rcligiou, scct, causc, or uatiou |as its |crocs aud its
uartyrs, |o uay uot |c rcvcrcd |y t|osc agaiust |ou t|cy coutcudcd, |ocvcr uuc|
ouc uay aduirc t|cir pcrsoual qualitics, ouc cau uo uorc prouiscuously approvc t|cir
priuciplcs t|au siuultaucously cudorsc t|c iutcutious o all uatioual lcadcrs or politi-
cal prisoucrs. Lvcu uorc cu|arrassiug arc uiraclc storics, lcss |ccausc uodcru rcadcrs
cauuot |clicvc iu t|cu t|au |ccausc, t|oug| uarratcd iu uorc t|au ouc iutcrcst, t|cy
iuply uuiquc posscssiou o diviuc avour ouly Llija|, aud uot t|c pricsts o iaal, could
call dou hrc ou Mouut Carucl. Yct t|crc as a tiuc |cu uiraclcs crc acccptcd as
uudou|tcd act, cvcu |cu pcrorucd |y t|c ot|cr sidc uot ouly Aarou, |ut t|c isc
ucu o Lgypt could turu rods iuto scrpcuts, St lu|c uay spca| o Siuou Magus' sor-
ccrics aud St i|ilip's uiraclcs, |ut-a act |is trauslators disguisc-|c uscs t|c sauc
Grcc| ord or t|c aua.cucut causcd |y |ot|. icit|cr carly C|ristiaus uor t|cir pagau
cucuics dcuicd t|at t|c ot|cr party could 'ua|c sigus', as t|cy callcd it, to |c surc its
sigus uig|t |c |clittlcd as roug|t t|roug| cvil spirits, or tcuporary iu t|cir ccct, |ut
iu t|c last rcsort t|cy |ad to |c aduittcd as acts aud discouutcd as proos. Aucicut
crcdulity joius uodcru sccpticisu agaiust ucdicval ait|.
lu auy casc, |clic or dis|clic, t|oug| vital to t|c |istoriau, is o littlc or uo rclc-
vaucc or couucuoratious. lct us iuagiuc au ltaliau villagc prcpariug to cclc|ratc t|c
cast-day o its patrou saiut iu t|c s. Vc uay supposc, cspccially i c arc iu ouc o
t|c orucr papal statcs, t|at t|c uayor is a Couuuuist aud t|crcorc, at lcast ocially,
au at|cist, t|c doctor, a uau o scicucc aud |.... as c Auglo-Saxous |uo |o to |c,
|as littlc tiuc or t|c C|urc| aud uouc at all or uiraculous curcs, t|c sc|ooluastcr rc-
scrvcs |is positiou ou uiraclcs, |ut disuisscs t|c uou-uiraculous portiou o t|c .:. as
a arrago o auac|rouisus, t|c pricst |as |card rou |is cousiu, |o or|s at t|c
\aticau, t|at t|c saiut is a|out to |c struc| o t|c calcudar or |ciug totally hctitious.
vi
Yct c uay |c surc t|at uouc o t|cu ill ta|c part auy t|c lcss |olc|cartcdly iu t|c
couuuual cclc|ratious. icr|aps souc cclc|ratious iuspircd |y our |oo| ill |c iudi-
vidual rat|cr t|au couuuual, ucvcrt|clcss, it is iu t|at spirit o uot so uuc| suspcudcd
as trausccudcd dis|clic t|at c couucud our uot alays pious lcgcuds.
Morcovcr, |ilc souc cclc|ratious arc particular aud |ardly to |c uudcrstood iu
ot|cr culturcs or socictics, ot|crs illustratc couccrus t|at rccur rou talc to talc aud cult
to cult, a|ovc all t|c |arvcst aud t|c cat|cr. lt is said t|at a louau oucc as|cd t|c
grcat ra||i Yo|auau |cu Za||ai 'Vc |avc cstivals aud you |avc cstivals, c |avc t|c
ic Ycar, Saturualia, aud t|c Lupcror's acccssiou-day, you |avc iassovcr, t|c lcast o
Vcc|s, aud 1a|cruaclcs, |ic| is t|c day ou |ic| c |ot| rcjoicc ali|c.'1|c ra||i au-
scrcd 'lt is t|c day |cu raiu alls.'
Vcat|cr provcr|s |avc a surprisiugly loug lic, uauy pcoplc ill rccall t|at associ-
atcd it| St Sit|uu, t|oug| t|cy |uo uot|iug o t|c saiut |iuscl. lu carlicr tiucs,
uucuouic r|yucs attac|cd to a saiut's day rcuiudcd arucrs o t|c tiuc to plaut or to
|arvcst, aud c all |uo t|at April s|ocrs |riug May nocrs. iut do |irds rcally uatc
iu t|c uiddlc o lc|ruary, ou St \alcutiuc's Day. Docs t|c cuc|oo hrst appcar arouud
t|c rd o April. lt uust |c rcucu|crcd t|at all suc| provcr|s arc |ascd ou t|c |uliau
calcudar, |ic| as |cpt iu iritaiu aud t|c colouics uutil Scptcu|cr , |cu clcvcu
days crc droppcd rou t|c ycar to |riug it iu liuc it| t|c Grcgoriau rcoru o ,
t|us, it| t|c ccutcuuial lcap days t|at |avc accrucd siucc t|cu, all cat|cr provcr|s arc
uo out o datc |y t|irtccu days, aud rou ill |c out |y ourtccu.
1|c days arc groupcd |y uout|, cac| uout| |ciug iutroduccd |y provcr|s, au ac-
couut o its uaucs iu souc ot|cr Vcst Luropcau lauguagcs, it| ctyuologics |crc
possi|lc, a list o |olidays aud auuivcrsarics uot hxcd ou a particular datc, aud cxccrpts
rou various ritcrs, uota|ly Spcuscr 1|: I.:r.: ::.:) aud iic|olas irctou I..:.~
s:..|s), ou t|c uaturc o t|c uout|. 1|c cutry or cac| day |cgius, uudcr t|c |cadiug,
it| its louau uauc ou t|c lct aud its Suuday lcttcr ou t|c rig|t, ollocd |crc
appropriatc) |y provcr|s rclatiug to t|at day, a list o |olidays aud auuivcrsarics, aud
au accouut o t|c day's siguihcaucc iu aucicut louc. icxt couc t|c |oly days aud
saiuts' days. A |cadiug lists, iu |old typc, auy rcd-lcttcr days o t|c C|urc| o Luglaud,
as rccogui.cd iu t|c ioo| o Couuou iraycr iCi) or t|c calcudar o , 1|: C|r.s~
:... 1:.r CY), auy Solcuuity or lcast iu t|c Gcucral Calcudar o t|c louau Cat|olic
C|urc|, or a uajor Ort|odox cast, aud iu uorual typc auy ot|cr |oly days rccordcd iu
a currcut calcudar. All t|csc saiuts aud |oly days, uulcss cross-rccrrcd to auot|cr day,
arc discusscd iu t|c tcxt |cucat| t|c |cadiug.
icsidcs t|csc saiuts, c |avc addcd |ut uot iucludcd iu t|c |cadiug) ot|cr saiuts
|o appcalcd to us ou |istorical or lcgcudary grouuds, alt|oug| souc crc aduittcd
or t|cir attractivc pcrsouality, sauctity as suc| is uot t|c prc-cuiucut quality o t|c
uajority, uauy o |ou crc t|c grcat |istorical hgurcs o t|cir day aud politiciaus o
t|c hrst ordcr. 1|c cutry cuds it| auy ot|cr uattcr rclatiug to t|c day outsidc t|c orc-
goiug catcgorics, iucludiug poctry, uouc o it ta|cu rou C|au|crs's stoc| o uiuor
uiuctccut|-ccutury vcrsc, |ic| c |avc lct or t|c tcuty-hrst ccutury to rc|a|ilitatc
as t|c tcutict| ccutury |as rc|a|ilitatcd t|c poctry o t|c cig|tccut|.
vii
Saiuts' days |riug it| t|cu a couplcxity t|at is at oucc a pro|lcu aud au oppor-
tuuity t|c variatiou iu t|c day ou |ic| a saiut is cultcd, |ot| |ctccu C|urc|cs-
cspccially |ctccu t|c Ort|odox aud t|c Vcstcru-aud it|iu t|c sauc C|urc| ovcr
tiuc, iu particular atcr t|c liturgical rcorus t|at |ot| t|c C|urc| o Luglaud aud t|c
louau Cat|olic C|urc| |avc iu t|c last gcucratiou uudcrgouc. Our gcucral priuciplc
|as |ccu to usc t|c Vcstcru datc cxccpt or t|osc saiuts |osc c|ic iuportaucc lics iu
t|c Last, aud to acccpt currcut datcs iu t|c Vcst cxccpt |cu t|cir orucr days crc
siguihcaut outsidc t|c C|urc|, or iustaucc iu cstivals or cat|cr provcr|s. Siucc c arc
pu|lis|iug iu Luglaud, c |avc iu cascs o pcrplcxity allocd t|c C|urc| o Luglaud a
castiug votc. iocvcr, c |avc occasioually cxploitcd t|c c|oicc o datcs to rcgistcr a
saiut ou t|c day or |ic| c |ad lcss uatcrial ot|crisc, iu auy cvcut c |avc cross-
rccrrcd rou ouc datc to t|c rcst.
Vc ua|c uo apology or iucludiug saiuts o vcry dou|tul aut|cuticity, siuply |c-
causc t|cir lcgcuds |avc provcd so cuduriug a lcgacy iu |istory aud art. St Gcorgc,
t|oug| dcridcd iu t|c sixtccut| ccutury as uo uorc t|au a tavcru sigu, is still t|c patrou
saiut o Luglaud, |is day |as uo |ccu raiscd |y t|c uatioual c|urc| to a priucipal cast.
Souc ill uo dou|t sccu o|scurc, |ut uouc uorc so t|au souc o t|c saiuts iu C|au-
|crs, suc| as t|c ourt|-ccutury virgiu uartyr St Syuclctica ou |auuary. lcadcrs
sucriug rou a surcit o saiutliucss ill hud rclic uudcr |uuc.
lolloiug Dcccu|cr, c |avc trcatcd t|c ot|cr divisious o t|c ycar, rou cc|-
days to scasous, draiug our uatcrial rou ol|lorc as cll as |istorical docuucuts. 1|c
c|urc| |olidays dcpcudcut ou t|c datc o Lastcr-t|c uovca|lc casts-|avc |ccu
placcd iu a scparatc scctiou, too uauy |oo|s ua|c t|c uista|c o httiug t|cu ou t|c
days iu t|c ycar iu |ic| t|c |oo| as rittcu. Ot|cr sccular |olidays uot hxcd as to
day, suc| as 1|au|sgiviug, arc ouud iu t|c hual scctiou o iart l. Our hrst part is ad-
uittcdly cclcctic aud idiosyucratic, aud c |opc it ill culig|tcu as cll as auusc.
iart ll is t|c rccrcucc sidc o t|c C.o...... icrc c cxplaiu calcudars o uauy
|iuds, |ot| coutcuporary aud |istorical, aud t|c orgaui.atiou o tiuc iu various ays.
Vc |avc iucludcd uauy cxplauatious t|at ill |c uscul to |istoriaus, suc| as |o to
hud t|c datc o Lastcr or auy givcu ycar App. i) aud |o to hud t|c day o t|c cc|
or auy |uou datc App. G). Vc |clicvc t|is to |c t|c hrst |oo| to uoticc it|iu t|c
sauc covcrs |ot| Otto icugc|aucr's uou-Vcstcrui.cd accouut o t|c Alcxaudriau
Lastcr t|at |ot| louc aud Coustautiuoplc adoptcd it|out ully uudcrstaudiug its
priuciplcs, aud t|c dchuitivc accouut |y Di|| O Criuu aud Dau McCart|y o t|c
Ccltic Lastcr |osc dccat at t|c Syuod o V|it|y iu sccurcd t|c louau oricuta-
tiou o t|c Luglis| c|urc|. Vc list iuportaut datcs iu t|c C|ristiau, |cis|, aud Mus-
liu calcudars to iu Appcudix i, aud providc ta|lcs o rcgual ycars o Luglis| aud
iritis| Sovcrcigus App. A) aud o iopcs App. i), |ic| arc otcu uscd iu datiug. 1|c
couvcrsiou o datcs |ctccu various systcus is trcatcd iu Appcudix l.
io dou|t souc rcadcrs ill hud iart ll distrcssiugly uat|cuatical, ot|crs uot ucarly
uat|cuatical cuoug|. 1|c lattcr ill hud grist to t|cir uill iu t|c or|s |y iac|uu
Dcrs|oit. aud Ldard M. lciugold, aud |y L. G. lic|ards citcd iu our ii|liograp|y,
to t|c orucr c cau ocr uo rcdrcss |cyoud t|c ta|lcs ocrcd to savc t|c uccd or
viii
calculatiou. lu particular, t|c accouut o t|c couputus |y |ic| t|c datc o Lastcr is
dctcruiucd, aud t|c luuar calcudar ou |ic| it rcsts, is couplicatcd |ot| |y t|c uaturc
o t|c su|jcct cvcu uorc so siucc iopc Grcgory's rcoru) aud |y t|c counictiug priu-
ciplcs aud divcrgcut uct|ods cuploycd iu t|c carlicr C|ristiau ccuturics, t|osc |o
is| to uudcrstaud as cll as |uo i iu dchaucc o ilato c aduit t|c dicrcucc)
uust uot |c araid o a loug uarc|. Vc |avc douc our |cst to lcvcl t|c routc, |ut c
cau uo uorc a|ridgc it t|au Luclid could ocr iiug itolcuy l a royal s|ort cut to
gcouctry.
lu t|c carly clcvcut| ccutury iyr|tcrt|, a uou| o lauscy, dcvotcd uuc| o |is
|iliugual L..|.r...., or |aud|oo| o ucccssary |uolcdgc, to cxpouudiug t|c calcudar,
cspccially |ut uot ouly iu t|c Luglis| portious, |c adopts t|c uauucr o t|c cxpausivc
sc|ooluastcr, attcuptiug to iucct t|c |oys iu |is uouastic sc|ool it| |is ou cut|u-
siasu or t|c su|jcct. 'Vc dividc t|c days o t|c ycar |y scvcu, aud so c arrivc joyully
at t|c uudcrstaudiug o a vcry grcat uystcry.' Lvcu lcap day, |ic| supcrstitious pcrsous
rcgardcd as uuluc|y, |ccoucs 'vcucra|lc', aud auot|cr topic is iutroduccd |y t|c asscr-
tiou t|at 'c scc| to cutcr t|c viucyard o la|our it| |cautiul cct', li|c t|osc o t|cu
t|at prcac| t|c gospcl o pcacc. io dou|t t|crc crc supprcsscd gigglcs, as t|crc crc
|cu t|c |caduastcr o a \ictoriau pu|lic sc|ool, addrcssiug t|c Classical Sixt|,
ru||cd |is |auds aud dcclarcd 'ioys, t|is tcru you ill |c privilcgcd to study t|c :.~
s C.|..:s o Sop|oclcs, a play a|solutcly |riuuiug it| grauuatical dicultics.'
icvcrt|clcss, t|crc arc t|osc |o rclis| t|c study o grauuatical dicultics, aud cou-
putus too |as its asciuatious or t|osc |o apprcciatc structurcs aud systcus.
1|roug|out t|c |oo|, au astcris| prchxcd to a datc or a ord scrvcs as a cross-
rccrcucc or urt|cr iuoruatiou, |cu it is prchxcd to a ord, t|c rclcvaut uattcr ill
|c ouud iu t|c sauc iart, |ct|cr l or ll, uulcss t|c ot|cr is spccihcd. 1|is |as uot
|ccu douc iu iart ll or datcs, siucc t|cy ill all |c ouud iu iart l.
1|osc |roug|t up to |clicvc iu t|c uuiquc aud iucx|austi|lc calt| o Luglis|
voca|ulary, it|out cousidcriug |o t|at calt| |as |ccu acquircd, ill |c disuaycd
|y t|c tcc|uical tcrus iuportcd rou ot|cr lauguagcs, |ut iu rclatiou to days aud tiuc
c ouud uot calt| |ut povcrty, aud a dcart| o couccptual prccisiou. Daucs aud lus-
siaus |avc ords iu couuou usc to dcuotc a pcriod o tcuty-our |ours irrcspcctivc
o its startiug-poiut, Luglis| |as uo suc| ord, |ut uust |orro t|c Grcc| .,.|:|:o:r...
A datc coupriscs a day, a uout|, aud rcqucutly a ycar, |ut t|crc is uo Luglis| ord
it| t|c spccihc scusc o t|c day, cxcludiug t|c uout| aud ycar, li|c t|c lrcuc| ,..~
:.o:, |ic| it sccucd |cttcr to |orro t|au to loau-trauslatc '|o-uauyct|'. li|cisc,
or t|c ycar, cousidcrcd as a uuu|cr rat|cr t|au a pcriod, c |avc adoptcd o.||s.o:,
|ic| so ar rou |ciug a|strusc is t|c rcgular tcru or t|c ycar staupcd ou a coiu or
priutcd ou a iuc-la|cl.
lu couplcx cxpositious, ords arc uorc couvcuicut t|au p|rascs c uay as| |at
day o t|c cc| it is it|out ccliug t|c uccd or a siuglc ord, |ut or cxplaiuiug t|c
uodc o calculatiou 'day o t|c cc|' cauuot coupctc iu |audiucss it| 'cria'. 1o |c
surc, iu liturgical usc a cria is a day t|at is ucit|cr a Suuday uor a cast, ucvcrt|clcss, to
t|c couputist t|c ord dcuotcs t|c day o t|c cc|, |ic| 'cc|day' |as loug siucc
ix
rcuscd to do. ior could Luglis| providc a ord or 'day o t|c luuar uout|', cxprcsscd
iu |ot| classical aud ucdicval latiu |y |.., iu particular, Lastcr is dchucd as t|c Suu-
day olloiug |.. XIJ. 1|is cauuot |c trauslatcd 't| uoou', |ic| ould ucau t|c
ourtccut| uout|, c |avc t|crcorc allocd 'luuc', alrcady uscd iu gcouctry, to ta|c ou
t|is ucauiug too. lor t|c rcst, c rccr rcadcrs to our Glossary, |ut aru t|cu uo t|at
c call t|c pcriod o daylig|t uot t|c uatural |ut t|c artihcial day, olloiug icdc aud
C|auccr. 1|c Glossary also iucludcs a c tcrus rclatiug to t|c t|cological coutrovcr-
sics iu |ic| souc o our saiuts crc cu|roilcd.
Mauy pcoplc |avc givcu us t|c |cucht o t|cir cxpcrtisc iu various arcas, raugiug rou
calcudar custous iu ira.il to t|c iutricacics o t|c Ccltic calcudar. Vc gratcully
ac|uolcdgc t|c coutri|utious o ia.cl Allsop, Griuuc iour|c, |ouas Carlqvist,
Villiau Clcuucll, |oscp| Couuors, lic|ard Copscy OCaru., lrau| D'Accouc, Var-
rcu Dra|c, Maurccu laut, Gcorgc lcr.oco, ictcr lodcu, iaula Garucr, David iolctt,
ictrus iaartiucu, Martiu iauuauu, lic|ard laudcs, Mic|acl liuc|, Alcxaudcr liu-
gas, Dau McCart|y, iaul Mcyvacrt, Carolyu Mucssig it| all uu|uoiug) ucu|crs
o t|c ucdicval-rcligiou c-list, iclcu Courad O'iriaiu, Di|| O Criuu, \iviau la-
ualiugau, |os|ua li|iu, |cuui Scott, |auos Siuou, iarry Suit|, Claus 1oudcriug, |cus
Ll-Mollcr, |o|u Va s, aud Couuic aud |ouat|au Vc||cr. Our to vcry |uolcdgca|lc
rcadcrs, louald iuttou aud |crcuy Mars|all, providcd t|c idcal uix o corrcctiou, cu-
couragcucut, aud suggcstious or iuprovcucut, |ot| iu coutcut aud ocus. Alisou
|oucs, our cditor |cu t|c voluuc rcac|cd prcss, s|ilully guidcd t|c |oo| t|roug| pro-
ductiou. Sara| iarrctt, our copy-cditor, too| ou a dauutiug tas| it| ortitudc aud
good |uuour. Gcorgc 1ulloc| provcd iuvalua|lc as a proorcadcr aud rcs| pair o cycs.
Vc spcut a vcry prohta|lc uout| at t|c |cgiuuiug o our or| as |oldcrs o a s|ort-
tcru cllos|ip at t|c ic|crry li|rary iu C|icago, |crc |oo|s aud sc|olars |appily
cocxist. Most o our rcscarc|, |ocvcr, |as |ccu couductcd iu t|c iritis| li|rary aud
a|ovc all iu t|c iodlciau li|rary, |osc rcsourccs coutiuuc to surprisc aud dclig|t. Vc
loo|cd at uuc| uorc t|au c could usc, as t|c sta o Du|c iuurcy aud t|c Lppcr
aud locr lcadiug loous ill rcadily rccogui.c, c oc t|cu a particular dc|t or
t|cir la|ours iu our |c|al.
Givcu ou t|c tcut| day |corc t|c ldcs o May, ou t|c lcast o St |o|u at t|c latiu
Gatc, iu t|c orty-scvcut| ycar o t|c rcigu o Quccu Lli.a|ct| ll.
i.|.i.
l.A.i.-S.
M., | `: C:.r:`s L.,)
:;.r
x
-
Vc gratcully ac|uolcdgc pcruissiou to quotc t|c olloiug copyrig|t uatcrial
laurcucc iiuyou, rou C.||:.:: .:os .; L.r:..: 3..,... L,r...| .:os Macuillau, ).
iy pcruissiou o 1|c Socicty o Aut|ors ou |c|al o t|c laurcucc iiuyou
Lstatc.
1|c iourgcois o iaris, rou J .r.s... j.r..| -, traus. |auct S|irlcy Oxord
Luivcrsity ircss, ). lcpriutcd |y pcruissiou o t|c pu|lis|crs.
Marquis dc C|astcllux, rou 1r.:|s .. N.r:| Jo:r... .. :|: 1:.rs , .. |, :|:
M.r,.s : C|.s::||:. A rcviscd trauslatiou aud uotcs |y ioard C. licc, |r. iu|lis|cd
or t|c lustitutc o Larly Aucricau iistory aud Culturc. Copyrig|t |y t|c
Luivcrsity o iort| Caroliua ircss, rcuccd |y Mrs ioard C. licc, |r. Lscd
|y pcruissiou o t|c pu|lis|cr.
|o|u Clarc, rou 1|: L.::r .:os .; j.|. C|.r: -, cditcd |y Lric lo|iusou aud
David iocll Oxord Luivcrsity ircss, ), copyrig|t Lric lo|iusou , rou
j.|. C|.r:. .:os .; :|: M.|: :r.. -, cditcd |y Lric lo|iusou, David iocll,
aud i. M. S. Dasou Oxord Luivcrsity ircss, ), copyrig|t Lric lo|iusou. lc-
produccd |y pcruissiou o Curtis irou ltd, loudou.
Sauucl Curcu, rou 1|: j.r..| .; `.o:| Cr:., L.,.|.s:, cd. Audrc Olivcr iarvard
Luivcrsity ircss, ). lcpriutcd |y pcruissiou o i|illips li|rary, ica|ody Lsscx
Muscuu, Salcu, Massac|usctts.
Luily Dic|iusou, rou 1|: .:os .; Lo.|, L..|..s.., cd. 1|ouas i. |o|usou. Cau|ridgc,
Mass. 1|c icl|uap ircss o iarvard Luivcrsity ircss, Copyrig|t , , ,
|y t|c ircsidcut aud lcllos o iarvard Collcgc. lcpriutcd |y pcruissiou o
t|c pu|lis|crs aud t|c 1rustccs o Au|crst Collcgc.
|o|u Lvclyu, rou 1|: L..r, .; j.|. L:|,., cd. L. S. dc iccr Oxord Luivcrsity ircss,
). lcpriutcd |y pcruissiou o t|c pu|lis|crs.
lodulus Gla|cr, rou H.s:.r..ro |.|r. ,..,:, cd. aud traus. |o|u lraucc Clarcudou
ircss, ). lcpriutcd |y pcruissiou o t|c pu|lis|crs.
|o|auu Volgaug vou Goct|c, rou I:.|... j.r.:,, traus. lo|crt l. icitucr, cd. 1|ouas
i. Saiuc aud |crcy l. Sauuous ). Copyrig|t |y Su|r|aup iu|lis|crs
ic Yor| luc. lcpriutcd |y pcruissiou o iriucctou Luivcrsity ircss.
Aut|ouy icc|t, rou 1|: 1r..s.r:.: M... Copyrig|t |y Aut|ouy icc|t.
lcpriutcd |y pcruissiou o Alrcd A. iuop luc.
Gcrard Maulcy iop|ius, rou 1|: .:os .; C:r.r M..|:, H.|..s, t| cdu., cd. V. i.
Garducr aud i. i. Macicu.ic Oxord Luivcrsity ircss, ). lcpriutcd |y pcr-
uissiou o Oxord Luivcrsity ou |c|al o 1|c Socicty o |csus.
Lli.a|ct| |cuuiugs, rou J h., .; L..|.., rcpriutcd iu C.||:.:: .:os - Carcauct
ircss ltd., ). lcpriutcd |y pcruissiou o t|c aut|or aud t|c pu|lis|crs.
iatc |cuuiugs, rou C.:s, L.s, .. .:.|;.r|s Villiau iciucuauu, ). lcpriutcd |y
pcruissiou o t|c aut|or c,o Margarct Couuolly ~ Associatcs ity liuitcd.
Lvau |oucs, rou I.s.: :|: h|.|: Addisou Vcslcy louguau, ). lcpriutcd |y pcr-
uissiou o t|c aut|or.
lraucis iilvcrt, rou I.|:r:`s L..r,, cd. Villiau iloucr |ouat|au Capc, ).
lcpriutcd |y pcruissiou o t|c Lstatc o t|c aut|or.
i|yllis McGiulcy, rou 1.o:s 1|r:: Scc|cr ~ Var|urg). Copyrig|t -, , ,
, |y 1|c Curtis iu|lis|iug Co. Lscd |y pcruissiou o Scc|cr ~ Var|urg
ltd. aud \i|iug icuguiu, a divisiou o icuguiu ioo|s LSA luc.
i|ilip Martiu, rou N: .. `:|:.:: .:os louguau C|cs|irc, ) aud J I|. ;.r :|:
h.. louguau C|cs|irc, ). lcpriutcd |y pcruissiou o t|c aut|or.
Ldua St. \iuccut Millay, rou C.||:.:: .:os iarpcrCollius). Copyrig|t , |y
Ldua St. \iuccut Millay aud iorua Millay Lllis. All rig|ts rcscrvcd. lcpriutcd |y
pcruissiou o Lli.a|ct| iaructt, litcrary cxccutor.
Ogdcu ias|, rou C.||:.:: J:rs: ;r.o .. |. M. Dcut ~ Sous ltd, ). Copyrig|t
|y Ogdcu ias|, hrst appcarcd iu t|c N: 1.r| Jo:r..... iy pcruissiou o lit-
tlc, irou aud Coupauy, aud Curtis irou ltd.
iuup|rcy O'Sullivau, rou 1|: L..r, .; Ho|r:, ``||..., cd. aud traus.
Mic|acl McGrat|, S| lris| 1cxts Socicty, -). lcpriutcd |y pcruissiou o t|c
pu|lis|crs.
|o|u iiutard, rou L::::rs ;r.o j.|. ..:.r :. |.s L.|::r, cd. Dorot|y C. iarc| ic-
Yor| iistorical Socicty, ). lcpriutcd |y pcruissiou o 1|c ic-Yor| iistor-
ical Socicty.
icuclopc S|uttlc, rou 1|: L... ;r.o .. Oxord Luivcrsity ircss, ). lcpriutcd |y
pcruissiou o t|c aut|or aud t|c pu|lis|crs.
`.r C.... .. :|: Cr::. I..|:, traus. |y 1. Silvcrstciu Luivcrsity o C|icago ircss, ).
lcpriutcd |y pcruissiou o t|c trauslator.
Dylau 1|ouas, rou J C|.|`s C|r.s:o.s .. h.|:s. Copyrig|t |y ic Dircctious
iu|lis|iug Corp. lcpriutcd |y pcruissiou o ic Dircctious iu|lis|iug Corp.
iriau 1urucr, rou L.:rs .; ... |o|u Mcludoc ltd., ). lcpriutcd |y pcruissiou
o t|c aut|or.
xii -
\cruou Vat|ius, rou 1|: 3.||. .; M.r. L, la|cr ~ la|cr, ). Gcu Vat|ius.
lcpriutcd |y pcruissiou o Mrs Gcu Vat|ius.
icruissiou to rcproducc p|otograp|s as |iudly givcu |y
AiG loudou il. ), As|uolcau Muscuu, Oxord il. ), ii|liotcca Apostolica \ati-
caua il. ), iodlciau li|rary, Oxord ils. , , , , , , , aud jac|ct), iritis|
li|rary il. ), iritis| Muscuu ils. , ), stcrrcic|isc|c iatioual|i|liot|c|
iildarc|iv il. ), St |o|u's Collcgc, Oxord ils. , ).
- xiii
-
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h::|
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L.,s
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xviii
xix
L.s: .; I||s:r.:...s
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Js.:.s... L.,
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1otcusouutag
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1|: :.::..s:.r.... L.s::r
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L.,s. Jr:.;...|, N.:r.|, .. C..|
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- xvii

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--
--

- --
. |auus castiug aud a rcprcscutatiou o t|c .odiac sigu Aquarius, |cadiug t|c uout|
o |auuary iu t|c lastol iours
. Lugraviug |y iaulus ioutius atcr |aco| |ordacus, L: r.. |..:
. iruuiug trccs, a typical la|our or t|c uout| o lc|ruary, rou au clcvcut|-ccutury
Luglis| MS
. A iudy day iu Marc|, ctc|iug |y Gcorgc Crui|s|au|
. Au old uau it| castaucts dauciug |corc au au|iguous cult-iuagc, illustratiou or
t|c uout| o April rou a sixtccut|-ccutury copy o t|c louau calcudar o
. icgiuuiug o a liturgical calcudar or t|c uout| o |uly, s|oiug a uocr rcstiug
rou |is la|ours iu t|c iuitial i, rou a tclt|-ccutury Luglis| MS
. Calcudar or t|c uout| o August rou 1|: N: 1:.rs C.;: .r 1.o:s r.r:ss ;.r :|: 1:.r
.; r L.r
. Calcudar or t|c -day uout| o Scptcu|cr rou I|,. J. J|o....|, I.r :|: 1:.r
.; r L.r C.,
. 'A pcuuy or t|c Guy' Guy la|cs Day, as illustratcd |y Gcorgc Crui|s|au|
. liturgical calcudar or t|c uout| o Octo|cr rou a sixtccut|-ccutury lrcuc|
|oo| o |ours
. Calcudar iu a tcut|-ccutury uauuscript coutaiuiug icdc's couputistic or|s
. A ta|lc giviug |asic iuoruatiou a|out uout|s, cyclcs, aud scasous, togct|cr it|
couputistic ta|lcs, rou au Luglis| couputistic uauuscript
. laciug pagcs o a ruuic calcudar ou oodcu lcavcs iu |oo| oru
. Lugraviug o a scvcutccut|-ccutury clog calcudar
. A ta|lc or hudiug Lastcr rou a 1ricstc uartyrology o
. A circular ta|lc rou iyr|tcrt|'s L..|.r....
. A r.:. ..o:.s:... rou au Luglis| couputistic uauuscript
-

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ASi

iCi
il

CoL
couucu.
CY
Auuo C|risti
Auuo Douiui
Auuo icgirac
Auuo Muudi
Auuo iassiouis
Auuo Sclcuci
Altcruativc Scrvicc ioo|
Auuo ur|is couditac
Auuo Yc.dcgirdac
icorc C|rist
icorc Couuou Lra
ioo| o Couuou iraycr
iritis| li|rary
Couuou Lra
C|urc| o Luglaud
couucuoratiou
1|: C|r.s:... 1:.r. C.|:..r,
L:.:....r, .. C.||:.:s )
Diocl.
LN3
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iud.

N c
iS
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Ol.
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lC
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L..:....r, .; N.:....|
3..r.|,
Grccuic| Mcau 1iuc
Goldcu iuu|cr
lucaruatiou Alcxaudriau)
iudictiou
|uliau Day
ycar o) |uliau icriod
N.::s .. :r.:s
ic Stylc
:;.r L.|.s| L..:....r,
Olyupiad
Ort|odox
Old Stylc
louau Cat|olic
Sa|a Lra


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H: :|.: .|| |.: ...:|:r ,:.r:

Ms: :.:: . |:. .. j..:r:.
1|: ||..|:s: o..:| .. .|| :|: ,:.r
.s :|: o..:| .; j...::r.
z - latiu I...r.s, lrcuc| ,...:r, Spauis| :.:r., iortugucsc
j..:.r., ltaliau :....., Gcruau iu Gcruauy aud Sit.crlaud) j...r, iu Austria) j..:r,
Vcls| I...r, Scots Gaclic .. I...|::..|, lris| L...r
1|c uauc I...r.s is dcrivcd rou ...., 'door', aud is associatcd it| t|c to-|cadcd
god |auus scc il. ), it is t|crcorc apt or t|c hrst uout|, |ic| |auuary as dcspitc
t|c cvidcucc t|at t|c |ouour |ad oucc |clougcd to Marc|. lt is possi|lc t|at t|c dcad
days o iutcr crc uot at hrst couutcd t|c lcgcudary ouudcr o louc, t|c |lu
soldicr-|iug louulus purportcd datcs - ), as said to |avc dcviscd a tcu-
uout| calcudar rou Marc| to Dcccu|cr, aud |is uo lcss lcgcudary succcssor, t|c
pious iutcllcctual iuua - ), to |avc addcd |auuary aud lc|ruary.
Mauy Scots Gaclic uaucs uo assigucd iu staudard usagc to louau uout|s arc rc-
portcd iu oldcr dictiouarics it| ot|cr scuscs t|us ;...|::..| or ;...||:..|, rou ;..|, 'ild'
or iu coupouuds 'ol '), is propcrly a tiuc o ild iutcr cat|cr, aud as souctiucs
dchucd as t|c last ortuig|t o iutcr aud t|c hrst o spriug |ic| |cgau ou lc|.
OS). lor t|c corrcspoudiug tcru ;...||, scc lc|. Ot|cr uaucs ou rccord arc .o M.s
M.r||, 't|c dcad uout|', aud L:.r:.|~C:.o|r..|, 't|c cud o iutcr', iu accordaucc it|
a systcu o uout| uaucs uost ully prcscrvcd iu Maux t|at couutcd cac| uout| t|c
|cgiuuiug, uiddlc, or cud o its scasou.
z - - -
I.rs: M..., iaudscl Mouday, |cu gits crc givcu to scrvauts aud c|ildrcu. Auyt|iug
rcccivcd ou t|at day is supposcd to |riug luc| or t|c couiug ycar. Scc :|:r
H.|..,s.)
1|.r M..., LSA Martiu lut|cr iiug, |r.'s iirt|day pu|lic |oliday)
\irgiuia lcc-|ac|sou Day
Ala|aua aud Mississippi lo|crt L. lcc's iirt|day
L.s: 1:s., S|ctlaud Lp-iclly-Aa, a cstival uar|iug t|c cud o C|ristuas or rat|cr
Yulc, t|c cup|asis |ciug laid ou iorsc auccstors, '\i|iugs' paradc iu lcric|.
1|cu cauc old I...r,, rappcd cll
lu uauy ccds to |ccp t|c cold aay,
Yct did |c qua|c aud quiucr li|c to qucll,
Aud |loc |is uaylcs to aruc t|cu i |c uay
lor, t|cy crc uuu|d it| |oldiug all t|c day
Au |atc|ct |ccuc, it| |ic| |c cllcd ood,
Aud rou t|c trccs did lop t|c uccdlcssc spray
\pou au |ugc grcat Lart|-pot stcauc |c stood,
lrou |osc idc uout|, t|crc nocd ort| t|c louau noud.
Spcuscr, 1|: I.:r.: ::.:, . vii.
lt is uo lauuary, aud 1iuc |cgiuucs to turuc t|c |cclc o |is lcuolutiou, t|c Voods |cgiu
to losc t|c |cauty o t|cir sprcadiug |oug|cs, aud t|c proud O|c uust stoop to t|c Axc t|c
Squirrcll uo surucyct| t|c iut aud t|c Maplc, aud t|c icdgc|oggc rolcs vp |iusclc li|c a
oot|all au Applc aud a iutucg ua|c a Gossips cup aud t|c Alc aud t|c lagot arc t|c \ictual-
lcrs ucrc|audisc t|c iort|cruc |lac| Dust is t|c duriug lucll, aud t|c ruit o t|c Grapc |cats
t|c stoua|c o t|c Agcd Douc |cds aud quiltcd Cappcs arc uo iu t|c pridc o t|cir scruicc,
aud t|c Coo|c aud t|c iautlcr arc ucu o uo ucauc occ t|c Oxc aud t|c at Vcat|cr uo
uruis| t|c uar|ct, aud t|c Coucy is so crrctcd, t|at s|c cauuot |ccpc iu |cr |oroug| t|c
Curricr aud t|c liuc-rod arc t|c dcat| o t|c olc, aud t|c laulcous |cls riug t|c dcat| o t|c
Mallard t|c trottiug gcldiug ua|cs a ay t|roug| t|c uirc, aud t|c iarc aud t|c iouud put
t|c iuutsuau to |is |oruc t|c |arrcu Doc su|scri|cs to t|c dis|, aud t|c suallcst sccd ua|cs
saucc to t|c grcatcst ncs| t|c drycd grassc is t|c |orscs ordiuary, aud t|c ucalc o t|c |caucs
ua|cs |iu goc t|roug| it| |is traucll lis|crucu uo |auc a cold tradc, aud traucllcrs a oulc
iourucy t|c Coo| roou uo is uot t|c orst placc iu t|c S|ip, aud t|c S|cp|card |at| a |lca|c
scat ou t|c Mouutaiuc . . . 1o coucludc, l |old it a tiuc o littlc couort, t|c ric| uaus c|argc,
aud t|c poorc uaus uiscry. larccll. irctou )
lu t|is Mouct| a|staiu rou |lccdiug as uuc| as uay |c, aud |carc you ta|c uot cold atcr
|lccdiug, i ucccssity coupcl, al| uot a|road iu t|c uig|t, usc to cat t|c |cst Coucctious, aud
to driu| otcu |itc Viuc iu t|is Mouct|, |ccausc llcgu is vcry prcdouiuaut, aud to ast loug
is vcry |urtul to t|c |ody, |ut to cat Viutcr Sallcts cll prcparcd it| Oyl aud Spiccs is uuc|
couucudcd, a iat| or iot-|ousc is good, aud to ta|c \ouits is uot |urtul, also ta|c oucc cvcry
uoruiug t|roug|out t|is Mouct|) or t|rcc |ours |corc diuucr a littlc quautity o ioucy o
loscs, or t|at t|c sauc dot| uuc| couort t|c Stouac|, aud clcausc t|c |ody o c|olcr aud
ncgu, aud to driu| also t|csc Spiccs it| cit|cr Viuc or Alc, as Graius, Giugcr, iutucgs,
Clovcs, aud suc| li|c, arc grcatly couucudcd t|is Mouct|. Sauudcrs )
|auuary is iaturc's spoilt-c|ild all |cr gits arc laid uudcr coutri|utiou |y a coo| o gcuius. icc,
vcal, uuttou, por|, vcuisou, |arc, p|casaut, plovcr, t|c |lac| coc|, partridgc, ild goosc, duc|,
oodcoc|, ~c., troop up to t|c grcat city, dcad or alivc, aud iu |attalious t|at scrvc ouly to cu-
traucc it| dclig|t t|c asscu|lcd orccs o |..~...s, to |ou gold ill rcudcr t|cu au casy
aud iuucdiatc sacrihcc. Caulinocrs aud cclcry rcar t|cir tcudcr aud dclicatcly juicy |cads,
ucrcly or t|c plcasurc o |ciug dccapitatcd. At t|is pcriod, trucs arc poctry. Aud uo it is,
t|at a |ousc|oldcr uust cit|cr givc good aud rcqucut diuucrs, or pcruit |iuscl to |c t|rou
it|out t|c palc o socicty, it|, to usc au auiuatiug hgurc, t|c pitc|or| o uuivcrsal rcscut-
ucut. V|cu t|c appctitc is |ot| cxccllcut aud discriuiuatiug, t|c diuucr uust |c a|uudaut aud
aduira|lc,-auyt|iug s|ort o t|csc qualitics, is at all tiucs a ault, |ut, iu |auuary, it is a uoral
assassiuatiou.
1al| uot to uc a|out prcscuts at t|is tiuc o t|c ycar t|crc arc gits |ic| arc to |c valucd
uorc, t|au gold, silvcr, or prccious stoucs,-l ucau good diuucrs. Guutcr, - )

lu Scottis| ol|lorc, t|c clcvcu days lost iu crc supposcd to |avc |ccu ta|cu rou
|auuary, aud rccovcrcd |y t|c sorccrcr Mic|acl Scott.
loug ago a uau o t|c uauc o Mic|acl Scott voluutccrcd to go iu scarc| o t|c clcvcu uiss-
iug days. iis ocr |aviug |ccu acccptcd, |c too| a |altcr aud avcd it t|rcc tiucs iu t|c air, aud
t|crcupou a |audsouc |lac| stccd uadc its appcaraucc. Mic|acl uouutcd t|c |orsc aud rodc
t|roug| t|c air across t|c straits o Dovcr aud laudcd iu a tou iu lraucc. ic iutiuatcd t|c o|-
jcct o |is visit, dcuaudiug o t|c pcoplc t|c days o |ic| |c as iu scarc|, |ut t|cy said t|cy
|uc uot|iug o t|cu. iot satishcd it| t|cir rcply |c, it| t|c aid o |is |orsc, dcstroycd t|c
tou. ic t|cu cut ou to auot|cr tou aud dcuaudcd o its iu|a|itauts t|at t|cy s|ould rc-
storc to |iu t|c lost clcvcu days. 1|cy rcuscd. 'Ouc ucig| aud |ic| o a |orsc l |avc got', said
Mic|acl, 'ill scud your tou to dcstructiou.' 1|c pcoplc ouly laug|cd at |iu, or t|cy sa uo
|orsc. 1|cu Mic|acl avcd t|c |altcr iu t|c air as |c |ad douc |corc lcaviug Scotlaud, aud t|c
|lac| |orsc appcarcd |rcat|iug hrc. 1|c pcoplc trcu|lcd at t|c sig|t aud gavc up t|c uissiug
days, |cu Mic|acl rcturucd |ouc iu triuup|, aud cvcr siucc Scotlaud |as posscsscd 'ull tiuc'.
lslay talc, quotcd iu iau|s,
1|c rcal Mic|acl Scott ..-..) as court uagiciau aud astrologcr to t|c cupcror
lrcdcric| ll.
z

I.|:..: I...r..: A
z - - - Cu|a li|cratiou Day cud o Spauis| rulc,
) or Auuivcrsary o t|c 1riuup| o t|c lcvolutiou ovcrt|ro o iatista
govcruucut |y lidcl Castro, )
iaiti ludcpcudcucc Day cud o lrcuc| rulc, )
i|ilippiucs Mauila) ilac| ia.arcuc licsta, - |auuary iu |ouour o t|c patrou
saiut o Quiapo district)
Slova|ia Lsta|lis|ucut o Slova| lcpu|lic ) uatioual |oliday)
Sudau ludcpcudcucc Day Auglo-Lgyptiau Coudouiuiuu uutil )
LSA Auuivcrsary o ircsidcut liucolu's proclauatiou o , cuaucipatiug all
slavcs iu t|c rc|cl statcs
i|iladclp|ia Muuucrs ic Ycar's Day iaradc
iasadcua 1ouruaucut o loscs iaradc aud losc iol oot|all gauc iig 1cu vs.
iacihc-), auuual siucc
z ic Ycar's Day scc |clo). Dcdicatiou o tcuplcs ou t|c lusula
1i|criua to t|c aucicut louau god \cdiovis aud to t|c Grcc| god Asclcpius, iu latiu
callcd Acsculapius, iutroduccd iu atcr a prolougcd plaguc.
z - - iCi), -
-- CY), lC) as o , orucrly
Circuucisiou o C|rist), iauc o |csus lut|crau), iasil t|c Grcat Ort|., |au. lC)

I:.s: .; :|: C.r.o..s.... Accordiug to t|c la o Moscs '|c t|at is cig|t days old s|all
|c circuuciscd auoug you, cvcry uau c|ild iu your gcucratious . . . aud uy covcuaut
s|all |c iu your ncs| or au cvcrlastiug covcuaut' Gcu. -). Accordiugly, '|cu
cig|t days crc accouplis|cd or t|c circuucisiug o t|c c|ild, |is uauc as callcd
|csus' lu|c ). Circuucisiou as uot rcquircd o C|ristiaus, aud t|c cast did uot
|ccouc csta|lis|cd iu louc uutil t|c clcvcut| ccutury.
C.r.o..s..., or C|rist su|uittiug to t|c la iu t|at carly aud paiuull piccc o Scrvicc, t|is as
so grcat a Day auougst t|c icat|cus, t|at t|c C|ristiaus ould uot o|scrvc it or ycars,
aud cll it as or t|c C|ristiaus, t|at t|is as suc| a Gaudy day it| t|cu, or t|cy ould uot
sully t|c joy o it it| Martyriug t|c C|ristiaus, so t|at |crcas t|crc crc iu C..s:..:..:s tiuc,
t|c lcasts o Saiuts or cvcry day iu t|c ycar, t|crc crc uouc or t|is. Dovc )
3.s.| :|: Cr:.: Ort|.). 1|is day couucuoratcs t|c dcat| ou |auuary o t|c grcat
t|cologiau iasil, ouc o t|c t|rcc Cappadociau lat|crs scc |au.), rou till |is
dcat| |is|op o Cacsarca iu Cappadocia uo iayscri iu 1ur|cy), |crc |c csta|lis|cd
|ospitals aud poor rclic, t|c aut|or o scruous ou t|c Six Days o Crcatiou t|c
H::.:o:r..) aud uauy ot|cr iuportaut or|s, |o c|aupioucd t|c ait| o iicaca,
t|at t|c Sou is cousu|stautial it| t|c lat|cr, at t|c Couucil o Coustautiuoplc iu .
A rouud 'iasil-ca|c' J.s.|..::.) o uil|, cggs, |uttcr, aud sugar is |a|cd iu |is |ouour,
a coiu is addcd to t|c ca|c. lu t|c couutrysidc |c as rcgardcd uot as a sc|olar |ut as a
arucr, |c iuspccts aru auiuals aud as|s t|cu |o t|cy |avc |ccu trcatcd. iis lC
datc, |uuc till , is uo |auuary.
N: 1:.r`s L.,. Alt|oug| t|c louaus |uc t|at t|cir ycar |ad origiually |cguu it|
M.r.|, t|c uauc I...r.s is uot appropriatc to au clcvcut| uout|, t|c ic Ycar cstiv-
itics sccu too cll cutrcuc|cd to |avc |ccu uovcd iu |istorical tiucs, aud i t|c hrst
rittcu accouut o t|c louau calcudar, put ou pu|lic display iu t|c tcuplc o icr-
culcs aud t|c Muscs .. scc |uuc), |ad iudicatcd a Marc| |cgiuuiug, our
sourccs uust |avc told us, suc| as t|c louaus' iutcrcst iu t|cir calcudar scc
ll .o.. C.|:..r). Alt|oug| it as uot till iu t|at t|c cousuls, |o gavc t|cir
uaucs to t|c civil ycar, cutcrcd occ ou |auuary |aviug douc so ou Marc| siucc
, aud |corc t|at ou various ot|cr datcs), aud t|cu ouly |ccausc o a uilitary
crisis, t|is uust |avc |ccu t|c truc day o ic Ycar, as iu ucdicval Luropc, irrcspcct-
ivc o t|c datiug systcu.
1|c ialcuds o |auuary, I.|:..: I...r..:, crc o|scrvcd |y louaus |ot| pu|licly
it| gaucs givcu |y t|c cousuls or t|c ycar, |o cauc iuto occ ou t|at day, aud pri-
vatcly it| t|c giviug o prcscuts s:r:..:) aud it| gcucral rcvclry. So cll cutrcuc|cd
aud so popular crc t|c cclc|ratious t|at iu ot|cr lauguagcs o t|c cupirc t|c latiu
uauc o I.|:..: as applicd to t|cu it|out qualihcatiou, C|ristiau prcac|crs dis-
approvcd, |ut uot t|cir noc|s, |o as St Augustiuc tcstihcs stoutly rcsistcd t|c C|urc|'s
attcupt to proclaiu a ast. 1|c day's uost prouiucut uartyr, St Aluac|ius, is uot t|c
couvcutioual victiu o pagau pcrsccutiou, |ut au agitator |o attcuptcd to disrupt t|c
ic Ycar's gaucs iu louc iu t|c carly s uudcr t|c C|ristiau cupcror 1|codosius l,
t|c prccct Alypius, |iuscl a C|ristiau, avcrtcd a riot |y |aviug t|c gladiators |c|cad

|iu t|crc aud t|cu. iot till t|c ucxt rcigu crc gladiatorial s|os supprcsscd, auot|cr
vcrsiou o t|c story |as t|cu stoppcd atcr ouc '1clcuac|us' as stoucd to dcat| |y
t|c crod or iutcrruptiug t|cu. iocvcr, cvcu t|cu rcvivals arc attcstcd.)
lu t|c sixt| ccutury, t|c c|urc|cs o Gaul aud Spaiu co-optcd t|c 'Octavc o C|rist-
uas' as t|c cast o t|c lord's Circuucisiou, ou t|c cig|t| day rou |is |irt| accord-
iug to |cis| la, t|c louau C|urc| cvcutually aduittcd t|c cast to its calcudar iu au
attcupt at supplautiug t|c pcrsistcut pagau cclc|ratious, |ic| iucludcd uot ouly giv-
iug prcscuts |ut driu|iug dccp, cariug uas|s, aud |ccpiug ouc's ta|lc ladcu all uig|t
iu ordcr to cusurc sucicucy o ood all ycar. ludccd, it is clcar t|at c|urc|ucu o|jcctcd
to t|csc rcvclrics, uot ouly as good uu |ut as a vc|iclc o |cat|cu ritual aud diviuatiou,
ucvcrt|clcss, t|cy crc uot casy to supprcss, as t|c Luglis| uissiouary St iouiacc scc
|uuc) ouud. Larly iu iouiacc couplaiucd to t|c uc popc, Zac|arias scc
Mar.), t|at |cu |is Gcruau couvcrts aud t|c local C|ristiaus ou |ou |c soug|t to
iuposc louau ays) o|scrvcd t|c ialcuds o |auuary |ciug cclc|ratcd at louc aud
a|out St ictcr's it| dauciug iu t|c strccts, |cat|cuis| crics, sacrilcgious sougs, ta|lcs
ladcu it| ood, aud oucu cariug auulcts aud ocriug t|cu or salc, t|cy iucrrcd
t|at t|is as pcruittcd |y t|c local clcrgy aud rcactcd it| scoru to |is attcupts at
c|augiug t|cir |c|aviour. 1|c iopc rcplicd iu duc coursc, ou April , dcclariug t|at
|c |ad or|iddcu all suc| activitics, |is pro|i|itiou as couhrucd |y a syuod latcr iu
t|c ycar.
iartly |ccausc o t|csc louau custous, t|c C|urc| as loug rcluctaut to couut t|c
ycar rou |auuary, ucvcrt|clcss, t|c day rctaiucd t|c titlc o ic Ycar's Day aud its
couutcrpart iu ot|cr lauguagcs irrcspcctivc o t|c day ou |ic| t|c uuu|cr o t|c ycar
c|augcd. lu Luglaud, t|is as uot ocially |auuary till , uorcovcr, uauy docu-
ucuts crc datcd |y t|c sovcrcigu's rcgual ycar, |ic| as rcc|oucd rou t|c datc o
acccssiou dou to icury lll's tiuc, o corouatiou), |ut iu t|c t|irtccut| ccutury Oru,
t|c aut|or o a loug didactic pocu callcd t|c ro|o, said o t|c Circuucisiou
tatt da iss ic crcss da
Maug Luglccodc ucuuucdd
aud t|at day is callcd ic Ycar's Day auougst t|c Luglis| pcoplc. Morcovcr, iu cal-
culatiug lcap ycar or t|c datc o Lastcr t|c ycar alays |cgau it| |auuary, lris| auua-
lists idcutihcd ycars |y t|c day o t|c cc| aud agc o t|c uoou ou t|is day cvcu |cu
t|cy couutcd ycars o t|c C|ristiau cra rou Marc|, aluauacs rcgularly |cgau it|
|auuary. Au cig|tccut|-ccutury llorcutiuc poct, ritiug to dccadcs |corc Graud
Du|c lrauccsco Stcauo o 1uscauy iuposcd t|c uodcru or 'Circuucisiou' stylc, cx-
prcsscd t|c uotiou 't|roug|out t|c ycar' as 'Dal d di capo d'auuo a sau Silvcstro', rou
ic Ycar's Day ou |auuary to St Sylvcstcr's Day ou Dcccu|cr.
lu Scotlaud t|c |auuary stylc as adoptcd iu , |y t|cu it as uorual iu couti-
ucutal Vcstcru Luropc outsidc ltaly. 1|c Scottis| cutrcprcucur aud sccrct agcut |o|u
Mac|y too| uotc o t|c Luglis| datiug systcu iu a dcscriptiou o Luglis| lic t|roug|
hctitious lcttcrs to a orcigucr |aviug datcd lcttcr ix '|auuary st, ', |c |cgius
l |cgiu t|is lcttcr it| is|iug you a iappy N:~1:.r, t|oug| t|c Ycar docs uot |cgiu iu t|is
iiugdou till t|c t| Day o M.r.|. l |avc as|cd scvcral lcarucd Mcu t|c lcasou |y t|cy do

|crc dicr rou all iiugdous o C|r.s::..o iu t|c |cgiuuiug t|cir Ycar, |ut l could ucvcr |avc
auy tolcra|lc Accouut givcu, cxccpt, t|at t|c t| o M.r.| |ciug t|c Day o t|c ilcsscd \irgiu's
Couccptiou, t|cy Datc t|c .r. o our lord rou t|cucc. Mac|y, i.
Su|scqucut lcttcrs arc datcd '-' or ''. '1|c |auuary rcc|ouiug |ad |ccu
sporadically attcstcd rou t|c uid-sixtccut| ccutury 1|ouas Vilsou's |oo| 1|: Jr:: .;
|::.r.,:, datcd |y its priutcr lic|ard Gratou 'M.D.llll. Mcusc lauuarij', |clougs, as
pcrsoual, political, aud rcligious rcasous cou|iuc to provc, to uot . iy t|c carly
cig|tccut| ccutury privatc usagc as avcriug t|c sauc pcriodical uay, |ctccu |auu-
ary aud Marc|, usc iudiscriuiuatcly t|c |ig|cr ycar, t|c locr ycar, aud t|c cou-
|iucd oru. Lvcutually, t|c Act o iarliaucut iutroduciug t|c ic Stylc iuto Grcat
iritaiu also laid dou t|at rou t|c ycar s|ould |cgiu ou |auuary iu Luglaud aud
|cr Aucricau colouics, as it did iu Scotlaud.
V|ic| ycar as lougcr, or , iu .) Luglaud, |) Scotlaud, .) lraucc. Auscr
.) , |) , .) . lu Luglaud, rau ouly rou Marc| to Dcccu|cr,
|ic| outcig|s t|c loss o clcvcu days iu Scptcu|cr scc ll M.:r. C.|:..r.
Cr:.r... :;.ro), iu Scotlaud, |ad its ull couplcucut o days, |ut as dc-
privcd o t|c sauc clcvcu days, iu lraucc, |crc uo rcoru as uccdcd, |ot| ycars rau
t|cir ull lcugt|, |ut , |ciug lcap ycar, as ouc day lougcr.
H., N: 1:.r`
1|c auticut, ricudly, aud |cucvolcut custou o
-
is so gcucrally cxplodcd, t|at a pcrsou uust |c |lcsscd it| t|c avours o ortuuc, or cll |uou
as a uau o talcut, to vcuturc |is couscqucucc |y uo ocriug so auiliar au addrcss lc, t|crc-
orc, a|ovc t|c locst class o socicty, attcupt to o|trudc auy good is|cs or t|c |appiucss, or
succcss o |is ucig||our, lcst, i t|cy cscapc t|c iuputatiou o uuliccuscd rccdou, t|cy |c
dccucd vulgar, aud iguoraut o |at is tcrucd ;.s|....||: |.;:. Lvcu t|c uodcru cxprcssiou o t|c
- -
|ic| as loug su|stitutcd or t|c orucr uorc cxprcssivc aud |cttcr uudcrstood uodc o salu-
tatiou, |as givcu ay |corc uuivcrsal rchucucut, rcal or acctcd, aud is uo sauctioucd ouly iu
auily circlcs, auoug iutiuatc ricuds, or rou a pcrsou |o is cit|cr au ac|uolcdgcd supcrior,
or at lcast upou cquality it| t|c ouc |ou |c addrcsscs. lu li|c uauucr,
K- -
|avc allcu iuto suc| disusc, t|at t|cy arc scarccly |uou cxccpt iu souc triniug iustauccs, |crc
suc| uar|s o acctiou arc ocrcd to c|ildrcu cucrgiug rou t|c uurscry.
irady, i. - )
At t|is tiuc, C|ristuas too sccucd ou t|c dccliuc, its uiuctccut|-ccutury rcvival did
littlc or t|c ic Ycar, t|oug| t|c cxc|augc o good is|cs rccovcrcd its rcspccta|ility.
Ouc uig|t stay up ou ic Ycar's Lvc or a uiduig|t toast, or ua|c rcsolutious or scl-
iuprovcucut, rcvcllcrs gat|crcd iu 1raalgar Squarc to scc iu t|c ic Ycar aud rolic iu
t|c ouutaius a plcasurc uo or|iddcu ou grouuds o sacty), |ut |auuary as au
ordiuary or|iug day. iocvcr, iu Scotlaud, |ic| or loug paid littlc or uo attcutiou
to C|ristuas, t|c ic Ycar as aud rcuaius a grcat occasiou, |ciug couplctcly uu-
taiutcd |y popcry. iy t|c iau| ioliday Act \ict. c. ) ic Ycar's Day as

rccogui.cd as a iau| ioliday iu Scotlaud, |ut iu Luglaud it did uot attaiu t|at status
till . Siucc t|cu, |ocvcr, uauy coupauics |avc dctcruiucd t|at it is uot ort|
t|cir |ilc to rcsuuc or| duriug t|c iutcrvcuiug cc|, uuc| to t|c disgust aud cuvy
o jourualists, |o cujoy uo suc| cxtcudcd |oliday.
C.;:~.... lt as ou |auuary t|at ic Ycar gits crc givcu, |ic| iu carlicr tiucs |ad
t|c iuportaucc t|at C|ristuas prcscuts |avc it| us. louaus cxc|augcd s:r:..:, |ic| iu
lrcuc| arc still callcd :r:..:s, t|c Luglis| tcru '|audscls', uo |cttcr |uou iu Scotlaud,
is attcstcd as '|oudcscllc' iu t|c ourtccut|-ccutury pocu `.r C.... .. :|: Cr::. I..|:
Aud sycu ric|c ort| ruuucu to rcc|c |oudcscllc,
ccd crcs-itcs ou |, cldc |cu |i |oud,
Dc|atcd |usyly a|outc o gitcs,
ladics lacd ul loudc, o ay lost |adcu,
Aud |c at au at. uot rot|c, at uay c cl trac.
1|c gucsts t|cu go a|out cxc|augiug gits,
iold t|cir prcscuts ou |ig| aud |aud t|cu out,
Glccully couparc t|c gits t|cy gct,
ladics laug| t|oug| loscrs iu t|c gauc
A |iss.), uo gaiucr gluu, as you uay gucss.
traus. 1|codorc Silvcrstciu
ic Ycar to|cus a politcr tcru t|au 'gits') crc |cstocd ou aud |y uouarc|s aud
uo|lcs till t|c tiuc o |aucs ll, iis|op latiucr gavc icury \lll a ic 1cstaucut it|
a clot| |cariug a quotatiou rou ic|rcs , I.r....:.r:s :: .|::r.s ,...|.: L.o..s,
'|orcuougcrs aud adultcrcrs t|c lord s|all judgc'.
iu|lic ocials also rcccivcd t|cir rcards
1|c ucrc possi|ility o a suspiciou o prcjudicc iu a judgc oug|t, uo dou|t, to |c avoidcd, aud,
s., iscly t|oug|t t|c grcat, |ut uuortuuatc Sir 1|ouas Morc.-V|cu Mrs. Croa|cr |ad o|-
taiucd a dccrcc iu C|auccry agaiust lord Aruudcl, s|c availcd |crscl o t|c ;rs: .:~,:.r`s~.,
atcr |cr succcss, to prcscut to Sir 1|ouas, t|cu t|c lord C|auccllor, a iAll Ol GlO\LS,
coutaiuiug orty pouuds iu augcls tcu-s|illiug picccs, as a to|cu o |cr gratitudc, t|c glovcs |c
rcccivcd it| satisactiou, t|csc could uot pcr|aps, as t|c ocriug o t|c |cart, |c rcuscd, |ut
t|c gold |c pcrcuptorily, t|oug| politcly rcturucd 'lt ould |c agaiust good uauucrs to orsa|c
a gcutlcouau's uc-ycar's-git,' said t|at cuiucut uau, 'aud l acccpt t|c glovcs, t|cir liuiug you
ill |c plcascd .:|:r.s: to |csto.' irady, i.
iot all lord C|auccllors crc so uprig|t. Mary Couutcss Copcr rcports t|c ollo-
iug auccdotc |cu |cr |us|aud as lord C|auccllor
. |au. . 1|is Mout| uscd to |c us|crcd iu it| ic Ycar's Gits rou t|c laycrs, |ic|
uscd to couc to ucar ,|. to t|c C|auccllor. 1|c Origiual o t|is Custou as, ircscuts o
Viuc aud irovisious, |ic| uscd to |c scut to t|c C|auccllor |y t|c icoplc |o practiscd iu
|is Court. iut iu proccss o 1iuc a covctous C|auccllor iusiuuatcd to t|cu t|at Gold ould |c
uorc acccpta|lc, so it as c|augcd iuto Gold, aud coutiuucd so till t|c hrst 1iuc uy lord |ad
t|c Scals Lvcryouc |aviug |laucd it t|at cvcr |ad t|c Scals, |ut iouc or|iddiug it.
1|c Larl o N.::..|.o icauagc liuc|, |cu C|auccllor, uscd to rcccivc t|cu staudiug |y
a 1a|lc, aud at t|c sauc 1iuc |c too| t|c Moucy to lay it upou t|c 1a|lc, |c uscd to cry out,
'O|, tyraut Cut|tou.' or |c lispcd)-uy lord or|adc t|c |riugiug t|cu. Copcr,

1|is |cat|cuis| custou aud t|c |olc jollity o t|c C|ristuas scasou crc scvcrcly
critici.cd |y Villiau iryuuc iu |is H.s:r..~M.s:.: o p. )
l cc uo parallcll our graud disordcrly C|ristuasscs, it| t|csc louau Saturuals aud |cat|cu
lcstivals, or our ic-ycarcs day a c|icc part o C|ristuas) it| t|cir lcstivity o I..s, |ic|
as spcut iu Muuucrics, Stagc-playcs, dauciug, aud suc| li|c Lutcrludcs, |crciu lidlcrs aud
ot|crs actcd lascivious ccuiuatc parts, aud cut a|out t|cir 1ous aud Citics iu oucus ap-
parcll, |cucc t|c |olc Cat|olic|c C|urc| as Alc|uviuus Alcuiu, it| ot|crs ritc)
appoiutcd a solcuu pu|li|c ast upou t|is our ic-ycarcs day, |ic| ast it sccucs is uo or-
gottcu) to |cailc t|osc |cat|cuis| Lutcrludcs, sports, aud lcd idolatrous practiscs |ic| |ad
|ccuc uscd ou it pro|i|itiug all C|ristiaus uudcr paiuc o cxcouuuuicatiou, rou o|scrviug t|c
ialcuds or hrst o lauuary |ic| cc uo call ic-ycarcs day) as |oly, aud rou scudiug
a|road ic-ycarcs gits upou it, a custouc uo too rcqucut,) it |ciug a uccrc rcliquc o
iagauisuc aud idolatry, dcrivcd rou t|c |cat|cu louaus cast o to-accd lauus, aud a prac-
tisc so cxccra|lc uuto C|ristiaus, t|at uot oucly t|c |olc Cat|olic|c C|urc|, |ut cvcu t|c
auous Couuccls . . . |avc positivcly pro|i|itcd t|c solcuui.atiou o ic-ycarcs day, aud t|c
scudiug a|road o ic-ycarcs gits, uudcr au auat|cua ~ cxcouuuuicatiou, as uu|csccuiug
C|ristiaus, |o s|ould ctcrually a|olis|, uot propagatc, rcvivc, or rccoutiuuc t|is pagau cstivall,
aud |cat|cuis| ccrcuouic, |ic| our God a||ors.
lt is ouly air to rccord t|at iryuuc, |o cou|iucd |orror o jollity it| |orror o rc-
|clliou, |ad cvcu uorc to couplaiu o t|au ot|cr pcoplc iu t|at coutcutious agc.
I.rs:~;..:.. .s:.os. lu uauy couutrics t|crc is a custou o hrst-ootiug Scots hrst-ht).
lu Scotlaud t|is is douc |y a tall dar| uau, |o stridcs silcutly iuto t|c |ousc |cariug
|is|y, coal, aud |lac| |uu or t|c |ousc|old, |o rcard |iu it| ood aud driu| o
t|cir ou, iu Grcccc, |crc t|c ic Ycar's is| is 'old agc, |cauty, aud grcat prospcr-
ity', |y t|c uastcr o t|c |ousc or |y a 'luc|y' |oy, ucauiug ouc |osc parcuts arc |ot|
alivc suc| c|ildrcu playcd a siguihcaut part iu aucicut Grcc| aud louau ritual). lu
Al|auia too t|c hrst-ootcr uust lay a log upou t|c hrc. lu ircsidcut Vas|iugtou
iuauguratcd a custou o opcuiug |is |ousc aud staudiug to rcccivc visitors t|at lastcd
uutil , lrau|liu looscvclt |ciug uua|lc to staud.
ic s|ould |c dar|-|aircd, aud s|ould pass t|roug| t|c |ousc cutcriug at t|c |ac| aud lcaviug
|y t|c rout-door. iaupsou, i.
lt's uot luc|y or . . . a rcd-|aircd uau to couc iu to your |ousc hrst ou a ic Ycar's Day, t|crc'll
|c a dcat| iu it aorc t|c ycar's out. N c , t| scr., ii ),
Moo:rs` .r.: .. |.|.:||... 1|c i|iladclp|ia uuuucrs, t|oug| uot orually rccog-
ui.cd |y t|c city till , coutiuucd a colouial traditiou o cclc|ratiug t|is day it| a
play uutatcd rou t|at o St Gcorgc aud t|c Dragou. 1|c patrou saiut o Luglaud as
displaccd |y t|c uatioual |cro o Aucrica, |o cutcrcd it| t|c liucs
icrc au l, grcat Vas|iugtou.
Ou uy s|ouldcr l carry a guu.
V|crcupou |c as iutcrruptcd |y a clouis| c|aractcr, |o dcclarcd
icrc coucs l, old Cooucy Crac|cr.
l scar to God uy ic c|cs tcr|ac|cr.
A pipc is good, cigars arc |cttcr,
V|cu l gct uarricd l'll scud you a lcttcr.

1|c Dcvil as also rcprcscutcd. 1|c uuuucrs crc givcu |ospitality iu cvcry |ousc,
ctiqucttc rcquiriug t|cu to |c addrcsscd ouly as t|c c|aractcrs |ou t|cy playcd, it as
rcucu|crcd t|at a littlc girl |urst out 'O|, l |uo t|cc, lsaac Siuuous. 1|cc is uot
Gcorgc Vas|iugtou.'
`:rs:.:...s .: :|: |:..... .; N: 1:.r
Allc t|at ta|uu |cdc to dysuolc dayis aud vsyu uysc o|scrvauucys iu t|c ucc uouc, or iu t|c
ucc yccr, as scttyugc o uctc or dryu|c |c uyg|t ou t|c |cuc|c, to cdyu Al-|oldc, lcdyug o
t|c plo a|otyu t|c cr, as or good |cgyuuyugc o t|c yccr t|at t|cy sc|uldc arc t|c |cttcrc
al t|c yccr olyugc . . . L.:s .. .:r
1|c supcrstitiou t|at t|c occupatiou o ic Ycar's Day as rcprcscutativc o t|c ycar
olloiug is cxcuplihcd iu Sit's j.r..| :. `::||., lcttcr xii, datcd Dcccu|cr
Vould you auscr M.D.'s lcttcr,
Ou ic Ycar's Day you ill do it |cttcr,
lor |cu t|c ycar it| M.D. 'gius,
lt it|out M.D. ucvcr lius.
1|csc irovcr|s |avc alays old ords iu t|cu, |..s is lcavcs o.)
3. |.|
iray dou't 'cc as| ou ic Ycar's day,
or you'll as| ouc o t|c auily aay.
Cast ioly Vatcr all a|out,
Aud |avc a carc uo hrc gocs out.
lo|crt icrric| -), '1|c ic-yccrcs Git'
1|osc |o |avc uot t|c couuou uatcrials o ua|iug a hrc, gcucrally sit it|out ouc, ou ic
Ycar's Day, or uouc o t|cir ucig||ours, alt|oug| |ospita|lc at ot|cr tiucs, ill sucr t|cu to
lig|t a caudlc at t|cir hrcs. l t|cy do, t|cy say t|at souc ouc o t|c auily ill dic it|iu t|c
ycar. C:.:|:o..`s M.....:, ), pt. , iort| lidiug o Yor|s|irc)
lt ould |c cousidcrcd a uost gricvous aair crc t|c pcrsou |o hrst sccps t|c noor ou ic
Ycar's uoruiug to |rus| t|c dust to t|c door, iustcad o |cgiuuiug at t|c door aud sccpiug t|c
dust to t|c |cart|, as t|c good ortuuc o t|c auily iudividually ould t|crc|y |c cousidcrcd
to |c scpt rou t|c |ousc or t|at ycar. |. 1raiu, ii. lslc o Mau, )
C.. |.|
l t|c carol-siugcr |o hrst coucs to your door iu Vorccstcrs|irc) ou ic Ycar's uoruiug is
aduittcd at t|c rout door, couductcd all t|roug| t|c |ousc, aud lct out at t|c |ac| door, you
ill |avc good luc| all t|roug| t|c ycar. N c , ud scr., iii ),
1|c hrst day o t|is ycir, |ciug 1|ursday, t|c pcpill o|scrvit t|c old, aucicut, |ot |cggcrlic, cus-
touc, iu sci|iug, craviug, aud |cggiug |audscll, uouy supcrstitiouslic |clcviug t|at t|ai could
uot t|ryvc all t|at ycir cxccpt t|ai |aid gottiu a ic ycirs git. iicoll, )
3r.... .. :|: N: 1:.r
|au. . As soou as cvcr t|c cloc| struc| ouc, l |isscd uy ic iu t|c |itc|cu |y t|c hrc-
sidc, is|iug |cr a ucrry ic ycar, o|scrviug t|at l |clicvc l as t|c hrst propcr is|cr o it
t|is ycar, or l did it as soou as cvcr t|c cloc| struc| ouc. icpys, v.
Mouday, Dcccu|cr
l sat up till atcr uiduig|t to atc| t|c Old Ycar out aud t|c ic Ycar iu. 1|c |clls raug at iutcr-
vals all t|c cvcuiug, tollcd just |corc t|c turu o t|c uig|t aud t|c ycar aud t|cu raug a joy pcal,

aud raug ou till ouc o'cloc|. Atcr l |ad gouc to |cd l sa rou |crc l lay a |rig|t |la.c spruug
up iu t|c hclds |cyoud t|c rivcr aud l |uc at oucc t|at t|cy crc |ccpiug up t|c old custou
o iuruiug t|c ius| ou ic Ycar's Day iu t|c uoruiug. lrou t|c iuap, t|c |ill a|ovc t|c vil-
lagc uas|cd |y t|c to cluups o trccs, t|c |olc vallcy cau |c sccu carly ou ic Ycar's Moru-
iug alig|t it| hrcs. iuruiug t|c ius|, as it cau |c sccu also rou t|c |ill at ictts, Clyro, ou
|ic| t|c old C|apcl stauds. iilvcrt, iii.
L....:... .:| 3.||:
iappcuiug to pass |y a cottagc |crc au old ouau livcd |ou l |uc cll, l stcppcd iu aud
is|cd |cr a |appy uc ycar. lustcad o rcplyiug to uy salutatiou, s|c starcd ildly at uc, aud
cxclaiucd iu a |orrihcd touc 'ic Ycar's Day. aud l |avc ucvcr dippcd.' . . . l gat|crcd rou |cr
t|at it as custouary to . iuto t|c ii|lc |corc tclvc o'cloc| ou ic Ycar's Day, aud t|c hrst
vcrsc t|at uccts t|c cyc iudicatcs t|c good or |ad ortuuc o t|c iuquircr t|roug| t|c cusuiug
ycar. My old ricud addcd 'last ycar l dippcd, aud l opcucd ou |o|, aud, surc cuoug|, l |avc |ad
uoug|t |ut trou|lc cvcr siucc.' N c , ud scr., xii ),
L.s: |.ss
1|c last glass o iuc or spirits draiucd rou t|c last |ottlc ou ic Ycar's Lvc or Day is callcd
t|c 'luc|y glass'. lt |riugs good ortuuc to |ocvcr coucs iu or it, aud i au uuuarricd pcrsou
driu|s it, |c ill |c t|c hrst to uarry auoug t|c coupauy. icudcrsou,
Lr... ;rs: .::r ;r.o :|: :|| .. :|: H.||..s. Ou ic Ycar's Lvc 'souc carcull pcrsou
is also dispatc|cd to t|c :. .. |... ;.r, |o dras a pitc|cr o atcr, o|scrviug all
t|c tiuc t|c uost proouud silcucc'. lt is uscd ou ic Ycar's Day as ollos
1|c hrst coursc, cousistiug o t|c bs,:~C.s|r..|, or atcr rou t|c :. .. |... ;.r, |y its
sacrcd virtucs, prcscrvcs t|c iig|laudcr, uutil t|c ucxt auuivcrsary, rou all t|osc dircul calaui-
tics procccdiug rou t|c agcucy o all iucrual spirits, itc|crat, cvil cycs, aud t|c li|c. Aud t|c
sccoud coursc, cousistiug o t|c uucs o juuipcr, uot ouly rcuovcs |atcvcr discascs uay acct
t|c |uuau rauc at t|c tiuc, |ut it li|cisc ortihcs t|c coustitutiou agaiust t|cir uturc attac|s.
. . . lig|t aud hrc |ciug |iudlcd, aud t|c ucccssary arraugcucuts |aviug |ccu ccctcd, t|c |ig|
pricst o t|c ccrcuouics or t|c day, aud |is assistauts, procccd it| t|c |allocd atcr to t|c
scvcral |cds iu t|c |ousc, aud, |y ucaus o a largc |rus|, spriu|lcs upou t|cir occupauts a pro-
usc s|ocr o t|c prccious prcscrvativc, |ic|, uotit|staudiug its salutary propcrtics, t|cy
souctiucs rcccivc it| jarriug iugratitudc. Graut Stcart, - )
N::|: .. :|r:. .:r:o.., .: ::.`s C.||::, :;.r. 1|is ccrcuouy, |ic| ta|cs placc ou
ic Ycar's Day iu Quccu's Collcgc, Oxord, is still |cld. Cclia licuucs o|scrvcd it iu
t|c s
1|crc is a vcry odd custou iu Quccu Coll. or cvcry uc-ycars-day t|crc is a ccrtaiu suu laid
out iu iccdlcs aud 1|rcad |ic| as lct |y t|c ouudcr, aud cvcry Gcutlcuau o t|at Collcdgc
|as ouc givcu |iu it| t|csc ords 1a|c t|is aud |c t|rity. licuucs,
A Gcruau visitor iu cxplaius t|c origiu
A curious custou cxists |crc, ou ic Ycar's Day cvcry ucu|cr rcccivcs a uccdlc aud t|rcad rou
t|c |ousc|ccpcr, it| t|csc ords, '1a|c t|is aud |c c|ary o it'-iu allusiou to t|c uauc o t|c
ouudcr o t|c collcgc, lo|crt Lgglchcld ...||: ;|). iicluauscggc,
h.ss..|... A traditioual assailiug soug
icrc c couc a assailiug,
Auoug t|c lcavcs so grccu,
icrc c couc a audcriug,
So air to |c sccu.

C|.rs.
lovc aud joy couc to you,
Aud to your asscl too,
Aud God scud you a |appy ic Ycar,
A ic Ycar,
Aud God scud you a |appy ic Ycar.
Our asscl cup is uadc o roscuary-trcc,
So is your |ccr o t|c |cst |arlcy.
Vc arc uot daily |cggars,
1|at |cg rou door to door,
iut c arc ucig||ours' c|ildrcu,
V|ou you |avc sccu |corc.
Call up t|c |utlcr o t|is |ousc,
iut ou |is goldcu riug,
lct |iu |riug us up a glass o |ccr
Aud t|c |cttcr c s|all siug.
Vc |avc got a littlc pursc,
Madc o strctc|iug lcat|cr s|iu,
Vc aut a littlc o your uoucy
1o liuc it cll it|iu.
iriug us out a ta|lc,
Aud sprcad it it| a clot|,
iriug us out a uouldy c|ccsc,
Aud souc o your C|ristuas loa.
God |lcss t|c uastcr o t|is |ousc,
li|cisc t|c uistrcss too,
Aud all t|c littlc c|ildrcu,
1|at rouud t|c ta|lc go.
Good uastcr aud uistrcss,
V|ilc you'rc sittiug |y t|c hrc,
iray t|iu| o us poor c|ildrcu,
V|o arc audcriug iu t|c uirc.
C|au|crs, |au.
lccipc or ua|iug a assail |ol
Siuucr a suall quautity o t|c olloiug spiccs iu a tcacupul o atcr, vi..-Cardauuus,
clovcs, uutucg, uacc, giugcr, ciuuauou, aud coriaudcr. V|cu douc, put t|c spicc to to, our,
or six |ottlcs o port, s|crry, or uadcira, it| ouc pouud aud a |al o huc loa sugar pouudcd)
to our |ottlcs, aud sct all ou t|c hrc iu a clcau |rig|t sauccpau, ucau|ilc, |avc yol|s o aud
t|c |itcs o cggs cll |is|cd up iu it. 1|cu, |cu t|c spiccd aud sugarcd iuc is a littlc
aru, ta|c out ouc tcacupul, aud so ou or t|rcc or our cups, atcr |ic|, |cu it |oils, add
t|c |olc o t|c rcuaiudcr, pouriug it iu gradually, aud stirriug it |ris|ly all t|c tiuc, so as to
rot| it. 1|c uoucut a huc rot| is o|taiucd, toss iu huc sot roastcd applcs, aud scud it up
|ot. Spiccs or cac| |ottlc o iuc- graius o uacc, graius o clovcs, graius o carda-
uuus, graius o ciuuauou, graius o uutucg, graius o giugcr, graius o coriaudcr
sccds. C|au|crs
lu graus t|c spiccs couc to g. uacc, g. clovcs, g. cardauou, . g. ciuuauou,
g. uutucg, . g. giugcr, g. coriaudcr sccd. Lsc |olc spiccs.)

N: 1:.r`s L., .. Lo;r.:s,
lriday st. ic Ycar's day. As usual a uuu|cr o pcoplc goiug a|out t|c strccts druu|. Attcudcd
t|c |ospital at |rca|ast, diuucr aud suppcr. 1|c poor pcoplc crc trcatcd |y souc |cucvolcut
iudividuals it| a |rca|ast o tca, loa |rcad, |uttcr aud cggs, diuucr o roast |cc, potatocs,
|rcad aud c|ccsc it| |ccr aud toddy aud a suppcr o c|ccsc aud |rcad aud |ccr. 1|c poor crc
uuc| plcascd it| t|c day's cutcrtaiuucut, suc| as l supposc ucvcr as givcu iu t|c |ousc
|corc. Gricrsou,
N: 1:.r`s L., .s :::r.:..: |, . Ir:..| :r.:||:r .. J||..,, N1,
l |ad travclcd ar cuoug| duriug t|c day to |opc or a quict slccp, aud cxpcctcd a good uig|t,
|ut at our iu t|c uoruiug l as aa|cucd |y a uus|ct hrcd closc to uy iudos l listcucd
|ut |card uot t|c suallcst uoisc or uotiou iu t|c strcct, |ic| uadc uc iuagiuc it as souc
uus|ct |ic| |ad gouc o |y itscl it|out causiug auy accidcut. So l attcuptcd to go |ac| to
slccp. A quartcr o au |our latcr a rcs| uus|ct or pistol s|ot iutcrruptcd uy rcposc t|is as
ollocd |y scvcral ot|crs, so t|at l uo lougcr |ad auy dou|t t|at it as souc rcjoiciug or cast,
li|c our villagc c|ristcuiugs. 1|c |our iudccd struc| uc as uuusual, |ut at lcugt| a uuu|cr o
voiccs uiuglcd it| uus|ctry, s|outiug 'ic Ycar,' rcuiudcd uc t|at it as t|c hrst o |auuary,
aud l coucludcd t|at it as t|us t|at M:ss.:rs |:s Jor.....s cclc|ratcd t|c |cgiuuiug o t|c uc
ycar. 1|oug| t|is uauucr o proclaiuiug it as uot, l uust ou, cspccially plcasiug to uc, t|crc
as uot|iug to do |ut |c paticut, |ut at t|c cud o |al au |our l |card a couuscd uoisc o
upards o a |uudrcd pcrsous, uostly c|ildrcu or youug pcoplc, asscu|lcd uudcr uy iu-
dos. Soou l as cvcu |cttcr arucd o t|cir proxiuity, or t|cy hrcd scvcral uus|ct s|ots,
|uoc|cd rudcly at t|c door, aud t|rc stoucs agaiust uy iudos. Cold aud iudolcucc still |cpt
uc iu |cd, |ut M. lyuc| got up, aud cauc iuto uy c|au|cr to tcll uc t|at t|csc pcoplc ccr-
taiuly ucaut to do uc |ouor aud to as| uc or souc uoucy. l rcqucstcd |iu to go dou aud
givc t|cu to louis, |c ouud t|cu alrcady uastcrs o t|c |ousc aud driu|iug uy laudlord's
ruu. lu a quartcr o au |our t|cy cut o to visit ot|cr strccts aud coutiuucd t|cir uoisc uutil
daylig|t.
Ou risiug, l lcarucd rou uy laudlord t|at it as t|c custou o t|c couutry or t|c youug
ol|s, t|c scrvauts, aud cvcu t|c icgrocs, to go rou tavcru to tavcru, aud to uauy ot|cr |ouscs,
to is| a |appy uc ycar aud as| or driu|. So t|at t|crc as uo particular coupliucut to uc
iu t|is aair, aud l ouud t|at, atcr t|c cxauplc o t|c louau cupcrors, l |ad uadc a largcss
to t|c pcoplc. lu t|c uoruiug, |cu l cut out to ta|c lcavc o Gcucral Cliutou, l uct uot|iug
|ut druu|cu pcoplc iu t|c strccts, |ut |at astouis|cd uc uost as to scc t|cu uot ouly al|,
|ut ruu upou t|c icc it|out alliug or ua|iug a alsc stcp, |ilc it as it| t|c utuost di
culty t|at l |cpt ou uy cct. C|astcllux, -
N: 1:.r`s L., .. N: 1.r| C.:,. At t|c cud o , |o|u iiutard laucutcd t|c dccliuc
o 'uauy o our auticut usagcs'
ic Ycar as a uost |oistcrous, ~ |cu uauucrs crc siuplcr ~ t|is city |ut au ovcrgrou \il-
lagc, |cgau at Miduig|t, Druus |catiug liriug o Guus, |u..as, ~ calliug at ricudly doors, to
cougratulatc t|c auily ~ gct a ic Ycars drau ~ coo|cy. \isits still |cpt up crc uadc atcr
C|urc|, |ut coo|ics |cgiu to disappcar, ~ alt|o t|c drau ~ |ot puuc| appcar ou t|c sidc|oard,
it is uorc or paradc t|au usc or c parta|c. ludccd siucc staggcriug t|ro' t|c strccts ou ic
Ycars day is out o as|iou, it is iupossi|lc to driu| draus at cvcry |ousc as o old. C|ildrcu
crc uuivcrsally scut to visit t|c auily rclatious, |ic| scrvcd to |ccp up acquaiutaucc it|
|iudrcd |rauc|cs. 1|c rcuotcst, crc all Luclcs, Auuts ~ Cousius ou t|at jovial day. Vcll do l
rccollcct couiug |ouc loadcd it| sixpcuccs a grcat suu) ~ |oucy coo|ics, cuoug| to last or
uout|s. iiutard, ii.

lu t|c Sovict Luiou pcoplc crc cucouragcd to cclc|ratc ic Ycar's Day, aud cxpcct
gits rou Graudat|cr lrost L:~o.r..), iu ordcr to diuiuis| appctitcs or C|ristuas,
|osc iS datc is |auuary.
h:.:|:r r.:r|s. 1|c cat|cr iu |auuary as a avouritc proguosticator or t|c rc-
uaiudcr o t|c ycar. lt otcu turus vcry cold at t|is tiuc iu t|c uort|cru |cuisp|crc.
Au|rcy :o...:s, ) quotcs au aucicut Vcls| provcr|, H.; |, .|.., .:.; |, I.., 'Suu-
ucr till t|c ic Ycar, iutcr till May', or, as |c trauslatcs it '1|at is, i it |c soucrly
cat|cr till t|c ialcuds o |auuary, it ill |c iutcrly cat|cr to t|c ialcuds o May.'
lu t|c yccrc t|at lauuary s|all cutcr ou t|c Suuday, t|at iutcr s|all |cc cold aud uoist, t|c Suu-
ucr s|all |c |ot, aud t|c tiuc o iarvcst s|all |c iudic aud raiuy, it| grcat a|ouudaucc o
coru, o iucs, aud ot|cr graius, ~ o all gardcu ruits, ~ |car|s, t|crc s|all |c littlc Oylc, a|uu-
daucc s|al |c o all uauucr o ncs|, souc grcat uccs s|al ucu |carc spo|cu o iiugs aud
irclats o t|c C|urc|, aud also o grcat iriuccs, grcat arrcs aud ro||crics s|all |c uadc, aud
uauy youg pcoplc s|all dyc. Lrra iatcr )
A sayiug ascri|cd to 1sar iic|olas l is t|at t|c to gcucrals iu |ou lussia could trust
crc |auvicr aud lvricr, |c as t|iu|iug o iapolcou's cxpcricucc, |ut t|c rcuar|
ould still |old truc |cu iitlcr iuvadcd t|c Sovict Luiou. Spauis| variauts 'Lucro y
c|rcro coucu us quc Madrid y 1olcdo' |auuary aud lc|ruary dcvour uorc t|au
Madrid aud 1olcdo), 'cucro y c|rcro dcsvicjadcro' |auuary aud lc|ruary cliuiuatc t|c
old ol|, provcr| iu t|c statc o |alisco, Mcxico).
z

... IIII N...s I...r..s i
1|.s .,: s|:::| :|: ..:r: .. s:.:: .; `:::o|:r. lloyd)
z - - - iaiti Auccstors' Day icro's Day) pu|lic |oli-
day)
Sit.crlaud icrc|toldstag Du|c icrc|told \ ouudcd t|c city o icruc iu t|c
tclt| ccutury)
LSA, Gcorgia latihcatiou Day ourt| statc to ratiy t|c Coustitutiou, )
z - iasil t|c Grcat CY, lC, |au. Ort|.), Grcgory o ia.iau.us CY,
lC, |au. Ort|.), Sylvcstcr Ort|., scc Dcc.), Scrahu o Sarov Ort|., CY cou-
ucu.)
`:r.;o .; `.r. -), lussiau uou| |o |ccauc a |cruit, a |oly uau soug|t out
|y visitors rou all ovcr lussia, outstaudiug |ot| or pcrsoual asccticisu aud or gcutlc-
ucss toards ot|crs. ic as cauoui.cd iu , iu lussia |is day is t|c t| |y t|c ic
Stylc, |ut |is couucuoratiou iu CY is hxcd or t|c Old Stylc datc. 1|c lussiau
C|urc| also cclc|ratcs t|c luvcutiou o |is rclics ou |uly OS August iS.

Vas|iugtou's hrst nag ruu up, t|c t|irtccu stripcs, it| t|c Luiou |ac| iu t|c
corucr.
Lig|t| day o C|ristuas
Vcds. |au. ). At |ouc all day, |ut littlc to do. |oscp| lullcr |r. aud Mr. 1|orutou suo|cd
a pipc it| uc iu t|c cvcu. O|, |o plcasaut |as t|is C|ristuas |ccu |cpt as yct, uo rcvclliug
uor tuuultuous ucctiugs |crc t|crc too otcu is littlc clsc |ut lig|t aud triniug discoursc, uo
ays calculatcd or iuprovcucut, aud it's cll i it's uot iutcruixcd it| souc o|sccuc tal| aud
too otcu it| vilc aud cxccra|lc oat|s. iot t|at l au auyays au cucuy to iuuoccut uirt|, |ut
|at l protcst is t|at |ic| is uot so. 1. 1urucr,
lu Scotlaud t|is day as uadc a iau| ioliday, so t|at pcoplc uig|t rccovcr rou t|c
ic Ycar cclc|ratious, iu it as rcplaccd |y Lastcr Mouday, uot it|out pu|lic
iudiguatiou.
z

... III N...s I...r..s C
1|.s ., .:| s|: :|: ..:r: .. s:.:: .; .:.|:r. lloyd)
z - - - LSA, Ala|aua Aduissiou Day t| statc,
)
z lu t|c latcr louau cupirc, - |auuary crc t|c uorual days or
|oldiug t|c Coupitalia, |ic| tcc|uically cll at |atcvcr poiut |ctccu Dcccu|cr
aud |auuary t|c uagistratcs uig|t dccidc rou ycar to ycar. Suc| auuual |ut varia|lc
cstivals crc |uou as ;:r..: ....::..:, iu coutrast to ;:r..: s:.:..: o hxcd datc aud ;:r..:
.o:r.:..: suc| as t|au|sgiviugs or victorics dccrccd occasiou |y occasiou. 1|c
Coupitalia crc a vcry aucicut cstival, origiually li|c t|c Saturualia |cpt |y rcc aud
slavc togct|cr, |ut |y Ciccro's tiuc lct to t|c slavcs, |o ou |c|al o t|c |ousc|old
sacrihccd a |oucy-ca|c to t|c crossroad gods or larcs Coupitalcs, a oollcu cgy as
|uug up or cvcry rcc pcrsou iu t|c |ousc|old, aud a |all o ool or cvcry slavc.
z -
C:.:.:: ..-..), patrou saiut o iaris. Cousccratcd at t|c agc o |y St Gcr-
uauus o Auxcrrc scc |uly), s|c dcvotcd |crscl to c|arita|lc or|s, otcu agaiust
grcat oppositiou. lcgcud |as uadc |cr t|c protcctrcss o iaris |o iu |y t|c pocr
o praycr dcncctcd Attila t|c iuu rou t|c city aud duriug t|c lrau|is| sicgc o
|roug|t |ac| graiu |y |oat rou 1roycs. iaviug |ccu |uricd iu t|c c|urc| o SS ictcr
aud iaul |uilt |y Quccu Clot|ilda |uuc), s|c as assigucd t|c lattcr's rolc iu cou-
vcrtiug iiug Clovis aud uadc |is couuscllor, t|c c|urc| as rcuaucd atcr |cr. icr .:.
ua|cs |cr curc a Got| |o praycd at |cr tou| |cu |is |auds crc cripplcd as a

puuis|ucut or or|iug ou Suuday, it ucglccts to ua|c |iu do t|c dcccut t|iug
|y turuiug Cat|olic. Got|s crc Ariaus, uo coutcuporary |agiograp|cr ould |avc
ailcd to ta|c t|at poiut.) S|c acquircd uorc auc rou |cr iutcrccssiou iu scc
iov.). iy t|c cig|tccut| ccutury |cr c|urc| |ad allcu iuto dccay, its rcplacc-
ucut as scculari.cd |y t|c rcvolutiouarics, |o |urut |cr rclics, as t|c iaut|ou.
Gcucvicvc as iuvo|cd iu cvcry ucccssity, cspccially agaiust droug|t aud noodiug, aud
t|crcorc as appropriatcly uaucd patrou o t|c lrcuc| sccurity orccs |y |o|u XXlll
iu .
1|: r.|:: M.|..|. Ort|.). 1|c last o t|c 1clvc irop|cts, iu t|c Vcst callcd Miuor,
o.|.||. iu ic|rc ucaus 'My ucsscugcr', aud as pro|a|ly so iutcudcd, rat|cr t|au as
a uauc. lu |is prop|ccy Mal. ) couc t|c ords 'iut uuto you t|at car uy uauc
s|all t|c Suu o rig|tcousucss arisc it| |caliug iu |is iugs', rccrrcd |y C|ristiaus to
C|rist. lor auot|cr prop|ct Malac|y, scc iov.
iirt|day o Ciccro, ... III N...s I...r..s . `:r.|.. C.:...: C. J:.|.. `:rr... ..ss., litcrally
'ou t|c t|ird day |corc t|c |auuary ldcs, Quiutus Scrvilius Cacpio aud Gaius Atilius
Scrrauus |ciug cousuls', couvcutioually trauslatcd as |auuary , |ut datcs |corc
Cacsar's rcoru o t|c calcudar uccd uot coiucidc it| t|c sauc uouiual days iu t|c
|uliau calcudar cxtrapolatcd |ac|ards.
iattlc o iriucctou, Vas|iugtou cxpcllcd t|c iritis| rou ic |crscy.
ius||iu, L:.: .:.. c|. , stau.a ), rccouuts rca| cat|cr
1|at ycar autuuual cat|cr rcuaiucd or a loug tiuc, uaturc aitcd aud aitcd or iutcr suo
did uot all till |auuary, ou t|c uig|t o t|c sccoud to t|ird. Aa|iug carly, 1atiaua caug|t sig|t
rou t|c iudo t|at uoruiug o t|c |itcucd courtyard, nocr-|cds, roos, aud cucc, dcli-
catc traccrics ou t|c paucs, trccs iu t|cir iutcr silvcr, ucrry uagpics, aud |ills sotly ovcrlaid
it| t|c glistcuiug carpct o iutcr. All arouud is |rig|t, all is |itc.
lussiaus lcaru t|is passagc at sc|ool, |ut iu rcal lic otcu ccl uucouorta|lc |cu iu-
tcr is slo to couc.
1|c Quadrautids, au auuual uctcor-s|ocr, pca| a|out t|is day.
z

r..: N...s I...r..s D
1|.s ., .:| ;.rs|: :|: ..:r: .. s:.:: .; N.:o|:r. lloyd)
z - - - Myauuar iurua) ludcpcudcucc Day rou
Grcat iritaiu, )
LSA, Lta| Aduissiou Day t| statc, )

z -
L|...|::| J.. 3.,|:, `::.. -), hrst uativc saiut o t|c LSA, cauoui.cd . S|c
ouudcd t|c Daug|tcrs o C|arity o St |oscp|, or rclic o t|c poor aud tcac|iug iu
paroc|ial sc|ools.
`,..:.s .; :|: `::.:, L.s..|:s Ort|.), collcctivcly |ououriug t|c 'ot|cr scvcuty' or
scvcuty-to, t|c uauuscripts vary) |ou |csus scut a|cad o iiu iu lu|c . 1|cir
uaucs arc uot prcscrvcd, t|oug| idcly dicriug lists crc iu tiuc coucoctcd, Lusc|ius
iu t|c ourt| ccutury alrcady idcutihcs hvc, uaucly iarua|as |uuc), Sost|cucs co-
scudcr o Cor.), Ccp|as rcsistcd |y iaul at Gal. , iu act uouc ot|cr t|au St ictcr,
scc |uuc), Matt|ias scc lc|.), aud 1|addacus scc Aug.).
ic Ycar's vos, |cttcr latc t|au ucvcr
|au. . iouc-aud at uy occ till at uig|t, ua|iug uy solcuu vocs or t|c ucxt ycar,
|ic| l trust iu t|c lord l s|all |ccp. iut l car l |avc a littlc too scvcrcly |ouud uyscl iu souc
t|iugs aud iu too uauy, or l car l uay orgct souc. iut |ocvcr, l |uo t|c orst aud s|all |y
t|c |lcssiug o God o|scrvc to pcroru or pay uy orcits puuctually. So |ouc aud to |cd-
it| uy uiud at rcst. icpys, v. -
z

N...: I...r..: L
1|.s ., .:| s|: :|: ..:r: .. s:.:: .; L:.:o|:r. lloyd)
z - - - 1clt| Lvc \igil o t|c Lpip|auy, iarauouc
o t|c 1|cop|auy)
z lu louc, t|c ioucs o |auuary |ad uo spccial siguihcaucc, |ut
|cu t|c Grcc| islaud o Audros |ad adoptcd a calcudar cali|ratcd to t|c louau, it
as ou t|is day, callcd t|c 1|codosia or Git o t|c God, t|at t|c atcr o a spriug |y
t|c tcuplc o Diouysos tastcd li|c iuc, it coutiuucd to do so or a cc|, t|oug| t|c
tastc as lost i t|c atcr as ta|cu out o sig|t o t|c tcuplc. Ou a pcr|aps iuagiu-
ary paiutiug o t|is uiraclc dcscri|cd |y i|ilostratus 1itiau |ascd |is 3...|...| .; :|:
J.r...s. lu t|c cvcuiug, duriug t|c latcr louau cupirc, t|crc |cgau at Alcxaudria a
cstival t|at coutiuucd iuto t|c ucxt day, cclc|ratiug t|c |irt| at coc|cro o Aiou
Ltcruity), to iorc t|c Maid), at |ic| atcr as ccrcuouially drau rou t|c iilc
aud storcd, siucc Aiou as closcly associatcd it| Sarapis, |o iu turu as associatcd
it| Diouysus, t|c suggcstiou |as |ccu uadc t|at t|c god as ucaut to turu t|c atcr
iuto iuc. 1|is ould cxplaiu |y t|c C|ristiau Lpip|auy scc |au.) as associatcd
it| C|rist's pcroruaucc o t|is uiraclc at t|c cddiug-cast iu Caua. lt is also asso-
ciatcd it| t|c uiraclc o t|c loavcs aud hs|cs.)

z -
L.r :|: C..;:ss.r, t|c last |iug o Luglaud iu t|c Vcst Saxou liuc o t|c Ccrdiugas,
dicd ou t|is day iu . iaviug |ccu cauoui.cd iu , |c is couucuoratcd iu souc
louau Cat|olic couutrics ou t|is day, Luglaud, |ocvcr, |ot| Auglicau aud louau,
|ccps |is trauslatiou ou Octo|cr.
j.|. N:.o.:.: N:o... -), cauoui.cd . A uativc o io|cuia, |c |ccauc a
ic Vorld uissiouary iu , hrst as ucu|cr o t|c lcdcuptorists. Appoiutcd
iis|op o i|iladclp|ia iu , |c as rcuoucd or |is pastoral or| aud |is
strcugt|cuiug o paroc|ial sc|ools.
| C|r.s:o.s L., (-,
`.:|.o:.., j...r,
Ou t|c t|. o last Mout|, uauy pcoplc cut iuto t|c ic lorcst to o|scrvc |ct|cr t|c Oa|
|ic| is said to |lo cvcry C|ristuas Day) couoru'd to t|c ic-Stylc, or uot, |ut hudiug uo
iuds or auy Appcaraucc o grccu lcavcs, cauc aay grcatly dissatishcd it| t|c Altcratiou o
t|c Day Aud ou lriday last, |ciug old C|ristuas, t|cy cut agaiu, aud to t|cir grcat |oy ouud
t|c Oa| |lou, aud scvcral |rauc|cs aluost covcrcd it| grccu lcavcs, souc o |ic| t|cy
|roug|t aay it| t|cu. 1|is Circuustaucc |as scrvcd to couviucc A|uudautly t|at t|c uc
C|ristuas-Day is roug, aud t|cy arc |cuccort| dctcruiucd to |ccp ouly t|c old.
1|: `.|.s|r, j.r..|, |au. quotcd iu Morslcy, )
Old C|ristuas Lvc -)
Saturday, |auuary
Spca|iug o t|c |loiug o t|c ioly 1|oru aud t|c |uccliug aud ccpiug o t|c oxcu ou old
C|ristuas Lvc to-uig|t) iriscilla said, 'l |avc |uou old |aucs Mcrcdit| ycars aud l |avc
ucvcr |uou |iu ar rou t|c trut|, aud l said to |iu ouc day, |aucs, tcll uc t|c trut|, did
you cvcr scc t|c oxcu |uccl ou old C|ristuas Lvc at t|c Vcstou. Aud |c said, io, l ucvcr sa
t|cu |uccl at t|c Vcstou |ut |cu l as at iiutou at Stauutou-ou-Vyc l sa t|cu. l as
atc|iug t|cu ou old C|ristuas Lvc aud at o'cloc| t|c oxcu t|at crc staudiug |uclt dou
upou t|cir |uccs aud t|osc t|at crc lyiug dou rosc up ou t|cir |uccs aud t|crc t|cy staycd
|uccliug aud uoauiug, t|c tcars ruuuiug dou t|cir accs. ' iilvcrt, iii.
Scc also Dcc.)
1clt| Lvc diviuatious
lay a grccuc lvyc lcac iu a dis|c, or ot|cr vcsscll o ayrc atcr ou icyccrcs cucu at uig|t, aud
coucr t|c atcr iu t|c said vcsscll, sct it iu a surc or sac placc, uutill 1clc cucu ucxt atcr,
cit|cr or your sclc or or auyc ot|cr, |ic| ill |c t|c ht| day o |auuary,) aud t|cu . . . uar|c
cll i t|c saydc lcac |c airc aud grccuc as it as |corc or t|cu you or t|c party or |ou
you laid it iuto t|c atcr, ill |c |olc aud souud aud sac rou auy sic|ucssc all t|c ucxt yccrc
olloiug. iut i you hudc auy |lac|c spots t|crou, t|cu you or t|c partyc or |ou you laid it
iuto t|c atcr, ill |c sic|c t|c sauc yccrc olloiug. luptou, x )
lu lussia, various orus o diviuatiou crc practiscd t|roug|out t|c 1clvc Days o
C|ristuas, |uou as s,:|., scvcral arc dcscri|cd |y ius||iu iu t|c ht| c|aptcr o
L:.: .:... 1raditioual sougs crc suug, cac| rcgardcd as orctclliug a particular cvcut
suc| as |crcavcucut or uarriagc, atcr cvcry soug a riug ould |c rcuovcd at raudou
rou t|c dis| aud its oucr's ortuuc judgcd accordiug to t|c oucu. 1|c scrvaut-girls

o t|c lariu |ousc|old prop|csicd cvcry ycar t|at t|c youug uistrcsscs ould uarry
soldicrs as t|cy do). 1|c cldcr daug|tcr, 1atiaua scc |au.), |olds |cr uirror to t|c
uoou, vaiuly |opiug to scc |cr uturc |us|aud iu it, aud as|s t|c hrst passiug straugcr
|is uauc, |ut |c is a rustic callcd Agaou Agat|ou), |ic| to coutcuporary lussiau
cars souudcd uucout|, Grcc| uaucs |aviug couc dou iu t|c orld.
h.ss..|.. ;r.: :r::s .. ..::|:
Mcuorauduu t|at uou o|stautc t|c C|augc o lcligiou, t|c iloug||oics, aud also t|c Sc|oolc-
|oics ill |ccp-up aud rctaiuc t|cir old Ccrcuouics aud Custoucs aud privilcdgcs, |ic| iu t|c
cst o Luglaud is uscd still aud l |clicvc) iu ot|cr parts. So iu Soucrscts|irc |cu t|cy Vas-
sailc |ic| is ou . . . lacuua l t|iu|c 1clc-cvc) t|c iloug|-ucu |avc t|cir 1clvc-ca|c, aud
t|cy goc iuto t|c Ox-|ousc to t|c oxcu, it| t|c Vasscll-|olc aud driu| to t|c ox . t|c cruu-
plcd |oruc t|at trcads out t|c coruc, t|cy |avc au old couccivcd lyt|uc, aud atcrards t|cy
goc it| t|cir Vasscl-|olc iuto t|c orc|ard aud goc a|out t|c 1rccs to |lcssc t|cu, aud putt a
piccc o 1ost upou t|c lootcs, iu ordcr to it. Au|rcy,
1|c icrcords|irc Vassailiug, as rcportcd iu t|c C:.:|:o..`s M.....:, lc|. ),
Ou t|c cvc o 1clt|-day, at t|c approac| o cvcuiug, t|c arucrs, t|cir ricuds, scrvauts, ~c.
all asscu|lc, aud ucar six o'cloc|, all al| togct|cr to a hcld |crc |cat is groiug. 1|c |ig|-
cst part o t|c grouud is alays c|oscu, |crc suall hrcs aud ouc largc ouc arc lig|tcd up. 1|c
attcudauts, |cadcd |y t|c uastcr o t|c auily, plcdgc t|c coupauy iu old cydcr, |ic| circu-
latcs rccly ou t|csc occasious. A circlc is orucd rouud t|c largc hrc, |cu a gcucral s|out aud
|allooiug ta|cs placc, |ic| you |car auscrcd rou all t|c villagcs aud hclds ucar . . . 1|is |ciug
huis|cd, t|c coupauy rcturu to t|c |ousc, |crc t|c good |ouscic aud |cr uaids arc prcpar-
iug a good suppcr, |ic| ou t|is occasiou is alays plcutiul. A largc ca|c is alays providcd,
it| a |olc iu t|c uiddlc. Atcr suppcr, t|c coupauy all attcud t|c |aili or |cad o t|c oxcu)
to t|c Vaiu-|ousc, |crc t|c olloiug particulars arc o|scrvcd t|c uastcr, at t|c |cad o |is
ricuds, hlls t|c cup gcucrally o stroug alc), aud stauds oppositc t|c hrst or hucst o t|c oxcu
. . . |c t|cu plcdgcs |iu iu a curious toast, t|c coupauy t|cu ollo |is cxauplc it| all t|c
ot|cr oxcu, addrcssiug cac| |y t|cir uauc. 1|is |ciug ovcr, t|c largc ca|c is produccd, aud is,
it| uuc| ccrcuouy, put ou t|c |oru o t|c hrst ox, t|roug| t|c |olc iu t|c ca|c, |c is t|cu
tic|lcd to ua|c |iu toss |is |cad i |c t|ros t|c ca|c |c|iud, it is t|c uistrcss's pcrquisitc, i
|corc iu |at is tcrucd t|c |oosy) t|c |aili claius t|is pri.c. 1|is cudcd, t|c coupauy all
rcturu to t|c |ousc, t|c doors o |ic| arc iu t|c ucau tiuc loc|cd, aud uot opcucd till souc
joyous sougs arc suug. Ou cutcriug, a sccuc o uirt| aud jollity couucuccs, aud rcigus t|ro' t|c
|ousc till a latc, or rat|cr au carly, |our, t|c ucxt uoruiug.
C|au|crs rcuar|s '1|c hrcs arc dcsigucd to rcprcscut t|c Saviour aud |is apostlcs, aud
it as custouary as to ouc o t|cu, |cld as rcprcscutiug |udas lscariot, to allo it to
|uru a |ilc, aud t|cu put it out aud |ic| a|out t|c uatcrials.' 1|is as a syu|olic iu-
tcrprctatiou otcu |cstocd ou t|c t|irtccu days rou C|ristuas to Lpip|auy. lu souc
placcs t|c ccrcuouy as couductcd ou C|ristuas Lvc or Lpip|auy.

z

... JIII Is I...r..s l
J: ::|;:|~., :|: .,s .r: |:.:|:.: . ...|`s s:r.:.
z - - - LSA, ic Mcxico Aduissiou Day t| statc,
)
1clt| Day |ut iu souc lauguagcs callcd 't|irtccut| day' Scdis| :r:::... ,|)
z - CoL, lC), - -
Ort|.)
L.|..,, a tcru dcuotiug t|c cart|ly uauicstatiou o a dcity t|c Sclcucid iiug Auti-
oc|us l\ stylcd |iuscl Lpip|aucs, 'Mauicst', adjustcd |y |is cucuics to Lpiuaucs,
'Mad'), t|c prop|ct lsaia| dcclarcs t|at t|c Mcssia| s|all |c callcd luuauucl, 'God
it| us'. 1|c Ort|odox uorc otcu say 1|cop|auy 'Mauicstatiou o God') or t|c
lig|ts au iuagc o |aptisu). 1|is day propcrly cclc|ratcs t|c |aptisu o C|rist, iu |is
carly s, |y |o|u t|c iaptist, atcr |ic| '|c sa t|c |cavcus opcucd, aud t|c Spirit li|c
a dovc dcsccudiug upou |iu, aud t|crc cauc a voicc rou |cavcu, sayiug, 1|ou art uy
|clovcd Sou, iu |ou l au cll plcascd'. Souc Lgyptiau C|ristiaus iu t|c sccoud ccu-
tury datcd t|is cvcut to 1y|i iu t|c t| ycar o 1i|crius, or |auuary , t|c t|
as t|c sccoud day o t|c pagau cstival |y t|c iilc cclc|ratiug t|c |irt| o Ltcruity
to t|c Maid scc aud |au.). 1|c cstival |ccauc popular iu t|c Last, |ciug also
ta|cu to couucuoratc C|rist's |irt|, |ic| rcuaiucd t|c custou at |crusalcu till t|c
sixt| ccutury. Lvcu uo t|c Arucuiaus still uaiutaiu t|c siuglc cast H.,o:..,
Lpip|auy) ou |auuary cclc|ratiug iativity aud iaptisu, ou t|c cvc ouc cats ricd hs|,
lcttucc, aud |oilcd spiuac|, supposcdly t|c \irgiu's ucal ou t|c uig|t |corc C|rist's
|irt|.
lu t|c Vcst, |ic| adoptcd t|c solar cstival o Dcccu|cr as its C|ristuas, Lpi-
p|auy as slocr to csta|lis| itscl t|c Douatists o Arica, |o |ro|c it| t|c rcst o
C|ristcudou iu t|c carly ourt| ccutury, |cpt C|ristuas ou Dcccu|cr |ut uot
Lpip|auy. Duriug t|c ourt| aud ht| ccuturics uost Lastcru c|urc|cs acccptcd t|c
scparatc C|ristuas ou Dcccu|cr, aud t|c Vcst acccptcd Lpip|auy.
1|c Ort|odox couucuoratc C|rist's |aptisu |y t|c ilcssiug o t|c Vatcrs, a cross
is t|rou iu t|c atcr, youug ucu divc iu, aud |c |o rccovcrs it carrics it iu triuup|.
Sailors try to |c iu |ouc port, iu days o sail t|cy soug|t to |c |ouc at C|ristuas aud
stay t|crc till t|c atcrs |ad |ccu |lcsscd. Souc pcoplc ait till t|cu to opcu |arrcls o
uc iuc. 1|is ilcssiug o t|c Vatcrs is cclc|ratcd as t|c ilcssiug o t|c Spougc-Divcrs
iu 1arpou Spriugs, lla., |crc t|crc is a largc Grcc| couuuuity cugagcd iu t|at tradc.
1|c cstival also cclc|ratcd t|c visit to t|c -ycar-old C|rist c|ild iu t|c rcigu o
iiug icrod |y oricutal Magi scc Dcc.), |ic| iu t|c Vcst |as so ar o|scurcd t|c
associatiou it| C|rist's |aptisu t|at t|c lattcr is uo |cpt ou t|c olloiug Suuday |y

lCs aud t|c hrst Suuday atcr |auuary |y t|c lut|craus, coutrariisc, t|c Ort|odox
|avc trauscrrcd t|c cclc|ratiou o t|c Magi to C|ristuas |ut scc Dcc.). Alt|oug|
iu t|c carlicst C|ristiau art t|cy souctiucs uuu|cr to or our, traditiou scttlcd ou
t|rcc, uatc|iug t|cir t|rcc gits, t|cy arc idcutihcd as Caspar |o |riugs rau|iuccusc
or C|rist's diviuity), Mclc|ior |o |riugs gold or iis royalty), aud ialt|a.ar |o
|riugs uyrr| or iis sorros), uaucs ouud iu t|c sixt|-ccutury uosaic at Saut'Apol-
liuarc iuovo iu lavcuua. 1|cir portrayal iu icrsiau drcss causcd t|c couqucriug aruy
o t|c Zoroastriau s|a| i|osra ll, .calously dcstroyiug t|c c|urc|cs o |crusalcu iu
, to cxcupt t|c C|urc| o t|c ioly Scpulc|rc, |crc a uosaic rcprcscutcd t|cu. As
carly as t|c t|ird ccutury t|cy arc ta|cu or |iugs ulhlliug t|c prop|ccy at lsa. , a
su|scqucut uotiou o t|cir dcsccut rou t|c t|rcc sous o ioa| causcd ialt|a.ar to |c
dcpictcd as a |lac| dcsccudaut o iau. 1|cy arc said to |avc arrivcd iu |crusalcu it|
a suitc o , ucu, lcaviug a ,-stroug aruy ou t|c lct |au| o t|c Lup|ratcs. Ou
t|cir rcturu t|cy dcvotcd t|cusclvcs to praycr aud coutcuplatiou, |cu St 1|ouas
arrivcd iu iart|ia t|cy crc |apti.cd aud |ccauc uissiouarics. 1|cir rcuaius crc dis-
covcrcd |y t|c cuprcss iclcua aud trauslatcd to Coustautiuoplc, t|cucc iu turu to
Milau aud Cologuc. lu t|c Vcst t|cy arc patrous o travcllcrs.
lu uauy couutrics t|is, uot C|ristuas, is t|c day or c|ildrcu to rcccivc prcscuts, iu
ltaly t|cy arc distri|utcd |y icaua a corruptiou o L.;....), au old ouau |o as
clcauiug |cr |ousc |cu t|c Magi passcd |y. iaviug asccrtaiucd t|cir crraud, s|c as|cd
t|cu to ait till s|c |ad huis|cd, |ut t|cy ould uot tarry, |y t|c tiuc t|at s|c as
rcady, t|cy crc out o sig|t, aud s|c |as |ccu scarc|iug or t|c C|rist c|ild cvcr siucc,
dcsccudiug cvcry c|iuucy it| |cr gits iu casc |c is iu t|c |ousc. lu iclgiuu c|ildrcu
drcss up as t|c 1|rcc iiugs aud siug a |cggiug soug rou door to door. lu Mcxico
colourul aud |cautiully uadc ....o.:.:.s-ar uorc cla|oratc t|au our C|ristuas
cri|s, it| ta|lcaux o |i|lical, |istorical, or uatioual sccucs-arc sct up iu c|urc|cs. lu
Spaiu c|ildrcu arc visitcd |y t|c Magi, |aviug lct t|cir s|ocs ull o stra or graiu ou
t|c |alcouy or |y t|c rout door. lu t|c uoruiug t|c s|ocs arc hllcd it| suall gits,
c|ildrcu |o hud a c|arcoal uar| ou t|cir acc |uo t|cy |avc |ccu |isscd |y
ialt|a.ar. lu uauy Spauis| citics aud tous t|c Magi progrcss t|roug| t|c strccts ou
t|c cvcuiug |corc.
1|crc is a popular |clic t|at C|rist is uot |appy duriug t|c 1clvc Days rou |irt|
to |aptisu, aud t|at cvil spirits, suc| as t|c Grcc| |.|.|:..r., roau t|c cart|, iu livouia
it as said t|at crcolvcs a|ouudcd duriug t|is tiuc. Mcaus crc dcviscd to |ccp t|c
spirits aay, iu uuc| o Ccutral Luropc, |y c|al|iug t|c 1|rcc iiugs' iuitials C. or i.
iu iuugary G.), i., aud M. ou ouc's door at Lpip|auy, iu Lppcr iavaria, uas|cd pcas-
aut |oys it| |ips rig|tcu o t|c itc| lrau icrc|t. lu t|c ict|crlauds, |oys |cat
t|c r.oo:|.: duriug t|c 1clvc Days to drivc t|cu aay it| t|c diu.
Ou t|is day Ldard t|c Coucssor as |uricd iu , aud lic|ard ll |oru iu ,
lic|ard rcgardcd t|c iaptist as |is patrou saiut, |ut as also dcvotcd to St Ldard.
iot| saiuts appcar it| |iu iu t|c Viltou Diptyc| |csidcs t|c royal uartyr Lduuud
iov.).

1:|;:|~..|: ..|:. lu lraucc, as orucrly iu Luglaud, a spccial ca|c |uou as t|c .|:::: :s
..s iu Luglis| '1clt| ca|c') is uadc o uar.ipau aud na|y pastry, coutaiuiug a |cau,
souctiucs uo rcplaccd |y a pottcry hgurc rou t|c C|ristuas cri|, callcd s..:..
'saiutlct'), t|c pcrsou hudiug t|is iu |is or |cr portiou is |iug or quccu or t|c uig|t,
it| t|c rig|t to crou a cousort. iy aucicut custou, |cu t|c |iug raiscd |is cup, t|c
cry cut up 'lc roi |oit', aud auyouc |o ailcd to driu| |ad |is acc |lac|cucd scc il.
). lor siuilar |iugs o t|c cast, scc Dcc.) Mcdicval |iugs o iavarrc ould pcr-
soually appoiut a '|iug o t|c |cau', at hrst a |oy, latcr au adult, t|is custou sprcad clsc-
|crc. Souctiucs, as iu icrric|'s pocu, t|crc as also a pca, t|c dracr o |ic|
|ccoucs t|c quccu.
1:|;: N.|:, .r I.. .. ::.:
io, uo t|c uirt| coucs
Vit| t|c ca|c ull o pluus,
V|crc icauc's t|c iiug o t|c sport |crc,
icsidc c uust |uo,
1|c ica also
Must rcvcll, as ::.:, iu t|c Court |crc.
icgiu t|cu to c|usc,
1|is uig|t as yc usc)
V|o s|all or t|c prcscut dclig|t |crc,
ic a I.. |y t|c lot,
Aud |o s|all uot
ic 1clc-day ::.: or t|c uig|t |crc.
V|ic| |uouc, lct us ua|c
|oy-sops it| t|c ca|c,
Aud lct uot a uau t|cu |c sccu |crc,
V|o uuurg'd ill uot driu|c
1o t|c |asc rou t|c |riu|
A |calt| to t|c iiug aud t|c Quccuc |crc.
icxt crouc t|c |olc ull
Vit| gcutlc lau|s-ooll,
Addc sugar, uutucg aud giugcr,
Vit| storc o alc too,
Aud t|us yc uust doc
1o ua|c t|c assailc a siugcr.
Givc t|cu to t|c iiug
Aud Quccuc assailiug,
Aud t|oug| it| alc yc |c |ct |crc,
Yct part yc rou |cucc,
As rcc rou ocucc,
As |cu yc iuuoccut uct |crc.
lo|crt icrric| -)
1|c youug Scot |aucs ioscll, ucly arrivcd iu loudou, |crc |c as to spcud to
ycars iu ruitlcss scarc| o a couuissiou iu t|c Guards, uadc t|c olloiug cutry iu |is
jourual iu

1|ursday |auuary. My |rot|cr |rca|astcd it| uc. 1|is as 1clt|-day, ou |ic| a grcat dcal
o jollity gocs ou iu Luglaud, at t|c catiug o t|c 1clt|-ca|c all sugarcd ovcr. l callcd at Gould's.
Mrs Gould c|id uc or uot |ciug otcucr t|crc, aud said jcstiugly t|at i s|c did uot scc uc uorc,
s|c ould ritc to uy at|cr t|at l as idlc. l t|cu al|cd iuto t|c City. l too| a |iu t|at |c-
tccu St iaul's aud t|c Lxc|augc aud |ac| agaiu, ta|iug t|c dicrcut sidcs o t|c strcct, l ould
cat a pcuuy 1clt|-ca|c at cvcry s|op |crc l could gct it. 1|is l pcrorucd uost ait|ully.
l t|cu diucd couorta|ly at Dolly's iccstca|-|ousc. l rcgrcttcd uuc| uy uot |ciug ac-
quaiutcd iu souc good opulcut City auily |crc l uig|t participatc iu t|c |carty sociality ovcr
t|c aucicut ccrcuouy o t|c 1clt|-ca|c. l |opc to |avc t|is suug advautagc |y t|is tiuc ucxt
ycar. ioscll, -
`: 3.:|:,`s C.|:
1|c catiug o t|c iaddclcy ca|c, or, as it is souctiucs acctiously callcd, St. iaddclcy's Ca|c, is
au auuual ccrcuouy pcrorucd at t|c grccuroou o Drury lauc 1|catrc iu loudou ou t|c
cvcuiug o t|c t| o |auuary. lts |istory is as ollos. lo|crt iaddclcy, origiually a coo|,
atcrards a valct, aud lastly au actor, dicd iu , aud |y ill sct apart ouc |uudrcd pouuds as
a uud |osc iucouc s|ould |c uscd to uruis| a ca|c aud a |ol o puuc| cvcry 1clt|-iig|t
to t|c Drury lauc grccuroou, |ic| |y loug custou |ad |ccu auuually givcu ovcr ou t|at uig|t
to castiug aud ucrriucut.
iaddclcy's |cqucst |as |ccu ait|ully carricd out, it| t|c cxccptiou o ouc provisiou, t|at
|cucvcr t|c ca|c as catcu souc couucuoratiou s|ould |c uadc o |is coujugal iuclicity. lu
|is lictiuc |is ic as |cttcr |uou t|au |iuscl. S|c saug cll aud dauccd c|aruiugly, as
|cautiul aud vivacious, aud as said to |avc |ccu t|c causc o uorc ducls t|au auy ot|cr ouau
o |cr tiuc. iaddclcy |iuscl as au iudicrcut actor, t|oug| uotcort|y iu |istriouic auuals
as t|c origiual Moscs iu '1|c Sc|ool or Scaudal'.
1|c prcscut proprictor o Drury lauc |as addcd a c |uudrcd pouuds o |is ou to t|c
iaddclcy git, iucrcascd t|c |ill o arc so t|at it iucludcs a largc uuu|cr o dclicacics, aud rc-
scrvcd t|c privilcgc o iuvitiug distiuguis|cd outsidcrs, |ot| lay aud procssioual, to joiu iu t|c
ccrcuouials. 1|c ..: : rs.s:...: is still t|c largc, rouud |itc ca|c, it| rcd aud grccu iciug iu
t|c ccutrc, |ic| is |uou as St. iaddclcy's Ca|c, aud uo gucst gocs aay it|out sccuriug a
portiou o it. Vals|, -
1:|;:| L., |.||s. lu Colouial \irgiuia, it as custouary to |old a |all ou 1clt| Day.
iic|olas Crcscll rcports ou ouc suc| iu Alcxaudria iu
`.:r.,, j...r, :|, . last uig|t l cut to t|c iall. lt sccus t|is is ouc o t|cir auuual ialls
supportcd iu t|c olloiug uauucr A largc ric| ca|c is providcd aud cut iuto suall picccs aud
|audcd rouud to t|c coupauy, |o at t|c sauc tiuc dras a tic|ct out o a iat it| souct|iug
ucrry rotc ou it. ic t|at dras t|c iiug |as t|c iouor o trcatiug t|c coupauy it| a iall
t|c ucxt ycar, |ic| gcucrally costs |iu Six or Scvcu iouuds. 1|c lady t|at dras t|c Quccu
|as t|c trou|lc o ua|iug t|c Ca|c. icrc as a|out ladics drcsscd aud podcrcd to t|c lic,
souc o t|cu vcry |audsouc aud as uuc| vauity as is ucccssary. All o t|cu oud o dauciug,
|ut l do uot t|iu| t|cy pcroru it it| t|c grcatcst clcgaucc. ictixt t|c Couutry dauccs t|cy
|avc |at l call cvcrlastiug jigs. A couplc gcts up aud |cgius to daucc a jig to souc icgro tuuc)
ot|crs coucs aud cuts t|cu out, aud t|csc dauccs alays last as loug as t|c liddlcr cau play. 1|is
is socia|lc, |ut l t|iu| it loo|s uorc li|c a iacc|aualiau daucc t|au ouc iu a politc asscu|ly. Old
Voucu, Youug Vivcs it| youug c|ildrcu iu t|c lap, idos, uaids aud girls couc prouiscu-
ously to t|csc asscu|lics |ic| gcucrally coutiuuc till uoruiug. A cold suppcr, iuuc|, Viucs,
Cocc aud C|ocolatc, |ut uo 1ca. 1|is is a or|iddcu |cr|. 1|c ucu c|icny Scotc| aud lris|. l
cut |ouc a|out to o'cloc|, |ut part o t|c coupauy staycd, got druu| aud |ad a hg|t.
Crcscll, -

1:|;:| L., |.,s. C|ristuas carols crc suug t|roug|out t|c tclvc days o C|ristuas,
aud t|c last day as otcu uar|cd it| a play. lu Villiau Morc, irior o Vorccs-
tcr, cutcrcd t|c olloiug payucut iu |is accouut-|oo|
ltcu to syugars o carralls . ltcu rcardcd to iiij plcycrs a pou yc Lpip|aui Day |clougyug
to sir Ldard |cltcuop s. . Morc,
1:|;:| L., .:| :|: :,s:s
|au. . 1:|;:|~.,. Aud atcr diuucr to t|c Du|cs |ousc aud t|crc sa 1:|;:| ..|: actcd
cll, t|oug| it |c |ut a silly play aud uot rclatiug at all to t|c uauc or day. icpys, iv.
|au. . 1:|;:| .,. . . . vcry ucrry c crc at diuucr, aud so all t|c atcruoou, tal|iug aud
loo|iug up aud dou uy |ousc, aud iu t|c cvcuiug l did |riug out uy ca|c, a uo|lc ca|c, aud
t|crc cut iuto picccs, it| iuc aud good driu|, aud atcr a uc as|iou, to prcvcut spoiliug t|c
ca|c, did put so uauy titlcs iuto a |at aud so dro cuts, aud l as Quccuc aud 1|c 1urucr, iiug,
Crccd, Sir Martiu Marrall, aud ictty, Mrs. Milliccut. Aud so c crc uig|ty ucrry till it as
uig|t, aud t|cu, |ciug uoous|iuc aud huc rost, t|cy cut |ouc, l lcudiug souc o t|cu uy
ucly acquircd coac| to |clp to carry t|cu, aud so uy ic aud l spcut t|c rcst o t|c cvcuiug
iu tal| aud rcadiug, aud so it| grcat plcasurc to |cd. icpys, ix.
1:|;:| L., .: C.r:. Gau|liug at Court |cgau ou Lpip|auy uutil , |cu it as sup-
prcsscd. |o|u Lvclyu rcports iu
|au. . L.|...: . . . 1|is cvcuiug accordiug to costouc) |is Majcstic opucd t|c lcvclls o
t|at uig|t, |y t|roiug t|c Dicc |iusclc, iu t|c irivy C|au|cr, |crc as a ta|lc sct ou pur-
posc, ~ lost |is pouuds t|c ycarc |corc |c ou pouuds 1|c ladys also plaicd vcry
dccpc l cauc aay |cu t|c Du|c o ro.. |ad ou a|out pouuds ~ lct t|cu still at
passagc, Cards ~c. at ot|cr 1a|lcs, |ot| t|crc aud at t|c Cr..o:~.r::rs, o|scrviug t|c ic|cd olly
vauity ~ uoustrous cxccssc o iassiou auougst souc looscrs, ~ sorry l au t|at suc| a rctc|cd
Custouc as play to t|at cxccssc s|ould |c couutcuauc'd iu a Court, |ic| oug|t to |c au cx-
auplc o \irtuc to t|c rcst o t|c |iugdouc. Lvclyu, L..r,, iii.
H.::, H.. C.o: iu iuu|crsidc, ucar Lport|). lcgcud |as it t|at t|is gauc datcs
|ac| souc ycars, |cu t|c lady o t|c uauor, lady Mo|ray, lost |cr rcd |ood iu
t|c iud. 1|irtccu la|ourcrs rau atcr it, t|c to |o rcturucd it crc du||cd 'lord'
aud 'lool', aud rcardcd it| a piccc o laud. 1oday t|irtccu rcd-clad ioggaus, lord
aud lool iucludcd, prcsidc ovcr t|c |attlc or t|c Say iood, a coil o ropc cucascd iu
lcat|cr, |ctccu rcsidcuts o iaxcy aud Vcstoodsidc. 1|c gauc is ovcr |cu ouc sidc
succccds iu gcttiug t|c iood to its local pu|.
J s:s:... ;.r .. :::r....: ;:.s: .. 1:|;:| L.,. lo|crt May, iu 1|: J...o|.s|: C..| ),
|cgius |is scctiou ou '1riuup|s aud 1rop|ics iu Coo|cry, to |c uscd at lcstival 1iucs,
as 1clt|-Day, ~c.' as ollos
Ma|c t|c li|cucss o a S|ip iu pastc-|oard, it| nags aud strcaucrs, t|c guus |clougiug to it o
iic|scs odds aud cuds, |iudc t|cu a|out it| pac|t|rcd, aud covcr t|cu it| coursc pastc
proportioua|lc to t|c as|iou o a Cauuou it| Carriagcs, lay t|cu iu placcs couvcuicut, as you
scc t|cu iu S|ips o Var, it| suc| |olcs aud traius o podcr t|at t|cy uay all ta|c hrc, placc
your S|ip hru iu a grcat C|argcr, t|cu ua|c a salt rouud a|out it, aud stic| t|crciu cgg-s|clls
ull o scct atcr, you uay |y a grcat piu ta|c out all t|c ucat out o t|c cgg |y |loiug, aud
t|cu hll it it| t|c rosc-atcr. 1|cu iu auot|cr C|argcr |avc t|c proportiou o a Stag uadc o

coursc pastc, it| a |road arro iu t|c sidc o |iu, aud |is |ody hllcd up it| clarct iuc. lu
auot|cr C|argcr at t|c cud o t|c Stag |avc t|c proportiou o a Castlc it| iattlcucuts,
icrculliccs, Gatcs, aud Dra-|ridgcs uadc o pastc|oard, t|c Guus o iic|scs, aud covcrcd it|
coursc pastc as t|c orucr, placc it at a distaucc rou t|c S|ip to hrc at cac| ot|cr. 1|c Stag
|ciug plac't |ctixt t|cu it| cgg-s|clls ull o scct atcr as |corc) placcd iu salt. At cac|
sidc o t|c C|argcr |crciu is t|c Stag, placc a iic uadc o coursc pastc, iu ouc o |ic| lct
t|crc |c souc livc lrogs, iu t|c ot|cr livc iirds, ua|c t|csc pics o coursc pastc hllcd it| |rau,
aud ycllocd ovcr it| sarou or yol|s o cggs, gild t|cu ovcr iu spots, as also t|c Stag, t|c
S|ip, aud Castlc, |a|c t|cu, aud placc t|cu it| gilt |ay-lcavcs ou t|c turrcts aud tuuucls o
t|c Castlc aud iics, |ciug |a|cd, ua|c a |olc iu t|c |ottou o your pics, ta|c out t|c |rau, put
iu your lrogs aud iirds, aud closc up t|c |olcs it| t|c sauc coursc pastc, t|cu cut t|c lids
ucatly up, to |c ta|cu o |y t|c 1uuucls |ciug all placcd iu ordcr upou t|c 1a|lc, |corc you hrc
t|c traius o podcr, ordcr it so t|at souc o t|c ladics uay |c pcrsadcd to pluc| t|c Arro
out o t|c Stag, t|cu ill t|c Clarct iuc ollo as |lood ruuuiug out o a ouud. 1|is |ciug
douc it| aduiratiou to t|c |c|oldcrs, atcr souc s|ort pasc, hrc t|c traiu o t|c Castlc, t|at
t|c pccccs all o ouc sidc uay go o, t|cu hrc t|c traius o ouc sidc o t|c S|ip as iu a |attlc,
ucxt turu t|c C|argcrs, aud |y dcgrccs hrc t|c traius o cac| ot|cr sidc as |corc. 1|is douc, to
scctcu t|c stiu| o t|c podcr, lct t|c ladics ta|c t|c cgg s|clls ull o scct atcrs, aud t|ro
t|cu at cac| ot|cr. All daugcrs |ciug sccuiugly ovcr, |y t|is tiuc you uay supposc t|cy ill dc-
sirc to scc |at is iu t|c pics, |crc litiug t|c hrst t|c lid o ouc pic, out s|ips souc lrogs,
|ic| ua|cs t|c ladics to s|ip aud s|rcc|, ucxt atcr t|c ot|cr pic, |cucc coucs out t|c iirds,
|o |y a uatural iustiuct nyiug at t|c lig|t, ill put out t|c caudlcs so t|at |at it| t|c nyiug
iirds, aud s|ippiug lrogs, t|c ouc a|ovc, t|c ot|cr |cucat|, ill causc uuc| dclig|t aud plca-
surc to t|c |olc coupauy at lcugt| t|c caudlcs arc lig|tcd, aud a |auquct |roug|t iu, t|c uu-
sic| souuds, aud cvcry ouc it| uuc| dclig|t aud coutcut rc|carscs t|cir actious iu t|c orucr
passagcs.
1|c olloiug Mouday is iloug| Mouday, ou |ic| agriculturc rcsuucd atcr t|c
C|ristuas cstivitics scc h:s::r. C|r.| 1:.r).
z

... JII Is I...r..s G
z - - - |apau N...|s. .. s:||, Scvcu Mcdiciual)
icr|s lcstival origiually ou t| o st luuar uout|
z - layuuud o icaort lC), Syuaxis o |o|u t|c irccursor Ort|.)
.,o. .r .o. .; :.;.r:, iu Catalau 'lauou dc icuyaort' ..-), cauouist,
couuissioucd |y iopc Grcgory lX to coupilc t|c ocial collcctiou o papal ruliugs
ou poiuts o cauou la, t|c so-callcd L.|:r L::r., prouulgatcd iu , aud valid iu t|c
louau Cat|olic C|urc| till , clcctcd t|ird Mastcr-Gcucral o t|c Douiuicau Ordcr
iu , |c prouptly produccd rcviscd coustitutious t|at rcuaiucd iu orcc till . ic
also coupilcd a pcuitcutial, t|c `oo. : ..s.|s ..), aud cucouragcd Aquiuas to
ritc t|c `oo. ...:r. C:.:.|:s. At |is dcat| iu t|c |iugs o Aragou aud Castilc at-
tcudcd |is uucral. lcast-day orucrly |auuary. ic is a patrou saiut o laycrs.

`,..:.s .; j.|. :|: r:.rs.r. 1|c Ort|odox couuouly call t|c iaptist t|c irodrouos
'lorcruuucr' or 'irccursor'). At Auc|ialos, uc |ridcgroous ould |c duc|cd iu t|c
sca, t|cir |ridcs spriu|lcd it| scaatcr. 1|c ucdicval Vcst also |ad a cast o t|c
lavacruu, or lout, ou t|is day, iu |ouour o t|c iaptist.)
lu t|osc Ort|odox couutrics li|c lussia t|at |ccp all casts |y t|c |uliau calcudar,
|auuary iS is C|ristuas, aud ill rcuaiu so dou to , rou C|ristuas ill
|c t|c t|, rou t|c t|.
:..|.| .; C.|..:, allcgcdly uurdcrcd iu or cxccssivc strictucss |y or|ucu |uild-
iug t|c old cat|cdral, ucvcrt|clcss |c is patrou, uot o ovcrsccrs, |ut o sculptors aud
stouccuttcrs, as cll as o iauscatic ucrc|auts aud t|c city o Dortuuud. ic is por-
traycd as a uou| it| a |auucr iu |is |aud or as au aruourcd |uig|t it| a sord,
or as ouc o t|c our lcgcudary Sous o iaiuo |c |ad |ccu a |ravc arrior |corc |c
too| t|c col.
I. L..r sou o iiug Lri| t|c Good o Dcuuar|, -), Du|c o Slcsvig, uur-
dcrcd |y |is ucp|c Mogcus or Maguus iu . iis day uar|s t|c cud o cstivitics
aud rcsuuptiou o or|, Voru citcs a r|yuc s..|: I. :..:r ,| 'St iuud drivcs
C|ristuas out', |ut scc |au.).
1|c traditioual Luglis| cquivalcut o uodcru Dauis| I. aud iorcgiau aud
Scdis| I.: is 'Cauutc', rou a latiu oru C..:s uscd |y t|osc |o |ad diculty
iu prououuciug iuitial |., cvcu so do t|c lrcuc| call a pcu-|uic a ....;. lt iuucdiatcly
rcuiuds t|c Luglis| rcadcr o t|c grcat |iug |o couqucrcd Luglaud ycars |corc
Du|c Villiau aud uuli|c Villiau ou |is su|jccts' lovc, |ut a|ovc all it rccalls t|c talc
t|at |c couuaudcd t|c iucouiug tidc to rctrcat aud, |cu it did uot, proclaiucd t|c
ort|lcssucss o all |iugs|ip |ut God's. 1|is |iug as |uou to |is Scaudiuaviau su|-
jccts as I.:r, iu Luglaud as C.:, |y |ic| uauc |c is uo callcd iu acadcuic |istory,
pcr|aps to avoid suggcstiug t|c t|rouc |y t|c sca. Ot|cr uaucsa|cs arc |cst givcu t|cir
uodcru vcruacular uaucs, or auot|cr St iuud, scc |uly.
lu ioray :||,.r.:. t|c hrc-saviug day), rou |cat|cu rituals, |ut a St Lld|crga as
iuvcutcd to cxplaiu t|c uauc. lu it is rcportcd t|at at Scljord t|c uistrcss o t|c
|ousc ould cclc|ratc t|c rcturu o t|c suu |y driu|iug a draug|t o alc |corc t|c
|cart|, t|ro souct|iug iuto t|c hrc, aud cxclaiu 'So |ig| |c uy hrc t|at |cll is uo
|ig|cr or |ottcr.' 1|c auily ould t|cu sit ou t|c noor arouud t|c |ol it| t|cir
|auds |c|iud t|cir |ac|s, cac| iu turu t|cy ould lit t|c |ol iu t|cir uout|s, driu|
t|c alc, aud cast t|c |ol |c|iud t|cu it| a toss o t|c |cad, i it laudcd acc dou,
ouc ould dic it|iu t|c ycar, i uot, ouc ould |avc t|c ortuuc to driu| 'Lld|crga's
uiud' auot|cr ycar. 1|crc crc variatious iu |ic| toasts crc druu| to t|osc iu t|c
|ousc, aud to t|c |iug. lu S|cdsuo t|cy said t|at ou t|at day t|c |car turucd ovcr iu
|is slccp.
Millard lilluorc, ircsidcut o t|c LSA -, as |oru ou t|is day iu , t|c cvcut
is souctiucs cclc|ratcd iu a spirit o jovial irouy, or Aucricaus o all political pcr-
suasious agrcc ou |is lac| o distiuctiou. ic as ucvcr clcctcd ircsidcut |aviug as

Zac|ary 1aylor's \icc-ircsidcut succccdcd ou |is dcat| iu uid-tcru, |c ouud uo ouc
to uouiuatc |iu iu t|c clcctiou o , aud our ycars latcr as t|c caudidatc o t|c
auti-lris| 'Aucricau iarty', couuouly callcd t|c 'iuo-iot|iug party' rou its cult o
sccrccy. icvcrt|clcss |c dcscrvcs souc couucudatiou, lcss or |aviug s|a|cu t|c |aud
o iciuric| Sc|licuauu, t|c uturc discovcrcr o 1roy, t|au or |aviug rcuscd, iu ,
t|c doctoratc o civil las ocrcd |iu |y Oxord Luivcrsity, ou t|c grouud t|at |c |ad
uo litcrary or scicutihc attaiuucuts t|at could justiy acccptiug it.
..| L., .r `: L.s:.`s L.,. Voucu rcsuucd spiuuiug atcr t|c C|ristuas scasou t|c
Mouday atcr 1clt| Day as loc| Mouday), roc| dista.
`...: L.s:.s .,, .r :|: o.rr. .;::r 1:|;:| .,
iartly or|c aud partly play
Yc uust ou S. L.s:.s day
lrou t|c iloug| soouc rcc your tcauc,
1|cu couc |ouc aud ot|cr t|cu.
l t|c Maidcs a spiuuiug goc,
iuru t|c nax, aud hrc t|c to
Scorc| t|cir plac|cts, |ut |carc
1|at yc siugc uo uaidcu-|airc.
iriug iu pailcs o atcr t|cu,
lct t|c Maidcs |cas| t|c ucu.
Givc S. L.s:.: all t|c rig|t,
1|cu |id C|ristuas sport ..~..|:.
Aud ucxt uorro, cvcry ouc
1o |is ouc vocatiou.
lo|crt icrric| -)
z

... JI Is I...r..s A
1|.s ., |:;.r: ....: :.|.r::| :|: ..:r: .; j.:, .. .;::r ....: :|: ..:r: .; M.,. lloyd)
z - - - Grcccc Midic's Day or Voucu's Day
LSA, louisiaua aud Massac|usctts iattlc o ic Orlcaus Day Gcucral Audrc
|ac|sou iunictcd a crus|iug dccat ou iritis| orccs iu , |ot| sidcs crc uu-
aarc t|at t|c icacc o G|cut |ad |ccu sigucd ou Dcccu|cr )
z - luciau, |is|op o icauvais iCi)
L...., |is|op o icauvais rd c.), uartyr, togct|cr it| |is coupauious Maxiuiau aud
|uliau, o uuccrtaiu aut|cuticity, |is cult nouris|cd atcr t|c discovcry o rclics iu t|c
scvcut| ccutury.
C|: d. ), patrou saiut o irusscls, |osc laup as cxtiuguis|cd |y t|c Dcvil aud
rclit |y au augcl, or as souc say |y t|c \irgiu Mary |crscl.

lu Grcccc St Douui|c, a ht|-ccutury dcacoucss at Coustautiuoplc. Ou t|is day
oucu o c|ild|cariug agc |riug t|c villagc uidic prcscuts, pour out atcr or |cr,
aud |iss a p|allic s.|:o. 's|apc') uadc rou a largc lcc| or sausagc procrcd |y |cr
attcudauts, ovcr |ic| t|cy ccp, adorucd it| gildcd nocrs, ouiou aud garlic trcsscs,
aud ucc|laccs o dricd hgs, currauts, aud caro|-|caus, it| a largc ouiou iu licu o a
atc|, s|c proudly prcsidcs rou a ua|cs|it t|rouc, rcvcrcd as i s|c crc Gcuctyllis,
t|c goddcss o c|ild|irt|. Atcr a |i|ulous |auquct s|c is lcd t|roug| t|c strccts ou a
carriagc li|c a |ridc aud spriu|lcd it| atcr at t|c ouutaiu, t|c oucu siug, daucc,
aud tcll lcd jo|cs, t|c ucu stay iudoors.
|ac|sou Day lcgal |oliday iu louisiaua, aud also Massac|usctts), cclc|ratiug t|c
|attlc o ic Orlcaus. lu uuc| o Aucrica it |ccauc a Dcuocratic |caucast, iu
t|c prcvious ycar's cougrcssioual victorics crc cclc|ratcd at ialtiuorc |y spccc|cs aud
a |auquct o , oystcrs, gallous LS) o tcrrapiu, , l| o capou, cauvas-
|ac| duc|s, Suit|hcld |aus, , cigars, aud |ottlcs o c|aupaguc.
z

... J Is I...r..s i
1|.s .,: .:.::| :|: ..:r: .; Js: |:;.r: ....:, .. .;::r ....: ..:| s|: :|: s:.:: .; j|,.
lloyd)
z Agouia or Agoualia as otcu, t|c louaus t|cusclvcs did uot
|uo |at t|c ord ucaut, |ut it appcars iu t|c ocial calcudar or ;.s:. our tiucs iu
t|c ycar or a sacrihcc iu |ouour o a particular god. Ou t|is day t|c god as |auus, t|c
ot|cr occasious crc Marc| Mars), May \cdiovis.), aud Dcccu|cr Sol
ludigcs).
z -
H.r... .r Jr... .; C..::r|r, d. ), uativc o Arica, a||ot ucar iaplcs, c|oscu arc|-
|is|op o Cautcr|ury |y iopc \italiauus, |c dccliucd t|c |ouour, |ut accoupauicd
1|codorc o 1arsus Scpt.) aud |ccauc a||ot o SS ictcr aud iaul's latcr St Au-
gustiuc's), |crc |c orgaui.cd t|c sc|ool. Mauy uturc |is|ops aud a||ots crc cdu-
catcd t|crc iu latiu, Grcc|, louau la, t|cology, aud plaiuc|aut.
I.||.. .r I.:|.., au cig|t|-ccutury lris| iuuigraut to Scotlaud, togct|cr it| |is uot|cr,
St icutigcrua, |c dicd at Strat|hllau. lo|crt t|c irucc iuvo|cd |is aid |corc t|c |at-
tlc o iauuoc||uru,
All t|c uyc|t aorc t|c |attall iauuoc||uru, |yug lo|crt . . . rollaud all icopcrdcis aud c|aucc
o ortouu iu |is uyud, aud suutyucs |c cut to |is dcvoit coutcuplatiouu, ua|aud |is

orisouu to god aud sauct i|illauc, qu|ais aruc as |c |clcvit) sct iu silvcr cs closit iu auc cais
it|iu |is palycou = paviliou, tcut. ioccc, o.
v
Ou t|is day iu au iucouc tax o to s|illiugs iu t|c pouud as hrst iutroduccd iu
Grcat iritaiu to huaucc t|c ar agaiust iapolcou, uodcru rcadcrs uay |cttcr uudcr-
staud t|c ratc as pcr ccut. 1|c tax as a artiuc cxpcdicut, aud |ccauc pcruaucut
ouly iu t|c latcr uiuctccut| ccutury, at t|at datc ouc still spo|c o 't|c iucouc tax', iu
coutrast to t|c uodcru 'iucouc tax', coustructcd it|out t|c articlc as i it crc a orcc
o uaturc.
z

... IIII Is I...r..s C
1|.s .,: s|:::| :|: ..:r: .; .:.|:r |:;.r: ....: .. .;::r ....:, :|: s:.:: .; `:::o|:r. lloyd)
z -
J.:|., popc -, c|aupiou o ort|odoxy agaiust |crcsy. Succcssivc iy.autiuc cu-
pcrors |ad soug|t to iu ovcr t|c Syriau aud Lgyptiau Mouop|ysitcs, |o dcuicd t|at
C|rist |ad a |uuau as cll as a diviuc uaturc, iu icraclius attcuptcd, t|roug|
iatriarc| Scrgius o Coustautiuoplc, to accouuodatc t|cu |y asscrtiug t|at iu |is to
uaturcs |c |ad ouly ouc Lucrgy. 1|c oruula as acccptcd |y iopc iouorius l, |o
addcd t|at C|rist |ad ouly ouc Vill, t|is 'Mouot|clctc' doctriuc as prouulgatcd |y
icraclius iu , |ut rcpudiatcd |y su|scqucut popcs. 1|c rit as uot |calcd uutil
Coustautiuc l\ suuuoucd t|c Sixt| Occuucuical Couucil Coustautiuoplc, -) to
dccidc t|c uattcr. 1|c iopc arraugcd a scrics o local syuods rou iathcld to t|c
latcrau, at |ic| a uuioru Vcstcru positiou as ac|icvcd or trausuissiou to Cou-
stautiuoplc, t|c Couucil uot ouly up|cld t|c cxistcucc iu C|rist o to Lucrgics aud
to Vills, |ut auat|cuati.cd iouorius or 'olloiug iu all t|iugs |is Scrgius' uiud
aud ratiyiug |is iupious doctriucs' scc too |uly). lor Agat|o's iutcrcst iu t|c Lug-
lis| C|urc|, scc |auuary.
Cr:.r, .; N,ss. ..-..), youugcr |rot|cr o iasil t|c Grcat Ort|., Mar. lC,
|uly CY), ouc o t|c t|rcc grcat ourt|-ccutury t|cologiaus |uou as t|c
'Cappadociau lat|crs' iasil, Grcgory o iyssa, aud Grcgory o ia.iau.us. Cou-
sccratcd |is|op o iyssa .., |c as dcposcd aud cxilcd uudcr t|c Ariau cupcror
\alcus, |c as latcr |ricny |is|op o Sc|astc, aud uudcr t|c cupcror 1|codosius as
a uota|lc prcac|cr o iiccuc ort|odoxy. iis auc, |ocvcr, rcsts ou |is ritiugs, |ic|
or all t|cir dc|t to ilatouisu aud to Origcu rou |ou |c too| t|c uotiou t|at
t|c Dcvil aud t|c dauucd ould ultiuatcly |c savcd) also cx|i|it origiual t|oug|t, it
sccus to |c |c |o hrst li|cucd t|c Atoucucut to t|c |aitiug o t|c Dcvil it| a
hs||oo|.

z

... III Is I...r..s D
3:;.r: ....:, :|.s .,: :.|.r::| :|: ..:r: .; L:.:o|:r, .. .;::r ....: :|: ..:r: .;
N.:o|:r. lloyd)
z - - - Al|auia iroclauatiou o t|c lcpu|lic Day
)
icpal iatioual Luity Day iu |ouour o iiug irit|viuarayau, -, |o csta|-
lis|cd t|c |iugdou)
iucrto lico Dc iostos' iirt|day
z 1|is day as t|c cstival o t|c atcr-uyup| |uturua, |ciug t|c
dcdicatiou-day o |cr tcuplc iu t|c Caupus Martius, s|c also |ad a spriug at t|c door
o t|c Capitol iu t|c sout|-cst corucr o t|c loruu, atcr rou |ic| as uscd iu
ocial sacrihccs. \crgil uadc |cr t|c sistcr o 1uruus, t|c cxccssivcly arli|c c|aupiou
o uativc ltaliau rcsistaucc to Acucas' 1rojaus. lt as also t|c hrst day o t|c Carucu-
talia, |ououriug t|c prop|ctic goddcss o c|ild|irt| Carucutis, latcr uadc t|c uot|cr
o Acucas' ally t|c Arcadiau iuuigraut Lvaudcr, |o rulcd iu louc |corc it as
louc, t|c sccoud day o t|c cstival as t|c t|. Auiual s|ius crc ta|oo at |cr s|riuc.
z - lu ioray aud lcclaud t|is as St irictiva's day |r::::o:ss:, 3r.::.;~
o:ss.), t|oug| uo ouc |uc |o s|c as, it as said t|at a arucr arucd |y |is ucig|-
|our t|at it as uuluc|y to or| ou 3r::::'s day rctortcd t|at 3r:::: or uo 3r:::: |c ould
cart |r::::) |ouc a load o |ay, '|ut ou t|c ay |is |orsc |urt its oot'. 1|c uauc also
too| t|c oru |r,||:so:ss: or |r.||:so:ss:, uudcrstood to ucau t|at souct|iug ould
|rca|, t|is as souctiucs iutcrprctcd as |rca|iug up t|c C|ristuas lcaviugs aud
puttiug t|cu iuto t|c pot, it| t|c couscqucucc t|at auy lctovcr alc as to |c
druu| up. lu souc placcs rcs| alc as |rccd, aud a party |cld or ricuds aud ucig|-
|ours.
Ou Old ic Ycar's Lvc iu iurg|cad, ou t|c s|orc o t|c Moray lirt|, ucar Llgiu, t|c
aucicut ccrcuouy o t|c |uruiug o 't|c Clavic' ta|cs placc. A coutraptiou uadc o a
tar-|arrcl aud |crriug-cas| attac|cd it| a largc uail, hllcd it| |uruiug pcat, is cou-
structcd, t|cu carricd t|roug| t|c tou to a suall |ill, |crc it is placcd ou a pillar, al-
locd to |uru or |al au |our, aud t|cu t|rou dou t|c |ill, a uass o nauc. All
scrau|lc or t|c cu|crs, |ic| |riug good luc|.
Ou t|is day iu as |oru Gcorgc iat|auicl Cur.ou, viccroy o ludia, |us|aud o
to Aucricau |circsscs, orcigu sccrctary, aud hrst Marqucss Cur.ou o icdlcstou,
|uou rou |is |cariug cvcu iu yout| as 'a uost supcrior pur.ou', |c oucc couucutcd
ou a proposcd ucuu at iuc|iug|au ialacc t|at 'Gcutlcucu do uot ta|c soup at

luuc|cou'. 1|c scvcutccut| Larl o Dcr|y couplaiucd t|at Cur.ou uadc ouc ccl 'so
tcrri|ly plc|ciau', ucvcrt|clcss, as au a|lc aud iutclligcut uau it| a vcry crcdita|lc
rccord o ac|icvcucut |c as a caudidatc or t|c post o iriuc Miuistcr iu , |ut
Gcorgc \, agaiust t|c advicc o |is privatc sccrctary, c|osc Staulcy ialdiu. iis c|ic
rcasou as t|at Cur.ou as a pccr, au arguucut sccoudcd |y t|c orucr iriuc Miuis-
tcr Art|ur ialour, |o rcgardcd Cur.ou it| a disdaiu uauicstcd latcr t|at cvcuiug
at a |ousc party as rcportcd |y ila|c, )
. Aud ill dcar Gcorgc |c c|oscu.
. io, dcar Gcorgc ill uot.
. O|, l au so sorry. ic ill |c tcrri|ly disappoiutcd.
. l dou't |uo. Atcr all, cvcu i |c |as lost t|c |opc o glory |c still pos-
scsscs t|c ucaus o Gracc.
Gracc Duggau as Cur.ou's sccoud ic.
z

r..: Is I...r..s L
1|.s .,: |:.. :|: ::|;:, ..:| ;.r:s|.: :|: ..:r: .. ....:... .; :|: |.|: ,:.r:, .. ..:| ...;ro
:|: :|::. .,:s ... |:;.r:. lloyd)
z - Aclrcd o licvaulx CY), icucdict iiscop CY couucu.)
J:|r: .; .:.|: -), a pricst's sou rou icx|au, |osc uauc, also spclt 'Ailrcd'
aud iu uauy ot|cr ays, is a corruptiou o '.t|clrcd', spcut |is yout| at t|c court o
David |iug o Scots -), |o ocrcd |iu a |is|opric, prccrriug to |c a uou|,
|c cutcrcd t|c Cistcrciau a||cy o licvaulx iu t|c iort| lidiug o Yor|s|irc, |crc
iu |c |ccauc a||ot. iy t|cu, at St icruard's rcqucst, |c |ad alrcady rittcu |is
`:.|o ..r.:.:.s 'Mirror o C|arity'), |is ot|cr or|s iucludc a |agiograp|y o Ldard
t|c Coucssor, at |osc trauslatiou |c as prcscut scc Oct.), aud L: s.r.:.|. .o...:..,
a C|ristiau rccastiug o Ciccro's dialoguc ou ricuds|ip. iis sauctity is illustratcd |y
t|c storics t|at, as a |oy, |c prcdictcd t|c dcat| o a |ad arc||is|op o Yor|, aud as au
old uau ucar dcat|, trou|lcd it| a coug|, orgavc a uou| |o t|rc |iu ou t|c hrc
or ualiugcriug. 1|c lC cast-day is t|is day or Marc|.
3:.:..: 3.s.. -), ouudcr aud hrst a||ot o Vcaruout| ), ouudcr o t|c
uouastcry o |arro ). iatrou o Luglis| icucdictiucs. ic visitcd louc six tiucs,
rcturuiug it| rclics, liturgical |oo|s, sacrcd iuagcs, aud t|c arc|cautor |o|u, scut |y
iopc Agat|o scc |au.), |o taug|t uucial script, aud t|c ordcr aud uauucr o
siugiug, to uou|s t|roug|out Luglaud. iiscop's li|rary as iuvalua|lc or icdc's
studics. 1|is day is also |is lC ucuorial.

M.r:r.:: 3.r:.,s, |. 1roycs , d. Moutrcal , |o playcd |cr part iu t|c lrcuc|
pcuctratiou o iort| Aucrica, iu tutor to t|c c|ildrcu o t|c lrcuc| garrisou at
\illc-Maric Moutrcal), iu ouudcd t|c Sours dc la Cougrgatiou dc iotrc-
Dauc. icr lic is cx|i|itcd it| t|c utuost picty at t|c C|apcllc iotrc-Dauc dc iou-
Sccours iu Old Moutrcal.
1.:...., supposcd dcacoucss at louc aud virgiu uartyr, .., uuc| |ouourcd iu t|c
Last, aloug it| a St Lupraxia. 1|c |croiuc o ius||iu's L:.: .:.. is callcd 1atiaua
a loly uauc iu |is day), |cr grotcsquc aud atcul uauc-day party is dcscri|cd iu c|. .
lu t|c tcutict| aud tcuty-hrst ccuturics |cr ic Stylc day iu lussia is |au.)
Accordiug to souc calcudars, it as ou t|is day t|at t|c c|ild |csus rcturucd rou
Lgypt.
lu ioray couutcd uidiutcr, as |alay |ctccu Octo|cr aud April.
Old ic Ycar's Lvc iu Scarp. lu t|c cvcuiug o t|is day, corrcspoudiug to Old iog-
uauay or ic Ycar's Lvc iu t|c uiuctccut| ccutury, t|c |oys o Scarp iu t|c Vcstcru
lslcs o Scotlaud), |aviug orgat|crcd at a c|oscu |ousc, ould tour t|c islaud iu pro-
ccssiou, at cac| |ousc, atcr t|c rccitatiou o a traditioual r|yuc, t|cy ould |cat a |idc
|y t|c hrc aud |old out |ags or gits o ood 'a littlc suuucr producc', |:... :
:|.r.| .. :~`.o|r..|), t|c proccssiou ovcr, t|cy ould go |ac| to cast, aud to ua|c
s|iuty stic|s or a gauc to |c playcd t|c ucxt day Old ic Ycar's Day). 1|c r|yuc iu-
cludcd a rccrcucc to au alrcady o|solctc custou o siugciug a strip o s|iu rou a
s|ccp's |rcast as a c|aru agaiust illucss. 1|c girls o Scarp playcd uo part iu t|c iog-
uauay cclc|ratiou, t|cir grcat day as iovcu|cr Old ialloc'cu), |ic| iu turu
as uo |usiucss o t|c |oys.
z

Is I...r..: l
z - - - ioray 1,:.:.:. or :,..:.:. 'tcutict|
day' cud o C|ristuas scasou)
Scdcu iuut's Day cud o C|ristuas scasou, scc |au.)
1ogo iatioual li|cratiou Day .. o )
z - iilary o ioiticrs CoL, lC, |ut ou |au. -), icutigcru
lC Scotlaud, CY couucu.), Gcorgc lox CY couucu.)
H.|.r, ..-..), |is|op o ioiticrs, a couvcrt to C|ristiauity, |c |ccauc |is|op o
ioiticrs .., c|aupiouiug ort|odoxy agaiust Ariauisu a|ovc all iu |is trcatisc L: 1r...~
:.::. iis uauc is dcrivcd rou |.|.r.s, 'c|ccrul', 'joyul'. iilary 1cru at t|c Luivcrsity o
Oxord aud t|c la courts |cgius a|out t|is tiuc

1|is ioy, |cu God spca|cs pcacc to t|c Soulc, giucs cud to all iarrcs, dou|ts, aud dicrcuccs,
oucrcoucs t|c orld, uou-sutcs t|c dcuill, aud ua|cs a uau |ccpc iillary 1cruc all |is lic.
1|ouas Adaus, H:.:. M.: `r: h.r|:s, ),
I:.:.:r., alias Muugo, cvaugclist o Strat|clydc aud Cuu|ria, d. , rcportcdly at t|c
agc o . Vc rcad t|at |corc |is |irt| |is uot|cr 1aucu as t|rou o a cli iu a
agou aud sct adrit iu a coraclc, aud t|at |cu t|c riug |cstocd |y t|c quccu o
Strat|clydc upou |cr lovcr as rctricvcd |y t|c |iug aud t|rou out to sca it| t|c
couuaud t|at s|c s|ould hud it it|iu t|rcc days, ouc o icutigcru's uou|s dis-
covcrcd it iu a saluou. 1|c lattcr talc is couucuoratcd |y t|c riug aud t|c hs| iu t|c
arus o Glasgo.
C:.r: I.: -), ouudcr o t|c Socicty o lricuds Qua|crs). Sou o a cavcr, aud
dcstiucd to |c a s|ocua|cr, iu |c lct |ouc, scarc|iug or culig|tcuucut, aud
gradually oruiug a couvictiou t|at au iustitutioual c|urc| as irrclcvaut aud t|at t|c
iudividual s|ould scc| trut| |y couuuuiug it| God iu |is soul. Mauy joiucd it|
|iu aud crc |uou as 'C|ildrcu o t|c lig|t' or 'lricuds o t|c 1rut|', sucriug
pcrsccutiou |ccausc t|cy rcuscd to ta|c oat|s or pay tit|cs. Atcr t|c 1olcratiou Act o
t|c uovcucut sprcad idcly.
L|... t| c.), Vcls| saiut, ouc o uauy saiuts to |ou a cll is dcdicatcd. 1|ouas icu-
uaut visitcd t|c cll o St Lliau iu
1|c cll o St. .|..., a paris| uot ar rou L|..r.||. iu C.:r..r..s|.r:, |as |ccu iu grcat rcputc
or t|c curcs o all discascs, |y ucaus o t|c iutcrccssiou o t|c saiut, |o as hrst iuvo|cd |y
carucst praycrs iu t|c ucig||oriug c|urc|. ic as also applicd to ou lcss ort|y occasious, aud
uadc t|c iustruucut o discovcriug t|icvcs, aud o rccovcriug stolcu goods. Souc rcpair to |iu
to iuprccatc t|cir ucig||ors, aud to rcqucst t|c saiut to aict it| suddcu dcat|, or it| souc
grcat uisortuuc, auy pcrsous |o uay |avc ocudcd t|cu. 1|c |clic iu t|is is still stroug, or
t|rcc ycars |avc uot clapscd siucc l as t|rcatcucd |y a cllo |o iuagiucd l |ad iujurcd |iu)
it| t|c vcugcaucc o St. .|..., aud a jourucy to |is cll to cursc uc it| ccct.
icuuaut, `....,
lu Scdcu aud uuc| o ioray, t|is as t|c cud o t|c C|ristuas cstivitics, aud
t|crcorc too| ovcr St iuud rou t|c t|, a iorcgiau variaut o t|c r|yuc citcd ou
|is day is 1,..:.s~I.: ,..r ,|. :. l it suocd ou 1cutict| Day, t|crc ould |c
tcuty suostorus |corc t|c |cgiuuiug o suuucr ou April.
I:.s: .; I..|s. 1|c lcast o lools, also |uou as lcast o Stic|s, as variously cclc|ratcd
ou t|is day, , , or Dcccu|cr, it as souctiucs cou|iucd it| t|c lcast o Asscs,
also ouud ou |auuary aud at C|ristuas iu |ouour o t|c ass iu t|c sta|lc), at |ic|
au ass as lcd iuto c|urc| to t|c couductus 'Oricutis parti|us'. A iis|op or cvcu iopc)
o lools as clcctcd to cclc|ratc uass aud spca| t|c |lcssiug, t|c clcrgy saug |ady
sougs, t|c su|dcacous atc sausagcs ou t|c altar, diccd, playcd cards, aud put old s|ocs
aud cvcu cxcrcta iu t|c ccuscr, atcr uass t|c cougrcgatiou rau riot iu t|c c|urc|, t|cu
cut iuto tou ou duug-carts rou |ic| t|cy pcltcd t|c crod. At Auti|cs, lay-
ol| occupicd t|c pricst's scat, drcsscd iu raggcd vcstucuts turucd iusidc out, |cld t|c

liturgical |oo|s upsidc dou, rccitcd gi||cris|, aud uadc auiual uoiscs. 1|c lrcuc|
lovc o puus rciutcrprctcd |. ;:: :s s.s~...r:s 't|c cast o t|c su|dcacous') as |. ;:: :s
s..|s ...r:s 't|c cast o t|c druu|cu dcacous'). 1|is rolic as particularly c|aractcr-
istic o uort|cru lraucc aud t|c lo Couutrics, |ic| did uot o|scrvc caruival, at
Cau|rai, |crc a ucdicval rccord uotcs t|at 'today |au. t|c |ours o t|c ilcsscd
Mary arc uot said |ccausc o t|c lcast o lools', it as still cclc|ratcd it| t|c
cry 'l'a|| |oit' iu t|c uiuctccut| ccutury. lt as also |uou iu Luglaud, iis|op
Grossctcstc supprcsscd it at liucolu Cat|cdral .., aud iu t|roug|out t|c
dioccsc its day |ciug |au.), as 'ull o vauity aud oul it| plcasurcs, |atcul to God
aud dclig|tul to dcvils'.
z

... XIX I.|:..s I:|r.r..s G
z -
I:|.: .; N.|. d. ), coucssor, |uou or couvcrsious aud uiraclcs. iis cult as stroug
rou t|c ourt| ccutury, |cu t|c c|urc| dcdicatcd to |iu at iola |ccauc a placc o
pilgriuagc.
M.||.r L., .: J|| `.|s C.||::, :;.r. Ou t|is day, iu t|c hrst ycar o cvcry ccutury
|cucc last iu aud ucxt iu ), t|c cllos procccd |y torc|lig|t ovcr t|c roo o
t|c Codriugtou li|rary iu scarc| o a uallard, supposcdly discovcrcd iu a draiu |cu
t|c collcgc as ouudcd iu , aud siugiug a soug iu its |ouour. 1|c ull tcxt, cou-
|iuiug t|c six stau.as rccordcd |y t|c scvcutccut|-ccutury autiquariau Autouy Vood
it| t|c rcraiu |uou rou ot|cr sourccs, ruus
1|c Griu, iustard, 1ur|cy, aud Capou
lct ot|cr |uugry uortals gapc ou,
Aud ou t|cir |oucs it| stouac|s all |ard,
iut lct All Souls ucu |avc t|c Mallard.
C|orus
O |y t|c |lood o |iug Ldard,
O |y t|c |lood o |iug Ldard,
lt as a sappiug, sappiug Mallard.
1|c louaus oucc aduircd a gaudcr
Morc t|au t|cy did t|cir |cst Couuaudcr,
iccausc |c savcd, i souc dou't ool us,
1|c placc uaucd rou t|c s|ull o 1olus.
1|c pocts cigucd |ovc turucd a Sau,
iut lct t|cu provc it i t|cy cau,
1o ua|c't appcarc it's uot at all |ard,
ic as a sappiug, sappiug Mallard.

Souc storics straugc arc told, l tro,
iy ia|cr, iolius|cd, aud Sto,
O Coc|s aud iulls aud suc| quccr t|iugs
1|at |appcucd iu t|c rcigus o t|cir |iugs.
ic as sappiug all rou |ill to cyc,
ic as sappiug all rou iug to t|ig|,
iis sappiug tool o gcucratiou
Outsappd all t|c iugd uatiou.
1|cu lct us driu| aud daucc a galliard
lu t|c rcucu|raucc o t|c Mallard,
Aud as t|c Mallard dot| iu pool,
lct's da||lc, divc, aud duc| iu |ol.
iocvcr, t|c ourt| aud ht| stau.as crc su|scqucutly supprcsscd, or rcplaccd |y top-
ical satircs, iu t|c t|ird stau.a, '1o ua|c't appcar' |as |ccouc t|c uorc cup|ouious 'As
or our proos'. V|ic| iiug Ldard is iutcudcd is uot |uou.
lu Stuart tiucs Mallard iig|t as au auuual ritc o passagc iu |ic| t|c caudidatcs
clcctcd ou or ucar All Souls Day t|c prcvious iovcu|cr |ccauc pro|atioucr cllos,
t|cy crc rouscd rou t|cir |cds |y t|c cxistiug pro|atioucr cllos |o crc a|out
to |ccouc ull cllos) aud lcd arouud t|c collcgc. Siucc iu t|osc days cllos o
Oxord collcgcs crc otcu uo oldcr t|au uodcru uudcrgraduatcs, aud tcudcd to |c-
|avc accordiugly, it is uot surprisiug t|at t|c hrst rccord o t|c ccrcuouy s|ould |c au
iudiguaut lcttcr rittcu iu |y t|c Arc||is|op o Cautcr|ury, Gcorgc A||ot, t|c
Collcgc \isitor, dcuouuciug
t|c grcat outragc |ic|, as l au iuorucd, as t|c last ycar couuittcd iu your Collcgc, |crc,
alt|oug| uattcrs |ad orucrly |ccu carricd it| distcupcr, yct ucu did ucvcr |rca| ort| iuto
t|at iutolcra|lc li|crty as to tcar o t|c doors aud gatcs |ic| arc t|c cuccs o t|c Collcgc, aud
so to disquict t|cir ucig||ours as i it |ad |ccu iu a caup or tou o ar, to t|c grcat disgracc
o t|c govcruucut o t|at Luivcrsity. Civil ucu s|ould ucvcr so ar orgct t|cusclvcs uudcr prc-
tcucc o a oolis| Mallard as to do t|iugs |ar|arously uu|ccouiug, rou |ic| l advisc ucu
arily to a|staiu, lcst ot|crisc t|cy ua|c t|cusclvcs uuort|y o auy |a|itatiou iu t|c |ousc
o t|c Muscs, |ic| l orcaru ill |c t|c issuc o t|osc |o |crcatcr trausgrcss t|at ay.
iurros, -
lu t|c uoisc o Mallard iig|t alarucd t|c soldicrs statioucd iu Oxord, |o crc
rcady to orcc opcu t|c gatc aud put dou t|c trou|lc. latcr t|c uallard |uut as rc-
strictcd to t|c hrst ycar o t|c ccutury, iu ot|cr ycars cllos coutcut t|cusclvcs |y
siugiug t|c soug.
1|c lcvd |o|u ioiutcr, a lcarucd autiquariau, as t|oug|t iu t|c collcgc to |avc iu-
pugucd t|c |ouour o t|is |ird |y calliug it a goosc iu |is J..:o.. :...:.s.s o ,
iu act |c as guilty o uo uorc t|au supposiug t|at goosc aud duc| 'uay |c |ot|
rau|'d iu t|c sauc Class', |ut ucxt ycar ouc o t|c cllos, icujauiu iuc|lcr, pu|lis|cd
auouyuously a uoc|-lcarucd squi|, J C.o|::: J.....:... .; :|: M.||.r .; J||~`.|s C.||::,
J...s: :|: ..,r..s `:s:...s .; :|: :. Mr. ...::r, :.:.r .; `|.:.. .. :|: C..:, .; N.r:|.o~
:.. .. L...:s: .; :::r|.r.|.
lu a uouutcd aud auuotatcd copy o Autouy Vood's H.s:.r, .. J.:.,.:,, vol. ii uo
iodlciau li|rary, MS 1op. Oxou. c. , o.
v
), Aldcruau Villiau llctc|cr o Oxord

iuscrtcd t|c 'luprcssiou o a Scal ouud |y souc Vor|ucu iu diggiug a draiu, ou t|c
sitc o All Souls Collcgc, castard o o t|c Vardcu's lodgiugs', it datcs rou t|c t|ir-
tccut| ccutury, displayiug t|c cu|lcu o a griu aud t|c lcgcud 'S. Guill. Malardi
clcr)ici', t|c scal o Villiau Mallard, clcr|. iurros pp. -) sa iu t|is a possi|lc
origiu or t|c traditiou, iudccd, it ould accouut vcry cll or t|c opcuiug ords o t|c
soug, or |ilc capou aud |ustard arc attcstcd at a collcgc cast iu aud tur|cy |ad
|ccu |uou or souc tiuc, uot cvcu t|c |ccucst gouruct could |avc diucd ou t|at
uyt|ical |ird t|c griu.
lu Arucuia t|is day is Circuucisiou, |ciug t|c octavc o C|ristuas,Lpip|auy.
z

... XJIII I.|:..s I:|r.r..s A
1|: `| o.|:s .:s .:.r...:, .. ..oo:..:s .:s :r:.:...s .. .r:. |..:s .. r::. |:.:.
lorstcr)
z - - - Guatcuala lcast o C|rist o Lsquipulas, or
ilac| C|rist lcstival
|apau Couiug o Agc Day `:.,.. .. H.) uatioual |oliday)
LSA Martiu lut|cr iiug, |r.'s iirt|day o|scrvcd t|ird Mouday iu |auuary)
z 1|c sccoud day o t|c Carucutalia scc |au.).
z -
.| :|: H:ro.: d. ..), also |uou as iaul o 1|c|cs, |cro o a rouaucc |y St |crouc
|ut ot|crisc uu|uou, said to |c t|c hrst C|ristiau |cruit, |aviug t|c |ouour o
|ciug |uricd |y Autouy o Lgypt scc |au.). ic is rcprcscutcd iu art it| t|c to
lious |o allcgcdly dug |is gravc, uiuor c|aractcrs iu t|c talc iucludc ccutaurs, satyrs,
aud a ravcu.
I:. d. ) ouudcd a uuuucry |uou iu Old lris| as Claiu Crcadail '|oly ucado')
at a sitc uo callcd Cill ldc 'lta's c|urc|') or iillccdy, iu Co. liucric|, t|c su|jcct o
grcat vcucratiou aud uauy lcgcuds. S|c cxccllcd iu t|c carc s|c lavis|cd ou |cr pupils,
|ut also it as said) posscsscd sccoud sig|t aud could dctcruiuc t|c outcouc o a
|attlc |y |cr praycrs.
1|c lris| lrcc Statc, `..rs:: .r:..., as csta|lis|cd ou t|is day iu , aud as iu-
ucdiatcly pluugcd iuto a civil ar |ctccu t|osc |o acccptcd t|c trcaty csta|lis|iug
it aud t|osc |o |ad is|cd to hg|t ou.
Martiu lut|cr iiug, |r., civil rig|ts lcadcr, |oru , uurdcrcd . Ou August
, duriug t|c caupaigu agaiust racial scgrcgatiou iu t|c Sout|cru statcs, |c addrcsscd

Aucricau |lac|s |o |ad uarc|cd ou Vas|iugtou iu au iuspiratioual aud iucautatory
spccc| it| t|c rcraiu 'l |avc a drcau'
l |avc a drcau t|at ouc day ou t|c rcd |ills o Gcorgia t|c sous o orucr slavcs aud t|c sous
o orucr slavc oucrs ill |c a|lc to sit dou togct|cr at t|c ta|lc o |rot|cr|ood . . .
l |avc a drcau t|at uy our littlc c|ildrcu ill ouc day livc iu a uatiou |crc t|cy ill uot |c
judgcd |y t|c color o t|cir s|iu |ut |y t|c coutcut o t|cir c|aractcr.
z

... XJII I.|:..s I:|r.r..s i
z -
M.r.:||s, |is|op o louc .)-.), |osc rcsistaucc to pcrsccutiou accoupauicd
iutolcraucc o t|osc lcss iutrausigcut t|au |iuscl, yct |o as latcr accuscd |y
Douatists prcciscly o suc| ca|ucss. Souc sc|olars idcutiy |iu it| Marcclliuus
Apr.), ot|crs suggcst t|at Marccllus struc| Marcclliuus o t|c list o popcs as au
apostatc.
Ou t|is day iu , duriug t|c icuiusular Var, au outuuu|crcd iritis| aruy uudcr Sir
|o|u Moorc, |aviug rcac|cd la Corua iu hg|tiug rctrcat rou a |old |ut uusucccss-
ul uissiou, |cat o a lrcuc| attac| |y Mars|al Soult. Moorc as |illcd iu t|c actiou,
aud |uricd |y |is occrs iuucdiatcly atcr t|c |attlc, t|c aruy cu|ar|cd sacly.
1|: 3r..| .; `.r j.|. M..r: .: C.r...
iot a druu as |card, uot a uucral uotc,
As |is corsc to t|c raupart c |urricd,
iot a soldicr disc|argcd |is arccll s|ot
O'cr t|c gravc |crc our |cro c |uricd.
Vc |uricd |iu dar|ly at dcad o uig|t,
1|c sods it| our |ayoucts turuiug,
iy t|c struggliug uoou|cau's uisty lig|t,
Aud t|c lautcru diuly |uruiug.
io usclcss cou cucloscd |is |rcast,
iot iu s|cct or iu s|roud c ouud |iu,
iut |c lay li|c a arrior ta|iug |is rcst,
Vit| |is uartial cloa| arouud |iu.
lc aud s|ort crc t|c praycrs c said,
Aud c spo|c uot a ord o sorro,
iut c stcadastly ga.cd ou t|c acc t|at as dcad,
Aud c |ittcrly t|oug|t o t|c uorro.
Vc t|oug|t, as c |ollocd |is uarro |cd,
Aud suoot|cd dou |is loucly pillo,
1|at t|c oc aud t|c straugcr ould trcad o'cr |is |cad,
Aud c ar aay ou t|c |illo.

lig|tly t|cy'll tal| o t|c spirit t|at's gouc,
Aud o'cr |is cold as|cs up|raid |iu,-
iut littlc |c'll rcc|, i t|cy lct |iu slccp ou
lu t|c gravc |crc a iritou |as laid |iu.
iut |al o our |cavy tas| as douc,
V|cu t|c cloc| struc| t|c |our or rctiriug,
Aud c |card t|c distaut aud raudou guu
1|at t|c oc as sullculy hriug.
Sloly aud sadly c laid |iu dou,
lrou t|c hcld o |is auc rcs| aud gory,
Vc carvcd uot a liuc, aud c raiscd uot a stouc-
iut c lct |iu alouc it| |is glory.
C|arlcs Volc -)
l t|is pocu crc uot ucuorial cuoug|, a uouuucut as raiscd to Moorc |y t|c
c|ivalry o Mars|al Soult.
z

... XJI I.|:..s I:|r.r..s C
z - - - i|ilippiucs Coustitutiou Day uatioual |oli-
day, couucuoratiug ratihcatiou o t|c aucudcd coustitutiou iu )
iolaud li|cratiou Day li|cratiou o Varsa rou t|c ia.is |y Sovict troops, )
z - Autouy o Lgypt, a||ot CY, lC)
J.:.., .; L,: -). Accordiug to a lic rittcu |y At|auasius iu ordcr to claiu
|iu or |is ou t|cological poiut o vic), Autouy livcd iu couplctc solitudc rou
to aud as assailcd |y a scrics o tcuptatious, vividly dcpictcd |y latcr artists suc|
as iosc| aud Gruucald. 1|c Ordcr o t|c iospitallcrs o Saiut Autouy as ouudcd
iu |is |ouour .., aud \icuuc, iu t|c Daup|iu, |ic| claiucd |is rclics, |ccauc a
ccutrc o pilgriuagc iu t|c Middlc Agcs. ic as crcditcd it| curiug visitors to |is
s|riuc duriug au out|rca| o crysipclas iu , t|c discasc is couscqucutly |uou as
'St Autouy's hrc'. ic is couuouly portraycd it| a tau-cross i.c. 1-s|apcd), a |cll, aud
a pig, |cucc t|c p|rasc 'tautouy pig' or t|c ruut o a littcr, or au o|scquious ollocr,
'tautouy' is also t|c suallcst |cll iu a c|urc| tocr. lor t|c rcductiou o 'St' to a : at-
tac|cd to t|c olloiug vocl, c. 'tadry' rou St Audrcy, aud t|c local prouuuciatiou
o St Osyt| iu Lsscx as '1oo.i'.) iaviug occupicd |is tiuc iu solitudc it| ua|iug |as-
|cts, |c is patrou saiut o |as|ct-ua|crs, aud rou |aviug |uricd St iaul t|c icruit
scc |au.), |c is also patrou saiut o gravcdiggcrs. ic is also patrou saiut o doucstic
auiuals, |o arc |lcsscd iu c|urc| ou |is cast-day. lu ltaly souc pricsts arc so o|-
ligiug as to iucludc autouo|ilcs, t|c uodcru |casts o |urdcu.

1|: 1:o:.:...s .; `...: J.:|..,
O iu t|c ildcrucss |arc aud lcvcl,
Aut|ouy rcstlcd it| t|c Dcvil.
Oucc |c'd |catcu t|c Dcvil dou,
Aut|ouy'd turu |is cycs toard tou
Aud lcavc |is |cruitagc uo aud t|cu
1o couc to grips it| t|c souls o ucu.
Atcrard, all t|c talcs agrcc,
Vrcstliug t|c Dcvil sccucd to |c
Quitc a rclic to Aut|ouy.
i|yllis McGiulcy -)
Saut'Autouio grau rcdura, Grcat cold ou St Autouy's day,
Sau lorcu.o grau caldura, Grcat |cat ou St laurcucc's day
l'uuo c l'altro poco dura. icit|cr lasts loug.
\cuctiau sayiug)
lu ltaly t|c I:s:. :| .r.., |crc t|c slaug|tcriug o t|c couuuual pig, carcully attcucd
up t|roug|out t|c ycar, lcads to gargautuau casts. lu Milau aud iadua, St Autouy is
t|c patrou saiut o |a|crs, atcr |lcssiug t|c auiuals t|c pricst distri|utcs a spccial
|rcad, t|c ..: . `..:`J.:.....
1|c siuilc 'li|c a tautouy pig', accordiug to t|c loudou c|rouiclcr |o|u Sto, arosc
as ollos
1|c occrs c|argcd it| ovcrsig|t o t|c uar|cts iu t|is city, did divcrs tiucs ta|c rou t|c
uar|ct pcoplc, pigs starvcd, or ot|crisc uu|olcsouc or uau's sustcuaucc, t|csc t|cy slit iu
t|c car. Ouc o t|c proctors or St. Aut|ouy's ticd a |cll a|out t|c ucc|, aud lct it ccd ou t|c
duug|ills, uo uau ould |urt or ta|c t|cu up, |ut i auy gavc to t|cu |rcad, or ot|cr ccdiug,
suc| ould t|cy |uo, atc| or, aud daily ollo, |iuiug till t|cy |ad souc|at givcu t|cu,
|crcupou as raiscd a provcr|, 'Suc| au ouc ill ollo suc| au ouc, aud |iuc as it crc au
Aut|ouy pig.' Sto,
lu Grcccc, St Autouy's Day is otcu trcatcd as t|c |cgiuuiug o caruival scasou,
oucu |cgiu visitiug cac| ot|cr iu t|c cvcuiugs, playiug gaucs aud tclliug jo|cs o au
uuiu|i|itcd uaturc.
| 1:|;:| N.|:
1cu ycars ago t|c old custou o Vassailiug t|c applc trccs iu t|c tiuy villagc o Car|auptou
Sou. as just cclc|ratcd |y a auily aud t|cir ricuds. 1oday, as or ccuturics, ucu it| s|ot
guus go out iuto t|c orc|ard |c|iud t|c villagc pu|, aud t|c trccs arc toastcd iu cidcr aud arc
urgcd, iu soug, to |riug ort| a good crop o applcs. . . . 'Applcs, |atuls, capuls, t|rcc |us|cl
|aguls, Aud a littlc |cap uudcr t|c stairs' . . . Oucc t|c applc trcc |as |ccu |lcsscd, t|c cvil spirits
aud itc|cs arc ardcd o |y hriug s|ots t|roug| t|c |oug|s o t|c trccs. ioadays, t|c cus-
tou |as |ccouc a popular cutcrtaiuucut or t|c couucrcially iutcrcstcd pcoplc iu t|c Sout|
Vcst o Luglaud. 1|crc is t|c qucuc o p|otograp|crs aud tclcvisiou caucraucu-aud a c
|opcul prcscrvatiouists. L.|.s| L...: .. `.., ),

z

... XJ I.|:..s I:|r.r..s D
z - - - ioo| Day |irt|day o A. A. Miluc, )
z - irisca iCi)
r.s.., said to |avc |ccu a louau virgiu uartyrcd iu , to |ou a c|urc| ou t|c
Avcutiuc as dcdicatcd |y t|c ourt| ccutury, siucc t|c uiut| s|c |as |ccu idcutihcd
it| t|c iriscilla ucutioucd iu Acts as t|c ic o Aquila, |cs couvcrtcd |y iaul.
J:|...s..s .. C,r.|, patriarc|s o Alcxaudria Ort|., scc May, |uuc), |ouourcd iu
uort|cru Grcccc |y couuuual sacrihcc o oxcu aud s|ccp, aud iudividual sacrihcc o a
coc|. lt is cousidcrcd uuluc|y to start auy or|, oucu do uot |a|c or sc.
`: :::r`s C|..r .. .o:. A lrau|is| cast o ictcr's pastoratc, iustitutcd iu t|c sixt| or
scvcut| ccutury, as latcr adoptcd iu louc, duplicatiug t|at ou lc|ruary, iu cou-
scqucucc, |is cousccratiou at Autioc| as cclc|ratcd ou t|c lattcr aud t|at at louc ou
|auuary. 1|c cast as supprcsscd iu , |ut souc Auglicau couuuuitics o|scrvc
t|c 'Coucssiou o St ictcr' ou t|is day.
lraucis Mortot givcs t|c olloiug accouut o t|c ccrcuouics iu louc iu
|auuary t|c s... cc cut to S
t
ictcrs C|urc| iu y
c
\atticau |crc c sa auot|cr Ccrcuouy,
ou t|is Day it is |cld t|at S
t
ictcr cauc hrst to louc, or |ic| causc, |is C|airc, |ic| stauds
vpou au altar ou y
c
lct |aud as ouc gocs iuto y
c
C|urc|, aud as cxposcd to pu|lic|c vic, |crc
all icrsous t|at cauc iuto y
c
C|urc|, crc vcry Au|itious to |auc t|cir icads aud C|aplcts
touc| y
c
sidc o y
c
C|airc, |ic| as to or pcrsous or|c to doc rou Moruiug to uig|t. Aud
l darc aruc trucly, t|crc crc uorc icads touc|d y
c
sidc o y
c
C|airc t|is day t|cu ould load
a Cart.
1|crc crc also, t|c uorc to iouour S
t
ictcr. a|out Cardiuals to |carc Massc. aud also
vcry cxccllcut Music|c. uadc |y at lcast Luuuc|s. |osc voyccs uadc suc| uclody, t|at oucs
carcs rccciucd arr uorc coutcutucut it| |cariug t|is Mclodious aud |aruouious Music|c,
t|cu ouc docs it| |c|oldiug S
t
ictcrs prctcudcd C|airc. Mortot, os.
v
-
r
lady Morgau, iu I:.|, ), dcscri|cd t|c ccrcuouy iu St ictcr's as ollos
At t|c cxtrcuity o t|c grcat uavc o St. ictcr's, |c|iud t|c altar, aud uouutcd upou a tri|uuc
dcsigucd or oruaucutcd |y Mic|acl Augclo, stauds a sort o t|rouc, couposcd o prccious ua-
tcrials, aud supportcd |y our gigautic hgurcs. A glory o scrap|iu, it| groups o augcls, s|cds
a |rilliaut lig|t upou its splcudours. 1|is t|rouc cus|riucs t|c rcal, plaiu, oru-catcu oodcu
c|air, ou |ic| St. ictcr, t|c priucc o t|c Apostlcs, is said to |avc poutihcatcd, uorc prccious
t|au all t|c |rou.c, gold, aud gcus, it| |ic| it is |iddcu, uot ouly rou iupious, |ut rou
|oly cycs, aud |ic| oucc ouly, iu t|c nig|t o agcs, as proaucd |y uortal iuspcctiou. 1|c
lcsta di Cattcdra is ouc o t|c vcry c uuctious, as t|cy arc callcd uu.ioui), cclc|ratcd iu
St. ictcr's. 1|c splcudidly drcsscd troops t|at liuc its uavc, t|c varicty aud ric|ucss o vcstucuts
|ic| clot|c t|c various c|urc| aud lay diguitarics, a||ots, pricsts, cauous, prclatcs, cardiuals,
doctors, dragoous, scuators, aud grcuadicrs, |ic| uarc| iu proccssiou, couplctc, as t|cy

procccd up t|c vast spacc o t|is oudrous tcuplc, a spcctaclc uo |crc to |c cquallcd it|iu
t|c palc o Luropcau civili.atiou. lu t|c uidst o sords aud crosicrs, o |al|crds aud crucihxcs,
surrouudcd |y |auucrs, aud |cudiug uudcr t|c glittcriug tiara o t|rcc-old pocr, appcars t|c
agcd, cc|lc, aud oru-out iopc, |oruc alot ou ucu's s|ouldcrs, iu a c|air o criusou aud gold,
aud cuviroucd |y slavcs or suc| t|cy loo|), |o at, rou pluucs o ostric| cat|crs uouutcd
ou ivory auds, a cooliug galc, to rcrcs| |is cx|austcd rauc, too rail or t|c cig|t o suc|
|ouours. All all prostratc, as |c passcs up t|c c|urc| to a suall c|oir aud t|rouc, tcuporarily
crcctcd |cucat| t|c c|air o St ictcr . . . A solcuu scrvicc is t|cu pcrorucd, |osauuas arisc, aud
royal votarists aud diplouatic dcvotccs paradc t|c c|urc|, it| guards o |ouour aud ruuuiug
ootucu, |ilc Luglis| gcutlcucu aud ladics uo| aud scrau|lc, aud crod aud |ri|c, aud hg|t
t|cir ay to t|c |cst placc t|cy cau o|taiu. Morgau, iii. -
lu irusscls, t|crc as a r.:.... or :.||: :s .o:s |cu ivcs |ad t|c rig|t to t|cir
|us|auds' coupauy iu |cd.
Larlicst possi|lc datc or Scptuagcsiua |cu Lastcr alls ou Marc| iu a couuou
ycar.
z

... XIJ I.|:..s I:|r.r..s L
z - - - LSA, 1cxas Coucdcratc icrocs Day o|scrvcd
ou lo|crt L. lcc's |irt|day)
z - Vulstau CY)
h|;s:.. ..-), icucdictiuc uou|, |is|op o Vorccstcr rou . iis cutirc
carccr as passcd at Vorccstcr, |crc |c as uastcr o t|c |oys, t|cu cautor, sacristau,
prior, aud hually |is|op. 1|c hrst Luglis| |is|op to |avc systcuatically visitcd |is dio-
ccsc, |c cucouragcd t|c |uildiug o c|urc|cs. Ludcr |is dircctiou t|c cat|cdral as rc-
|uilt, aud |c uadc Vorccstcr a ccutrc o lcaruiug. Au carly oppoucut o slavcry, |c
a|olis|cd t|c practicc o scudiug slavcs rou iristol to \i|iug lrclaud. Atcr t|c ior-
uau Couqucst, ovcrcouiug Arc||is|op laurauc's disdaiu or t|c Luglis| C|urc| as
|c ouud it scc May), |c as ouc o t|rcc Saxou |is|ops uot to |c dcposcd. 1|c
lC couucuoratcs |iu ou t|is datc as cll.
H:.r.| icury), o Luglis| |irt|, cauc to Scdcu it| |is coupatriot iic|olas irca|-
spcar, cardiual |is|op o Al|auo latcr iopc iadriau l\), aud |ccauc |is|op o Lpp-
sala, |c adviscd Lri| lX, too| part iu |is liuuis| crusadc o , aud prcac|cd t|c
Gospcl. ic as uurdcrcd iu liulaud ou t|c ro.cu iylijrvi ,r. 'la|c') |y t|c
ic|cd |cat|cu pcasaut lalli, |o rcscutcd |is uissiouary or|, or, iu auot|cr vcrsiou,
t|c poor aud quic|-tcupcrcd pcasaut lalli as provo|cd |y t|c |is|op's cxccssivc dc-
uauds or |ospitality or |iuscl aud |is rctiuuc. ic as |uricd iu iousis, |is rclics

arc iu 1ur|u Cat|cdral. ic is patrou saiut o liulaud, also |ouourcd iu iordic couu-
trics aud t|roug| t|c Scdis| couucctiou) iolaud.
iuud l\ o Dcuuar| as souctiucs |ouourcd ou t|is day scc |uly).
Larlicst possi|lc datc or Scptuagcsiua |cu Lastcr alls ou Marc| iu a lcap ycar. lu
louau Cat|olic couutrics, aud t|c Dutc| proviuccs o iollaud aud Zcclaud, t|is last
|appcucd iu , iu Luglaud aud ot|cr irotcstaut couutrics iu , it ill uot |appcu
agaiu till , |ut t|c Ort|odox, |o still rcgulatc t|c uovca|lc casts |y t|c |uliau
calcudar, ill |ccp t|cir 'Suuday o t|c irodigal Sou' ou |auuary OS lc|ruary
iS) .
lu t|c Coptic aud Lt|iopiau c|urc|cs, |ic| usc t|c Lgyptiau calcudar as rcorucd |y
Augustus, t|is day corrcspouds iu t|rcc ycars out o our to t|c |uliau Lpip|auy, aud is
cclc|ratcd as t|c iaptisu o C|rist, t|c C|ristiaus o Lgypt uaiutaiu t|c grcat cstival
|csidc t|c iilc rou |ic| Lpip|auy hrst dcvclopcd scc |au.). lu |uliau lcap ycar,
t|c corrcspoudiug day is |auuary.
z

... XIII I.|:..s I:|r.r..s l
z - - - ira.il lio dc |auciro) St Sc|astiau Day
ouudiug o lio dc |auciro)
LSA luauguratiou Day |cgiuuiug o tcru o ucly clcctcd ircsidcut aud \icc-
ircsidcut, at uoou)
z - la|iau iCi), la|iau aud Sc|astiau lC)
I.|... d. ), popc aud uartyr. Crcatcd popc iu , dcspitc |ciug a layuau, la|iau
as uartyrcd uudcr t|c pcrsccutiou o Dccius. ic is |uricd iu t|c |asilica o St Sc|as-
tiau.
`:|.s:..., ourt|-ccutury louau uartyr |osc hctitious Acts dcscri|c |iu as a soldicr,
coudcuucd to |c |illcd |y arc|crs or protcctiug uartyrs, au iuagc t|at capturcd t|c
iuagiuatiou o latcr paiutcrs. icvcrt|clcss |c survivcd |is ordcal, as |calcd |y St Cas-
tulus' ido lrcuc, aud as hually |catcu to dcat| it| cudgcls. iis carlicst cult as a
uuctiou o |is status as a uartyr aud priuarily liuitcd to louc, t|c hrst rccrcuccs to
|iu as a protcctor agaiust t|c plaguc sccu to datc rou t|c latc cig|t| ccutury, |ut |is
cult |ccauc cspccially popular it| t|c out|rca| o t|c |u|ouic plaguc iu . Sc|as-
tiau is patrou saiut o arc|crs aud at|lctcs, ltaliau tou policc, aud also o lio dc
|auciro.

1raditioual day iu ioray or oruiug hs|iug crcs.
`: J.:s` L:
St. Agucs' Lvc-A|, |ittcr c|ill it as.
1|c ol, or all |is cat|crs, as a-cold,
1|c |arc liup'd trcu|liug t|roug| t|c ro.cu grass,
Aud silcut as t|c noc| iu oolly old
iuu| crc t|c icadsuau's hugcrs, |ilc |c told
iis rosary, aud |ilc |is rostcd |rcat|,
li|c pious iuccusc rou a ccuscr old,
Sccu'd ta|iug nig|t or |cavcu, it|out a dcat|,
iast t|c scct \irgiu's picturc, |ilc |is praycr |c sait| . . .
|o|u icats -), '1|c Lvc o St. Agucs'
'1is t|cir ouly dcsirc, i it uay |c douc |y art, to scc t|cir |us|auds picturc iu a glassc, t|cy'lc
givc auy t|iug to |uo |cu t|cy s|all |c uarricd, |o uauy |us|auds t|cy s|all |avc, |y Cr.o~
.,.o..:.., a |iud o Diviuatiou it| ouious laid ou t|c altar ou C|ristuas Lvc, or |y astiug ou
S
t
Auucs cvc or uig|t, to |uo |o s|all |cc t|cir hrst |us|aud.
lo|crt iurtou, J..:.o, .; M:|...|.|,, lll. . iii.
St. Agucs' last is t|us practiscd t|roug|out Dur|au aud Yor|s|irc. 1o youug girls, cac| dc-
sirous to drcau a|out t|cir uturc |us|auds, uust a|staiu t|roug| t|c |olc o St. Agucs' Lvc
rou catiug, driu|iug, or spca|iug, aud uust avoid cvcu touc|iug t|cir lips it| t|cir hugcrs. At
uig|t t|cy arc to ua|c togct|cr t|cir 'duu| ca|c', so callcd rou t|c rigid silcucc |ic| attcuds
its uauuacturc. lts iugrcdicuts nour, salt, atcr, ~c.) uust |c supplicd iu cqual proportious |y
t|cir ricuds, |o uust also ta|c cqual s|arcs iu t|c |a|iug aud turuiug o t|c ca|c, aud iu dra-
iug it out o t|c ovcu. 1|c uystic viaud uust ucxt |c dividcd iuto to cqual portious, aud cac|
girl, ta|iug |cr s|arc, is to carry it upstairs, al|iug |ac|ards all t|c tiuc, aud hually cat it aud
juup iuto |cd. icudcrsou, )
z

... XII I.|:..s I:|r.r..s G
`..:`J.:s:,
L| ;r:. . :r |: ..:s: \cuctiau sayiug '1|c c|ill passcs t|roug| t|c |cdgcs')
z - Agucs CoL, lC)
J.:s, louau virgiu uartyr , agcd , patrou saiut o girls, allcgcd to |avc suug |yuus
|ilc t|c cxccutioucr as |ac|iug at |cr ucc|. 1|c siuilarity iu souud |ctccu J.:s
aud ..s lcd to au associatiou it| lau|s, urt|crcd |y uotious o scctucss aud iu-
uoccucc, iu louc lau|s arc prcscutcd ou t|is day aud |lcsscd at |cr altar at Saut'
Agucsc uori lc Mura, t|cu carcd or |y t|c uuus o Sauta Cccilia iu 1rastcvcrc. 1|cir
ool is uscd or t|c |itc clot| iu t|c pallia grautcd to arc||is|ops.

3|:ss.. .; |.o|s .. .o: |, :|: .:
1|cu couucs iu placc saiut Agucs day, |ic| |crc iu Gcruauic,
ls uot so uuc| cstccudc, uor |cpt it| suc| solcuuitic
iut iu t|c iopis| Court it staudcs iu passiug |ic dcgrcc,
As spriug aud |cad o oudrous gaiuc, aud grcat couuoditcc.
lor iu saiut Agucs C|urc| upou t|is day |ilc Massc t|cy siug,
1o lau|cs as |itc as suoc, t|c iouucs do ycarcly usc to |riug
Aud |cu t|c Aguus c|auutcd is, upou t|c aultar |ic,
lor iu t|is t|iug t|crc |iddcu is a solcuuc uystcric)
1|cy ocr t|cu. 1|c scrvauuts o t|c iopc |cu t|is is douc,
Do put t|cu iuto iasturc good till s|cariug tiuc |c couc.
1|cu ot|cr ooll t|cy uiuglc it| t|csc |oly nccscs taiuc,
V|crco |ciug spouuc aud drcst, arc uadc t|c ials o passiug gaiuc
1|rcc hugars couuouly iu |rcdt|, aud roug|t iu coupassc so,
As ou t|c iis|ops s|ouldcrs cll t|cy rouud a|out uay go.
1|csc ials t|us ou t|c s|ouldcrs sct, |ot| ou t|c |ac|c aud |rcst,
iavc la|cls |augiug souct|iug loc, t|c cudcs |crco arc drcst,
Aud typtc it| platcs o cig|tic lcad, aud vcsturc |lac|c araydc,
Aud last o all to ua|c au cudc, it| |uots arc surcly staydc.
iaogcorgus, os.
v
-
J ....:...
Ou St Agucs Day. 1a|c a Sprigg o loscuary, aud auot|cr o 1iuc, spriu|lc t|cu it| Lriuc
t|ricc, aud iu t|c Lvcuiug o t|is Day, put ouc iuto ouc S|ooc, aud t|c ot|cr iuto t|c ot|cr,
placc your S|oocs ou cac| sidc your icads-|cad, aud goiug to icd, say sotly to your scl
St. Agucs, t|at's to lovcrs |iud, Couc casc t|c 1rou|lcs o uy Miud. 1|cu ta|c your lcst, |av-
iug said your iraycrs, |cu you arc aslccp, you ill drcau o your lovcr, aud aucy you |car |iu
tal| to you o lovc. Jr.s:.:|:`s L.s: L:..,, )
z

... XI I.|:..s I:|r.r..s A
z - - - ic Zcalaud Vclliugtou) Auuivcrsary Day
St \iuccut Discovcry Day
z - \iuccut o Saragossa CoL, lC, iov. Ort|.)
J...:.: .; `.r..ss. or Zarago.a d. ), dcacou aud hrst Spauis| uartyr, idcly vcucr-
atcd iu t|c Middlc Agcs. lcadcrs o irudcutius ould |avc lcarut o a uartyr |o
uudcrcut iuprisouucut, scui-starvatiou, |ciug rac|cd, grillcd, cast iuto prisou, aud
claupcd iu stoc|s. ic is portraycd as |oldiug a palu or |ciug roastcd ou a gridirou
uorc usually associatcd it| St laurcucc). iis rclics, prcscrvcd at Capc St \iuccut
rou t|c cig|t| ccutury, crc trauslatcd to lis|ou iu , allcgcdly cscortcd up t|c

1agus |y t|c to ravcus rcprcscutcd ou t|c city's arus. ic is patrou saiut o iuc-
grocrs.
St \iuccut's Day scrvcs or cat|cr-proguosticatiou. 1a|c a lig|tcd rcsiu torc| up a |ig|
|ill, say t|c iortugucsc i t|c iud |los it out you ill |avc a |uupcr crop aud uccd
au cxtra |aud, |ut i it |urus t|c |arvcst ill |c poor aud you ill |avc to lct a uau go.
lu Stavaugcr it as said t|at suu ou |is day |cto|cucd a good ycar, a lrcuc| r|yuc
statcd t|at i |is day as suuuy aud clcar, t|crc ould |c uorc iuc t|au atcr.
z

... X I.|:..s I:|r.r..s i
z - - - iulgaria ia|iu Dcu Grauduot|cr's Day)
z - lorucrly layuuud o icaort scc |au.)
j.|. :|: J|os.:r ..), patriarc| o Alcxaudria. icar-coutcuporary sourccs rclatc |is
cxtraordiuary gcucrosity uadc possi|lc |y a vcry calt|y scc), toards uot ouly t|c
poor |ut also rcugccs, victius o t|c sac| o |crusalcu |y t|c icrsiaus, aud iudivid-
uals, C|ristiau or uot. ic ouudcd |ospitals aud uouastcrics aud crusadcd agaiust
corruptiou iu city ocials, rcoruiug t|c systcu o cig|ts aud ucasurcs. ic is patrou
o t|c iuig|ts o Malta.
I|:;..ss, arc||is|op o 1olcdo. lu Mcxicau tous o |ic| |c is patrou |is cast is
cclc|ratcd it| uuc| cut|usiasu, t|c uost uota|lc ritual is t|c c|ic|cu-racc ..rr:r. :
.||.), iu |ic| ridcrs racc iu pairs, ouc ridcr iu cac| pair tryiug to suatc| a livc c|ic|cu
rou t|c ot|cr's |aud.
z

... IX I.|:..s I:|r.r..s C
z - lraucis dc Salcs CY, lC), orucrly 1iuot|y scc |au.)
Ir....s : `.|:s -), |is|op o Gcucva. Ordaiucd pricst iu , |c uudcrtoo| to
couvcrt Calviuist ad|crcuts iu t|c C|a|lais, surviviug assassius aud olvcs. ic as
appoiutcd |is|op o Gcucva iu . iuou or |is gcutlc pcrsuasiou uorc nics arc
attractcd |y |oucy t|au |y viucgar, |c li|cd to say) t|oug| hru doctriuc, |c as t|c
aut|or o a 1r:.:.s: .; :|: L.: .; C. aud au I.:r..:... :. :|: L:.: L.;:, aud coutri|utcd
to t|c rcvival o lrcuc| Cat|olicisu. 1ogct|cr it| |auc lrauccs dc C|autal |c ouudcd
t|c Ordcr o t|c \isitatiou iu . iis or|s crc pu|lis|cd iu tcuty-six voluucs, iu

iopc iius Xl uaucd |iu patrou saiut o jourualists aud ot|cr ritcrs, |c is also
patrou saiut o t|c dca. iis cast-day as orucrly |auuary.
1|c Grcat lrost o iu loudou, as rcportcd |y |o|u Lvclyu uudcr t|c datc |auu-
ary
1|c rost still coutiuuiug uorc ~ uorc scvcrc, t|c 1|aucs |corc loudou as plautcd it|
|ot|cs iu orual strcctcs, as iu a Citty, or Coutiuual airc, all sorts o 1radcs ~ s|ops crc ur-
uis|cd, ~ ull o Couuoditics, cvcu to a iriutiug prcssc, |crc t|c icoplc ~ ladys too|c a ausy
to |avc t|cir uaucs iriutcd ~ t|c day ~ ycarc sct douc, |cu priutcd ou t|c 1|.o:s 1|is |u-
uour too|c so uuivcrsaly, t|at 'tas cstiuatcd t|c iriutcr gaiucd hvc pouud a day, or priutiug
a liuc oucly, at six-pcucc a iauc . . . 1|crc as li|cisc iull-|aitiug, iorsc ~ Coac| raccs,
iupct-plays ~ iutcrludcs, Coo|cs ~ 1ipliug, ~ lcdcr placcs, so as it sccu'd to |c a |acc|aua-
lia, 1riuup| or Caruoval ou t|c Vatcr, |ilst it as a scvcrc |udgcucut upou t|c laud t|c 1rccs
uot oucly splittiug as i lig|tuiug-stroc|, |ut Mcu ~ Cattcll pcris|iug iu divcrs placcs, aud t|c
vcry scas so loc|cd up it| ycc, t|at uo vcssclls could stirr out, or couc iu. 1|c olc, lis| ~
|irds, ~ all our cxotiquc ilauts ~ Grccucs uuivcrsaly pcris|iug, uauy iar|s o dccrc dcstroicd,
~ all sorts o ucll so dcarc t|at t|crc crc grcatc Coutri|utious to prcscrvc t|c poorc alivc, uor
as t|is scvcrc cat|cr uuc| lcssc iutcusc iu uost parts o Lr.: cvcu as ar as `...:, ~ t|c uost
sout|cru tracts loudou, |y rcasou o t|c cxccssivc colducssc o t|c airc, |iudriug t|c asccut o
t|c suo|c, as so hlld it| t|c uligiuous stcauc o t|c Sca-Coalc, t|at |ardly could ouc scc
crossc t|c strcctc, ~ t|is hlliug t|c luugs it| its grossc particlcs cxcccdiugly o|structcd t|c
|rcast, so as ouc could scarcc |rcat| 1|crc as uo atcr to |c |ad rou t|c iipcs ~ Lugiucs,
uor could t|c irccrs, aud divcrs ot|cr 1radcsucu or|, ~ cvcry uoucut as ull o disastrous
accidcuts ~c Lvclyu, L..r,, iv. -
z

... JIII I.|:..s I:|r.r..s D
z - - CoL, lC), Grcgory o ia.iau.us Ort|.)
.| d. ..), apostlc o t|c Gcutilcs. Saul, a |c |oru iu 1arsus, cducatcd iu |crusalcu
auoug t|c i|arisccs, |ccauc a dcdicatcd pcrsccutor o C|ristiaus, aud participatcd iu
t|c stouiug o St Stcp|cu. Ou t|c road to Dauascus, |liudcd |y a suddcu |rig|t lig|t,
|c |card a voicc sayiug 'Saul, Saul, |y pcrsccutcst t|ou uc.' ic auscrcd 'V|o art
t|ou, lord.' 1|c lord rcplicd 'l au |csus |ou t|ou pcrsccutcst it is |ard or t|cc to
|ic| agaiust t|c pric|s' Acts -). ic rccovcrcd |is visiou atcr a visit rou Auauias,
as |apti.cd ort|it|, aud soou |cgau to prcac| C|rist. Scc also |uuc.) 1|is is a
purcly Vcstcru cast, iu carly sourccs it is callcd 'St iaul's trauslatiou'. :~|::::r .,.
lu syu|olic calcudars scc ll C.|:..rs .s hr.:::. |,:.:s) t|is day is couuouly
uar|cd it| a capou, to siguiy t|at St iaul as uartyrcd t|oug| uot ou t|is day).
lu ioray, |crc t|c capou as rcqucutly a |o, t|c pcasauts |o sa t|is capou
ou t|cir priucstavcs assuucd |c |ad icldcd it |iuscl, |ciug a uig|ty arrior iu t|c
uoruiug aud a saiut iu t|c atcruoou.

Cr:.r, .; N......s -), t|c 1|cologiau, sou o t|c |is|op o ia.iau.us iu
Cappadocia, a grcat diviuc aud cloqucut prcac|cr, |o adoptcd t|c uouastic lic |ut
as ordaiucd pricst agaiust |is ill aud cousccratcd |is|op hrst o a Cappadociau
villagc, t|cu iu o Coustautiuoplc, atcr a c uout|s |c rcsigucd, uucqual to t|c
|ittcr c|urc| politics o t|c day. iis ritiugs iucludc t|cological pocus, iu |ic| t|c
t|oug|t is o cousidcra|ly |ig|cr quality t|au t|c scausiou. lC datc orucrly May,
uo |auuary.
L,. or Dyucu {. ..), |cu soug|t iu uarriagc |y ouc Maclou, praycd to |c rcc
o lovc, |ut ou drcauiug t|at |c as turucd to icc praycd t|at |c s|ould |c t|acd, t|at
all lovcrs s|ould cit|cr succccd or |c curcd, aud t|at s|c |crscl s|ould ucvcr is| to
cd. S|c too| t|c vcil, |cr c|urc| o llauddyu Yuys Mu) |ccauc ouc o t|c ric|-
cst iu ucdicval Valcs rou t|c ocriugs uadc at |cr s|riuc aud at t|c cll, |crc visi-
tors rcad t|cir ortuucs iu t|c uovcucuts o t|c hs|. Sic| auiuals crc |roug|t or |cr
to curc, |ut |cr cult as grcatcst auoug lovcrs, or |ou t|c |u||liug o t|c cll as
a avoura|lc oucu, |cr day |ccauc iu Valcs |at St \alcutiuc's Day is iu Luglaud.
ictrarc| uotcd iu |is copy o \crgil uo auoug t|c trcasurcs o t|c ii|liotcca
Au|rosiaua iu Milau) t|at a scqucucc suug at uass ou t|is day iucludcd liucs iu |ic|
St iaul iuplausi|ly or a Grcc|-spca|cr) visits t|c poct's tou|
Ad Marouis uausolcuu lcd to \crgil's uouuucut,
ductus udit supcr cuu |c pourcd ovcr |iu
piac rorcu lacriuac t|c dc o a pityiug tcar,
'Qucu tc' iuquit 'rcddidisscu, 'V|at a uau s|ould l |avc uadc you
si tc vivuu iuvcuisscu, |ad l ouud you alivc,
poctaruu uaxiuc.' grcatcst o pocts.'
A doc aud a |uc| ou |uuc) as orucrly ocrcd at t|c |ig| altar o St iaul's ou t|c
patroual cast-day
lu t|c 1|ird ycar o iiug Ldard t|c lirst Sir Villiau lc iaud iuig|t uadc a sigual Graut to
t|c Dcau aud Cauous o St. iauls loudou, o a Doc ycarly ou t|c cast o t|c Couvcrsiou o
Saiut iaul, aud o a at iuc| upou t|c Couucuoratiou o t|c sauc Saiut, to |c ocrcd at t|c
|ig| Altar iu St. iauls |y t|c said Sir Villiau aud |is |ousc|old-auily, aud t|cu to |c distri|-
utcd auoug t|c Cauous rcsidcut. ilouut,
At St iaul's C|apcl, t|c corucr o iroaday aud lultou St., ic Yor|, t|c ootpat|
t|roug| t|c gravcyard is rcopcucd ou t|c cvc atcr to days' closurc to orcstall a lcgal
rig|t o ay. 1|c rcctor rcads our vcrscs o is. aud t|c |olc o is. , t|cu pro-
claius 'Opcu t|c gatcs t|at t|c pcoplc uay cutcr iu.'
h:.:|:r r.:r|s
l t|c day o Saiut iaulc |c clccrc,
1|cu s|all |ctidc au |appic ycarc
l it doc c|auucc to suo or raiuc,
1|cu s|all |cc dcarc all |iudc o graiuc,

iut i t|c iudc t|cu |cc a lot,
Varrcs s|all vcx t|is rcaluc ull ot
Aud i t|c cloudcs ua|c dar| t|c S|ic,
iot| icatc aud lolc t|is yccrc s|all dyc.
Lrra iatcr
Siuilar proguosticatious to Lrra iatcr's arc attcstcd rou lraucc aud Dcuuar|. lu
ucarly all Scaudiuavia t|is day as said to prcsagc |ot| cat|cr aud |arvcst, it as ar
uorc iuportaut t|au t|c C|ristuas prcdictious. lu ioray, arucrs gavc t|cusclvcs a
c|aucc, duriug t|c s|ort days o iutcr, |y rcdchuiug t|cir tcrus St iaul's day couutcd
as suuuy i t|c suu s|ouc loug cuoug| to |arucss aud uu|arucss a |orsc t|rcc tiucs, or
i air cat|cr lastcd loug cuoug| or t|c ridcr to uouut or disuouut.
3r.s N.|:. iirt|day o lo|crt iurus -). 1|c cclc|ratious crc orcsccu |y
iurus |iuscl, |o ou Dcccu|cr rotc to Gaviu iauiltou, |is carly patrou
lor uy ou aairs, l au iu a air ay o |ccouiug as cuiucut as 1|ouas a icupis or |o|u
iuuyau, aud you uay cxpcct |cuccort| to scc uy |irt|day iuscrtcd auoug t|c oudcrul cvcuts,
iu t|c ioor lo|iu's aud A|crdccu Aluauac|s, aloug it| t|c |lac| Mouday, ~ t|c |attlc o
iot|cl |ridgc. iurus, L::::rs, i.
1|c cvcuiug is cstivcly cclc|ratcd it| |aggis |oilcd togct|cr it| tattics aud uccps
t|at is to say, potatocs aud turuips), |roug|t iu to t|c souud o |agpipcs aud as|cd
dou it| |is|y
Also t|is suall Oatc-ucalc uixcd it| |lood, aud t|c livcr o cit|cr S|ccpc, Calc or Siuc,
ua|ct| t|at puddcu |ic| is callcd t|c iaggas or iaggus, o |osc gooducssc it is iu vaiuc to
|oast, |ccausc t|crc is |ardly to |cc ouud a uau t|at dot| uot acct t|cu.
'O t|c cxccllcucy o Oatcs', Mar||au, )
lair a' your |oucst, sousic acc,
Grcat C|ictaiu o' t|c iuddiu-racc.
A|oou t|cu a' yc ta| your placc,
iaiuc|, tripc, or t|airu
Vccl arc yc ordy o a r..:
As laug 's uy aru. . . .
Yc io'rs |o ua| uau|iud your carc,
Aud dis| t|cu out t|cir |ill o' arc,
Auld Scotlaud auts uac s|iu|iug arc
1|at jaups iu luggics,
iut, i yc is| |cr gratcu' pray'r,
Gic |cr a H..s.
lo|crt iurus, '1o a iaggis'

z

... JII I.|:..s I:|r.r..s L
z - - - Australia Australia Day, couucuoratiug t|c
laudiug o Captaiu Art|ur i|illip it| s|ips carryiug t|c hrst Luropcau
scttlcrs, . 1|c uatioual nag is orually raiscd, uc citi.cus arc ocially cl-
coucd. iatioual day, ou t|is day i a Mouday, ot|crisc hrst Mouday t|crc-
atcr.)
ludia iasaut iaucaui or lcpu|lic Day uatioual |oliday, auuivcrsary o proclaua-
tiou o t|c lcpu|lic, )
LSA, Ar|ausas Douglas MacArt|ur Day
Mic|igau Aduissiou Day t| statc, )
z - 1iuot|y aud 1itus CY, lC), orucrly iolycarp iu t|c Vcst, uo
lc|ruary as iu t|c Last
1.o.:|, d. ), disciplc aud coupauiou o iaul, |is|op aud uartyr, stoucd to dcat| or
opposiug a pagau cstival. lcast-day orucrly |auuary.
1.:s st c.). Also a disciplc aud coupauiou o iaul, latcr |is sccrctary, |c orgaui.cd
t|c C|urc| iu Crctc uudcr iaul's dircctiou, |ccouiug its hrst |is|op. lcast-day orucrly
|auuary, t|cu lc|ruary.
.|. -). Vidocd at t|c agc o it| hvc c|ildrcu, s|c ouud solacc aud
strcugt| it| a group o louau oucu |o crc |ciug iustructcd |y St |crouc. iaula
|ccauc so dcvotcd to |iu t|at s|c ollocd |iu to t|c ioly laud, |crc s|c ouudcd
a uouastcry aud a |ostcl or pilgrius. Vc oc uuc| o t|c |uolcdgc o |cr lic to
|crouc |iuscl, |o aduits s|auc at |aviug rc|u|cd |cr or |cr prodigal alusgiviug.
S|c is |uricd iu t|c C|urc| o t|c iativity at ia.arct|. iaula is t|c patrou saiut o
idos.
z

... JI I.|:..s I:|r.r..s l
z Dcdicatiou day iu o tcuplc o Castor aud iollux, t|c
icavculy 1ius, |o |ad |clpcd louc to victory ovcr t|c latius tclvc ycars carlicr at
la|c lcgillus.
z - 1rauslatiou o |o|u C|rysostou Ort|., scc Scpt.), Augcla Mcrici
lC)

J.:|. M:r... Augcla o ircscia) -), ouudrcss o t|c Lrsuliuc uuus. A lrau-
ciscau tcrtiary, iu s|c orucd au uucloistcrcd sistcr|ood, uaucd atcr St Lrsula,
dcdicatcd to tcac|iug poor girls. 1|c Cougrcgatiou as oruali.cd iu .
L:.:., cxccutcd uudcr Dioclctiau, |cr rcuaius crc |oruc to Mouoccus, uo callcd
Mouaco, |crc s|c is t|c patrou saiut o Moutc Carlo.
N... :|: I||o...:r.: |au. OS), said |y |cr prcac|iug aud uiraclcs to |avc couvcrtcd
iiug Miriau lll -) o iartli castcru Gcorgia, also |uou as l|cria), iu ,
t|rcc ycars latcr |c aud |is auily crc |apti.cd, aud C|ristiauity as uadc t|c statc
rcligiou. Muc| iu |cr rittcu livcs is lcgcudary, |ut t|c couvcrsiou o t|c l|criau royal
auily |y a cualc slavc as rccordcd |y luhuus .. ou t|c iuoruatiou o a prou-
iucut l|criau.
`.. N:o..,.. |au. OS), t|c patrou saiut o Scr|ia, |oru iu t|c sou o t|c local
rulcr Stcvau icuauja aud |apti.cd last|o, |c as appoiutcd at t|c agc o proviu-
cial govcruor o iuu latcr callcd icrccgoviua), |ut slippcd aay to |ccouc a uou|
ou Mouut At|os, |crc |c too| t|c uauc o t|c grcat |cruit-saiut Sa|as scc Dcc.).
iis at|cr, |o |ad scut |is soldicrs atcr |iu too latc, |iuscl turucd uou| iu ,
it| t|c uauc Syucou, togct|cr t|cy crc grautcd aut|ority |y t|c cupcror Alcxius lll
ovcr t|c uouastcry o iilaudar, t|cu |ciug rc|uilt or Scr|iau uou|s. Syucou dicd iu
aud as cauoui.cd as a saiut iu , Sava, |y t|is tiuc a||ot o Studcuica, to
|ic| |is rclics |ad |ccu trauslatcd, couposcd t|c occ iu |is |ouour, aud also rotc
|is lic. 1|crcatcr |c playcd au iuportaut part iu cvcry |rauc| o uatioual lic, |ot|
rcligious aud sccular, iu |c as cousccratcd arc||is|op at t|c |cad o au auto-
ccp|alous Scr|iau c|urc|, |ic| |c orgaui.cd |ilc also scrviug |is |rot|cr Stcvau, t|c
hrst croucd |iug o Scr|ia, ou diplouatic uissious. lu - |c uadc a pilgriuagc
to ialcstiuc, to |ic| |c rcturucd iu atcr rcsiguiug |is arc||is|opric, |c dicd ou
t|c ay |ac| at 1uruovo as t|c gucst o t|c iulgariau 1sar. Lvcr siucc |c |as |ccu t|c
uost |clovcd saiut o |ot| C|urc| aud pcoplc |is ootpriuts arc still displaycd, |cal-
iug spriugs arc uaucd atcr |iu, aud a uodcru poct |as turucd |iu iuto t|c lord o t|c
olvcs, |o syu|oli.c t|c Scr|iau pcoplc as iu pagau tiucs, c|urc|ucu |avc suuucd
up t|c virtucs o Scr|iau Ort|odoxy iu t|c tcru `::.s.|,:, 'St-Sava-ucss'.
ics o t|c iostou 1ca iarty rcac|cs Luglaud
1|ursday, |auuary t|
lcttcrs rou iostou couplaiu uuc| o t|c tastc o t|cir hs| |ciug altcrcd lour or hvc |uudrcd
c|csts o tca uay |avc so coutauiuatcd t|c atcr iu t|c |ar|our, t|at t|c hs| uay |avc cou-
tractcd a disordcr uot uuli|c t|c ucrvous couplaiuts o t|c |uuau |ody. S|ould t|is uisortuuc
cxtcud itscl as ar as t|c |au|s o icouudlaud, our Spauis| aud iortugal hs| tradc uay |c
uuc| acctcd |y it. ||.. J:r:.s:r, |au. , quotcd iu iaupdcu,
Ou t|is day iu t|c couccutratiou caup at Ausc|it. as li|cratcd, ou |auuary
it as proclaiucd iu Gcruauy au auuual couucuoratiou or t|c victius o
ia.isu-uot a |oliday, |ut a day ou |ic| sc|oolc|ildrcu s|ould study t|c iolocaust.

z

... J I.|:..s I:|r.r..s G
z - 1|ouas Aquiuas CY, lC), |aucs t|c Ascctic Ort|.)
1|.o.s J,...s ..-), Douiuicau riar aud t|cologiau, t|c 'Doctor Couuuuis'
aud t|c 'Doctor Augclicus'. Dctcruiucd to joiu t|c Douiuicaus atcr uuivcrsity study,
|c as capturcd aud iuprisoucd or a ycar |y |is parcuts, |o o|jcctcd to t|cir sou |c-
couiug a ucudicaut. Ludctcrrcd, |c joiucd t|c Ordcr iu , studyiug iu iaris uudcr
Al|crt t|c Grcat, |o orcsa t|c uturc grcatucss o 't|c duu| Siciliau ox'. ic pro-
grcsscd rapidly, |ccouiug a lccturcr iu aud a Mastcr o 1|cology iu . lrou
t|csc carly ycars datc |is Couucutary ou t|c Scutcuccs o ictcr lou|ard, t|c L: :.::
:: :ss:.:.., aud a uuu|cr o couucutarics ou Aristotlc aud |i|lical couucutarics. lc-
turuiug to ltaly iu , |c rotc t|c `oo. ...:r. C:.:.|:s, applyiug Aristotcliau argu-
ucut to t|cology, aud iu |is s |cgau |is grcat or|, t|c `oo. :|:.|..... 1|oug| it
as lct uuhuis|cd atcr a rcvclatiou iu |c rotc uo uorc), |is vast output, largcly
dictatcd to sccrctarics it| good rcasou, siucc |is |audritiug is ucarly illcgi|lc),
rcuaiucd iuucuscly iunucutial, aud orus t|c |asis o louau Cat|olic t|cology.
iius \ uaucd |iu a Doctor o t|c C|urc| iu . lu |c as dcclarcd patrou o
uuivcrsitics, collcgcs, aud sc|ools |y lco Xlll, aud is uorc gcucrally patrou saiut o
studcuts aud t|cologiaus. lcast-day orucrly Marc|, uovcd iu to avoid lcut.
j.o:s :|: Js.::.. spcut tcuty ycars iu a cavc at a villagc callcd iorp|yriauc, iu t|c coursc
o |ic| |c couvcrtcd a |arlot. Ouc day a uau |roug|t |is sistcr to |c curcd o dc-
uouic posscssiou, |aucs, |aviug drivcu out t|c dcvils, scduccd |cr, uurdcrcd |cr aud
|cr |rot|cr, aud t|rc t|cir |odics iuto t|c rivcr iu ordcr to couccal |is criuc. Atcr
doiug so, |c as ovcr|clucd it| rcuorsc, aud s|ut |iuscl up iu a tou| to ccp
aud pray. Lvcutually God too| pity ou |iu |cu t|c laud as suittcu |y droug|t, t|c
|is|op, couductcd |y a drcau, ouud |aucs iu |is tou| aud rcvcalcd t|at God illcd
t|c pcuitcut to pray or raiu, |cu |is praycr as auscrcd, |aucs pcrccivcd t|at God
|ad pardoucd |iu, aud practiscd rigorous austcritics uutil |c dicd.
Ou t|is day iu dicd C|arlcuaguc, t|c uig|ty rulcr |o |ad .calously prouotcd
rcligiou aud lcaruiug t|roug|out |is rcigu, |c as cauoui.cd iu |y laiuald o
Dasscl, arc||is|op o Cologuc, c|auccllor o t|c cupcror lraucis iar|arossa aud
c|aupiou o t|c autipopc iasc|al lll, |ut t|c cult did uot |ccouc gcucral.
Auuual cclc|ratiou iu statc o |alisco Mcxico) o iattlc o Zapopu ), iu |ic|
Gcucral lauu Coroua dccatcd t|c |audit Mauucl lo.ada.

z

... IIII I.|:..s I:|r.r..s A
z - - - LSA, iausas Aduissiou Day t| statc, )
z - lorucrly St lraucis dc Salcs uo |au.)
C.|.s ..-..), a||ot. ioru ucar t|c Clydc, |c |ccauc a uou| iu Sout| Valcs, |av-
iug pro|a|ly studicd uudcr St llltud scc iov.). iis L: ::.... 3r.:.....: 'Ou t|c rav-
agc o iritaiu') o .. iuvcig|s agaiust t|c currcut statc o iritis| socicty, a prcy to
arlordisu aud disordcr. ic rotc orty-t|rcc ycars aud ouc uout| atcr t|c sicgc o
'Mouut iadou' locatiou disputcd), |ic| |altcd t|c Saxou advaucc, t|is as to |ccouc
iu Vcls| traditiou iiug Art|ur's tclt| grcat victory, iu |ic| |c carricd t|c Cross ou
|is s|ouldcrs or t|rcc days aud t|rcc uig|ts, aud pcrsoually slc o t|c cucuy iu
a siuglc c|argc, |ut Gildas ucit|cr ucutious uor alludcs to |iu. iclicvcrs iu t|c lcgcud
say t|at t|at is |ccausc Art|ur |o oug|t cllo iritous as cll as Saxous) |ad |illcd
|is |iudrcd, ot|crs prccr a siuplcr cxplauatiou. ic statcs t|at dcspitc t|c ruiu o t|c
couutry t|osc |o |ad oug|t iu t|c ar uaiutaiucd good ordcr, |ut t|at it |ad |ro|cu
dou uudcr t|cir succcssors 'iritaiu |as |iugs, |ut t|cy arc tyrauts, it |as judgcs, |ut
t|cy arc crucl', t|cy pluudcr t|c iuuoccut, dccud t|c guilty, |avc uauy uuait|ul ivcs,
scar uauy oat|s |ut |rca| t|cu, aud so ou. Souc t|irty ycars latcr, t|c Luglis| crc
a|lc to |rca| out o t|cir arcas o scttlcucut aud ovcrruu uost o |at is uo Lug-
laud, Gildas |y t|cu as dcad, |aviug cuigratcd to irittauy, |crc |c gavc |is uauc to
Saiut-Gildas-dc-l|uys Mor|i|au). ic iuspircd a uass uovcucut o uouasticisu,
uot ouly iu iritaiu, uauy o |is |ouscs latcr |ccauc icucdictiuc. Auoug ragucuts o
lcttcrs t|at |c rotc ou uouastic uattcrs, iu ouc |c dcclarcs t|at c|arity aud a purc
|cart arc prccra|lc to t|c asccticisu o t|osc |o t|iu| t|cir scl-dcuials ua|c t|cu
supcrior to ot|crs, 'dcat| |as couc iuto t|cu t|roug| t|c iudos o t|cir pridc'. ic
is also crcditcd it| a uouastic rulc L: .:..::.:..).
lu souc parts o Mcxico a cstival caturiug Mooris| dauccrs ta|cs placc ou t|is day a
uoc| |attlc |ctccu s..:..:r.s, it| St |aucs's |auucr aud a nocr iu t|cir |ats, aud
Moors, it| a |lac| |auucr, uas|s, aud tiu crous, t|crc is a .|.. it| druu aud
{.:..

z

... III I.|:..s I:|r.r..s i
z - - - LSA, icutuc|y l. D. looscvclt's iirt|day
z - iiug C|arlcs t|c Martyr CY), 1|c 1|rcc Grcat iicrarc|s Ort|.),
iippolytos Ort|., scc Aug.)
I.. C|.r|:s :|: M.r:,r as cxccutcd ou t|is day iu atcr a s|o trial iustitutcd |y
t|c lcadcrs o t|c ic Modcl Aruy t|roug| a iousc o Couuous purgcd o t|cir
oppoucuts. Couviuccd |y |ittcr cxpcricucc uot ouly t|at C|arlcs ould ucvcr siuccrcly
acquicscc iu a coustitutioual uouarc|y or a c|urc| it|out |is|ops, |ut t|at |c ould
cousidcr |iuscl justihcd iu ua|iug aud |rca|iug prouiscs as uig|t suit |is purposc
o scttiug |is various cucuics o agaiust ouc auot|cr, t|cy crc rcsolvcd, as a uattcr o
political ucccssity, to |ill |iu, siucc cxccutiou it|out trial as rcpuguaut, aud t|crc
as uo |asis iu Luglis| la or tryiug |iu, t|cy |roug|t agaiust |iu t|c ucauglcd
ocucc o trcasou agaiust t|c Couuoucalt| o Luglaud, aud dccliucd to lct |iu c|al-
lcugc t|c lcgality o t|cir procccdiugs. 1|c appcaraucc o iujusticc as |cig|tcucd |y
t|c couduct o soldicrs |o |lc suo|c iu |is acc aud s|outcd '|usticc', iu s|ort,
C|arlcs, |osc couduct as |iug |ad drivcu so uauy o |is su|jccts to rc|clliou, as as-
sistcd |y |is cucuics iu |is caupaigu to prcscut |iuscl as a uartyr. 1|is part t|c
'loyal Actor', as Audrc Marvcll callcd |iu, playcd to pcrcctiou
H: uot|iug couuou did or ucau
Lpou t|at ucuora|lc Sccuc
iut it| |is |ccucr Lyc
1|c Axcs cdgc did try
ior call'd t|c C.s it| vulgar spig|t
1o viudicatc |is |clplcss lig|t,
iut |o'd |is coucly icad,
Dou as upou a icd.
'Au ioratiau Odc upou Croucl's lcturu rou lrclaud'
1|c ast ou t|is day iustitutcd iu aud also cuactcd |y \irgiuia iu ) as sup-
prcsscd iu , a lcsscr cstival as rciustatcd iu , |ut it|out t|c solcuu scrviccs
o carlicr tiuc, t|oug| CY providcs a Collcct.
|au. . Vas t|c hrst Solcuu last ~ day o |uuiliatiou to dcplorc t|c siuus |ic| so loug
|ad provo|cd God agaiust t|is Aictcd C|urc| ~ pcoplc ordcrcd |y .r|..o:.: to |c auuualy
cclc|ratcd, to cxpiatc t|c Gilt o t|c Lxccra|lc Murdcr o t|c latc I.. C|.r|:s l, our J....r prcac|-
iug ou . L:: . ou |ic| |c uadc a vcry pious, ~ propcr discoursc.
Lvclyu, L..r,, iii.
1|c vcrscs iu qucstiou ruu 'Aud t|cy s|all auscr aud say, Our |auds |avc uot s|cd t|is
|lood, ucit|cr |avc our cycs sccu it. ic ucrciul, O lOlD, uuto t|y pcoplc lsracl,

|ou t|ou |ast rcdccucd, aud lay uot iuuoccut |lood uuto t|y pcoplc o lsracl's
c|argc. Aud t|c |lood s|all |c orgivcu t|cu.'
|au. . J s.|:o.: I.s: ;.r :|: I..`s or:|:r. Aud c crc orccd to |ccp it uorc t|cu c ould
|avc douc, |aviug orgot to ta|c auy victuals iuto t|c |ousc. icpys, iv.
Au Aucricau's jauudiccd vic o t|c day at Lxctcr iu
1|is |ciug iu C|urc| o Luglaud lauguagc C|arlcs Martyrdou 'tis arcically o|scrvcd as a ast
day. 1|c C|urc|cs arc opcu aud scrvicc suita|lc to t|c solcuu occasiou rcad, to couplctc t|c
a|surdity |crc t|c Cat|cdral pulpit as covcrcd it| |lac| clot|, t|c tip stavcs Sord aud uacc
carricd |corc t|c Maior iu t|c sauc griu gar|. iciug dcsirous to |car |at could |c said ou
t|is ridiculous occasiou l attcudcd |ut as agrcca|ly disappoiutcd, C|auccllor Quic| t|c
prcac|cr gavc t|c Audicucc a uodcst dcccut discoursc rou 'L:r, I...o ..: ....s: .:s:|; .s
|r.|: :. :s.|.:....' . . . 1o savc appcarauccs souc o t|c s|ops arc aluost dar|cucd, C|urc|cs
arc opcucd, iu ot|cr rcspccts li|c as ou all ot|cr or|iug days |usiucss is goiug ou as usual,
strccts arc al|cd iu, carts carriagcs ~c ruuuiug. Curcu, i. -
ladicals iudulgcd iu t|c couutcr-o|scrvatiou o catiug cal 's |cad at t|c tavcru. A pau-
p|lct pu|lis|cd iu a sccoud cditiou iu purports to givc 1|: `:.r:: H.s:.r, .; :|: C.|:s~
H:. C||, .r, :|: :||.... .o.s|`, it| auuivcrsary sougs datiug |ac| to . 1|c
cditiou dcscri|cs a rcccut cstivity
au Axc as |uug up iu t|c C||~..o, aud as rcvcrcuccd as a priucipal Syu|ol iu t|is Dia|ol-
ical Sacraucut. 1|cir iill o larc, as a largc Dis| o C.|:s~H:.s, drcsscd scvcral ays, |y |ic|
t|cy rcprcscutcd t|c iiug aud |is lricuds, |o |ad sucr'd iu |is Causc, a largc .|: it| a suall
ouc iu |is Mout|, as au Lu|lcu o 1yrauuy, a largc C.`s~H:., |y |ic| t|cy prctcudcd to rcp-
rcscut t|c icrsou o t|c iiug siugly, a 3..r`s~H:. it| au Applc iu its Mout|, to rcprcscut t|c
iiug, |y t|is, as icastial, as |y t|cir ot|cr iicroglyp|ic|s t|cy |ad douc loolis| aud 1yrauui-
cal. Atcr t|c lcpast as ovcr, ouc o t|cir Lldcrs prcscutcd au I|.. 3.s.|.|:, |ic| as it| grcat
Solcuuity |uru'd upou t|c 1a|lc, |ilst t|c J.:|:os crc siugiug. Vard,
lu c|aptcr o L.. C.:r;:|, Dic|cus iutroduccs t|c auia|lc lic|ard ia|lcy, |uou
as 'Mr. Dic|', |osc attcupts at rccordiug |is ill-trcatucut |y |is rclatious crc cou-
tiuually oilcd |y |is o|scssiou it| C|arlcs l's cxccutiou, aud |is |clic t|at souc o
t|c trou|lc iu t|c |iug's |cad |ad |ccu put iuto |is ou
lu act, l ouud out atcrards t|at Mr. Dic| |ad |ccu or upards o tcu ycars cudcavouriug to
|ccp iiug C|arlcs t|c lirst out o t|c Mcuorial, |ut |c |ad |ccu coustautly gcttiug iuto it, aud
as t|crc uo.
lrou t|is coucs t|c p|rasc 'iiug C|arlcs's |cad' to dcuotc a topic to |ic| a pcrsou
coustautly rcturus or uo disccrui|lc rcasou.
1|: 1|r:: Cr:.: H.:r.r.|s `` 3.s.| :|: Cr:.: scc |au.), Cr:.r, :|: 1|:.|.... scc |au.), ..
j.|. C|r,s.s:.o Ort|.) scc Scpt.), sc|ool aud uuivcrsity |oliday iu Grcccc.
3.||.| or iat|ildis, au Auglo-Saxou slavcgirl |o as sold iuto lrau|laud at t|c agc
o , t|crc s|c rosc to uarry iiug Clovis ll o icustria aud iurguudy iu . S|c |orc
|iu t|rcc sous, |o all |ccauc |iugs, aud ou |is dcat| iu actcd as rcgcut or t|c
cldcst, Clot|ar lll, iu |osc uauc s|c attcuptcd to uuitc t|c to |iugdous it| t|c

aid o |cr oruida|lc uayor o t|c palacc, L|roiu. lu ordcr to cousolidatc t|cir pocr,
t|cy iuposcd c|urc|ucu loyal to t|cusclvcs ou sccs prcviously occupicd |y local
graudccs, t|is arouscd uuc| oppositiou, rcquiriug c arc told) t|c cxccutiou o uiuc
|is|ops. icvcrt|clcss, s|c is rcucu|crcd as a saiut, |aviug orucd iuportaut rclatiou-
s|ips it| lcadiug ccclcsiastics suc| as Oucu Aug.) aud i|ili|crt Aug.), aud
ouudcd t|c uouastcry o Cor|ic aud t|c uuuucry o C|cllcs, |crcas L|roiu ulhls iu
lrcuc| |istory t|c sauc uuctiou t|at icuda o Mcrcia docs iu Luglis|, o coucrriug
sauctity ou |is victius Aug., Scpt., Oct.). Auoug t|csc as iald|ild |crscl,
orccd iuto rctircucut at C|cllcs .., |cr c|urc|ucu prouptly joiucd L|roiu's oppou-
cuts scc Oct.). S|c is portraycd as a croucd uuu, asccudiug a laddcr .|:||:) rou
C|cllcs to |cavcu, s|c s|ould |c cousidcrcd as a suita|lc patrou or t|c upardly uo|ilc.
Ou t|is day iu Luglis| stylc) Lvcs|au A||cy as dissolvcd, a uou| rotc at
t|c cud o t|c ucly iustallcd Grcat ii|lc
Dcposicio Saucti Lgyuy Lpiscopi uit tcrcio |alcudas lauuarii Auuo Douiui scc Dcc.
ct 1rauslacio cius uit quarto ldus Scptcu|ris Scpt. Auuo Douiui . Aud t|c ycrc o our
lordc t|c uouastcry o Lvcs|au as supprcssyd |y |yugc |cury t|c viij, t|c xxxj ycrc o |is
rayguc t|c xxx day o |auucr at cvcusougc tyuc t|c covcut |cyug iu t|c qucrc c|oir at t|is vcrsc
Dcposuit potcutcs rou t|c Maguihcat ic |at| put dou t|c uig|ty rou t|cir scat Aud
old uot suur t|cu to ua|c au cudc p|illypp |allard |cyug a||ot at t|at tyuc aud xxxv rcly-
gius ucuuc at t|at day a lyvc iu t|c scydc uouastcry. 1|c stcyrcs aud t|c torc cr xj sc|orc
ycrdcs iu lcut| t|c torc iiij
xx
aud tcu aud t|c spyrc vij
xx
.
z

r..: I.|:..s I:|r.r..s C
z - - - iauru ludcpcudcucc Day rou Australia,
)
z - |o|u iosco lC, CY couucu.)
j.|. 3.s.. -), ouudcr o t|c Salcsiau Ordcr. iaviug |iuscl couc rou a vcry
poor auily, |c ouud |is vocatiou uiuistcriug to or|iug-class |oys iu 1uriu, cvcutu-
ally scttiug up a rcsidcucc aud providiug traiuiug iu various or|s|ops. A parallcl ordcr
o uuus, Daug|tcrs o Our lady, iclp o C|ristiaus, as ouudcd iu . Mcxicau
yout| cauc uudcr |is protcctiou iu , at t|c |cig|t o ocial auticlcricalisu. iius
Xll dcclarcd |iu patrou o Cat|olic cditors iu , aud o ltaliau apprcuticcs iu ,
|o|u XXlll cxtcudcd |is patrouagc to Colou|iau aud Spauis| apprcuticcs.
iirt| iu o |aucs G. ilaiuc, a lcadiug hgurc iu t|c lcpu|licau iarty atcr t|c Civil
Var aud its dccatcd prcsidcutial caudidatc iu , |c as dcscri|cd |y a ricud as 't|c
iluucd iuig|t' aud |y au cucuy as 't|c Coutiucutal liar rou t|c Statc o Maiuc'.

L: .; `: 3r.. .|: I|.|: 3r:), iu lris| traditiou t|c last day o iutcr, also |uou as
L .. o3r:. as it crc, t|c Day o t|c iridclcts) rou t|c littlc iuagc o |cr sct up
iu t|c |ousc.
`: 3r.:`s L: .. Ir:|..
St. iridc's Lvc t|at is, t|c atcruoou aud uig|t o t|c day |corc St. iridc's lcast Day), iridcga
t|at is, iuagcs o St. iridc |cdcc|cd it| uaguihccut apparcl) |ciug carricd |y t|c littlc girls
o t|c tou, as t|cy go rou door to door as|iug or |alpcucc, aud gcttiug t|cu too, to ua|c
a cast or t|cusclvcs, just as t|c urc|ius |avc t|c rcu |olly-|us|, ou St. Stcp|cu's Day.
O'Sullivau, i. , )
io lougcr iu t|c louau calcudar is t|c trauslatiou o St Mar|, couucuoratiug t|c
trauscr |y t|ct) o t|c saiut's |ody rou Alcxaudria to \cuicc iu t|c carly uiut| ccu-
tury. lt as a uajor cast-day iu \cuicc.

I:|r.r, ;||~.|: |: .: ||..| .r |: .: |.::

|: .; .: |: |.:: .:`s :|: |::::r :. |.|:.
Js :|: L., |:.:|:.s :|: C.| s:r:.:|:.s.
z - latiu I:|r.r.s, lrcuc| ;r.:r, Spauis| ;:|r:r., iortugucsc
I::r:.r., ltaliau ;:||r..., Gcruau I:|r.r, oldcr I:|:r, Vcls| C|:;r.r, Scots Gaclic ..
C:.rr.., lris| I:.||r.
I:|r.r.s is dcrivcd rou ;:|r., 'ucaus o clcausiug', i.c. t|c purihcatory aud cxpiatory
rituals o t|c uout|, |ut lsidorc o Scvillc, or souc uu|uou sourcc, iuvcutcd a god
lc|ruus, |ou |c cquatcd it| iluto, god o t|c uudcrorld, t|is uc dcity |ad quitc
a carccr iu ucdicval aut|ors scc lc|.). 1|c rituals arc appropriatc to t|c last uout|
o t|c ycar, as is its s|ortucss, uorcovcr, |corc |ulius Cacsar's rcoru it as t|c ouly
uout| it| au cvcu uuu|cr o days odd uuu|crs |ciug uorc auspicious, as \crgil put
it, .o:r. :s .o.r: .::, 'God rcjoiccs iu t|c odd uuu|cr'). lt as also t|c uout| cut
s|ort cvcry c ycars or t|c additiou o au cu|olisu scc lc|.).
Dou to t|c uiuctccut| ccutury lc|ruary as also callcd H.r.. iu Gcruau, prop-
crly 't|c |astard |cgottcu iu t|c corucr', aud t|crcorc accordiug to ol| isdou) o
stuutcd grot|, t|c Scots Gaclic uauc ucaus 't|c gcldiug', aud au altcruativc Vcls|
uauc is , o.s |..|, 't|c littlc uout|'. lu lris| c also hud M .. I.|: 3r:, 't|c Mout| o
iridgct's lcast' scc lc|.).
lc|ruary, t|c s|ortcst uout| o t|c ycar, is rcputcd to |avc t|c orst cat|cr 'lc|uricr
lc court, Lst lc pirc dc tout.' Yct 'All t|c uout|s iu t|c ycar cursc a air lc|ruccr', or
raiu aud suo hll t|c rcscrvoirs aud cusurc good crops 'A Vcls|uau |ad rat|cr scc
|is dau ou |cr |icr t|au scc a air lc|ruccr' aud 'Muc| lc|ruary suo a huc suuucr
dot| s|o.' '1|c S|cp|cards, aud vulgar pcoplc iu Sout| Vilts call lc|ruaric Solc-
grovc aud |avc t|is provcr|c o it vi.. Solcgrovc sil lc, lc|ruary is scldouc aruc'
Au|rcy, ).
lcut |cgius duriug lc|ruary iu auy ycar iu |ic| Lastcr alls carlicr t|au April.
z - - -
I.rs: M...,
LSA, Dclaarc, Orcgou liucolu's iirt|day
`:... M...,
LSA, Ari.oua liucolu Day
1|.r M...,
LSA ircsidcuts Day, couucuoratiug |irt|days o ircsidcut A|ra|au liucolu
lc|.) aud ircsidcut Gcorgc Vas|iugtou lc|.) pu|lic |oliday)
Ari.oua Vas|iugtou Day
Aud lastly, cauc cold I:|r.r,, sittiug
lu au old agou, or |c could uot ridc,
Drauc o to hs|cs or t|c scasou httiug,
V|ic| t|roug| t|c nood |corc did sotly slydc
Aud siu aay yct |ad |c |y |is sidc
iis ploug| aud |arucssc ht to till t|c grouud,
Aud toolcs to pruuc t|c trccs, |corc t|c pridc
O |astiug iriuc did ua|c t|cu |urgciu rouud
So past t|c tcluc Mout|s ort|, aud t|cir dc placcs ouud.
Spcuscr, 1|: I.:r.: ::.:, . vii.
lt is uo lc|ruary, aud t|c Suu is gottcu up a Coc|c-stridc o |is cliu|iug, t|c \allcycs uo arc
paiutcd |itc, aud t|c |roo|cs arc ull o atcr t|c lrog gocs to scc|c out t|c iaddoc|c, aud
t|c Cro aud t|c loo|c |cgiu to uisli|c t|cir old Ma|cs orard Couuics |cgiu uo to |iu-
dlc, aud t|c at grouuds arc uot it|out lau|cs t|c Gardiucr als to sortiug o |is sccds, aud
t|c ius|auduau alls arcs| to scoriug o |is iloug|s|arc t|c 1cruc traucllcrs ua|c t|c
S|oocua|crs |arucst, aud t|c C|auudlcrs c|ccsc ua|cs t|c c|al|c al|c apacc 1|c lis|uougcr
sorts |is arc agaiust lcut aud a lau|c-s|iuuc is good or a lauc aruc t|c atcrs uo altcr
t|c uaturc o t|cir sotucs, aud t|c sot cart| is uadc stouy |ard 1|c Ayrc is s|arp aud picr-
ciug, aud t|c iuds |lo cold t|c 1aucrucs aud t|c luucs scldouc lac| Gucsts, aud t|c Ostlcr
|uos |o to gaiuc |y |is iay t|c |uutiug iorsc is at t|c |cclcs o t|c iouud, |ilc t|c
au|liug iaggc carrict| t|c i|ysitiau aud |is ootclot| t|c |lood o Yout| |cgius to spriug,
aud t|c |ouour o Art is gottcu |y Lxcrcisc 1|c trccs a littlc |cgiu to |ud, aud t|c sap |cgius
to risc vp out o t|c root i|ysic| uo |at| or| auoug ca|c |odics, aud t|c Apot|ccarics
druggcs arc vcry gaiuull 1|crc is |opc o a |cttcr tiuc uot arrc o, or t|is iu it sclc is littlc
couorta|lc aud or t|c suall plcasurc t|at l hud iu it, l ill t|us |ricny coucludc o it lt is t|c
poor uaus pic|-pursc, aud t|c uiscrs cut-t|roat, t|c cucuy to plcasurc, aud t|c tiuc o paticucc.
larccll. irctou )
lu orcigu couutrics, lc|ruary is rcuar|a|lc or its tiuc o Caruival, |crciu t|c Gcuius o
Good-c|ccr dcsccuds auoug |is votarics, aud stiuulatcs t|cu to coutiuucd cxcrtious or t|c
|ouour o |is rcigu. 1|cu it is, t|at t|c vctcrau coo| uust prcparc or a loug aud arduous cau-
paigu. ic uust |c as iudouita|lc as auot|cr C|arlcs Xll., or |c ill |avc to staud uudcr a |.:
;r: or t|irty cousccutivc days. iut t|cu duriug t|c |issiug o stc-paus aud roast uuttou, |c is
pcruittcd to cast a s|ccp's cyc toards lcut, |crciu |c ill |c couparativcly at rcst. lc|ruary is
ric| iu cxccllcut t|iugs, |ut c arc sorry to say, t|at t|c dcuou LXCLSS is t|cu |ut too |usy,-
uot so uuc| at auily partics, as at t|osc scourgcs o cvcry doucstic tic, .||~...:rs, |ic| aduit,
o coursc, t|c uutcudcr scx alouc. lt is t|cu t|at I.:.. C.:, aud t|c ;: J|| J.|::, ua|c rapid
advauccs ovcr our dcstiuics, aud |appy is |c |o coucs o it|out a to|cu o t|cir prcscucc.
Yct |o iupossi|lc, is it uot, to rcsist t|c tcuptatious to drivc aay t|c gloou o t|is scasou
o t|c ycar, |y cvcu cxtraordiuary cujoyucuts o t|c ta|lc, |cu, it| a s|arp appctitc, c |c-
|old |cc, vcal, aud |au, iu t|cir priuc, gauc rctaiuiug its odour, aud duc|s, |cus, c|ic|cus, aud
pigcous, it| gccsc at t|cir |cad, cryiug out lustily or t|c spit aud t|c stc-pau.

1|is is truly :|: uout| o diuucrs, iudigcstious, suppcrs, |alls, uu aud coucctioucry. lu t|is
uout|, old, youug, aud uiddlc-agcd, all s,-a |all it|out a suppcr is a hddlc it|out catgut.
1|c truc |cro o t|is uout| is t|c iOG. ic appcars iu all orus, aud protcau as |c is, is t|c
aduircd o all |c|oldcrs :. |..., |`....||:, . .:r:|.s, |. r:..||: : s...ss:,-aud iu a do.cu ot|cr
disguiscs, is c|aruiug, iu s|ort, |c is t|c uost solid, aud, at t|c sauc tiuc, t|c tcudcrcst o
ricuds. Guutcr, - )
z

I.|:..: I:|r.r..: D
z - - - LSA iatioual lrccdou Day, couucuoratiug
liucolu's lcgally iuuatcrial) siguaturc ou t|c 1|irtccut| Aucuducut, a|olis|-
iug slavcry, proposcd |y Cougrcss t|c day |corc, ratihcatiou as couplctcd ou
Dcccu|cr
z |uuo Sospita 'Saviour'), goddcss o lauuviuu, to |ou louau
cousuls uadc auuual sacrihcc. Girls too| |arlcy-ca|cs as ocriug to t|c sacrcd sua|c iu
|cr grovc, i it acccptcd t|cu, t|cir virgiuity as couhrucd aud t|c ycar's crtility
assurcd. lu t|c latc lcpu|lic tcuplcs crc |uilt to |cr at louc, |ic| |y Ovid's day
crc iu ruius.
z - irigid lC lrclaud, CY couucu.), lguatius o Autioc| lC |corc
, scc Oct.), 1ryp|ou Ort|.)
3r.. irigit, iridgct, iridc, iu uodcru lris| 3r, orucrly 3r.|.) o lrclaud
d. ..), a||css o iildarc. irigid is ouc o t|c uauy saiuts o |osc livcs lcgcud aud
ol|lorc |avc ar uorc to say t|au |istory. iaviug |ccouc a uuu at au carly agc, s|c
ouudcd t|c uouastcry o iildarc ucauiug 'C|urc| o t|c Oa|') or |ot| scxcs aud
rau it it| |ospita|lc ouc uig|t say |ouscicly) coupassiou, c|augiug |cr |at|-atcr
iuto |ccr or t|c |cucht o uucxpcctcd visitors, uultiplyiug |uttcr, aud produciug uil|
t|rcc tiucs a day rou uiraculously o|ligiug cos |cr cu|lcu is a co). icr uauc
ucaus 't|c cxaltcd ouc', a|iu to t|c iritis| tri|al uauc 3r...::s aud t|c Vcls| |r:...,
'|iug'. A tclt|-ccutury uartyrology calls |cr .r~.| Lr:.., 't|c |ig| uaid o lrclaud',
lcgcud rcprcscuts |cr as a ric| uau's daug|tcr, so suprcucly scl-couhdcut as to givc
aay |is calt| to |cggars it|out |is couscut. S|c as also a ricud o lcaruiug, or
iu |cr prcvious lic s|c |ad |ccu t|c Ccltic goddcss o art aud isdou |ou |ulius
Cacsar cquatcd it| Miucrva.
irigid is rcvcrcd as lrclaud's sccoud patrou saiut, |ut uutil t|c latc scvcut| ccutury
|cr auc outstrippcd St iatric|'s. V|cu iu St Vilrid Oct.), cxilcd rou
iort|uu|ria |ut prcscut at t|c latcrau syuod o iopc Agat|o scc |au.), iuscrtcd
iu its acts a procssiou o ort|odoxy ou |c|al o all uort|cru parts o iritaiu aud
lrclaud, |c as rccordiug a claiu to uctropolitau aut|ority t|at t|c lris| uccdcd to

couutcr it| alacrity, accordiugly t|c |agiograp|cr Cogitosus, hudiug a rcport t|at
irigid |ad |ccu cousccratcd |is|op '|y uista|c', su|stitutcd au cqual partucrs|ip iu
c|urc| govcruucut it| t|c |is|op to claiu t|c uctropolitauatc o all lrclaud or
iildarc. iocvcr, Aruag| rccallcd |at littlc it |uc a|out its ou ouudcr St iatric|,
aud rotc dou a |olc lot uorc, truupiug a ouau it| a uau, aud a quasi-|is|op
it| a rcal ouc iu t|c proccss also asscrtiug supcriority ovcr t|c 'Coluu|au auily' o
|ouscs dcpcudcut ou loua). icvcrt|clcss, St irigid rctaiucd au |ouourcd placc iu t|c
uc ordcr, iatric| |ciug said to |avc |apti.cd |cr parcuts. S|c is t|c patrou o dairy-
uaids, pocts, sc|olars, |lac|suit|s, aud |calcrs, St iridc's iu llcct Strcct is t|c priutcrs'
c|urc|. Ovcr |cr |oly cll iu t|c City o loudou as |uilt a royal palacc t|at uudcr
Ldard \l |ccauc a |ousc o corrcctiou or vagrauts a scrious social pro|lcu atcr
t|c dissolutiou o t|c uouastcrics) aud uuruly apprcuticcs, rou t|is |as couc t|c
gcucric uauc o 'iridccll'.
icr cult |as so couplctcly displaccd t|c Old lris| cstival o Io|.|. latcr spclt
o:|.) t|at uo ucuory o its ritual survivcd iuto ucdicval tiucs, iu coutrast to t|c
ot|cr t|rcc scasou-uar|crs scc May, Aug., iov.), ouly t|c couccptiou o t|is
day as t|c hrst o spriug, at |ic| ccs crc uil|cd.
1r,|.., protcctor o viucs aud hclds, |illcr o rats aud catcrpillars, |is icous couuouly
dcpict |iu it| a pruuiug-|uic. Ou |is day, t|c viucyards aud hclds arc spriu|lcd it|
|oly atcr aud iu souc placcs |lcsscd |y t|c pricst, iu souc placcs it is cousidcrcd uu-
luc|y to or|, or cvcu to pic| up a pruuiug-|uic. 1|c pro|i|itiou is rciuorccd it|
t|c aruiug talc o a uau |o cut to or| ou St 1ryp|ou's day aud cauc |ac| |av-
iug cut o |is uosc. C. il. .)
C..|:o.s L:, orucrly cousidcrcd t|c last day o t|c C|ristuas rcvcls. ..r .|..`s
J|o....| ) uotcd
V|cu oucc is couc Caudlcuass day
lcavc o at Cards aud Dicc to play.
Caudlcuas Lvc, uot 1clt| iig|t, as o old t|c tiuc to ta|c dou t|c |oliday grccu-
cry. lo|crt icrric| -) couucuoratcd t|c ccrcuouy as a tiuc o rcucal
C:r:o...:s ;.r C..|:o.ss: L:
Dou it| t|c loscuary aud iaycs,
Dou it| t|c Mislcto,
lu stcad o iolly, uo up-raisc
1|c grccucr iox or s|o).
1|c iolly |it|crto did say,
lct iox uo douiuccrc,
Lutill t|c dauciug Lastcr-day,
Or Lastcrs Lvc appcarc.
1|cu yout|ull iox |ic| uo |at| gracc,
Your |ouscs to rcuc,
Grou old, surrcudcr uust |is placc,
Luto t|c crispcd Yc.

V|cu Yc is out, t|cu iirc| coucs iu,
Aud uauy nocrs |csidc,
iot| o a rcs|, aud ragraut |iuuc
1o |ouour V|itsoutidc.
Grccu lus|cs t|cu, aud scctcst icuts,
Vit| coolcr O|cu |oug|s,
Couc iu or coucly oruaucuts,
1o rc-adoru t|c |ousc.
1|us tiucs do s|it, cac| t|iug |is turuc do's |old,
N: :|..s s..::, .s ;.ro:r :|..s r. .|.
Lvcu as latc as t|c uiuctccut| ccutury supcrstitiou attac|cd to t|c ailurc to rcuovc
cvcry last tig
l cvcry rcuuaut o C|ristuas dccoratiou is uot clcarcd out o c|urc| |corc Caudlcuas-day,
t|crc ill |c a dcat| t|at ycar iu t|c auily occupyiug t|c pc |crc a lca or |crry is lct. Au
old lady uo dcad) |ou l |uc, as so pcrsuadcd o t|c trut| o t|is supcrstitiou, t|at s|c
ould uot |c coutcutcd to lcavc t|c clcariug o |cr pc to t|c coustitutcd aut|oritics, |ut uscd
to scud |cr scrvaut ou Caudlcuas-cvc to scc t|at |cr ou scat at auy ratc as t|oroug|ly rccd
rou daugcr. C|au|crs |uly)
z

... IIII N...s I:|r.r..s L
z - - - Scotlaud Caudlcuas 1cru Day till )
LSA aud Cauada Grouud|og Day
Caudlcuas Day
z - B -- iCi), -
lC), - - CY), Ort|.),
rcd-lcttcr day
lu accordaucc it| Mosaic la Mary cauc to t|c 1cuplc orty days iuclusivcly rcc|-
oucd) atcr |cariug |csus |ot| to |c purihcd aud to prcscut |iu, as a ualc hrst|oru, to
t|c lord lu|c .). 1|c couucuoratiou |cgau .. at |crusalcu, |crc it too|
placc ou lc|ruary, t|c ortict| day o Lpip|auy, cou|iuiug C|rist's iativity aud
iaptisu scc |au.), as still iu Arucuia, iu , atcr t|c cud o a plaguc, t|c cupcror
|ustiuiau proclaiucd it or lc|ruary, t|c ortict| day o t|c scparatc C|ristuas, iu
|ouour o t|c C|rist c|ild's cucouutcr iu Grcc| H,...:: ) it| Siucou aud Auua.
1|is rcuaius its siguihcaucc iu t|c Last, |ut |cu it sprcad to t|c Vcst it as uudcr-
stood as t|c iurihcatiou o t|c \irgiu aud, li|c t|c ot|cr grcat Mariau casts o Au-
uuuciatiou Mar.), Doruitiou or Assuuptiou Aug.), aud iativity Scpt.),
as curic|cd |y iopc Scrgius l -) it| a solcuu proccssiou. Morc rcccutly cu-
p|asis |as s|itcd to t|c ircscutatiou, as t|c c|urc|iug o oucu-t|cir ccrcuouial

rcaduissiou to c|urc| atcr c|ild|irt|-cll iuto disusc, t|c uauc o ircscutatiou, uot
iu itscl uc, as givcu ocial prccrcucc iu |ot| lC aud CoL.
1|c popular uauc, |ocvcr, still rccogui.cd iu CY, is ucit|cr iurihcatiou uor irc-
scutatiou |ut Caudlcuas latiu C..:|.r.., lrcuc| C|..:|:r, Gcruau L..|:o:ss:, lris|
I.|: M.r: .. .....:.|), rou t|c caudlcs carricd duriug t|c proccssiou aud |lcsscd to
couucuoratc Siucou's dcscriptiou o t|c c|ild |csus as 'a lig|t to lig|tcu t|c Gcutilcs'
lu|c rou lsa. ), |is cauticlc, t|c iuuc Diuittis, is suug duriug t|c proccs-
siou arouud c|urc| |corc Mass. ircac|crs li|cucd t|c ax, ic|, aud naucs to |csus'
|ody, soul, aud God|cad. 1|c |lcssiug as supposcd to coucr ou t|c caudlcs t|c pocr
o ardiug o cvil, cvcu iu t|c tcutict|-ccutury LSA a uaid as|cd |cr uistrcss ouc
storuy Caudlcuas or pcruissiou to lig|t a caudlc, |ic|, |aviug |ccu |lcsscd iu
c|urc|, ould prcscrvc |cr agaiust |aru Douglas, Jo:r.... 3..| .; L.,s). lu prc-
lcoruatiou Luglaud oucu otcu carricd lig|tcd tapcrs at t|cir c|urc|iug, |ut t|c
|lcssiug o caudlcs as or|iddcu ou lc|ruary |y proclauatiou o t|c irotcst-
aut Ldard \l.
C.:|:r..: :` .... -). ioru to a prouiucut llorcutiuc auily, s|c cutcrcd t|c
Douiuicau couvcut at irato at agc , |ccouiug priorcss iu . Duriug lcut iu
s|c |cgau |aviug ccstasics cvcry cc| rou uoou ou 1|ursday to p.u. ou lriday iu
|ic| s|c rccrcatcd t|c cvcuts o t|c iassiou, t|is cut ou or tclvc ycars aud causcd
grcat couucut. At |cr urgiug, carucst praycrs |y t|c sistcrs hually |roug|t t|c ccstasics
to au cud. laucd or |cr |oliucss aud isdou, s|c as visitcd |y uauy, |ig| aud lo,
aud corrcspoudcd it| St i|ilip icri May).
C..|:o.s L.,. Mauy C|ristiau casts coiucidc it| pagau oucs, souctiucs accidcutally,
souctiucs dcli|cratcly, iu au cort to supprcss t|cu. Startiug rou icdc's asscrtiou
t|at Caudlcuas as a C|ristiau trausoruatiou o t|c uout|'s pagau rituals, ucdicval
ritcrs iuvcutcd a goddcss lc|rua, uot|cr o Mars, |ouourcd |y a torc|lig|t paradc
t|at as c|augcd or t|c |cttcr |y iopc Scrgius, or as 1|ouas iccou, 1|: :|.,:s .; .o:
loudou, ), |as it o.
v
) 'iopc Scrgius, ot|crisc callcd, iopc Siucsuoutc,
couuauudcd, y
t
al t|c pcoplc s|uld go ou proccssiou upou Caudcluassc day, aud cary
caudcls a|out it| t|cu |rcuuiug iu t|cir |audcs.' Alas, iopc Siucsuout as uot
Scrgius l, t|c iustitutor o t|is proccssiou, |ut Scrgius l\ -), t|c co||lcr's sou
ictcr, uic|uaucd 3.... . .r.., |o ou |ciug clcctcd iopc c|augcd |is uauc rou ictcr
to Scrgius so as uot to claiu cquality it| t|c iriucc o t|c Apostlcs scc Apr.). Au-
ot|cr hctiou rclatcd t|is day to t|c a|ductiou o Ccrcs' daug|tcr iroscrpiuc |y iluto,
or 'lc|ruus', t|roug| rccollcctiou o t|c torc|cs uscd iu scarc|iug or |cr. lu act, t|c
louaus |ouourcd Ccrcs uot iu lc|ruary |ut iu April, c uay suspcct a lcarucd autasy
|ascd ou a alsc associatiou it| .:r:s, 'ax tapcr', aud Ovid's story t|at at t|c Ccrialia
Apr.) oxcs crc lct loosc it| |uruiug torc|cs ticd to t|cu. Morc rcccut ritcrs
|avc suggcstcd t|at t|c cast as iutcudcd to supplaut t|c lupcrcalia ou lc|ruary.
Caudlcuas is particularly ric| iu cat|cr provcr|s. lt is idcly |clicvcd t|at a huc
Caudlcuas portcuds a prolougatiou o iutcr, a raiuy ouc au carly spriug. 1|is |clic

is ouud as ar cast as Crctc, t|oug| clsc|crc iu t|c Grcc| orld t|c Sit|uu priuciplc
applics as t|c cat|cr is ou iypapautc, so it ill |c or t|c ucxt orty days, or at lcast
till t|c cud o lc|ruary. 1|c day is |uou as t|c Millcr's ioliday, M.|..r|.s. t|c
iuduills staud idlc, aud iu Crctc it is said t|cy ill rcusc to turu cvcu i t|c uillcr
trics to start t|cu.
|o|u S|cltou alludcd to t|c custou o cat|cr prcdictiou iu 'io ucu crc
outc or to disccruc|iy caudlcucs day, |at cddcr s|uld |oldc.' lrou V|it|y iu
Yor|s|irc coucs
l Cauulcuas day |c louud aud air,
ya |a o' t' iutcr's to couc aud uair,
i Cauulcuas day |c uur| au' oul,
|a |a o' t' iutcr's gccau at Yulc.
lu Gcruauy it as said t|at t|c s|cp|crd ould rat|cr scc t|c ol cutcr |is sta|lc
ou Caudlcuas Day t|au t|c suu.
Cr..|. L.,. lu t|c Luitcd Statcs, a Gcruau |clic a|out t|c |adgcr applicd iu
Sit.crlaud to t|c ol) |as |ccu trauscrrcd to t|c oodc|uc|, |cttcr |uou as t|c
grouud|og ou Caudlcuas |c |rca|s |is |i|cruatiou iu ordcr to o|scrvc t|c cat|cr, i
|c cau scc |is s|ado |c rcturus to |is sluu|crs or six cc|s, |ut i it raius |c stays
up aud a|out, siucc iutcr ill soou |c ovcr. 1|is |as carucd Caudlcuas t|c uauc o
'Grouud|og Day'. lu Quarryvillc, laucastcr Couuty, ia., a Sluu|criug Grouud|og
lodgc as orucd, |osc ucu|crs, cariug sil| |ats aud carryiug caucs, cut out iu
scarc| o a grouud|og |urro, ou hudiug ouc t|cy atc|cd its iu|a|itaut's couduct
aud rcportcd |ac|. O tcuty o|scrvatious rccordcd, cig|t proguosticatious provcd
truc, scvcu alsc, aud hvc crc iudctcruiuatc. 1|c ritual is uo carricd ou at iuux-
sutaucy, ia., |crc t|c cat|cr prop|ct |as |ccu uaucd iuuxsutaucy i|il.
Suodrops |cgiu to couc up a|out Caudlcuas, a |ar|iugcr o t|c carly spriug.
. :|: `..r.
Alrcady uo t|c Suodrop darcs appcar,
1|c hrst palc |lossou o t|c uuripcucd ycar
As llora's |rcat|, |y souc trausoruiug pocr,
iad c|augcd au iciclc iuto a nocr
lts uauc aud |uc t|c sccutlcss plaut rctaius
Aud Viutcr liugcrs iu its icy vcius.
Auua lactitia iar|auld -)
Caudlcuas as orucrly a Scottis| tcru day, |cpt o old it| uuc| gaicty, iucludiug a
oot|all uatc|, siucc it |as |ccu displaccd to t|c t|.

z

... III N...s I:|r.r..s l
z - - - |apau Sctsu|uu 'Scasou-|ouudary', last day o
iutcr)
Sit.crlaud ioustrou, cud o iutcr
z - ilaisc iCi, lC), Ausgar CY, lC)
3|..s: ilasius), possi|ly |is|op o Sc|astc Sivas) iu Arucuia, uartyrcd ... 1ill t|c
clcvcut| ccutury |c as cultcd ou t|c t|, |ut |c as uovcd to t|c day atcr Caudlc-
uas |ccausc, |ilc iu prisou or |is ait|, |c as said to |avc |ccu givcu ood aud lig|t
|y t|c uot|cr o a |oy |osc lic |c |ad savcd |y rcuoviug a hs||ouc stuc| iu |is
t|roat, t|c |lcssiug o St ilaisc rccordcd iu uodcru tiucs) cousists o placiug to cau-
dlcs gits o t|c |oy's uot|cr) agaiust a sorc t|roat. lu additiou, |c is said to |avc
|calcd aud |lcsscd sic| auiuals |ilc |idiug iu a cavc to cscapc pcrsccutiou. ic is also
iuvo|cd agaiust olvcs, |aviug orccd a ol to rcturu a pig |c |ad suatc|cd rou a
poor ido. Ouc o t|c lourtccu Auxiliary Saiuts.
lt is said t|at |is torturcs iucludcd laccratiou it| irou cou|s, |cucc |is cu|lcu is
t|c ool-cou|, aud |c is patrou o ool-cou|crs. Ouc tou iu ltaly, 1arauta icligua
iu A|ru..o, still cclc|ratcs |is ucuory auuually |y ua|iug 'pauiccllc di Sau iiagio',
|ic| arc staupcd it| t|c iuagc o St ilaisc, t|c c|ild |osc t|roat |c curcd, aud t|c
uot|cr. 1|c productiou o t|c |rcad is a our-day aair, cudiug ou t|c saiut's day |cu
t|roats arc auoiutcd it| oil |y t|c pricst, aud t|c |rcad |y t|cu largcly iucdi|lc) is
|audcd out at t|c door.
A c|aru to cxtract itcus rou t|roats
iold t|c discascd party |y t|c t|roat, aud prououucc t|csc ords, ilaisc t|c uartyr aud scrvaut
o C|rist couuauds t|cc to pass up aud dou.
Advicc ou sorc t|roats rou 1|: I.|:..r .; `|:|:.rs )
Good or t|c t|roat ioucy, sugar, |uttcr it| a littlc salt, liquoricc, to sup sot cggs, |yssop, a
ucau uauucr o catiug aud driu|iug, aud sugar caudy. Lvil or t|c t|roat Mustard, uuc| lyiug
ou t|c |rcast, pcppcr, augcr, t|iugs roastcd, lcc|cry, uuc| or|iug, too uuc| rcst, uuc| driu|,
suo|c o iuccusc, old c|ccsc aud all sour t|iugs arc uaug|ty or t|c t|roat.
lu lou|ardy a uorc plcasaut aud uuc| uorc rcadily availa|lc coucoctiou is at |aud
ou St ilaisc's Day. Latiug a slicc o paucttouc is hruly |clicvcd to protcct agaiust a sorc
t|roat. All C|ristuas paucttouc |ciug loug gouc, or too stalc, t|c |a|crs |avc o|ligiugly
rcspoudcd to t|c dcuaud aud t|c s|ops arc ull o t|c cstivc |rcad.
Auoug t|c Ort|odox |o cult St ilaisc ou lc|.), t|is day is t|c Syuaxis o Siucou
t|c God-lcccivcr aud Auua t|c irop|ctcss, siucc iu uodcru Grcc| `.o:. suggcsts t|c
vcr| s.o..., 'l uar|', prcguaut oucu iu Grcccc avoid actious suc| as usc o s|arp or
cdgcd tools) t|at uay uar| t|c c|ild.

J.s.r Aus|ar) -). ioru iu uort|cru lraucc ucar Auicus, atcr procssiug as a
icucdictiuc, |c as scut to Saxouy aud t|cu |roug|t to Dcuuar| |y iiug iarald l
|iuscl |apti.cd iu ) to couvcrt t|c |cat|cus. At hrst arc||is|op o iau|urg, |is
rcspousi|ility cvcutually cxtcudcd rou uort|cru Gcruauy to Scdcu aud ioray. iis
carly succcsscs iu couvcrsiou did uot it|staud pagau iuvasious rou t|c uort|. lu
|c as uaucd patrou o Dcuuar| t|cu iucludiug lcclaud) aud o Gcruauy.
h:r|r Vcr|urga, Vcr|urg|), daug|tcr o Vul|crc, iiug o Mcrcia, |ccauc a uuu
at Lly, su|scqucutly s|c ouudcd uuuucrics |crscl. S|c dicd .. at 1rcut|au iu
S|rops|irc, |ut |cr rclics crc trauslatcd to C|cstcr scc |uuc), o |ic| s|c is t|c
patrou.
z

r..: N...s I:|r.r..s G
z - - - Sri lau|a ludcpcudcucc Couucuoratiou Day
rou Grcat iritaiu, )
z - Gil|crt o Scupriug|au CY couucu.)
C.||:r: .; `:or..|.o, sou o a ioruau |uig|t callcd |occlyu aud au uuuaucd Luglis|
uot|cr, ouudcr o t|c ouly rcligious ordcr to origiuatc iu Luglaud, t|c Gil|crtiuc
Ordcr, at hrst or uuus, to |ou crc succcssivcly addcd lay sistcrs, lay |rct|rcu, aud
cauous rcgular. 1|c to scxcs livcd iu scparatc cuclosurcs it| a scalcd iudo |ctccu
t|cu, aud uscd a couuou c|urc| it| to aislcs scparatcd |y a all ruuuiug rou cst
to cast. iaviug sccu |is Ordcr t|roug| a crisis prccipitatcd |y lay |rct|rcu rc|clliug
agaiust t|cir |ars| couditious, |c dicd ou lc|ruary , ovcr ycars old, cauou-
i.atiou |y iopc luuoccut lll ollocd iu accordiug to t|c uc proccdurc o rig-
orous papal iuquiry. 1|c Ordcr sprcad ovcr t|c dioccsc o liucolu, |ut uot uuc|
outsidc it, a Scottis| ouudatiou ailcd, au iuvitatiou to louc as lauguidly rcccivcd.
lu couscqucucc t|c Ordcr, iu stcady dccliuc atcr t|c ilac| Dcat|, |ad uo orcigu
|rauc|cs to pcrpctuatc its cxistcucc atcr t|c Dissolutiou o t|c Mouastcrics. 1|c lC
C|urc| couucuoratcs |iu ou t|is day as cll.
J:r....., lcgcudary posscssor o a tocl |cariug t|c acc o C|rist. icr uauc is a cor-
ruptiou o 'icrcuicc', t|c uauc |cstocd |y lcgcud ou t|c ouau it| au issuc o
|lood curcd at Capcruauu scc |uly), t|c story as |lcudcd iu t|c Vcst it| t|at
o t|c o..:|... |cariug au iuagc 'uot uadc |y |auds' supposcdly scut to iiug A|gar \
at Ldcssa scc Aug.). lurt|cr lcgcuds crc crcatcd, as t|at \crouica as dissatishcd
it| t|c portrait o C|rist s|c |ad couuissioucd rou a paiutcr souc said St lu|c),
till C|rist iiuscl appcarcd aud iupriutcd iis acc ou t|c cauvas, |ic| s|c t|cu uscd
to |cal t|c cupcror 1i|crius o a gravc sic|ucss iu t|c oldcst vcrsiou, s|c is said to |avc

paiutcd t|c iuagc |crscl). 1|c uost auiliar story, |ocvcr, is t|at s|c ocrcd iiu |cr
vcil as a tocl ou t|c ay to t|c Crucihxiou, t|c iupriutcd vcil as itscl callcd :r.....
iu Luglis| 'vcruiclc', t|c uauc as o|scrvcd to |c au auagrau o :r. ...., 'truc iuagc').
lrou t|c cig|t| ccutury au iuagc o C|rist as ou a clot| as |cpt at t|c Oratory o
Saucta Maria ad iracscpc at louc. lu t|c vcruiclc, latcr trauscrrcd to St ictcr's,
as aut|cuticatcd, aud au occ o t|c ioly lacc iustitutcd, auoug its latcr dcvotccs
as iopc Alcxaudcr \l, |o t|oug| a dc|auc|cc as |y uo ucaus t|c at|cist |c is cou-
uouly ta|cu or. lt as lost iu t|c sac| o , |ut rccovcrcd iu t|c olloiug ycar.
Mic|cl dc Moutaiguc, iu louc duriug ioly Vcc| iu , as prcscut at au uuvciliug
o t|c rclic at St ictcr's
1|is is a couutcuaucc roug|t iu uccdlcor|, o a dar| aud sou|rc tiut, aud raucd atcr t|c
as|iou o a uirror. lt is s|ou it| grcat ccrcuouy rou a |ig| pulpit, hvc or six paccs iu idt|,
aud t|c pricst |o |olds it cars ou |is |auds rcd glovcs, |ilc to or t|rcc ot|cr pricsts assist
|iu iu displayiug it. io spcctaclc provo|cs suc| grcat s|o o rcvcrcucc as t|is, t|c pcoplc all
prostratc t|cusclvcs ou t|c grouud, t|c grcatcr part o t|cu ccpiug aud uttcriug crics o pity.
A ouau, |ou t|cy dcclarcd to |c posscsscd, uadc a grcat uproar at t|c sig|t o t|is cgy,
aud |cgau to scrccc|, aud tist |cr arus, aud t|ro t|cu a|out. . . . 1|is display is uadc scv-
cral tiucs duriug t|c day, aud t|c crod |ic| coucs to itucss t|c sauc is so vast t|at, as ar
as t|c cyc cau rcac| rou t|c pulpit aorcsaid outsidc t|c c|urc|, t|crc is uoug|t to |c sccu |ut
au cudlcss crod o ucu aud oucu. icrc is t|c truc papal court, t|c poup o louc aud its
c|ic graudcur lics iu t|c outard s|o o rcligiou aud it is a huc sig|t iu t|csc days, t|is uu-
|ouudcd ardour o t|c pcoplc or t|cir ait|. Moutaiguc, j.r..|, ii. -
Hr.|..s M.rs, d. , t|c cpit|ct M.rs, 'ilac|', as |cstocd ou |iu |y Alcuiu,
|osc avouritc pupil |c as, to uatc| |is uauc, 'lavcu'. iaviug rcturucd to tcac| at
t|c icucdictiuc uouastcry o lulda, |c |ccauc its a||ot iu , aud uadc it ouc o t|c
grcatcst sc|ools iu Luropc, |ccouiug |uou as t|c iustructor o Gcruauy r.:.::.r
C:ro....:), |is pupils iucludcd t|c poct aud t|cologiau Vala|rid Stra|o, a||ot o
lcic|cuau, t|c t|cologiau aud collcctor o classical uauuscripts Scrvatus lupus, a||ot
o lcrrircs, aud Otricd o Vcisscu|urg, |o couposcd au Old iig| Gcruau pocu
ou t|c Gospcl uarrativc. ira|auus |iuscl rotc uauy or|s o iustructiou, c|ic
auougst t|cu a tcuty-to-voluuc cucyclopcdia, L: r:ro ..:r.s 'Ou t|c iaturcs o
1|iugs'), togct|cr it| pocus pcr|aps iucludiug t|c |yuu '\cui crcator spiritus'. At
t|c turu o t|c ccutury lulda |ad posscsscd ouly t|irty-hvc uauuscripts, |y t|c tiuc
ira|auus |ad |ccu drivcu to rcsigu |is a||acy iu or |ac|iug t|c roug sidc iu a
strugglc or t|c t|rouc, t|c uuu|cr as approac|iug ,, iucludiug tcxts iu t|c vcr-
uacular. iaviug uadc |is pcacc it| t|c cupcror, ira|auus as crcatcd arc||is|op o
Maiu. iu , iu t|at capacity |c |cld t|rcc iuportaut syuods. lu |is rcuaius crc
|roug|t to iallc, |ut |is uorc iuportaut rclics, t|c |oo|s o t|c lulda li|rary, crc
uostly scattcrcd iu t|c sixtccut| ccutury or dcstroycd iu t|c 1|irty Ycars Var.
Ou t|is day iu dicd t|c papal li|rariau Giovauui Audrca iussi, |uou iu latiu as
|oauucs Audrcas dc iuxis |. \igcvauo, |uly ). A lcarucd uau, |c ou t|c avour
o succcssivc popcs, |o uuortuuatcly rcardcd |iu it| uouiuatious to diguitics
t|at t|c pocrul Sor.a du|cs o Milau crc dctcruiucd to rcscrvc or t|cir ou sup-

portcrs, uua|lc to ta|c posscssiou, aud t|crcorc to cujoy t|c iucouc, |c as so s|ort
o uoucy t|at |c could uot |c tclls us) cvcu aord a s|avc, dcspitc |ccouiug sccrctary
to t|c sc|olarly p|ilosop|cr Cardiual iic|olas Cusauus. iis povcrty uadc |iu quic|
to cxploit t|c possi|ility aordcd |y t|c priutiug prcss o uass-produciug classical aud
ccclcsiastical latiu tcxts, aud trauslatious rou t|c Grcc|. 1o |c surc, t|c accuracy o
t|c tcxts ta|cu rou |atcvcr uauuscripts crc closcst to |aud), as iu ot|cr carly cdi-
tious, otcu lcavcs uuc| to |c dcsircd, t|is aordcd au cxcusc or rival sc|olars to dc-
plorc |is couucrcial cutcrprisc. icvcrt|clcss, iussi sa aud uct a uccd, t|c
|i|liograp|ics o scvcral latiu aut|ors rccord |is cditiou as t|c hrst, or |ic| |c cll
dcscrvcs |is tou| uort| o t|c door o Sau iictro iu \iucoli, across t|c uort|-cst cor-
ucr rou Cusauus.
1|is is t|c carlicst datc ou |ic| As| Vcducsday, |cgiuuiug t|c Vcstcru lcut, cau all,
|cu Lastcr is ou Marc|.
z

N...: I:|r.r..: A
z - - - liulaud luuc|crg's Day |irt|day o |o|au
ludvig luuc|crg, uatioual poct o liulaud)
Mcxico Coustitutiou Day o aud ), lclipc dc |css, patrou saiut o Mcx-
ico City
z Dcdicatiou-day o t|c tcuplc ou t|c Capitol vocd to Coucordia
iu |y t|c practor lucius Maulius atcr |c |ad crus|cd a uutiuy aud dcdicatcd
to ycars latcr, it ovcrloo|cd |cr ot|cr tcuplc iu t|c loruu scc |uly). loug atcr-
ards, |cu civil ar |ad |ccu uarroly avoidcd, cupcrors ould stri|c coius pro-
claiuiug t|c Coucord o t|c Aruics, .....r.. :::r..:o, pcr|aps iu t|c |opc o
iuspiriug it auoug t|c soldicrs paid it| t|cu.
z - Agat|a iCi, lC)
J.:|. datc uu|uou), virgiu uartyr at Catauia iu Sicily. Ouc o t|c uauy uartyrs |o
prccrrcd dcat| to scductiou or uarriagc, |cr lcgcudary atc, atcr sucriug |catiug, t|c
rac|, aud hrc, as to |avc |cr |rcasts cut o. S|c is otcu portraycd it| |cr to |rcasts
ou a plattcr, |ic|, rcscu|liug |clls, |avc causcd |cr to |c adoptcd as patrou |y |cll-
ouudcrs. S|c is iuvo|cd agaiust discascs o t|c |rcast aud is also patrou o hrchg|tcrs,
|cr vcil is iuprudcutly asscrtcd to protcct Catauia rou cart|qua|cs aud cruptious o
Mouut Ltua.
Saiut Agat|a dccudcs t|y |ousc, rou hrc aud carcull nauc,
iut |cu it |urucs, iu aruour all dot| lloriau qucuc| t|c sauc.
iaogcorgus, o.
v
scc also May)

Au ltaliau scct, callcd \irgius' ca|cs, puts Dou la|ri.io iu uiud o St Agat|a
ic disdaiucd t|c driu|s ta|lc, glittcriug it| vcsscls o crystal aud silvcr ou t|c rig|t, aud turucd
lct toards t|c scct ta|lc. iugc |.|.s t|c colour o |ay |orscs, li|c so uauy Mout ilaucs it|
a suo-cap o |ippcd crcau, |:..::s L.|..: spcc|lcd |itc rou aluouds aud grccu rou pis-
tac|io, |illoc|s o c|ocolatc prohtcrolcs, |rou aud ric| as t|c top soil o t|c Catauiau plaiu
rou |ic|, iudccd, |y a loug circuitous routc t|cy |ad couc, piu| .r;..:s atcr-iccs, c|au-
paguc .r;..:s, dar| .r;..:s t|at split opcu it| a crac|lc as t|c spatula sliccd t|cu, airs or violiu
iu t|c uajor o crystalli.cd c|crrics, acid uotcs o ycllo piucapplcs, aud '1riuup|s o Glut-
touy', it| t|c t|ic| grccu o grouud pistac|ios, aud iudcccut '\irgius' ca|cs'. Dou la|ri.io
as|cd or to o t|csc, aud as |c |cld t|cu ou |is platc |c loo|cd li|c a proauc caricaturc o
Saiut Agat|a displayiug |cr ou sliccd-o |rcasts. 'V|y cvcr didu't t|c ioly Occ or|id t|csc
sccts |cu it |ad t|c c|aucc. 1riuup|s o gluttouy gluttouy, a uortal siu.), Saiut Agat|a's
|rcasts sold |y couvcuts, dcvourcd at dauccs. ia|.'
Giuscppc 1ouasi di laupcdusa, I| .::..r. 1|: L:..r)
Aucricau iaptists cclc|ratc t|c arrival iu t|c ic Vorld o logcr Villiaus, |o it|
our coupauious as su|scqucutly cxpcllcd rou Massac|usctts aud scttlcd iu l|odc
lslaud, t|c hvc auilics orucd t|c hrst iaptist couuuuity t|crc.
z

... JIII Is I:|r.r..s i
z - - - ic Zcalaud Vaitaugi Day siguiug o 1rcaty
o Vaitaugi, , |ctccu t|c Maori aud Luropcau scttlcrs)
LSA, Ari.oua Ar|or Day
Acccssiou o iM Quccu Lli.a|ct| ll, , rcd-lcttcr day, t|c Luiou nag is nou
z - iaul Mi|i aud coupauious lC, CY couucu. 'Martyrs o |apau'),
orucrly St 1itus uo |au.)
.| M.|. .. ..o.....s d. ), hrst uartyrs o t|c lar Last. Mi|i, a |apaucsc |csuit
pricst aud prouiucut prcac|cr, aud |is tcuty-six coupauious, |csuits, Spauis| lrau-
ciscaus, aud layucu, crc crucihcd duriug t|c pcrsccutiou o C|ristiaus |y t|c s|oguu
iidcyos|i.
L.r.:|,, uartyrcd at Cacsarca iu Cappadocia iayscri) ... Accordiug to lcgcud, ou |cr
ay to |c cxccutcd s|c as jccrcd |y t|c laycr 1|cop|ilus, |o as|cd |cr to scud |iu
souc ruits aud nocrs rou paradisc |cu s|c got t|crc. 1o |is s|oc|cd surprisc, au
augcl |roug|t |iu a |as|ct coutaiuiug t|rcc applcs aud t|rcc roscs, |crcupou |c cou-
vcrtcd aud as also uartyrcd.

z

... JII Is I:|r.r..s C
z - - - Grcuada ludcpcudcucc Day rou Grcat
iritaiu, )
z -
M:| orucrly ou lc|.). iis|op o Ardag|, |c as a disciplc, possi|ly a ucp|c, o
St iatric|, |y |ou |c as cousccratcd. ic dicd ...
..|.r .; L.|.., said to |avc dicd at lucca iu ou a pilgriuagc to louc, rclics crc
|roug|t to Lic|stdt ... iy t|c tcut| ccutury |c |ad |ccu rougly supposcd a |iug
o t|c Auglo-Saxous, t|oug| cvcu t|c uauc sccus straugc or prc-ioruau Luglaud.
lor |is c|ildrcu, scc lc|ruary, |uly, aud Dcccu|cr.
1|c Grcat lrost o cauc to au cud ou t|is day. iy t|cu ouc o t|c traditious |cu
t|c livcr 1|aucs ro.c as to sct up priutiug s|ops ou t|c icc. 1|c pu|lis|cr o
Ir.s:.... |cpt a ruuuiug accouut o t|c daily activitics, priutiug up t|c |oo| ou t|c day
t|c icc startcd to t|a
1ucsday, lc|. .-1|c noatiug uasscs o icc it| |ic| c |avc alrcady statcd t|c 1|aucs to
|c covcrcd, |aviug |ccu stoppcd |y loudou iridgc, uo assuucd t|c s|apc o a solid suracc
ovcr t|at part o t|c rivcr |ic| cxtcuds rou ilac|riars' iridgc to souc distaucc |clo 1|rcc
Crauc Stairs, at t|c |ottou o Quccu-strcct, C|capsidc. 1|c atcrucu ta|iug advautagc o t|is
circuustaucc, placcd uoticcs at t|c cud o all t|c strccts lcadiug to t|c city sidc o t|c rivcr, au-
uouuciug a sac ootay ovcr t|c rivcr, |ic|, as uig|t |c cxpcctcd, attractcd iuucusc crods
to itucss so uovcl a sccuc. Mauy crc iuduccd to vcuturc ou t|c icc, aud t|c cxauplc t|us
aordcd, soou lcd t|ousauds to pcrau|ulatc t|c ruggcd plaiu, |crc a varicty o auuscucuts
crc prcparcd or t|cir cutcrtaiuucut.
Auoug t|c uorc curious o t|csc as t|c ccrcuouy o roastiug a suall s|ccp, |ic| as
:..s::, or rat|cr |urut, ovcr a coal hrc, placcd iu a largc irou pau. lor a vic o t|is :::r..r...r,
spcctaclc, s.::..: as dcuaudcd, aud illiugly paid. 1|c dclicatc ucat |cu ..:, as sold at
. s|.||.. . s|..:, aud tcrucd L.|.. o::... O |oot|s t|crc crc a grcat uuu|cr, |ic| crc
oruaucutcd it| strcaucrs, nags, aud sigus, aud iu |ic| t|crc as a plcutiul storc o t|osc
avouritc luxurics, .., |::r, aud ..:r|r:..
Oppositc 1|rcc Crauc Stairs t|crc as a couplctc aud cll rcqucutcd t|oroug|arc to iau|-
sidc, |ic| as strccd it| as|cs, aud apparcutly aordcd a vcry sac, alt|oug| a vcry roug|
pat|. icar ilac|riars' iridgc, |ocvcr, t|c pat| did uot appcar to |c cqually sac, or ouc youug
uau, a pluu|cr, uaucd L..s, |aviug iuprudcutly vcuturcd to cross it| souc lcad iu |is |auds,
|c sau| |ctccu to uasscs o icc, to risc uo uorc. 1o youug oucu ucarly s|arcd a siuilar
atc, |ut crc |appily rcscucd rou t|cir pcrilous situatiou |y t|c proupt corts o to atcr-
ucu. Mauy a air uyup| iudccd as cu|raccd iu t|c .., .ros o old lat|cr 1|aucs,-t|rcc priu
youug Qua|crcsscs |ad a sort o s:o.~|.:|.., ucar loudou iridgc, aud |cu laudcd ou ::rr. ;ro.,
uadc t|c |cst o t|cir ay t|roug| t|c ioroug|, aud auidst t|c s|outs o au aduiriug popu-
lacc, to t|cir rcsidcucc at iciugtou. . . .

M...,, I:|. . largc uasscs o icc arc yct noatiug, aud uuucrous lig|tcrs, |ro|cu rou t|cir
uooriugs, arc sccu iu dicrcut parts o t|c rivcr, uauy o t|cu couplctc rcc|s. 1|c dauagc
douc to t|c crat aud |argcs is supposcd to |c vcry grcat. lrou loudou-|ridgc to Vcstuiustcr,
1cuty 1|ousaud iouuds ill scarccly ua|c good t|c losscs t|at |avc |ccu sustaiucd. V|ilc c
arc uo ritiug, |al past p. u.) . r..:.. r:ss |.s |::. .... s:: .. . |.r: lCL-lSlAiD, |c-
tccu ilac|riars aud Vcstuiustcr-|ridgcs. At t|is .: r..:..~..:, t|c rcuaiudcr o a largc iu-
prcssiou o t|c 1.:|:~.: o t|c prcscut or| is uo actually |ciug priutcd, so t|at t|c purc|ascrs
o llOS1lAiA, ill |avc t|is additioual advautagc. Ir.s:...., -,
z

... JI Is I:|r.r..s D
z - |crouc Luiliaui lC)
j:r.o: Lo.|.... Girolauo Miaui) -), pricst aud ouudcr o t|c ordcr o t|c
Souasc|i. Dccudcr o \cuctiau tcrritory as au aruy occr duriug t|c ar o t|c lcaguc
o Cau|rai, |c turucd to rcligious lic, as ordaiucd pricst iu , succourcd t|c uccdy,
aud .. ouudcd t|c Cougrcgatiou o t|c Souasc|i, dcvotcd to t|c carc o orp|aus,
t|c uauc coucs rou Souasca, a villagc |ctccu Milau aud icrgauo. iius Xl dcclarcd
|iu patrou o orp|aus aud a|audoucd c|ildrcu iu . lcast-day orucrly |uly.
Mary, t|c orucr Quccu o Scots, as cxccutcd at lot|criugay Castlc iu iort|aup-
tous|irc ou t|is day iu , atcr ucarly tcuty ycars o captivity aud iutriguc, uuc| o
Luropc as |orrihcd, uuc| o Luglaud t|oug|t it s|ould |avc |appcucd sooucr.
1|cu t|c said Quccu |ucclcd douc upou t|c cus|iou, at |ic| tiuc, aud vcry rcsolutcly, aud
it|out auic to|cu o carc s|c spa|c aloudc t|is psaluc iu lattiu I. :: .o..: ...;., .: ...;..r
.. .:::r.o . . .
1|cu s|c laidc |crscl upou t|c |loc|c uost quictlic, aud strctc|iug out |cr arucs aud lcggcs
crycd out I. o..s :.s .o..: t|rcc or ourc tiucs aud at t|c lastc |ilc ouc o t|c cxccutioucrs
|cldc |cr slig|tlic it| ouc o |is |audcs, t|c ot|cr gavc |cr to stroo|cs it| au axc |corc |c
cutt o |cr |cad. rou lic|ard Viughcld's uarrativc, quotcd iu Murisou,
z

... J Is I:|r.r..s L
z - - - lc|auou St Marou's Day
z - 1cilo lC Valcs), orucrly Cyril o Alcxaudria lC, scc |uuc)

1:.|. Llidius, Lliud) t| c.), Vcls| uou| aud |is|op, ouudcr o a uouastcry. ic as
idcly popular iu Valcs, so uuc| so t|at a uiraclc o uultiplicatiou as iuvo|cd to cx-
plaiu t|c cxistcucc o t|rcc |odics. iis ac|uolcdgcd tou| is iu llauda Cat|cdral.
J.||...., dcacoucss o Alcxaudria, uartyrcd uudcr Dccius. lt is said iu t|c Goldcu
lcgcud t|at |cr torucutors hrst |uoc|cd out all |cr tcct|, atcr |ic| s|c lcapt iuto
t|c pyrc prcparcd or |cr, uuc| to t|cir disuay 't|at a ouau as ouud rcadicr or
dcat| t|au t|c pcrsccutor or t|c torucut'. Otcu portraycd it| a pair o piuccrs, s|c
as cxtrcucly popular iu t|c Middlc Agcs-toot|ac|cs |ciug uo dou|t a couuou
occurrcucc-aud is uo t|c patrou saiut o dcutists.
Saiut Appoliu t|c rottcu tcct| dot| |clpc |cu sorc t|cy a|c.
iaogcorgus,
z

... IJ Is I:|r.r..s l
z - - - Malta St iaul's S|iprcc| o t|c coast o
Malta, )
z - Sc|olastica lC, CY couucu.)
`.|.|.s:... ..-..), sistcr o St icucdict, t|c hrst icucdictiuc uuu. icr a||cy as
at ilou|ariola, hvc uilcs rou icucdict's, Moutccassiuo. Grcgory t|c Grcat rcports
t|at t|cy uscd to ucct oucc a ycar at a |ousc outsidc t|c uouastcrics aud couvcrsc ou
|oly uattcrs, ou |at s|c pcrccivcd to |c t|c last visit, s|c as|cd icucdict to coutiuuc
t|roug| t|c uig|t, |ut |c rcuscd, or it ould |rca| t|c rulc o |is ordcr, s|c praycd
to God or t|c avour, |crcupou a violcut storu prcvcutcd t|c uou|s rou lcaviug.
S|c is couucuoratcd iu CY, aud also iu t|c Oxord Aluauac|. Sc|olastica is patrou
saiut o couvulsivc c|ildrcu.
C|.r.|.o|.s Ort|.), protccts agaiust t|c plaguc. ic is ocrcd au aprou or s|irt ovcu
iu ouc uig|t it| uagical spclls |y oucu gat|crcd iu a siuglc |ousc.
Ou St Sc|olastica's Day iu a quarrcl |ctccu t|c viutucr o t|c Siudlcstoc| tav-
cru at Carax iu Oxord aud souc studcuts |o couplaiucd o |is iuc lcd to a t|rcc-
day raupagc o tou agaiust gou iu |ic| t|c riotcrs, a|cttcd |y t|c tou aut|oritics
aud rciuorccd |y rustics, |illcd sixty-t|rcc studcuts. lclatious |ad alays |ccu tcusc,
or t|c risc o t|c uuivcrsity |ad coiucidcd it| t|c dccliuc o t|c clot| tradc iu Oxord
as iu ot|cr Luglis| tous, it is to t|is tradc t|at t|c uauc o t|c tavcru alludcs, a
siudlcstoc|, or siuglcstoc|, |ciug t|c |loc| ou |ic| nax is drcsscd. Lp till t|c riot
t|c Crou |ad attcuptcd to |alaucc t|c to iutcrcsts, |ut t|crcatcr t|c tou sucrcd
t|c couscqucucc o |aviug put itscl so gricvously iu t|c roug uot ouly do royal

c|artcrs, iu t|cir touc aud su|staucc, s|o cxclusivc avour to t|c uuivcrsity, |ut uutil
t|c uiuctccut| ccutury t|c uayor aud |urgcsscs crc coupcllcd to attcud a pcuitcutial
scrvicc at t|c uuivcrsity c|urc|, St Mary's, ou t|is day cvcry ycar aud prcscut t|c o|la-
tiou o s. . i.c. pcucc) iu ucuory o t|c uurdcrcd sc|olars.
z

... III Is I:|r.r..s G
z - - - |apau iatioual louudatiou Day couucu-
oratcs ouudiug o |apaucsc uatiou it| acccssiou o Lupcror |iuuu iu )
uatioual |oliday)
\aticau City Auuivcrsary o t|c latcrau iact , iudcpcudcucc o \aticau City
aud rccoguitiou o sovcrciguty o ioly Scc)
z - Our lady o lourdcs lC), couucuoratiug t|c day iu |cu
icruadcttc Sou|irous |ad |cr hrst visiou scc Apr.)
.: Cr:.r, II -), |o ou popularity |y rcsistiug iupcrial tax dcuauds. V|cu iu
t|c iy.autiucs aud lou|ards cou|iucd agaiust |iu, |c cutcrcd t|c lou|ard caup
aud startlcd t|c |iug iuto a|audouiug t|c sicgc aud dcpositiug |is rcgalia at St ictcr's
tou|. ic coudcuucd t|c icouoclastic doctriuc t|cu risiug iuto avour at iy.autiuu,
couuissioucd St iouiacc scc |uuc) to prcac| auoug t|c lrisiaus, aud t|roug| |is
good rclatious it| t|c lrau|is| Mayor o t|c ialacc, C|arlcs Martcl, causcd t|c
louau orus o scrvicc to |c adoptcd |y t|c Gcruau C|urc|. ic |iuscl as au iu-
uovator iu t|is rcgard, auoug ot|cr t|iugs supplyiug uass propcrs or t|c 1|ursdays iu
lcut.
C.o... At V|it|y, t|is is t|c cast o Caduou, |o dcspitc |is Vcls| uauc Cad-
au) as t|c hrst Luglis| poct |osc uauc c |uo aud t|c hrst to ritc rcligious po-
ctry, |c is said |y icdc to |avc |ccu au uucducatcd lay |rot|cr |o loo|cd atcr t|c
uouastcry's cattlc iu t|c tiuc o A||css iilda scc iov.), aud ould dcscrt t|c
party rat|cr t|au ta|c |is turu to siug a soug, uutil ouc uig|t |c drcaut t|at |c as
|ciug ordcrcd to siug a|out t|c Crcatiou. ic at oucc saug a |ric |yuu. Ou aa|iug,
|c rcucu|crcd t|c vcrscs, |aviug rcportcd |is drcau to t|c ovcrsccr, |c as ta|cu to
A||css iilda, |o ordcrcd |iu to tcll t|c |olc story |corc a couuittcc o lcarucd
ucu. All agrccd t|at |c as diviucly iuspircd, aud gavc |iu a tcxt to vcrsiy, |ic| |c
did, iilda t|crcupou pcrsuadcd |iu to |ccouc a uou| aud lcaru t|c |olc coursc o
sacrcd |istory. lu duc coursc |c produccd pocus ou Gcucsis, Lxodus, t|c ic 1csta-
ucut, aud t|c last |udgcucut, uouc survivcs, t|oug| latcr Old Luglis| pocus ou
Gcucsis aud Lxodus cxist. iaviug a prcuouitiou o |is dcat|, |c uadc t|c cud,
accordiug to icdc's uarrativc, t|at a good C|ristiau s|ould c|ccrul, at pcacc it| |is

coupauious, |aviug uadc t|c sigu o t|c Cross, it| |is last t|oug|ts hxcd upou
God.
Auoug t|c Ort|odox t|is is t|c day o St ilasius, prououuccd '\lsios' iu iy.autiuc
Grcc|, |o as iu t|c Vcst scc lc|.) givcs protcctiou agaiust sorc t|roats aud olvcs.
l iu Grcccc ouc is o|ligcd to or| ou |is day, ouc s|ould hrst sc a littlc clot| |ag |c-
|iud ouc's |ac| aud gct a ucig||our to as| |at ouc is sciug, t|c rcply, givcu t|rcc
tiucs, is 'l au sciug stouc aud |ctstouc, l au sciug up t|c ol 's ja.' iocvcr, St
ilasius |as also ta|cu ovcr t|c dutics o t|c Slavouic god o aru auiuals, callcd \las
iu Sout| Slavouic lauguagcs, \olos iu lussiau, t|is is so uot ouly iu t|c uodcru Slav
couutrics, |ut iu Grcccc as cll uuc| o |ic| as orucrly iu|a|itcd |y Slavs). \il-
lagcrs gat|cr to cat couuuual dis|cs o goat or uuttou, rou |casts slaug|tcrcd iu
pu|lic iu rout o t|c c|urc|, aud |cat coo|cd iu |uttcr aud |oucy ou Coru, atcr-
uclou as cll). lu Actolia, oucu uust uot carry hrcood ou |is day, aud auy |cast o
|urdcu it| a load ill |c droucd iu t|c rivcr |y \lasios Cattlcstrauglcr.
1|crc as au old ol|-|clic iu ioray t|at C|rist's Cross as |cu ou t|is day, aud
t|crcorc t|c axc s|ould uot |c uscd.
Gcorgc Vas|iugtou |oru, , uutil , t|is day as otcu cclc|ratcd as |is |irt|day
iustcad o its ic Stylc cquivalcut scc lc|.).
iirt|day o lic|ard Allcu ), |o iu ouudcd t|c Aricau Mct|odist Lpisco-
pal C|urc|.
lu lrau t|is is t|c usual cquivalcut o i|uu, lslauic lcvolutiou Day, couucuo-
ratiug t|c collapsc o t|c S|a|'s govcruucut iu scc ll Ms|.o C.|:..r. Ir..).
z

r..: Is I:|r.r..s A
I; :|: s. s|..:s .. `:. L|.|.:`s .,
.: .s .. ;.r .|:s .. ..:r, :|:, s.,.
z - - - LSA liucolu's iirt|day o|scrvcd ou dicrcut
days scc I:|r.r,. H.|..,s .. J...:rs.r.:s)
LSA, Gcorgia Gcorgia Day
z - lorucrly Scvcu louudcrs o t|c Scrvitc Ordcr scc lc|.)
j|... :|: H.s.:.||:r, patrou o iuu|ccpcrs, |oatucu, aud travcllcrs orucrly ou t|is day,
uo |au.). iro|a|ly hctitious, |c is |cttcr rcprcscutcd iu staiucd-glass iudos t|au
iu liturgical calcudars, |ut |is cult as idcsprcad |y t|c t|irtccut| ccutury. V|ilc

|uutiug, t|c youug |uliau gavc c|asc to a stag t|at turucd rouud aud spo|c to |iu
'iursucst t|ou uc, t|at s|alt |c t|c slaycr o t|y at|cr aud t|y uot|cr.' iorrihcd, |c
lct |ouc, aud iu a distaut laud scrvcd a priucc, |o gavc |iu a ido iu uarriagc it|
a castlc or dory. Ouc day |uliau's parcuts, loug iu scarc| o t|cir sou, arrivcd at t|c
castlc. iis ic, rccogui.iug rou t|cir story |o t|cy crc, scttlcd t|cu iu t|c uas-
tcr's c|au|cr aud t|cu cut to c|urc|. |uliau, upou rcturuiug |ouc aud hudiug a uau
iu |cd it|, as |c t|oug|t, |is ic, drc |is sord aud |illcd t|cu |ot|. As pcuaucc
|c aud |is ic lct t|c castlc aud sct up a |ospicc ucar a idc rivcr, providiug trausport
across t|c atcr. Ouc cvcuiug |c aduittcd a |al-ro.cu lcprous |cggar aud, ailiug to
aru |iu, put |iu iu |is ou |cd, t|crcupou t|c |cggar rosc iu uid-air aud auuouuccd
t|at God |ad acccptcd |uliau's pcuaucc. 1|c lcgcud as givcu classic litcrary cxprcssiou
|y llau|crt iu L. L:.: : s...: j|.:. |`H.s.:.|.:r. Alt|oug| |uliau's ic, iasilissc, s|arcd
iu |is pcuaucc, s|c is rarcly accouutcd a saiut, pcr|aps |ccausc s|c |ad uot s|arcd iu
|is siu.
Au |ous|oldcrc, aud t|at a grcct, as |c,
Sciut |uliau |c as iu |is couutrcc.
C|auccr, C..::r|r, 1.|:s, Gcucral irologuc 1|c lrau|liu, l A) -
L|.|.. .; 3.r.:|..., virgiu uartyr, rcputcdly crucihcd at .., couuouly ta|cu or a
hgucut |ascd ou Lulalia o Mrida scc Dcc.), |ut uouc t|c lcss patrou o travcllcrs
aud prcguaut oucu, it| rclics iu iarccloua aud Vroca.
lu ucdicval calcudars rou Dur|au, lc|ruary is t|c day ou |ic| t|c |irds |cgiu to
siug, |ut scc lc|ruary.
z

Is I:|r.r..: i
z - - - LSA, llorida licsta dc Mcuudc. ouudcr o
city o St. Augustiuc)
z Ou t|is, t|c hrst day o t|c iarcutalia, t|c scuior \cstal \irgiu pcr-
orucd ccrcuouics iu |ouour o t|c dcad. 1|c cstival cxtcudcd to lc|ruary, cac|
auily gavc privatc |ouour to its dcad, aud |roug|t gits to t|cir gravcs. Marriagcs crc
or|iddcu, t|c tcuplcs crc closcd, hrc did uot |uru ou altars, uagistratcs did uot car
ocial drcss.
1|crc as also a sacrihcc to lauuus ou t|c lsola 1i|criua, |ut t|is day as |cst
rcucu|crcd as t|c .:s Cr:o:r:.s.s. lu , |cu t|c louaus, at ar it| t|c Ltrus-
cau city o \cii, crc |ciug |arasscd |y cucuy gucrrillas, t|c ucu|crs o t|c la|iau
clau |ad uudcrta|cu to paciy t|c |ordcr it| t|cir ou uaupocr, |y csta|lis|iug a

|loc||ousc ou t|c rivcr Crcucra, atcr iuitial succcsscs, t|cy crc lcd iuto au au|us|
aud all |illcd, lcaviug ouly a |oy iu louc to pcrpctuatc t|c liuc. iocvcr, a variaut
spca|s o a grcat |attlc lost |y t|c louaus, iu |ic| t|c uauy casualtics iucludcd 't|c
la|ii', it is li|cly t|at t|c la|ii t|cusclvcs crc rcspousi|lc or t|c usual story,
|ic| iu rctrospcct coutrastcd t|c ras|ucss o t|cir orc|cars it| t|c ariucss o
Quiutus la|ius Maxiuus Cuuctator, 't|c Dclaycr', |osc cxtrcuc cautiou, uuc| criti-
ci.cd at t|c tiuc, as crcditcd it| |aviug savcd louc iu t|c ar agaiust iauui|al.
Accordiug to souc ucdicval calcudars, ou t|is day 't|c |irds |cgiu to siug, aud icll
as uadc'.
`: J.|:.:..:`s L:
last lriday . . . as J.|:.:..:'s Day, aud l'll tcll you |at l did t|c uig|t |corc. l got hvc |ay-
lcavcs, aud piuucd our o t|cu to t|c our corucrs o uy pillo, aud t|c ht| to t|c uiddlc,
aud t|cu i l drcaut o uy scct|cart, 3:::, said c s|ould |c uarricd |corc t|c ycar as out.
iut to ua|c it uorc surc, l |oilcd au cgg |ard, aud too| out t|c yol|, aud hllcd it up it| salt,
aud |cu l cut to |cd, cat it s|cll aud all, it|out spca|iug or driu|iug atcr it . . . Vc also
rotc our lovcrs uaucs upou |its o papcr, aud rollcd t|cu up iu clay, aud put t|cu iuto atcr,
aud t|c hrst t|at rosc up, as to |c our \alcutiuc. Vould you t|iu| it.-Mr. 3|.ss.o as uy uau
aud l lay a-|cd aud s|ut uy cycs all t|c uoruiug, till |c cauc to our |ousc, or l ould uot |avc
sccu auot|cr uau |corc |iu or all t|c orld. 1|: C.....ss:r, lc|. )
Ou t|c Lvc o t|c t| o I:|. St. J.|:.:..:'s Day, a 1iuc |cu all liviug iaturc iucliucs to couplc,
t|c youug lol|s iu L.|.., aud `..:|.. too, |y a vcry aucicut Custou, cclc|ratc a littlc lcstival
t|at tcuds to t|c sauc Lud Au cqual iuu|cr o Maids aud iatc|clors gct togct|cr, cac| ritcs
t|cir truc or souc cigu'd iauc upou scparatc iillcts, |ic| t|cy roll up, aud dra |y ay o
lots, t|c Maids ta|iug t|c Mcus iillcts, aud t|c Mcu t|c Maids, so t|at cac| o t|c youug Mcu
lig|ts upou a Girl t|at |c calls |is \alcutiuc, aud cac| o t|c Girls upou a youug Mau |ic| s|c
calls |crs . . . lortuuc |aviug t|us dividcd t|c Coupauy iuto so uauy Couplcs, t|c \alcutiucs
givc ialls aud 1rcats to t|cir Mistrcsscs, car t|cir iillcts scvcral Days upou t|cir iosous or
Slccvcs, aud t|is littlc Sport otcu cuds iu lovc. Missou dc \al|ourg, -
lu iurus's soug o '1au Glcu', t|c uaidcu siugs
Ycstrccu at t|c \alcutiucs' dcaliug,
My |cart to uy uou gicd a stcu,
lor t|ricc l drc auc it|out ailiug,
Aud t|ricc it as rittcu, 1au Glcu.
Lvcu uarricd |is|ops |ad valcutiucs
lc|. . l prcac|cd iu t|c cat|cdral at C|cstcr, |ciug t|c hrst Suuday iu lcut, to t|c grcat-
cst cougrcgatiou t|at cvcr l sa, a scruou o lcpcutaucc. God givc a |lcssiug to it. Mrs.
C|ououdclcy aud |cr sistcr aud |is s.. daug|tcr uy \alcutiuc, aud Mr. Var|urtou aud |is ic,
aud Major Car diucd it| uc, aud visitcd uc agaiu atcr praycrs. l rc|u|cd, as t|cy dcscrvcd,
Mrs. irou, Mrs. Crutc|lcy, Mrs. Latou, aud |cr sistcr, or tal|iug aud laug|iug iu t|c c|urc|
aud t|cy accuscd Mr. iudlcstou or |ciug as guilty as t|cusclvcs. Cartrig|t,

z

... XJI I.|:..s M.r:..s C
z - - - iulgaria \iticulturists' Day 1riou Zarc.au,
'1ryp|ou t|c Sta||cd') Old St 1ryp|ou's Day, scc lc|.)
LSA, Ari.oua Aduissiou Day t| statc, )
z - \alcutiuc CoL), Cyril aud Mct|odius, Apostlcs o t|c Slavs lC,
CY, May Ort|.).
J.|:.:..: rd c.), uartyr. lu t|c ourt| ccutury, to uartyrs o t|c uauc crc |ouourcd
ou t|c \ia llauiuia, ouc at t|c sccoud uilcstouc, latcr idcutihcd as a louau pricst uar-
tyrcd ou lc|ruary , t|c ot|cr at t|c sixty-t|ird, ucar 1crui, |crc |c as latcr said
to |avc |ccu |is|op. 1|c to uartyrs uay |c t|c sauc uau, t|c |is|op's cult |aviug
sprcad rou 1crui to t|c capital. 1|cy |avc uo o|vious couucctiou it| lovcrs, t|oug|
iu t|c lris| tourist |oard, 3.r I.|::, is|iug to prouotc Du|liu as t|c iutcr-
uatioual capital o rouautic lovc, asscrtcd t|at 'St \alcutiuc' |ad couductcd cddiugs
or louau soldicrs agaiust au ordcr o Claudius ll -) or|iddiug t|cu to uarry
suc| a pro|i|itiou |ad |ccu iuposcd |y Augustus |ut rcpcalcd |y Scptiuius Scvcrus)
aud |cu coudcuucd to dcat| curcd t|c judgc's daug|tcr o |liuducss aud scut |cr a
lcttcr sigucd 'your \alcutiuc'. 1|c traditiou t|at |irds |cgau to siug a|out t|is tiuc gavc
risc iu t|c latc ourtccut| ccutury to a |clic, attcstcd |y C|auccr aud coutcuporarics
|ot| Luglis| aud lrcuc|, t|at t|cy c|osc t|cir uatcs ou lc|ruary, t|c associatiou o
t|is tiuc o ycar it| t|c spriug rcucal o crtility gocs |ac| to t|c louau cstival o
lupcrcalia scc lc|.). 1|is auorous |c|aviour passcd rou |irds to |uuau |ciugs,
iu uodcru tiucs it |as |ccu cxportcd to ot|cr couutrics, cvcu |apau, |crc it |as
uutatcd iuto a rcquircucut or oucu to givc c|ocolatcs to ucu, iu particular t|cir
supcriors at or|. iocvcr, iu t|c ioly Syuod o t|c Grcc| Ort|odox C|urc|,
o|scrviug t|at \alcutiuc as a Vcstcru saiut uot rccogui.cd iu t|c Lastcru calcudar, dc-
uouuccd |is rcccutly iuportcd day aud dcclarcd t|at i suc| cclc|ratious o lovc crc
uccdcd t|cy s|ould ta|c placc ou St iyaciut|us' day scc |uly), aud iu Gcruauy,
|crc St Audrc is t|c patrou o lovcrs scc iov.), `..|: J:|::. is a cup|cuisu or
t|c Dcvil.
3.rs o.:: .. `: J.|:.:..:`s L.,
Ot |avc l |card |ot| Yout|s aud \irgius say,
iirds c|usc t|cir Matcs, aud couplc too, t|is day
iut |y t|cir nig|t l ucvcr cau diviuc,
V|cu l s|all couplc it| uy \alcutiuc.
lo|crt icrric| -), '1o |is \alcutiuc, ou S. \alcutiuc's Day'
C|..s.. . J.|:.:..:
1raditioually, a valcutiuc uig|t |c c|oscu or t|c couiug ycar iu ouc o t|rcc ays ac-
cordiug to truc dcsirc, |y t|c draiug o uaucs ou t|c day |corc scc lc|.), or as

t|c hrst pcrsou o t|c oppositc scx cucouutcrcd ou t|c day. 1|c cxc|augc o lovc-
to|cus cauc to |c o|ligatory.
Sayut \alcutyuc, o custuuc yccrc |y yccrc,
Mcu |auc au vsavucc iu t|is lcgyouu
1o loo|c aud scrc|c Cupydcs ialuudcrc,
Aud c|ccsc t|cyrc c|oys |y grct accciouu,-
Suc|c as |cou pric|cd |y Cupydcs uociou,
1a|iug t|cyrc c|oysc, as t|cyrc soort dot|c allc
iut l louc oou |ic|c cxccllit|c allc.
|o|u lydgatc .-)
1ouorro is Saiut \alcutiuc's day
All iu t|c uoruiug |ctiuc,
Aud l a uaid at your iudo
1o |c your \alcutiuc.
1|cu up |c rosc aud douucd |is clot|cs,
Aud duppcd t|c c|au|cr door,
lct iu t|c uaid, t|at out a uaid
icvcr dcpartcd uorc . . .
iy Gis, aud |y Saiut C|arity,
Alac|, aud hc or s|auc.
Youug ucu ill do't i t|cy couc to't,
iy Coc|, t|cy arc to |lauc.
Quot| s|c 'icorc you tuu|lcd uc,
You prouiscd uc to cd'.
So ould l 'a' douc, |y youdcr suu,
Au t|ou |adst uot couc to uy |cd.
Op|clia, iu H.o|::, . v. -, -
|csuit valcutiucs, as cxplaiucd iu |o|u Gcc's 'iold last Scruou' )
Souc |csuitcs . . . upou S. J.|:.:..:s day, c|usiug souc cualc `...: or t|cir J.|:.:..:, ouc ta|cs
`...: J.:|., auot|cr `. C|.r:, auot|cr `. L..:, auot|cr `. C.:|:r..:, auot|cr `. C..:|,, c.. l as|cd t|cu
|at t|cy ucaut to c|usc suc| J.|:.:..:s. 1|cy auscrcd ucc, t|at iu rcspcct o t|cir J., t|cy
could |avc uo J.|:.:..: t|at livcd |crc upou cart| aud iu rcgard o t|cir J.:|...|| |.;:, t|cy crc
to c|usc J.|:.:..:s iu |cavcu. l as|cd t|cu, |ct|cr t|cy t|oug|t t|osc `...:s |uc t|at t|cy |ad
c|oscu t|cu or t|cir J.|:.:..:s. O| ycs, say t|cy, c s|all |c |ouourcd all t|is ycarc |y t|at J.|:.~
:..: cc ua|c c|oicc o, aud s|c ill iutcrccdc or us, aud to souc o us our J.|:.:..: dot| ap-
pcar iu visi|lc |odily s|apc, tclliug us |at to doc all t|c ycarc atcr. Gcc, -
J.|:.:..:`s L., .. :|: :,s ;.o.|,
lc|. . J.|:.:..:`s .,. Lp carcly aud to Sir V. iattcus. iut ould uot go iu till l |ad as|cd
|ct|cr t|cy t|at opcucd t|c doorc as a uau or a ouau. Aud Miugo iattcu's |lac| scrvaut,
|o as t|crc, auscrcd 'a Vouau,' |ic|, it| |is touc, uadc uc laug|.
So up l cut aud too| Mrs. Mart|a iattcu's uuuarricd daug|tcr or uy \alcutiuc |ic| l
do ouly or couplaccucy), aud Sir V. iattcu, |c gocs iu t|c sauc uauucr to uy ic. Aud so
c crc vcry ucrry. icpys, ii.
lc|. . J.|:.:..:`s .,. l did t|is day purposcly s|uu to |c sccu at Sir V. iattcus-|ccausc
l ould uot |avc |is daug|tcr to |c uy \alcutiuc, as s|c as t|c last ycar, t|crc |ciug uo grcat

ricuds|ip |ctccu us uo as orucrly. 1|is uoruiug iu coucs V. ioycr, |o as uy ic's
\alcutiuc, s|c |aviug at |ic| l uadc good sport to uyscl) |cld |cr |auds all t|c uoruiug,
t|at s|c uig|t uot scc t|c payutcrs t|at crc at or| iu gildiug uy c|iuuy-piccc aud picturcs iu
uy diuiug-roou. icpys, iii. -
`: J.|:.:..:`s L., 3.|| .. N: 1.r| C.:,,
1|is is S
t
\alcutiucs day, uorc li|c |auuary uidiutcr t|au t|c gcuial days o Spriug |cu t|c
cat|crcd crcatiou pair. 1|c iac|clors o t|is city givc t|cir auuual iall t|is cvcuiug |ciug iis-
scxtilc or lcap Ycar, it ill |c ladics ou ault i t|cy do uot uatc| t|cusclvcs, or it is t|cir
turu, |y courtcsy to ua|c advauccs to t|c Gcutlcucu. lt is said t|at uauy suits arc t|c rcsults o
t|is cstivc iall, ~ uauy |appy, l trust, uarriagcs |corc t|c closc o t|c ycar. iiutard, iv.
`:... J.|:.:..:`s ..rs
iy t|c carly uiuctccut| ccutury t|c lovc-to|cu |ad turucd iuto a card, prccra|ly it|
|carts aud lacc aud scutiucutal vcrsc, a as|iou t|at |as uot quitc oru out. C|arlcs
lau| pitics t|c poor postuau staggcriug uudcr |is load
1|is is t|c day ou |ic| t|osc c|aruiug littlc uissivcs, yclcpcd \alcutiucs, cross aud iutcrcross
cac| ot|cr at cvcry strcct aud turuiug. 1|c cary aud all orspcut topcuuy postuau siu|s |c-
ucat| a load o dclicatc cu|arrassucuts, uot |is ou. lt is scarccly crcdi|lc to |at au cxtcut
t|is cp|cucral courts|ip is carricd ou iu t|is loviug tou, to t|c grcat curic|ucut o portcrs,
aud dctriucut o |uoc|crs aud |cll-ircs. lu t|csc littlc visual iutcrprctatious, uo cu|lcu is so
couuou as t|c |:.r:,-t|at littlc t|rcc-corucrcd cxpoucut o all our |opcs aud cars,-t|c
|cstuc| aud |lccdiug |cart, it is tistcd aud torturcd iuto uorc allcgorics aud acctatious t|au
au opcra |at. V|at aut|ority c |avc iu |istory or uyt|ology or placiug t|c |cad-quartcrs aud
uctropolis o God Cupid iu t|is auatouical scat rat|cr t|au iu auy ot|cr, is uot vcry clcar, |ut
c |avc got it, aud it ill scrvc as cll as auy ot|cr.
'Llia' C|arlcs lau|), '\alcutiuc's Day' )
lu Arucuia t|is day, uot t|c ud, is t|c lord's Lucouutcr 1:.r . ..r.. ), |ciug orty
days iuclusivc rou |auuary. li|c souc ot|cr Arucuiau cstivals, it C|ristiaui.cs a
pagau cclc|ratiou pcoplc lcap ovcr hrcs, diviuc t|c cat|cr rou t|c dircctiou o t|c
suo|c, aud ta|c cu|crs |ouc, as orucrly iu |ouour o Mi|r, t|c icrsiau god o lig|t.
z

... XJ I.|:..s M.r:..s D
z - - - LSA Susau i. Aut|ouy Day. Susau iroucll
Aut|ouy -), |aviug iu rcactcd to |cr cxclusiou, as a ouau, rou a
tcupcraucc ucctiug |y ouudiug t|c Vouau's Statc 1cupcraucc Socicty o ic
Yor|, |ccauc a licloug caupaigucr or cualc suragc, rou t|c Aut|ouy
Vouau Suragc Aucuducut as iutroduccd iu Cougrcss cvcry ycar. S|c as also
a radical a|olitiouist |corc t|c Civil Var.
LSA, Maiuc aud Massac|usctts Maiuc Mcuorial Day siu|iug o LSS M...: aud
|cgiuuiug o Spauis|-Aucricau Var)

z lupcrcalia, a cstival o crtility aud purihcatiou at |ic| ucu,
ua|cd |ut or a ol-uas| aud a loiuclot|, rau t|roug| t|c city carryiug strips o goat's
|idc, it| |ic| t|cy struc| at passcrs-|y, oucu |opiug or c|ildrcu positioucd
t|cusclvcs to rcccivc t|c |los. At t|c cud o t|c ht| ccutury iopc Gclasius attcuptcd
to supprcss it, t|c scuatc rcuscd to couply, claiuiug it to |c a |arulcss aucicut custou
it| uo pagau ovcrtoucs. 1|c strictcr vic as pcrpctuatcd iu t|c Collcct or t|c 1|ird
Suuday atcr Lastcr iCi 'Graut uuto all t|cu t|at arc aduittcd iuto t|c cllos|ip o
C|rist's rcligiou, t|at t|cy uay csc|c t|osc t|iugs t|at arc coutrary to t|cir procssiou,
aud ollo all suc| t|iugs as arc agrcca|lc to t|c sauc').
Ou t|is day iu t|c cousul Mar| Autouy, |o as ouc o t|c ruuucrs, ocrcd
|ulius Cacsar t|c diadcu o royalty, ouly a c pcoplc clappcd, |crcas gcucral applausc
ollocd Cacsar's rcusal. A sccoud ocr as also rcuscd, to loud c|ccrs, Cacsar ordcrcd
t|c laurcl rcat| ouud rouud t|c diadcu to |c dcdicatcd ou t|c Capitol. lt as t|cu
sccu t|at |is statucs |ad all |ccu adorucd it| diadcus, to o t|c tri|uucs rcuovcd
t|cu aud iuprisoucd t|osc |o |ad acclaiucd Cacsar as |iug. 1|cy crc |ailcd as uc
irutuscs, atcr t|c lucius |uuius irutus |o accordiug to lcgcud |ad li|cratcd louc
rou |cr Ltruscau |iugs, at t|is Cacsar droppcd t|c uas|, dcprivcd t|c tri|uucs o
occ, aud callcd t|cu |r:. iudccd, ucauiug '|loc||cads'. 1|csc cvcuts iucrcascd t|c
prcssurc ou t|c practor Marcus |uuius irutus, t|c li|crator's supposcd dcsccudaut, to
joiu t|c couspiracy agaiust Cacsar t|at cauc to ruitiou ou t|c ldcs o Marc|, aud to
lcaru too latc, |cu t|c louau uasscs drovc t|c uurdcrcrs rou t|c city, t|at t|c titlc
o |iug |ad |ccu uorc ocusivc t|au t|c act o uouarc|y.
z - Sigrid CY couucu.)
`.;r., iu Scdis| Sigurd d. ..), |is|op o \xj, apostlc o Scdcu. 1|is Luglis|
uou| o Glastou|ury, it| to coupauious, as a uissiouary iu ioray aud Scdcu,
iu t|c lattcr couutry |c ouudcd a couuuuity at \xj aud t|c hrst Scdis| |is|opric
at Sa|ara, uort|-cast o Gtc|org. ic is said to |avc |ccu arc||is|op o Yor|, |ic|
is uot truc, aud to |avc |apti.cd t|c Scdis| |iug Olov S|t|ouuug, |ic| sccus iu-
possi|lc ou c|rouological grouuds. iis rclics crc prcscrvcd iu t|c cat|cdral at \xj
uutil t|cir dcstructiou iu t|c sixtccut| ccutury. 1|c lC C|urc| couucuoratcs |iu ou
t|is datc as cll.
Ou t|is day souc calcudars uotc 't|c Dcvil lct t|c lord' atcr t|c orty days' aud orty
uig|ts' tcuptatiou olloiug |is |aptisu ou |auuary.
1|is is currcutly t|c carlicst datc corrcspoudiug to lc|. OS) or t|c hrst day o t|c
Ort|odox Grcat lcut, |cu Lastcr alls ou April Mar. iS), as it ill ucxt iu .

z

... XIJ I.|:..s M.r:..s L
z - - - lit|uauia ludcpcudcucc Day rou lussia,
)
z - llaviau Ort|., scc lc|.)
.:s.os st c.), uartyr. 1|c i|rygiau slavc or |ou iaul rotc t|c Lpistlc to i|ilc-
uou, pcr|aps idcutical it| t|c |is|op o Lp|csus.
j|... .; L,:, supposcdly uartyrcd aloug it| , coupauious .o ,..,: o.|.|s) or
it| hvc soldicrs .o ,..,: o.|.:.|s).
1|c Suo t|at ucvcr drits-
1|c trausicut, ragraut suo
1|at coucs a siuglc tiuc a Ycar
ls sotly driviug uo-
So t|oroug| iu t|c 1rcc
At uig|t |cucat| t|c star
1|at it as lc|ruary's loot
Lxpcricucc ould scar-
li|c iutcr as a lacc
Vc stcru aud orucr |uc
lcpaircd o all |ut loucliucss
iy iaturc's Ali|i -
Vcrc cvcry storu so spicc
1|c \aluc could uot |c-
Vc |uy it| coutrast -iaug is good
As ucar as ucuory-
Luily Dic|iusou -)
z

... XIII I.|:..s M.r:..s l
z Quiriualia, iu |ouour o Quiriuus, t|c god t|at louulus |ccauc
|cu |c as suatc|cd up rou cart| duriug a suddcu t|uudcrstoru or solar cclipsc
|ilc addrcssiug t|c pcoplc at t|c iauuygoat's Mars| L..s C.r.:) iu t|c Caupus
Martius couuouly ta|cu to |c t|c sitc o t|c iaut|cou).

Larly louc |ad |ccu dividcd iuto t|irty .r..:, cac| o |ic| |ad its ou day iu carly
lc|ruary or pcroruiug t|c loruacalia, or hrst-ruit ocriug to Ccrcs o toastcd
cuucr-|cat. As t|c city cxpaudcd, t|c .r..: crc displaccd |y t|c uc divisious
|uou as :r.|s couuouly rcudcrcd 'tri|cs', |ut t|c latiu ord |as uo iuplicatiou o
|ius|ip, |ciug rclatcd to Vcls| :r:;, 'tou'), as a rcsult, uauy pcoplc did uot |uo |ic|
.r.. t|cy |clougcd to. 1|cy crc allocd to ua|c t|c sacrihcc ou t|c Quiriualia, |ic|
as t|crcorc callcd t|c lcast o lools ;:r..: s:|:.ro).
z - 1|c Scvcu louudcrs o t|c Ordcr o Scrvitcs lC), |auaui luuu
CY)
`:r.::s. 1|c Scrvitcs or Scrvauts o Mary t| c.) grc out o a llorcutiuc couratcru-
ity dcvotcd to Mary. Origiually uou|s, t|cy adoptcd a rulc dcrivcd rou t|c August-
iuiaus aud Douiuicaus aud |ccauc riars, t|c Ordcr as rccogui.cd iu aud
approvcd iu , aud |as a spccial dcvotiou to t|c Scvcu Sorros o Mary. lcast-day
orucrly lc|ruary.
j..... Lo -), Arc||is|op o Lgauda. iis at|cr as ouc o t|c hrst cou-
vcrts rou t|c Ac|oli tri|c. iaviug |ad uo sc|ooliug till |c as ovcr , |c provcd |iu-
scl a |rilliaut pupil, |ut |ciug too poor or sccoudary cducatiou |ccauc au uuliccuscd
tcac|cr, saviug cuoug| o |is lo salary to cutcr a tcac|cr-traiuiug collcgc, |crc |c dis-
covcrcd |is vocatiou aud as acccptcd at t|c dioccsau t|cological collcgc, |ciug
ordaiucd iu . ic studicd or a ycar at St Augustiuc's, Cautcr|ury, |aviug succcssivcly
|ccu Associatc o t|c loudou Collcgc o Diviuity aud iroviucial Sccrctary o t|c
C|urc| o Lgauda, iu |c as clcctcd iis|op o iort|cru Lgauda, aud iu
Arc||is|op aud Mctropolitau o Lgauda, lauda, aud ioga-Zarc. iy t|is tiuc
Lgauda as rulcd |y t|c iucrcasiugly uusta|lc dictator ldi Auiu, |osc dcspotisu as
cspccially |ars| toards C|ristiaus aud uurdcrous toards t|c Ac|oli. 1|c Arc|-
|is|op's attac|s ou t|c tyraut lcd to |is dcat|, aud t|at o to ca|iuct uiuistcrs,
ostcusi|ly iu a car cras|, ot|cr rcports iudicatcd t|at t|c victius |ad |ccu s|ot. lu
grautiug |iu a cast it|iu hty ycars o |is dcat|, t|c C|urc| o Luglaud |as ac-
|uolcdgcd t|at |is ucrits, aud |is uartyrdou, arc sccurcly csta|lis|cd it|out uccd
o |istorical rcasscssucut.
1|:..r: :|: :.r.: Ort|.), |o as cxccutcd iu or scttiug hrc to t|c tcuplc o
Cy|clc, Mot|cr o t|c Gods, at Luc|aita ucar Auasca, also cclc|ratcd ou t|c hrst
Saturday o lcut. irouotcd to gcucral, |c is also vcucratcd ou t|c t| or t|c t|. 1|c
lC datc is iovcu|cr.
lu |is M:o..rs, uudcr t|c datc lc|ruary , Ldard Gi||ou rccords |is oudcr-
ucut at t|c succcss o t|c hrst voluuc o t|c L:.|..: .. I.|| .; :|: .o.. Lo.r:
l au at a loss |o to dcscri|c t|c succcss o t|c or|, it|out |ctrayiug t|c vauity o t|c ritcr.
1|c hrst iuprcssiou as cx|austcd iu a c days, a sccoud aud t|ird cditiou crc scarccly ad-
cquatc to t|c dcuaud, aud t|c |oo|scllcr's propcrty as ticc iuvadcd |y t|c piratcs o Du|liu.
My |oo| as ou cvcry ta|lc aud aluost ou cvcry toilcttc, t|c |istoriau as croucd |y t|c tastc

or as|iou o t|c day, uor as t|c gcucral voicc distur|cd |y t|c |ar|iug o auy r.;..: critic. 1|c
avour o uau|iud is uost rccly |cstocd ou a uc acquaiutaucc o auy origiual ucrit, aud t|c
uutual surprisc o t|c pu|lic aud t|cir avouritc is productivc o t|osc aru scusi|ilitics, |ic|,
at a sccoud ucctiug, cau uo lougcr |c rc|iudlcd. l l listcucd to t|c uusic o praisc, l as uorc
scriously satishcd it| t|c appro|atiou o uy judgcs. Gi||ou, M:o..rs, -
Luglis| copyrig|ts crc uot cuorccd iu lrclaud, |cucc t|c rccrcucc to t|c piratcs o
Du|liu.
z

... XII I.|:..s M.r:..s G
z - - - Gau|ia ludcpcudcucc Day rou Grcat irit-
aiu, )
icpal iatioual Dcuocracy Day auuivcrsary o Coustitutiou) uatioual day)
z - icruadcttc Sou|irous lC, iu lraucc, scc Apr.), iopc lco t|c Grcat
Ort|., scc iov.)
I|...., patriarc| o Coustautiuoplc -. Out o |is dcpt| iu politics, |c cll oul o
t|c pocrul court cuuuc| C|rysap|ius aud t|c Mouop|ysitc actiou |ic| |cld
t|at C|rist |ad ouly ouc, diviuc, uaturc) lcd |y Dioscorus, patriarc| o Alcxaudria, aud
Lutyc|cs, godat|cr to C|rysap|ius. Dcposcd iu at a couucil iu Lp|csus, |c as
iuprisoucd or a tiuc aud dicd iu cxilc, t|csc procccdiugs, dcuouuccd |y iopc lco t|c
Grcat scc iov.) as t|c latrociuiuu 'Gaug o iaudits' or 'lo||cr Couucil'), crc
quas|cd |y t|c lourt| Occuucuical Couucil, |cld at C|alccdou iu , |ic| laid
dou t|at C|rist |ad to uaturcs, diviuc aud |uuau.
C.|o.., scut |y t|c lris| uou|s o loua to |c |is|op o liudisaruc, .., c|aupioucd
t|c Ccltic oru o tousurc aud uct|od o calculatiug Lastcr at t|c Syuod o V|it|y
iu , atcr |is dccat |c rcsigucd |is |is|opric aud rctircd to loua. ic su|scqucutly
sct up a couuuuity o |ot| lris| aud Luglis| uou|s at luis||ohu luis i liuuc,
'V|itc Co lslaud'), au islaud o t|c cst o lrclaud, |ut |cu t|c Luglis| uou|s
couplaiucd t|at t|c lris| |ad uadc t|cusclvcs scarcc at |arvcst-tiuc |ut couc |ac| iu
iutcr to dcuaud t|cir s|arc, Coluau sct up a scparatc Luglis| |ousc iu Mayo. icdc
spca|s iu gloiug tcrus o |is 'iu|oru isdou'.
Ou t|is day iu Ldard l\'s |rot|cr Gcorgc, Du|c o Clarcucc, |aviug |ccu cou-
dcuucd to dcat| or |ig| trcasou o |ic| |c as uauicstly guilty), as cxccutcd iu
t|c 1ocr o loudou, coutcuporarics rcportcd t|at |c as droucd at |is ou rcqucst
iu a |utt o ualuscy iuc. Alt|oug| |is quarrcl |ad |ccu it| t|c Quccu aud |cr au-
ily, t|c Vydvillcs, t|c uaiu |cuchciary as auot|cr o t|cir cucuics, Ldard's youugcst

|rot|cr, lic|ard, Du|c o Glouccstcr, t|c uturc lic|ard lll, |o t|us |ccauc ucxt iu
liuc to t|c t|rouc atcr Ldard's sous, aud |o iu 1udor tiucs as |laucd or
Clarcucc's dcat|, |ut |lauc s|ould |c attac|cd cutircly to Clarcucc |iuscl, |o rou
calliug t|c iiug a |astard aud a uccrouauccr |ad progrcsscd to actual rc|clliou.
z

... XI I.|:..s M.r:..s A
z - - - LSA, icutuc|y lo|crt L. lcc Day
ili t|c Du|c o Yor| |oru , t|c Luiou nag is nou
z -
M:sr. M.s :.:s d. ), a uissiouary to t|c rcuotcr parts o |is uativc Arucuia, |o iu
ordcr to providc |is coupatriots it| |oo|s iu t|cir ou lauguagc iuvcutcd a -lcttcr
alp|a|ct still uscd today it| t|c additiou o a c cxtra lcttcrs), |c is also crcditcd
it| iuvcutiug t|c -lcttcr Gcorgiau alp|a|ct aud a -lcttcr script or t|c 'Al|auiaus'
o t|c Caucasus, |o prccrrcd to ritc iu Arucuiau. iis lic as rittcu |y |is pupil
ioriu.
3...;..: d. ), |is|op o lausauuc. ioru iu irusscls, |c studicd iu iaris aud coutiu-
ucd as a lccturcr uutil |is studcuts cut ou stri|c agaiust t|c uastcrs, |crcupou |c
uovcd to Cologuc. 1o ycars latcr |c as appoiutcd |is|op o lausauuc, a dicult
post |crc |c uct coutiuual oppositiou, ouudcd iu iu au attac| apparcutly iusti-
gatcd |y t|c cupcror lrcdcric| ll, |c rcsigucd aud livcd out t|c rcst o |is lic iu a Cis-
tcrciau uuuucry.
I:|r.r,
l au lustratiou, aud t|c sca is uiuc.
l as| t|c sauds aud |cadlauds it| uy tidc,
My |ro is croucd it| |rauc|cs o t|c piuc,
icorc uy c|ariot-|ccls t|c hs|cs glidc.
iy uc all t|iugs uuclcau arc purihcd,
iy uc t|c souls o ucu as|cd |itc agaiu,
L'cu t|c uulovcly tou|s o t|osc |o dicd
Vit|out a dirgc, l clcausc rou cvcry staiu.
icury Vadsort| lougcllo -), 1|: .::`s C.|:..r

z

... X I.|:..s M.r:..s i
z -
h|;r.. Llric, Llric|) o iascl|ury ..-), pricst aud |cruit. A ucarly cou-
tcuporary |iograp|y dctails |is lic as a rat|cr orldly pricst it| a lovc o |uutiug
|o |ccauc au auc|oritc, allcd up iu a ccll at t|c paris| c|urc| at iascl|ury iluc|-
uctt, ucar Lxctcr. Supportcd |y Cluuiac uou|s, iu |ctccu uortiyiug |iuscl it|
astiug, cariug c|aiu uail, aud iuucrsiug |iuscl iu cold atcr |ilc rccitiug t|c
psaltcr a typical occupatiou o |cruits), |c copicd aud |ouud |oo|s. Mauy visitors,
iucludiug |iugs, soug|t |iu out or |is git o prop|ccy aud |caliug.
1|: 1:.r`s J.|:...
io do you |uo t|at t|c pilgriu trac|
Aloug t|c |cltiug .odiac
Scpt |y t|c suu iu |is sccuiug rouuds
ls traccd |y uo to t|c lis|cs' |ouuds
Aud iuto t|c lau, |cu cc|s o cloud
iavc rapt t|c s|y iu a clauuy s|roud,
Aud ucvcr as yct a tiuct o spriug
ias s|ou iu t|c Lart|'s apparclliug,
O vcspcriug |ird, |o do you |uo,
io do you |uo.
io do you |uo, dccp uudcrgrouud,
iid iu your |cd rou sig|t aud souud,
Vit|out a turu iu tcupcraturc,
Vit| cat|cr lic cau scarcc cudurc,
1|at lig|t |as ou a ractiou's strcugt|,
Aud day put ou souc uoucuts' lcugt|,
V|crco iu ucrcst rotc ill couc,
Vcc|s |cucc, uild airs t|at do uot uuu|,
O crocus root, |o do you |uo,
io do you |uo.
1|ouas iardy -)
z

... IX I.|:..s M.r:..s C
z lcralia, last day o iarcutalia, uuli|c t|c prcccdiug days aud t|c
Caristia ou t|c ud), t|is as rccordcd ou t|c ocial calcudar, t|oug| t|c uaturc o

ocial iuvolvcucut, i auy, is uu|uou. Au ugly old ouau, scatcd auougst girls, pcr-
orucd uagic rituals to appcasc t|c Silcut Goddcss, placiug iuccusc iu t|c uousc|olcs,
castiug spclls ovcr t|rcads aud tyiug t|cu to picccs o lcad, it| scvcu |caus iu |cr
uout| s|c roastcd a hs|-|cad scalcd it| pitc|, picrccd it| a piu, aud spriu|lcd it|
iuc, t|c rcst o |ic| s|c drau|, |aviug givcu a littlc to |cr coupauious. 1|c o|jcct
as to |iud uuricudly tougucs so t|at t|cy could uot uttcr curscs. 1|c Silcut Goddcss,
accordiug to Ovid, |ad |ccu a c|attcr|ox o a iaiad callcd lala or lara, |o told talcs
ou |upitcr |cu |c as pursuiug |uturua, iu rcvcugc |c torc out |cr touguc aud pac|cd
|cr o to t|c lucrual la|c iu t|c c|argc o Mcrcury, |o ravis|cd |cr, t|c ospriug
|ciug t|c larcs Coupitalcs.
z - ictcr Dauiau lC)
:::r L.o... ictrus Dauiaui, -), cardiual |is|op o Ostia rou , lcarucd
cauouist aud supportcr o t|c radical c|urc| rcorus, |ot| uoral aud iustitutioual,
uudcrta|cu iu t|c clcvcut| ccutury |y stroug popcs iu alliaucc it| t|c ioly louau
Lupcror, dyiug iu , |c did uot scc t|c |rca|dou o t|is alliaucc iu t|c papacy o
Grcgory \ll. A carsouc uoralist, |c rcgardcd all scxual iutcrcoursc, cvcu iu uarriagc,
as siuul, |is L.|:r C.o.rr|...s or 'ioo| o Gouorra|' dcscri|cd t|c ncs|ly viccs o t|c
clcrgy iu suc| cxplicit dctail t|at iopc Alcxaudcr ll tricd uusucccssully to |ccp it uudcr
loc| aud |cy. Lvcu clcrical uarriagc, |ic| till t|cu |ad |ccu idcly tolcratcd, iu |is
cycs coustitutcd |crcsy, |ut uot coutcut it| dcuouuciug scxual activity, |c iuposcd a
pcuaucc ou a |is|op o llorcucc or playiug c|css, |ic| |c classcd it| diciug. iis
day as orucrly |cpt ou lc|ruary, t|c day olloiug t|c uig|t o |is dcat|, |c as
uovcd |cu St iolycarp o Suyrua as trauscrrcd to t|at day rou |auuary.
1|c Oxord Aluauac|s or -, |ic| gavc cvcry day a saiut, uar|cd t|is day as
'Sixty-iiuc Martyrs'. 1|csc ould appcar to |c t|c scvcuty-uiuc uartyrs o Sicily also
claiucd |y Zarago.a) said iu carly uartyrologics to |avc sucrcd uudcr Dioclctiau, tcu
|avc |ccu c|catcd o t|cir crou |y t|c uutiucly ucrcy o a uispriut. ludccd, t|is as
a good day or collcctivc uartyrdous t|c J.:. `...:.ro rccords at Auasca, at
iadruuctuu, aud 'clsc|crc'.
z

... JIII I.|:..s M.r:..s D
z - - - St lucia ludcpcudcucc Day rou Grcat
iritaiu, )
LSA Vas|iugtou's iirt|day uo couucuoratcd ou ircsidcuts Day, t|ird Mouday
iu lc|ruary)

z - - C.:|:r. ::r., lC)
lu louau tiucs t|is day, callcd Caristia or Cara Coguatio, uot au ocial iustitutiou
|ut a c|ccrul day olloiug ou t|c solcuuity o t|c iarcutalia, as uar|cd |y a cou-
tri|utory cast or t|c cxtcudcd auily, prcscuts o ols aud ot|cr oodstus, aud cvcu
tips or sc|ooluastcrs. 1|c C|urc| rcdchucd t|c day as t|c cast o ictcr's C|air,
cclc|ratiug C|rist's iujuuctiou to ictcr 'lccd uy s|ccp', cquatcd it| t|c pastoral uuc-
tiou o t|c c|urc| as tcac|cr o t|c noc|, |ut as latc as , at t|c Sccoud Couucil o
1ours, t|c couplaiut as uadc t|at pcoplc crc ocriug uas|cd ood to t|c dcad, 'rc-
vcrtiug to t|c crrors o t|c |cat|cu aud atcr t|c |ody o Our lord rccciviug ucats
cousccratcd to t|c Dcvil'. 1|c sprcad o t|c altcruativc cclc|ratiou ou |auuary
causcd lc|ruary to |c rciutcrprctcd as uar|iug St ictcr's cousccratiou as |is|op o
Autioc|.
iccausc o t|is cast, carly nocrs uay |c uaucd atcr St ictcr iu Luglis| t|c
coslip uay |c callcd 'ictcrort', iu Vcls| daodils arc .:.... :r, litcrally 'ictcr's
lcc|s'. A Gcruau cat|cr-provcr| statcs t|at i atcr is ro.cu ou t|is day, t|c icc ill
uot uclt or a ortuig|t, a variaut iu ioray raiscs t|is to sixty days. lu act ioray
|as uauy local traditious couccruiug icc ou St ictcr's day, ouc talc is t|at ucvcr |ciug
t|c uost paticut o saiuts) |c t|rc |ot stoucs iuto t|c atcr to uclt t|c icc aud |cucc
t|at auyouc |o atcr t|at datc cll t|roug| t|c icc as uot cutitlcd to assistaucc),
auot|cr t|at i t|crc as uo icc |c uadc it, |ut t|is as uorc couuouly said o
St Matt|ias lc|.). lt as urt|cr |cld t|at t|c cat|cr ou t|is day ould last our
cc|s, or orty days, or cvcu all spriug, |ut t|crc ould |c a good |arvcst i t|c suu
s|ouc loug cuoug| to saddlc a |orsc, or t|crc as cuoug| uoisturc ou t|c roo or a
|cu to sla|c |cr t|irst.
h.s|..:..`s 3.r:|.,. 1|c Vas|iugtou auily ii|lc at Mouut \cruou, \a., rccords
Gcorgc Vas|iugtou, sou to Augustiuc aud Mary |is ic, as |oru yc t| day o lc|ruary
, a|out iu t|c uoruiug, aud as |apti.cd ou t|c t| o April olloiug.
V|cu Vas|iugtou as |oru, Grcat iritaiu aud |cr Aucricau colouics still uscd t|c
|uliau calcudar, aud Luglaud aud t|c colouics still ocially rcc|oucd t|c ycar rou
Marc|, |c t|crcorc cclc|ratcd |is t| |irt|day ou lc|ruary ,, |ut |is t|
atcr |auuary |ad |ccu uadc t|c hrst day o t|c ycar) ou lc|ruary , |ad uo
ot|cr rcoru |ccu uadc, |c ould |avc couc o agc ou lc|ruary -uot t|c t|,
or dou to Luglis| la dccucd ouc to |avc attaiucd au agc o . ycars at t|c hrst
uoucut o t|c day |corc ouc's .t| |irt|day. iocvcr, t|c Act o iarliaucut t|at iu-
troduccd t|c ic Stylc rou Scptcu|cr prcscri|cd t|at a st ycar o agc cur-
rcut at t|c tiuc o t|c c|augc s|ould |c assigucd t|c sauc uuu|cr o days as i t|c
rcoru |ad uot |ccu uadc, it ollocd t|at Vas|iugtou cauc o agc ou lc|ruary
, aud cclc|ratcd |is st |irt|day ou t|c ucxt day. icvcrt|clcss, |cu |is |irt|day,
as t|at o t|c uatioual |cro, |ccauc a uattcr o gcucral couccru, it as souctiucs |cpt
ou t|c old datc, iu a youug Scottis| travcllcr iu \irgiuia, lo|crt iuutcr, rccordcd
iu |is diary

Saturday, lc|ruary
1|is |ciug Gcucral Vas|iugtou's |irt|day, t|c guus crc hrcd iu |ouor o it. ic is hty-our
ycars o agc. Vc drcsscd iu t|c atcruoou to go to a |all t|at as givcu ou t|c occasiou . . .
iuutcr,
lu t|c carly ycars o t|c lcpu|lic t|c |oliday as appropriatcd |y t|c lcdcralists aud
t|crcorc largcly iguorcd |y t|cir lcpu|licau oppoucuts. Au Luglis|uau rcports iu a
lcttcr rittcu rou i|iladclp|ia iu lc|ruary
Ou Gcucral Vas|iugtou's |irt| day, |ic| as a c days ago, t|is city as uuusually gay, cvcry
pcrsou o couscqucucc iu it, Qua|crs alouc cxccptcd, uadc it a poiut to visit t|c Gcucral ou t|is
day. As carly as clcvcu o'cloc| iu t|c uoruiug |c as prcparcd to rcccivc t|cu, aud t|c audicucc
lastcd till t|rcc iu t|c atcruoou. 1|c socicty o t|c Ciuciuuati, t|c clcrgy, t|c occrs o t|c
uilitia, aud scvcral ot|crs, |o orucd a distiuct |ody o citi.cus, cauc |y t|cusclvcs scparatcly.
1|c orcigu uiuistcrs attcudcd iu t|cir ric|cst drcsscs aud uost splcudid cquipagcs. . . . l ucvcr
o|scrvcd so uuc| c|ccrulucss |corc iu t|c couutcuaucc o Gcucral Vas|iugtou, |ut it as iu-
possi|lc or |iu to rcuaiu iuscusi|lc to t|c attcutiou aud t|c coupliucuts paid to |iu ou t|is
occasiou. . . . A pu|lic |all aud suppcr tcruiuatcd t|c rcjoiciugs o t|c day.
iot ouc tou o auy iuportaucc as t|crc iu t|c |olc uuiou, |crc souc ucctiug did uot
ta|c placc iu |ouour o t|is day, yct siugular as it uay appcar, t|crc arc pcoplc iu t|c couutry,
Aucricaus too, orcuost iu |oastiug to ot|cr uatious o t|at coustitutiou, |ic| |as |ccu raiscd
or t|cu |y |is valour aud isdou, |o arc cit|cr so iuscusi|lc to |is ucrit, or so totally dcvoid
o cvcry gcucrous scutiucut, t|at t|cy cau rcusc to joiu iu couucudatious o t|osc talcuts to
|ic| t|cy arc so uuc| iudc|tcd, iudccd to suc| a lcugt| |as t|is pcrvcrsc spirit |ccu carricd,
t|at l |avc uyscl sccu uuu|crs o ucu, iu all ot|cr poiuts ucu o rcspccta|ility, t|at |avc
pcrcuptorily rcuscd cvcu to pay |iu t|c suall coupliucut o driu|iug to |is |calt| atcr diu-
ucr, it is truc iudccd, t|at t|cy qualiy t|cir couduct partly |y asscrtiug, t|at it is ouly as prcsi-
dcut o t|c Luitcd Statcs, aud uot as Gcucral Vas|iugtou, t|at t|cy |avc a disli|c to |iu, |ut
t|is is ouly a ucau su|tcrugc, |ic| t|cy arc orccd to |avc rccoursc to, lcst t|cir couduct
s|ould appcar too strougly uar|cd it| iugratitudc. Duriug t|c ar t|crc crc uauy, aud uot
loyalists cit|cr, |o crc doiug all iu t|cir pocr to rcuovc |iu rou t|at couuaud |crc|y
|c so cuiucutly distiuguis|cd |iuscl. lt is t|c spirit o dissatisactiou |ic| orus a lcadiug
trait iu t|c c|aractcr o t|c Aucricaus as a pcoplc, |ic| produccs t|is ualcvolcucc at prcscut,
just as it did orucrly, aud i t|cir pu|lic aairs crc rcgulatcd |y a pcrsou scut rou |cavcu, l
hruly |clicvc |is acts, iustcad o ucctiug it| uuivcrsal appro|atiou, ould |y uauy |c cou-
sidcrcd as dcccitul aud nagitious. Vcld, i. -
lu , t|c ycar atcr Vas|iugtou's dcat|, t|c lcpu|licaus uadc au cxccptiou, |ut t|c
dccliuc o t|c lcdcralists allocd t|c day to |ccouc a uatioual cclc|ratiou. iy
Vas|iugtou as hruly rcgardcd as t|c at|cr o |is couutry
ic Yor|, 1ucsday lc|ruary st . 1ouorro t|c ccutcuuial auuivcrsary o Vas|iug-
tous iirt|day ill |c splcudidly cclc|ratcd iu t|is city. Au Oratiou |y Gcucral lcis iu t|c
uoruiug, ~ a graud civic ~ uilitary iall at t|c City iotcl iu t|c cvcuiug. . . . Our r. City iall
is to |c |rilliautly illuuiuatcd, a spcctaclc rou its situatiou vcry splcudid iudccd |citc|iug. Vc
uust coutrivc to lct our youu|crs scc it, t|at t|cy uay lcaru to rcvcrc t|c ucuory o Gcucral
Vas|iugtou, 'lirst iu ar, hrst iu pcacc, ~ hrst iu t|c |carts o |is couutryucu'. V|at a gra-
cious coupliucut rou a iritis| uo|lcuau, l do uot rccall |is uauc ~ titlc. iiutard, iv. -
Ou lc|ruary t|c pcoplc o lis|guard iu Valcs couucuoratcd t|c |iccutcuary
o t|c dccat |y local pcoplc, togct|cr it| t|c icu|ro|cs|irc Ycouaury, o a lrcuc|

iuvasiou orcc vcry uuc| t|c orsc or lootcd driu|, scvcral crc capturcd |y t|c local
co||lcr |cuiua iic|olas, |o |ad lcd a party o oucu to carry out uauocuvrcs ou
t|c |illtops. lt is popularly |clicvcd t|at t|c tall |lac| |ats aud rcd capcs oru |y Vcls|
oucu at t|c tiuc causcd t|cu to |c uista|cu or soldicrs. icvcrt|clcss, ucs o t|c
iuvasiou causcd a pauic, a ruu ou t|c iau| o Luglaud, aud t|c hrst issuc o aud
uotcs.
z

... JII I.|:..s M.r:..s L
z - - - iruuci iatioual Day
Guyaua lcpu|lic Day )
lussia Dccudcrs o t|c lat|crlaud Day orucrly lcd Aruy Day)
z 1cruiualia, iu |ouour o t|c |ouudary god 1cruiuus |o |ad
rcuscd to ua|c ay ou t|c Capitol or |upitcr |iuscl, at cvcry aru |ouudary |c
rcccivcd |oucycou|s, iuc, aud sacrihcial |lood rou t|c |ousc|olds ou cit|cr sidc,
ollocd |y ucig||our|ood casts. Ludcr t|c prc-Cacsariau calcudar, t|c iutcrcalary
uout| o tcuty-scvcu days as addcd souctiucs atcr t|is day aud souctiucs atcr
t|c ucxt, t|c rcuaiudcr o lc|ruary |ciug supprcsscd scc ll .o.. C.|:..r).
z - iolycarp CY, lC, Ort|., orucrly |au. iu Vcst), orucrly ictcr
Dauiau scc lc|.)
.|,..r, |is|op o Suyrua appoiutcd, 1crtulliau says, |y St |o|u t|c Apostlc), cu-
trustcd |y St lguatius ou |is ay to uartyrdou it| tas|s to |c disc|argcd ou |is |c-
|al, aud tcac|cr o St lrcuacus, a c|aupiou o t|c ait| agaiust Guostics, |c rccallcd
|o St |o|u, iu t|c |at||ousc at Lp|csus, ou catc|iug sig|t o t|c |crctic Ccriut|us
|astily dcpartcd or car t|c roo s|ould all iu ou t|c cucuy o trut|. ic as uartyrcd
at t|c agc o to appcasc t|c |oliug uo| iu t|c aup|it|catrc, dcspitc t|c govcruor's
attcupts at pcrsuadiug |iu to rccaut. Accordiug to t|c rcport o t|c c|urc| at Suyrua,
t|c carlicst uartyr-acts prcscrvcd, t|c naucs orucd a vault arouud |iu aud lct |iu
uuscat|cd, so t|at |c |ad to |c huis|cd o it| a daggcr, suc| storics rccur iu latcr uar-
tyrdous. 1|c rcport joius t|c local |cs to t|c pagau crod cryiug out agaiust 't|c dc-
stroycr o our gods' aud prcscut at t|c Gaucs ou a 'grcat sa||at|', t|is ould |c
pro|lcuatic cvcu it|out t|c datiug o t|c uartyrdou to Xaut|i|os iu t|c calcudar
o Asia Miuor lc|ruary |cu Statius Quadratus as procousul o Asia. Modcru
sc|olars |avc proposcd datcs |ctccu aud , |ut uouc it|out sacrihciug souc
o t|c cvidcucc, Lusc|ius' c|rouiclc givcs , |cu t|c datc iu |ot| calcudars as a
Suuday.

1|: M.r:,r.o .; `: .|,..r
ic |ad |uou |o|u
aud ot|crs |o |ad |uou t|c lord
|ut |c as |ctraycd |y a scrvaut,
arrcstcd latc iu t|c cvcuiug
at a aru outsidc Suyrua,
|cus scattcriug iu pauic,
gccsc rctrcatiug augrily,
c|ildrcu pccpiug rou corucrs
to hud out |o arc |crocs,
|o arc villaius.
1|is |appcus arouud t|c ycar ,
t|c arrcst o au old uau
|o |ad |uou t|osc |o |ad |uou
t|c lord,
|ad |uou |o|u.
lu t|c city
a crod asscu|lcs or t|c gaucs,
ocials, ivcs, uaguatcs, courtcsaus,
la|ourcrs, idlcrs, c|ildrcu, artisaus,
auiuals |ayiug, truupctiug,
t|c stcuc| uot a clcau aruyard stcuc|
|ut a cstcriug stiu|,
t|c rcc| o a |lood circus.
1|c old uau aud t|c procousul couvcrsc,
t|cy scc cyc to cyc,
t|cy arc t|c ouly p|ilosop|crs
it|iu hvc |uudrcd uilcs,
aud a|lc to |car t|cir dicrcuccs,
t|c louau rcluctaut
to coudcuu t|c vcucra|lc uau
|osc |ouour |c cau scc.
1|c old uau s|rugs, suilcs
'io cau l cursc C|rist,
or iu all uy cig|ty-six ycars
l |avc ucvcr |uou |iu do uc roug . . .'
Aud t|c crod is yclliug,
'iill |iu,
|c is t|c ouc |o dcstroys our gods . . .'
Lvcu t|c cripplcs aud lcpcrs joiu iu.
1|c circus gods uccd |lood or as|cs.
So |ccausc |c is couuaudcd
t|c procousul ordcrs t|c |uruiug o iolycarp
'aud t|c naucs uadc a sort o arc|,
li|c a s|ip's sail
hllcd it| t|c iud,
aud t|cy crc li|c a all rouud t|c uartyr's |ody,

aud |c loo|cd, uot li|c |uruiug ncs|,
|ut li|c |rcad iu t|c ovcu,
or gold aud silvcr |ciug rchucd iu t|c uruacc.'
ic as li|c |rcad iu t|c ovcu.
li|c gold or silvcr iu t|c uruacc.
ic turucd t|c torturc circus
to a hcry circus o joy, naucs o t|c spirit.
iut t|c crucl spcctators did uot clap t|cir |auds,
or all to t|cir |uccs, or say to t|c c|ildrcu,
loo|, t|crc is a uiraclc, a uau alivc iu t|c naucs.
Did t|c pcoplc say, |avc our gods douc suc| t|iugs.
Did t|cy aru t|cusclvcs at t|osc naucs.
1|c old uau stood
it| t|c naucs noiug rouud |iu
li|c a cir o hrc,
sailiug iu |is s|ip o hrc,
sac iu |is tcut o naucs
as t|c outragcd crod dauucd |iu.
At a sigu rou t|c procousul
curious iu privatc lic
a|out t|c supcruatural)
a |orcd |oy-cxccutioucr
|ravcs t|c uiraculous ar| o nauc,
picrccs t|c old uau's |cart,
rcciug iolycarp,
|o |ic|s |is corpsc asidc
aud |ccoucs a soul
aud t|c crod go ou c|ccriug,
c|ildrcu laug|iug, t|c ru||is| gods uugricviug.
icuclopc S|uttlc - )
lu ucdicval Luglis| calcudars St Mild|urg, a||css o Vculoc| ..), it is said t|at
atcr |cr tou| |ad |ccu dcstroycd |y \i|iugs |cr rclics crc ouud atcr |oys playiug
iu t|c hcld |ad suu| iuto t|c cart|.

z

... JI I.|:..s M.r:..s l
`:. M.::|.:
s:.s s. ..:. :|: :r::.
`...: M.::|::
s|: :|: |::.
z - - - Mcxico llag Day auuivcrsary o ilau o
lguala, advocatiug iudcpcudcucc rou Spaiu)
Lstouia ludcpcudcucc Day rou lussia, )
z 1|is day as t|c lcgiugiuu, 'llig|t o t|c iiug', couuouly iu-
tcrprctcd as couucuoratiug t|c cxpulsiou o t|c Ltruscau uouarc|y |y t|c uativc aris-
tocracy aud t|c ouudiug o t|c lcpu|lic. 1|is cxplauatiou is rcudcrcd dou|tul |y t|c
cxistcucc o t|c cqually uystcrious iopliugiuu, or 'llig|t o t|c icoplc', ou |uly,
t|crc as uuc| iu louau rcligious usagc t|at louau aut|ors did uot uudcrstaud,
partly |ccausc it |clougcd to au uusop|isticatcd rustic past, partly |ccausc t|c latiu
lauguagc |ad c|augcd so uuc| siucc t|c rcgal aud carly lcpu|licau pcriods t|at iu|cr-
itcd uaucs aud praycrs crc uo lougcr couprc|cusi|lc. icorc Cacsar's rcoru o t|c
calcudar, t|c lcgiugiuu cll ou t|c rd o t|c iutcrcalary uout| |cu t|crc as ouc
... JI I.|. M.r:. o:.s: ..::r|.|.r.).
z - - - iCi, lC |corc , uo May, also CY)
M.::|..s :|: J.s:|: as t|c apostlc clcctcd to hll t|c placc o |udas atcr |is suicidc
icgiuuiug rou t|c |aptisu o |o|u, uuto t|at sauc day t|at |c as ta|cu up rou us, uust ouc
|c ordaiucd to |c a itucss it| us o |is rcsurrcctiou. Aud t|cy appoiutcd to, |oscp| callcd
iarsa|as, |o as suruaucd |ustus, aud Matt|ias. Aud t|cy praycd, aud said, 1|ou, lord, |ic|
|uocst t|c |carts o all ucu, s|c |ct|cr o t|csc to t|ou |as c|oscu, 1|at |c uay ta|c
part o t|is uiuistry aud apostlcs|ip, rou |ic| |udas |y trausgrcssiou cll, t|at |c uig|t go
to |is ou placc. Aud t|cy gavc ort| t|cir lots, aud t|c lot cll upou Matt|ias, aud |c as uuu-
|crcd it| t|c clcvcu apostlcs. Acts -
ic is said to |avc |ccu uartyrcd iu Lt|iopia. Auot|cr story |as |iu uiraculously rcs-
cucd rou cauui|als |y St Audrc, |is rclics arc vcucratcd iu t|c icucdictiuc a||cy o
Sau|t Matt|ias at 1ricr, |aviug rcputcdly |ccu |roug|t t|crc iu t|c carly ourt| ccutury
|y iis|op Agroccius.
`: M.::|..s L., .. |:. ,:.r. lu |ulius Cacsar's calcudar t|is day as couutcd ticc iu lcap
ycar scc ll L:. 1:.r). At la t|c rcgular day, ... JI I.|. M.r:., as ollocd |y lcap day,
... |.s JI I.|. M.r:. 'ticc sixt| day |corc t|c ialcuds o Marc|') or |.ss:::s or s|ort,
|ut to louau ritcrs rcvcrsc t|c datcs, so t|at t|c |.ss:::s iuucdiatcly ollos t|c

1cruiualia, giviug t|c scqucucc 't|, ticc t|, t|, t|'. 1|is |ccauc t|c prcvailiug
ordcr iu t|c Middlc Agcs, as a rcsult, |cu Vcstcru C|ristiaus c|osc t|c 'sixt| day
|corc t|c ialcuds o Marc|' to |ouour St Matt|ias, |is day as uorually postpoucd
iu lcap ycar to t|c t|. Alt|oug| souc c|urc|cs uota|ly iu lcclaud) |cpt t|c t| iu
all ycars, aud iu iopc Alcxaudcr lll rulcd t|at cit|cr day as pcruissi|lc iu accord-
aucc it| local custou, postpoucucut as t|c rulc at louc, aud is laid dou iu t|c
Grcgoriau calcudar, it rcuaiucd iu orcc uutil iu t|c cast as s|itcd to May.
lu Luglaud postpoucucut, cxplicitly attcstcd |y iyr|tcrt| o lauscy .. aud
t|crcatcr iu c|urc| calcudars, rcuaiucd t|c rcgular practicc uutil t|c tiuc o C|arlcs
ll, it as |y ucrc iuadvcrtcucc t|at t|c Oxord Aluauac| gavc t|c t| or aud
. Ou t|c sccoud occasiou t|c crror as poiutcd out |y |o|u Vallis, Saviliau iro-
cssor o Astrououy iu t|c Luivcrsity o Oxord, |ut iu t|at ycar Villiau Saucrot,
arc||is|op o Cautcr|ury, ordcrcd t|at St Matt|ias s|ould alays |c |ouourcd ou t|c
t|. 1|is appcars to |avc |ccu a |asty dcductiou rou carclcss dratiug iu t|c
ioo| o Couuou iraycr scc ll L:. 1:.r), |ut alt|oug| accordiug to Vallis |o
pcstcrcd succcssivc arc||is|ops a|out t|c uattcr) |c privatcly ac|uolcdgcd |is uis-
ta|c, |is ordcr as ucvcr rcvo|cd, so t|at uou-postpoucucut |ccauc t|c rulc o t|c
C|urc| o Luglaud. 1|c ASi adoptcd t|c uc louau Cat|olic datc o May, |ic|
siucc |as |ccu t|c judicial rcd-lcttcr day, CY allos cit|cr. 1|c Oxord Aluauac|,
atcr displaciug St Matt|ias to May iu aud , rcstorcd |iu to lc|ruary,
|crc |c |as siucc rcuaiucd, iu t|c lcap ycar as cll as iu couuou ycars.
Vcat|cr provcr|s statc t|at i t|crc is s|arp rost ou St Matt|ias' cast it ill last or
scvcral days, aud couvcrscly t|at atcr |is day t|c ox is araid to al| ou icc, or
'Matt|ias |rca|s t|c icc, i |c huds it, i |c docs uot |rca| it, |c ua|cs it all t|c |ardcr.'
lraucis Mortot cxpcricuccs St Matt|ias' Day iu louc iu
lc|ruary t|c . iciug S
t
Mat|ccs s.. day cc cut to Saiut Mary Majora, |crc cc sa a
|cad cxposcd iu a C|ristal Cupp
c|
is arucd to |c y
c
|cad o S
t
Mat|c, |ut |ct|cr it as
or uoc l |uo uot. |ut it as uuc| adorcd |y y
c
icoplc. iot| iricsts aud pcoplc prayiug to it.
aud |appy as |c y
t
could gct |ut |is |cads s.. or '|auds' to touc| y
c
outsidc o y
c
Cupp |crc
iu t|is |cad as. 1|c tcct| o it arc pcrcctly to |cc sccu, ~ it is arucd to |auc y
c
sauc ncs|.
icard ~ |airc as it |ad |cu S
t
Mat|c as aliuc. icrc as also vcry good Music|c |y souc
or \oyccs to stirr vp y
c
pcoplc to |c y
c
uorc dcuout, aud y
t
it uig|t sucll t|c scctcr y
c
ircist
cauc aud cast y
c
suoa|c o rau|iuccusc agaiust y
c
outsidc o y
c
cupp. lu y
c
C|appcl o iaul y
c

t|
crc cxposcd t|c icads o y
c
Apostlcs iu silucr, it| souc rcliqucs o Saiuts. as Arucs,
hugcrs, aud suc| li|c t|iugs, aud t|c iicturc o y
c
\irgiu Mary |ic| is arucd to |c drauc
|y t|c |aud o S
t
lu|c. as opcu ~ cucry ouc uig|t |auc a sig|t o it to |ic| t|ousauds l
t|iu|c t|is day uadc t|crc praycrs, aud all y
c
placc as ull o Caudlcs upou silucr Caudlcstic|cs.
so y
t
y
c
C|appcll sccucd li|c a littlc iaradisc. Mortot, os.
v
-
r
1|c \cucra|lc icdc rccords t|at Lt|cl|crt o icut, t|c hrst C|ristiau |iug auoug
t|c Luglis|, dicd ou t|is day iu , siucc |c givcs t|c datc as 'dic XXllll ucusis
lc|ruarii', uot it| rccrcucc to t|c ialcuds o Marc| or St Matt|ias, t|crc cau |c uo
uista|c a|out it. icvcrt|clcss, |c is couucuoratcd ou lc|ruary to avoid St
Matt|ias.

z

... J I.|:..s M.r:..s G
(.. |:. ,:.r a.d. |is \l ialcudas Martias, l,
z - - - iuait iatioual Day
z -
L:|:||:r: .t|cl|crct, Ldil|crtus), |iug o icut -), |osc pocr, t|oug| c|al-
lcugcd |y t|c risc o Last Auglia, cxtcudcd as ar as t|c iuu|cr, t|c hrst C|ristiau
Auglo-Saxou |iug. Alrcady uarricd to t|c C|ristiau icrt|a, daug|tcr o t|c lrau|is|
|iug C|ari|crt o iaris, |c clcoucd Augustiuc aud |is cllo uissiouarics iu ,
giviug t|cu lodgcucut iu |is capital o Cautcr|ury aud accordiug t|cu rccdou to
prcac|, t|cy uscd t|c old louau c|urc| o St Martiu, |crc Quccu icrt|a praycd.
Atcr a |ilc Lt|cl|crt |iuscl as |apti.cd accordiug to traditiou ou V|it Suuday
t|at ycar, |uuc), aud gavc stroug support to |is uc rcligiou aud its tcac|crs, |c
assistcd Augustiuc to |uild St Saviour's uo t|c cat|cdral o C|rist C|urc|, Cautcr-
|ury) aud cucouragcd |iu to ouud t|c uouastcry o SS ictcr aud iaul, su|scqucutly
rcuaucd St Augustiuc's, |is lacodc, t|c hrst to |c issucd |y au Auglo-Saxou |iug, iu-
cludcd a clausc protcctiug t|c clcrgy. ic dicd ou lc|ruary .
h.||r or Valpurga, daug|tcr o lic|ard o Luglaud scc lc|.), a||css o icidcu-
|ciu sout| o iurcu|crg, dicd ou t|is day iu . Ou May |cr rclics crc traus-
latcd to a uouastic c|urc| ucly |uilt iu |cr |ouour at Lic|sttt, |crc s|c is patroucss
o t|c dioccsc, or t|is rcasou t|c uig|t o April is |uou as Valpurgisuac|t.
lu |ulius Cacsar's rcorucd louau calcudar, t|is as lcap day, t|c |.ss:::s, |ocvcr, uu-
ocial aud ucdicval usagc uadc lc|ruary lcap day aud couutcd t|c t| as t|c rcg-
ular sixt| |corc t|c ialcuds o Marc|. lu particular St Matt|ias as cultcd ou t|is day
iu lcap ycar dou to iu Luglaud, aud dou to |y t|c lC C|urc|, |ic| li|c-
isc cultcd t|c saiuts o t|is aud t|c rcuaiuiug days o lc|ruary ouc day latcr |y t|c
orard couut, t|at is to say ou t|c sauc louau datc.
z

... IJ I.|:..s M.r:..s A
.. |:. ,:.r a.d. \ ialcudas Martias, G)
z -
J|::..:r, patriarc| o Alcxaudria d. ). lt cll to |iu to dcal it| Arius, t|c ori-
giuator o t|c Ariau |crcsy t|at t|c Sou as crcatcd |y t|c lat|cr), |cu pcrsuasiou

ailcd, |c cxcouuuuicatcd |iu. 1|c |crcsy as coudcuucd t|oug| uot supprcsscd)
|y t|c Couucil o iicaca iu , aud Arius |auis|cd |y t|c cupcror. lu t|c Ort|odox
C|urc| |is day is May, iu t|c Coptic C|urc| i|aruout|i April OS.
1|: r..|s .. N: `:,|:
1|c t| o lc|ruary, i.S., corrcspouds to t|c day |ic| uscd to |c assigucd or t|c roo|s |c-
giuuiug to scarc| or uatcrials or t|cir ucsts, uaucly, t|c tclt| day atcr Caudlcuas, O.S.
1|c lcv. Dr Vaug| uscd to rclatc t|at, ou |is rcturu rou t|c hrst ycar's scssiou at t|c Lui-
vcrsity o Ldiu|urg|, |is at|cr's gardcucr uudcrtoo| to givc |iu a c lcssous iu uatural |is-
tory. Auoug ot|cr t|iugs, |c told |iu t|at t|c 'cras' roo|s) alays |cgau |uildiug tclvc days
atcr Caudlcuas. Vis|ul to s|c o |is lcaruiug, youug Vaug| as|cd t|c old uau i t|c cras
couutcd |y t|c old or |y t|c uc stylc, just t|cu iutroduccd |y Act o iarliaucut. 1uruiug upou
t|c youug studcut a loo| o coutcupt, t|c old gardcucr said-'Youug uau, cras carc uact|iug
or acts o parliaucut.' C|au|crs
z

... III I.|:..s M.r:..s i
.. |:. ,:.r a.d. l\ ialcudas Martias, A)
z - - - Douiuicau lcpu|lic ludcpcudcucc Day ,
|cu iaitiaus it|drc)
z 1|c Lquirria, a |orsc-racc iu |ouour o Mars, crc |cld ou t|is
day.
z - Gcorgc icr|crt CY), lcaudcr lC, scc Mar.)
C:.r: H:r|:r:, pricst, pastor, poct -), pu|lic orator at t|c Luivcrsity o Cau-
|ridgc -, Mi or Moutgoucry iu t|c parliaucuts o aud , iu
prc|cudary o lcig|tou irouold iu iuutiugdous|irc, iu rcctor o icucrtou
ucar Salis|ury, aut|or o uauy huc rcligious pocus, uost o |ic| crc pu|lis|cd iu
as 1|: 1:o|:.
1|: ||:,
V|cu God at hrst uadc uau,
iaviug a glassc o |lcssiugs staudiug |y,
lct us said |c) pour ou |iu all c cau
lct t|c orlds ric|cs, |ic| dispcrscd lic,
Coutract iuto a spau.
So strcugt| hrst uadc a ay,
1|cu |cautic no'd, t|cu isdouc, |ouour, plcasurc
V|cu aluost all as out, God uadc a stay,
icrcciviug t|at alouc o all |is trcasurc
lcst iu t|c |ottouc lay.

lor i l s|ould said |c)
icsto t|is jccll also ou uy crcaturc,
ic ould adorc uy gits iu stcad o uc,
Aud rcst iu iaturc, uot t|c God o iaturc
So |ot| s|ould loscrs |c.
Yct lct |iu |ccp t|c rcst,
iut |ccp t|cu it| rcpiuiug rcstlcssucssc
lct |iu |c ric| aud caric, t|at at lcast,
l gooducssc lcad |iu uot, yct cariucssc
May tossc |iu to uy |rcast.
z

r..: I.|:..s M.r:..s C
.. |:. ,:.r a.d. lll ialcudas Martias, i)
z - - - Caudlcuas tcru day Scotlaud siucc )
z -
s.| .; h.r.:s::r, cousccratcd |is|op o Vorccstcr iu , a positiou |c rctaiucd or lic
dcspitc |ccouiug arc||is|op o Yor| iu , a rcoruiug |is|op, |c ouudcd t|c
uouastic cat|cdral o St Mary's, Vorccstcr, |crc |c is |uricd. ic dicd ou lc|ru-
ary , till t|is as |is day iu lcap ycar.
A illiCL so dcar to t|c c|urc| as s.|, aud so attac|cd to t|c procssors o t|c uouastic
lic, rcccivcd cvcry post|uuous |ouor t|at t|cy could |csto. ic as raiscd to t|c rau| o a
saiut, aud |is sauctity couhrucd |y uuu|crlcss uiraclcs. iis rcliqucs |ic| crc rcuovcd t|c
ycar olloiug |y s,) crc ccacious iu all disordcrs iucidcut to uau or |cast. 1|c vcry spot
ou |ic| |is pious corpsc |ad laid, iupartcd its virtuc |y t|c ucrc coutact t|c |orsc o a trav-
cllcr, caricd |y cxccss o la|or, stopt |crc, lay dou, aud, rolliug a|out iu agouy, luc|ily tuu-
|lcd ou t|c placc |crc s.| cll. io sooucr |ad |c touc|cd t|c grouud, t|au |c spruug up
iu ull vigor. iis uastcr, a uau o grcat sagacity. uar|cd t|c spot, uouutcd |is uag, aud soou
rcac|cd |is iuu. 1|crc |c ouud a youug ouau ill o t|c palsy. ic told t|c advcuturc o |is
|orsc, pcrsuadcd |cr ricuds to try t|c sauc rcucdy, causcd |cr to |c trausportcd t|crc, aud s|c
iustautly ouud t|c sauc |cucht. icuuaut, h.|:s,
z

r..: I.|:..s M.r:..s C
L:. L.,. lu t|c uodcru oru o t|c calcudar, |ic| dispcuscs it| t|c louau uaucs
o days, t|is is lcap day, iuscrtcd cvcry our ycars to ua|c up t|c dicrcucc |ctccu t|c

couuou ycar o days aud t|c solar ycar, |y |appy accidcut t|c scqucucc o lcap
ycars iu|critcd rou t|c louaus coiucidcs it| ycars divisi|lc |y . Siucc t|c truc
dicrcucc is souc clcvcu uiuutcs lcss t|au six |ours, iopc Grcgory Xlll ordcrcd iu
t|at lcap day s|ould |c ouittcd |cu t|c ycar as divisi|lc |y |ut uot |y , t|c
ycars acctcd, iu t|osc couutrics t|at acccptcd t|c rcoru |ic| Grcat iritaiu did uot
till ), crc , , aud scc ll M.:r. C.|:..r. Cr:.r... :;.ro). 1|crc ill
agaiu |c a lc|ruary iu , |ut uot iu .
icrsous |oru ou lc|ruary arc |uuorously said to |avc a |irt|day ouly oucc iu
our ycars, ou t|at |asis lossiui, |o as |oru ou lc|ruary , ould |avc aitcd
till or |is sccoud |irt|day, siucc as a couuou ycar. lu practicc, |ocvcr,
t|cy |avc |irt|days iu couuou ycars ou t|c t|. iy t|c lcgal rulc uotcd uudcr t|c
ud, auyouc |oru ou cit|cr lc|ruary or Marc| iu Luglaud t|oug| uot Scot-
laud) cauc o agc ou lc|ruary , |ut siucc t|c Act t|at a|olis|cd t|at rulc also
rcduccd t|c agc o uajority, pcrsous |oru ou lc|ruary cauc o agc ou lc|-
ruary , |ut t|osc |oru t|c ucxt day uot till Marc|.
Vcstcru saiuts suc| as Osald o Vorccstcr |o dicd ou lc|ruary uscd to |c
cultcd ou t|at day iu lcap ycar aud lc|ruary iu couuou ycars, t|is as a last rclic o
t|c louau rcc|ouiug, |ic| uadc t|c last day o lc|ruary r..: I.|:..s M.r:..s iu
cit|cr casc. iy coutrast, t|c Ort|odox C|urc|, |ic| uscs t|c orard couut, cclc-
|ratcs |o|u Cassiau scc |uly) ou lc|ruary iu lcap ycar aud uot at all iu couuou
ycars, rcputcdly as puuis|ucut or |ciug last to arrivc |cu t|c saiuts cauc to as|
C|rist or or|. lu Mytilcuc t|is is t|c s|ir|crs' cast, aud Cassiau |olds t|c |cys o
idlcucss.
Au old Scotsouau iu t|c uiuctccut| ccutury, as|cd |y a suall |oy |y t|is day oc-
currcd ouly oucc iu our ycars, cousultcd t|c 'uutiu-|cid', |cr ii|lc, |ic| cll opcu at
|o| , 'lct t|c day pcris| |crciu l as |oru', aud dcduccd t|at |o| |ad |ccu |oru
ou lc|ruary, t|c lord |ad uot altogct|cr a|olis|cd t|at day, |ut douc |at |c could
or |is scrvaut |y supprcssiug it t|rcc ycars out o our. 1|at as ucrc aucy, |ut c
rcad iu a ucar-coutcuporary t|at iu t|c sccoud ccutury t|c At|cuiaus gratihcd t|c
uultiuilliouairc icrodcs Atticus-or rat|cr yicldcd to |is uurcstraiucd cuotioualisu
aud uuc|-rcscutcd pocr-|y rcuoviug rou t|c calcudar t|c day ou |ic| |is daug|-
tcr dicd scc ll Cr::| C.|:..r).
:| I:|r.r,
A day addcd to t|c ycar,
lacouic or luuiuous.
1|c cxtra day cau |c sccu
aud touc|cd, li|c auy ot|cr.
lts |ours arc uot dicult to couut,
t|c cat|cr varics |ut is cat|cr,
uo alicu uauicstatiou.
lovcrs |o uarry ou t|is day
|avc t|c usual cggs|cll |carts,
t|c lcducss o hs|.

C|ildrcu |oru ou t|is day
arc as hcrcc as auy ot|crs.
1|osc |o dic ou t|is day
uust hud uc ays o |ciug,
aud ou t|is day
siugiug still |uilds
t|c upstairs roou o t|c s|y.
1|is is t|c day
t|c ycar |ccps or |crscl
|ut ocrs to you,
|cr |rcat| or yours,
air cxc|augc.
icuclopc S|uttlc - )
Ou t|is day, iu Luglaud aud Dcuuar|, a ouau |as t|c traditioual rig|t o as|iug a
uau to uarry |cr, couparc Sadic ia|ius Day hrst Saturday iu iovcu|cr) iu t|c
LSA aud Saiutc-Cat|criuc iov.) iu lraucc
Maistcr, |c coutcutcd, t|is is lcapc ycarc,
Voucu carc |rcctc|cs, pctticoats arc dcarc.
|o|u lyly, 1|: M.,:s M::.o.r|.s.s ), sig. l
Ou lc|ruary t|crc as a luuar cclipsc, prcdictcd |y t|c grcat astrououcr |o|auu
Mllcr o iuigs|crg 'lcgiououtauus'), Coluu|us, |o too| au iutcrcst iu cclipscs
as possi|lc iudicators o lougitudc, |cu straudcd ou |auaica duriug |is ourt| voyagc
uscd t|at orc|uolcdgc to sccurc ood or |is crc rou t|c iu|a|itauts |y auuouu-
ciug |corc t|c cclipsc t|at t|c uoou ould risc dar| aud |loody iu sigu o God's dis-
plcasurc, aud dcclariug atcr it t|at |is praycrs ou t|cir |c|al |ad |ccu auscrcd. Mar|
1aiu cxploitcd t|is story iu J C...:.:..: 1..|:: .: :|: C.r: .; I.. Jr:|r, i. lidcr iag-
gard iu I.. `.|.o..`s M..:s.
z

1|crc is uo trut| iu t|c asscrtiou |y souc uodcru |ut uo aucicut) ritcrs t|at |ulius
Cacsar gavc all t|c odd uout|s days, lc|ruary days aud iu lcap ycar, aud t|c
ot|cr cvcu uout|s iucludiug Oct.) , |ut t|at Augustus upsct t|c logical arraugcucut
iu ordcr to ua|c |is uout| o August as loug as Cacsar's |uly. icvcrt|clcss, lc|ru-
ary |as cxistcd t|rcc tiucs iu t|c calcudars o particular couutrics oucc iu Scdcu,
ticc iu t|c Sovict Luiou.
lu Scdcu |ic| at t|c tiuc iucludcd liulaud), |ad |ccu a couuou ycar uudcr
a plau to iutroducc t|c ic Stylc gradually, |y ouittiug all lcap days |ctccu aud
iuclusivc scc ll M.:r. C.|:..r. Cr:.r... :;.ro Scdcu, aud App. l), |ocvcr,
aud |ad |ccu |cpt as lcap ycars, so t|at t|c Scdis| calcudar rcuaiucd
ouc day a|cad o t|c |uliau aud tcu |c|iud t|c Grcgoriau. 1|c calauitous dccat o

C|arlcs Xll |y ictcr t|c Grcat at ioltava ou |uuc Scdis| stylc |ic| iritis|
aud lussiau ritcrs call |uuc aud uost Coutiucutal |istoriaus |uly) as idcly
|laucd ou diviuc displcasurc at t|c rcoru, |ic| as uudouc |y addiug a sccoud lcap
day iu , t|is day corrcspoudcd to lc|ruary OS Marc| iS.
lu t|c Sovict Luiou scc ll M.:r. C.|:..r. 1:.:.::|~C:.:r, :;.ros Sovict Luiou),
a uc calcudar as iuposcd rou Octo|cr iu |ic| all uout|s |ad days, it|
hvc cxtra days |cpt as uatioual |olidays, t|c hrst o t|csc, lcuiu Day, corrcspoudcd to
|auuary Grcgoriau. lu couscqucucc lc|ruary Sovict cll ou Marc| Grcgoriau iu
t|c couuou ycars aud , iu lcap ycar it ould |avc |ccu Marc| Grcgoriau, |ut
|corc t|c casc could arisc iu , t|c cquali.cd uout|s |ad |ccu a|audoucd.

l dout t|at Mcrc|c it| |is cauld |lastis |cyuc

ics slauc t|is gcutill |cr|c
Villiau Duu|ar
M.r.| ..s .. Jr.| s|.:rs
|r.. ;.r:| M., {.:rs.
z - latiu M.r:.s, lrcuc| o.rs, Spauis| o.r.., iortugucsc
M.r., ltaliau o.r.., Gcruau Mr., Vcls| M.r:|, Scots Gaclic .o Mr:, lris| Mr:.
M.r:.s is uaucd atcr Mars, t|c god o ar t|c caupaiguiug scasou |cgau iu t|c
spriug) |o as also au agricultural dcity. lt as origiually t|c hrst uout| o t|c
louau ycar, a couccptiou t|at rcuaiucd availa|lc or pocts |o is|cd to usc it.
Au Old Luglis| uauc or Marc|, H|,. pro|a|ly rclatcd to 'loud', rou t|c roariug
Marc| iuds scc il. )), loug survivcd as L.:. lor .lric scc Mar.) it as uorual
auougst t|c laity, |o|u Au|rcy says :o...:s, ) '1|c vulgar iu t|c Vcst o Luglaud
doc call t|c uout| o Marc|, lidc', citiug a 'provcr|iall r|yt|uc' i.c. r|yuc)
Lat lcc|cs iu lidc, aud lausius iu May,
Aud all t|c ycar atcr i|ysiciaus uay play.
'play' |c idlc, uucuploycd, a scusc still ouud iu uort|cru Luglaud)
1|c uauc as still uscd iu uiuctccut|-ccutury Coruall, |crc it as said 'Duc|s au't
lay till t|cy'vc driu|'d lidc atcr.'
z - - -
I.rs: M..., Sa.ilaud Couuoucalt| Day
LSA, llliuois Casiuir iulas|i's iirt|day iolis| patriot |o cut to Aucrica iu
to hg|t it| Vas|iugtou iu t|c Aucricau lcvolutiou, |c dicd a |cro iu )
`:... M..., Li Couuoucalt| Day uutil , Lupirc Day), t|c Luiou nag is
nou
I.r:| M..., 1aiau Yout| Day
L.s: M..., LSA, Alas|a Scard's Day Sccrctary o Statc uudcr liucolu aud Audrc
|o|usou, ucgotiatcd t|c purc|asc o Alas|a rou lussia iu )
LSA, \irgiu lslauds 1rauscr Day purc|asc |y LSA rou Dcuuar|, )
I.rs: 1:s., LSA, \cruout 1ou Mcctiug Day
`:... `.:r., Zau|ia Yout| Day
lu t|c Luitcd iiugdou aud uuc| o Vcstcru Luropc, Suuucr 1iuc |cgius ou t|c last
Suuday iu Marc|.
1|csc t|c scasous, uarc|iug sotly, t|us iu ordcr cut,
Aud atcr t|cu, t|c Mout|cs all ridiug cauc,
lirst, sturdy M.r.| it| |ros ull stcruly |cut,
Aud arucd strougly, rodc vpou a lau,
1|c sauc |ic| oucr H:||:s..:s sau
Yct iu |is |aud a spadc |c also |cut,
Aud iu a |ag all sorts o sccds ysauc,
V|ic| ou t|c cart| |c strocd as |c cut,
Aud hld |cr ou| it| ruitull |opc o uouris|ucut.
Spcuscr, 1|: I.:r.: ::.:, . vii.
A |olc uuu|cr o cat|cr provcr|s say t|at dry, iudy cat|cr iu Marc| ill |odc
cll or t|c spriug. iut Marc| cat|cr is vcry uuprcdicta|lc
lc|ruary ua|cs a |ridgc aud Marc| |rca|s it.
Marc| |ac| |au coucs iu li|c a liou, gocs out li|c a lau|.
'|ac| |au' |ac|audc, 'auuoyiug')
Aud uo to uyudc t|crc is ouc oldc proucr|c couc
'Ouc |us|cll o Marc| dust is ort| a |yugcs rauusouc.'
|o|u icyood, |., .; :|: h:.:|:r ), ll. -
lt is t|c dcstiuy o provcr|s to |c cudlcssly rcpcatcd, rarcly qucstioucd. 1|ouas lullcr
) provcs au cxccptiou
iot so iu Sout|cru saudy Couutics, |crc a dry M.r.| is as dcstructivc, as |crc it is |cuchcial.
io uuc| a iiug's raudsou auouutct| uuto, L.|.. |uos |y dcar cxpcricucc, |cu payiug
..: |.r: :|.s.. pouuds to rcdccu ..|.r t|c hrst, |ic| as s|arcd |ctccu t|c C:ro..
Lupcror aud L:..|s du|c o Js:r... ludccd a gcucral good rcdouuds to our laud |y a dry
M.r.|, or i our clay-grouuds |c ovcr-droucd iu t|at uouct|, t|cy rccovcr uot t|cir distcupcr
t|at ycar.
iocvcr, t|is r.:r| prcsuuct| scasoua|lc s|ocrs iu Jr.| olloiug, or ot|crisc M.r.|~s:
ill |c turucd iuto M.,~.s|:s, to t|c |uruiug up o grass aud graiu, so casily cau God |last t|c
uost pro|a|lc ruitulucss. lullcr, h.r:|.:s,
Au lris| uauc or Marc| is o .. (|, r...||.|:, 't|c uout| o t|c |riudlcd co'
t|c lcgcud is t|at t|c |riudlcd co couplaiucd at t|c dau o April o t|c |ars|ucss o Marc|,
|crcupou Marc| |orrocd a c days rou April aud t|csc crc so ct aud storuy t|at t|c |
r..||..| as droucd, |cucc Marc| |as a day uorc t|au April, aud t|c |orrocd days arc callcd
|.::|..:. .. r...||.|:. Diuuccu, s.v. r..||..|
Ot|cr vcrsious o t|is lcgcud assigu t|c days to April |ut t|cir cat|cr to Marc| scc
April.

1|c provcr|ial cxprcssiou 'Mad as a Marc| |arc' |as uot|iug to do it| cat|cr, Marc|
is t|c |rccdiug scasou.
lt is uo Marc|, aud t|c iort|cruc iud dryct| vp t|c Sout|cruc durt 1|c tcudcr lippcs arc
uo uas|t or carc o c|oppiug, aud t|c airc |auds uust uot |c vugloucd uo risct| t|c
Suuuc a prctty stcp to |is airc |cig|t, aud Saiut \alcutiuc calls t|c |irds togct|cr, |crc iaturc
is plcascd iu t|c varictic o louc t|c lis|cs aud t|c lrogs all to t|cir uauucr o gcucratiou, aud
t|c Addcr dycs to |riug ort| |cr youug t|c Ayrc is s|arpc, |ut t|c Suuuc is couorta|lc, aud
t|c day |cgiuucs to lcugt|cu 1|c orard Gardcus giuc t|c huc Sallcts, aud a ioscgay o
\iolcts is a prcscut or a lady io |cgiuuct| iaturc as it crc) to a|c out o |cr slccpc,
aud scuds t|c 1raucllcr to surucy t|c al|cs o t|c Vorld t|c suc|iug la||it is good or ca|c
stouac|cs, aud t|c dyct or t|c l|uuc dot| uauy a grcat Curc 1|c larricr uo is t|c |orscs
i|ysitiau, aud t|c at Dog ccds t|c laulcou iu t|c Mc 1|c 1rcc |cgius to |ud, aud t|c grassc
to pccpc a|road, |ilc t|c 1|rus| it| t|c ilac|-|ird ua|c a c|aruc iu t|c youug Spriugs t|c
Mil|c-uayd it| |cr |cst |cloucd, tal|c aay cariucssc to t|c Mar|ct, aud iu au |oucst ucau-
iug, |iud ords doc uo |urt t|c loot-|all uo tryct| t|c lcggcs o strcugt|, aud ucrry uatc|cs
coutiuuc good cllos|ip lt is a tiuc o uuc| or|c, aud tcdious to discoursc o |ut iu all l
hud o it, l t|us coucludc iu it l |old it t|c Scruaut o iaturc, aud t|c Sc|oolc-uastcr o Art
t|c |opc o la|our, aud t|c Su|icct o lcasou. larccll. irctou )
z

I.|:..: M.r:..: D
Marc|, various, hcrcc, aud ild, it| iud-crac|'d c|cc|s,
iy ildcr Vclc|uau lcd, aud crou'd it| lcc|s.
C|urc|ill, 'Got|au', iii.
b.. `...: L..`s L.,
: ..:s .. |.r|:, .. :|: .|.,.
z - - - iosuia-icrccgoviua iatioual Day auuivcrsary
o dcclaratiou o iudcpcudcucc)
LSA, ic|ras|a Aduissiou Day t| statc, )
LSA, O|io Aduissiou Day t| statc, )
z 1|is as origiually t|c hrst day o t|c louau ycar, still uar|cd
iu classical tiucs |y tcudiug o t|c sacrcd hrc o t|c goddcss \csta, aud t|c axiug o
rcs| laurcls to t|c lcgia t|c |ouc o t|c ..:.;:: o.:.os, said to |avc |ccu iiug
iuua's), t|c |ouscs o t|c {.o..:s pricsts o particular dcitics), aud t|c Curiac \ctcrcs
ccutrc o t|c aucicut .r..:, scc lc|.). 1|c lcapiug iricsts or Salii pcrorucd a pro-
ccssiou iu |ouour o Mars, c|autiug a |yuu too arc|aic or louaus to uudcrstaud, aud
carryiug hgurc-o-cig|t s|iclds callcd ....|.. scc Mar.). lt as also t|c cast o |uuo
luciua, t|c goddcss o c|ild|irt|, t|c uarricd oucu's cstival, t|c Matroualia, ou

|ic| t|cy rcccivcd prcscuts aud spccial attcutious rou t|cir |us|auds, alt|oug| Gaius
laclius cauc latc to diuucr |ccausc |c |ad |ccu |usy ritiug a sccuc or |is ricud
1crcucc, t|is laclius as |uou as Sapicus, 't|c Visc', atcr |ac|iug aay rou a cou-
trovcrsial proposal or a sccrct |allot. Coutrariisc, t|c |ac|clor ioracc iuvitcs |is
ricud aud patrou Macccuas to joiu |iu iu cclc|ratiug it as t|c day ou |ic| |c |ad
uarroly cscapcd a alliug trcc.
z - David CoL, lC Valcs aud Luglaud)
L.., patrou saiut o Valcs, alays Dci iu Vcls|, |crcas t|c |i|lical |iug is Daydd.
iis day Dydd Dci) is t|c uatioual day, aud a rcd-lcttcr day, |ut ou t|c civil, uot t|c
ccclcsiastical calcudar. lu Valcs t|c Luiou nag is nou.) Alt|oug| t|crc arc rccrcuccs
to |iu rou t|c cig|t| ccutury ouards, |is lic datcs rou .., |ciug rittcu iu
ordcr to s|o t|at t|c scc o St David's as iudcpcudcut o Cautcr|ury, it ua|cs |iu
t|c sou o ouc Sauctus Saut) priucc o Cardigau Ccrcdigiou), |o rapcd a ouau
callcd iouua iou Mar.), t|at t|csc uaucs ucau rcspcctivcly 'saiut' aud 'uuu' docs
uot assist |clic. lt also assigus |iu ycars o lic, |ic| t|c iollaudists cucudcd to
, spccihcally rou latc to carly , citiug cvidcucc t|at St 1cilo scc lc|.), |o
cousccratcd |is succcssor, as dcad |y , t|c traditiou t|at |c dicd iu is uo uorc
rclia|lc t|au t|c talc t|at |c |adc |is pcoplc car lcc|s iu |attlc to distiuguis| t|cu
rou t|c Saxou cucuy, t|crc|y ua|iug it a uatioual cu|lcu. Morc pro|a|ly t|c lcc|,
au cu|lcu o Valcs, is associatcd it| St David aud |is day |ccausc it is provcr|ially
good to cat at t|is tiuc scc t|c provcr| quotcd carlicr).
Ou t|c cvc o St David's Day , |oucs discovcrcd iu t|c uiuctccut| ccutury aud
popularly |clicvcd to |c |is rclics crc ouud to |c too rcccut, t|c avourcd caudidatc
is uo St Caradog scc Apr.).
.: I:|.: II -), a rigid discipliuariau |o iu cxcouuuuicatcd t|c cupcror
Zcuo aud patriarc| Acacius o Coustautiuoplc or rcusiug to do |is |iddiug iu uattcrs
arisiug rou t|c C|ristological arguucuts o t|c day scc Mar.). Acacius rcspoudcd
to |is cxcouuuuicatiou |y ouittiug t|c iopc's uauc rou t|c 'diptyc|s', or list o
pcrsous pu|licly praycd or, iu turu, cvcu atcr t|c patriarc|'s dcat|, lclix rcuscd to
ua|c pcacc so loug as Acacius' uauc as iucludcd iu t|cu, t|c sc|isu as uot cudcd
till .
1|is day as t|c ocial |cgiuuiug o t|c ycar iu \cuicc, aud iu lussia dou to t|c
ourtccut| ccutury, it as also rcc|oucd iu Old Stylc) t|c hrst uout| o t|c Ottouau
huaucial ycar scc ll Ms|.o C.|:..r. 1r|:,). 1|c lrau|s couutcd t|c ycar rou it, so
loug as t|cy |cpt t|cir aucicut auuual uustcr t|cu, |ut ccascd to do so |cu t|c cus-
tou as a|audoucd iu t|c cig|t| ccutury.
1|c Grcc|s rcgard Marc| as t|c hrst day o huc cat|cr. A 'Marc|-t|rcad' is lct
out ovcruig|t ou a rosc|us|, t|cu oru ou t|c rist or t|c grcat toc typically uutil
Lastcr Day, atcr |ic| it is rcturucd to t|c |us|, it is supposcd to protcct t|c carcr.
St |o|u C|rysostou couplaius o t|c rcd t|rcad aud ot|cr auulcts iucludiug |clls)

|uug ou c|ildrcu to protcct t|cu, oollcu t|rcads to ard o cvil crc oru |y t|c
iuitiatcs iu t|c Llcusiuiau Mystcrics at At|cus. A siuilar custou as o|scrvcd iu
C|iua iu t|c ht| luuar uout|.) lu t|c Dodccaucsc aud clsc|crc c|ildrcu go rouud
it| au cgy o a sallo, siugiug a soug iu |ouour o t|c |ird aud t|c huc cat|cr
it |riugs, aud |cggiug ood at cac| |ousc, t|is pcrpctuatcs a custou attcstcd or aucicut
l|odcs. Ou t|c ot|cr |aud t|c hrst t|rcc days o Marc| arc also |uou as 's|arp days'
ouc s|ould uot as| clot|cs, or t|cy ill car out, uor c|op ood, or it ill rot, uor
|at|c, or ouc's |air ill all out.
Villiau iryuuc, iu |is vc|cucut iuvcctivc agaiust playgoiug, H.s:r..~M.s:.:. 1|:
|.,:rs `..r:, .r, J.:.rs 1r...: loudou, ), quotcs t|c olloiug rou |at |c calls
't|c sixtccut| ilay-coudcuuiug Couuccll . . . t|c sixt| Couuccll o Coustautiuoplc,
Auuo Douiui ' pp. -)
Cau. . 1|osc t|iugs t|at arc callcd ialcuds, aud t|osc t|at arc uaucd iutcr is|cs .:.
|ro.|..), aud t|at ucctiug |ic| is uadc upou t|c hrst day o Marc|, cc ill s|all |cc |olly
ta|cu aay out o t|c Citty o t|c ait|ull as also c |olly or|id aud cxpcll t|c pu|li|c dau-
ciug o oucu |riugiug uuc| |urt aud dcstructiou aud li|cisc t|osc dauccs aud uystcrics t|at
arc uadc iu t|c uauc o t|osc, |o arc alsly uaucd Gods auoug t|c Gracciaus, or iu t|c uauc
o ucu aud oucu, atcr t|c aucicut uauucr, arrc dicriug rou t|c lic o C|ristiaus
ordaiuiug t|at uo uau s|all |cuccort| |cc clot|cd iu ouaus apparcll, uor uo ouau iu uaus
aray. icit|cr uay auy ouc put ou couicall, satyricall or tragicall vi.ards iu Lutcrludcs, ucit|cr
uay t|cy iuvocatc t|c uauc o cxccra|lc iacc|us, |cu as t|cy prcssc t|cir grapcs iu iucprcsscs,
ucit|cr pouriug out iuc iu tu||cs, uay t|cy provo|c laug|tcr, cxcrcisiug t|osc t|iugs t|roug|
iguoraucc or vauity |ic| procccd rou t|c iuposturc o t|c Divcl.
lu Dcvou t|c hrst t|rcc days iu Marc| crc callcd '|liud days', so uuluc|y crc t|cy
cousidcrcd t|at uo arucr ould so sccd ou auy o t|c t|rcc.
`: L..`s L.,. Vcariug o lcc|s ou St David's Day
. Your graudat|cr o auous ucuory, au't plcasc your uajcsty, aud your
grcat-uuclc, Ldard t|c ilac| iriucc o Valcs, as l |avc rcad iu t|c c|rouiclcs,
oug|t a uost pravc pattlc |crc iu lraucc.
. 1|cy did, llucllcu.
. Your uajcsty says vcry truc. l your uajcstics is rcucu|crcd o it, t|c
Vcls|ucu did good scrvicc iu a gardcu |crc lcc|s did gro, cariug lcc|s iu t|cir
Mouuout| caps, |ic| your uajcsty |uo to t|is |our is au |ououra|lc |adgc o
t|c scrvicc. Aud l do |clicvc your uajcsty ta|cs uo scoru to car t|c lcc| upou Saiut
1avy's Day.
. l car it or a ucuora|lc |ouour,
lor l au Vcls|, you |uo, good couutryuau. H:.r, J, . vii. -
Villiau Sc|clliu|s, a visitiug Dutc|uau, itucsscs St David's Day iu loudou iu
Ou t|c hrst o Marc| old stylc, |ciug St. David's Day, t|c day o t|c patrou saiut o Valcs, |cu
accordiug to aucicut custou, all pcoplc |oru iu t|at priucipality put a lcc| iu t|c |aud o t|cir
|ats. 1|at is supposcd to |c iu ucuory o a |attlc oug|t aud ou |y t|cu ou St. David's Day,
iu |ic| t|cy orc t|cu as a uar| to distiuguis| t|cusclvcs rou t|cir cucuics. So iis Majcsty

aud uauy grcat lords aud gcutlcucu, couuou pcoplc, aud cvcu lac|cys, coac|ucu, portcrs, aud
all |iuds o ri-ra aud laya|outs car ouc ou t|cir |ats.
N3. 1|c occ to hx t|c lcc| to t|c iiug's |at ou t|is day is ort| guildcrs.
Vc sa souc couutryol| carry suc| largc lcc|s ou t|cir |ats t|at t|cir |cads |uug aluost
sidcays |ccausc o t|cu. Aud so ou t|is day t|c Vcls|ucu arc grcatly tcascd |y t|c Luglis|,
uot ouly |y calliug atcr t|cu 1acy, 1acy, or David, David, |ut also |y |augiug out all |iuds
o dolls aud scarccros it| lcc|s ou t|cir |cads, aud as t|cy cclc|ratc t|c day it| |cavy |oo.-
iug, aud |ot| sidcs, rou t|c alc, stroug |ccr, sac| aud clarct, |ccouc s|ort-tcupcrcd, o|stiuatc,
aud ild, so it is uot otcu t|at t|is day gocs |y it|out uis|aps, aud it|out ouc or t|c ot|cr
gcttiug iuto au arguucut or a |lood hg|t. 1|us it |appcucd t|is ycar t|at ucar Vcstuiustcr a
Vcls| uo|lcuau sta||cd au Luglis|uau. So too au Luglis| coo|, |o, or uu, stuc| a lcc| ou
|is |at aud addrcsscd, as a cllo couutryuau, a grcat lord, a Vcls|uau, |o passcd |y it| |is
suitc, |o rcspoudcd iu Vcls|, |ic| is as dicrcut rou Luglis| as lrcuc| is rou Dutc|.
V|cu t|c coo| rcplicd succriugly iu Luglis|, t|c lord cut or |iu, t|c coo| ncd iuto |is s|op
aud gra||cd a spit rou t|c hrc aud it| t|is attac|cd t|c Vcls|uau, |o, supportcd |y |is scr-
vauts it| t|cir rapicrs, all turucd agaiust t|c coo|, |o as iuucdiatcly |clpcd |y all sorts o
ra||lc, t|roiug dirt aud ot|cr t|iugs, so t|at iu t|c cud |c as coupcllcd to rctrcat, aud, t|c
urorc gcttiug grcatcr, |c as orccd to ta|c to t|c atcr, aud, alt|oug| |c |ad got |clp, t|c uo|,
hg|tiug uriously, got iuto t|c |oat, aud i iis Majcsty |ad uot scut |clp quic|ly |y atcr, t|cy
could casily |avc |ccu |illcd. Sc|clliu|s,
z

... JI N...s M.r:..s L
. `...: J.|:.:..:`s L., ..s: |:..s .. .|.,
3: .. `...: C|. s. .. .. |..
z - - - LSA, 1cxas 1cxas ludcpcudcucc Day rou
Mcxico, )
z - C|ad CoL)
C|., iu Old Luglis| Ccadda, prououuccd C|ad-da d. ), hrst |is|op o Mcrcia aud
liudscy at lic|hcld, |rot|cr o St Ccdd scc Oct.). lrrcgularly cousccratcd |is|op
o Yor| duriug St Vilrid's a|scucc scc Oct.), |c as dcprivcd |y Arc||is|op
1|codorc Scpt.), |ut givcu t|c cousolatiou pri.c o lic|hcld, |crc |c ouudcd a
uouastcry. \cucratiou as a saiut |cgau soou atcr |is dcat|, iu lrclaud St Lg|crt scc
Apr.) rcportcd a visiou o C|ad's soul cscortcd to |cavcu |y Ccdd aud a coluuu o
augcls. ic is patrou saiut o ucdiciual spriugs, St C|ad's Vcll, iu lic|hcld, is so uaucd
rou t|c stouc iu t|c |ottou, 'ou |ic|, souc say, St C|ad as out, ua|cd, to staud
iu t|c atcr aud pray'. iot iuappropriatcly, lic|hcld as t|c |ouc o Sir |o|u lloycr,
aut|or o J. Lss., :. r.: C.| 3.:|.. |.:| `.;: .. bs:;| ), |c dcscri|cs St C|ad
pp. -) as

ouc o t|c hrst Couvcrtcrs o our iatiou, aud uscd luucrsiou iu t|c iaptisu o t|c `.:..s.
Aud t|c Vcll ucar `:., |ic| uay |car |is iauc, as pro|a|ly |is iaptistcry, it |ciug dccp
cuoug| or luucrsiou, aud couvcuicutly scatcd ucar t|at C|urc|, aud t|at |as t|c lcputatiou
o curiug Sorc Lycs, Sca|s, ~c. as uost ioly Vclls iu L.|.. do, |ic| got t|at iauc rou t|c
iapti.iug t|c hrst C|ristiaus iu t|cu, aud to t|c Mcuory o t|c ioly iis|ops |o |apti.cd iu
t|cu, t|cy crc couuouly dcdicatcd, aud callcd |y t|cir iaucs.
N..|.|.s :. ..-), |csuit lay |rot|cr aud uartyr. ioru to a rccusaut auily, aud
a carpcutcr |y traiuiug, |c spcciali.cd iu |uildiug pricst-|olcs, iu ouc o |ic| |c |iu-
scl |ad to |idc it|out ood or to cc|s. Giviug |iuscl up to dcncct attcutiou
rou pricsts, |c as torturcd aud cvcutually dicd ou t|c rac|, rcusiug to rcvcal auy
uaucs.
z

... J N...s M.r:..s l
z - - - iulgaria li|cratiou Day rou Ottouau rulc,
) uatioual day)
|apau icac| lcstival Mouo uo sc||u) or Dolls' lcstival iirauatsuri), solar
cquivalcut o C|iucsc iutogoug ou t|c t|ird day o t|c t|ird luuar uout|
LSA, llorida Aduissiou Day t| statc, )
z -
I...:, ido o ioly louau Lupcror icury ll -), dicd as a uuu , cau-
oui.cd iu . 1|cir c|ildlcss uuiou as couvcrtcd |y |agiograp|crs, li|c t|at o Ld-
ard t|c Coucssor aud Ldit| Godiusdaug|tcr scc Oct.), iuto a o.r..: ||..., iu a
urt|cr iuprovcucut, iuuiguudc as said to |avc provcd |cr virgiuity |y al|iug ovcr
tclvc rcd-|ot ploug|s|arcs-a tcst t|at t|c Cuugoudc o \oltairc's C...: ould uu-
dou|tcdly |avc ailcd. S|c is uo gcucrally cultcd togct|cr it| |cr |us|aud ou |uly.
Clcucut Xl uaucd |cr as a patrou o lit|uauia iu , s|c as dccrccd patrou o
luxcu|ourg iu .
N.., uot|cr o St David scc Mar.), |cr cll, ou t|c icu|ro|cs|irc coast, crcditcd
it| |caliug pocrs aud tidal no, as ouud ou |ciug clcaucd iu to |avc |ccu a
rcccptaclc or coius. lt as rcstorcd |y t|c lC C|urc| iu Valcs aud rcdcdicatcd it| a
pilgriuagc iu |uly . A ucar|y irou.c Agc stouc circlc is said to |car t|c iupriut o
t|c hugcrs it| |ic| St iou grippcd it duriug la|our.

z

... IJ N...s M.r:..s G
z - - - LSA Coustitutiou Day )
LSA, \cruout Aduissiou Day t| statc, )
z - Casiuir o iolaud lC)
C.s.o.r ia.iuicr.) -), sou o t|c iolis| |iug ia.iuicr. l\, |oru Octo|cr
. Llcctcd |iug o iuugary |y a actiou o t|c uaguatcs, |c as dccatcd |y Matt|ias
Corviuus aud dcvotcd |iuscl to a lic o ccli|acy aud austcrity, |c dicd at Viluo
\iluius iu lit|uauia) ou Marc| . Miraclcs occurrcd at |is tou|, |c as cauou-
i.cd iu . 1|c Mariau |yuu 'Ouui dic dic Mariac' is rougly ascri|cd to |iu. ic
as dccrccd patrou o lit|uauia iu , aud ouc o t|c c|ic patrous o lussia iu .
1|c sayiug t|at Marc| otcu coucs iu li|c a liou is couuou to Luglaud aud iort|
Aucrica
I. L.r|.:s: `r..
1ossiug |is uauc o suos iu ildcst cddics aud tauglcs,
liou-li|c, Marc| couct| iu, |oarsc, it| tcupcstuous |rcat|,
1|roug| all t|c uoauiug c|iuucys, aud t|art all t|c |ollos aud auglcs
louud t|c s|uddcriug |ousc, t|rcatiug o iutcr aud dcat|.
iut iu uy |cart l ccl t|c lic o t|c ood aud t|c ucado
1|rilliug t|c pulscs t|at ou |iudrcd it| h|rcs t|at lit
iud aud |ladc to t|c suuard, it|iu t|c iuscruta|lc s|ado,
Dccp iu t|c oa|'s c|ill corc, uudcr t|c gat|criug drit.
iay, to cart|'s lic iu uiuc souc prcscicucc, or drcau, or dcsirc
io s|all l uauc it arig|t.) coucs or a uoucut aud gocs,-
lapturc o lic iuca|lc, pcrcct,-as i iu t|c |ricr,
lcancss t|crc |y uy door, trcu|lcd a scusc o t|c rosc.
Villiau Dcau ioclls -)
z

... III N...s M.r:..s A
z -
C:r.s.os d. ..), a uou| |o travcllcd rou lycia to ialcstiuc, |crc |c ouudcd ou
t|c |au|s o t|c |ordau a lavra t|at |ccauc sccoud iu si.c to St Sa|as' scc Dcc.). ic
is said to |avc drau a t|oru rou t|c pa o a liou t|at t|crcatcr |ccauc |is

coupauiou, t|is talc, latcr told o St |crouc, rccalls t|at o Audroclcs, rccordcd iu t|c
carly hrst ccutury |y t|c scl-pu|lici.iug uau o lcttcrs Apiou o Alcxaudria, |o
claiucd to |avc pcrsoually itucsscd t|c liou's rccoguitiou o |is |cucactor iu t|c
aup|it|catrc at louc. iut |crcas Audroclcs as cd |y t|c gratcul |cast ou c|oicc
portious o |is |ill, Gcrasiuus uadc |is pct cat |rcad aud ct pulscs.
C..r.. t|-t| c.), Auglici.cd to iicrau, 't|c hrst-|oru o t|c saiuts o lrclaud', said
to |avc |ccu ordaiucd |is|op o Ossory |y St iatric|, |c ouudcd t|c uouastcry o
Saig|ir at |ic| t|c |iugs o Ossory crc |uricd. lcgcud |as |iu assistcd iu t|c |uild-
iug |y a ol, a |adgcr, aud a ox, |cu t|c ox uadc o it| |is s|ocs, t|c ol aud
t|c |adgcr |roug|t |iu |ac| to |c rc|u|cd aud s|rivcu.
.r.. or icrrau d. ..), au lris| uou| |o cut to uort| Coruall, icrrauport| is
uaucd atcr |iu. ic as popular iu t|c Middlc Agcs, |cu pilgriuagcs crc uadc to
t|c sitc o |is |cruitagc. ic is patrou saiut o Coruis| tiuuiucrs.
lu Dcuuar|, pcasauts crc cxpcctcd to ploug| t|c lord's laud ou t|is day.
N...o Is..s, t|c voyagc o lsis to i|ocuicia, t|c start o t|c sailiug scasou. Auoug
t|c Grcc|s aud louaus lsis acquircd a cousidcra|lc cult as a goddcss o t|c sca aud
sailiug, t|c \irgiu Mary uay oc t|c titlc `::||. M.r.s to |cr, as s|c docs uuc| clsc.
3.s:.. M.ss..r:, . 1|crc |ad |ccu clas|cs |ctccu t|c pcoplc o iostou aud iritis|
troops cvcr siucc t|c lattcr |ad |ccu quartcrcd t|crc iu , |ut |cu Captaiu ircstou
o t|c t| lcgiucut aud scvcu o |is ucu crc pcltcd it| stoucs aud suo|alls iu
iiug Strcct |y a crod o souc hty or sixty, t|cy opcucd hrc, |illiug t|rcc pcrsous, ouc
o t|cu, Crispus Attuc|s, is couuouly t|oug|t to |avc |ccu |lac|. lu t|c acc o augry
protcst t|c troops crc it|drau, alt|oug| at t|c su|scqucut uurdcr trial-iu |ic|
t|c dccudiug couuscl crc |o|u Adaus aud |osia| Quiucy-ouly to o t|c soldicrs
crc couvictcd aud t|cy ouly o uauslaug|tcr, t|c ccliug arouscd |y t|c iucidcut
grcatly iucrcascd t|c colouists' rcscutucut.
z

r..: N...s M.r:..s i
z - - - G|aua ludcpcudcucc Day rou Grcat iritaiu,
)
z - lorucrly SS icrpctua aud lclicity scc Mar.)
C.|:::: -), lrauciscau uuu aud rcorucr. Daug|tcr o a carpcutcr at t|c a||cy
o Cor|ic iu iicardy, |cu orp|aucd at s|c |ccauc a lrauciscau tcrtiary aud |cruit
closc to t|c a||cy, |crc s|c as rcuoucd or |cr austcrity. \isious dircctcd |cr to rc-
oru t|c uuus o t|c ioor Clarcs to strictcr o|scrvaucc, s|c cucouutcrcd uuc| rcsistaucc

uutil s|c gaiucd t|c support o t|c Aviguou auti)popc icucdict Xlll, aud cut ou to
ouud scvcutccu uc couvcuts aud rcoru ot|crs.
C,..|r, daug|tcr o t|c pagau Mcrciau |iug icuda aud |us|aud o Alcrit|, t|c
sou o iiug Osiu o iort|uu|ria, ouudcr o t|c couvcut o Castor iort|auts),
d. .. aud succccdcd as a||css |y |cr sistcr Cyucsit|. 1|cir rclics crc trauslatcd iu
to ictcr|oroug| togct|cr it| ouc o St 1i||a, pcr|aps t|cir |iusouau, au au-
c|orcss o ly|all iu lutlaud uuc| |ouourcd |corc t|c lcoruatiou |y t|c olcrs
aud alcoucrs o t|at couuty.
losc o \itcr|o |ouourcd |y t|c local c|urc| scc Scpt.).
J|.o. L.,. 1|c lrauciscau uissiou o t|c Alauo, garrisoucd |y t|c 1cxaus, as
storucd |y Gcu. Sauta Aua, |o s|ot t|c hvc surviviug dccudcrs iucludiug Captaiu
David Croc|ctt) iu cold |lood, t|c iuuriatcd 1cxaus rallicd aud capturcd Sauta Aua at
t|c |attlc o Sau |aciuto ou April.
z

N...: M.r:..: C
z - icrpctua iCi), icrpctua aud lclicity CY, lC), orucrly 1|ouas
Aquiuas scc |au.)
:r::. aud coupauious d. ), uartyrs o Cart|agc, crc arrcstcd uudcr a dccrcc o
t|c cupcror Scptiuius Scvcrus or|iddiug uc couvcrsious to C|ristiauity. 1|c youug
uot|cr icrpctua, |cr prcguaut slavc lclicity, aud t|rcc ualc coupauious crc iu-
prisoucd, t|cu lcd to t|c Gaucs, |crc t|c oucu crc accd it| a uad |cicr, t|c
ucu it| lcopards aud |cars. icrpctua as so ccstatic t|at s|c did uot rcali.c s|c |ad
|ccu t|rou aud iujurcd. 1|c uartyrs crc t|cu |illcd |y gladiators, icrpctua |clpiug
t|c s|a|iug |aud o |cr cxccutioucr |y guidiug t|c |ladc to |cr t|roat. lclicity |ad
praycd succcssully to givc |irt| carly so t|at s|c uig|t sucr uartyrdou it| |cr cou-
pauious. icrpctua's ou acctiug accouut o |cr iuprisouucut aud visious survivcs, to-
gct|cr it| a coutcuporary aud vcry ull dcscriptiou o t|c uartyrdou, |ic| |ccauc
idcly |uou aud as iunucutial ou latcr accouuts o uartyrs. 1|is is t|c datc o
cxccutiou, aud is t|c day assigucd t|c cast iu t|c ..s.....s scc App. D), |ut t|c lC
C|urc| uovcd it to t|c t| |corc rcstoriug t|c t| iu .
lu Gcorgia, t|is day iu couuou ycars, aud t|c t| iu lcap ycar, is t|c cast o t|c iiuc
ioly C|ildrcu lc|. OS), |o iusistcd ou |ciug |apti.cd agaiust t|cir |cat|cu par-
cuts' is|cs aud paid t|c pcualty o uartyrdou.
iaul lll grautcd t|c lcast o t|c Lspousals o Our lady to t|c lrauciscaus iu , sct-
tiug t|c datc as Marc|, souc dioccscs cclc|ratcd it ou |auuary.

H:r `.s.|s
Vic did s|c livc, yct virgiu did s|c dic,
Lutouc|t o uau yct uot|cr o a souuc,
1o savc |cr sclc aud c|ild rou atall lic,
1o cud t|c c| |cro t|c t|rcd as spouuc
lu uariagc |uots to j.s:| s|cc as tidc,
Luoutcd or|cs it| outcd vcilcs to |idc.
God lcut |is iaradisc to j.s:|s carc
V|crciu |c as to plaut t|c trcc o lic,
iis souuc o j.s:|s c|ild t|c titlc |arc
|ust causc to ua|c t|c uot|cr j.s:|s ic.
O |lcsscd uau |ctrot|'d to suc| a spousc,
Morc |lcss'd to livc it| suc| a c|ildc iu |ousc.
io caruall lovc t|is sacrcd lcaguc procurdc,
All vaiuc dclig|ts crc arrc rou t|cir asscut,
1|oug| |ot| iu cdloc|c |audcs t|cusclvcs assurdc,
Yct strcitc |y vo t|cy scald t|cir c|ast iutcut.
1|us |ad s|c \irgius, ivcs, aud idocs crouc
Aud |y c|ast c|ild-|irt| du|lcd |cr rcuouc.
lo|crt Sout|cll .-)
z

... JIII Is M.r:..s D
z - Ldard iiug CY), |o|u o God lC)
L.r I.. -), t|oug|t cxccssivcly pious as au uudcrgraduatc, |ccauc curatc
at V|catlcy ucar Oxord iu , c|aplaiu o t|c t|cological collcgc at Cuddcsdou iu
, lcgius irocssor o iastoral 1|cology at Oxord iu , aud |is|op o liucolu
iu , t|c last to appoiutucuts crc uadc, dcspitc political dicrcuccs, |y Glad-
stouc, |osc sou Stcp|cu |ad |ccu iiug's studcut at Cuddcsdou. lu iiug as citcd
|corc t|c Arc||is|op o Cautcr|ury or ritualistic practiccs at t|c couuuuiou scrvicc,
|cu to ycars latcr t|c casc cauc to trial, uost o t|cu iucludiug t|c J.s L:. atcr
cousccratiou, |ut uot t|c sigu o t|c Cross at a|solutiou aud |lcssiug) crc ouud to
|c laul. 1|is 'liucolu |udgcucut' as up|cld iu |y t|c |udicial Couuittcc o
t|c irivy Couucil. iiug as uo cxtrcuc iig| C|urc|uau, cvcu sauctiouiug t|c rcuar-
riagc iu c|urc| o t|c iuuoccut party to a divorcc, |ut |c as a stauuc| Couscrvativc
|o s|ortly |corc |is dcat| votcd iu t|c iousc o lords or t|c uotiou to aucud t|c
iudgct iu dchaucc o coustitutioual couvcutiou.
j.|. .; C. |uau dc Dios, -), ouudcr o t|c irot|crs iospitallcrs. A uativc o
iortugal, |c as iu succcssiou a soldicr or Spaiu, a s|cp|crd, a pcdlar o sacrcd |oo|s,
aud a ucrc|aut it| a s|op iu Grauada. At t|c agc o |c cut uad aud gavc aay

all |is |oo|s. Lpou |is rccovcry, t|c prcac|cr |o|u o Avila pcrsuadcd |iu to opcu a
|ospital or t|c poor aud sic|, a tas| |c uudcrtoo| it| .cal aud succcss. Atcr |is
dcat| |is ollocrs orgaui.cd t|cusclvcs iuto a rcligious ordcr. ic is patrou o |os-
pitals, uurscs, |cart paticuts, aud t|c sic|, aud also o |oo|scllcrs aud priutcrs.
I.::r..:....| h.o:.`s L.,, dccrccd iu at t|c Sccoud lutcruatioual Socialist Voucu's
Coucrcucc iu Copcu|agcu ou t|c proposal o Clara Zct|iu, latcr a Couuuuist dcputy
to t|c lcic|stag, aud hrst |cpt iu |y couradcs iu Gcruauy, Austria-iuugary,
Sit.crlaud, aud Dcuuar|, latcr joiucd |y t|osc clsc|crc, at hrst t|c datc varicd,
it|iu Marc|, rou couutry to couutry, |ut rou ouards o|scrvatiou as scttlcd
ou t|c t|. lor uauy dccadcs t|c day as c|icny |ouourcd iu t|c Sovict Luiou aud its
satcllitcs, uorc rcccutly, t|c collapsc o its spousor |as pcruittcd its sprcad, particu-
larly iu t|c Luitcd Statcs. iut it is also sacrcd to t|c uisogyuistic lris| saiut Scuau
d. ), ouudcr o t|c uouastcry ou Slattcry lslaud, |o ould allo uo ouau ou
s|orc, |cu t|c saiutly Cauucra, closc to dcat|, dcsircd to rcccivc t|c viaticuu rou
|iuaud |c |uricd t|crc, |c ould uot lct |cr laud |ocvcr purc |cr soul uig|t |c, aud
|adc |cr dcpart. S|c rcplicd s|c ould dic hrst, did so, aud as duly |uricd ou t|c
islaud.
z

... JII Is M.r:..s L
z - - - icli.c iarou iliss Day iu |ouour o |cuc-
actor, Sir icury Ldard Lrucst \ictor iliss) pu|lic |oliday)
z - lrauccs o louc lC), lorty Martyrs o Sc|astc Ort|., t| lC)
Ir...:s .; .o: -), ido. S|c aud |cr sistcr-iu-la, rou a cll-to-do auily
iu 1rastcvcrc, dcvotcd t|cusclvcs to |clpiug t|c poor aud uursiug t|c sic|, or| t|at
s|c coutiuucd cvcu t|oug| |cr auily aud propcrty sucrcd grcatly iu t|c iuvasiou o
louc |y ladislaus o iaplcs. lu s|c ouudcd a socicty o li|c-uiudcd oucu,
uodcllcd ou t|c lulc o icucdict, |ut it|out vos, to or| auoug t|c poor. Lpou
t|c dcat| o |cr |us|aud lrauccs |ccauc |cad o t|c O|latcs o Mary, latcr |uou as
t|c O|latcs o 1or dc' Spccc|i. lor scvcral ycars s|c |ad a coutiuuous visiou o |cr
guardiau augcl cua|liug |cr to scc at uig|t), |ic| pcr|aps cxplaius iius Xl's dccisiou
to dcclarc |cr patrou o louau uotorists, t|c dccrcc as couhrucd iu .
1|: I.r:, M.r:,rs .; `:|.s:: Sivas) crc C|ristiau soldicrs o lcgio Xll luluiuata cxc-
cutcd or t|cir ait| .. |y t|c cupcror liciuius, |o |aviug turucd agaiust |is col-
lcaguc Coustautiuc suspcctcd C|ristiaus o disloyalty, t|cy crc uadc to staud ua|cd
iu t|c opcu air ou a cold iutcr's uig|t. 1|cy arc cclc|ratcd |y dis|cs iu |ic| t|c

uuu|cr is iuvolvcd orty laycrs o pastry, orty dicrcut |cr|s or graius, orty pau-
ca|cs, ctc.
1|c uartyrs' uuit, |osc |asc lay to t|c sout|-cast at Mclitcuc uo Malatya), is
uouc ot|cr t|au t|c uotorious '1|uudcriug lcgiou' o |agiograp|ical hctiou. lu
a louau aruy, cucirclcd souc|crc iu |at is uo Slova|ia, as sucriug rou |cat
aud t|irst |cu a suddcu raiustoru savcd it, as t|c ucu drau|, t|c cucuy attac|cd, ouly
to |c suittcu |y |ail aud t|uudcr. Ocial crcdit as givcu to t|c Lgyptiau god 1|ot|,
idcutihcd it| t|c Grcc| icrucs aud louau Mcrcury, popular |clic ascri|cd t|c
uiraclc to t|c cupcror's ou virtucs, |ut C|ristiaus asscrtcd t|at t|c raiu |ad couc iu
rcspousc to t|c praycrs o C|ristiau soldicrs, aud claiucd t|at t|c cupcror |ad
ac|uolcdgcd so uuc| iu |is rcport to Scuatc aud icoplc a docuucut to t|at ccct
as latcr orgcd). Souc ritcrs assigu t|c C|ristiau soldicrs to t|c lcgiou rou
Mclitcuc, said to |avc carucd t|c uauc 'luluiuata' as a rcsult, iu act it |ad |oruc t|at
uauc or ovcr a ccutury, uor is t|crc iudcpcudcut cvidcucc t|at it too| part iu t|is ar.
lor auot|cr lcgiou postcd ar rou |ouc |y lcgcud, scc Scptcu|cr.
C.:|:r..: .; 3.|... Catcriua \igri). ioru iu iologua iu , s|c |ccauc a coupauiou
o Margarcta d'Lstc iu lcrrara, |crc s|c rcccivcd a |uuauistic cducatiou. lu s|c
cutcrcd t|c ucly ouudcd couvcut o ioor Clarcs iu iologua, |crc s|c |ccauc a||css
iu . iuou or |cr uystic visious, s|c as also a paiutcr, uiuiaturist, aud poct, aud
aut|or o a dcvotioual trcatisc. S|c dicd iu . icr ..|::., |ic| s|c uscd iu |cr
dcvotious, |as |ccu prcscrvcd iu its origiual statc iu |cr s|riuc, a rarc cxauplc o au uu-
rcstorcd htccut|-ccutury striug iustruucut. icr |ody as ouud to |c iucorrupt cig|t-
ccu days atcr |urial aud as rcuovcd to |cr c|urc|, Corpus Douiui iu iologua. lu
, siucc |cr |ody as still ncxi|lc, t|c uuus dccidcd to placc |cr iu a c|air, |crc-
upou s|c iuucdiatcly grc sti t|c a||css t|cu couuaudcd |cr ou |cr o|cdicucc to
sit, at |ic| s|c sat dou iu t|c positiou |crc s|c rcuaius today. Siucc t|c htccut|
ccutury s|c |as drau uauy visitors. icr |ody as ouc o t|c aucd sig|ts iu
scvcutccut|-ccutury iologua, t|c Luglis|uau lraucis Mortot rccords |is disappoiut-
ucut at ailiug to vic it ou April
lu t|is Citty is to |c sccuc t|c iody o A iuuu callcd Sauta Cat|criua, |o t|oug| dcad a|out
ycarcs agoc, yct |cr iody, as is rcportcd rcuaiucs iu as pcrcct a s|apc as t|oug| s|c crc
liuiug, |cr cycs also loo|iug as liucly aud |rig|t as auy liuiug pcrsous, t|cy rcport uauy straugc
storycs aud uiraclcs t|at s|c dot|, s|c auts uot pcrsous dayly to visit |cr, ~ Most o t|osc y
t
visit |cr. orgct uot to pcroruc t|cir dcuotious |corc t|is dcad iody. Vcc crc to scc t|is
uiraclc, |ut it |ciug a day |crcou t|cy vsc to c|augc |cr cloat|cs cc could uot scc it, uulcssc
cc cauc to |ocrs atcr, |ic| tyuc uot pcruittiug vs. so t|at cc cut out o y
c
1ouc it|-
out scciug t|is iody, |ic| is accouutcd ouc o y
c
oudcrullcst t|iugs iu ltaly.
Mortot, o.
r
lu ioray, as t|c cat|cr is ou t|is day, so it is said) it ill |c or t|c ucxt orty days.

z

... JI Is M.r:..s l
ili t|c iriucc Ldard |oru , t|c Luiou nag is nou
z - |o|u Ogilvic lC Scotlaud)
j.|. .|.: -), |csuit pricst aud uartyr. ioru iu Scotlaud aud raiscd as a Calviu-
ist, |c turucd louau Cat|olic |ilc studyiug iu lraucc aud cvcutually |ccauc a |csuit.
Atcr or|iug iu Austria aud iaris |c rcturucd to Scotlaud iu , |crc |c as arrcstcd
or propagatiug t|c louau Cat|olic ait| aud torturcd iu a vaiu attcupt to ua|c |iu
iuplicatc ot|crs. latcr |c as tricd or |ig| trcasou, t|oug| |c rccogui.cd |aucs \l as
|iug, |c rcuscd to ac|uolcdgc |is spiritual jurisdictiou aud as |augcd.
.: `.o|...s -), rcsistcd attcupts |y Acacius, iatriarc| o Coustautiuoplc, to
o|taiu rccoguitiou o |is scc's parity it| louc, as votcd at t|c Couucil o C|alccdou,
iu , aud to couciliatc t|c uauy Lastcru oppoucuts o t|c C|ristological doctriuc dc-
tcruiucd at t|c sauc couucil, t|at C|rist as 'iu to uaturcs' diviuc aud |uuau). 1|c
patriarc|, sccurc iu t|c cupcror Zcuo's support, dcalt it| |is o|structiou |y iguoriug
it, iu Acacius produccd, aud Zcuo prouulgatcd, a couprouisc oruula or H: .. :.|..
'Luihcr') t|at satishcd t|c Lastcru patriarc|s-a pri.c iu t|c s|ort tcru cll ort|
t|c alicuatiou o louc iu au ltaly rulcd |y |crctical Gcruau arlords it|out
allcgiaucc to t|c cupirc, or iu Siuplicius' rcigu t|c last Vcstcru cupcror : ;..:.,
louulus Augustulus, as dcposcd iu , aud t|c last : ,r:, |ulius icpos, as
uurdcrcd iu .
z

... J Is M.r:..s G
z -
:.s :|: C|:: d. ..), 't|c iagiograp|cr', aut|or o t|c carlicst lris| uartyrology,
t|c I|.r: :.ss.. ioru iuto t|c royal |ousc o Llstcr aud cducatcd at t|c uouastcry
o Cloucuag|, Co. laois, |c |ccauc a |cruit, liviug a vcry austcrc lic, upou cutcriug
t|c uouastcry at 1allag|t |c |id |is idcutity aud lcaruiug till rccogui.cd |y a||ot Macl-
ruaiu scc |uly). ic colla|oratcd it| t|c a||ot ou t|c Martyrology o 1allag|t,
t|cu couplctcd |is ou vcrsc uartyrology.
1|c gccsc rcturu rou t|cir sout|cru uigratiou iu Marc| iu Viscousiu

Ouc sallo docs uot ua|c a suuucr, |ut ouc s|ciu o gccsc, clcaviug t|c uur| o a Marc|
t|a, is t|c spriug.
A cardiual, |istliug spriug to a t|a |ut latcr hudiug |iuscl uista|cu, cau rctricvc |is crror
|y rcsuuiug |is iutcr silcucc. A c|ipuuu|, cucrgiug or a suu|at| |ut hudiug a |li..ard, |as
ouly to go |ac| to |cd. iut a uigratiug goosc, sta|iug to |uudrcd uilcs o |lac| uig|t ou t|c
c|aucc o hudiug a |olc iu t|c la|c, |as uo casy c|aucc or rctrcat. iis arrival carrics t|c cou-
victiou o a prop|ct |o |as |urucd |is |ridgcs. . . .
1|c gccsc t|at proclaiu t|c scasous to our aru arc aarc o uauy t|iugs, iucludiug t|c Vis-
cousiu statutcs. 1|c sout|-|ouud iovcu|cr noc|s pass ovcr us |ig| aud |aug|ty, it| scarccly
a |ou| o rccoguitiou or t|cir avoritc saud|ars aud sloug|s. 'As a cro nics' is croo|cd cou-
parcd it| t|cir uudcviatiug aiu at t|c ucarcst |ig la|c tcuty uilcs to t|c sout|, |crc t|cy
loa |y day ou |road atcrs aud hlc| coru |y uig|t rou t|c rcs|ly cut stu||lcs. iovcu|cr
gccsc arc aarc t|at cvcry uars| aud poud |ristlcs rou dau till dar| it| |opcul guus.
Marc| gccsc arc a dicrcut story. Alt|oug| t|cy |avc |ccu s|ot at uost o t|c iutcr, as at-
tcstcd |y t|cir |uc|s|ot-|attcrcd piuious, t|cy |uo t|at t|c spriug trucc is uo iu ccct. 1|cy
iud t|c ox|os o t|c rivcr, cuttiug lo ovcr t|c uo guulcss poiuts aud islauds, aud ga||liug
to cac| saud|ar as to a loug-lost ricud. 1|cy cavc lo ovcr t|c uars|cs aud ucados, grcct-
iug cac| ucly ucltcd puddlc aud pool. liually, atcr a c r.~;.ro. circliugs o our uars|, t|cy
sct iug aud glidc silcutly to t|c poud, |lac| laudiug-gcar locrcd aud ruups |itc agaiust t|c
ar |ill. Oucc touc|iug atcr, our ucly arrivcd gucsts sct up a |ou|iug aud splas|iug t|at s|a|cs
t|c last t|oug|t o iutcr out o t|c |rittlc cattails. Our gccsc arc |ouc agaiu.
lcopold, -
z

... IJ Is M.r:..s A
`.: r....|s |.r: :.s :.o:|.:, .. .|| :|.: |: r.,,
3: s.: ..: :|: |.:: :.|| `. Cr:.r.:s .,.
1usscr
z - - - Mauritius ludcpcudcucc Day rou Grcat
iritaiu, )
z - Grcgory l iCi, lC uutil )
.: Cr:.r, I ..-), ourt| o t|c latiu Doctors o t|c C|urc|, |is titlc o Grcg-
ory t|c Grcat as rccogui.cd as cll dcscrvcd cvcu |y Gi||ou, uo ricud to popcs
1|c poutihcatc o Grcgory t|c Cr:.:, |ic| lastcd t|irtccu ycars, six uout|s, aud tcu days, is
ouc o t|c uost cdiyiug pcriods o t|c |istory o t|c c|urc|. iis virtucs, aud cvcu |is aults,
a siugular uixturc o siuplicity aud cuuuiug, o pridc aud |uuility, o scusc aud supcrstitiou,
crc |appily suitcd to |is statiou aud to t|c tcupcr o t|c tiucs. L:.|..: .. I.||, c|.
Yct louaus crc slo to rccogui.c |is ucrits iu t|c collcctiou o papal |iograp|ics
|uou as t|c L.|:r ..:.;..|.s |is cutry pro|a|ly rittcu iu ) is |riccr t|au t|osc o

ar lcss siguihcaut popcs. iy coutrast, iu lrclaud |is ritiugs uadc |iu Grcgory o t|c
Goldcu Mout| aud 'c|ic o t|c purc air Gacls' .:.. .. .C..:| .|..o.ss), it| au lris|
auccstry to |oot, |ut |is pcruaucut auc is duc to t|c Luglis|. iis hrst .:. as rittcu
.. |y a iort|uu|riau uou|, t|c 'Auouyuous o V|it|y', icdc dcvotcd a c|aptcr o
|is |istory to t|c topic. lrou Luglaud |is virtucs |ccauc |uou to t|c lrau|s.
ioru iuto au cuiucut louau auily, Grcgory scrvcd as prccct o t|c city ..-
|corc turuiug t|c auily uausiou iuto a uouastcry dcdicatcd to St Audrc aud
cutcriug it |iuscl, it is uo t|c c|urc| o Sau Grcgorio Maguo. iocvcr, |is talcuts
crc too grcat to |c lct uouldcriug iu pcrsoual |oliucss, succcssivc popcs uadc |iu
dcacou o louc aud ...r.s..r.s or papal rcprcscutativc iu iy.autiuu, |cucc |c rc-
turucd it| cu|auccd rcputatiou iu . Auidst |is dutics |c |ad ouud t|c tiuc to
|cgiu |is M.r.|.. ou t|c |oo| o |o|, a classic o latiu t|cology. Llcctcd popc iu ,
|c as accd it| auiuc, noods, plaguc, aud a lou|ard iuvasiou, |c uct t|cu it|
t|c |ig|cst aduiuistrativc aud diplouatic s|ills, rclicviug t|c carcs o occ |y ritiug
t|c our |oo|s o L..|.:s iu |ic| |c loviugly rclatcs suc| talcs o uiraclcs iu t|c livcs
o saiuts aud uartyrs as au carlicr agc |ad soug|t to |auis| rou t|c C|urc|. iis ot|cr
or|s iucludc t|c Cr. .s:.r.|.s or 'iastoral Carc' t|at iiug Alrcd as to trauslatc iuto
Luglis|. lt as Grcgory |o hrst stylcd |iuscl s:rs s:r.ro L:., 'scrvaut o t|c scr-
vauts o God'.
Grcgory's ritiugs s|o a couccru it| liturgical uattcrs, |ut or|id dcacous to siug,
lcst t|cy |c c|oscu or |cauty o voicc. iot|iug is said o auy uusical iutcrcsts ou |is
part till t|c latc scvcut| ccutury, |cu |c is iucludcd iu a list o popcs |o prcscri|cd
t|c cyclc o c|auts or t|c ycar, |ut partly t|roug| counatiou it| iopc Grcgory ll scc
lc|.) aud partly |ccausc |is uauc |ad |ccouc aut|oritativc, t|c c|aut uclodics uscd
iu uost louau c|urc|cs cauc iu t|c uiut| ccutury to |c |uou as Grcgoriau, |c as
said to |avc coupilcd t|c autip|oucr aud ouudcd t|c Sc|ola Cautoruu. 1|c dovc
cu|odyiug t|c ioly Spirit) said |y t|c Auouyuous o V|it|y to |avc dictatcd |is
couucutary ou L.c|icl as rcdcploycd iu ucdicval art to iustruct |iu iu t|c c|aut
uclodics, |c is a patrou saiut o uusic, as cll as o protcctiou agaiust t|c plaguc scc
Scpt.).
1|c Auouyuous rclatcs t|at Grcgory, |y |is tcars, |apti.cd t|c soul o t|c cupcror
1rajau, t|is as to |c a avouritc lcgcud iu t|c Middlc Agcs, as as |is causiug a iost
to |c trausorucd iuto a portiou o a littlc hugcr |cu t|c ouau |o |ad |a|cd it
rcuscd to |clicvc it could |c t|c iody o C|rist. 1|is is souctiucs |uou as t|c Mass
o St Grcgory, a tcru also applicd to t|c latcr lcgcud o |is rccciviug a visiou, uot sccu
|y |is attcudauts, o C|rist staudiug iu iis tou| surrouudcd |y t|c iustruucuts o t|c
iassiou.
iocvcr, Grcgory's auc auougst t|c Luglis| rcsts ou t|c couvcrsiou o t|c Auglcs
aud Saxous t|roug| Augustiuc, prior o St Audrc's scc May). 1o ycars carlicr
t|c iopc |ad ordcrcd a pricst to |uy Luglis| slavc-|oys to |c traiucd iu louau uouas-
tcrics. Accordiug to t|c Auouyuous, |ilc still a dcacou |c as|cd souc air-s|iuucd
aud air-|aircd yout|s, |ou icdc spccihcs as slavcs or salc, to |at uatiou t|cy |c-
lougcd, ou lcaruiug t|cy crc Auglcs, |c callcd t|cu augcls o God, aud |y siuilar

ord-play turucd t|c uauc o t|cir |ouclaud, t|c uort|cru Luglis| |iugdou o Dcira,
iuto : .r. 'savcd rou t|c rat| o God') aud o t|cir |iug, .lla, iuto J||:|... ic
|cggcd iopc icucdict l to scud |iu as a uissiouary to Luglaud, or pity t|at so |aud-
souc a racc s|ould pcoplc |cll, |ut as t|artcd |y pu|lic opiuiou, |ic| ould uot
lct |iu lcavc louc, siucc pu|lic opiuiou did uot prcvcut dcparturc or iy.autiuu, t|is
uust |c ucrc hctiou, cxplaiuiug t|c lac| o actiou iu a uauucr t|at docs |ouour to
Grcgory it|out auy ccusurc o icucdict. icdc ouits t|c urt|cr cu|cllis|ucut t|at
Grcgory as distur|cd iu |is jourucy |y a locust, |ic| |c too| or au oucu, |..s:.,
iu latc latiu prouuuciatiou, souudiug uuc| li|c |... s:., 'stay |crc you arc', t|is, li|c
Grcgory's puus aud |is attractiou to |loud iort| Luropcaus, is quitc iu t|c louau
traditiou, |ut dcpcuds ou |clic iu t|c a|ortivc uissiou. lu auy casc, it as uot to Dcira
t|at t|c uissiou as dispatc|cd, |ut to icut, |crc iiug Lt|cl|crt scc lc|.) |ad
a C|ristiau ic, |ut our ycars latcr Grcgory scut rciuorccucuts, ouc o |ou, iauli-
uus scc Oct.), couvcrtcd t|c sou o t|at iiug .lla |osc su|jccts Grcgory is said
to |avc aduircd.
`: Cr:.r,`s L.,. lu 'ruuic' calcudars-|cttcr callcd syu|olic, siucc uot all arc ruuic-
t|is day is uar|cd it| a dovc, ouc o St Grcgory's attri|utcs, rciutcrprctcd as a cro,
|osc iulaud uigratiou is a sigu o spriug, |ut c also hud a syu|ol otcu ta|cu to
rcprcscut strips o laud to |c uauurcd ou t|is day |ut pcr|aps origiually iutcudcd or
a |oo|, rou t|c sauc cousidcratiou t|at iuduccd Olaus Voru to uar| t|is day iu |is
iuprovcd Dauis| calcudar it| a sc|ooluastcr carryiug cauc aud |irc| as a coutcu-
porary trauslatcd |is cxplauatiou
lt is |ccaus at t|at tiuc as |cciug a|out t|c |cgiuuiug o t|c Spriug) t|cy usc to scud t|cir c|il-
drcu hrst to Sc|ool. J: s:rs:.:..s. s.: ,..o, c. aud sou arc so supcrstitiously givcu as upou
t|is uig|t to |avc t|cir c|ildrcu as|cd t|c qucstiou iu t|cir slccp, |ct|cr t|cy |avc auic uiud
to ioo|, or uo, aud i t|cy saic ycs, t|cy couut it or a vcry good prcsagc. `.. :..:r..: .: .::.:,
s:.. :.s .,....:, |ut i t|c c|ildrcu auscr uot|iug, or uot|iug to t|at purposc, t|cy put t|cu
ovcr to t|c iloug|. Grcgory ),
1|is custou is also attcstcd or ucdicval Luglaud
c vsc aloudc utc
1o scttc iu is day c|ildrcu to lorc
&
c ilc |i |co lutc
at |c uotc is gracc |a||c
&
ul|c lorc to itc
at |c vs scudc |i sciut Austiu
&
~ ucucrc orutc
lt is still our custou iu t|is couutry to put c|ildrcu to lcaruiug ou |is day |ilc t|cy arc littlc,
t|at |c uay |avc |is t|au|s iu ordcr to rcquitc t|at lcaruiug C|ristiau doctriuc |ic| |c scut
us t|roug| St Augustiuc, aud ucvcr to orgct it.) `.:| L.|.s| L::..r,, i.
lu |is ill o Villiau Clap|au lct s. ., t|c iucouc to |c applicd
toards a potatiou auougst t|c poor sc|olars o t|c lrccsc|ool iu Gigglcsic| Yor|s|irc), ou
St. Grcgory's day. 1|c Couuissioucrs or Luquiriug iuto C|aritics iu Luglaud aud Valcs
rcport, t|at t|cy ouud a custou orucrly prcvailcd o giviug hgs, |rcad aud alc, auoug t|c
sc|olars ou t|at day, aud t|at at prcscut t|crc is a distri|utiou auougst t|cu ou t|c sauc day

o |rcad aud hgs, to au auouut cousidcra|ly cxcccdiug t|c suu o our s|illiugs aud our pcucc
pcr auuuu. Ldards, -
lu iclgiuu, sc|oolc|ildrcu loc|cd up t|cir uastcrs aud dcuaudcd a |oliday, studcuts
uig|t dcuaud ot|cr avours o procssors. lu ioray c|ildrcu, cspccially girls, crc
drcsscd up as '|ridcgroou)s o Grcgory' aud cut out |cggiug.
z

... III Is M.r:..s i
z -
L|r.s.. Lupraxia) ..), virgiu. A ard o t|c cupcror 1|codosius l, at agc s|c
as |ctrot|cd to t|c sou o a scuator. S|c grc up iu a couvcut, |ut did uot is| to
lcavc |cu t|c tiuc cauc or uarriagc. 1|c cupcror acccdcd to |cr rcqucst to distri|-
utc |cr iu|critaucc to t|c poor. lcuoucd or ucc|ucss aud |uuility, s|c c|ccrully
carricd out t|c tas| assigucd to distract |cr rou |cr orldly lougiugs carryiug a pilc
o stoucs rou ouc placc to auot|cr, t|irty tiucs.
L:..:r ..-..), iis|op o Scvillc, |rot|cr o lsidorc scc Apr.), |c c|aupioucd
Cat|olicisu iu Spaiu agaiust t|c Ariauisu o |cr \isigot|ic rulcrs. lu t|is |c as aidcd
|y t|c hvc-ycar rc|clliou o t|c Cat|olic priucc icrucucgild scc Apr.) agaiust |is
at|cr, lcuvigild, |ic| t|oug| ultiuatcly uusucccssul |ad s|ou t|c strcugt| o
Cat|olic ccliug auougst t|c uativc Spauiards, icrucucgild's |rot|cr lcccarcd -
) couvcrtcd pcrsoually iu aud to ycars latcr atcr supprcssiug a c rc|cllious),
at t|c 1|ird Syuod o 1olcdo, ovcr |ic| lcaudcr prcsidcd, |roug|t |is uo|ility aud
clcrgy it| |iu iuto t|c louau C|urc|. 1|c louau Martyrology scts |iu ou lc|-
ruary, |ut t|c iollaudists prccrrcd |is Spauis| datc o Marc|.
z

r..: Is M.r:..s C
z Lquirria |orsc-raciug iu Caupus Martius. Mauuralia, iu |ouour
o Mauurius \cturius, uauuacturcr o t|c clcvcu rcplicas o t|c s|icld ....|:) t|at
dcsccudcd rou |cavcu iu t|c rcigu o iiug iuua, uadc so t|at uo ouc could idcutiy
t|c origiual. \arro too| |iu to origiuatc iu alsc uudcrstaudiug o o.or. ::r. iu a
Saliar |yuu, |ic| |c iutcrprctcd as o:o.r.. ::s, t|is uay |c a uisplaccucut o t|c
ccrcuouy rccordcd iu a latc sourcc as ta|iug placc ou t|c t|, iu |ic| a uau drcsscd
iu goats|ius as ccrcuouially |catcu out o t|c city, prcsuua|ly rcprcscutiug iutcr,
|ut uot|iug is ccrtaiu.

z - icucdict o iursia Ort|., scc Mar.)
Vc li|c Marc| - |is S|ocs arc iurplc.
ic is uc aud |ig| -
Ma|cs |c Mud or Dog aud icddlcr -
Ma|cs |c lorcsts Dry -
iuos t|c Addcr's 1ouguc |is couiug
Aud |cgcts |cr spot -
Stauds t|c Suu so closc aud uig|ty -
1|at our Miuds arc |ot.
ics is |c o all t|c ot|crs -
iold it crc to dic
Vit| t|c iluc iirds |uccauccriug
Ou |is iritis| s|y -
Luily Dic|iusou -)
z

Is M.r:..: D
z - - - iuugary Auuivcrsary o t|c lcvolutiou o
uatioual day)
LSA, Maiuc Aduissiou Day rd statc, )
z
I:s .; M.r.|. lrou dou to iuclusivcly, t|c day ou |ic| t|c uc cousuls
cutcrcd occ, |ut c|icny uotorious as t|c day ou |ic| |ulius Cacsar as uurdcrcd
iu , |y a couspiracy o scuators lcd |y t|c practor Marcus |uuius irutus aud
Quiutus Cassius lougiuus, uost o |ou |ad rcccivcd avours rou |iu |ut, accord-
iug to t|cir rcpu|licau idcology, rcscutcd rccciviug t|cu rou a uastcr. Surrouudiug
|iu ou t|c prctcxt o prcscutiug a pctitiou, t|cy iunictcd tcuty-t|rcc |los ou |iu,
iu t|cir rcu.y aud couusiou ouudiug cac| ot|cr as cll, to o Cacsar's supportcrs
tricd to iutcrvcuc, t|c rcst |cpt out o |aru's ay or cvcu approvcd o t|c uurdcr ouc
rcportcdly said ovcr t|c corpsc, 'Luoug| curryiug avour it| a tyraut'). lt as allcgcd
|ut our sourccs do uot givc crcdcucc to t|c story) t|at ou scciug irutus advauciug to
t|c |ill Cacsar said iu Grcc| |.. s ::|..., 'You too uy sou', t|c origiu o S|a|cspcarc's
L: : 3r::. 1|c uurdcrcrs t|cu rus|cd out aud rau t|roug| t|c loruu to t|c Capitol,
it| ua|cd sords, s|outiug t|at t|cy |ad douc t|cir dccd or t|c sa|c o gcucral rcc-
dou, accoupauicd or protcctiou |y a grcat crod o gladiators aud slavcs collcctcd iu
advaucc or t|c purposc. Our carlicst accouut, t|at |y iicolaus o Dauascus iu |is lic
o Cacsar's |cir Augustus, tclls us
1|crc as uuc| rus|iug to aud ro iu t|c strccts aud a|out t|c loruu, or t|c rcport |ad alrcady
sprcad auoug t|c uasscs t|at Cacsar |ad |ccu uurdcrcd, aud t|c city loo|cd as i it crc alliug

to t|c cucuy. iaviug cliu|cd up t|c Capitol t|cy scut dctac|ucuts to guard cac| portiou, araid
t|at Cacsar's aruy uig|t all upou t|cu.
1|c corpsc as still lyiug |crc it |ad allcu, a|ascd aud staiucd it| |lood-t|at o a uau
|o |ad uarc|cd cst to t|c iritis| lslcs aud t|c Occau, aud iutcudcd to uarc| cast to t|c
t|roucs o iart|ia aud ludia, so t|at t|cy too uig|t |c uadc su|jcct to a siuglc cupirc aud all
laud aud sca |c govcrucd rou ouc capital, |ut uo |c lay t|crc, aud uo ouc darcd to rcuaiu aud
rccovcr |is corpsc. 1|osc o |is ricuds |o crc prcscut |ad ncd, t|osc |o crc outsidc crc
|idiug iu t|cir |ouscs, or c|augcd t|cir clot|cs aud dcpartcd or t|c couutrysidc aud t|c ucar|y
tous.
lt as soou clcar t|at t|c louau pcoplc as uot so attac|cd to coustitutioual priuciplcs
as irutus aud |is ricuds |ad supposcd, it|iu a c days t|c uurdcrcrs ouud louc
too |ot to |old t|cu, t|oug| a political scttlcucut allocd t|c c|ic couspirators
proviuccs to govcru. 1|c collapsc o t|is scttlcucut rcsultcd iu a sccoud civil ar, aud
t|c hual dccat o t|c rcpu|licau causc at i|ilippi iu .
Ovid iu |is pocu ou t|c louau calcudar dcscri|cs iu dctail t|c cstivitics o Auua
icrcuua, |osc uauc suggcsts a goddcss o auuual rcturu aud |cucc o spriug. 1|c
louau |:|s picuic|cd iu a grovc ucar t|c prcscut iorta dcl iopolo aud t|c iorg|csc
gardcus, auuscucuts iucludcd driu|iug a cup o iuc or cac| ycar o ouc's agc, siugiug
t|c latcst |its, aud dauciug. 1|c rcvcllcrs crc |ailcd as 'ortuuati' as t|cy staggcrcd |ac|
|ouc. Ovid ocrs various uyt|ological cxplauatious, iu ouc cquatiug Auua icrcuua
it| Dido's sistcr Auua, cast as|orc iu ltaly aud s|cltcrcd |y Acucas, |osc jcalous ic,
laviuia, plottcd agaiust |cr, arucd |y Dido iu a drcau to cscapc, s|c as rcscucd |y
a rivcr-god aud turucd iuto a uyup|. lu auot|cr, Auua, as|cd |y Mars to |clp |iu
scducc Miucrva, too| |cr placc aud uoc|cd t|c god |cu |c rccogui.cd |cr, t|is ac-
couuts or t|c |ady sougs t|at girls saug at |cr cstival. lt |as |ccu suggcstcd t|at t|is
day as c|oscu or Cacsar's uurdcr |ccausc t|c couuou pcoplc ould |c too ar aay
aud too druu| to iutcrvcuc, |ut t|crc is uo ucutiou o t|c cstivitics iu our aucicut
accouuts o t|c cvcut.
z -
L....s. 1|c soldicr |o picrccd C|rist's sidc ou t|c Cross |o|u ) it| a
laucc acquircd iu traditiou t|c uauc lougiuus, |c as counatcd it| t|c ccuturiou o
Matt. |o dcclarcd '1ruly t|is as t|c Sou o God.' lt as said t|at latcr iu lic
|c cut |liud, |ut rcgaiucd |is sig|t |cu C|rist's |lood drippcd ou |is cycs rou t|c
laucc, |crcupou |c lct t|c aruy, too| iustructiou rou t|c Apostlcs, aud livcd or
tcuty-cig|t ycars as a uou| at Cacsarca iu Cappadocia, ua|iug uauy couvcrts. V|cu
|c rcuscd to ocr pagau sacrihcc, t|c govcruor ordcrcd all |is tcct| to |c |uoc|cd out
aud |is touguc cxciscd, ucvcrt|clcss, |c did uot losc t|c pocr o spccc|, |ut too| au
axc to t|c idols it| t|c ords 'Vc s|all scc i t|cy arc gods.' 1|c dcuous |o |ad
dclt iu t|c statucs too| posscssiou o t|c govcruor aud |is coupauious, uaddcuiug
t|cu all aud |liudiug t|c govcruor, lougiuus uudcrtoo| to pray or |is rccovcry oucc
|c |ad |ccu cxccutcd. 1|c govcruor ordcrcd |iu to |c |c|cadcd, did pcuaucc, rccovcrcd
sig|t aud sauity, aud cudcd |is days iu good or|s. iis Lastcru day is Oct.)

lu t|c sixt| ccutury a purportcd ioly laucc as |cpt at t|c |asilica o Mouut Siou
iu |crusalcu, it as capturcd |y t|c icrsiau iuvadcrs iu , uiuus t|c poiut, |ic| as
ta|cu to Coustautiuoplc, scut to iaris |y t|c latiu cupcror ialdiu ll iu , aud lost
|cu lrcuc| rcvolutiouarics lootcd t|c Saiutc-C|apcllc. 1|c s|at, rcportcdly sccu iu
|crusalcu .., rcappcarcd at Coustautiuoplc iu t|c tcut| ccutury. lu iopc luuo-
ccut \lll agrccd it| Sultau iayc.it ll to |ccp t|c lattcr's ugitivc |rot|cr Ccu Sultau
iu closc couhucucut or a cousidcratiou o , ducats a ycar aud t|c ioly laucc,
it rcsts |cucat| t|c douc o St ictcr's. 1|is ioly laucc uust |c distiuguis|cd rou
t|c ioly laucc discovcrcd at Autioc| soou atcr its capturc iu , |ic| iuspircd t|c
Crusadcrs to rout a 1ur|is| aruy |loc|adiug t|c city, |ut as suspcctcd rou t|c start
|y t|c papal lcgatc aud discrcditcd |cu its hudcr ailcd t|c ordcal o hrc, aud also
rou t|c ioly laucc o t|c ioly louau Lupcrors, |ouourcd |y a cast ou t|c lriday
atcr lo Suuday.
.: Z..|.r..s -), |oru iu t|c Grcc|-spca|iug sout| o ltaly, |o trauslatcd
Grcgory's L..|.:s iuto |is uot|cr touguc, t|c last popc to ua|c a orual auuouucc-
ucut o |is clcctiou to iy.autiuu, |c coopcratcd closcly it| St iouiacc scc |au.,
|uuc) aud it| t|c lrau|s. iaviug at hrst |cpt t|c lou|ards at |ay |y pcrsoual au-
t|ority, ou scciug t|at t|c uc |iug, Aistul, as uot susccpti|lc to suc| uct|ods aud
ould soou drivc t|c iy.autiucs rou t|cir outpost at lavcuua, |c cucouragcd t|c
lrau|is| Mayor o t|c ialacc iippiu lll sou o C|arlcs Martcl aud at|cr o C|arlc-
uaguc), alrcady t|c |oldcr o : ;..:. pocr, to dcposc t|c Mcroviugiau C|ildcric lll
aud |ccouc |iug |iuscl, auoiutcd |y iouiacc, Zac|arias dicd soou atcrards, |ut
iippiu dccatcd Aistul aud coucrrcd |is couqucsts ou t|c C|urc|. 1|c Mcroviugiau
|iugs, loug sustaiucd |y t|c C|urc| dcspitc t|cir violcucc |ic| did uot distiuguis|
t|cu or t|cir su|jccts) aud t|cir polygauy |ic| did), |ad ccascd to |c uorc t|au
ccrcuouial hgurcs, t|c dcpositiou o C|ildcric csta|lis|cd t|c priuciplc t|at a |iug
could |c rcuovcd siuply or |ciug iucapa|lc o ccctivc rulc, a r:: ..:.|.s.
z

... XJII I.|:..s Jr.|:s L
z 1|is day aud t|c ucxt crc uar|cd |y a proccssiou to t|c tcuty-
scvcu s|riucs |uou as Argci it|iu t|c carly 'Scrviau' |ouudarics i.c. o iiug Scrvius
1ullius, uot iucludiug t|c Capitol or Avcutiuc). Scc too May.
z -
I...... L.||.r t| c.), a pupil o St Coluu|a, |o uadc |iu a||ot o Sords, uort|
o Du|liu. 1|c Old lris| ord |.|r, uodcru |.||.r, ucaus 'ca|' or 'sic|ly' iu gcucral,
|ut acquircd t|c spccihc ucauiug 'lcpcr', it as said t|at as a |oy, |aviug praycd t|at
auot|cr |oy uig|t |c curcd o lcprosy, liuuiau rcccivcd t|c rcvclatiou t|at |is praycr

ould |c auscrcd ouly i t|c discasc uovcd rou t|c ot|cr |oy to |iuscl. ic ac-
ccptcd t|c tcrus aud |ccauc a lcpcr.
H:r.|:r:, c|auccllor aud couuscllor o Lupcror Otto lll, arc||is|op o Cologuc rou
, dicd ou t|is day iu . iis rclics crc su|scqucutly trauslatcd to Dcut., au cvcut
cclc|ratcd iu t|c dioccsc o Cologuc ou August. 1|c ivory cou|, datiug rou t|c
uiut| ccutury, it| |ic| |c cou|cd |is |air |corc uass is prcscrvcd iu a Cologuc
uuscuu. lor a lcgcud iu |ic| |c appcars, scc Dcccu|cr.
C,r..., a louau dcacou |o accordiug to t|c louau Martyrology), atcr a loug ast-
iug aay iu prisou, as covcrcd iu uoltcu pitc|, rac|cd, strctc|cd it| cords, clu||cd,
aud |c|cadcd, |c is also cultcd togct|cr it| |is coupauious ou August. As ouc o
t|c lourtccu Auxiliary Saiuts |c is iuvo|cd |y pcrsous posscsscd |y t|c Dcvil.
`: br|.`s L.,. lu Miuucsota, uauy o |osc iu|a|itauts arc cit|cr o Scaudiuaviau or
o lris| origiu, a liuuis|-dcsccudcd gucst at a St iatric|'s Day party iu iuvcutcd
|is ou uatioual saiut, Lr|o, cultcd t|c prcvious day, |o |ad |auis|cd rogs rou liu-
laud as St iatric| |auis|cd sua|cs rou lrclaud, Lr|o is liuuis| or '|cro', aud also a
uau's uauc, uost uota|ly |oruc |y t|c statcsuau Lr|o ic||oucu, hrst clcctcd ircsi-
dcut o liulaud ou t|c prcccdiug lc|ruary. 1|c talc as cll rcccivcd aud grc it|
t|c rctclliug, St Lr|o as clcvatcd iuto t|c patrou saiut o liuuis| iuuigrauts iu t|c
LSA, aud also o liuuis| viucyard or|crs, |o |corc t|c last lcc Agc, |cu ild
grapcs grc iu liulaud, |ad |auis|cd grass|oppcrs rou t|c couutry it| t|c ords
H:..s.r||., |:..s.r||., o:.: :|: |..:::., 'Grass|oppcr, grass|oppcr, go aay to |cll.' 1|is
cxploit as prouptly couucuoratcd it| a statuc at Mcua|ga, Miuu., s|oiug a
dctcruiucd-loo|iug Lr|o it| a |ugc grass|oppcr ou a pitc|or|. Au iuscriptiou ou
t|c pcdcstal rccords |is ac|icvcucut, aud purports to rclatc |o oucu aud c|ildrcu,
drcsscd iu royal purplc aud iilc grccu, daucc rouud t|c couutlcss la|cs o liulaud cvcry
ycar c|autiug |is spcll, t|c listcuiug ucuol| dcpart it| grass|oppcr-li|c uovcucuts
to c|augc costuuc rou grccu to purplc, atcr |ic| cvcryouc dauccs iu t|c saiut's |ou-
our aud driu|s to |iu iu grapc juicc. Ot|cr citics |avc also adoptcd |is cult, uc St
Lr|o ccrcuouics arc dcviscd cvcry ycar aud cagcrly aaitcd duriug t|c loug iutcrs o
uort|cru Miuucsota. iis auc |as sprcad to |is |ouclaud.
z

... XJI I.|:..s Jr.|:s l
. `...: .:r..|`s .,
|:: .|| ,.r |.rs:s |.,.
z - - - lrclaud St iatric|'s Day uatioual day)

Li ucu|cr uatious Vorld Maritiuc Day
LSA, Massac|usctts iostou aud Suol| Couuty Lvacuatiou Day auuivcrsary o
cvacuatiou o iritis| troops, )
z li|cralia, iu |ouour o li|cr iatcr, a crtility god cquatcd it|
t|c Grcc| Diouysus, aud |is cualc couutcrpart, li|cra. Old oucu orc ivy rcat|s
aud ocrcd sacrihcial ca|cs |.|.:) ou |c|al o t|c purc|ascr, t|c disapproviug August-
iuc ucutious a p|allic proccssiou at laviuiuu t|c s|o lastcd a |olc uout|). At ouc
tiuc t|crc crc gaucs iu |is |ouour a c|aractcr iu au carly play dcclarcs 'Vit| rcc
touguc s|all c spca| at li|cr's gaucs' |.|:r. |... |.,:or |.s L.|:r.|.|s), |y Ovid's
day t|csc |ad |ccu supprcsscd iu avour o joiut cclc|ratiou it| Ccrcs ou April, |ut
ourt|-ccutury calcudars attcst a rcvival. 1|is as t|c day ou |ic| |oys cauc o agc,
t|cy too| o t|c purplc-cdgcd :.. r.:::::. aud t|c auulct or |||. o c|ild|ood,
sacrihccd to t|c larcs t|c |ousc|old gods), aud put ou t|c uau's toga :.. .r.|.s, also
|uou as :.. r. or lac|iug t|c purplc cdgc) |corc |ciug cscortcd to t|c loruu aud
curollcd as a ull citi.cu.
1|is day as also t|c ....o M.r:..|:, or sacrihcc to Mars scc |au.).
z - iatric| CY, lC), Alcxius Ort|., scc |uly)
.:r..| sou o Calpuruius r.. o.. C.|r...., ..-., iu t|c carlicst lris| C.:|r..|:),
|is|op o Aruag|, apostlc o lrclaud. O iritis| origiu, |c as capturcd as a yout|
|y lris| piratcs aud spcut six ycars as a slavc, |c cscapcd, aud atcr au advcuturous
jourucy |ouc studicd or t|c pricst|ood. Ouc uig|t as |c rclatcs) |c drcaut |c
rcccivcd a lcttcr iu |ic| 't|c voicc o t|c lris|' |csoug|t |iu to go auoug t|cu, t|is
as t|c |cgiuuiug o |is uissiouary or|. 1|crc crc alrcady C|ristiaus iu lrclaud |y
, |cu ialladius scc |uly) as scut to |c t|cir hrst |is|op, |ut iatric| too as
uadc |is|op, as suc| prououuciug cxcouuuuicatiou ou a iritis| arrior-priucc
Coroticus t|c ouudcr o Cardigau, C:r:....) |o |ad noutcd |is claius to aut|ority
aud sold C|ristiau prisoucrs iuto |cat|cu captivity. icr|aps as a rcsult, |is iritis|
supcriors ccusurcd |iu, cvcu |riugiug up a yout|ul siu agaiust |iu, li|c |icrarc|s
t|roug|out C|ristiau |istory, t|cy |ad littlc tiuc or a pric|ly c|aractcr |o did uot
cvcu cxprcss |iuscl iu t|c lauguagc o civili.cd cducatiou. 1|c latiu o iatric|'s
to surviviug or|s-a lcttcr to Coroticus' soldicrs aud a C..;:ss..-is au uugrauuat-
ical scui-vcruacular iu |ic| p|rascs, iuagcs, aud structurcs arc |i|lical, uot classical
or cvcu patristic, yct iu t|is lauguagc |c cxprcsscs |iuscl it| r|ctorical s|ill aud
pocr.
Alt|oug| t|c ucuory o St iatric| suot|crcd t|at o ialladius, it as |y uo ucaus
stroug iu t|c to ccuturics atcr |is dcat|, uot till ucarly did |c surpass St irigid
as a ocus or dcvotiou scc lc|.). Siucc t|cu, |ocvcr, |c |as |ccu uot ouly t|c
patrou saiut |ut t|c apostlc o lrclaud, or, as t|c Martyrology o O'Goruau I|.r: |b
C.ro..) calls |iu, 'iatraicc apstol icrcud | ccud crcituc ua uGid|cl' iatric| t|c
apostlc o lrclaud, t|c Gacls' |cad o ait|'). Lvcu uo |c is |ouourcd |y |ot|
traditious.

iuucrous lcgcuds |avc grou up arouud |iu, t|c uost auous |ciug |is cxpulsiou
o t|c sua|cs rou lrclaud aud |is cxplauatiou o t|c 1riuity it| t|c s|auroc| as its
uodcl, |c is otcu dcpictcd it| a sua|c aud a s|auroc|. 1|c tclt|-ccutury lic |y
|occliu o lurucss rclatcs au iucidcut t|at |ccll t|c saiut |cu, |aviug turucd uou|,
|c as attcuptiug to attaiu pcrcctiou |y scl-dcuial
lor a dcsirc o catiug ucat cauc ou |iu, uutil |ciug cusuarcd aud carricd aay |y |is dcsirc, |c
o|taiucd Siuc's ncs| aud couccalcd it iu a ccrtaiu vcsscl, t|iu|iug rig|tly t|at |c uig|t t|us
satisy |is appctitc privily, |ic| s|ould |c opculy do, |c ould |ccouc to |is |rct|rcu a stouc
o ocucc, aud a stuu|liug |loc| o rcproac|. Aud |c |ad uot loug quittcd t|c placc, |cu lo.
ouc stood |corc |iu, |aviug Lycs |corc, aud Lycs |c|iud, |ou, |cu iA1llCi |c|cld, |av-
iug |is Lycs so oudcrully, cvcu so uoustrously placcd, |c uarvcllcd |o |c as, aud |at
ucaucd |is Lycs hxcd |corc aud hxcd |c|iud, did carucstly as| aud |c auscrcd, l au t|c Scr-
vaut o C.,-it| t|c Lycs hxcd iu uy orc|cad l |c|old t|c t|iugs t|at arc opcu to vic, aud
it| t|c Lycs t|at arc hxcd iu t|c |iudcr part o uy |cad l |c|old a Mou| |idiug ncs|-ucat iu
a vcsscl, t|at |c uay satisy |is appctitc privily. 1|is |c said, aud iuucdiatcly disappcarcd. iut
iA1llCi stri|iug |is |rcast it| uauy stro|cs, cast |iuscl to t|c cart|, aud atcrcd it it|
suc| a s|ocr o tcars, as i |c |ad |ccu guilty o all criucs,-aud |ilc |c t|us lay ou t|c
grouud, uouruiug aud ccpiug, t|c Augcl J..:.r, so otcu |corc ucutioucd, appcarcd to |iu iu
|is outcd oru, sayiug, Arisc, lct t|iuc |cart |c couortcd, or t|c L.r |at| put aay t|iuc
ocucc, aud |cuccorard avoid |ac|-slidiug. 1|cu St. iA1llCi risiug rou t|c cart|, uttcrly
rcuouuccd aud a|jurcd t|c catiug o ncs|-ucat, cvcu t|roug| t|c rcst o |is lic, aud |c |uu|ly
|csoug|t t|c L.r t|at |c ould uauicst uuto |iu |is iardou |y souc cvidcut Sigu. 1|cu t|c
J.:| |adc iA1llCi to |riug ort| t|c |iddcu ucats aud put t|cu iuto Vatcr, aud |c did as
t|c J.:| |adc, aud t|c ncs|-ucats |ciug pluugcd iuto t|c Vatcr aud ta|cu t|crcout, iuucdi-
atcly |ccauc lis|cs. 1|is Miraclc did St. iA1llCi otcu rclatc to |is Disciplcs, t|at t|cy uig|t
rcstraiu t|c dcsirc o t|cir Appctitcs. iut uauy o t|c lris|, rougully uudcrstaudiug t|is uir-
aclc, arc out origiual |as s.|:|..:, 'crc out' ou St. iatric|'s-day, |ic| alays alls iu t|c tiuc
o lcut, to pluugc llcs|-ucats iuto Vatcr, |cu pluugcd iu to ta|c out, |cu ta|cu out to drcss,
|cu drcsscd to cat, aud call t|cu lis|cs o St. iA1llCi. traus. L. l. Sit, -
C:r:r: .; N.:||:s -), daug|tcr o iippiu t|c Lldcr, ouudcr o t|c Caroliugiau
dyuasty. iaviug as a c|ild rcuscd t|c |us|aud c|oscu |y iiug Dago|crt l, it| |cr
uot|cr lda s|c ouudcd a uouastcry at iivcllcs, o |ic| s|c cvcutually |ccauc
a||css. S|c s|cltcrcd orp|aus, idos, prisoucrs o ar, aud pilgrius, |cr uauc as
otcu givcu to |ostcls iu t|c Middlc Agcs. S|c is also patrou o gardcucrs, aud protccts
agaiust vcruiu
Saiut Gartrudc riddcs t|c |ousc o Misc, aud |illct| all t|c lattcs.
iaogcorgus,
S|c as |uricd at iivcllcs, iu |cr rcuaius crc trauslatcd to a silvcr rcliquary, dcs-
troycd iu .
j.s:| .; Jr.o.:|:. lC couucu., scc |uly).
`: .:r..|`s L.,. So cll cutrcuc|cd is t|is day t|at t|c Sccoud \aticau Couucil did uot
displacc it rou lcut aloug it| t|osc o SS 1|ouas Aquiuas, Grcgory, aud icucdict,
uor docs lcut daupcu t|c rcvclrics it| |ic| St iatric| is cclc|ratcd. lat|cr

McGrat|, auuotatiug O'Sullivau ii. ), calls it a 'liquid |auquct' ..s.r |:....), a party
iu t|c saiut's |ouour is callcd 'iatric|'s pot' .:. |r..)
St. iatric|'s Day, a |oliday . . . A jolly group o us drau| our 'iatric|'s iot' at t|c paris| pricst's,
lat|cr |aucs icuc|ry. Vc |ad or diuucr rcs| cod's |cad, salt liug sotcucd |y stccpiug, suo|c-
dricd saluou aud rcs| trout, it| ragraut c|ccsc aud grccu ca||agc. Vc |ad s|crry aud port
iuc, |is|cy aud puuc| cuoug|. O'Sullivau, ii. )
St iatric|'s Day is cclc|ratcd iu ic Yor| it| a paradc hrst iustitutcd |y lris| troops
iu , attcudcd |y LS politiciaus cvcu t|oug| uot o lris| dcsccut, aud |y lris| priuc
uiuistcrs iu prccrcucc to t|c uorc rcccut iuitatiou iu Du|liu-dccucd a ucrc tourist
trap |y t|osc |o cross t|c lris| Sca to spcud t|c cc| at t|c C|cltcu|au raccs iu t|c
|opc, souctiucs ulhllcd, o |ac|iug aud c|ccriug lris| iuucrs.
St iatric|'s Day iu Moutrcal iu , as sccu |y au lris| uissiouary pricst
St. iatric|'s Day. A vcry grcat day iu Moutrcal. A vcry grcat day iu cvcry city iu Aucrica. A vcry
grcat day auy|crc |ut iu lrclaud. icorc l go dou stairs, l au prcscutcd it| a uaguihccut
s|auroc|, t|c prcscut o souc uu|uou ricud. 1|crc is to |c a grcat proccssiou, it| |auds
aud |auucrs, cousistiug o scvcral lris| socictics. 1|cy arc to ucct at Mass iu St. iatric|'s c|urc|,
aud oru t|crc |cu Mass is ovcr. Accordiugly at o'cloc| t|crc arc grcat syuptous o
prcparatious. 1|c souud o uusic is |card, t|c cll |uou aut|cu o 'iatric|'s Day' noats ou
t|c |rcc.c, aud t|c |audsucu iu a varicty o costuucs, |alt |corc t|c c|urc| gatc to huis| t|c
tuuc. Crods arc asscu|lcd it|out, aud cvidcutly cujoy t|c gat|criug pagcaut. . . . 1|c Mass
as |cautiully suug, aud t|c ccct as grcatly iuprovcd |y a solo ou t|c orgau at t|c ocrtory
o a purc lris| c|aractcr-uot|iug lcss t|au t|c 'Miustrcl ioy'. . . . At t|c cud o t|c Mass t|c
proccssiou |cgau to oru. 1|c cat|cr |ad |ccu ct, aud t|c grouud is covcrcd it| |ard suo
siucc last Dcccu|cr. icucc uudcr oot it is all ct aud slus|y, aud al|iug it|out slippiug is a
uattcr o cousidcra|lc diculty. iut l uust al|, so l accoupauy lat|cr Dod aud lat|cr
Siugcr, |o uarc| iu t|cir soutaucs, aud |avc |cars|iu caps ou t|cir |cads. l slippcd oucc or
ticc, aud t|is puts uc ou uy guard. l ta|c lat|cr Dod's aru, aud cvcu so gct ou it| grcat
trou|lc. lt as t|c uost dicult t|rcc uilcs l cvcr al|cd, aud t|c dirticst. Suc| a statc as uy
clot|cs crc iu. O|, |oly St. iatric|, |at did l cvcr do, t|at you s|ould trcat uc so. lt as,
ucvcrt|clcss, a graud proccssiou, t|c uusic as cxccllcut, aud iu souc placcs t|crc crc tri-
uup|al arc|cs, it| lcgcuds iudicativc o t|c |lcudcd ccliugs iu t|c |rcast o rcligiou aud
uatiouality. 1|c spcctators aud ga.crs rou iudos cujoycd it as it passcd aloug, |ut t|crc as
uo s|outiug, uo disordcr. l as|cd i t|is proccssiou gavc ocucc to auy party. io, ou t|c cou-
trary, all classcs o pcoplc li|c it, aud ould |c grcatly disappoiutcd i it did uot ta|c placc. l
loo|cd iu vaiu or a druu|cu uau. Straugc to say, druu|cuucss is aluost uu|uou iu Moutrcal,
aud cvcu iu all Cauada. 1|is is vcry crcdita|lc to our pcoplc, aud clcarly provcs t|at t|crc is uot|-
iug iu t|c uatioual c|aractcr iucoupati|lc it| tcupcraucc. iuc|lcy, -
1|c rcd diagoual cross upou a |itc |ac|grouud callcd 'St iatric|'s Cross' |as uo
|agiograp|ical aut|ority St iatric|, uot |ciug a uartyr, is uot cutitlcd to a cross. lt is
t|c aucicut |la.ou argcut, a saltirc gulcs) o t|c grcat ii|cruo-ioruau lit.gcrald
or Gcraldiuc auily, |ic| au cig|tccut|-ccutury Du|c o lciustcr pcruittcd t|c
St iatric|'s Socicty to usc iu its |adgc, iu couscqucucc, |cu, at t|c Luiou o Grcat
iritaiu aud lrclaud iu , au lris| cu|lcu as rcquircd ou a par it| St Gcorgc's aud
St Audrc's crosscs, t|is dcvicc, alrcady associatcd it| t|c uatioual saiut, uatc|iug t|c
ouc iu its colours aud t|c ot|cr iu its s|apc, sccucd pcrcct or t|c purposc. lt rcuaius

t|c nag o iort|cru lrclaud, aud is iucorporatcd iu t|c Luiou nag as our rcd strips
it|iu t|c |itc diagouals, t|csc strips s|ould |c iu t|c locr |al o t|c diagoual iu
t|c |oist t|c nagpolc sidc), aud t|c uppcr |al iu t|c ny.
Souc calcudars ua|c t|is t|c day ou |ic| Vouau as scduccd |y t|c Scrpcut, aud
Adau siuucd.
lu Luglaud iu t|c Middlc Agcs Marc| as popularly t|oug|t to |c t|c datc ou |ic|
ioa| cutcrcd t|c Ar| c. Apr., May). 1|c uystcry plays ua|c uuc| o |is tri-
als iu gcttiug t|c s|rcis| Mrs ioa| ou |oard. lu t|c 1ouclcy plays s|c rcuscs to stcp
'iu suc| au oystcr as t|is. lu ait|, l cauuot hud | V|ic| is |corc, |ic| is |c|iud.' lu
t|c C|cstcr plays |cr stu||oruucss causcs ioa| to cxclaiu 'lord, t|at oucu |c
cra||cd ayc. | Aud ucvcr arc uc|c, t|at darc l sayc.'
z

... XJ I.|:..s Jr.|:s G
z - Ldard, iiug o t|c Vcst Saxous iCi), Cyril o |crusalcu lC,
Ort|., CY couucu.)
L.r ..-), |iug o Luglaud rou , t|c sccoud o t|at uauc |corc t|c Cou-
qucst, sou o iiug Ldgar |y |is hrst ic, or as ot|crs said a uuu o Viltou, uurdcrcd
at Corc Castlc iu |y supportcrs o |is |al-|rot|cr Lt|clrcd ll, |o uuli|c |iu-
scl as |oru |cu |is at|cr as alrcady |iug aud |osc uot|cr, .lt|ryt|, is said to
|avc |ccu party to t|c criuc. Lt|clrcd as cousccratcd |iug 'it| uuc| rcjoiciug', |ut
t|c rcjoiciug did uot last |is rcigu as |lig|tcd |y \i|iug ars t|at |c could uot cud
cit|cr |y air ucaus or |y oul scc iov.), aud ucit|cr |y hg|tiug uor |y diplouacy.
iis attcupt at t|c lattcr as t|c uotorious 'Daucgcld' stiguati.cd |y t|c Auglo-Saxou
C|rouiclc as .r., '|ad couuscl', |y uistrauslatiou o t|is ord |c is |uou as 't|c
Lurcady'. 1|csc disastcrs causcd Ldard, slaiu uujustly t|oug| uot or t|c lait|, aud
souct|iug o a |rutc, to |c rcgardcd as a uartyr. iis |ody, hrst |uricd at Varc|au,
as trauslatcd to S|atcs|ury iu cast |uuc iu iCi). 1|c supposcd |oucs crc
cx|uucd iu , Auglicau prclatcs |aviug dccliucd to rciutcr t|cu, t|c Ort|odox
C|urc| iu Luglaud, atcr a lcgal disputc t|at causcd t|cu to |c dcpositcd iu a |au|
vault, couvcrtcd a c|apcl o rcst iuto a |asilica to |ousc t|cu.
C,r.| .; j:rs.|:o ..-), Doctor o t|c C|urc|. iaviug |ccouc |is|op o |crusalcu
.., |c spcut ucarly |al |is rcigu iu cxilc or |is oppositiou to 'Ariauisu' t|c trad-
itioual i iuappropriatc tcru or Lastcru t|cologics t|at cup|asi.cd t|c |icrarc|y
it|iu t|c icrsous o t|c God|cad), or a tiuc |c as also suspcct to t|c stauuc| auti-
Ariaus or |is rcluctaucc to say t|at t|c Sou as cousu|stautial |.o..s..s) it| t|c
lat|cr, t|is |ciug a uauuadc tcru. icvcrt|clcss, au ocial iuquiry uudcr Grcgory o
iyssa scc |au.) coucludcd t|at |crcsy as uot auoug t|c uauy a|uscs t|at |ad

nouris|cd iu |is scc duriug |is a|scucc. iis auc, |ocvcr, rcsts ou |is tcuty-our dis-
courscs or t|c iustructiou o catcc|uucus, rcgardcd as classics o t|cir |iud. Scc also
May.
Ir. J.:|... Guido di iictro, iu rcligiou lra Giovauui da licsolc) dicd ou t|is datc iu
. Alt|oug| couuouly |uou as icato Augclico, |c as ucvcr orually |catihcd,
ucvcrt|clcss, iu au Apostolic lcttcr o lc|ruary iopc |o|u iaul ll statcd t|at
|c dcscrvcd to |c t|c patrou saiut o paiutcrs |ccausc o t|c cxccllcucc o |is art.
ic as a Douiuicau riar aud iu |is carly ycars a coupauiou o St Autouiuus
May).
1|is as ouc o scvcral days proposcd |y couputists as t|c hrst day o Crcatiou, it ou
t|c support o icdc, aud soou |ccauc cauouical. lu a |ouily or |auuary rittcu soou
atcr , t|c lcarucd a||ot o Ccruc A||as iu Dorsct dcclarcd
Sc ca|tctcoa dag as uoucs c c |ata uartius ouc gc |ata |lyda as sc orua dag
ysscrc oruldc
1|c cig|tccut| day o t|c uout| t|at c clcrgy call Marc|, |ic| you layol| call lidc, as
t|c hrst day o t|is orld. .|;r..,
z

... XIJ I.|:..s Jr.|:s A
z Quiuquatrus, t|c ht| day iuclusivcly rou t|c ldcs, sacrcd to
Mars |ut uudcrstood as |cgiuuiug a hvc-day cstival duriug |ic| sc|ools crc closcd)
also |ououriug Miucrva, goddcss o all arts aud crats, pro|a|ly |ccausc |cr tcuplc ou
t|c Avcutiuc |ad |ccu dcdicatcd ou t|is day.
z - - - -- CY, lC, Suuday atcr
C|ristuas Ort|.)
j.s:| d. st c.). 1|c Gospcl o Matt|c |cgius it| a gcucalogy cxtcudiug rou
A|ra|au to |oscp|, |o as cspouscd to Mary, '|corc t|cy cauc togct|cr, s|c as
ouud it| c|ild o t|c ioly G|ost'. iut |oscp|, '|ciug a just uau, aud uot illiug to
ua|c |cr a pu|lic| cxauplc, as uiudcd to put |cr aay privily', |ut 't|c augcl o t|c
lord appcarcd uuto |iu iu a drcau, sayiug, |oscp|, t|ou sou o David, car uot to ta|c
uuto t|cc Mary t|y ic or t|at |ic| is couccivcd iu |cr is o t|c ioly G|ost'. ic
is otcu portraycd it| t|c tools o |is carpcutcr's tradc Matt. ). A Spauis| jo|c
t|at icpc is t|c diuiuutivc o |os |ccausc |oscp| as t|c .r: :.:.. o |csus s|oc|s
t|c pious Cat|olic lcss t|au t|c li|cral aguostic, iu uauy uystcry plays |c is t|c cldcrly
cuc|old, or t|c uudoucsticatcd |us|aud |o cauuot prcparc a dcccut dis| o por-
ridgc or t|c C|ild. iis cult cxpaudcd rapidly atcr 1crcsa o Avila dcdicatcd t|c

uot|cr-|ousc o |cr ordcr, t|c rcorucd Caruclitcs, to |iu. iius lX dcclarcd |iu
iatrou o t|c Luivcrsal C|urc| iu , aud |c |as also |ccu uaucd patrou o Austria
), io|cuia ), Cauada ), Mcxico ), iclgiuu uudcr Spauis| rulc,
), icru ), lussia ), Sout|) \ictuau ), aud C|iucsc uissious ).
ic is a popular patrou saiut, o carpcutcrs, or|iug ucu, at|crs o auilics, |ursars,
aud t|osc |o scc| a |oly dcat| t|is last dcriviug rou a latc lcgcud), a statuc o
St |oscp|, |uricd iu t|c gardcu, ill cusurc t|c quic| salc o ouc's |ouc. lu |c as
addcd to t|c Cauou o t|c uass.
1|is day is t|c occasiou or cuoruous couuuual casts iu sout|cru ltaly, callcd
'St |oscp|'s ta|lc', it| particular cup|asis ou oruaucutal loavcs uadc to dccoratc au
altar, St |oscp| also |ciug t|c patrou saiut o pastry-coo|s. 1|c largcst loa, t|c ..:
r.ss., is s|apcd li|c |oscp|'s rod, |ic| alouc nocrcd auoug t|osc o Mary's suitors.
iouhrcs uar| St |oscp|'s iig|t iu \alcucia, said to |avc origiuatcd |cu carpcutcrs
auuually scpt out c|ips aud triuuiugs rou t|cir s|ops, it| a spcctacular hualc iu
t|c uiduig|t |uruiug o cxplosivc-hllcd cgics, callcd ;.||.s, carlicr paradcd t|roug| t|c
strccts.
Souc say t|at t|is day as c|oscu to |ouour St |oscp| |ccausc it |cgau t|c Quiu-
quatrus iu |ouour o t|c crat goddcss Miucrva, |ocvcr, it is uot rccordcd as |is cast
|corc t|c lcic|cuau Martyrology o ... lt is uot to |c couuscd it| t|c cast o
St |oscp| t|c Vor|cr ou May iustitutcd iu .
z

... XIII I.|:..s Jr.|:s i
z - - - 1uuisia ludcpcudcucc Day rou lraucc, )
z - Cut||crt CY, lC Li)
C:||:r:, |is|op o liudisaruc, ouc o t|c uost popular saiuts iu t|c Middlc Agcs,
couucuoratcd as ar ahcld as iir|cud|rig|t iu Galloay aud Cu|crt iu Coruall.
iaviug |ccu uou| o Mclrosc, gucst-uastcr o lipou, aud succcssivcly prior o Mcl-
rosc aud liudisaruc, |c livcd as a |cruit ou t|c islaud o laruc -), |aviug loug
rcuscd t|c |is|opric o icx|au, |c cxc|augcd it or t|at o liudisaruc iu . Atcr
ucarly to ycars o |cctic activity said to iucludc t|c or|iug o uauy uiraclcs) |c
it|drc to laruc, |crc |c dicd ou Marc| , |ciug |uricd iu liudisaruc. Lpou
t|c clcvatiou o |is |ody to a uc s|riuc iu , t|c rcport t|at it as iucorrupt arouscd
grcat cut|usiasu, uauicstcd iu t|c ritiug o to livcs, ouc |y icdc, |ic| crc rcad
ou t|c Coutiucut as cll as iu Luglaud. Atcr t|c Dauis| dcstructiou o t|c a||cy iu
, |is s|riuc it| its rclics as trausportcd arouud iort|uu|ria, hually rcac|iug
Dur|au iu , t|c rclics crc |uricd iu a ucly |uilt c|urc| iu , aud trauslatcd iuto
t|c ioruau cat|cdral iu , it as said t|at uot ouly crc t|cy iucorrupt, |ut |c as

|oldiug t|c |cad o St Osald scc Aug.). 1|cy crc rcuovcd at t|c lcoruatiou,
|ut rcdiscovcrcd iu . ic is portraycd as a |is|op, |oldiug Osald's croucd |cad,
aud souctiucs surrouudcd |y ottcrs aud saus, t|c laruc islauds arc uo a iatioual
1rust ildlic sauctuary. lu rcccut tiucs t|is cast, |ic| is iu lcut, |as |ccu ovcr-
s|adocd |y t|at o |is trauslatiou scc Scpt.). Cut||crt |as |ccu couucctcd it|
to splcudid uauuscripts, t|c liudisaruc Gospcls aud a Gospcl o St |o|u at Stouy-
|urst Collcgc. iaviug |ccu a s|cp|crd iu |is yout|, |c is patrou o s|cp|crds.
3.::.s:. `...|. -), six tiucs vicar-gcucral o t|c Caruclitc cougrcgatiou iu
Mautua, gcucral o t|c ordcr rou . A ricud o Lrasuus aud iico dclla Miraudola,
|c rotc tcu cclogucs o classical stylc aud C|ristiau coutcut uuc| aduircd iu t|c six-
tccut| ccutury, |ciug cvcu t|oug|t to rival |is cllo-tousuau \crgil iu t|is capacity
|c as couuouly |uou as M..:..s. ic is t|c 'good old Mautuau' |ou iolocrucs
uisquotcs iu L.:`s L.|.r`s L.s:, . ii. icatihcd iu .
z

... XII I.|:..s Jr.|:s C
`...: 3:.:..|
s. :|, :.s .r |:: :|:o .. :|, r..|.
z - - - iaui|ia ludcpcudcucc Day rou Sout|
Arica, )
Sout| Arica iuuau lig|ts Day, couucuoratiug S|arpcvillc Massacrc iu ,
|cu a pcaccul dcuoustratiou agaiust apart|cid as hrcd ou
Li ucu|cr uatious lutcruatioual Day or t|c Lliuiuatiou o lacial Discriuiua-
tiou
LSA, loa iird Day
z - icucdict o iursia iCi, lC uutil , CY aud lC |uly), 1|ouas
Crauucr CY)
3:.:..: .; Nrs.. ..-..), a||ot aud ouudcr o Su|iaco aud Moutccassiuo. icvcr
ac|icviug pricst|ood, |c lct |is studics to livc as a |cruit iu a cavc at Su|iaco, |ut as
soou surrouudcd it| disciplcs, |ou |c orgaui.cd aud or |ou |c rotc a rulc,
couplctcd |cu |c uovcd to Moutccassiuo. 1|is covcrcd all aspccts o uouastic lic,
couprisiug praycr, sacrcd rcadiug, aud uauual la|our, |ut |ad cuoug| latitudc or t|c
lattcr to |c rcdircctcd to ucdiciuc aud lcaruiug, vcrsious o t|c lulc uudcrlic t|osc o
scvcral latcr ordcrs. lts spirit is suuucd up iu |is uotto, r. :: |.|.r., 'iray aud or|.'
ic as |uricd togct|cr it| |is sistcr, St Sc|olastica scc lc|). iis lic, or rat|cr a
striug o uiraclcs rclatcd o |iu, occupics t|c sccoud |oo| o iopc Grcgory's L..|.:s,
iu c|. Grcgory |ids |is disciplc ta|c |ccd, 'quia auiuac vidcuti Crcatorcu augusta cst
ouuis crcatura', rcudcrcd iu |y t|c Luglis| auc|orcss |uliau o ioric| 'lor a soul

t|at sct| t|c Ma|cr o al t|yug, all t|at is uadc scuyt| ullc lytyllc.' 1|is day is t|c
traditioual datc o |is dcat|, said to |avc |ccu ioly Saturday, t|at is iupossi|lc, or
atcr ioly Saturday did uot all ou Marc| agaiu till . iis currcut lC datc,
aud t|at iu CY, is |is trauslatiou-cast ou |uly, |is Ort|odox day is Marc|.
lt as said iu Dcuuar| aud ioray t|at a pig cll cuoug| cd to staud up ou
St icucdict's day cvcu |cu struc| could cud or itscl t|crcatcr.
1|.o.s Cr..o:r, Arc||is|op o Cautcr|ury -). 1|c sou o a lcsscr gcutlcuau
souc said a ycouau) o Asloc|tou iotts.), |c |ccauc a cllo o |csus Collcgc, Cau-
|ridgc, rcsigucd iu ordcr to uarry, |ut as rciustatcd atcr |is ic's dcat|. lu t|c uid-
s |c as rccruitcd |y Cardiual Volscy or diplouatic scrvicc ou a uissiou to Spaiu,
ou |is rcturu |c as drau iuto icury \lll's attcupts to o|taiu t|c auuulucut o |is
uarriagc to Cat|criuc o Aragou. iaviug proposcd t|at papal o|structiou s|ould |c
outnau|cd |y su|uittiug t|c qucstiou to t|c diviucs o t|c Luropcau uuivcrsitics, |c
as appoiutcd ouc o t|c agcuts c|argcd it| sccuriug avoura|lc opiuious, |ciug t|us
|roug|t iuto coutact it| Coutiucutal rcorucrs, it| |ou |c |ad prcviously |ccu
out o syupat|y, |c sccrctly uarricd a sccoud ic. iaviug it| grcat rcluctaucc
acccptcd t|c arc||is|opric o Cautcr|ury, |c prououuccd t|c rcquircd auuulucut, aud
coopcratcd iu t|c ovcrt|ro o papal pocr iu Luglaud, doctriually too |c uovcd ur-
t|cr iu a irotcstaut dircctiou, |ut iu t|c rcactiou agaiust t|c lcorucrs' tcac|iug dur-
iug t|c last ycars o icury's rcigu as a|lc to rcuaiu iu occ. Ludcr t|c irotcstaut
|oy-|iug Ldard \l -) |c prcparcd au Luglis| ioo| o Couuou iraycr iu ,
it| cxpcdicut couccssious to couscrvativc scutiucut it|drau iu t|c stauuc|ly
irotcstaut rcvisiou o . lt is ou t|is lattcr t|at t|c iraycr ioo| is |ascd, oiug
to Crauucr's uastcry o lauguagc its pocr to uovc cvcu uou-|clicvcrs.
irogrcss toards urt|cr rcoru as iutcudcd, |ut |y carly it as o|vious t|at
iiug Ldard ould soou dic. Ludcr t|c tcrus o icury \lll's ill, ovcrridiug prcvi-
ous dcclaratiou o |is daug|tcrs' illcgitiuacy, t|c succcssiou ould pass to Ldard's
|al-sistcr Mary, a .calous Cat|olic, to prcvcut t|is, t|c |iug aud |is uiuistcrs arraugcd
t|at t|c Crou s|ould pass to lady |auc Grcy, t|c grauddaug|tcr o icury's sistcr, |o
as duly proclaiucd ou Ldard's dcat|. iut |c |ad dicd too quic|ly or Mary to |c
arrcstcd, |cu s|c uarc|cd to claiu t|c crou t|c govcruucut lost its ucrvc. A c
uout|s latcr Crauucr as coudcuucd to dcat| or trcasou, |ocvcr, Mary as uorc
iutcrcstcd iu proviug |iu a |crctic. Lvcutually, |is ill |ro|cu, |c rccautcd iu |opc o
clcucucy, |cu t|is as uot ort|couiug |c rallicd, aud |corc t|c asscu|lcd cougrc-
gatiou iu t|c Luivcrsity C|urc| at Oxord dcuouuccd uot, as cxpcctcd, |is irotcstaut
ritiugs |ut |is rcccut rccautatiou, dcclariug 'Aud as or t|c iopc, l rcusc |iu, as
C|rist's cucuy, aud Autic|rist, it| all |is alsc doctriuc.' Draggcd aay to t|c sta|c iu
iroad Strcct, |c strctc|cd out |is rig|t |aud, |ic| |ad rittcu t|c rccautatiou, to |c
|urut hrst.
irotcstauts |avc |ccu cu|arrasscd |y |is rccautatiou, Cat|olics |y its rcpudiatiou,
yct ouc cxccssivcly cagcr to avoid dcat| i t|at sccus possi|lc uay acc it |ravcly |cu
t|crc is uo cscapc. iut uorc iuportaut t|au t|c su|jcctivc causc o |is tcrgivcrsatious
is t|cir o|jcctivc ccct ou |is last day, Crauucr too| ovcr t|c stagc uauagcucut o |is

dcat| aud uadc t|c spcctaclc scrvc irotcstaut aud uot Cat|olic cdihcatiou. 1o |c surc,
t|c ccct ould uot |avc lastcd |ad Mary livcd loug cuoug| or |cr Cat|olic rcstoratiou
to ta|c |old, |ut |ad Ldard livcd, or |auc prcvailcd, Luglaud ould uudcr Crauucr's
guidaucc |avc |ccouc a uorc dccidcdly irotcstaut uot ucrcly uou-papist) couutry
t|au s|c did. lt is |ccausc ucit|cr party succccdcd t|at |c is |ouourcd as a uartyr.
1|osc |o rcgardcd Marc| as t|c day o Crcatiou supposcd t|is to |avc |ccu t|c
day ou |ic| God uadc suu, uoou, aud stars, |cucc t|c |cgiuuiug o ucasura|lc tiuc.
lolloiug t|c practicc o t|c C|urc| at Alcxaudria, t|is day is trcatcd as t|c vcrual
cquiuox iu calculatiug t|c datc o Lastcr scc ll L.s::r), t|c crroucous |clic t|at t|c
rulcs |ad |ccu laid dou at t|c Couucil o iicaca iu lcd to t|c uotiou t|at t|is
|ad |ccu t|c actual datc o t|c cquiuox iu t|at ycar iu act it as t|c t|).
z

... XI I.|:..s Jr.|:s D
z Jr|.r ..:r.: a piuc-trcc it| druus aud cyu|als |augiug rou its
|rauc|cs aud strips o ool aud garlauds o violcts rouud its truu| as carricd to t|c
tcuplc o Cy|clc, t|c Grcat Mot|cr o t|c Gods rou lda M.::r :o M... I.:.).
z -
.| .; N.r|...:, ouc o scvcu uissiouarics scut to Gaul .. it| t|c rau| o |is|op |y
iopc la|iau scc |au.) t|c ot|crs crc Martial o liuogcs |uuc), Diouysius
o iaris Oct.), Austrcuouius o Clcruout-lcrraud, Saturuiuus o 1oulousc
iov.), Gatiauus o 1ours Dcc.), aud 1rop|iuus o Arlcs Dcc.). Scvcral crc
uovcd |ac| |y latcr traditiou to t|c apostolic agc iaul is a casc iu poiut, |ciug idcuti-
hcd it| lucius Scrgius iaulus, procousul o Cyprus, |o ou itucssiug St iaul's
|liudiug o a |cis| sorccrcr Acts -) 'as aua.cd' so t|c Syriac tcxt) or '|clicvcd'
uost ot|crs), aud accordiug to t|c lcgcud as scut |y iaul to prcac| t|c ait| iu Gaul.
Is..r. . C|..o., Douiuicau, ouudcr aud hrst prior o t|c uouastcry o Sauta Maria
di ia.arct| at iavia, dicd ou Marc| . A uuc|-aduircd spiritual dircctor aud
huc prcac|cr, |c as crcditcd it| |riugiug uauy |crctics |ac| iuto t|c old. li|c |is
cllo Douiuicau Aquiuas |osc portraits disguisc t|c act), |c as a vcry largc uau,
|ic| counictcd it| t|c popular stcrcotypc o t|c cuaciatcd saiut, it is said t|at dur-
iug a scruou a |cc|lcr dcclarcd 'l cau uo uorc |clicvc iu t|c |oliucss o au old porpoisc
li|c irot|cr lsuardo t|au t|at t|is |arrcl ovcr |crc ill juup up |y itscl aud |rca| uy
lcg.' O coursc t|c iupossi|lc cauc to pass t|c |arrcl juupcd up aud |ro|c t|c sccp-
tic's lcg. Vc suggcst t|at St lsuardo s|ould |c t|c patrou o t|c ullcr hgurc.

lu Al|auia t|is day Mar. OS) is t|c start o spriug Dit'c \crs). C|ildrcu raugc hclds
aud uouutaius to |riug |ouc sprays, rouud t|cir t|roats aud rists uot|crs |iud plaits
o |itc aud rcd t|rcads, syu|oli.iug pcrcct s|iu aud t|crcorc |calt| aud strcugt|.
lu ucdicval c|rouology t|is as t|c s::s :..:.ro, t|c day |osc luuar datc aordcd
t|c cpact o t|c ycar scc ll C.o:s). lt is also t|c hrst datc ou |ic| Lastcr cau
occur, |cu t|c iasc|al tcru is Marc| aud t|is is a Saturday, iu t|c Grcgoriau cal-
cudar t|c last casc as iu , |ut Scdcu aud liulaud o|scrvcd t|c t|, siucc t|c truc
ull uoou cll ou t|c ud, t|c ucxt casc ill uot |c till , |ut iu t|c |uliau calcudar
t|c last as , t|c ucxt ill |c |ot| Apr. iS).
z

... X I.|:..s Jr.|:s L
z - - - |apau Spriug lupcrial lcstival, or S|uu|i-
iorcisau
ic Zcalaud, Otago aud Sout|laud iroviucial Auuivcrsary pu|lic |oliday)
ia|istau ia|istau Day ) uatioual |oliday)
Li ucu|cr uatious Vorld Mctcrcological Day
z 1|c last day o t|c Quiuquatrus scc Mar.), aud also t|c
1u|ilustriuu, |cu t|c ccrcuouial straig|t truupcts :|.:) crc purihcd iu t|c Atriuu
Sutoriuu 'S|ocua|crs' iall').
z - 1uri|ius o Mougrovcjo lC)
1r.|.s 1ori|io) .; M..r.:,. -), arc||is|op o liua. ic |ad a uost uuusual
carccr. ic as a lay procssor o la at Salauauca Luivcrsity |cu i|ilip ll uouiuatcd
|iu to t|c court o t|c luquisitiou iu Grauada, |aviug scrvcd t|crc cll, |c as ap-
poiutcd arc||is|op o liua, uuc| to |is surprisc, aud coutrary to cauou la, as |c
argucd. icvcrt|clcss, |c as ordaiucd aud t|cu cousccratcd |is|op, arriviug iu liua iu
. 1|c tas| t|at accd |iu as cuoruous, as as |is dioccsc, it too| |iu scvcu ycars
to couplctc |is hrst visitatiou. iapti.cd ludiaus crc iguoraut o t|c ait|, Spauis|
couqucrors placcd gaiu a|ovc uorality, clcrgy crc lax i uot corrupt. 1uri|ius |uilt
c|urc|cs aud |ospitals, aud sct up a scuiuary to traiu pricsts to scrvc t|roug|out t|c
ic Vorld. ic |iuscl lcarut ludiau dialccts to urt|cr |is uissiouary or|. loug
rcvcrcd iu t|c Aucricas, |c as placcd ou t|c Luivcrsal Calcudar as au cxauplc o
piouccriug uissiouarics aud rcoruiug |is|ops, rcprcscutiug Sout| Aucrica.
l t|c orld as crcatcd ou t|c t|, t|is as t|c day ou |ic| Adau as uadc, aud
cll, iu Gaul aud at Alcxaudria it as t|crcorc cousidcrcd t|c appropriatc day or t|c

Crucihxiou, |crc|y uau|iud as rcdccucd rou t|c couscqucuccs. Ot|crs avourcd
Marc|.
z

... IX I.|:..s Jr.|:s l
z 1|is day aud May crc uar|cd iu t|c ocial calcudar as
QlCl, ,... r:: ..o.:...: ;.s, ucauiug t|at judicial |usiucss could uot |c trausactcd |y
t|c practor uutil t|c r:: s..r.;.|s, a pricst |o rctaiucd t|c uauc o |iug or rituals
t|at ouly a |iug could pcroru, |ad disuisscd t|c ..o.:.. ..|.:., a spccial aud largcly o|-
solctc asscu|ly suuuoucd to sauctiou ills.
z -
C.:|:r..: iariu) o Scdcu d. ). Daug|tcr o St iridgct iirgitta) o Scdcu scc
|uly), |ou s|c assistcd iu |cr or|, atcr |cr uot|cr's dcat|, s|c prcsscd or |cr
cauoui.atiou aud o|taiucd papal approval o t|c iridgcttiuc Ordcr.
icorc t|c lC C|urc| |ouourcd t|c arc|augcl Ga|ricl ou t|is day, t|at prcccdiug
t|c Auuuuciatiou, |c uo s|arcs Scptcu|cr it| Mic|acl aud lap|acl. A piu|
cat|cr rou |is iug is said to |avc ouud its ay to Ll Lscorial.
M.r.|
l Martius au. Oucc hrst, aud uo t|c t|ird.
1o lcad t|c Ycar as uy appoiutcd placc,
A uortal disposscsscd uc |y a ord,
Aud sct t|crc |auus it| t|c dou|lc acc.
icucc l ua|c ar ou all t|c |uuau racc,
l s|a|c t|c citics it| uy |urricaucs,
l nood t|c rivcrs aud t|cir |au|s cacc,
Aud drou t|c arus aud |aulcts it| uy raius.
icury Vadsort| lougcllo -),
1|: .::`s C.|:..r
z

... JIII I.|:..s Jr.|:s G
z - - - Grcccc ludcpcudcucc Day rou 1ur|cy, ),
|cu iis|op Gcruauus Ycruaus) o iatras raiscd t|c staudard o rcvolt at t|c
iclopouucsiau Ayia lavra

Li cxccpt Scotlaud) lady Day Quartcr Day)
LSA, Marylaud Marylaud Day arrival o hrst scttlcrs, uudcr lord ialtiuorc, )
1|c ycar as rcc|oucd rou t|is day iu Luglaud up to iu llorcucc aud iisa up to
).
z - -- iCi, Ort|.),
CY, lC). 1raditioual Luglis| uauc lady Day. lcd-lcttcr day
1|c Auuuuciatiou is uiuc uout|s |corc t|c iativity, t|c Arucuiau datc is April. O
t|c Gospcls, ouly Matt|c aud lu|c rccord t|c cvcut, t|c lattcr iu uost dctail
Aud iu t|c sixt| uout| t|c augcl Ga|ricl as scut rou God uuto a city o Galilcc, uaucd
ia.arct|, to a virgiu cspouscd to a uau |osc uauc as |oscp|, o t|c |ousc o David, aud t|c
virgiu's uauc as Mary. Aud t|c augcl cauc iu uuto |cr, aud said, iail, t|ou t|at art |ig|ly
avourcd, t|c lord is it| t|cc |lcsscd art t|ou auoug oucu. Aud |cu s|c sa |iu, s|c as
trou|lcd at |is sayiug, aud cast iu |cr uiud |at uauucr o salutatiou t|is s|ould |c. Aud t|c
augcl said uuto |cr, lcar uot, Mary or t|ou |ast ouud avour it| God. Aud, |c|old, t|ou
s|alt couccivc iu t|y ou|, aud |riug ort| a sou, aud s|alt call |is uauc |LSLS. ic s|all |c
grcat, aud s|all |c callcd t|c Sou o t|c iig|cst aud t|c lord God s|all givc uuto |iu t|c
t|rouc o |is at|cr David Aud |c s|all rcigu ovcr t|c |ousc o |aco| or cvcr, aud o |is |iug-
dou t|crc s|all |c uo cud. 1|cu said Mary uuto t|c augcl, io s|all t|is |c, scciug l |uo uot
a uau. Aud t|c augcl auscrcd aud said uuto |cr, 1|c ioly G|ost s|all couc upou t|cc, aud
t|c pocr o t|c iig|cst s|all ovcrs|ado t|cc t|crcorc also t|at |oly t|iug |ic| s|all |c
|oru o t|cc s|all |c callcd t|c Sou o God. lu|c -)
L.so.s. 1|is day also couucuoratcd t|c icuitcut 1|ic, |o togct|cr it| |is iu-
pcuitcut collcaguc acquircd a rcuar|a|lc varicty o uaucs iu uou-cauouical sourccs
Zoat|au aud Cauua, |oat|as aud Maggatras, 1itus aud Duuac|us. Most auiliar uo
arc t|c uaucs iu t|c Goldcu lcgcud, Disuas or t|c Good 1|ic aud Gcsuas or t|c
iad, dcrivcd rou t|c Dysuas aud Gcstas o t|c so-callcd J.:. .|.:.. Auot|cr tcxt, pur-
portcdly rittcu |y |oscp| o Ariuat|ca scc |uly), rclatcs t|at Gcstas uscd to strip
aud uurdcr travcllcrs, driu|iug |a|ics' |lood or rcrcs|ucut, |ut Dcuas as it calls t|c
Good 1|ic) as a Galilcau iuu|ccpcr |o ro||cd t|c ric|, |clpcd t|c poor, aud cou-
uittcd sacrilcgc iu t|c 1cuplc. Ot|crs said t|at iu |is yout| |c |ad capturcd, aud rc-
lcascd, t|c ioly lauily ou t|c nig|t to Lgypt. ic rcsidcd at latruu ucar Luuaus,
cvidcutly |ccausc, as t|c Gospcls say, |c as a |.:r., t|c latiu ord, li|c t|c Grcc| |: .s:: s,
is rat|cr '|audit' or '|ig|ayuau' t|au 't|ic '. A ragucut o |is cross is cx|i|itcd at t|c
louau c|urc| o Sauta Crocc iu Gcrusalcuuc.
A prop|ccy t|at t|c coiucidcucc o t|c Auuuuciatiou it| Good lriday iu ould
uar| t|c cud o t|c orld as rcutcd |y A||o o llcury, t|c coiucidcucc as ticc
rcpcatcd |corc t|c uillcuuiuu, iu aud . Morc rcccutly a siuilar prop|ccy, |ut
rclatiug to Lastcr Day, is rcportcd rou lrclaud Diuuccu, s.v. M.r:) ucar t|c cud o
t|c orld 'Lastcr Suuday s|all |c ou t|c day o Mary's lcast' |:.| L.o|...| Cs.. .r |
I|.|: M.r:). lrou t|c carly scvcutccut| ccutury is attcstcd t|c uorc spccihc variaut

V|cu Our lord lig|ts iu Our lady's lap,
1|cu lct Luglaud loo| or a clap,
i.c. a uisortuuc. lt is ascri|cd to disacctcd louau Cat|olics |o |opcd t|c \irgiu
ould sci.c t|c c|aucc to puuis| t|c |iugdou or apostasy, |ut t|c last suc| Lastcr |ad
|ccu iu , duriug t|c hrst ycar o t|c louau Cat|olic Mary l, |osc |ric aud uu-
|appy rcigu as rcudcrcd iuauous |y t|c pcrsccutiou o irotcstauts aud iguouiuious
|y t|c loss o Calais. lady Day Lastcr provcd calauitous or C|arlcs l iu , |cu
|is avouritc t|c Du|c o iuc|iug|au's cxpcditiou to rclicvc t|c iugucuots o la
loc|cllc cudcd iu d|clc, aud , |cu Scotlaud |cgau t|c rc|clliou t|at lcd at last
to |is cxccutiou souc to uout|s |corc t|c ucxt coiucidcucc iu . Siucc t|cu it |as
occurrcd iu , , , , , aud , ycars uar|cd souctiucs |y political
cxcitcucut |ut ucvcr |y uatioual disastcr, t|c sauc applics supposiug t|c louau
Cat|olics to |avc prop|csicd |y t|c iopc's calcudar) to t|c Grcgoriau iustauccs iu ,
, , aud . V|cu Lastcr is ucxt ou Marc|, iu aud , |ot| CoL aud
lC ill trauscr t|c Auuuuciatiou to auot|cr day.
1|ouas lullcr ) dou|tcd t|c prop|ccy
l |c|old t|is provcr|ial prop|ccy, or t|is prop|ctical ucuacc, to |c uot a|ovc six scorc ycarcs
old, aud o iopis| cxtractiou siucc t|c lcoruatiou. lt |ispcrct| uorc t|cu it darcs spca| out,
aud poiuts at uorc t|cu it darcs |ispcr, aud aiu ould iutiuatc to crcdulous pcrsous, as i t|c
|lcsscd \irgiu ocudcd it| t|c Luglis| or a|olis|iug |cr Adoratiou atc|ct| au opportuuity
o lcvcugc ou t|is iatiou. Aud |cu |cr day |ciug t|c ;: .. ::.:.::| o M.r.|, aud hrst o
t|c Cr:.r... ycar) c|aucct| to all ou t|c day o C|rist's lcsurrcctiou, t|cu |ciug as it crc
ortihcd |y |cr `..s assistaucc) souc sigual judgucut is iutcudcd to our Statc, aud C|urc|-ucu
cspccially. . . . Surc l au so siuull a iatiou dcscrvcs t|at cvcry ycar s|ould |c atal uuto it. iut
it uattcrs uot, :|.| .r L., ;.||s .. .r L.rs |., |ilst .r L.r sits at |.s I.:|:rs rig|t |aud, i to
|iu c ua|c our addrcsscs |y scrious rcpcutaucc. lullcr, h.r:|.:s,
lady ast t|c custou o astiug t|roug|out t|c ycar ou |atcvcr day o t|c cc| lady
Day cll ou, it as csta|lis|cd |y , aud uot approvcd uuivcrsally
t|c ucdc o astyugc uc t|c vcrtu o astyugc is uoug|t assyuguyd uc lyuyt |c t|c lcttcrys o t|c
|alcudcr uc olyu uout t|c cours o t|c |alcudcr uc c|augyu uout rou o day to auot|cr day,
alt|cy t|c lcttcrys c|augyu rou ou day to ouot|cr. L.:s .. .:r, . i. )
1|c 1ic||oruc Dolc ta|cs placc ou t|is day
1|c h...|:s::r |s:r:r, a c ycars ago, gavc au accouut o t|c '1ic||oruc Dolc', associatcd it|
ouc o t|c vcry oldcst iaups|irc auilics. 1|c lcgcud tclls t|at, at souc rcuotc pcriod, a lady
Ma|clla, ou |cr dcat|-|cd, |csoug|t |cr lord, t|c 1ic||oruc o t|osc days, to supply |cr it|
t|c ucaus or |cqucat|iug a git or .|: o |rcad to auy ouc |o s|ould apply or it auuually ou
t|c lcast o t|c Auuuuciatiou o t|c ilcsscd \irgiu. Sir logcr prouiscd |cr t|c procccds o as
uuc| laud as s|c could go ovcr |ilc a |raud or |illct o a ccrtaiu si.c as |uruiug s|c as
ucarly |cdriddcu, aud ucarly dyiug, aud |cr avaricious lord |clicvcd t|at |c |ad iuposcd coudi-
tious |ic| ould placc it|iu vcry uarro liuits t|c arca o laud to |c alicuatcd. iut |c as
uista|cu. A uiraculous dcgrcc o strcugt| as givcu to |cr. S|c as carricd |y |cr attcudauts
iuto a hcld, |crc s|c cralcd rouud uauy goodly acrcs. A hcld o tcuty-t|rcc acrcs, at 1ic|-
|oruc, to t|is day, |cars t|c uauc o t|c Cr.|. 1|c lady, just |corc |cr dcat|, solcuuly arucd
|cr auily agaiust auy dcparturc rou t|c tcrus o t|c dolc, s|c prcdictcd t|at t|c auily uauc

ould |ccouc cxtiuct, aud t|c ortuucs iupovcris|cd, i t|c dolc crc cvcr it|drau. 1|c
1ic||oruc dolc, t|us csta|lis|cd, as rcgardcd as t|c occasiou o au auuual cstival duriug uauy
gcucratious. lt as usual to |a|c ourtccu |uudrcd loavcs or t|c dolc, o tcuty-six ouuccs cac|,
aud to givc topcucc to auy applicaut iu cxccss o t|c uuu|cr t|at could |c t|cu scrvcd. 1|is
custou as coutiuucd till a|out t|c uiddlc o t|c last t| ccutury, |cu, uudcr t|c prctcucc
o attcudiug 1ic||oruc Dolc, vaga|ouds, gipsics, aud idlcrs o cvcry dcscriptiou, asscu|lcd
rou all quartcrs, pilcriug t|roug|out t|c ucig||our|ood, aud at last, iu , ou accouut o
t|c couplaiuts o t|c uagistratcs aud gcutry, it as discoutiuucd. 1|is gavc grcat ocucc to
uauy |o |ad |ccu accustoucd to rcccivc t|c dolc. Aud uo arosc a rcvival o old traditious.
1|c good lady Ma|clla, as t|c lcgcud told, |ad prcdictcd t|at, i t|c dolc s|ould |c it||cld,
t|c uausiou ould cruu|lc to ruius, t|at t|c auily uauc ould |ccouc cxtiuct t|roug| t|c
ailurc o ualc |cirs, aud t|at t|is ailurc ould |c occasioucd |y a gcucratiou o scvcu sous
|ciug ollocd |y a gcucratiou o scvcu daug|tcrs. Siugularly cuoug|, t|c old |ousc partially cll
dou iu , t|c |arouct o t|at day |ad scvcu sous, t|c cldcst o t|csc |ad scvcu daug|tcrs,
aud t|c oucr o t|c auily cstatcs |ccauc a Doug|ty iustcad o a 1ic||oruc.
C|au|crs
lu ouc Art|ur Ortou, sou o a Vappiug |utc|cr, turucd up iu Vagga Vagga, Aus-
tralia, claiuiug to |c logcr C|arlcs 1ic||oruc, t|c |cir to t|c titlc |o |ad disappcarcd
iu a s|ip |ouud or |auaica iu . ic as acccptcd |y t|c rcal logcr's uot|cr, |ut
uot |y t|c auily, |roug|t to trial, |c as cxposcd as au iupostor aud scutcuccd to
ourtccu ycars' pcual scrvitudc.
Alt|oug| t|c titlc |ccauc cxtiuct it| t|c dcat| o Sir Aut|ouy Doug|ty-
1ic||oruc iu , t|c 1ic||oruc Dolc still ta|cs placc iu 1ic||oruc iar|, t|c auily
scat. Adult rcsidcuts o 1ic||oruc, C|critou, aud lauc Lud ucar Viuc|cstcr) cac| rc-
ccivc a gallou o scl-raisiug nour, c|ildrcu |al a gallou ou lady Day.
lu t|c louau calcudar as rcorucd |y Cacsar t|is as couutcd t|c vcrual cquiuox,
|ciug t|c uorual datc iu t|c ycars olloiug t|c rcoru, iu t|c latc Lupirc it as t|c
day o t|c iilaria, |cu t|c ors|ippcrs o Cy|clc, t|c Mot|cr o t|c Gods, cclc-
|ratcd t|c rcsurrcctiou o |cr castratcd lovcr Attis. lt as also t|c datc o t|c cquiuox
iu t|c rulcs dcviscd |y t|c c|urc| at louc or hudiug Lastcr, aud iu t|c souc|at
dicrcut systcu uscd |y Ccltic C|ristiaus scc ll J. j ). Souc ritcrs rcgardcd t|c
t|, uot t|c t|, as t|c hrst day o Crcatiou, Vcstcru traditiou sct t|c Crucihxiou ou
t|is day iu , t|oug| uauy iu Gaul prccrrcd to ua|c Marc| t|c lcsurrcctiou
scc ll C|r.s:... C|r...|.,), as it as |cld to |c iu Alcxaudria, souc Gaulis| aud
Cappadociau c|urc|cs |cpt Lastcr ou it it|out rcgard to t|c day o t|c cc|.

z

... JII I.|:..s Jr.|:s A
z - - - iaugladcs| ludcpcudcucc Day ) uatioual
day)
Spaiu licsta dcl Ar|ol 'lcast o t|c 1rcc' or Ar|our Day)
LSA, iaaii iriucc |oua| iu|io ialauiauaolc Day |irt|day o iaaii's sccoud
dclcgatc to Cougrcss)
z -
h.||..o .; N.r..|. lu a |oy callcd Villiau disappcarcd iu ioric| ou Mouday o
ioly Vcc|, Marc|, aud as ouud dcad ou Lastcr Lvc, soou atcrards it as allcgcd
t|at |c |ad |ccu |illcd |y t|c local |cs. 1|c story as at hrst dis|clicvcd, |ut t|c coiu-
cidcucc t|at Marc| as iisau iuspircd t|c autasy o a ritual crucihxiou at
iassovcr, suc| as |ad |callcu |csus C|rist, iu couscqucucc, Villiau acquircd t|c status
o a saiut aud uartyr, cultcd ou Marc|, t|c datc o Lastcr iu . 1|is assiduously
propagatcd |lood-li|cl as rcuccd |y ol| prcjudicc, or asscrtcd as a covcr, |cu ot|cr
c|ildrcu crc uurdcrcd, aud souctiucs givcu crcdcucc |y aut|ority Siuou o 1rcut i.c.
1rcuto), |o disappcarcd ou Mauudy 1|ursday, Marc| , aud |osc uutilatcd
corpsc as ouud ou Lastcr Day, as rou to ocially |ouourcd |y t|c dio-
ccsc. ludccd, t|c iassovcr couucctiou, t|oug| prcscut iu t|is casc Siuou disappcarcd ou
iisau), ccascd to |c csscutial, Audcrl Oxucr o liuu iu 1yrol, supposcdly uurdcrcd
|y |cs, iu act |y |is uuclc, iu , as cultcd ou |uly iu a c|urc| crcctcd to |iu iu
|ut uo dcdicatcd to t|c \isitatiou o t|c i\M scc |uly), |is |oucs |aviug |ccu
rcuovcd rou t|c |ig| altar iu , aud 'littlc Sir iug|' o liucolu, or |osc uurdcr
iu cig|tccu |cs crc |augcd aud |osc ucuorial plaquc rcuaiucd iu liucolu
Cat|cdral till , ou August. C|auccr's iriorcss ucutious |iu at t|c cud o |cr talc,
iu |ic| a |oy |o coustautly siugs t|c Mariau |yuu J|o. r::o:.r.s o.::r is uurdcrcd
souc|crc iu 'Asyc' aud uiraculously pcruittcd |y t|c \irgiu to coutiuuc siugiug atcr
dcat|, agaiu iassovcr docs uot cutcr t|c hctiou, |ut Mariau dcvotiou, ou accouut o its
cuotioualisu, as otcu accoupauicd |y auti-|cis| ccliug aud orsc t|au ccliug. 1|c
lic as rcvivcd iu t|c uiuctccut| ccutury, aud uorc t|au oucc priutcd iu ;r..,.s:. Spaiu.
Alt|oug| t|c |lood-li|cl appcars to |c iudcpcudcut o classical prcccdcut, siuilar
talcs o c|ild uurdcr iu sccrct rituals, uadc uorc crcdi|lc |y t|c ovcrt aud uotorious
i|ocuiciau aud Cart|agiuiau c|ild-sacrihcc or o.||, crc told agaiust pagau dcviauts as
cll as C|ristiaus, rcdcploycd |y C|ristiaus agaiust |crctics aud |cs, aud still |clicvcd
iu lussia at t|c |cgiuuiug o t|c uiuctccut| ccutury 'l |avc iudccd |card o ouc scct,
|ic| is said to ua|c it a poiut o duty to procurc auougst t|cusclvcs a hrst-|oru ualc
c|ild o a ouau |o |as ucvcr |ccu uarricd, aud to cat its ncs| aud driu| its |lood
at t|c sacraucut' Viluot, ).
`,..:.s .; Jr.|..:| C.|r.:| Ort|.)

z

... JI I.|:..s Jr.|:s i
z - - - Myauuar,iurua Aruy Day currcutly trcatcd
as lcsistaucc Day |y t|c oppositiou)
z -
j.|. .; L,: d. ), auc|oritc. Disciplc o au auc|oritc, |o taug|t |iu pcrcct
o|cdicucc, |c c|osc t|c sauc lic, alliug |iuscl up, cxccpt or a suall iudo, iu a
t|rcc-roou cavc. Mauy visitors crc drau |y |is gits o prop|ccy aud |caliug.
:r:, |is|op o Vorus aud Sal.|urg, apostlc o iavaria aud Austria. iaviug couc to
iavaria iu , |c ouudcd t|c uouastcry o St ictcr t|c oldcst iu Austria) ou t|c sitc
o louau |uvavuu, uo callcd Sal.|urg, |c prcac|cd t|c Gospcl aud ouudcd c|urc|cs
ovcr a idc arca still urt|cr cxtcudcd |y lcgcud). ic dicd ou Lastcr Suuday, Marc|
, atcr cclc|ratiug uass. iis trauslatiou-cast is Scptcu|cr, couucuoratiug t|c
solcuu |urial o |is rclics iu |y St \irgilius iu |is ucly |uilt cat|cdral.
Ou Marc| , |ilc ou t|c lslc o 1|auct, |o|u Lvclyu rcuar|cd ou a custou or
|ic| uo cxplauatiou |as |ccu ouud
l cauc |ac| t|roug| a Couutry t|c |cst cultivatcd o auy t|at iu uy lic l |ad auy |crc sccuc
. . . o|scrviug aluost cvcry tall trcc, to |avc a Vcat|cr-coc| ou t|c top |oug|, ~ souc trccs |alc
a do.cu, l lcarucd, t|at ou a ccrtaiu |oly-day, t|c larucrs cast t|cir Scrvauts, at |ic| solcu-
uity t|cy sct up t|csc Coc|s iu a |iud o 1riuup| ~c. Lvclyu, L..r,, iii.
z

... J I.|:..s Jr.|:s C
z -
r.s.s, M.|.|s, .. J|::..:r, yout|ul uartyrs t|rou to ild |casts .. at Cacsarca
Maritiua, t|c scat o t|c govcruor o |udaca.
.: `.::s III -), ouudcr o t|c hrst |uou uouastcry iu louc at S. Sc|a-
stiauo ou t|c Appiau Vay), |uildcr o t|c octagoual |aptistcry at S. Giovauui iu latc-
rauo, aud rcstorcr o S. Maria Maggiorc. Souctiucs cultcd ou August, t|c datc o
|is dcat|.
A ritcr |uou as 't|c Couputist o ' |osc trcatisc L: ..o:. .s.|.|., rittcu iu
t|at ycar, |as |ccu |audcd dou auougst t|c or|s o Cypriau datcs C|rist's |irt| to

Vcducsday Marc| iu t|c t| ycar atcr t|c Lxodus, |ic| iu |is c|rouology cor-
rcspouds to . Siucc |c too| t|c Crcatiou to |avc ta|cu placc ou Marc|, cutail-
iug t|at t|c suu aud uoou crc uadc ou Vcducsday t|c t|, t|is as t|c idcal day or
t|c Suu o lig|tcousucss to |avc |ccu |oru.
z

... IJ I.|:..s Jr.|:s D
z - - - 1aiau Yout| Day pu|lic |oliday)
LSA \ictuau \ctcraus Day it|draal rou \ictuau, )
LSA, Dclaarc Scdis| Colouial Day hrst Scdis| scttlcucut, )
z - lu t|c Auglo-Saxou C|urc| t|is day as cclc|ratcd as t|c Ordiuatiou
o Grcgory t|c Grcat to t|c pricst|ood, it as supprcsscd |y laurauc, |ut rcplaccd
uudcr Ausclu |y t|c cast o |is cousccratiou ou Scptcu|cr.
z

... III I.|:..s Jr.|:s L
z -
j.|. C|.o..s d. ), uou| aud a||ot o Mouut Siuai. ic as hrst a uou|, t|cu or
uost o |is lic a |cruit iu Lgypt, |crc |c rotc |is L.:r :. .r..s:, a trcatisc ou t|c
idcal statc o uouastic spirituality, t|c Grcc| or 'laddcr' |ciug ||o.:, |c is |uou as
'|o|u o t|c laddcr', I. ..: s :: s I|o.|.s, o |ic| |is Luglis| uauc is a corruptiou. 1|c
couccpt o uouutiug |y dcgrccs as to iunucucc couutlcss latcr ritcrs. ic is cultcd
ou t|is day iu |ot| t|c lC aud Ort|odox C|urc|cs, |ut t|c lattcr also dcdicatcs t|c
ourt| Suuday iu lcut to |iu.
Z.s.os, |is|op o Syracusc, d. ... At t|c agc o |c as givcu |y |is parcuts to t|c
uouastcry o S. lucia, it is said t|at, |aviug |ccu put iu c|argc o t|c rcliquary aud
s|ir|cd |is duty, |c |ad a visiou o lucy loo|iug at |iu augrily, aud t|c \irgiu Mary
dccudiug |iu. lu auy casc, |c |ccauc a||ot o t|c uouastcry |corc |is uouiuatiou
to t|c |is|opric |y iopc 1|codorc l -).

z

r..: I.|:..s Jr.|:s l
z - - - Malta iatioual Day, or lrccdou Day iudc-
pcudcucc rou Grcat iritaiu, )
z 1|c Moou as ors|ippcd iu |cr tcuplc ou t|c Avcutiuc iill.
1|c uig|t o Marc|, prcccdiug t|c t|rcc-day cstival o \cuus \crticordia scc
Apr.), is t|c occasiou or t|c :r..|.o J:.:r.s, a |cautiul |ut pro|lcuatic latc louau
pocu loo|iug orard to t|c cstival, it is |cst |uou or its rcraiu, |iddiug all |o
|avc ucvcr lovcd aud all |o |avc lovcd to lovc ou t|c uorro
Cras auct qui uuuquau auavit, quiquc auavit cras auct.
1|c pocu caug|t t|c iuagiuatiou o Valtcr iatcr, |o iu M.r.s :|: L..r:.. iuvcutcd
a gcucsis or it iu t|c sccoud ccutury , t|is is ccrtaiuly too carly, |ut sc|olars |avc uot
yct agrccd |o loug |corc or atcr it s|ould |c datcd.
z -
C, .; .o.s., a||ot ), |o |ad a custou o it|draiug to a ccll souc t|rcc
uilcs rou |is a||cy, |crc |c sccucd to do uot|iug |ut ast aud pray. iis dcat| at
iarua as a rcsult o suddcu illucss lcd to a disputc |ctccu iouposa aud iarua or
t|c custody o |is rclics, |ic| t|c cupcror icury lll scttlcd |y scudiug t|cu to t|c
c|urc| o St |o|u t|c Lvaugclist at Spcycr.
lu ira.il t|is as orucrly t|c day or cclc|ratiug t|c ovcrt|ro iu o ircsidcut
|oo Goulart iu a uilitary coup accoupauicd |y cll-orgaui.cd dcuoustratious. 1|c
truc datc as April, |ut t|c govcruucut did uot carc to call it t|c Glorious April lool's
Day lcvolutiou.


`:::: Jr.| s|.:rs,
L.. sr.. M..: {.:rs.
1|c April's iu |cr cycs, it is lovc's spriug,
Aud t|csc t|c s|ocrs to |riug it ou.
Autouy, iu J.:.., .. C|:..:r., . ii. -
1.|| Jr.| .s :.
.|..: ..: . :|r:..
z - latiu Jr.|.s, lrcuc| .r.|, Spauis| .|r.|, iortugucsc J|r.|,
ltaliau .r.|:, Gcruau Jr.|, Vcls| L|r.||, Scots Gaclic .. C.||:.., lris| J.|r:.
louau ritcrs dcrivcd Jr.|.s rou .:r.r:, 'to opcu', or t|c Grcc| goddcss Ap|roditc,
ucit|cr is liuguistically crcdi|lc. Modcru sc|olars associatc t|c uauc it| au aucicut
root ucauiug 'ot|cr', i.c. t|c sccoud uout| o a ycar |cgiuuiug iu Marc|. 1|c ctyuo-
logy o t|c Scots Gaclic uauc is o|scurc, t|c lris| appcars to |c a distortiou o t|c
latiu.
z - - -
1|.r M..., LSA, Maiuc aud Massac|usctts iatriots' Day iattlc o lcxiugtou aud
Coucord, , scc Apr.)
I.r:| M..., LSA, Ala|aua Coucdcratc Mcuorial Day
LSA, ic iaups|irc last Day
L.s: M..., LSA, Mississippi Coucdcratc Mcuorial Day
`:... Ir.., lcsot|o last aud iraycr Day
Jr|.r L., is o|scrvcd iu uost LS statcs ou souc day iu April, otcu cou|iucd it|
iird Day. lirst o|scrvcd April iu ic|ras|a, spccial cclc|ratious ta|c placc
auuually iu ic|ras|a City. A iatioual Ar|or Day, to prouotc t|c rccoguitiou o t|c
usculucss o trccs, accoupauicd |y trcc-plautiug, |as |ccu proposcd or t|c last lri-
day iu April.
A rcccutly iuvcutcd cclc|ratiou is Sccrctarics Day, ou t|c Vcducsday o t|c last ull
cc| iu April.
lu t|c LSA, Daylig|t Saviug 1iuc |cgius ou t|c hrst Suuday iu April iu t|osc statcs
t|at o|scrvc it scc ll L.,s .. 1.o:s).
icxt cauc rcs| Jr.|| ull o lusty|cd,
Aud autou as a iid |osc |oruc uc |uds
\pou a iull |c rodc, t|c sauc |ic| lcd
Lr.. notiug t|roug| t|'Jr.|..| nuds
iis |orucs crc gildcu all it| goldcu studs
Aud garuis|cd it| garlouds goodly dig|t
O all t|c aircst norcs aud rcs|cst |uds
V|ic| t|'cart| |riugs ort|, aud ct |c sccu'd iu sig|t
Vit| aucs, t|roug| |ic| |c adcd or |is loucs dclig|t.
Spcuscr, 1|: I.:r.: ::.:, . vii.
lairc is uy louc or Jr.|| iu |cr acc,
iir loucly |rcsts `:::o|:r claiucs |is part,
Aud lordly I|, iu |cr cycs ta|cs placc,
iut coldc L:.:o|:r dcllct| iu |cr |cart
ilcst |c t|c uout|s, t|at scts uy t|oug|ts ou hrc,
Accurst t|at Mout| t|at |iudrct| uy dcsirc.
lo|crt Grccuc -), :r,o::s, :|: 3|..|so.:| )
lt is uo April, aud t|c iig|tiugalc |cgius to tuuc |cr t|roat agaiust May t|c Suuuy s|ocrs
pcruuc t|c airc, aud t|c iccs |cgiu to goc a|road or |oucy t|c Dcc, as iu icarlcs, |augs vpou
t|c tops o t|c grassc, |ilc t|c 1urtlcs sit |illiug vpou t|c littlc grccuc |oug|cs t|c 1rot |c-
gius to play iu t|c iroo|cs, aud t|c Sauuou lcaucs t|c Sca, to play iu t|c rcs| atcrs 1|c Gar-
dcu |au|cs arc ull o gay nocrs, aud t|c 1|oruc aud t|c iluuuc scud ort| t|cir airc
ilossoucs t|c Marc| Colt |cgius to play, aud t|c Cossct lau| is lcarucd to |utt. 1|c iocts
uo ua|c t|cir studics iu t|c oods, aud t|c Yout| o t|c Couutry ua|c rcady or t|c Morris-
daucc, t|c littlc lis|cs lyc ui|liug at a |ait, aud t|c iorpas playcs iu t|c pridc o t|c tidc t|c
s|cp|cards pipc cutcrtaiucs t|c iriuccssc o Arcadia, aud t|c |calt|ull Souldicr |at| a plcas-
aut uarc|. 1|c lar|c aud t|c lau|c loo|c vp at t|c Suu, aud t|c la|ourcr is a|road |y t|c
dauiug o t|c day S|ccpcs cycs iu lau|s |cads, tcll |iud |carts straugc talcs, |ilc ait| aud
trot| ua|c t|c truc loucrs |uot t|c agcd |aircs hud a rcs| lic, aud t|c yout|ull c|cc|s arc as
rcd as a c|crry lt crc a orld to sct douc t|c ort| o t|is uouct| iut iu suuuc, l t|us
coucludc, l |old it t|c icaucus |lcssiug, aud t|c Lart|s couort. larccll. irctou )
lu t|is M..::| t|c ||.. iucrcasct|, |crcorc to cat plcasaut ucats, aud livcr lis|, aud Sallcts
otcu is couucudcd, to ilccd aud iat|c t|is Mouct| vcry good, to purgc t|c stouac| |y
iotiou or ot|crisc is good, |ut to cat auy |iud o ..:s t|is Mouct| is t|oug|t |urtul, all |iud
o Mcat uodcratcly ta|cu, cxccpt iigg, is couutcd good, lts sac to cutcr iuto i|ysic| or auy
gric o t|c |ody, |ut driu| uodcratcly, |ccausc cxccssivc driu|iug uorc coutauiuatcs t|c |lood
iu t|is Mouct| t|au iu auy ot|cr, to cat 3::.., aud M..:s prcparcd iu H..:,, aud driu| ;rs: iu t|c
uoruiug |corc you :.: auy t|iug, aud to r..| souctiucs t|c icr| o Gracc ruc Cr.:.. L:.
iu Viuc is prohta|lc, |ut |carc o catiug Salt lis| iu t|is Mouct|, or it ouls t|c |lood, aud
|rccds ltc|cs aud Sca|s iu t|c |ody. Sauudcrs )

z

I.|:..: Jr.|:s G
I; .: :|.:rs .. J|| I..|s` .,
.: |r..s .. .r.s .; ..r. .. |.,.
1|: ;rs: L., .; Jr.| ,. o., s:. . ;..| |.:|:r ,. .||.
z - - - Auguilla Coustitutiou Day
z 1|is as t|c day o \cuus \crticordia 'icart-turucr') statucs o
\cuus crc as|cd |y cualc ors|ippcrs, |o t|cu |cdcc|cd |cr it| rcs| nocrs.
Also |ouourcd as lortuua \irilis, origiually 'Mcu's lortuuc' |ut |y classical tiucs
iutcrprctcd as 'luc| it| Mcu', oucu o t|c locr ordcrs praycd to |cr iu t|c ucu's
|at|s.
z - Mary o Lgypt Ort|., scc Apr.)
H| -), |is|op o Grcuo|lc. Atcr iuitial rcluctaucc, |c scrvcd or hty-to
ycars altogct|cr, aud as rcuoucd or |is gcucrosity. Attractcd |y t|c uouastic lic,
aud |aviug joiucd t|c icucdictiuc Ordcr at au carly agc, |c gavc St iruuo aud |is cou-
pauious C|artrcusc, |osc uou|s, vocd to silcucc, latcr orucd t|c Cart|usiau
Ordcr.
A traditiou rccordcd |y carly calcudars aud agaiu |y t|c iollaudists uadc t|is t|c day
ou |ic| |csus C|rist |cgau prcac|iug.
J|| I..|`s L.,. A pau-Luropcau o|scrvaucc o lrcuc| origiu, c|aractcri.cd |y t|c ..ss..
`.r.|, litcrally 'April hs|', a tric| |crc|y crcdulous pcrsous arc |oaxcd iu souc iu-
gcuious ay, or uadc ridiculous |y t|c attac|ucut |c|iud t|cir |ac|s o a card|oard
hs| to t|cir clot|iug, iu t|c oldcst oru o t|c tric|, |ocvcr, scvcral pcrsous couspircd
to scud t|c victiu ou a ool's crraud rou ouc coucdcratc to auot|cr, cac| allcgiug t|at
it as t|c ucxt it| |ou t|c |usiucss as to |c douc.
Souc cxplauatious o t|c custou, aud t|c uauc, arc suc| t|at ouly au April ool
could |clicvc. Souc said t|at atcr C|arlcs lX iu |ad ordcrcd t|c ycar to |c rcc|-
oucd rou |auuary iustcad o Lastcr, |ogus ic Ycar prcscuts crc givcu ou April,
t|is is to couusc t|c traditioual ic Ycar cstivitics it| t|c c|augc o datc. Auot|cr
talc is t|at t|c ruitlcss jourucys rccall t|osc o C|rist rou t|c Sau|cdriu to iilatc,
rou iilatc to icrod Autipas, aud rou icrod |ac| to iilatc, April |ciug t|c li|cly
uout| o t|c Crucihxiou t|oug| Vcstcru traditiou placcd it ou Marc|), aud t|c
hs| staudiug or C|rist as it did iu carly C|ristiau tiucs, t|is ould |c uorc couviu-
ciug i t|c custou |ad origiuatcd auougst t|c clcrgy.

iocvcr, t|c April hs| is t|c uac|crcl, a|uudaut iu t|at uout|, aud |uou iu
lrcuc| as o.,:r:., rou t|c Dutc| o.|r::|, |ut siucc o.,:r:. t|is tiuc rou Dutc|
o.|:|..r, '|ro|cr') is also lrcuc| or 'piup', |y t|c cud o t|c htccut| ccutury ..ss..
`.r.| as iu couuou usc or a paudcr or go-|ctccu, cspccially a pagc scut to arraugc
a lovc aair. lt is possi|lc t|at t|c tcru as cxtcudcd to t|c |utt o t|c practical jo|c,
t|oug| it is gcucrally uscd to dcscri|c t|c jo|c itscl, rat|cr t|au t|c victiu, aud |cucc
as au cxclauatiou rcuaius iu t|c siugular cvcu |cu addrcsscd to a group. O |o|auu
Clcucus vou Vittcls|ac|, Llcctoral Arc||is|op o Cologuc aud iis|op o ligc, |o
rcsidcd at \alcucicuucs duriug t|c Var o t|c Spauis| Succcssiou c rcad
ll s'avisa, uu prcuicr jour d'avril, dc uoutcr cu c|airc, il y avoit cuvoy iuvitcr tout cc qui tait
\alcucicuucs, ct l'glisc toit toutc rcuplic. l'lcctcur parut cu c|airc, rcgarda la coupaguic dc
tous cts, puis tout coup sc uit cricr ioissou d'avril. poissou d'avril. ct sa uusiquc, avcc
orcc troupcttcs ct tiu|alcs, lui rpoudrc. lui ccpcudaut ht lc plougcou, ct s'cu alla. \oil dcs
plaisautcrics allcuaudcs, ct dc priucc, dout l'assistaucc, qui cu rit ort, uc laissa pas d'trc |icu
touuc. louis dc louvroy, duc dc Saiut-Siuou, Mo..r:s, uudcr
Ouc April t|c hrst |c dccidcd to uouut t|c pulpit, |c |ad scut iuvitatious to cvcryouc at
\alcucicuucs, aud t|c c|urc| as pac|cd ull. 1|c Llcctor appcarcd iu t|c pulpit, loo|cd t|c
asscu|lcd coupauy all ovcr, t|cu suddculy startcd to s|out 'April ool. April ool.', aud |is |aud,
it| all its truupcts aud |cttlcdruus, struc| up iu rcply. lor |is part, |c gavc a lo |o aud dc-
partcd. 1|at is Gcruau |uuour or you, aud priuccly at t|at, t|c audicucc, or all its loud laug|-
tcr, as uuc| astouis|cd at it.
icspapcrs aud ot|cr ucdia |avc uot or|oruc to |oax t|c pu|lic. lu t|c lou-
dou L:... `:.r auuouuccd a graud dou|cy-s|o to |c |cld at lsliugtou ou April,
t|osc rcadcrs |o uadc t|c jourucy ouud uo dou|cys ou s|o |ut t|cusclvcs. 1|c
iritis| iroadcastiug Corporatiou oucc culivcucd its tclcvisiou sc|cdulcs it| a vcry
plausi|lc docuucutary ou t|c ltaliau spag|ctti |arvcst, aud lrcuc| radio causcd spcc-
tacular trac jaus |y auuouuciug t|at trac iu iordcaux ould |c dircctcd |y .: .||,~
|.r ..|..s: :. o...,:.
lu t|c Jr|..s.s L. :.: pu|lis|cd au accouut o a judgucut said to |avc
|ccu dclivcrcd |y t|c Suprcuc Court o Ar|ausas ou April iu a casc |ctccu
|. l. ioissou aud ticuuc d'Avril t|at turucd ou au iucautiously ordcd Ar|ausas
statutc o dcclariug all las aud parts o las to |c rcpcalcd. 1|c casc aud t|c
partics crc hctitious, |ut t|c statutc as uot.
lu , |ilc t|c rcccutly auuouuccd proo o lcruat's last 1|corcu as |ciug
rchucd to cliuiuatc nas dctcctcd iu pccr rcvic, au c-uail |oaxcr rcportcd |y ay o
April oolcry t|at a couutcr-cxauplc |ad |ccu ouud |y t|c vcry uat|cuaticiau |o
|ad rcccutly disprovcd a siuilar coujccturc.
lu Luglaud t|c couucctiou it| April sccus uot to |avc |ccu uadc |corc t|c latc
scvcutccut| ccutury it appcars iu ..r .|.. or t|c hrst tiuc iu ), |ut t|c practicc
o piuuiug souct|iug ou au uususpcctiug pcrsou's |ac| is ucutioucd iu t|c prcacc o
1|ouas Dc||cr's `::. L:.|.: `...:s .; L.... )
1|c ioo|c-scllcr cvcr atcr |cu you passc |y, piuucs ou your |ac|cs t|c |adgc o oolcs to ua|c
you |c laug|t to scoruc, or o sillic Carpcrs to ua|c you |c pitticd.

Jr.| I..|`s L., .. `..:|... |.:.. :|: .|
V|at coupouud is to siuplc additiou, so is Scotc| to Luglis| April ooliug. lu t|c uort|cru
part o t|c islaud, t|cy arc uot coutcut to ua|c a ucig||our |clicvc souc siuglc piccc o a|surd-
ity. 1|crc, t|c o|jcct |ciug, c s|all say, to |cool siuplc Audrc 1|ousou, Vag io. scuds
|iu aay it| a lcttcr to a ricud to uilcs o, procsscdly as|iug or souc uscul iuoruatiou,
or rcqucstiug a loau o souc articlc, |ut iu rcality coutaiuiug ouly t|c ords
'1|is is t|c hrst day o April,
iuut t|c go| auot|cr uilc.'
Vag io. , catc|iug up t|c idca o |is corrcspoudcut, tclls Audrc it| a gravc acc t|at it is
uot iu |is pocr, ~c., |ut i |c ill go it| auot|cr uotc to suc| a pcrsou, |c ill gct |at is
autcd. O Audrc trudgcs it| t|is sccoud uotc to Vag io. , |o trcats |iu iu t|c sauc
uauucr, aud so ou |c gocs, till souc ouc o t|c scrics, ta|iug pity ou |iu, |iuts t|c tric| t|at
|as |ccu practiscd upou |iu. A succcssul aair o t|is |iud ill |ccp rustic socicty iu ucrri-
ucut or a cc|, duriug |ic| |oucst Audrc 1|ousou |ardly cau s|c |is acc. 1|c Scotc|
cuploy t|c tcru go| |ic| is propcrly a cuc|oo) to cxprcss a ool iu gcucral, |ut uorc cspc-
cially au April ool, aud auoug t|cu t|c practicc a|ovc dcscri|cd is callcd |.:.. :|: .|.
C|au|crs
1|: |.rr... .,s. Siucc t|c |cgiuuiug o April is otcu storuy, |cu Marc| |as gouc
out li|c a liou, t|c hrst t|rcc days arc callcd t|c '|orroiug days', uo lougcr April's |ut
|orrocd |y Marc|
Marc| |orrocd rou Avcril
1|rcc Days, aud t|cy crc ill.
A Scottis| accouut ruus
Marc| said to Apcrill
l sa t|rcc |ogs upou a |ill,
iut lcud your t|rcc hrst days to uc,
Aud l'll |c |ouud to gar t|cu dic.
1|c hrst, it sall |c iud aud cct,
1|c ucxt, it sall |c sua aud slcct,
1|c t|ird, it sall |c sic a rcc.c
Sall gar t|c |irds stic| to t|c trccs.-
iut |cu t|c |orrocd days crc gauc,
1|c t|rcc silly |ogs cauc |irpliu |auc. ..r, |.|||..
|auicsou, s.v. 'iorroiug Days', ot|cr vcrsious cxist
t|crc ctir i cutrit iu auc grcuc orrcst, to coutcupil t|c tcudir oug rutcs o grcuc trcis, |c causc
t|c |orial |lastis o t|c t|rc |orouiug dais o uarc|c |cd c|aissit t|c ragraut nurcisc o cuyric
rutc trcc ar at|ourt t|c cildis. 1|: C.o|.,.: .; `..:|..: ), -
lu 1ircc t|csc days arc :r |.:|. .. |... r..|:, 't|c t|rcc days o t|c rcd co', c. lris|
|.::|..:. .. r...||.|: uod. r..||.), 't|c days o t|c |riudlcd co', t|oug| auot|cr oru
o t|c talc assigus t|cu to Marc|. iuup|rcy O'Sullivau applics :r |.::|: .. s:..~
r...||..|:, 't|c t|rcc days o t|c old |riudlcd co', to - April OS. Marc| is callcd
'augry, iudy, |ard', April 'drippiug, |lcatiug, uc'. iut a iort|cru lrclaud vcrsiou cx-
tcuds t|c uuu|cr to uiuc t|rcc to ncccc t|c |lac||ird, t|rcc to puuis| t|c stoucc|at,
t|rcc days or t|c grcy co.

z

... IJ N...s Jr.|:s A
z - - - LSA, llorida iascua llorida Day couucuor-
atiug discovcry o llorida |y ioucc dc lcu iu )
z - lraucis o iaola lC)
Ir....s .; ..|. -), ouudcr o t|c lrauciscau Miuiu lriars. A uativc o
Cala|ria, |c |ccauc a |cruit at t|c agc o iu a cavc ucar iaola, ot|crs joiucd |iu,
cvcutually oruiug t|c icruits o St lraucis o Assisi ouudcd , sauctioucd ),
latcr |uou as t|c lriars Miuiu, |o rcuscd uil| aud cggs as cll as ucat. laucd or
|is prop|ccics aud uiraclcs duriug |is lictiuc, lraucis as callcd to lraucc |y louis
Xl, |ou |c cousolcd iu |is last illucss, 'lc saiut |ouuc' uadc a grcat iuprcssiou uot
ouly ou louis |ut ou t|c cqually |ard-|cadcd c|rouiclcr o |is rcigu i|ilippc dc Cou-
uyucs
ic |uildcd iu t|c placc |crc |c liucd to C|urc|cs, aud ucucr atc siucc t|c tiuc |c cutrcd iuto
t|is strait |iudc o lic, cit|cr hs|, ncs|, cgs, auy |iudc o |itucatc, or o at. l ucucr sa iu
uy tiuc a uau o so |oly lic, uor |y |osc uout| t|c |oly G|ost sccucd rat|cr to spca|c, or
|c ucucr |ad |ccu sc|ollcr, |ut as vttcrly vulcarucd . . . iis auscrs crc so isc, t|at all ucu
ooudcrcd at t|cu, so ar oort| t|at our |oly lat|cr gauc |iu lcauc to crcct a uc ordcr, callcd
t|c |crcuitcs o Saiut Ir....s. lrou t|cucc |c cauc to t|c iiug, |o |ouorcd |iu as i |c |ad
|ccu t|c iopc |iusclc, alliug douc |corc |iu, aud dcsiriug |iu to proloug |is lic |crc-
uuto |c auscrcd as a isc uau s|ould. l |auc otcu |card |iu tal|c it| t|c iiug t|at uo is,
iu prcscucc o all t|c uo|ilitic o t|c rcaluc, aud t|at it|iu t|csc to uouct|s, aud surc |c
sccucd |y |is ords, to |c iuspircd it| t|c |oly G|ost, ot|crisc |c could ucucr |auc cou-
uuucd o suc| uattcrs as |c did. Mo..r:s, ||. , c|. traus. Dauctt, -)
louis's succcssor C|arlcs \lll |uilt |iu to uouastcrics. Mauy o |is uiraclcs arc cou-
ccrucd it| t|c sca iu ouc |c sails across t|c Strait o Mcssiua ou |is cloa|), iius Xll
uaucd |iu patrou saiut o scaarcrs iu .
M.r, .; L,: Maria Acgyptiaca), |aviug spcut scvcutccu ycars iu a lic o plcasurc, s|c
cut ou a pilgriuagc to t|c ioly Cross iu |crusalcu, as couvcrtcd, aud livcd auot|cr
orty-scvcu ycars as a |cruit cast o t|c |ordau, iu t|c sixt| ccutury |cr tou| as otcu
visitcd |y pilgrius. Mauy lcgcuds souc |orrocd rou Mary Magdalcuc) crc told
a|out |cr, as t|at s|c cut clad ouly iu |cr |air, aud as |uricd |y a liou, augcls
cscortcd |cr soul to |cavcu. S|c is a avouritc su|jcct or paiutcrs. 1|is is |cr lC day,
t|c Ort|odox |ouour |cr ou t|c st, aud also ou t|c ht| Suuday iu lcut.
Day o t|c Luity o t|c icoplcs proclaiucd iu lussia aud iclarus' to cclc|ratc t|c cco-
uouic uuiou |ctccu t|cu sigucd ou t|is day iu .

z

... III N...s Jr.|:s i
z - lic|ard o C|ic|cstcr iCi, CY |uuc)
..|.r .; C|..|:s::r lic|ard dc Vyc|c) -), |is|op o C|ic|cstcr trauslatiou
ou |uly). As a youug uau, |c postpoucd studics to rcstorc t|c auily aru, |c t|cu
attcudcd Oxord Luivcrsity aud latcr carucd a dcgrcc iu civil la at iologua. lcturu-
iug to Oxord, |c as uadc C|auccllor, |ut rcsigucd to |ccouc c|auccllor o t|c Arc|-
|is|op o Cautcr|ury, atcr |osc dcat| |c dccidcd to cutcr |oly ordcrs, |ccouiug hrst
a paris| pricst, t|cu agaiu c|auccllor o t|c Arc||is|op o Cautcr|ury. iis clcctiou as
|is|op o C|ic|cstcr ) lcd to a |attlc o ills |ctccu iiug icury lll, |o |ad
appoiutcd |is ou caudidatc, aud t|c Arc||is|op. 1|oug| couhrucd aud cousccratcd
|y t|c popc iu , it too| lic|ard to ycars to sccurc t|c propcrtics o t|c dioccsc.
ic provcd a uodcl dioccsau |is|op, scvcrc toards siuucrs yct gcucrous to t|osc iu
uccd. ic activcly rccruitcd or t|c Crusadc, |osc o|jcctivc |c sa lcss as uilitary cou-
qucst t|au as opcuiug t|c routc or pilgrius to t|c ioly laud. ic as cauoui.cd iu
. 1|c lC couucuoratcs |iu ou t|is datc as cll.
N..::.s Ort|.), |auis|cd or rcsistiug t|c rcvival o lcouoclasu |y t|c cupcror lco \
-). lu Crctc t|crc is rcportcd to |c a |oouar| |crc |is |itc iugcd |orsc
laudcd atcr t|c rcscuc o a uaidcu iu distrcss, |c |as a c|apcl ou Mt iclicou, |crc
t|c staup o icgasus' |oo opcucd t|c ouutaiu iippocrcuc.
1|c cll-nocriug at Droitic|
1|is Custouc is ycarly o|scrvcd at Droit-Vic| iu Vorccstcr-s|irc, |crc ou t|c day o
St. lic|ard t|c iatrou o y
c
Vcll i.c.) salt-cll, t|cy |ccpc iolyday, drcssc t|c cll it| grccu
ioug|cs aud nocrs. Ouc ycarc sc. A
o
, iu t|c ircs|ytcriau tiucs it as discoutiuucd iu t|c
Civil-arrcs, aud atcr t|at t|c spriug s|rau|c up or dricd up or souc tiuc. So atcrards t|cy
|cpt t|cir auuuall custouc uotit|staudiug t|c pocr o y
c
iarliaucut aud soldicrs), aud t|c
salt-atcr rcturucd agaiu aud still coutiuucs. 1|is St. lic|ard as a pcrsou o grcat cstatc iu
t|csc parts, aud a |ris|c youug cllo t|at ould ridc ovcr |cdgc aud ditc|, aud at lcugt| |ccauc
a vcry dcvout uau, aud atcr |is dcccasc as cauoui.cd or a Saiut. Au|rcy,
icorc t|c calcudar rcoru, t|is as t|c traditioual day o t|c cuc|oo's hrst appcaraucc
iu Luglaud, scc April, |ut also April.

z

r..: N...s Jr.|:s C
z - - - Scucgal ludcpcudcucc Day sovcrciguty, )
z Mcgalcusia, iu |ouour o t|c Grcat iu Grcc| M:.|: Mot|cr o
t|c Gods, |o |ad |ccu |roug|t to louc iu , , t|c cstivitics cvcutually cx-
tcudcd to t|c t|. 1|c cclc|ratiou as au uppcr-class aair, uar|cd |y t|c cxc|augiug
o |ospitality o:.:.:..) |y ucu|crs o clu|s s..|.:.::s) orucd or t|c purposc, its
couutcrpart auougst t|c couuou pcoplc as t|c Ccrialia scc Apr.).
1|c illustratiou iu il. is ouc o t|c to surviviug copics o t|at iu t|c Calcudar o
scc ll .o.. C.|:..r), it dcpicts a uau, uo lougcr iu t|c nocr o yout|, iu a s|ort
tuuic it| t|c typical latc-autiquc s|ouldcr-rouudcls callcd .r|..|., dauciug it|
castaucts iu rout o a ualc, or rat|cr |cruap|roditic, cult-iuagc, t|is is usually ta|cu
or a lcuaissaucc uiscopyiug o a \cuus, |ut t|c ualc ors|ippcr aud t|c castaucts rc-
uaiu to |c accouutcd or. lt |as |ccu suggcstcd t|at t|c dcity is Attis, t|c Grcat
Mot|cr's scxually au|iguous cousort, aud t|c dauccr t|c old uau |o, accordiug to
ouc cxplauatiou o t|c provcr| .o... s:..., s.|:.: s:.:: 'All's cll, t|c old uau's dau-
ciug'), avcrtcd t|c goddcss's rat| |y dauciug at |cr gaucs. 1|c castaucts tcll iu avour
o t|is iutcrprctatiou.
z - Au|rosc iCi), lsidorc o Scvillc lC)
Jo|r.s:, |is|op o Milau, dicd ou April , |c is couucuoratcd ou t|is day iu t|c
iCi, |ut t|c ASi aud CY |avc joiucd it| t|c louau Cat|olic aud Ort|odox
c|urc|cs iu o|scrviug Dcccu|cr, t|c datc o |is clcctiou iu .
Is..r: .; `:.||:, 'iispalcusis', |rot|cr o lcaudcr scc Mar.), |ou |c succccdcd as
|is|op o Scvillc .., d. . Au cxccllcut aduiuistrator |o or|cd closcly it| t|c
\isigot|ic |iugs o Spaiu, cspccially Sisc|ut -), |c is |cst |uou or |is sc|ol-
arly ritiugs, a|ovc all t|c L:,o.|...: or r...:s, au cucyclopcdic suuuary o latc-
autiquc lcaruiug.
3:.:..: :|: M..r icucdctto Mauasscri) -), a lrauciscau riar, |oru iu Sicily to
Aricau slavcs, paticutly supportiug tauuts |ccausc o |is colour, |c |ccauc a lraucis-
cau lay |rot|cr, aud cvcutually supcrior o |is couvcut, |c as |uou or |caliug aud
couusclliug. lu |c as rciustatcd as co-patrou it| losalia scc |uly) o
ialcruo, |crc |c dicd, as a syu|ol o racial aud cultural tolcraucc.
Accordiug to Olaus Voru's Dauis| calcudar, ou t|is day 't|cy say t|at pcas s|ould uot
|c coo|cd, |ut couuittcd to t|c cart|', i.c. sou.

z

N...: Jr.|:s D
z Dcdicatiou-day o tcuplc o lortuua iu|lica, ouc o t|rcc iu t|c
Quiriual scc too May).
z - \iuccut lcrrcr lC)
J...:.: I:rr:r -), Douiuicau riar aud iuspiriug prcac|cr. ioru iu Spaiu to au
Luglis|uau aud a Spauis| ouau, |c joiucd t|c Douiuicau Ordcr iu , |ccouiug
auous as a prcac|cr aud sccuriug uauy couvcrsious. Lusucccssul iu |is attcupts to
pcrsuadc t|c sc|isuatic Spauis| popc icucdict Xlll to |c rccoucilcd it| t|c louau
Lr|au \l, |c it|drc rou t|c papal court at Aviguou aud rcturucd to prcac|iug,
uaiuly iu lraucc aud irittauy. lu |c attcuptcd to pcrsuadc icucdict to a|dicatc,
|ut t|is |c rcuscd to do cvcu |cu t|c Couucil o Coustaucc |ad sct asidc all t|rcc
popcs |iuscl, Grcgory Xll, aud |o|u XXlll).
L:r;:| d. t| ccutury). iuou as Dcrcl Gadaru 't|c uig|ty'), |c as a soldicr iu carly
lic. littlc is |uou o |is lic |ut uuc| uorc o |is atcrlic iu t|c oru o |is statuc
iu llauddcrcl Gyucdd), a tou ouudcd |y |iu. 1|c grcat travcllcr 1|ouas icu-
uaut rccords t|c olloiug
A littlc |cyoud t|c cxtrcuity o t|is rouautic part ucar llaudrillo, iu au opcuiug ou t|c rig|t,
staud t|c c|urc| aud villagc o L|..~L:r;:| t|c hrst as dcdicatcd to `:. L:r;:| C..r., aud as
rcuar|a|lc or a vast oodcu iuagc o t|c saiut, t|c su|jcct o uuc| supcrstitiou iu auticut
tiucs. 1|c h:|s| |ad a prop|ccy, t|at it s|ould sct a |.|: ;.r:s: .. ;r:. V|ct|cr to couplctc it, or
|ct|cr to ta|c aay rou t|c pcoplc t|c causc o idolatry, l cauuot say, |ut it as |roug|t to
L.... iu t|c ycar , aud as uscd as part o t|c ucl |ic| cousuucd poor ricr I.r:s: to as|cs,
iu `o.:|;:|, or dcuyiug t|c |iug's suprcuacy. 1|is uu|appy uau as |augcd iu c|aius rouud |is
uiddlc to a gallos, ovcr |ic| as placcd t|is iuscriptiou, allusivc to our iuagc
L.. L.r:| C:|:r:.,
As sayt| t|c h:|s|o..,
lctc|cd outlacs out o icll.
io is |c couc it| spcrc aud s|cld,
lu |arucs to |uruc iu `o.:|;:|,
lor iu h.|:s |c uay uot dcl.
Aud I.r::s: t|c rccr,
1|at o|stiuatc lycr,
1|at ylully s|al|c dcad.
lu |is coutuuacyc,
1|c gospcl doct| dcuy,
1|c |yug to |c suprcuc |cadc.
Sourcc H.||`s C|r....|:, ccxxxiii icuuaut, `...., -
Accordiug to souc calcudars, t|is as t|c day ou |ic| t|c llood |cgau.

z

... JIII Is Jr.|:s L
z -
N.:|:r 3.|||s 't|c Stauucrcr'), uou| o Sau|t Gallcu, d. April |ouourcd at
Sau|t Gallcu ou May), aut|or o grcatly aduircd |yuus aud scqucuccs tcxts iu
r|yt|uical prosc), sct to uusic |y |iuscl. lt is rclatcd t|at |cu t|c cupcror C|arlcs
t|c lat visitcd Sau|t Gallcu, |is dclig|t iu couvcrsiug it| t|c Stauucrcr provo|cd
|is jcalous c|aplaiu iuto as|iug iot|cr t|c disdaiuul qucstiou '1cll uc, you |o arc
so lcarucd, |at is God doiug uo.' 1o |ic| iot|cr scctly rcplicd 'ic is doiug
uo |at ic |as douc iu t|c past aud ill do so loug as t|c orld s|all last ic is
puttiug dou t|c proud aud cxaltiug t|c |uu|lc.' Oucc |cu Satau iuhltratcd t|c
uouastcry iu t|c oru o a dog iot|cr t|ac|cd |iu so |ard it| St Coluu|au's
sta t|at |c |ro|c it, iu couscqucucc |c is dcpictcd it| a |ro|cu stic| a|ovc a criugiug
dcvil.
louudiug o t|c C|urc| o |csus C|rist o lattcr-day Saiuts |y |oscp| Suit| ).
1|is day is t|c |cgiuuiug o t|c Li tax ycar. V|cu iu t|c ocial |cgiuuiug o
t|c Luglis| ycar as uovcd rou Marc| to |auuary, it as ucvcrt|clcss t|oug|t cx-
pcdicut to allo t|c huaucial ycar its ull tclvc uout|s, aud to rcc|ou its succcssor
rou Marc|, t|c ouissiou o clcvcu days rou Scptcu|cr t|at ycar causcd t|c ucxt
huaucial ycar to |c couutcd rou Old lady Day, April . lu , t|c supprcssiou
o t|c lcap day causcd t|c corrcspoudiug datc to |ccouc April, |ut iu , |cu
t|c c|augc o stylc as uo lougcr a liviug ucuory, t|c urt|cr adjustucut to
April as uot uadc.
iirt| ) aud dcat| ) o lap|acl laacllo Sau.io). ic is |uricd iu t|c iau-
t|cou iu louc, |crc |is uouuucut |cars t|c iuscriptiou |y iictro icu|o
lap|acli Sauctio loauuis l. \r|iuati iictori cuiucutissiuo vctcruuquc acuulo cuius adspirau-
tcis propc iuagiucs si coutcuplcrc, uaturac atquc artis ocdus acilc iuspcxcris. lulii ll ct lcouis
X poutt. uaxx. picturac ct arc|itccturac opcri|us gloriau auxit. \. A. XXX\ll iutcgcr iutcgros.
Quo dic uatus cst co cssc dcsiit. \lll. lD. Ailll. M.D.XX.
lllc |ic cst lap|acl tiuuit quo sospitc uiuci
rcruu uagua parcus ct uoricutc uori.
1o laacllo di Giovauui Sau.io o Lr|iuo, t|c uost cuiucut paiutcr aud rival o t|c aucicuts,
iu |osc aluost |rcat|iug portraits you ill |y coutcuplatiug t|cu casily disccru t|c coupact
o uaturc aud art. ic iucrcascd t|c glory o iopcs |ulius ll aud lco X |y |is or|s o paiutiug
aud arc|itccturc. ic livcd au uprig|t uau or |olc ycars. Ou t|c sauc day ou |ic| |c as
|oru |c ccascd to |c. April .
1|at lap|acl is |crc, duriug |osc lic iaturc, t|c grcat parcut o t|c uuivcrsc, carcd s|c
as |ciug surpasscd, aud |cu |c as dyiug t|at s|c as dyiug.

z

... JII Is Jr.|:s l
z - - - Li ucu|cr uatious Vorld icalt| Day
LSA, ic Yor| \crra.auo Day discovcry o ic Yor| iar|or |y Giovauui da
\crra.auo, )
z - |cau-iaptistc dc la Sallc lC)
j:..~3.:.s:: : L. `.||: -), lrcuc| cducatioual rcorucr, ouudcr o t|c lustitutc
o t|c irot|crs o C|ristiau Sc|ools. ic opcucd Suuday sc|ools iu , csta|lis|cd a
|oardiug-sc|ool iu , aud piouccrcd |olc-class tcac|iug aud t|c usc o t|c vcruacu-
lar. lu |c as dcclarcd t|c patrou saiut o sc|ooltcac|crs.
lu Arucuia t|is is t|c Auuuuciatiou.
Ou t|is day iu t|c hrst pcroruaucc o iac|'s `: j.|. .ss... too| placc at t|c iico-
lai|irc|c iu lcip.ig, it as Good lriday iu t|c irotcstaut statcs o Gcruauy, t|oug|
uot uudcr cit|cr t|c Grcgoriau calcudar uscd |y louau Cat|olic couutrics aud t|c
ict|crlauds, or t|c |uliau calcudar still uscd |y Grcat iritaiu, scc ll 1|: L.:: .; L.s::r.
Js:r...o...| L.s::r.
1|: L.,s .; Jr.|
Ou t|c rcturu o April souc c days
icorc it coucs |cu cvcry t|iug loo|s uc
Aud oods |crc priuroscs |uru iu a |la.c
o hrc Aud sallos iu t|c oods uadc uc
Sccu |la.ciug out iu |lossous uot a c
iut |us|cs suot|crcd ovcr |at a c|augc
ls turucd upou t|cir |rig|tucss passiug |y
1|c vcry |irds t|c pics aud cros aud |ays
loo| douard ou t|cir |loou rou dar| trccs |ig|
Aud ood lar|s droppiug rou t|c ric| |luc s|y
Viuucr aud |istlc to t|cir vcry roots
Sittiug |cucat| a cauop|y o gold
Aud ood aucuouics t|c s|arp air suits
1|cir s|cltcrcd |loous it| |cautics uauiold
Daisics |uru April grass it| silvcr nics
Aud pilcort iu t|c grccu lauc |la.cs out
Luoug| to |uru t|c hugcrs ucat| t|c |riars
V|crc villagc ioys ill scrat dcad lcavcs a|out
1o loo| or pootys-cvcry cyc aduircs |..s...|s
1|c lovcly picturcs t|at t|c spriug |riugs out
Mcados o |oiug coslips |at uiud tircs
1o scc t|cu dauciug iu t|c cucrald grass
Aud traliug c|rystal |roo| as clcar as glass

laug|iug groauiug uggliug ou or uilcs r|..
1|at avcs t|c silvcr |ladcs o siuuiug grass
Lpou t|c suracc |ilc t|c glad suu suilcs
Suc| arc t|c sig|ts t|c s|ocrs aud suus|iuc |riug
1o t|rcc or our |rig|t days iu t|c hrst o spriug . . .
|o|u Clarc -)
z

... JI Is Jr.|:s G
z - - - |apau iauauatsuri 'llocr lcstival', iudd|a's
iirt|day)
iorca iudd|a's iirt|day
1|c iirt|day o t|c iudd|a as origiually t|c cig|t| day o t|c ourt| luuar uout|.
z -
C.:|.:r .; ..:..s:, t|c hrst a||ot o t|c a||cy ouudcd at ioutoisc |y i|ilip l o lraucc,
|c is said, ou rccciviug |is iuvcstiturc, to |avc placcd |is |aud ou t|c sta uot |cucat|
|ut a|ovc t|c |iug's, it| t|c ords 'l ta|c, uot your |aud rou |clo, |ut t|is sta
rou a|ovc, or it is uot rou you t|at l acccpt t|c c|argc o t|is c|urc|, |ut rou God.'
iocvcr, hudiug t|c prcssurcs too uuc| or |iu, |c |cggcd iopc Grcgory \ll to rc-
lcasc |iu rou t|c c|argc, t|c iopc rcuscd, aud |cu Gaut|icr uouct|clcss suca|cd
o to Cluuy ordcrcd |iu |ac| to |is duty.
1|c cuc|oo ua|cs its appcaraucc a|out uo scc also Apr.)
A|out t|c t|, t|, or t| Days t|c Cuc|o coucs, t|crcorc you t|at |ccp Cos, providc
Curds aud Crcau agaiust |cr couiug. ..r .|.. )
Jr.|
l opcu idc t|c portals o t|c Spriug
1o clcouc t|c proccssiou o t|c nocrs,
Vit| t|cir gay |auucrs, aud t|c |irds t|at siug
1|cir soug o sougs rou t|cir acrial tocrs.
l sotcu it| uy suus|iuc aud uy s|ocrs
1|c |cart o cart|, it| t|oug|ts o lovc l glidc
luto t|c |carts o ucu, aud it| t|c |ours
Lpou t|c iull it| rcat|d |orus l ridc.
icury Vadsort| lougcllo -), 1|: .::`s C.|:..r

z

... J Is Jr.|:s A
z -
M.r.. C|:).|.:, t|c ic o Clopas aud uot|cr o St |aucs t|c lcss. S|c is ouc o t|c
t|rcc Marys |o stood uudcr t|c Cross.
Gil|crt V|itc uuscs ou t|c ua|cd slug aud t|c |ouscd suail, |ic| |cgiu to appcar
a|out uo
1|c s|cll-lcss suails, callcd slugs, arc iu uotiou all t|c iutcr iu uild cat|cr, ~ couuit grcat
dcprcdatious ou gardcu-plauts, ~ uuc| iujurc t|c grccu |cat, t|c loss o |ic| is iuputcd to
cart|-orus, |ilc t|c s|cllcd suail, t|c '|ousc-|carcr', a |cuuiug uscd |y t|c
Grcc| poct icsiod, docs uot couc ort| at all 'til a|out April t|c tcut|, aud uot ouly lays itscl
up prctty carly iu t|c autuuu, iu placcs sccurc rou rost, |ut also t|ros-out rouud t|c uout|
o it's s|cll a t|ic| opcrculuu orucd rou it's ou saliva, so t|at it is pcrcctly sccurcd, ~
cor|cd-up as it crc, rou all iuclcucucics. V|y t|c ua|cd slug s|ould |c so uuc| uorc a|lc to
cudurc cold t|au it's |ouscd cougcucr, l cauuot prctcud to say. V|itc Mar. )
z

... IJ Is Jr.|:s i
z - - -
Salvatiou Aruy louudcr's Day |irt| o Villiau ioot|, )
z Culuiuatiou o Mcgalcusia, it| gaucs iu t|c Circus Maxiuus
prcccdcd |y a graud proccssiou to t|c Grcat Mot|cr's tcuplc ou t|c ialatiuu. 1|is
as t|c aucicut aud ucdicval uauc or |at is uo callcd t|c ialatiuc iill, it is t|c
origiu o our ord 'palacc', rcncctiug t|c act t|at t|c cupcror Augustus occupicd its
cutircty it| |is ou dclliug-placc.)
z - Villiau la CY)
h.||..o L. -). iaviug lost |is Cau|ridgc cllos|ip |cu |c rcuscd to ta|c
t|c Oat| o Allcgiaucc ou t|c succcssiou o Gcorgc l, |c ouud or| as tutor to t|c
at|cr o t|c |istoriau Ldard Gi||ou. A spiritual ritcr, |is uost iunucutial or| as
J `:r..s C.|| :. . L:.: .. H.|, L.;:, |y |ic| |c ucaut t|c cvcryday lic. lu Gi||ou's
auto|iograp|y |c is rcucu|crcd as 'a ort|y aud pious uau, |o |clicvcd all t|at |c
procsscd aud practiscd all t|at |c cujoiucd. 1|c c|aractcr o a uoujuror |ic| |c

uaiutaiucd to t|c last is a sucicut cvidcucc o |is priuciplcs iu C|urc| aud Statc, aud
t|c sacrihcc o iutcrcst to couscicucc ill |c alays rcspccta|lc.'
lu t|c uiuctccut| ccutury t|is day as rcucu|crcd as t|at ou |ic|, iu , t|c C|art-
ists |ad uadc t|cir last aud grcatcst dcuoustratiou iu support o six political dcuauds,
hvc o t|csc arc uo acccptcd priuciplcs o t|c coustitutiou aud t|c sixt|, t|at a uc
iarliaucut s|ould |c clcctcd cvcry ycar, is dcad cvcu auoug rcorucrs. 1|c Moustcr
ictitiou as rcportcd to coutaiu clcvcu siguaturcs iu t|c uauc o Quccu \ictoria aud
to iu t|at o t|c Dcvil. C|au|crs rccouuts t|c occasiou as ollos
1|c iarisiau lcvolutiou o lc|ruary, , |ad, as usual, stirrcd up aud |roug|t iuto violcut ac-
tiou all t|c discoutcuts o Luropc. Lvcu iu |appy Luglaud t|crc as a discoutcut, ouc iuvolviug
ccrtaiu scctious o t|c or|iug classcs, aud rccrriug rat|cr to ccrtaiu spcculativc political claius
t|au to auy practical gricvaucc. 1|c C|artists, as t|cy crc callcd, dccucd t|is a good opportuu-
ity or prcssiug t|cir claius, aud t|cy rcsolvcd to do so it| a dcuoustratiou o t|cir uuu|crs,
t|us |iutiug at t|c p|ysical orcc |ic| t|cy posscsscd, |ut pro|a|ly it|out auy scrious dcsigus
agaiust t|c pcacc o t|cir cllo-citi.cus. lt as arraugcd t|at a uoustcr pctitiou s|ould |c prc-
scutcd to parliaucut ou t|c t| o April, atcr |ciug paradcd t|roug| loudou |y a proccssiou.
1|c Govcruucut, cariug t|at au out|rca| o violcucc uig|t ta|c placc, as |ad |appcucd alrcady
at Mauc|cstcr, Glasgo, aud ot|cr largc tous, asscu|lcd largc |odics o troops, plautcd cau-
uou iu t|c ucig||our|ood o Vcstuiustcr iridgc, aud garrisoucd t|c pu|lic occs, at t|c sauc
tiuc a vast uuu|cr o t|c citi.cus crc soru iu as spccial cousta|lcs to patrol t|c strccts. 1|c
C|artists uct ou icuuiugtou Couuou, uudcr t|c prcsidcucy o Mr lcargus O'Couuor, M.i.,
|ut t|cir scusc o t|c prcparatious uadc or t|c prcscrvatiou o t|c pcacc, aud a |iut t|at t|cy
ould uot |c allocd to cross t|c |ridgcs iu orcc, too| aay all |opc o t|cir iutcudcd dcuou-
stratiou. 1|cir pctitiou as quictly ta|cu 'iu t|rcc ca|s' aloug \aux|all iridgc, aud prcscutcd to
t|c iousc o Couuous, t|c uultitudc dispcrscd, |y our o'cloc| iu t|c atcruoou loudou |ad
rcsuucd its ordiuary appcarauccs, aud t|c 1:.:| .; Jr.| rcuaiucd ouly a ucuory o au apprc-
|cudcd daugcr judiciously uct aud avcrtcd.
lu a Scottis| pu|licatiou could rccr to t|c |olc |iugdou as 'Luglaud', t|c Lug-
lis| uo do so, savc auougst t|cusclvcs, at t|cir pcril.
z

... III Is Jr.|:s C
z - Stauisa o ira| lC), orucrly lco l, iopc uo iov.)
`:...s. Stauislaus) o ira| -), |is|op aud uartyr, patrou o iolaud or-
ucrly May). ioru to a uo|lc auily iu S.c.cpau, atcr studics at Guic.uo aud pcr-
|aps iaris |c |ccauc a cauou at ira|, aud as cousccratcd |is|op iu . ic
cxcouuuuicatcd t|c |iug, iolcsa ll, or rcusiug to rcpcut o |is crucl aud liccutious
|c|aviour, cspccially t|c |iduappiug o t|c |cautiul ic o a uo|lcuau. lu rcvcugc,
iolcsa ordcrcd |is soldicrs to |ill Stauisa as |c as cclc|ratiug uass at a c|apcl out-

sidc t|c city, t|cy crc prcvcutcd rou doiug so |y a grcat lig|t, |crcupou t|c |iug
uudcrtoo| t|c tas| |iuscl. As a couscqucucc, iopc Grcgory \ll laid iolaud uudcr
iutcrdict. Stauisa as cauoui.cd iu .
C:||.. ..-). ioru iu t|c Midlaud |iugdou o Mcrcia, |ic| dcrivcd its uauc
rou t|c Marc|cs or |ordcr it| t|c Vcls|, |c did gallaut scrvicc iu ar, t|cu |ccauc
succcssivcly a uou| at lcptou aud a |cruit at Crolaud iu t|c lcus. Atcr |is dcat|
ou Vcducsday o Lastcr Vcc|, April , au a||cy souctiucs callcd 'Croylaud') as
|uilt t|crc iu |is |ouour |y iiug Lt|cl|ald, |osc succcssiou to t|c Mcrciau t|rouc |c
is said to |avc post|uuously prcdictcd iu a drcau.
Jr.| .. 1..
Straig|t rou t|c cast t|c iud |los s|arp it| raiu,
1|at just uo drovc its ild rau|s dou t|c strcct,
Aud cstard rus|cd iuto t|c suusct scct.
Spouts |ral, |oug|s drip aud ccasc aud drip agaiu,
iric|s glcau, |ccu sarou glos cac| iudo-pauc,
Aud cvcry pool |cucat| t|c passiug cct.
luuuucra|lc odors huc aud ncct
Arc |lou t|is ay rou |lossouiug lau aud lauc.
Vct roos s|o |lac| agaiust a tcudcr s|y,
1|c aluoud |us|cs iu t|c lcau-cuccd squarc,
icatcu to t|c al|s, s|o all t|cir dragglcd |itc.
A troop o la|orcrs coucs sloly |y,
Ouc |cars a daodil, aud sccus to |car
A uc-lit caudlc t|roug| t|c adiug lig|t.
li.cttc Voodort| lccsc -)
z

r..: Is Jr.|:s D
z 1|is as t|c hrst day o t|c ludi Ccrialcs, t|c Gaucs o Ccrcs,
goddcss o coru, |cld iu t|c Circus Maxiuus, t|cy cxtcudcd till t|c t|.
z -
Z:.. d. ), patrou saiut o \croua. ic cauc rou Arica aud as appoiutcd iis|op
o \croua iu . ic is usually rcprcscutcd it| a hs| daugliug rou |is crosicr,
|ct|cr as hs|cr o souls or |ccausc |c savcd \croua rou droug|t is uot clcar. A dicr-
cut cxplauatiou as ocrcd to 1|ouas Coryat, |o viccd t|c tou| aud statuc o St
Zcuo iu \croua Cat|cdral iu
Vit|iu t|c C|urc| t|crc is au cxtraordiuary grcat rout uadc o porp|yric. lu a lo crypta
or vault o t|is C|urc| l sa t|c uouuucut o Saiut Zcuo, ~ agaiuc a|ovc ucarc to t|c quirc

|is statuc uadc iu stouc it| a uitcr upou |is |cad. ic is pourtraycd laug|iug aud loo|iug
vcry plcasautly, iu |is lct |aud |c |cld a rccdcu rod, t|c top |crco as prctily uadc it|
|ouc hucly roug|t, |ic| iudccd as uot|iug clsc |ut t|c top o |is Crosicr at t|c cudc
|augcd a couutcrcitcd 1rotc, iu to|cu t|at |cc as uuc| dclig|tcd iu ta|iug o 1rotcs, as a
icucdictiuc Mou|c toldc uc. 1|crc l rcad t|is iuscriptiou, Auuo Dou. trcccutcssiuo s.. priuo
icatus Zcuo uoritur duodcciua Aprilis. Coryat, ii.
z

Is Jr.|:s L
z - - - C|ad iatioual Day
LSA, Ala|aua aud O|la|oua 1|ouas |ccrsou's iirt|day
z li|c all ldcs, t|is as sacrcd to |upitcr, it as t|c dcdicatiou-day
o a tcuplc iu |ouour o |upitcr \ictor ou t|c ialatiuu, vocd atcr a grcat lcaguc o
louc's ltaliau cucuics |ad |ccu dccatcd at Scutiuuu, ucar t|c uodcru Sassocrrato,
iu , aud also o a tcuplc o |upitcr li|crtas ou t|c Avcutiuc.
z - iopc Martiu l lC)
.: M.r:.. I -) orucrly iov.), a uartyr pcrsccutcd uot |y pagaus |ut |y t|c
C|ristiau cupcror Coustaus ll, |osc pro|i|itiou o t|cological discussiou iu rcspcct
to Mouot|clctisu |c |ad noutcd |y coudcuuiug t|c doctriuc as |crctical. ic as iu-
prisoucd, |auis|cd to t|c Criuca, aud dcposcd.
H:ro:.:.| d. ), cldcst sou o t|c Ariau \isigot| lcuvigild, |iug o Spaiu, uarricd
t|c lrau|is| priuccss luguud, |o rcuscd to |c rc|apti.cd au Ariau cvcu |cu t|rou
|odily iuto t|c out |y Quccu Goisiut|, aud iustcad couvcrtcd |cr |us|aud to
Cat|olicisu. A civil ar, iuitiatcd |y icrucucgild, cusucd
1|c ras| yout|, iunaucd |y .cal, aud pcr|aps |y au|itiou, as tcuptcd to violatc t|c dutics o
a sou aud a su|jcct, aud t|c cat|olics o Spaiu, alt|oug| t|cy could uot couplaiu o pcrsccu-
tiou, applaudcd |is pious rc|clliou agaiust au |crctical at|cr. Gi||ou, L:.|..: .. I.||, c|.
Lvcutually |c as dccatcd, aud cxccutcd, a t|ousaud ycars latcr |c as cauoui.cd |y a
louau Cat|olic C|urc| |osc uost .calous c|aupiou as t|c |iug o Spaiu aud
|ic| claiucd t|c rig|t to dcposc |crctical uouarc|s.
C.r.., |arpcr to iiug l|ys o Sout| Valcs |o |ccauc a uou| at llauda aud t|cu
a |cruit, d. . ic is |uricd iu St David's Cat|cdral, |crc |is |oucs appcar to |avc
|ccu ouud scc Mar.).
js:.. M.r:,r ..-..), |o |ad uot prcviously |ccu |ouourcd iu t|c Vcst aud
|osc or|s crc uot trauslatcd iuto latiu till ), as placcd ou t|is day |y llorus,
dcacou o lyou t| c.), |ccausc it as alrcady cousccratcd to to uartyrs Carpus aud

Agat|ouicc) |osc uartyrdou prcccdcs |ustiu's iu Lusc|ius' L..|:s..s:...| H.s:.r,. ic as
uovcd to t|c t| |y lco Xlll aud to t|c Lastcru datc o |uuc iu .
3|..| M...,. Ou t|is day iu au Luglis| orcc uudcr t|c Larl o Marc|, uars|al o
Ldard lll's aruy iu lraucc, as caug|t iu a carul storu o t|uudcr, lig|tuiug, aud
|ail, ovcr , |orscs crc |illcd, |csidcs couutlcss |uuau losscs. lt |as couuouly
|ccu |uou as ilac| Mouday, aud cvcu iuvo|cd aloug it| various ot|cr |istorical
cvcuts) to cxplaiu t|c usc o t|at tcru or t|c day atcr Lastcr, iu act it as 1ucsday,
aud uot iu Lastcr cc| |ut t|c cc| atcr.
z

... XJIII I.|:..s M...s l
z - - -
iau Aucricau Day hrst lutcruatioual Coucrcucc o Aucricau Statcs, )
z -
1.|r:.s .. J.|:r..., t|ird-ccutury |rot|crs o |ou \alcriau as uarricd to
St Cccilia iov.), t|cir stcadastucss |roug|t a|out t|c couvcrsiou aud cxccutiou o
t|c judgc's sccrctary, ouc Maxiuus. 1|cir day as rcc|oucd t|c hrst day o suuucr iu
t|c Scaudiuaviau to-scasou systcu.
:r. C...|:., d. , coucssor to lcruaudo lll o Castilc May), |ou |c ac-
coupauicd ou |is caupaigus agaiust t|c Moors, |c spcut t|c last tcu ycars o |is lic
prcac|iug iu Galicia aud iortugal, |ciug also couccrucd it| suc| practical assistaucc
as t|c |uildiug o |ridgcs. ic dicd at 1uy ou t|c livcr Mio, |ic| |ccauc t|c ccutrc
o |is cult. ic as cspccially popular it| sailors, |o idcutihcd |iu it| St Lrasuus
scc |uuc) uudcr t|c uauc o Sau 1cluo.
Ou t|is day Apr. OS) t|c cuc|oo as rcputcd to ua|c its appcaraucc. lrou t|at
|ird's |a|it o dcpositiug its cggs iu ot|cr |irds' ucsts coucs t|c uauc o ..|.|, ori-
giually also t|c adultcrcr |ut uo ouly t|c |us|aud o t|c uuait|ul ic, tauutcd it|
t|c cuc|oo's call
Cuc|oo, cuc|oo-O ord o car,
Luplcasiug to a uarricd car.
Spriug, iu L.:`s L.|.r`s L.s:, . ii. -
lu t|is sauc uouct| ou t|c t|ird day
1|c Cuc|o dot| couc iu, t|cy say,
V|o uuc| coutcut to uau dot| |riug,
Vit| plcasaut uotc t|at |c dot| siug.

Siucc |c dot| Music| gratis givc,
Ma|c uuc| o |iu, aud lct |iu livc.
Aud do uot |car to |iu a spig|t,
1|oug| |c upou t|y trcc dot| lig|t,
ior t|iu| t|y ic to |c a |orc
Alt|oug| |c siug just at t|y dorc,
lor |atsocvcr |c dot| c|at
Vic uay |c |oucst or all t|at
iut rat|cr t|au| |iu or |is la|or,
Aud t|iu| |c callct| to t|y icig||our.
Or lct t|c orst t|at cau |call,
ic spca|s to all iu gcucral,
Or, i t|at Cuc|olds t|at strcct cuu|cr,
1|at t|ou art uot o t|at sauc uuu|cr,
lor uouc arc Cuc|olds, o trut| |uo,
iut suc| as t|iu| t|cusclvcs arc so.
..r .|.. )
z

... XJII I.|:..s M...s G
z 1|c lordicidia, ou |ic|, so Ovid rclatcs, prcguaut cos crc
sacrihccd to 1cllus t|c Lart|), ouc ou t|c Capitol, ouc iu cac| o t|c t|irty aucicut
ards or .r..: lc|.).
z -
... d. ), ouudcr aud hrst a||ot o lot|ra. Ou |is day, accordiug to t|c ioo|
o lciustcr, t|c |irds arc rclcascd rou t|c t|rall o iutcr.
LSA iucouc tax rcturus duc. iy au Act o Cougrcss ou August a tax o % as
iuposcd ou all iucoucs, cxcuptiug $, |ut uo tax as asscsscd uudcr t|c la. A uc
tax |ill, sigucd ou |uly , iuposcd a tax o % ou iucoucs uudcr $, aud %
a|ovc t|at, it| a $ cxcuptiou, t|c tax as hrst lcvicd iu . laiscd to |clp pay
t|c costs o t|c Civil Var, it as a|olis|cd iu . A uc iucouc tax |ill o , iu-
posiug % ou all iucoucs it| au cxcuptiou o $,, as lcgally c|allcugcd |y t|c
statcs aud dcclarcd uucoustitutioual |y t|c Suprcuc Court iu May . lt as t|crc-
orc ucccssary to aucud t|c Coustitutiou, |ic| allocd t|c lcvyiug o cdcral taxcs,
|ut ouly iu proportiou to populatiou. 1|c t| Aucuducut as ratihcd iu , at
|ic| tiuc t|c 1ari Act iucorporatcd a cdcral iucouc tax o % it| cxcuptious o
$, or siuglc pcrsous aud $, or uarricd pcrsous, it| surc|argcs ou iucoucs
a|ovc $,. At t|at tiuc t|c cxcuptious crc vcry gcucrous, aud ouly t|c calt|y
|ad to pay tax.)

z

... XJI I.|:..s M...s A
z - - - Dcuuar| Quccu Margrct|c's iirt|day ua-
tioual |oliday)
iucrto lico |os dc Dicgo's iirt|day
z -
3:r..:::: Maric-icruardc) `.|.r.s o lourdcs -), |o iu , at t|c agc o
, rcportcd cig|tccu visious o a lady, t|c hrst |ciug ou lc|ruary, t|c last ou |uly.
Ou lc|ruary t|c lady, |o |adc |cr driu| rou aud |at|c iu a spriug t|at cruptcd
ou t|c spot, dcuaudcd t|c |uildiug o a c|apcl to |ic| proccssious s|ould |c |cld,
aud callcd ou uau|iud to rcpcut aud pray, |cu ou t|c ordcr o t|c sccptical paris|
pricst icruadcttc as|cd or |cr uauc s|c rcplicd iu Gascou 'l au t|c luuaculatc Cou-
ccptiou.' Alt|oug| iius lX |ad proclaiucd t|c luuaculatc Couccptiou as a dogua iu
scc Dcc.), aud lraucc as noodcd it| c|cap rcproductious o Murillo's paiut-
iug o t|c su|jcct iu t|c louvrc, a pcasaut girl as supposcd too iguoraut to |avc |card
o it, uorcovcr, t|c spriug |ad alrcady |ccu crcditcd it| uiraculous curcs. S|c dicd as
Sistcr Maric-icruardc o t|c Sours dc la C|arit ct dc l'lustructiou C|rticuuc ou
April , t|is is |cpt as |cr day outsidc lraucc, |crc it is lc|ruary.
3:.:..: j.s:| L.|r: -), patrou saiut o traups aud t|c |ouclcss. 1|c cldcst o
htccu c|ildrcu, |c as uot iucliucd to ollo |is at|cr's ootstcps as a s|op|ccpcr iu
iouloguc. iaviug |ccu rcjcctcd |y t|c Cistcrciaus aud t|c Cart|usiaus as uusuitcd or
uouastic lic, |c uudcrtoo| a pilgriuagc to louc, a jourucy t|at too| our ycars ou
oot it| dctours to ot|cr placcs o pilgriuagc, dcpcudiug ou c|arita|lc |audouts
aloug t|c ay aud slccpiug roug|. lu louc |is 'accouuodatiou' as t|c Colosscuu,
|crc |c spcut |is uig|ts quitc pro|a|ly iu t|c coupauy o ot|cr |ouclcss pcoplc, |ut
t|c days |c passcd iu various louau c|urc|cs, prayiug. iy t|c tiuc o |is dcat| |c |ad
couc to |c rcgardcd as a saiut, aud uot as a vcruiuous |cggar, |c as cauoui.cd iu .
..r. or iatcruus, .., ouudcr o llau|adaru lar iu Dycd aud ot|cr uouastcrics
aloug louau roads, a grcat prcac|cr. lt as said t|at |cu iiug Art|ur soug|t |is
tuuic, t|c saiut ordcrcd t|c cart| to sallo |iu up as ar as |is c|iu, aud t|at |is
crosicr, |ic| li|c a arrior's sord |ad a uauc o its ou Cyrcu), |ad t|c pocr to
qucll aruics cugagcd iu |attlc.
M..s .; `..:|... Maguus Lrlcudssou, sou o t|c Larl o Or|ucy, cscapcd rou cap-
tivity iu ioray to t|c protcctiou o t|c Scottis| |iug Malcolu lll Ccauu Mr, 'iig-
|cad', -), at |is at|cr's dcat| |is succcssiou as c|allcugcd |y |is cousiu i|ou
ilssou, |o uurdcrcd |iu ou April , cauoui.cd . ic is t|c uaiu saiut o
Or|ucy, S|ctlaud, aud uort|cru Scotlaud, t|c cat|cdral at iir|all, |crc |is rclics
crc rcdiscovcrcd iu , |cars |is uauc. Souc o t|c rclics allcgcdly ouud t|cir ay

to Aac|cu, |cucc t|c cupcror C|arlcs l\ too| part o a s|ouldcr to St \itus' Cat|-
cdral iu iraguc.) ic is also ouc o t|c patrou saiuts o ioray, |crc t|is day is |uou
as o..so:ss:, it is also callcd t|c t|ird day o suuucr. lu iorcgiau priucstavcs it as
uar|cd it| a |al-cross, t|c |ar cxtcudiug to ouc sidc ouly, to iudicatc t|at it as a
|.||:| or |al-|oly day, t|c ot|cr |.||:|:r crc August ictcr's c|aius), Scptcu|cr
St Gilcs), aud Octo|cr St lraucis).
z

... XJ I.|:..s M...s i
z - - - Syria ludcpcudcucc Day, or Lvacuatiou Day
it|draal o lrcuc| troops, )
z -
`::|:. H.r.., a||ot o Ctcaux, d. , uudcr |osc rulc t|c Cistcrciau Ordcr as iu
daugcr o dyiug out uutil iu St icruard scc Aug.) |roug|t t|irty ollocrs to
it, so augucutiug t|c Ordcr t|at urt|cr ouudatious crc uccdcd. lcgcud iuprovcd t|c
story to ua|c a uystcrious discasc dcplctc t|c uou|s' uuu|crs, causiug Stcp|cu to
oudcr |ct|cr |c as rcally doiug t|c ill o God, |c as|cd a dyiug uou| to |riug
|ac| ord rou |cyoud t|c gravc |cariug itucss to t|c diviuc ill. Soou atcr |is dcat|
t|c uou| appcarcd to Stcp|cu, sayiug t|at |is ay o lic as plcasiug to God, uc
uou|s ould s|ortly couc |o, li|c |ccs saruiug out o t|c |ivc, ould ny aay aud
sprcad ovcr uauy parts o t|c orld. iot loug t|crcatcr, at t|c uouastcry gatcs ap-
pcarcd a troop o t|irty ucu, auuouuciug to t|c portcr t|at t|cy |ad couc to ocr
t|cusclvcs to t|c rcligious lic. All crc o uo|lc liucagc, uost crc youug, t|cir lcadcr
as a yout| o siugular |cauty |osc uauc as icruard. iardiug as also a |i|lical
sc|olar, |o soug|t |cis| assistaucc iu corrcctiug t|c Ctcaux tcxt o t|c Old 1csta-
ucut. 1|is is |is datc iu t|c louau Martyrology, t|oug| iu t|c Ordcr trauscrrcd
it to |uly.
Jr.| .. M.,
April cold it| droppiug raiu
Villos aud lilacs |riugs agaiu,
1|c |istlc o rcturuiug |irds,
Aud t|c truupct-loiug o t|c |crds.
1|c scarlct uaplc-|cys |ctray
V|at potcut |lood |at| uodcst May,
V|at hcry orcc t|c cart| rcucs,
1|c calt| o orus, t|c nus| o |ucs,
V|at joy iu rosy avcs outpourcd
llos rou t|c |cart o lovc, t|c lord.
lalp| Valdo Lucrsou -)

z

... XIJ I.|:..s M...s C
z - - - Ziu|a|c ludcpcudcucc Day , rou
iritis| colouial rulc rcsuucd iu atcr t|c ailurc o t|c |itc govcruucut t|at
|ad dcclarcd uuilatcral iudcpcudcucc as 'l|odcsia' ou iovcu|cr to o|taiu
iutcruatioual rccoguitiou or its pocr-s|ariug scttlcucut it| souc o its |lac|
oppoucuts)
z -
J,: or Aya, vcucratcd at Saiutc-Vaudru iu Mous at lcast siucc . S|c protccts prop-
crty aud is iuvo|cd |y victius o uujust lasuits |cu |cr rclatious coutcstcd |cr |c-
qucst to Saiutc-Vaudru s|c rc|u|cd t|cu rou |cr tou| aud ordcrcd t|cu to dcsist.
At |cr cast t|c statutcs o t|c c|aptcr rcquircd a rcadiug rou irov. 'uulicrcu
ortcu quis iuvcuict. procul ct dc ultiuis hui|us prctiuu cius' 'V|o s|all hud a valiaut
ouau. ar aud rou t|c uttcruost |ouuds is t|c pricc o |cr'), t|c \ulgatc couutcr-
part o A\ 'V|o cau hud a virtuous ouau. or |cr pricc is ar a|ovc ru|ics.'
z

... XIII I.|:..s M...s D
z Ccrialia, t|c cast o Ccrcs, rcgardcd it| cspccial dcvotiou |y t|c
couuou pcoplc, |o cclc|ratcd |y cxc|augiug |ospitality, oxcs it| |uruiug torc|cs
ticd to t|cir tails crc lct loosc. V|itc ro|cs crc oru, spclt, salt, aud iuccusc crc
ocrcd.
z - Alp|cgc CoL)
.|;|:.| Alp|cgc, Alp|agc), Arc||is|op o Cautcr|ury ..-). lirst a uou|, t|cu
a |cruit, |c |ccauc a||ot o iat|, aud iu succccdcd Lt|clold scc Aug.) as
|is|op o Viuc|cstcr. 1cu ycars latcr |c as ouc o Lt|clrcd ll's cuissarics to t|c iu-
vadiug \i|iugs uudcr Olav 1ryggvasou aud Svcud 1yggcs|ag 'lor||card') aud sccurcd
t|c agrccucut o t|c orucr uot to raid Luglaud auy uorc, couhrucd |y .l|ca| it|
Lt|clrcd as spousor, |c sailcd |ouc to sct a|out iuposiug C|ristiauity ou ioray,
|crc |c as |iug rou to . lu .l|ca| |ccauc arc||is|op o Cautcr|ury,
six ycars latcr t|c Daucs ovcrrau t|c city aud |cld |iu |ostagc or scvcu uout|s, |cu
|c pcrsistcd iu |is rcusal to lct |is ou rausou o , |c paid, druu|cu Daucs attac|cd
|iu it| oxcu's |oucs aud |illcd |iu, ou t|c spot |crc t|c paris| c|urc| o Grccu-
ic| as latcr |uilt. Atcr t|c ioruau Couqucst, Arc||is|op laurauc o Cautcr|ury,

ill-disposcd to uativc traditious, discardcd |iu aloug it| ot|cr Auglo-Saxou saiuts
rou t|c Cautcr|ury calcudar, as uot |aviug dcuoustra|ly dicd or t|c ait|, St Ausclu,
t|cu a||ot o icc, argucd ou a visit iu t|at, siucc |c |ad dicd rcsistiug uujust cxac-
tiou ou |is tcuauts, |c |ad dicd or justicc, aud t|crcorc or trut|, |ic| is siuply a
uodc o justicc. 1|is last |ad |ccu laurauc's ou asscrtiou iu |is couucutary ou
lou. , |c at oucc rcvcrscd |iuscl, rcaduittcd St .l|ca| to t|c calcudar, iucludcd
|is day auoug t|c casts 'cclc|ratcd uaguihccutly' ou t|c sauc lcvcl as t|c Lpip|auy,
iurihcatiou, Auuuuciatiou, aud Asccusiou), aud couuissioucd uusic or it uo lost)
rou t|c uou| Os|cru, said to |avc |ccu t|c |cst uusiciau o |is day, aloug it| a still
cxtaut lic. 1|ouas icc|ct callcd .l|ca| 't|c hrst uartyr o Cautcr|ury'.
L:. IX -), a rcoruiug popc uouiuatcd |y t|c cupcror icury lll at a tiuc
|cu rcoruiug popcs crc still t|c allics aud uot t|c cucuics o ioly louau
Lupcrors. Au Alsatiau couut's sou |apti.cd iruuo, |c too| t|c uauc lco as rccalliug
t|c supposcdly still purc c|urc| o lco t|c Grcat, aud as t|c hrst uauc-c|augiug popc
to |c cauoui.cd. lor ovcr ycars t|c |is|ops o louc, li|c ot|cr |is|ops, |ad rc-
taiucd t|cir |aptisual uaucs it| to cxccptious |o|u ll -), |apti.cd Mcrcurius,
|o uuli|c ioruisdas, -) cxc|augcd t|c uauc o a pagau dcity or t|at o t|c
rcccut uartyr-popc scc May), aud |o|u lll -), |o |ad c|augcd |is origiual
uauc o Catcliuus loug |corc |is clcctiou. lu t|c dc|auc|cd tccuagc |ooligau
Octaviauus, priucc o t|c louaus, as clcctcd popc aud too| t|c uauc o |o|u Xll
atcr |is uuclc |o|u Xl, |c as t|c last uau to s|y at a uauc o sccular poup, |ut souc
coutcuporarics ua|c |o|u |is truc uauc all aloug. V|cu iu icucdict \l, clcctcd
it| iupcrial support, as ovcrt|rou |y t|c dccatcd actiou, |is rival iu couclavc, t|c
cardiual dcacou lrauco, as cousccratcd as iouiacc \ll, au iutcrcstiug c|oicc, or t|c
ticc-uuroc|cd iouiacc \l |ad |ccu iuposcd ou t|c C|urc| iu |y au auti-
iupcrial uo|. iouiacc \ll as soou dcposcd |ut uot |corc uurdcriug icucdict),
upou t|c ucxt popc's dcat| iu , t|c iupcrial uouiucc ictcr Caucpauova, uuilliug
to iuvitc couparisou it| t|c hrst popc aud iriucc o t|c Apostlcs, rcigucd as |o|u
Xl\ till iouiacc cauc |ac| iu aud uurdcrcd |iu too. lu iruuo o Cariut|ia
too| t|c uauc Grcgory \ to rccall Grcgory t|c Grcat, iu Gcr|crt o Aurillac, ap-
poiutcd |y t|c cupcror Otto lll, |ccauc Silvcstcr ll iu |ouour o t|c Sylvcstcr |o
|ad supposcdly |ccu spiritual guidc to Coustautiuc scc Dcc.), ucit|cr iruuo uor
Gcr|crt as a uauc auiliar to louaus. 1|c ucxt to rctaiucd t|cir |aptisual uauc o
|o|u X\ll aud X\lll), |ut iu auot|cr ictcr, also uuilliug to rcigu uudcr t|at
uauc, |ccauc Scrgius l\. A c clcvcut|-ccutury autipopcs apart, all |is succcssors
|avc c|augcd t|cir |aptisual uaucs |ut or iadriau \l -) aud Marccllus ll ),
|ulius ll -), orucrly Giuliauo dclla lovcrc, ouittcd a sylla|lc iu |ouour uot o
|ulius l -) |ut o |ulius Cacsar. Lvcu popcs |apti.cd |o|u |avc c|augcd uauc,
|cgiuuiug it| Silvcstcr lll ) aud Grcgory \l -). 1|crc |as still |ccu uo
ictcr ll c. iov., uudcr Malac|y O'Morc).
L::.:s, patrou o ucrc|auts, uavigators, aud proupt solutious. iis cxistcucc as a
ourt|-ccutury Arucuiau uartyr) is cxtrcucly dou|tul, iu souc sourccs |is uauc

is givcu as Llpidius. iis cult appcars vcry latc, iu scvcutccut|-ccutury Gcruauy,
ucvcrt|clcss iriucc C|arlcs d'Orlaus, duc dc icuours, |oru ou t|is day iu ,
as |apti.cd C|arlcs-i|ilippc-Luuauucl-lcrdiuaud-louis-Grard-|oscp|-Maric-
G|islaiu-iaudouiu-C|rticu-lap|al-Autoiuc-Lxpdit-icuri. 1|crc is, alas, uo trut|
iu t|c story t|at |c as iuvcutcd |cu a pac|iug-casc coutaiuiug a ..r. s..:. as scut
rou t|c catacou|s o louc to a couuuuity o uuus iu iaris, it| t|c datc o its dis-
patc| ucxt to t|c ord s:.:., 'scut', t|c rccipicuts, uista|iug t|is or t|c uauc o t|c
uartyr |osc rclics crc cucloscd, trauslatcd it iuto latiu aud :::.:..s|, propagatcd
|is cult. icvcrt|clcss, suc| t|iugs arc uot uu|uou. iopc Lr|au \lll oucc rcccivcd a
rcqucst rou Spauis| c|urc|ucu to cu|aucc t|c liturgical rau| o St \iar. iis ioli-
ucss, ucvcr |aviug |card o |iu, as|cd |o |c as aud |at proos cxistcd o |is sauc-
tity. lu rcply t|c Spauiards scut a ragucut o aucicut stoucor|, iuscri|cd S. \lAl,
|ut alas. 1|c cxpcrts iu louau iuscriptious rcportcd t|at it cauc rou a tou|stouc
couucuoratiug a couuissioucr o roads ..ro).
.:r..:s L., Massac|usctts, Maiuc), couucuoratiug iaul lcvcrc's arrival at lcxiugtou
iu to auuouucc t|at t|c lcgulars crc couiug out agaiust t|c V|igs atcr ludc-
pcudcucc auac|rouistically uisrcportcd as '1|c iritis| arc couiug'), iu Vaylaud, Mass.,
a grcat |cll uadc |y |iu is ruug cvcry ycar.
H,o..
`. .: :|: C.o|::... .; :|: C....r M..o:.:
Jr.| ,
iy t|c rudc |ridgc t|at arc|cd t|c nood,
1|cir nag to April's |rcc.c uuurlcd,
icrc oucc t|c cu|attlcd arucrs stood,
Aud hrcd t|c s|ot |card rouud t|c orld.
1|c oc loug siucc iu silcucc slcpt,
Ali|c t|c couqucror silcut slccps,
Aud 1iuc t|c ruiucd |ridgc |as scpt
Dou t|c dar| strcau |ic| scaard crccps.
Ou t|is grccu |au|, |y t|is sot strcau,
Vc sct to-day a votivc stouc,
1|at ucuory uay t|cir dccd rcdccu,
V|cu, li|c our sircs, our sous arc gouc.
Spirit, t|at uadc t|osc |crocs darc
1o dic, or lcavc t|cir c|ildrcu rcc,
iid 1iuc aud iaturc gcutly sparc
1|c s|at c raisc to t|cu aud t|cc.
lalp| Valdo Lucrsou -)
lu t|c s t|is day as adoptcd |y cxtrcuc rig|t-iugcrs iu Aucrica to justiy rcsist-
aucc to lcdcral aut|ority, atcr a |uildiug iu Vaco, 1cx., occupicd |y au arucd rcligious
scct |ad |ccu storucd it| cousidcra|lc loss o lic ou April , to ycars latcr a
govcruucut |uildiug iu O|la|oua City as |ou|cd.

r.or.s: L.,, couucuoratiug t|c dcat| o icujauiu Disracli, iritis| iriuc Miuistcr iu
aud -, iu crcatcd st Larl o icacoushcld, ou April .
Yct t|crc is uo cvidcucc t|at priuroscs playcd auy iuportaut part iu cit|cr t|c pu|lic or t|c pri-
vatc lic o lord icacoushcld. ior docs |c appcar to |avc |ad auy ouducss or t|cu. . . . 1|c
.|| M.|| C..:::: iu t|c days |cu it as a li|cral orgau uadc pu|lic t|c olloiug cxplauatiou o
t|c auoualy 'Apropos o iriurosc Day aud t|c vcry uucoupliucutary allusious iu lord ica-
coushcld's |oo|s to t|at nocr, it uay |c ort| |ilc to rccouut t|c origiu o t|c uyt|. V|cu
lord icacoushcld as |uricd, t|c quccu scut a rcat| o priuroscs, aud rotc, ou a card at-
tac|cd to t|c rcat|, H.s avoritc nocr. icr uajcsty rccrrcd, o coursc, to t|c latc iriucc
Cousort, |ut |cr ords crc uisuudcrstood to ucau t|at t|c priurosc as lord icacoushcld's
avoritc nocr. icucc t|c ucspapcr allusious to t|c nocr |c lovcd so cll, aud t|c auuual
cclc|ratiou o iriurosc Day. 1|c cxplauatiou o t|c uyt| |as loug |ccu currcut auoug lord
icacoushcld's collcagucs, |ut or o|vious rcasous t|cy did uot carc to ua|c it pu|lic.'
V. S. Vals|,
z

... XII I.|:..s M...s L
z - icuuo lC Valcs)
3:.. t| c.), a||ot iu iort| Valcs. iuucrous dcdicatious attcst to |is popularity,
|ic| as loug-lastiug, as latc as sic| c|ildrcu crc |at|cd iu |is cll aud lct at
uig|t |y |is tou|. ic as said to |avc raiscd scvcu pcrsous rou t|c dcad, iucludiug
|is uiccc Gcurci Viuircd, scc iov.), aud to |avc plautcd iu |is at|cr's gravc
au acoru rou |ic| grc a uig|ty oa|, auy Luglis|uau |o passcd |ctccu truu|
aud |rauc| dicd, |ut Vcls|ucu could do so uu|arucd. 1|ouas icuuaut dcscri|cd t|c
c|apcl o St icuuo, adjoiuiug t|c c|urc| at Clyuuog lar, iu
1|c c|apcl as pro|a|ly |uilt atcr t|at travcllcr |o|u lclaud |ad visitcd t|c placc, iu t|c roou
o t|c old c|urc|, |ic| uig|t |avc allcu to ruiu. lu t|c uidst is t|c tou| o t|c saiut, plaiu,
aud altar-s|apcd. \otarics crc out to |avc grcat ait| iu |iu, aud did uot dou|t |ut t|at |y
ucaus o a uig|t's lodgiug ou |is tou|, a curc ould |c ouud or all discascs. lt as custouary
to covcr it it| rus|cs, aud lcavc ou it till uoruiug sic| c|ildrcu, atcr ua|iug t|cu hrst uudcrgo
a|lutiou iu t|c ucig||oriug |oly cll, aud l uyscl oucc sa ou it a cat|cr |cd, ou |ic| a poor
paralytic rou M:.r...,s|.r: |ad laiu t|c |olc uig|t, atcr uudcrgoiug t|c sauc ccrcuouy. . . .
At prcscut t|crc arc, l |clicvc, uo sort o rcvcuucs to |ccp t|is vcucra|lc pilc rou alliug to
ruiu. 1|c ocriugs o calvcs aud lau|s, |ic| |appcu to |c |oru it| t|c N 3:.., or uar|
o St. 3:.., a ccrtaiu uatural uar| iu t|c car, |avc uot cutircly ccascd. 1|cy arc |roug|t to t|c
c|urc| ou 1r...:, `..,, t|c auuivcrsary o t|c Saiut, aud dclivcrcd to t|c c|urc|ardcus, |o
scll aud accouut or t|cu, aud put it iuto a grcat c|cst, callcd C, `:. 3:..., uadc o ouc piccc
o oa|, sccurcd it| t|rcc loc|s. lrou t|is t|c h:|s| |avc a provcr| or attcuptiug auy vcry di
cult t|iug, 'You uay as cll try to |rca| up St. 3:..'s c|cst.' 1|c littlc uoucy rcsultiug rou t|c
sacrcd |casts, or casual ocriugs, is cit|cr applicd to t|c rclic o t|c poor, or iu aid o rcpairs.
icuuaut, `...., , -

J.:s .; M..::|..... -), Douiuicau uuu aud prior o a couvcut |uilt or |cr iu
Moutcpulciauo. S|c |ad a prccocious carccr cutcriug t|c couvcut as a -ycar-old, s|c
as clcctcd a||css o a couvcut iu iroccua at t|c agc o , it| papal dispcusatiou.
V|cu |cr auc sprcad, t|c citi.cus o Moutcpulciauo |uilt a uc couvcut or |cr, dis-
placiug souc |ouscs o ill rcputc.
A 1udor c|rouiclc rccords t|c |ig| poiut iu t|c ortuucs o Auuc iolcyu
Allso t|c sauc day April ) all t|c cratcs iu loudou crc callcd to t|cir |alls, aud t|crc
crc soruc ou a |oo|c to |c truc to Quccuc Auuc aud to |clccvc aud ta|c |cr or laull ic
o t|c iiugc aud rig|tull Quccuc o Luglaudc, aud uttcrlic to t|iuc|c t|c ladic Maric, daug|-
tcr to t|c iiugc |y Quccuc iat|criu, |ut as a |astardc, aud t|us to do it|out auy scrupulos-
itic o couscicucc, allso all t|c curatcs aud pricstcs iu loudou aud t|orocout Luglaud crc
allso soruc |corc t|c lord o Cautcr|uric aud ot|cr iis|opps, aud allso all couutrics iu Lug-
laudc crc soruc iu ly|cisc, cvcric uau iu t|c s|ircs aud toucs crc t|cy dcllcd.
1|is ycarc t|c iis|op o loc|cstcr aud Sir 1|ouas Morc, souctyuc C|auuccllor o Lug-
laudc, crc put iuto t|c 1ocr o loudou or uisprisouuc, aud t|crc to rcuayuc at t|c iiugcs
plcasurc, |ut all t|c iis|opp o loc|cstcrs goodcs aud |is|opric|c crc ta|cu iuto t|c iiugs
|audcs. Allso divcrsc pricstcs, rcligiousc ucu, aud layucu, crc sctt iu prisou iu t|c 1ocr o
loudou |ccaussc t|cy ould uot |c soruc. Vriot|cslcy, -
1|c 1|ursday alliug it|iu t|c scvcu days rou t|is day to t|c t|, corrcspoudiug to
- April OS |corc , is |cpt iu lcclaud as t|c hrst day o suuucr, scc ll :|:r
C.|:..rs. I.:|.....
z

... XI I.|:..s M...s l
z - - - ira.il 1iradcutcs Day |oaquiu |os dc Silva
Xavicr, a dcutist, couspirator iu rcvolt agaiust iortugal, ) uatioual |oliday)
LSA, 1cxas Sau |aciuto Day couucuoratiug iattlc o Sau |aciuto, iudcpcudcucc
rou Mcxico, )
iM Quccu Lli.a|ct| ll |oru , rcd-lcttcr day, t|c Luiou nag is nou
z iarilia cstival o ialcs, t|c goddcss souc said god) o s|cp|crds,
traditioually t|c day ou |ic| louc as ouudcd |ut scc Oct.), t|c ycar as uuc|
disputcd scc ll .o.. C.|:..r). 1|c cstival, iu C|ristiau tiucs discrcctly rcuaucd
Lr|s Actcrua, as cclc|ratcd it| suc| cut|usiasu t|at t|c louau C|urc| iusistcd ou
|ccpiug Lastcr uo latcr t|au t|is day, lcst pagau ucrriucut duriug lcut-culuiuatiug
iu attcupts |y cll-rcrcs|cd rcvcllcrs to lcap ovcr |uruiug |caps o |ay-s|ould
ocud, or tcupt, t|c astiug ait|ul, t|is rulc, |ic| |ad uo poiut outsidc louc, as
o parauouut iuportaucc to t|c popcs uutil lco t|c Grcat as coupcllcd to givc ay

|corc t|c iutcllcctual aud it claiucd) cauouical aut|ority o Alcxaudria scc ll 1|:
L.:: .; L.s::r).
z - Ausclu CY, lC), |auuarius Ort|., scc Scpt.)
J.s:|o -), icucdictiuc uou|, prior aud a||ot o icc iu ioruaudy aud arc|-
|is|op o Cautcr|ury. 1|c pupil o laurauc May) aud |is succcssor |ot| as prior
aud as arc||is|op, |c as as uuc| |is iucrior iu aduiuistrativc s|ill as |is supcrior iu
pocr o t|oug|t, ouc o t|c uost rcuar|a|lc t|cologiaus iu |istory, |c propouudcd
t|c outological arguucut or t|c cxistcucc o God aud ovcrt|rc t|c traditioual vic o
t|c lcdcuptiou as t|c |uyiug-out o t|c Dcvil's rig|ts ovcr uau. ic as loug crcditcd,
alt|oug| alscly, it| giviug rcspccta|ility to t|c doctriuc o t|c luuaculatc Couccp-
tiou scc Dcc.). As arc||is|op |c as iu rcqucut counict it| iiugs Villiau ll
-) aud icury lll -), uattcrs crc uadc orsc iu |cu, attcudiug
a \aticau couucil, |c lcarut o t|c papal dccrccs agaiust lay iuvcstiturc, |ic| t|crcatcr
|c iusistcd ou o|scrviug to t|c lcttcr. iis uorc coustructivc ac|icvcucut as to rclax
t|c |ostility o |is prcdcccssor toards t|c Auglo-Saxou C|urc| scc Apr., Dcc.).
z

... X I.|:..s M...s G
z - - - LSA Lart| Day, iustitutcd
LSA, Dclaarc aud ic|ras|a Ar|or Day hrst o|scrvaucc, iu ic|ras|a, Apr.
)
LSA, O|la|oua O|la|oua Day opcuiug o O|la|oua 1crritory or scttlcucut,
)
z -
1|:..r: .; `,|:.. d. ), uou| aud |is|op o Auastasiopolis iu Galati. Oiug to a vcry
ull coutcuporary |iograp|y, 1|codorc's lic cucrgcs iu colourul dctail. ic as t|c
sou o a circus acro|at aud au iuu|ccpcr, |o as also a prostitutc, |is uot|cr, cariug
dccply a|out |is uturc, as dissuadcd rou scudiug |iu to t|c cupcror t|roug| au ap-
paritiou o St Gcorgc, |o also iutcrvcucd |cu t|c uot|cr puuis|cd t|c |oy or dc-
voutucss, |ic| 1|codorc lcarut rou t|c iuu's uc coo|. A tccuagc |cruit, rcscucd ou
t|c poiut o collapsc, |c |ccauc a pricst, ua|iug a pilgriuagc to |crusalcu. lcturuiug
|ouc to |is uo dcvout auily, |c soug|t cvcr uorc spcctacular cclls hrst a oodcu
cagc, iu |ic| |c spcut t|c tiuc rou C|ristuas to ialu Suuday, t|cu au irou ouc sus-
pcudcd a|ovc |is cavc. ic drcsscd iu irou |rcastplatc, collar, aud |clt, it| riugs arouud
|is cct aud |auds. laucd or |is asts, pocrs o |caliug, aud clairvoyaucc, |c cvcutu-
ally gat|crcd cuoug| disciplcs to ouud a uouastcry. V|cu prcsscd to |ccouc |is|op
o Auastasiopolis, |c rcluctautly acccptcd, |ut ouud aduiuistratiou tcdious aud or-
ricd a|out t|c uorals o |is uou|s. Atcr tcu ycars |c rcsigucd, |ccouiug a uou|

agaiu. luvitcd to t|c cupcror's court, |c gaiucd t|c rig|t o uouastcrics to |c sauctu-
arics, it| a||ots appoiutcd |y t|c patriarc|. ic curcd t|c cupcror's sou aud pcr-
orucd uauy ot|cr uiraclcs. Auoug |is ot|cr talcuts crc t|osc o p|ysiciau aud
uarriagc-guidaucc couuscllor. ic is t|crcorc t|c patrou o uu|appily uarricd
couplcs-at lcast t|osc |o is| to |c rccoucilcd.
z

... IX I.|:..s M...s A
z - - - icruuda icppcrcoru Day couucuoratiug t|c
payucut o ouc pcppcrcoru to t|c Govcruor or t|c rcutal o t|c Old Statc
iousc |y t|c Masouic lodgc, )
Luglaud St Gcorgc's Day
Gcruauy 3.:r:. cclc|ratcd |y |ccr-driu|crs to couucuoratc t|c purity ordiuaucc
:..|:.:s:|.:) issucd |y Du|c Al|rcc|t l\ o iavaria iu , rcgulatiug t|c iugrc-
dicuts pcruittcd iu |rciug to ualt, |ops, ycast, aud atcr
z 1|is as t|c \iualia, |ic| dcspitc its uauc, iudicatiug a iuc cs-
tival, as dcdicatcd uot to li|cr iatcr scc Mar.) |ut to |upitcr, to |ou t|c hrst
draug|t o t|c iuc storcd t|c prcvious autuuu as pourcd as a li|atiou. lt as also
t|c day, iu , ou |ic| a tcuplc as dcdicatcd outsidc t|c Colliuc Gatc at louc
to \cuus Lryciua, t|c \cuus or rat|cr t|c i|ocuiciau goddcss o lovc, Astartc) scrvcd
|y sacrcd prostitutcs ou Moutc Sau Giuliauo iu Sicily, iu couscqucucc, prostitutcs |cpt
a cstival iu |ouour o \cuus, |ou t|cy ould prcscut it| uyrtlc |ic| as sacrcd
to |cr) aud uiut, aud c|aius o rus|cs covcrcd it| roscs.
z - CoL, lC)
C:.r: is t|c patrou o Luglaud, vcry littlc is |uou o |iu, aud |is vcry cxistcucc is
otcu dou|tcd. Alt|oug| t|c carly lic o t|c saiut as coudcuucd as t|c or| o
|crctics scc |uuc), it is possi|lc t|at |c as uartyrcd iu t|c carly ourt| ccutury,
t|crc is uo cvidcucc or t|c idcutihcatiou uadc auous |ut uot iuvcutcd) |y Gi||ou
it| Gcorgc 'o Cappadocia', a ullcr's |oy rou Lpip|aucia iu Cilicia |o rosc to |c
a dis|oucst |acou-supplicr to t|c louau aruy |corc |ciug appoiutcd |is|op o
Alcxaudria |y t|c cupcror Coustautius iu , |crc |c govcrucd tyrauuically it| t|c
|clp o iupcrial troops |corc |ciug lyuc|cd ou Dcccu|cr |cu Coustautius'
dcat| |ccauc |uou iu t|c city.
Gcorgc as uot idcly vcucratcd till t|c sixt| ccutury, |ut siucc t|cu |is cult |as
sprcad iu |ot| Last aud Vcst, as a uilitary saiut aud a uartyr. V|cu, duriug t|c lirst
Crusadc, t|c C|ristiaus dccatcd a 1ur|is| attcupt to rccapturc Autioc| c. Mar.),
t|cy crc cucouragcd iu t|c pursuit |y a visiou o SS Gcorgc, Mcrcurius scc iov.),

aud Dcuctrius scc Oct.), iu t|c 1|ird Crusadc, lic|ard l placcd |is aruy uudcr
Gcorgc's protcctiou, Ldard lll, |o iustitutcd t|c Ordcr o t|c Gartcr uudcr |is pat-
rouagc ), uay |c t|oug|t to |avc uadc |iu patrou saiut o Luglaud iu prccrcucc
to Ldard t|c Coucssor, |c as iuvo|cd iu t|is capacity |y icury \ atcr t|c victory
at Agiucourt iu . lu t|at sauc ycar, |is cast, uadc a lcsscr |oliday |y t|c Syuod o
Oxord iu , as raiscd to ouc o t|c priucipal casts |y Arc||is|op C|ic|clc. A
story t|at |c visitcd Luglaud rou t|c cst |as causcd t|c sca |ctccu Sout| Valcs aud
lrclaud to |c callcd 'St Gcorgc's C|auucl'.
St Gcorgc is also patrou o Catalouia, t|c Grcc| aruy, |uig|ts, arc|crs, sucrcrs
rou syp|ilis, |oy scouts, aud oiug to a puu ou |is Grcc| uauc) |us|auducu. Mauy
citics aud uuucrous c|urc|cs arc dcdicatcd to |iu. ic is |cst |uou, |ocvcr, rou
t|c story, hrst attcstcd iu t|c tclt| ccutury, o |is cucouutcr it| t|c dragou. A |iug
|osc rcalu as plagucd |y a dragou it| poisouous |rcat|, |aviug ruu out o t|c
daily pair o s|ccp t|at |cpt it at |ay, |ad to rcsort to |uuau sacrihccs. Ou t|c day ou
|ic| t|c |iug's daug|tcr drc t|c lot, St Gcorgc rodc ort| aud spcarcd t|c dragou,
collariug it it| t|c uaidcu's girdlc aud lcadiug it taucly |ac|. ic prouiscd to |ill it
i t|c pcoplc agrccd to couvcrt, t|c dragou as dispatc|cd aud , ucu crc |ap-
ti.cd. 1|c sccuc is uorually sct at lydda, ucar |crc icrscus, iu t|c Grcc| uyt|, |ad
rcscucd Audroucda.
1|c hrst |iug o Luglaud to |c callcd Gcorgc as t|c Llcctor o iauovcr, Gcorgc
l, t|c ucxt t|rcc |iugs all |orc t|c uauc, as did to uuc|-lovcd |iugs iu t|c tcutict|
ccutury. lu Gcorgc \l iustitutcd t|c Gcorgc Cross, aardcd or acts o t|c grcat-
cst |croisu or t|c uost couspicuous couragc iu circuustauccs o cxtrcuc daugcr, it is
priuarily a civiliau aard, Scrvicc pcrsouucl |ciug cligi|lc ouly or actious uot uorually
rcardcd it| uilitary |ouours. lt is oru |corc all ot|cr dccoratious cxccpt t|c \ic-
toria Cross. 1|c ccutral ucdalliou o t|c cross |cars a dcsigu dcpictiug St Gcorgc aud
t|c dragou. lu t|c Gcorgc Cross as aardcd to t|c islaud o Malta or |croic rc-
sistaucc to t|c Axis sicgc, it is rcprcscutcd ou t|c Maltcsc nag.
1|c Luglis| |avc otcu |ccu rcgardcd, particularly |y t|cir cllo iritous, as
straugcly lu|caru iu t|cir o|scrvatiou o t|cir patrou saiut aud |is day, t|cy cauuot
|c trustcd to rcucu|cr |is day uuc| lcss car a rosc ou it), aud at sportiug hxturcs
t|cy causc grcat ocucc iu t|c ot|cr parts o t|c Luitcd iiugdou |y aviug uot t|c
nag o St Gcorgc, t|c rcd cross ou a |itc |ac|grouud, |ut t|c all-iritis| Luiou nag,
iu |ic| it is cou|iucd it| t|c crosscs o St Audrc aud St iatric|. iocvcr, |is cu-
|lcu as uuc| iu cvidcucc auoug Luglis| oot|all supportcrs at t|c Luropcau Cup
huals o aud agaiu iu t|c Vorld Cup iuals o ), a c cc|s latcr t|c C|urc|
o Luglaud votcd to iucludc |is day auoug t|c coupulsory casts. Yct it is still uot a
civil rcd-lcttcr day, t|oug| iu Luglaud t|c Luiou nag is nou.
St Gcorgc as uot ucglcctcd iu t|c latc Middlc Agcs uuucrous guilds crc dcdi-
catcd to |iu aud cclc|ratcd |is cast-day as t|c grcat social cvcut o t|c ycar, it| |au-
qucts aud cla|oratc proccssious caturiug St Gcorgc aud t|c dragou. 1|is causcd
cu|arrassucut at t|c lcoruatiou, uorcovcr, t|c Ordcr o t|c Gartcr, dcdicatcd to
St Gcorgc, could uot |c a|olis|cd. lu icury \lll rulcd t|at, |ilc Gcorgc could

|c |ouourcd as a pcrsou, |c uust uot |c ors|ippcd, aud all iuagcs crc to |c ta|cu
dou. iut t|c cclc|ratiou dicd sloly, cvcu |cu t|c guilds crc dissolvcd. |o|u ialc,
iu |is prcacc to 1|: L.|.r,:s: j.r.:, .. `:r.|: .; j.|. L:,|..: ;.r L.|..:s J.:.,.:::s, rc-
grcts t|c cxpcusc, |ic| could uorc prohta|ly |c applicd to pu|lic li|rarics
O cytics o Luglaudc, |osc glory staudct| uorc iu |cllyc c|crc, t|au iu t|c scrc|c o ysdouc
godlyc. io couct| it, t|at ucyt|cr you, uor yct your ydcll uasuougcrs, |auc rcgardcd t|ys
uost ort|y couuodytc o your coutrcy. l ucauc t|c couscrvacyou o your Autiquytccs, aud
o t|c ort|y la|ours o your lcrucd ucu l t|yu|c t|c rcuouc o suc|c a uota|lc actc, oldc
|auc uuc| lougar cudurcd, t|au o all your |clly |au|cttcs aud ta|lc tryuup|cs, cyt|cr yct o
your uccly purc|ascd |alcs to |cpc S. Gcorgcs cast iu. ialc, sig. C
v
-C
lu t|c statutcs couccruiug t|c cclc|ratiou o St Gcorgc's Day |y iuig|ts o t|c
Gartcr crc rcorucd. 1|c irotcstaut |oy |iug Ldard \l is said to |avc uadc uu o
t|c ccrcuouics cvcu t|cu, dcuaudiug 'V|at saiut is Saiut Gcorgc t|at c do |crc
|ouour |iu.' 1o t|c uarqucss o Viuc|cstcr's rcply, 'St Gcorgc uouutcd |is c|argcr,
out it| |is sord aud rau t|c dragou t|roug| it| |is spcar', Ldard rcturucd, 'Aud
pray you uy lords, aud |at did |c it| |is sord t|c |ilc.' J.:s .; :|: r., C....|,
ii. , quotcd iu iuttou, `:.:...s, ). Ludcr Quccu Mary t|c cast as rcstorcd, |ut
Quccu Lli.a|ct| a|olis|cd it agaiu iu . lrou t|at tiuc ou, Gcorgc aud |is dragou
crc trauscrrcd to May Day cstivitics. iy S|a|cspcarc's day, |is iuagc as uorc
auiliar as a tavcru sigu
- Saiut Gcorgc t|at siugcd t|c dragou, aud c'cr siucc
Sits ou's |orsc|ac| at uiuc |ostcss' door. I.. j.|., . i. -
C|arlcs ll aud |aucs ll |ot| c|osc St Gcorgc's Day or t|cir corouatiou, |ut cclc-
|ratious dicd out |cu Villiau aud Mary cauc to t|c t|rouc.
iart o t|c caupaigu to dissuadc Luglaud rou vcucratiug its patrou saiut iuvolvcd
castiug dou|t ou |is cxistcucc. lu t|c cig|tccut| ccutury a spoo vcrsiou o |is lcgcud,
|ig|ly cu|roidcrcd, |as St Gcorgc tcrrori.c t|c dragou it| t|c coutcuts o
a littlc iox, covcr'd it| lacc o H..r, uadc |y St. L.|....'s ou iauds, t|c Mot|cr o t|c
t|rcc iiugs, |ic| iox coutaiu'd |is lclic|s. ic hrst drc out J.o's usual Striug o icads, t|c
Cross |crco as uadc o Luicoru's ioru, aud t|c icads o t|c 1cct| o t|c lis| t|at sal-
lo'd up j...s. At t|c Sig|t o t|is |oly O|jcct t|c Dragou s|oo| |is Lars, aud rot|'d at t|c
Mout| uost violcutly ic cvcu gavc |ac| scvcral Stcps, |ut soou rcsuuiug Couragc, advauc'd
agaiu 1|cu St. C:.r: puttiug up |is Striug o icads, too| out o |is iox t|c A|ridgucut o t|c
livcs o t|c Saiuts, |ic| t|c good J|:| alays carry'd a|out |iu iu |is ioc|ct, aud t|c iac| o
Cards |ic| t|c ic|cd C... carry'd iu |is. 1|csc |c astcu'd to t|c Lud o |is laucc, |ic| as
t|c sauc |crcit| t|c \aliaut L.. .:.: |ad a t|ousaud Ycars |corc cxtcruiuatcd so uauy
Viuduills, aud t|csc |oly lclic|s |c s|c'd to t|c Dragou 1|c Dragou, pcrcciviug t|cu, cll
dou, as i a 1|uudcr|olt |ad struc| |iu, |is iclly scll'd, aud coutractiug agaiu uadc |iu
ctc| a dou|lc Sig|, ouc |corc aud t'ot|cr |c|iud, |ic| rcally suclt uot a littlc uusavoury.
Missou dc \al|ourg ), -
iot surprisiugly, St Gcorgc also turus up iu t|c Luglis| colouics. A iuritau vics
St Gcorgc's Day iu ic Luglaud it| |ig| suspiciou

iostou, 1ucsday, Apr. .
Govr. coucs to 1ou guardcd |y t|c 1roops it| t|cir Sords drau, diucs at t|c Dragou, rou
t|cucc procccds to t|c 1ou|ousc, llluuiuatious at uig|t. Capt. icl|au tclls uc scvcral orc
crosscs iu t|cir iats, |ic| ua|cs uc rcsolvc to stay at |ouc, t|oug| Maxcll as at uy iousc
aud spa|c to uc to |c at t|c Couucil-C|au|cr at . p.u.) iccausc to driu|iug icalt|s, uo t|c
iccpiug o a Day to hctitious St. Gcorgc, is plaiuly sct ou oot. lt sccus Capt. Dudlcy's Mcu
orc Crosscs. Souc|ody |ad astcu'd a cross to a Dog's |cad, Capt. Dudlcy's ioatsaiu scciug
|iu, struc| t|c Dog, aud t|cu cut iuto t|c s|op, ucxt |crc t|c Dog as, aud struc| dou a
Carpcutcr, ouc Davis, as |c as at or| uot t|iu|iug auyt|iug ioatsaiu aud t|c ot|cr it|
|iu crc hucd
s
cac| or |rcac| o t|c pcacc, |y |cr. Druuucr Lsqr prctty uuc| |lood as
s|cd |y ucaus o t|is |lody Cross, aud t|c poor Dog a sucrcr. Scall, -
ic as put to usc as a political syu|ol |y t|c partisaus o auot|cr Gcorgc, a icssiau
ucrccuary soldicr duriug t|c lcvolutiouary Var, Captaiu |o|auu Lald, uotcd iu |is
diary iu
May t|. 1|c day |corc ycstcrday t|c Aucricaus, li|c oursclvcs, cclc|ratcd Saiut Gcorgc's Day,
cxccpt or t|c dicrcucc t|at t|cy paiutcd a picturc ou a |oard s|oiug t|c iiug o Luglaud
|uccliug ou ouc |ucc it| t|c latcst couprouisc proposal iu |is |aud. icxt to |iu as t|c
hgurc o Gcucral Vas|iugtou, staudiug uprig|t it| |is sord iu |is |aud, uttcriug t|c ollo-
iug ords to t|c iiug 'My dcar iiug, i you is| to |cg or souct|iug, |cud your |ucc, t|cu
lct uc spca|.'
lt is astouis|iug t|at Gcucral Vas|iugtou tolcratcs suc| disgraccul aairs iu |is aruy, |c-
causc c assuucd |iu to |c o a vcry cxccllcut c|aractcr, aud suc| t|iugs scrvc ouly to dis|ouor
|iu pcrsoually. Lald,
lu ot|cr couutrics aud placcs uudcr |is patrouagc Gcorgc |as arcd |cttcr. lu
Al|auia, it is t|c uauc-day o t|c uatioual |cro Gcorgc Castriota, |uou as Scaudcr-
|cg, |o rcsistcd t|c Ottouaus iu t|c htccut| ccutury pcoplc picuic |y spriugs, aud
cig| t|cusclvcs |ilc |oldiug sprigs. lu Catalouia |is cult, prcviously couhucd to t|c
uppcr classcs, |as |ccouc uorc popular scc |clo). lu Grcccc, |c is cspccially |ou-
ourcd |y s|cp|crds at Arc|ova, o |ic| |c is patrou, |is iuagc is lcd iu proccssiou
rouud t|c tou, atcr |ic| t|crc is a daucc to pipcs aud ta|ors. lt as orucrly t|c
custou to cut o t|c atcr-supply till t|c old ucu, |o lcd t|c daucc aud saug t|c ac-
coupauyiug |allad, rcac|cd t|c liuc 'Dragou, sct rcc t|c atcr t|at t|c rcvcllcrs uay
driu|.'
Ou t|is day iu , |y t|c Old Stylc uscd iu Luglaud, Villiau S|a|cspcarc dicd, hty-
to ycars lcss t|rcc days atcr |is c|ristcuiug, ou t|c sauc uouiual day |y t|c ic
Stylc, |ut tcu uatural days carlicr, Migucl dc Ccrvautcs y Saavcdra, t|c aut|or o L..
.:.::, dicd. lu Catalouia it |ccauc t|c custou or oucu to cclc|ratc |is ucuory |y
giviug ucu |oo|s ou t|is day iu rcturu or t|c rcd roscs t|at ucu gavc t|cu iu |ouour
o St Gcorgc, iu rcccut ycars t|c dcuarcatiou |as |ccu c|allcugcd. LiLSCO |as dcs-
iguatcd t|is day Vorld ioo| aud Copyrig|t Day.
1|is day is uar|cd iu Voru's calcudar it| a stalliou, to |c sct to stud.

z

... JIII I.|:..s M...s i
z - Mcllitus CY couucu.), lidclis o Siguariugcu lC)
M:||.:s, scut iu to rciuorcc t|c Luglis| uissiou, as cousccratcd |is|op o t|c Last
Saxous |y St Augustiuc o Cautcr|ury, iiug Lt|cl|crt o icut |uilt St iaul's iu lou-
dou or |iu, |ut au auti-C|ristiau rcactiou scut |iu scurryiug |ac| to Gaul, |cucc |c
rcturucd iu to |ccouc t|c t|ird arc||is|op o Cautcr|ury.
I.:|.s .; `.o.r..:. -), lrauciscau riar aud uartyr, |illcd |ilc prcac|iug to
uusyupat|ctic Ziugliau pcasauts iu Sit.crlaud.
Couvcrsiou o St Augustiuc o iippo scc Aug.), |o as |apti.cd ou t|is day iu
.
1rauslatiou o St Vilrid scc Oct.).
L|:r:, callcd |y icdc 'a uost rcvcrcud aud |oly at|cr aud |is|op' |o 'livcd |is lic iu
grcat pcrcctiou o |uuility, gcutlcucss, coutiucucc, siuplicity, aud justicc', |ilc
studyiug iu lrclaud cll ill o t|c plaguc iu aud vocd, auoug ot|cr uauicstatious
o pcuaucc, ucvcr to rcturu to iritaiu, |c strictly o|scrvcd t|c lris| 't|rccold lcut',
astiug or orty days |corc Lastcr, atcr V|itsuu, aud |corc C|ristuas. ic couccivcd
t|c plau o cvaugcli.iug Gcruauy, |ut lcarut rou a |rot|cr-uou|'s visious, couhrucd
|y a storu |cu |c attcuptcd to sct sail, t|at God is|cd |iu iustcad to rcoru
St Coluu|a's uouastcrics, |ic| still |cpt t|cir Ccltic Lastcr aud tousurc. lu |c
arrivcd iu loua |ic| did uot couut as part o iritaiu), aud pcrsuadcd t|c uou|s to
couoru to louau practicc, |c dicd at t|c agc o ou Lastcr Day, April , t|c
hrst tiuc it |ad cvcr |ccu |cpt ou t|is day, rcjoiciug, so icdc tclls us, t|at |c |ad livcd
to scc t|c uou|s |ccpiug Lastcr it| |iu 'ou t|at day |ic| t|cy |ad alays prcviously
avoidcd', or t|c Ccltic Lastcr could all uo latcr t|au t|c rd.
iirt|day o |oscp| Suit| ), ouudcr o t|c C|urc| o |csus C|rist o lattcr-day
Saiuts scc also Apr.).
Ou t|is day, callcd J:..:., iu Scdcu, t|c Aut|ropological aud Gcograp|ical Socicty
Slls|apct r autropologi oc| gcograh) aards t|c \cga Mcdal or outstaudiug cou-
tri|utious to gcograp|y, iustitutcd iu to cclc|ratc t|c rcturu ou April iu t|at
ycar o t|c cxpcditiou lcd |y Adol Lri| iordcus|ild, ou t|c s|ip J:., rou t|c hrst
succcssul uavigatiou o t|c iort|-Last iassagc.
`: M.r|`s L:. lastiug as o|scrvcd ou t|c days |corc uajor casts, t|c tclt|-ccutury
iarisiau t|cologiau |o|auucs iclct| statcs t|at it rcplaccd vigils, |crc 'girls aud |oys,
siugcrs aud gau|lcrs' spcut t|c uig|t iu c|urc|, lcadiug to druu|cuucss aud ot|cr dis-

ordcrs. icr|aps rclatcd to t|c lig|t|cadcducss causcd |y astiug, uauy supcrstitious
|avc |ccouc attac|cd to t|c cvcs o casts, particularly couccruiug diviuatiou o t|c
uturc, |ct|cr t|c orc|uolcdgc o ouc's uturc |us|aud or o t|osc |o ill dic
duriug t|c ycar. St Mar|'s Lvc is particularly associatcd it| t|c lattcr, aud t|c day itscl
as cousidcrcd au uuluc|y day scc Apr.).
Ou St. Mar|'s Lvc, at 1clvc o'Cloc|,
1|c lair Maid s|c ill atc| |cr Suoc|,
1o hud |cr ius|aud iu t|c Dar|,
iy prayiug uuto good St. Mar|.
..r .|.. )
''1is uo', rcplicd t|c villagc icllc,
'St. Mar|'s uystcrious Lvc,
Aud all t|at old traditious tcll
l trcu|liugly |clicvc-
'io, |cu t|c uiduig|t sigual tolls,
Aloug t|c c|urc|yard grccu
A uouruul traiu o scutcuccd souls
lu iudiug-s|ccts arc sccu.
'1|c g|osts o all |ou DLA1i s|all doou
Vit|iu t|c couiug ycar,
lu palc proccssiou al| t|c gloou,
Auid t|c silcucc drcar.
|aucs Moutgoucry -), '1|c \igil o St Mar|'
lu souc placcs it as said t|at i t|c atc|cr alls aslccp duriug |is vigil, |c ill dic
|iuscl duriug t|c ycar.
z

... JII I.|:..s M...s C
z - - - Australia, ic Zcalaud, Sauoa, 1ouga
AiZAC Day scc |clo)
ltaly li|cratiou Day )
iortugal lcvolutiou Day )
z Ou t|is day as |cld t|c ccrcuouy or |ccpiug rust o crops, t|c
lo|igalia, t|c participauts, clad iu |itc, cut iu proccssiou to t|c grovc o t|c god
lo|igus accordiug to ot|crs t|c goddcss lo|igo), |crc t|c cutrails o a puppy aud
a s|ccp crc |urut. lt as also t|c cstival day o |oy prostitutcs :r. |:.....).
z - Mar| t|c Lvaugclist CoL, lC)

M.r| :|: L..:|.s:. Coupauiou o ictcr aud iaul, |c prcac|cd at Cyprus aud as it|
iaul iu louc, |crc |is Gospcl uay |avc |ccu rittcu. 1raditiou placcs |iu as |is|op
o Alcxaudria, t|c C|ristiaus o Alcxaudria appropriatcd |iu to rcplacc t|c Gracco-
Lgyptiau diviuity Scrapis ors|ippcd ou i|aruout|i t|c corrcspoudiug day iu t|c
Lgyptiau calcudar). iis |ody as stolcu t|cucc iu t|c uiut| ccutury aud |roug|t to
\cuicc, |osc patrou saiut |c |ccauc trauslatiou cast orucrly |au.). 1|c uosaics
iu St Mar|'s, datiug rou t|c tclt| aud t|irtccut| ccuturics, rccord uauy aspccts o
|is lic. iatrou o Lgypt, \cuicc, uotarics aud sccrctarics, aud Spauis| cattlc-|rccdcrs
dcclarcd |y iius Xll iu , couhruiug a loug-staudiug dcvotiou o uucxplaiucd
origiu), |is syu|ol, ta|cu rou L.c|. , is t|c liou. lcd-lcttcr day.
lrou drcadull uuprovidcd dcat|, dot| Mar|c dclivcr |is,
V|o o uorc orcc t|au dcat| |iusclc, aud uorc o valuc is.
iaogcorgus,
Cr:.::r L.:...:s. 1|c C|urc| appropriatcd t|c day o lo|igalia or litauics, |ic| crc
givcu t|cir classic oru |y Grcgory t|c Grcat, a scvcuold proccssiou couvcrgiug ou
S. Maria Maggiorc, t|csc crc |uou as t|c Grcatcr litauics, iu coutrast to t|c lcsscr
litauics o logatioutidc scc h:s::r. C|r.| 1:.r). 1|cy crc supprcsscd iu .
Siucc t|c Grcatcr litauics crc pcuitcutial iu uaturc, St Mar|'s Day as a ast-day,
callcd 'ilac| Crosscs' |ccausc ucu orc |lac| aud altars aud crosscs crc drapcd iu
|lac|. lcgcud |as it t|at |cu icc|ct arrivcd iu louc ou St Mar|'s Day, all t|c hs|-
s|ops crc sold out, |c t|crcorc atc a roast capou, aud gavc |is scrvauts |oilcd ucat.
1|c cardiual scut to clcouc icc|ct rcportcd t|is act to t|c iopc, |o scut auot|cr
cardiual to corro|oratc, t|c lattcr too| t|c lcg o t|c capou |ac| it| |iu, |ut |cu
|c produccd t|c cvidcucc it |ad turucd iuto a carp. V|cu icc|ct |iuscl cauc or audi-
cucc, t|c iopc as|cd |iu |at |c |ad catcu, |c rcplicd t|at |c |ad catcu ncs| |ccausc
|c could hud uo hs|. icrcciviug t|at a uiraclc |ad ta|cu placc, t|c iopc gavc liccucc to
cvcryouc iu t|c dioccsc o Cautcr|ury to cat ucat ou St Mar|'s Day.
Alt|oug| t|c propcr day or |aptisu as t|c Suuday or uajor cast ucxt atcr t|c
c|ild's |irt|, S|a|cspcarc as |apti.cd ou Vcducsday, April , prcsuua|ly |c as
too sic|ly or |is parcuts to ris| aaitiug t|c ucxt Suuday, |ut Mar|'s day as avoidcd
|ccausc o its ill luc|. Ou t|c ot|cr |aud, iu tiucs o daugcr t|c Grcatcr litauics could
rally spirits. 1|c '|ourgcois o iaris' dcscri|cs t|c cvcuts iu iaris ou t|is day iu , at
a tiuc |cu t|c city's ood supplics crc coustautly divcrtcd to support t|c Auglo-
iurguudiau aruy |csicgiug Orlaus t|c sicgc auously raiscd |y |oau o Arc)
1|c grcy riar ucutioucd carlicr prcac|cd ou St. Mar|'s day at iouloguc-la-ictitc aud t|crc crc
grcat crods t|crc, as is said a|ovc. ludccd, |cu t|cy cauc aay rou t|c scruou t|at day, t|c
pcoplc o iaris crc so uovcd aud so stirrcd up to dcvotiou t|at iu lcss t|au t|rcc or our |ours'
tiuc you ould |avc sccu ovcr a |uudrcd hrcs alig|t iu |ic| ucu crc |uruiug c|css aud
|ac|gauuou |oards, dicc, cards, |alls aud stic|s, o.r:|.s, aud cvcry |iud o covctous gauc t|at
cau givc risc to augcr aud scariug. 1|c oucu, too, t|is day aud t|c ucxt, |urucd iu pu|lic all
t|cir huc |cadgcar-t|c rolls aud stuug, t|c picccs o lcat|cr or |alc|ouc t|at t|cy uscd to
sticu t|cir |caddrcsscs or ua|c t|cu old orards. io|lcoucu lct o t|cir |orus, t|cir

traius, aud uauy o t|cir vauitics. ludccd, t|c tcu scruous |c prcac|cd iu iaris aud ouc at
iouloguc did uorc to turu pcoplc toards picty t|au all t|c prcac|crs |o |ad prcac|cd iu iaris
or t|c past |uudrcd ycars. iourgcois,
St Mar|'s Day iu \cuicc iu as o|scrvcd |y a Gcruau visitor
1|c lcstival o St. M.r| is alays cclc|ratcd it| vcry grcat Solcuuity. Ou t|c Day prcccdiug,
t|c Dogc accoupauy'd |y t|c Au|assadors rcpairs it| a grcat 1raiu to St. M.r|'s C|urc|, |crc
|c assists at t|c \cspcrs. icxt Day t|c Couratcruitics, |o arc uiuc iu uuu|cr, ucct iu t|c
Ducal ialacc, accoupauy t|c Dogc to C|urc| iu iroccssiou, aud arc prcscut at iig| Mass. Atcr
t|is t|c Dogc rcturus to |is ialacc, aud t|c irot|cr|oods go rouud t|c Squarc. Lac| Socicty |as
uaguihccut luagcs, aud to Cauopics ric|ly cu|roidcr'd it| Gold aud Silvcr, |osc iolcs or
Supportcrs arc o solid Silvcr. 1|c iroccssiou is clos'd |y a Mau drcss'd iu a Gou o rcd
Dauas|, carryiug a iolc it| a uoviug V|ccl at t|c cud o it, |ic| scrvcs to support a gilt
liou surrouudcd it| laurcl irauc|cs, aud littlc Staudards o divcrs Colours. 1|c liou turus
rouud iuccssautly, aud t|c Mau |o carrics it ua|cs |iu lcap, aud play a |uudrcd Gau|ols ic
is surrouudcd it| a Multitudc o icoplc, |o cry out, God |lcss St. M.r|. 1|is Sig|t, |o
ridiculous socvcr, is ucvcrt|clcss auusiug, dras a|uudaucc o t|c io|ility to t|c Squarc, aud
ou t|at Day cvcry |ody is uas|'d. Atcr t|c iroccssiou is ovcr, t|c Mas|crs go to scc t|c Dogc's
1a|lc, |o cutcrtaius t|c Au|assadors aud t|c Scuatc at Diuucr, ou a 1a|lc iu oru o a iorsc-
s|oc, |ic| is cxtravagautly adoru'd it| iic|s|as, aud Mac|iucs uadc o Starc|, |ic| arc
|crc call'd 1r.o|s. iot|iug o t|c |iud cau |c |cttcr cxccutcd, or uorc uaguihccut. As t|crc
is a grcat Apprc|cusiou o a Croud, all t|c Mas|crs arc turu'd aay at Diuucr-tiuc. 1|cy |ccp
ou t|cir Mas|s all day loug, aud atcr Diuucr all t|c io|ility, or to spca| uorc propcrly, t|c
|olc City o J:...: appcars uas|'d upou t|c Squarc o St. M.r|, aud iudccd, or ouc |o ucvcr
sa it |corc, 'tis a rcuar|a|lc huc S|c. V|at surpri.'d uc, aud i l uay say it, uadc uc laug|,
as to scc all t|c Mas|crs all ou t|cir iuccs at t|c Souud o t|c J.:|s, you ou'd scar cvcry
|ody as iu lapturc, yct cvcry t|iug t|at gocs |corc aud t|at ollos t|c Stro|c o t|c icll is
uot t|c uost dcvout. iolluit., i. -
Quitc a dicrcut cclc|ratiou too| placc ou St Mar|'s Day iu Aluic|
1|c uauucr o ua|iug rccucu o J|...| ..oo.. . . . is uot lcss siugular t|au ridiculous. 1|c
pcrsous t|at arc to |c uadc rcc, or, as t|c p|rasc is, t|at arc to |:. :|: :||, asscu|lc iu t|c
uar|ct-placc vcry carly iu t|c uoruiug, ou t|c t| o Jr.|, |ciug St M.r|'s day. 1|cy arc ou
|orsc|ac|, it| cvcry uau |is sord |y |is sidc, drcsscd iu |itc it| |itc uig|t-caps, aud at-
tcudcd |y t|c our c|au|crlaius aud t|c castlc |ailic, |o arc also uouutcd aud arucd iu t|c
sauc uauucr. lrou t|c uar|ct-placc t|cy procccd iu grcat ordcr, it| uusic playiug |corc
t|cu, to a largc dirty pool, callcd t|c Ir::o:.`s h:||, ou t|c couhucs o t|c couuou. icrc t|cy
dra up iu a |ody at souc distaucc rou t|c atcr, aud t|cu all at oucc rus| iuto it, li|c a |crd
o siuc, aud scrau|lc t|ro' t|c uud as ast as t|cy cau. As t|c atcr is gcucrally |rcast |ig| aud
vcry oul, t|cy couc out iu a couditiou uot uuc| |cttcr t|au t|c |crocs o t|c L...., atcr
diviug iu I|:::~.:.|, |ut dry cloat|cs |ciug rcady or t|cu ou t|c ot|cr sidc, t|cy put t|cu ou
it| all possi|lc cxpcditiou, aud t|cu ta|iug a drau, rcuouut t|cir |orscs, aud ridc ull gallop
rouud t|c |olc couhucs o t|c district, o |ic|, |y t|is atc|icvcucut, t|cy arc |ccouc rcc.
Aud, atcr |aviug couplctcd t|is circuit, t|cy agaiu cutcr t|c tou sord iu |aud, aud arc gcu-
crally uct |y oucu drcsscd up it| ri||ous, |clls, aud garlauds o guu-nocrs, |o clcouc
t|cu it| dauciug aud siugiug, aud arc callcd :.o|:r~..:s pcr|aps a corruptiou o :.o|r:|~..:s,
playcrs ou tiu|rcls, ..:s |ciug au old ord or t|osc |o play ou uusical lustruucuts iu t|c
strccts). 1|c |crocs t|cu procccd iu a |ody till t|cy couc to t|c |ousc o ouc o t|cir coupauy,
|crc t|cy lcavc |iu, |aviug hrst drau| auot|cr drau, t|c rcuaiuiug uuu|cr procccd to t|c
|ousc o t|c sccoud, it| t|c sauc ccrcuouy, aud so o t|c rcst, till t|c last is lct to go |ouc

|y |iuscl. 1|c |ouscs o t|c uc rccucu arc ou t|is day distiuguis|cd |y a grcat |olly-|us|,
|ic| is plautcd iu t|c strcct |corc t|cu, as a sigual or t|cir ricuds to asscu|lc aud ua|c
ucrry it| t|cu at t|cir rcturu. 1|is straugc ccrcuouy is said to |avc |ccu iustitutcd |y iiug
j.|., iu ucuory o |is |aviug oucc |oggcd |is |orsc iu t|is pool, callcd Ir::o:.`s :||.
C:.:|:o..`s M.....:, ), -
1|is is t|c latcst possi|lc datc or Lastcr, otcu uar|cd iu calcudars as |:.oo .s.|.,
't|c last Lastcr', t|c p|rasc as drauatically rciutcrprctcd iu a prop|ccy souctiucs
rougly ascri|cd to iostradauus as ucauiug t|c last Lastcr t|crc ould cvcr |c
'V|cu Gcorgc Apr. s|all cruciy God ou Good lriday, aud Mar| Apr. s|all
rcsurrcct iiu ou Lastcr Day, aud St |o|u |uuc s|all carry |iu iu t|c Corpus
C|risti proccssiou, t|c cud o t|c orld s|all couc.' Auot|cr vcrsiou rcplaccs Good
lriday it| V|itsuu ou St Autouy o iadua's day |uuc), iu |aco|itcs rcviscd
t|is to orctcll t|c rcstoratiou o 'iiug |aucs lll', |ut alt|oug| t|c casc arosc |y t|c
Grcgoriau calcudar o lraucc iu aud |y t|c |uliau calcudar o Grcat iritaiu iu ,
t|c irctcudcr still rcuaiucd it|out a t|rouc.
JNZJC L., Australia aud ic Zcalaud), couucuoratiug t|c laudiug |y t|c Aus-
traliau aud ic Zcalaud Aruy Corps at Gallipoli uo Gcli|olu) iu , it as givcu
liturgical rccoguitiou |y local louau Cat|olics, so t|at St Mar| as s|uutcd to t|c
t|. 1|is as t|c to couutrics' hrst siguihcaut cxpcricucc dcspitc a prcscucc iu t|c
iocr Var) o lupcrial ararc, it is cclc|ratcd cspccially |y cx-scrviccucu it| uuc|
catiug aud driu|iug, t|c policc ovcrloo| gaucs o to-up or 'sy', iu |ic| to coius
arc tosscd-t|c aircst gau|liug gauc iu t|c orld i playcd uudcr la|oratory coudi-
tious.
z

... JI I.|:..s M...s D
z - - - 1au.auia Luiou Day |ctccu 1au.auia, Zau.i-
|ar, aud icu|a, ) uatioual day)
LSA, llorida aud Gcorgia Coucdcratc Mcuorial Day
z -
M.r.:||..s, |is|op o louc -, as accuscd o couplyiug it| Dioclctiau's ordcr
to surrcudcr copics o t|c Scripturcs aud ors|ip pagau gods, as a rcsult, or to ccu-
turics |is uauc as ouittcd rou t|c list o popcs. ic as rc|a|ilitatcd t|roug| |olly
uuouudcd lcgcuds o rcpcutaucc aud uartyrdou, |ic| causcd |iu to |c rcgardcd as
a saiut.
.s.|.s.s .|:r:s ..-..), a||ot o Cor|ic, said to |avc |ccu |roug|t up as a
ouudliug |y t|c uuus o iotrc-Dauc at Soissous. ic |ccauc a lcarucd aud prolihc

ritcr, |is or|s iucludc scriptural couucutarics, saiuts' livcs, aud a trcatisc ou t|c
|ody aud |lood o C|rist t|at arouscd criticisu |y its cup|asis ou t|c lcal ircscucc.
1|c clcctiou o t|c Dogc o t|c N...|.::., t|c \cuctiau hs|crucu, dcscri|cd |y a Gcr-
uau visitor iu
1|c Day atcr St. M.r|'s c |ad auot|cr pu|lic| S|c, aud |y couscqucucc a rcs| occasiou or
t|c J:.::...s to uasqucradc it. 1|at as t|c Llcctiou |ic| t|c lis|crucu, |o arc |crc call'd t|c
N...|.::., uadc o a C|ic, |o |cars t|c 1itlc o t|c Dogc o t|c N...|.::.. 1|cir C|oicc cll t|is
iout upou a Goudolicr |clougiug to t|c uo|lc C.s:....... Atcr t|c Llcctiou |c as couductcd
to au Audicucc o t|c Dogc o J:...:, drcss'd iu a lo|c o rcd Sattiu, aud ot|crisc accoutrcd
li|c a |ac|puddiug. ic as prcccdcd |y a grcat Mo| o iipcrs, iaut|oys, aud lis|crucu. |ust
|corc |iu as carry'd a rcd llag, it| t|c Lgics o St. M.r|. 1|c Dogc rccciv'd |iu sittiug ou
|is 1|rouc, aud attcudcd |y t|c Couucil. 1|c Couplcucut o t|c Dogc o t|c lis|crucu as
uadc it| grcat Gravity, aud auscr'd |y t|c Dogc o t|c lcpu|lic| iu c Vords, |ic| douc,
|c rcturu'd iu t|c sauc Ordcr t|at |c cauc. 1|is s|au Dogc |as aut|ority ovcr all t|c lis|cr-
ucu, is t|cir |udgc, givcs t|cu liccucc to hs|, aud ta|cs carc t|at t|c City |c cll supplicd it|
t|at sort o irovisiou. iolluit., i. -
lu Lastcr as |cpt ou t|is day iu liulaud, cvcu t|oug| it as outsidc t|c uorual
liuit, |ccausc t|c t|, t|c astrououical aud also Grcgoriau) datc, coiucidcd it| t|c
sccoud day o iassovcr. Scc also April.
1|is as t|c cxtra day addcd to April uudcr |ulius Cacsar's rcoru, iu ordcr to avoid
disruptiug t|c lloralia scc Apr.), iu t|c ot|cr cxpaudcd uout|s t|c additiou day
or days iuucdiatcly prcccdcd t|c ialcuds scc ll .o.. C.|:..r).
z

... J I.|:..s M...s L
z - - - Sicrra lcouc ludcpcudcucc Day rou Grcat
iritaiu, )
Sout| Arica lrccdou Day uatioual day)
Yugoslavia iatioual Day oruatiou o Yugoslav cdcratiou iu , cousistiug o
Scr|ia aud Moutcucgro)
z - lorucrly ictcr Cauisius scc Dcc.)
Z.:. Sit|a, Cit|a) -), scrviug-uaid o lucca. A dcvout C|ristiau, |uou or |cr
c|arita|lc dccds, |cr popular cult sprcad as ar as Luglaud. S|c as a scrvaut o t|c
latiuclli auily rou t|c agc o , ualtrcatcd till t|cy rccogui.cd |cr sauctity, s|c |ad
t|c cxaspcratiug |a|it o giviug aay |cr uastcr's ood, aud cvcu iu ouc story |is ur
coat, to a s|ivcriug |cggar ouc C|ristuas Lvc iu t|c c|urc| o Sau lrcdiauo |o rc-
turucd it uot as prouiscd) to |cr atcr uass, |ut to |cr uastcr just |corc diuucr,

iuucdiatcly vauis|iug. Vas t|c story iuspircd |y t|c siuilarity o Ir:.... to ;r:.,
'cold'.) Duriug ouc o |cr ccstasics, augcls |a|cd |cr |rcad, |cucc s|c |ccauc t|c pat-
rou saiut o |a|crs |csidcs |ouscivcs aud scrvauts. S|c is also iuvo|cd |y t|osc |o
|avc lost t|cir |cys. S|c as uot ocially cauoui.cd uutil , |ut pu|lic opiuiou |ad
uadc |cr a saiut cvcr siucc |cr dcat|, Dautc I.;:r.., . ) ua|cs a dcvil call a lucca
city couucillor 'ouc o St Zita's cldcrs' . :||. ...... . s..:. Z.:.). icr |ody is |cpt at
Sau lrcdiauo aud displaycd ou t|is day, guardcd |y to arquc|usicrs aud prcscutcd it|
uarcissi.
z

... IJ I.|:..s M...s l
z 1|is day |ut |corc t|c t| iu a -day April) as t|c hrst
day o lloralia, |ic| lastcd till May, |ououriug t|c goddcss llora. lt as uar|cd |y
liccutious cstivitics, iu |ic| ua|cd prostitutcs too| t|c part o gladiators, t|c youugcr
Cato is rcportcd to |avc al|cd out, |aviug gouc t|crc iu ordcr to |c s|oc|cd. iarcs
aud goats crc lct loosc, siucc \cuus as patroucss o cultivatcd uaturc, uot o ild,
various suall vcgcta|lcs crc scattcrcd as crtility to|cus auougst t|c crods iu t|cir
colourul clot|cs. 1|c s|os coutiuucd |y uig|t uudcr gcucrous torc|lig|t.
z - iicrrc-Maric-louis C|aucl lC, CY couucu.), orucrly St iaul o
t|c Cross scc Oct.)
.:rr:~M.r.:~L..s C|..:| -), pricst aud uartyr. A uissiouary ou t|c lijiau islaud
o lutuua, |c as cxccutcd |y couuaud o a c|ictaiu |osc sou |c |ad couvcrtcd,
soou atcrards t|c cutirc islaud |ccauc a |astiou o t|c louau C|urc|.
lu t|c liuus a|audoucd t|cir astrououical Lastcr it| iassovcr postpoucucut,
|ic| ould |avc ta|cu Lastcr to t|is day |ccausc t|c st coiucidcd it| t|c sccoud
day o iassovcr scc ll 1|: L.:: .; L.s::r. Js:r...o...| L.s::r).
z

... III I.|:..s M...s G
z - - - |apau Grccucry Day
z - Cat|criuc o Sicua CY, lC)

C.:|:r..: .; `.:.. ..-), virgiu. 1|c tcuty-ht| c|ild o a ool-dycr, Catcriua icu-
iucasa practiscd praycr aud pcuaucc rou au carly agc, latcr |ccouiug a Douiuicau tcr-
tiary, |cr rcputatiou or |oliucss attractcd clcrical aud lay ollocrs callcd ..::r...:.. S|c
pcrsuadcd iopc Grcgory Xl iu to lcavc Aviguou or louc |c soou rcgrcttcd it),
aud rallicd ltaliau support or |is succcssor, Lr|au \l, agaiust |ou t|c lrcuc| cardi-
uals, disgustcd at |is dcspotic iusolcucc, |ad sct up a rival popc at Aviguou, Clcucut
\ll. icr ritiugs, iucludiug ucarly lcttcrs, crc cxaltcd |y a cllo Sicucsc iu t|c
cig|tccut| ccutury as uodcls o purc 1uscau. S|c dicd ou April , aud as |uricd
at louc iu Sauta Maria sopra Miucrva t|oug| Sau Doucuico at Sicua |as |cr |cad).
iius ll cauoui.cd |cr iu , assiguiug |cr cast, siucc s|c |ad dicd ou St ictcr Mar-
tyr's day scc |clo), to t|c hrst Suuday iu May, iu Lr|au \lll trauscrrcd it to
April, |ut t|c currcut lC calcudar puts |cr ou t|c t|. S|c is patrou saiut o Sicua
aud ltaly, aud also o ltaliau uurscs, iu s|c as dcclarcd a Doctor o t|c C|urc|.
lu art, as t|c uystic |ridc o C|rist, s|c is distiuguis|cd rou Cat|criuc o Alcxaudria
|y |cr |ood aud vcil. Douiuicaus rcprcscutcd |cr it| t|c stiguata uutil iu t|c
lrauciscau popc Sixtus l\ or|adc t|cir portrayal ou auy saiut |ut lraucis, a rcstrictiou
litcd |y Lr|au \lll providcd t|at t|cy too| t|c oru o lig|t aud uot |lood.
:::r M.r:,r ..-), t|c hrst uartyr o t|c Douiuicau Ordcr, iuto |ic|, |ilc a
studcut iu iologua, |c |ad |ccu rcccivcd |y St Douiuic. iig|ly succcssul iu prcac|-
iug, |c as uadc Douiuicau iuquisitor iuto t|c Cat|ar |crctics o lou|ardy, agaiust
|ou |c |ad cousidcra|lc succcss uutil iu t|cy aylaid aud uurdcrcd |iu ou t|c
road |ctccu Couo aud Milau, |c as cauoui.cd t|c olloiug ycar. ic is couuouly
dcpictcd it| a |uic sliciug t|roug| |is |cad.
lu ucdicval Luglis| calcudars, t|c datc o ioa|'s dcparturc rou t|c Ar|, scc also
May.
z

r..: I.|:..s M...s A
z - - - liulaud May Day Lvc
Gcruauy aud Scaudiuaviau couutrics Valpurgis iig|t
Mcxico C|ildrcu's Day
ict|crlauds Quccu's Day iouiugiuucdag), uar|iug acccssiou o Quccu icatrix,

LSA, louisiaua Aduissiou Day t| statc, )

z - iius \ lC), |aucs |rot|cr o St |o|u t|c Diviuc Ort|., scc |uly),
orucrly Cat|criuc o Sicua scc Apr.)

.s J -), Douiuicau riar, appoiutcd iuquisitor-gcucral iu , |is|op succcs-
sivcly o icpi aud Sutri ) aud Moudovi ). Llcctcd popc iu , |c dcvotcd
|iuscl to puttiug iuto ccct t|c dccrccs o t|c Couucil o 1rcut, pu|lis|iug t|c
louau catcc|isu aud t|c rcviscd |rcviary aud uissal. Stcru aud dcvout, |c iuposcd
uoral rcoru ou t|c city o louc outlaiug prostitutiou aud |ullhg|tiug), purgcd t|c
curia, aud t|roug| t|c luquisitiou strovc to staup out |crcsy iu ltaly aud Spaiu. iis
cxcouuuuicatiou o Quccu Lli.a|ct| l iu , ar rou rccovcriug Luglaud or t|c
papacy, lcd to ocial pcrsccutiou o Cat|olics aud alicuatcd cvcu Cat|olic sovcrcigus
alrcady ocudcd |y |is rcsistaucc to statc coutrol o t|c C|urc|. iis grcatcst ac|icvc-
ucut as t|c oruatiou o t|c ioly lcaguc, |osc cou|iucd papal, Spauis|, aud
\cuctiau ncct dccisivcly dccatcd t|c 1ur|is| uavy at lcpauto iu scc Oct.).
lcast-day orucrly May.
M., L: .r h.|r.s...|:. 1|c uig|t o April- May is callcd h.|r.s...|: iu Gcruauic
lauds as |ciug t|c cvc o t|c trauslatiou o St Val|urg scc lc|.), |ut it ocs its
auc uot to |cr, |ut to t|c ol| |clic t|at ou t|is uig|t itc|cs nc rou all quartcrs
ou |rooustic|s aud |illygoats to |old t|cir sa||at, cat, driu|, daucc, ctc., t|c Dcvil
|ciug t|cir lord aud lcadcr, uutil t|c Quccu o t|c May appcarcd at uiduig|t to uar|
t|c driviug aay o iutcr. Alt|oug| scvcral placcs laid claiu to t|c |ouour o |ostiug
t|c H:::.s.||.:, t|c iort| Gcruau accouut, ua|iug t|c vcuuc t|c iloc|s|crg or
iroc|cu iu t|c iar.gc|irgc, |as |ccouc cauouical, t|is raugc is as ric| iu supcruatural
storics as it is iu uiucrals. A scvcutccut|-ccutury sourcc addcd to t|c coupauy 'cxaltcd
pcrsous, cupcrors, priuccs, |arous, uo|lcs, aud t|c li|c . . . also lcarucd aud auous
doctors i.c. sc|olars', suc| ol| duly appcar alougsidc t|c itc|cs iu iart l o Goct|c's
I.s:, iu |ic| laust aud Mcp|istop|clcs, guidcd |y a ill-o'-t|c-isp, visit t|c
iar.gc|irgc ou t|is uig|t aud atc| a playlct callcd h.|r.s...|:s:r.o, .:r |:r..s
. 1.:....s .|:.: H..|.:.: 'A Valpurgis iig|t's Drcau, or t|c Goldcu Vcddiug o
O|crou aud 1itauia'), |cu t|cy rcturu iu iart ll, Act ll to a I|.ss.s.|: h.|r.s...|:,
Mcp|istop|clcs, auidst scvcral advcuturcs t|at pcrplcx |iu, huds classical uudity 'too
livcly'.
laucy-drcss cstivals ou t|c itc| t|cuc arc |cld iu scvcral placcs, |ut t|c uig|t as
also uar|cd it| ot|cr rcvclrics, uot alays approvcd o |y aut|ority t|c L::s.|:s
hr::r|.| |cguu |y t|c irot|crs Griuu quotcs au Altcu|urg city ordiuaucc o lc|-
ruary
Ls ist a|r.uuc|ucu gccscu, dan gc|ulic| iu dcr Valpurgisuac|t vou . April .uu . Mai
ciu poli.ciidrigcr uud cucrgc|rlic|cr Luug gctric|cu crdc, iudcu au dcu laudc . . .
vor.glic| durc| das Gcsiudc . . . lcucr augc.udct uud uit |rcuucudcu icscu |cruugclaucu
crdc, da|ci uuut.cr lrucu .ur icuuru|iguug dcs iu|licuus gcuac|t uud vou Lrac|scucu
uud iiudcru aus Mut|illcu Lxccssc allcr Art |cgaugcu crdcu.
lt |as couc to our attcutiou t|at couuouly ou Valpurgis iig|t, rou April to May, uis-
c|ic is practiscd coutrary to policc rcgulatiou aud coustitutiug a hrc-|a.ard, iuasuuc| as iu t|c
couutrysidc . . . aru|auds iu particular lig|t hrcs aud ruu arouud it| |uruiug |roous,
crcatiug uuucccssary diu to t|c distur|aucc o t|c pu|lic, aud adults aud c|ildrcu autouly
couuit cxccsscs o cvcry |iud.

lu Scdcu t|is uig|t is .||.rsoss..;:.., sougs arc suug rouud |ouhrcs otcu auid
alliug suo) to cclc|ratc t|c arrival o spriug, it| suc| tcxts as `|.. o.,, ||.oo:. |.:
:.|| .ss .:. 'lovcly May, clcouc |it|cr to us agaiu') aud J..::r. r.s.: : 'Viutcr |as lost
its orcc'). iut cvcu iu couutrics |crc Valpurgis' uauc is uu|uou, t|c associatiou
it| itc|cs is stroug.
`:rs:.:...s :. |:: .., ;..r.:s .. .:.|:s
1|c couuou pcoplc orucrly gat|crcd t|c lcavcs o L|:r upou t|c last day o Jr.||, |ic| to
disappoiut t|c C|arucs o Vitc|cs, t|cy |ad axcd to t|cir Doorcs aud Viudocs.
Colcs ), -
May Lvc, Saturday
1|is cvcuiug |ciug May Lvc l oug|t to |avc put souc |irc| aud ittau uouutaiu as|) ovcr t|c
door to |ccp out t|c 'old itc|'. iut l as too la.y to go out aud gct it. lct us |opc t|c old itc|
ill uot couc iu duriug t|c uig|t. 1|c youug itc|cs arc clcouc. iilvcrt, i. -
L....:...s .. M., L: .. Ir:|..
l a youug ouau is|cs to |uo |o is to |c |cr uturc spousc, s|c gocs, latc ou May Lvc, to
a |lac| sally-trcc, aud pluc|s t|crcrou uiuc sprigs, t|c last o |ic| s|c t|ros ovcr |cr rig|t
s|ouldcr, aud puts t|c rcuaiuiug cig|t iuto t|c oot o |cr rig|t stoc|iug. S|c t|cu, ou |cr |uccs,
rcads t|c t|ird vcrsc o t|c t| c|aptcr o |o|, aud ou goiug to |cd s|c placcs t|c stoc|iug, it|
its coutcuts, uudcr |cr |cad. 1|csc ritcs duly pcrorucd, aud |cr ait| |ciug stroug, s|c ill, iu
a drcau duriug t|c uig|t, |c trcatcd to a sig|t o |cr uturc |us|aud. V. l. Vildc, )
lu t|c Aut|ori.cd \crsiou |o| rcads 'lay dou uo, put uc iu a surcty it| t|cc,
|o is |c t|at ill stri|c |auds it| uc.', |ic| uig|t out o coutcxt |c uudcrstood
o t|c cddiug |audast, t|c \ulgatc |as 'li|cra uc Douiuc ct pouc uc iuxta tc, ct
cuiusvis uauus puguct coutra uc' 'Dclivcr uc, O lord, aud sct uc |csidc t|cc, aud lct
auy uau's |aud hg|t agaiust uc'), |ic| sccus uorc appropriatc or a |oxiug c|allcugc.
M., L: .. C.||.., Ir:|..,
May Lvc . . . l |car t|c cuc|oo ou uy rig|t. O coursc it docs uot uattcr ou |ic| sidc it is
|card. l scc t|c hrst |uttcrny to-day. l |car t|at youug lads |ad aloug it| t|cu to-day to
goldcu May |alls |ic| t|cy |ad got rou to couplcs uarricd last S|rovctidc. 1|cy arc out
to |avc a May |us| ou top o a s|ort stic| or loug cudgcl, t|c goldcu |all iu t|c uiddlc o it,
aud t|cusclvcs aud youug oucu dauciug rouud it. A isp is lig|tcd ou cac| sidc o a gap, aud
cattlc arc drivcu t|roug| t|c hrcs. 1|is is au old custou, rou t|c tiuc o t|c alsc gods, |ic|
as li|cisc practiscd |y t|c druids cvcry hrc iu lrclaud as cxtiuguis|cd ou iallo L'cu, aud
to lig|t hrc o cart| |y hrc rou |cavcu as t|cy uscd to say), aud to givc t|is sacrcd hrc to t|c
pcoplc. iut St. iatric| ordcrcd |is ollocrs to lig|t t|c hrc ou iallo L'cu, t|at is t|c day ou
|ic| t|c druids put it out, to s|o t|c pcoplc t|at t|crc as uo daugcr rou a alsc god iu t|cir
uot |aviug |is sacrcd hrc, |ut ouly uatural hrc. O'Sullivau, i. ,

Js :|..o: .s {.:rs .. M.,.

C.| M..: .. ...:,
3.r.: ;||::| ;.:|.:.
J |.: M., o.|:s . ;.: .|r.|,.r.
H: :|.: .| |.: ;.r .,: os: :.: s.: .. M.,.
I; ,. .| :|: ..:.r .,
|:.: ,.r {...:|s . .. M.,.
z - latiu M..s, lrcuc| o.., Spauis| o.,., iortugucsc M...,
ltaliau o..., Gcruau M.., Vcls| M.., Scots Gaclic .. C.::.., lris| 3:.|:...:
M..s is uaucd atcr Maia, a goddcss o grot| c. o...r, '|iggcr', rou o..s, scc
May), s|c is uot t|c sauc dcity as Maia, t|c uot|cr o icrucs aud ouc o t|c
ilciadcs, t|oug| louaus, |y spclliug t|c lattcr M.... or M... iustcad o M.:., appcar to
|avc cquatcd t|cu. 1|c Scots Gaclic uauc is rclatcd to Old lris| ..::o..., '|cgiuuiug
o suuucr)', t|oug| ouc also huds .` M|.|, or t|c uodcru lris| uauc, scc May.
z - - -
`:... `..,
LSA aud uauy ot|cr couutrics) Mot|cr's Day proposcd |y Auua |arvis o
i|iladclp|ia, )
L.s: `..,
lraucc la ltc dcs Mrcs
I.rs: M...,
|apau Coustitutiou Day
lcsot|o iiug's iirt|day
Li iau| ioliday
1|.r M...,
Cayuau lslauds Discovcry Day
Lruguay iattlc o las iicdras iudcpcudcucc rou ira.il, )
I.r:| M...,
icli.c Couuoucalt| Day
M..., |:;.r: M.,
Cauada \ictoria Day
L.s: M...,
Li iau| ioliday
LSA Mcuorial Day it| t|c cxccptiou o ic Mcxico, May, iucrto lico,
May, Dclaarc, llliuois, Marylaud, ic iaups|irc, Sout| Da|ota, \cruout,
aud souc localitics, May)
LSA, \irgiuia Coucdcratc Mcuorial Day
L.s: 1:s.,
Zau|ia Arica lrccdou Day
I.rs: `.:r.,
LSA icutuc|y Dcr|y, C|urc|ill Dous, louisvillc, iy. siucc , hrst racc o t|c
'1riplc Crou', t|c irca|ucss ollos to Saturdays latcr, t|c icluout Sta|cs hvc
Saturdays latcr)
iaplcs p|ials said to coutaiu t|c |lood o St |auuarius arc |oruc iu proccssiou rou
t|c cat|cdral to t|c c|urc| o Sauta C|iara scc Scpt.)
I.rs: .r s:... `.:r.,
Dcuuar| iraycr Day
`:... `.:r.,
ict|crlauds Viuduill Day
1|.r `.:r.,
LSA Arucd lorccs Day
L.s: `.:r.,
Ccutral Arica lcpu|lic Mot|cr's Day
1|cu cauc airc M.,, t|c ayrcst uayd ou grouud,
Dcc|t all it| daiutics o |cr scasous prydc,
Aud t|roiug norcs out o |cr lap arouud
\pou to |rct|rcus s|ouldcrs s|c did ridc,
1|c tiuucs o L:., |ic| ou cyt|cr sidc
Supportcd |cr li|c to t|cir soucraiuc Quccuc.
lord. |o all crcaturcs laug|t, |cu |cr t|cy spidc,
Aud lcapt aud dauuc't as t|cy |ad rauis|t |ccuc.
Aud C. sclc a|out |cr nuttrcd all iu grccuc.
Spcuscr, 1|: I.:r.: ::.:, . vii.
lt is uo May, aud t|c scctucssc o t|c Airc rcrcs|ct| cucry spirit t|c suuuy |caucs |riug
ort| airc ilossoucs, aud t|c drippiug Clouds atcr lloracs grcat gardcu t|c ualc Dccrc puts

out t|c \cluct |cad, aud t|c paggcd Doc is uccrc |cr auiug 1|c Spar|a|c uo is drauc out
o t|c uc, aud t|c lolcr ua|cs rcady |is |istlc or t|c Quailc t|c lar|c scts t|c uoruiug
atc|, aud t|c cucuiug, t|c iig|tiugalc t|c iargcs li|c iocrs |ccp t|c strcaus o t|c scct
liucrs, aud t|c Mac|rcll it| t|c S|ad arc ta|cu prisoucrs iu t|c Sca t|c tall youug O|c is cut
douc or t|c Maypolc t|c Sit|c aud t|c Sic|lc arc t|c Mocrs uruiturc, aud ayrc cat|cr
ua|cs t|c la|ourcr ucrry t|c i|ysitiau uo prcscri|cs t|c cold V|cy, aud t|c Apot|ccary
gat|crs t|c d or a ucdiciuc iuttcr aud Sagc ua|c t|c |olsouc |rca|ast, |ut rcs| c|ccsc
aud crcauc arc ucat or a daiuty uout| aud t|c Stra|cry aud t|c icscod aut uo pricc iu t|c
uar|ct t|c C|ic|cu aud t|c Duc|c arc atucd or t|c uar|ct, aud uauy a Gosliu ucucr liucs to
|c a Goosc. lt is t|c uouct| |crciu iaturc |at| |cr ull o uirt|, aud t|c Scuscs arc hllcd it|
dclig|ts. l coucludc, lt is rou t|c icaucus a Gracc, aud to t|c Lart| a Gladucssc. larccll.
irctou )
C|arlcuaguc is said to |avc callcd May ...o...:|, 'joy-uout|', |ic| |as rcuaiucd
t|c uorual Vcstcru couccptiou, cclc|ratcd iu couutlcss pocus aud sougs I.|:.. M.,.,
3:. :.. o..., N. .s :|: o..:| .; M.,.., Io .:rs.|.:. M...: M..), |ut c s|all scc
t|at t|crc is also sorro. 1|c louaus t|oug|t it au uuluc|y uout| to uarry iu, |ut ac-
cordiug to Ovid I.s:. . -) it as |ccausc t|c lcuuria crc o|scrvcd iu t|at
uout|, iu |ouour o t|c g|osts
iac quoquc dc causa, si tc provcr|ia tauguut,
ucusc ualas Maio uu|crc vulgus ait.
Aud or t|is causc, i you or provcr|s stay,
1|c pcoplc |avc it, 3. .r|s : .. M.,.
iocvcr, t|c supcrstitiou is uot couhucd to aucicut louc
Marry iu May
Aud you'll ruc t|c day.
V|o cds iu May
t|ros all aay.
Gcruau provcr|s tcll t|c sauc story, aud May is also cousidcrcd au uuluc|y uout| iu
Grcccc, cspccially i it |cgius ou Saturday, uarriagc ill lcad to carly dcat|. 1|c siui-
larity o M.s to o.,, 'uagic' uo dou|t |clpcd couhru t|c opiuiou, |ut t|c iuportaucc
o t|is uout|'s cat|cr to t|c arucr uust also play a part. 1|c hrst t|rcc days arc
's|arp days' c. Mar.) uo or| s|ould |c |cguu, oucu s|ould uot do lauudry, ucu
s|ould uot dig gardcus.
A Spauis| provcr| rccordcd iu t|c scvcutccut| ccutury ruus H.s:. M.,. .. :: ,.::s :| s.,.,
'do uot ta|c o your cloa| |corc May', |ut a variaut |cgius H.s:. .s.. M.,., 'till May
is ovcr'. 1o t|is corrcspouds t|c Luglis| sayiug 'Cast uc'cr a clout till May |c out', souc-
tiucs ovcr-iugcuiously cxpouudcd as ucauiug till t|c uay, i.c. t|c |at|oru, is
iu |loou, t|c |at|oru is |uou as t|c uay or uay-trcc |ccausc it uorually |los-
sous a|out Old Stylc May Day uo t|c t|). li|c uuc| clsc a|out t|is uout|, t|c
trcc cuts a poor hgurc iu ol|lorc, it|iu t|c |ousc, its |lossous arc said to |riug |ad
luc|
1o slccp iu a roou it| t|c |itct|oru |loou iu it duriug t|c uout| o May, ill surcly |c ol-
locd |y souc grcat uisortuuc. N c , st scr., ii ), Suol|)

May advicc
lu t|is Mouct| .s| otcu t|y acc it| air ruuuiug Vatcr, |ut cat uot o suc| ucats as |c |ot
iu quality, good to |lccd cspccially iu t|c lcct upou occasiou, |carc o catiug stalc lis|, or
taiutcd llcs|, |ut cat your ucals iu duc scasou, aud driu| |ut littlc Viuc t|is Mouct|, to driu|
clarihcd V|cy siuplc, or drau it| cool icr|s is vcry |calt|ul uuto |ot stouac|s `|.r
driu|s arc good, purc Viuc uixcd it| Goats Mil| to auuoiut |ot| t|c |cad aud |rcst is grcatly
couucudcd, good to ta|c i|ysic|, uot good to cat t|c icad or loot o auy icast t|is Mouct|,
to driu| h.ro.. h..: is vcry good, uscd uodcratcly, |ut ot|crisc it attractct| t|c lig|tcst
parts o t|c iuuors, aud lcavcs t|c uass o iuuors uorc o|stiuatc, cat I:..:|| ..:s tcudcrly
soddcu, ta|c gcutlc i|ysic|, to purgc t|c ilood aud iody vcry good, aud to slccp atcr Diuucr
iu t|is Mouct| is uot discouucudcd. Sauudcrs )
iilgriuagc to St Mary's Vcll iu Cullodcu ou t|c hrst Suuday iu May
1|is ycar l joiucd iu t|c pilgriuagc, aud iudccd all roads ou t|at Suuday atcruoou lcd to
Cullodcu . . . 1|c ritual . . . |as survivcd t|c ccuturics hrst a coiu uust |c t|rou iuto t|c cll,
a tri|utc to t|c spirit dclliug t|crc, t|cu a sip ta|cu o t|c atcr, a c|aru agaiust cvil, aud
t|cu, atcr t|c is|, a 'clootic', or suall rag, uust |c ticd to t|c |rauc| o au ovcr-|augiug
trcc. 1|is is cousidcrcd so iuportaut t|at t|is is|iug-cll o Cullodcu is uo |uou ar aud
idc as t|c Clootic Vcll. . . . lags t|crc crc o all colours . . . t|cy uust |aug uutil au-
ot|cr iutcr |as rottcd t|cu aay, to rcuovc t|cu ould |riug |ad luc|, i uot a trauscr o t|c
vcry aictious o |ic| t|c hrst oucrs |ad |ccu tryiug to rid t|cusclvcs.
1|: 1.o:s, May
z

I.|:..: M...: i
J: |.|. .. j...|, .., .:| :|: |.os
:|.: :|..|:s: :. |.: .., o.||: .; :|:.r .os.
1. os: ..: ...: ,.r ,:.r|..s :.|| M., L.,.
z - - - May Day Scotlaud icltauc Day)
LSA, O|la|oua iird Day
z A prcguaut so as sacrihccd |y t|c pricst o \ulcau {.o:.
J.|....|.s) to Maia, t|c list o dcitics to |ou ocial praycrs crc uadc iucludcd M...
J.|...., |ut t|c couucctiou is dc|atcd. Siucc t|c victiu as appropriatc to au cart|
goddcss, s|c as cquatcd |y souc louau ritcrs it| t|c Lart|, as as t|c Good God-
dcss, ioua Dca, |osc tcuplc ou t|c Avcutiuc |ad its dcdicatiou cast ou t|is day. littlc
is |uou o procccdiugs, t|crc is rat|cr uorc iuoruatiou a|out t|c Dcccu|cr ritual
scc Dcc.). Myt|ology uadc |cr cult cvcu oldcr t|au t|at o icrculcs at t|c Ara
Maxiua scc Aug.), itscl prc-louau.

1|c larcs o t|c city crc ors|ippcd as larcs iracstitcs Guarautors or Guardiaus)
ou t|is day, t|cir cllo-guardiau, t|c dog, as associatcd it| t|cu iu visual rcprc-
scutatious aud c arc told) iu t|c dogs|iu garucuts drapcd ovcr t|cir lcgs.
z - i|ilip aud |aucs CoL, lC uo May), |oscp| t|c Vor|cr lC),
rcd-lcttcr day
|.|. aud j.o:s :|: L:ss arc |ot| listcd auoug t|c 1clvc Apostlcs, St |o|u ua|cs i|ilip
a so|cr aud litcral soul, |o dcclarcs t|at 'to |uudrcd pcuuyort| o |rcad' is uot
cuoug| to ccd t|c , |o|u ), aud at t|c last Suppcr |ids |csus 'lord, s|c us
t|c lat|cr aud it succt| us', to |ic| |csus rcplics '|c t|at |at| sccu uc |at| sccu t|c
lat|cr'. iot|iug is rclatcd o |aucs t|c lcss, sou o Alp|acus, |ut scvcral placcs claiu
|is rclics iucludiug Coupostcla, uot coutcut it| t|osc o |aucs t|c Grcatcr), |c as
orucrly idcutihcd it| |aucs t|c |rot|cr o t|c lord scc May). Auoug t|c
Ort|odox, |aucs is cultcd ou Octo|cr, i|ilip ou iovcu|cr. lu t|c lC C|urc| t|is
traditioual cast-day as c|augcd to May iu |cu t|c cast o |oscp| t|c Vor|cr
as iutroduccd, aud su|scqucutly to t|c rd.
j.s:| :|: h.r|:r, a cast proclaiucd |y iius Xll iu , scc |clo uudcr 'la|our |oliday'.
M., L.,. May Day is ric| iu custous, pcr|aps uorc so t|au auy ot|cr day o t|c ycar.
lccords o |riugiug iu t|c May arc ouud as carly as t|c t|irtccut| ccutury iu Luglaud.
lu t|c uid-ourtccut| ccutury t|c Vcls| poct Gruydd a| Adda ap Daydd laucuts
t|c rcuoval o a |cautiul |irc| to scrvc as a uaypolc iu t|c uar|ct-placc at llauidlocs,
soou atcrards c rcad o a pcruaucut uaypolc at Coru|ill iu loudou. 'Garlaudiug',
carryiug arouud garlauds o nocrs aud siugiug May sougs, ocrcd c|ildrcu yct auot|cr
opportuuity to collcct uoucy, iu t|c days |corc t|cy crc uorually givcu poc|ct
uoucy, suc| practiccs crc acccptcd. iy t|c scvcutccut| ccutury uil|uaids too| to
paradiug, hrst it| t|cir uil|-pails, t|cu it| cla|oratc coustructious o silvcr o|jccts
dcc|cd it| ri||ous aud grccucry, otcu accoupauicd |y |liud uusiciaus. 1|is too as
t|c c|iuucy sccps' day, drcsscd iu t|cir |cst aud |cri||oucd, t|cy paradcd it| a col-
lcctiou |ox aud a c|iuucy |rus|. 1|cu silvcr cut out o as|iou-uo dou|t it as a
orry to protcct rou pryiug |auds-aud t|c |ac| iu t|c Grccu, a uau couccalcd iu a
grccu |us|, cauc iuto avour.
C... .~o.,..
Agaiust May, V|itsouday or ot|cr tiuc, all t|c yuug ucu aud uaidcs, oldc ucu aud ivcs ruu
gaddiug ovcr uig|t to t|c oods, grovcs, |ils ~ Mouutaius, |crc t|cy spcud all t|c uig|t iu
plcsaut pastiucs, ~ iu t|c uoruiug t|cy rcturu |riugiug it| t|cu |irc| ~ |rauc|cs o trccs, to
dcc| t|cir asscu|lics it|all, aud uo ucrvailc, or t|crc is a grcat lord prcscut auougst t|cu,
as Supcriutcudcut aud lord ovcr t|cir pastiucs aud sportcs, uaucly, Sat|au priucc o |cl iut
t|c c|cicst iccl t|cy |riug rou t|cucc is t|cir May-polc, |ic| t|cy |riug |ouc it| grcat
vcucratiou, as t|us. 1|cy |avc tcutic or ortic yo|c o Oxcu, cvcry Oxc |aviug a scct uosc-gay
o nours placcd ou t|c tip o |is |orucs, aud t|csc Oxcu drac |ouc t|is May-polc t|is
stiu|iug ldol rat|cr) |ic| is covcrcd all ovcr it| nourcs, aud |car|s |ouud rouud a|out it|

striugs rou t|c top to t|c |ottouc, aud souctiucs paiutcd it| varia|lc colours, it| to or
t|rcc |uudrcd ucu, oucu aud c|ildrcu olloiug it it| grcat dcvotiou. Aud t|us |cciug rcarcd
up, it| |aud|crc|ccs aud nags |ovcriug ou t|c top, t|cy stra t|c grouud rouudc a|out, |iudc
grccu |oug|cs a|out it, sct up souucr |aulcs, |ocrs aud ar|ors |ard |y it. Aud t|cu all t|cy
to dauucc a|out it li|c as t|c |cat|cu pcoplc did at t|c dcdicatiou o t|c ldols, |cro t|is is a
pcrcct pattcru, or rat|cr t|c t|iug it scl. l |avc |card it crcdi|ly rcportcd aud t|at, viva vocc)
|y ucu o grcat gravitic aud rcputatiou, t|at o ortic, t|rccscorc, or a |uudrcd uaidcs goiug to
t|c ood ovcr uig|t, t|crc |avc scarccly t|c t|ird part o t|cu rcturucd |ouc agaiuc uudchlcd.
Stu||cs, sig. M
v
- )
1|osc riotous asscu|lics o idlc pcoplc |o uudcr prctcucc o goiug a uayiug as t|cy tcru it)
do otcutiucs cut dou, aud carry aay huc straig|t trccs, to sct up |corc souc alc|ousc, or
rcvclliug placc, |crc t|cy |ccp t|cir druu|cu iacc|aualias . . . l t|iu| it crc |cttcr to |c quitc
a|olis|cd auougst us, or uauy rcasous, |csidcs t|at o occasiouiug so uuc| astc aud spoil . . .
to adoru t|cir oodcu idols. Lvclyu, `,|., - )
icury \lll aud Cat|criuc o Aragou cclc|ratc May Day it| lo|iu iood iu
Ldard iall |at| uotcd, t|at iiug icury \lll., as iu t|c rd o |is rcigu, aud divcrs ot|cr ycars,
so uaucly, iu t|c t| o |is rcigu, ou May-day iu t|c uoruiug, it| Quccu iat|criuc |is ic,
accoupauicd it| uauy lords aud ladics, rodc a-uayiug rou Grccuic| to t|c |ig| grouud o
S|ootcr's iill, |crc, as t|cy passcd |y t|c ay, t|cy cspicd a coupauy o tall ycoucu, clot|cd
all iu grccu, it| grccu |oods, aud |os aud arros, to t|c uuu|cr o to |uudrcd, ouc |ciug
t|cir c|ictaiu, as callcd lo|iu iood, |o rcquircd t|c |iug aud |is coupauy to stay aud scc
|is ucu s|oot, |crcuuto t|c |iug grautiug, lo|iu iood |istlcd, aud all t|c to |uudrcd
arc|crs s|ot o, loosiug all at oucc, aud |cu |c |istlcd agaiu t|cy li|cisc s|ot agaiu, t|cir
arros |istlcd |y crat o t|c |cad, so t|at t|c uoisc as straugc aud loud, |ic| grcatly dc-
lig|tcd t|c |iug, quccu, aud t|cir coupauy. Morcovcr, t|is lo|iu iood dcsircd t|c |iug aud
quccu, it| t|cir rctiuuc, to cutcr t|c grccuood, |crc, iu |ar|ours uadc o |oug|s, aud
dcc|cd it| nocrs, t|cy crc sct aud scrvcd plcutiully it| vcuisou aud iuc |y lo|iu iood
aud |is ucu, to t|cir grcat coutcutucut, aud |ad ot|cr pagcauts aud pastiucs, as yc uay rcad iu
uy said aut|or. Sto, -
.r.: .; :|: o.||o..s .. .|.o.:, s::s .. L....
1|ursday, May
Ycstcrday |ciug May day t|c Mil| uaids appcar iu huc aud autastic attirc aud carryiug ou t|cir
|cads pyrauids o or cct iu |cigt| hucly dccoratcd. 1|c youug c|iuucy sccpcrs it| t|cir
sooty aud c|al|'s accs, drcsscd out it| ri||ous aud gilt papcr, a grotcsquc aud ucrry audrc
appcaraucc, coal aud |rus|cs ua|iug a |iud o uusical souud, raisiug coutri|utious ou t|cir cu-
ploycrs aud ot|crs.
May . . . iu Avc Mary lauc l sa a garlaud so callcd, |ciug a pyrauid cousistiug o or
storics iu t|c auglcs o |ic| stood a silvcr tau|ard, aud iu t|c sidcs, |ctccu cac|, lcsscu-
iug iu |cigt|, as t|c storics rosc, stood a silvcr salvcr t|c top croucd it| a c|ascd silvcr tca
|cttlc rouud |ic| crc placcd suudry suall picccs o platc t|c |olc adorucd it| rcat|s aud
cstoous o nocrs, gilt papcr ~c., carricd ou a |icr aud |aud|arro, |ciug a custou auougst
t|c uil| ucu aud uaids, to collcct o t|c custoucrs a ycarly coutri|utiou. 1|c ort| o t|c sil-
vcr appcarcd to |c uauy , aud is |orrocd o t|c silvcr suit|s or t|c occasiou.
Curcu, i. -
l arrivcd iu loudou ou May Day, |ic| is a |oliday or t|c c|iuucy sccpcrs. All t|c c|iuucy
sccpcrs, littlc aud grcat, ou t|at day arc drcsscd as huc as t|cy cau ua|c t|cusclvcs, it|

ri||ous o all colours, aud a grcat dcal o gildiug a|out t|cu, aud cat|crs iu t|cir caps, aud
t|cy go a|out t|c strccts it| a oodcu t|iug iu ouc |aud suc| as t|c c|urc|ardcus carry
a|out iu t|c c|urc| to collcct uoucy or a |ric), aud t|cir |rus| iu t|c ot|cr, aud it| t|csc
t|cy ua|c a clattcr, aud |cg uoucy rou t|osc |o stop to loo| at t|cu. 1|cy |avc gcucrally a
grccu uau iu coupauy |o is also callcd '|ac| iu t|c ius|', |ccausc |c is iu t|c uiddlc o a grccu
|us|, |ic| covcrs |iu all ovcr, |cad aud all, so t|at you cau scc uot|iug |ut |is cct, aud |c gocs
dauciug it| t|c rcst. 1|is |us| is oruaucutcd it| ri||ous, aud l |avc sccu t|cu iu orucr
tiucs |al covcrcd it| |rig|t pctcr pots aud dis|cs, |ic| it uust |avc |ccu a grcat atiguc
to carry a|out aud daucc uudcr t|cir cig|t, cspccially iu a |ot day, aud |ciug so s|ut up rou
t|c air. 1|is |ac| iu t|c ius| is a couical sig|t, |ut l au sorry to say t|at it docs |aru |y
rig|tcuiug |orscs . . . l uust uot orgct to o|scrvc t|at t|c c|iuucy sccpcrs ua|c a cast it|
t|c uoucy |ic| is givcu t|cu, aud t|cy arc so oud o t|cir |oliday t|at t|cy ua|c t|c hrst o
May last t|c |olc o t|c cc| . . .
lo|crt Sout|cy to |is daug|tcr iat|ariuc, May , Sout|cy, L::::rs, -
Mayday iu loudou |as loug |ccu t|c c|iuucysccpcrs' |oliday t|cy dccoratc t|cusclvcs it|
nocrs, ri|auds, aud tiuscl, aud daucc iu t|c strccts. 1|is practicc is li|cly to |ccouc o|solctc,
as iuaut c|iuucysccpcrs arc goiug out o as|iou, rou t|c cxccssivc cruclty ucccssary to
|c uscd iu traiuiug t|cu to cliu| t|c nucs, aud rou t|c adoptiou o a uac|iuc iuvcutcd |y Mr.
Suart or clcausiug c|iuucys, iu ordcr to supcrscdc t|c usc o cliu|iug c|ildrcu. 1|crc cxists iu
loudou a socicty or t|is purposc, |ic| as csta|lis|cd ou t|c t| o lc|ruary, .
lorstcr, )
`::.. .. |:.. s::. .. ....|:s .. H,: .r|
May . . . . 1|cucc Sir V. icuu aud l iu |is coac|, 1i|uruc ay, iuto t|c par|, |crc a |or-
rid dust aud uuu|cr o coac|cs, it|out plcasurc or ordcr. 1|at |ic| c aud aluost all cut
or as to scc uy lady iccastlc, |ic| c could uot, s|c |ciug allocd aud crodcd upou
|y coac|cs all t|c ay s|c cut, t|at uo|ody could couc ucar |cr, ouly, l could scc s|c as iu a
largc |lac| coac|, adorucd it| silvcr iustcad o gold, aud so it| t|c curtaius aud cvcryt|iug
|lac| aud |itc, aud |crscl iu |cr cap, |ut ot|cr parts l could uot ua|c. iut t|at |ic| l did
scc aud oudcr at, it| rcasou, as to hud icgg icuu iu a uc coac|, it| ouly |cr |us|aud's
prctty sistcr it| |cr, |ot| patc|cd aud vcry huc, aud iu uuc| t|c hucst coac| iu t|c par| aud
l t|iu| t|at cvcr l did scc, ouc or ot|cr, or ucatucss aud ric|ucss iu gold aud cvcryt|iug t|at is
uo|lc. . . . V|cu c |ad spcut |al au |our iu t|c par|, c cut out agaiu, cary o t|c dust
aud dcspairiug o scciug uy lady iccastlc . . . icpys, viii. -
`:::.. o.,.|:s
At St. Audrc t|c Apostlc . . . so callcd St. Audrc Ludcrs|at, |ccausc t|at o old tiuc cvcry
ycar ou May-day iu t|c uoruiug, it as uscd, t|at au |ig| or loug s|at, or May-polc, as sct
up t|crc, iu t|c uidst o t|c strcct, |corc t|c sout| sidc o t|c said c|urc| |ic| s|at, |cu
it as sct ou cud aud hxcd iu t|c grouud, as |ig|cr t|au t|c c|urc| stccplc. . . . 1|is s|at as
uot raiscd at auy tiuc siucc cvil May-day so callcd o au iusurrcctiou uadc |y apprcuticcs aud
ot|cr youug pcrsous agaiust alicus iu t|c ycar ), |ut t|c said s|at as laid aloug ovcr t|c
doors, aud uudcr t|c pcutiscs o ouc ro o |ouscs aud allcy gatc, callcd o t|c s|at S|at Allcy.
Sto, -
Maypolcs crc |auucd |y iarliaucut ou April
Aud |ccausc t|c proauatiou o t|c lord's-day |at| |ccu |crctoorc grcatly occasioucd |y May-
polcs a |cat|cuis| vauity, gcucrally a|uscd to supcrstitiou aud ic|cducss), t|c lords aud Cou-
uous do urt|cr ordcr aud ordaiu 1|at all aud siugular May-polcs t|at arc, or s|all |c crcctcd,
s|all |c ta|cu dou aud rcuovcd. quotcd iu V|ita|cr,

.|.. H..`s L.,. lo|iu iood as t|oug|t to |c a ycouau latcr a disposscsscd
uo|lcuau) |o |auutcd S|crood lorcst or auy o t|c coupctiug grccuoods rou
Dcvou to Scotlaud) it| a |aud o outlas iucludiug lriar 1uc|, so callcd rou |is
tuc|cd-up gou, at hrst au uusyupat|ctic pcrsouagc, lattcrly a c|ccrul gluttou), |c is
said to |avc ro||cd t|c ric| to su|sidi.c t|c poor aud |cld up t|c S|cri o iottiug-
|au. iallads a|out |iu rou t|c ourtccut| ccutury prc-datc t|c plays aud gaucs iu-
volviug |iu aud |is coupauy, |ic| crc also uscd to raisc uoucy.
iis|op latiucr as s|oc|cd to discovcr t|c rcasou t|at uo ouc turucd up to |car |is
scruou ou t|c hrst o May
l cauc oucc uy sclc to a placc, ridyug ou a ioruay |ouc ardc rou loudou, aud l scutc ordc
oucr uyg|tc iuto t|c touuc t|at l ould prcac| t|crc iu yc uoruiugc |ccausc it as |oly day, aud
uc t|oug|t it as au |olyc daycs orc|c, 1|c c|urc| stodc iu uy ayc, aud l to|c uy |orssc,
aud uy coupauyc, aud cut t|it|cr, l t|oug|tc l s|ouldc |auc ouudc a grcatc coupauyc iu t|c
c|urc|c, aud |cu l cauc t|crc, t|c c|urc|c dorc as astc loc|cd.
l tarricd t|crc |alc au |oucr aud uorc, at last t|c |cyc as ouudc, aud ouc o t|c paris|c
couucs to uc aud saycs. Syr t|ys is a |usyc dayc yt| vs, c cau uot |carc you, it is lo|yu
|oodcs dayc. 1|c paris|c arc gouc a |rodc to gat|cr or lo|yu |oodc, l prayc you lct t|cu uot.
l as ayuc t|crc to gcuc placc to lo|yu |oodc, l t|oug|t uy roc|ct s|ouldc |auc |cuc rcgardcd,
t|oug|c l crc uot, |ut it ouldc uot scruc, it as ayu to gcuc placc to lo|yu |oodcs ucu.
lt is uo laug|yugc uattcr uy ricudcs, it is a cpyug uattcr, a |cauy uattcr, a |cauy uattcr,
vudcr t|c prctcucc or gat|cryugc or lo|yu |oodc, a traytourc, aud a t|cc, to put out a
prcac|cr, to |auc |ys occ lcssc cstcucd, to prccr lo|yu |od |corc t|c uiuistratiou o Gods
ord, aud al t|ys |at| couc o vuprcac|yugc prclatcs.
Sixt| Scruou prcac|cd |corc t|c |iug at Vcstuiustcr, April
M.rr.s ..... is rccordcd as carly as t|c uid-htccut| ccutury iu Luglaud aud sccus to
|avc ariscu as a court cutcrtaiuucut, uot particularly couucctcd it| May Day, as suc|
it as also |uou iu ot|cr Luropcau couutrics. iy t|c sixtccut| ccutury it |ad sprcad
out to tous aud t|cu villagcs as popular cutcrtaiuucut. iot| t|c ucauiug o t|c tcru
aud t|c origius o t|c custou |avc grcatly cxcrciscd ol|lorists. Morris dauciug still
ta|cs placc iu uauy parts o t|c couutry, t|c participatiou o oucu is s|arply cou-
tcstcd. 1|c uauc is pro|a|ly a corruptiou o 'Mooris|' t|c ltaliau is o.r:s..).
io. |o coucs |crc all aloug it| |agpipiug aud druuuiug.
O 'tis t|c uorris daucc l scc a-couiug.
Couc ladics out, couc quic|ly.
Aud scc a|out |o triu t|cy daucc aud tric|ly.
icy. t|crc agaiu. |o t|c |clls t|cy s|a|c it.
icy |o. uo or our tou. aud ta|c it.
Sot a|ilc, uot aay so ast. 1|cy uclt t|cu.
iipcr, |c |augcd, |uavc. scc'st t|ou uot t|c dauccrs |o t|cy sclt t|cu.
Staud out a|ilc. you couc too ar, l say, iu.
1|crc givc |o||y-|orsc uorc roou to play iu.
1|ouas Morlcy, M.r..|s :. I.r J.,.:s )
::. .; :|: M.,. A youug girl or ouau as otcu c|oscu to lcad proccssious ou May
Day. 1cuuysou, |o uudcrstood t|c uout|'s dar| sidc, portrays iu '1|c May Quccu'

hrst t|c girl's cxcitcucut at |ciug c|oscu, |ut t|cu |cr rcali.atiou t|at s|c ill ucvcr scc
auot|cr May
You uust a|c aud call uc carly, call uc carly, uot|cr dcar,
1o-uorro 'ill |c t|c |appicst tiuc o all t|c glad ic-ycar,
O all t|c glad ic-ycar, uot|cr, t|c uaddcst ucrricst day,
lor l'u to |c Quccu o' t|c May, uot|cr, l'u to |c Quccu o' t|c May.
. . . . . . . . . . .
1o-uig|t l sa t|c suu sct |c sct aud lct |c|iud
1|c good old ycar, t|c dcar old tiuc, aud all uy pcacc o uiud,
Aud t|c ic-ycar's couiug up, uot|cr, |ut l s|all ucvcr scc
1|c |lossou ou t|c |lac|t|oru, t|c lca upou t|c trcc.
last May c uadc a crou o nocrs c |ad a ucrry day,
icucat| t|c |at|oru ou t|c grccu t|cy uadc uc Quccu o May,
Aud c dauccd a|out t|c uay-polc aud iu t|c |a.cl copsc,
1ill C|arlcs's Vaiu cauc out a|ovc t|c tall |itc c|iuucy-tops.
. . . . . . . . . .
All iu t|c ild Marc|-uoruiug l |card t|c augcls call,
lt as |cu t|c uoou as scttiug, aud t|c dar| as ovcr all,
1|c trccs |cgau to |ispcr, aud t|c iud |cgau to roll,
Aud iu t|c ild Marc|-uoruiug l |card t|cu call uy soul. . . .
.s:. |.||,~|.rs: .,. At iadsto iu Coruall May Day is cclc|ratcd it| particular
cut|usiasu. Druus arc |catcu, a soug is suug, to |o||y-|orscs it| carsouc uas|s
daucc t|roug| t|c grccucry-|cdcc|cd strccts iu dicrcut parts o t|c tou, rou tiuc
to tiuc siu|iug to t|c grouud aud gcttiug up agaiu. 1|csc |orscs arc iu act ucu dau-
ciug iusidc capcs, uudcr |ic| t|cy ill souctiucs suatc| a ouau or a uoucut,
t|crc|y it is said) |riugiug |cr good luc|, t|is practicc is apparcutly a local additiou to
t|c aualgau o Luglis| May rituals coustitutiug t|c ccrcuouy, hrst attcstcd iu .
Ou t|c hrst o May, auot|cr spccics o cstivity is pursucd iu iadsto. 1|is is callcd 1|: H.||,
H.rs:, rou cauvas |ciug cxtcudcd it| |oops, aud paiutcd to rcscu|lc a |orsc. iciug carricd
t|roug| t|c strcct, ucu, oucu, aud c|ildrcu, noc| rouud it, |cu t|cy procccd to a placc callcd
1raitor iool, a|out a quartcr o a uilc distaut, iu |ic| t|c |o||y-|orsc is alays supposcd to
driu|, |cu t|c |cad |ciug dippcd iuto t|c atcr, is iustautly ta|cu up, aud t|c uud aud atcr
arc spriu|lcd ou t|c spcctators, to t|c uo suall divcrsiou o all. Ou rcturuiug |ouc, a particu-
lar soug is suug, t|at is supposcd to couucuoratc t|c cvcut t|at gavc t|c |o||y-|orsc |irt|.
Accordiug to traditiou, t|c lrcuc| ou a orucr occasiou ccctcd a laudiug at a suall covc iu t|c
viciuity, |ut scciug at a distaucc a uuu|cr o oucu drcsscd iu rcd cloa|s, |ic| t|cy uistoo|
or soldicrs, t|cy ncd to t|cir s|ips, aud put to sca. 1|c day gcucrally cuds iu riot aud dissipa-
tiou. iitc|ius, i. )
A siuilar |o||y-|orsc, t|c Sailors' iorsc, ua|cs its appcaraucc iu Miuc|cad Soucr-
sct), startiug out rou t|c pu| 1|c Old S|ip Agrouud, aud cudiug at Duustcr Castlc,
|crc uoadays t|c |ost is t|c iatioual 1rust aduiuistrator. lcstivitics coutiuuc or
to uorc days.
M... ., .. N: 1.r|. lu scvcral socictics t|crc |as |ccu a traditioual day or uoviug
|ousc, iu Scotlaud it as May OS), iu aucicut louc |uly. lu ic Yor| it as
May, a uativc ic Yor|cr uotcd iu

1ucsday st May. ia.y, ra. Ycstcrday as vcry uuavoura|lc or t|c gcucral uoviug o our grcat
city. iig| rcuts, iucouuodious dclliugs, ~ ucccssity cou|iuc to crod our strccts it| carts
ovcrloadcd it| uruiturc ~ |aud |arros it| soas, c|airs, sidc|oards, loo|iug glasscs ~ pic-
turcs, so as to rcudcr t|c sidcal|s aluost iupassa|lc. 1|c practicc o all uoviug ou ouc day, ~
givc up ~ |iriug iouscs iu lc|ruary is o auticut custou ~ |cu t|c city as suall ~ iu|a|i-
tauts c iu uuu|cr, aluost cvcry |ody oucd or coutiuucd or ycars tcuauts iu t|c sauc |ouscs.
lc iustauccs o rcuovals crc sccu, |ut uo i Yor| is litcrally iu au uproar or scvcral days
|corc ~ atcr t|c st o May. 1|is practicc o uovc all, to straugcrs appcars a|surd, |ut it is
attcudcd it| t|c advautagc o aordiug a grcatcr c|oicc o a|odcs iu t|c lc|ruary quartcr.
iiutard, iv.
lydia Maria C|ild couucutcd iu
1|at pcoplc s|ould uovc so .;::. iu t|is city, is gcucrally a uattcr o t|cir ou volitiou. Aspira-
tious atcr t|c iuhuitc, lcad t|cu to pcrpctual c|augc, iu t|c rcstlcss |opc o hudiug souct|iug
|cttcr aud |cttcr still. . . . A lady iu t|c ucig||our|ood closcd all |cr |liuds aud s|uttcrs, ou
May-day, |ciug as|cd |y |cr acquaiutaucc |ct|cr s|c |ad |ccu iu t|c couutry, s|c auscrcd, 'l
as .s|.o: uot to |c uoviug ou t|c hrst o May, aud so l s|ut up t|c |ousc t|at t|c ucig||ours
uig|t uot |uo it.' Ouc could uot cll iuagiuc a act uorc c|aractcristic o t|c dcspotic say
o custou aud pu|lic opiuiou, iu t|c Luitcd Statcs, aud t|c uiuctccut| ccutury. Llias iic|'s rc-
uar|, t|at it ta|cs '|.: hs| to siu strcau', is cup|atically truc o t|is agc aud couutry, iu
|ic| li|crty-caps a|ouud, |ut uo ouc is allocd to car t|cu. C|ild, -
M., L., .:|:|r.:...s .. ..|....| M.ss..|s:::s. Govcruor iradord rails agaiust May Day
cclc|ratious at Ma-rc Mouut iu
1|cy allso sct up a May-polc, driu|iug aud dauciug a|outc it uauy days togcat|cr, iuvitiug t|c
ludcau oucu, or t|cir cousorts, dauciug aud ris|iug togit|cr, li|c so uauy airics, or urics
rat|cr,) aud orsc practiscs. As i t|cy |ad auc rcvivcd aud cclc|ratcd t|c casts o t|c louau
Goddcs llora, or t|c |casly practicscs o t|c uadd iacc|iualiaus. Mortou li|isc to s|c |is
poctric) couposcd suudry riucs aud vcrscs, souc tcudiug to lasciviousucs, aud ot|crs to t|c dc-
tractiou aud scaudall o souc pcrsous, |ic| |c axcd to t|is idlc or idoll May-pollc. 1|cy
c|aiugcd allso t|c uauc o t|cir placc, aud iu stcad o calliug it Mouutc Vollastou, t|cy call it
Mcricuouutc, as i t|is joylity ould |avc lastcd cvcr. iut t|is coutiuucd uot loug, or atcr
Mortou as scut or Luglaud . . . s|ortly atcr cauc ovcr t|at ort|y gcutluau, Mr. |o|u
ludccott, |o |roug|t ovcr a patcut uudcr t|c |road scall, or t|c govcrucutc o t|c Massa-
c|uscts, |o visitiug t|osc parts causcd t|at May-pollc to |c cutt douc, aud rc|u|cd t|cu or
t|cir proauucs, aud aduouis|cd t|cu to loo|c t|cr s|ould |c |cttcr al|iug, so t|cy uo, or
ot|crs, c|augcd t|c uauc o t|cir placc agaiuc, aud callcd it Mouutc-Dagou. iradord,
M., o.r... .. :;.r. At a.u. ou t|is day t|c c|oir o Magdalcu Collcgc, Oxord,
siugs a latiu |yuu ou t|c collcgc tocr, atc|cd aud givcu avoura|lc couditious
|card) |y rcvcllcrs aud tourists. 1|c cxplauatious rclatiug t|c ccrcuouy to t|c o|it o
icury \ll, also |cpt ou t|is day |y t|c collcgc, uay |c discouutcd, iu act t|c carlicst
accouut, rou t|c scvcutccut| ccutury, suggcsts a sccular occasiou
1|c c|oral Miuistcrs o t|is iousc do, accordiug to au aucicut custou, salutc llora cvcry ycar
ou t|c hrst o May at our iu t|c uoruiug it| vocal uusic o scvcral parts. V|ic| |aviug |ccu
souctiucs cll pcrorucd |at| givcu grcat coutcut to t|c ucig||our|ood aud auditors uudcr-
ucat|. Vood,

iy t|c uid-cig|tccut| ccutury it |ad |ccouc a rcgular couccrt, vocal aud iustruucutal,
lastiug ucarly to |ours, uutil ouc ycar, |cu t|is provcd iupossi|lc, it as rcplaccd |y
t|c siugiug, at a.u., o a s|ort |yuu cll |uou to t|c c|oir. 1|is |as rcuaiucd t|c
practicc cvcr siucc, t|oug| t|c |our |as |ccu adjustcd to a.u. to ta|c accouut o
iritis| Suuucr 1iuc, rou ouards t|c siugcrs |avc oru surpliccs to uar| t|c
rcligious uaturc o t|c procccdiugs-a uaturc lost ou t|c |oistcrous spcctators. Atcr
lcaviug Magdalcu iridgc, ouc cats a |carty |rca|ast, aud atc|cs or ta|cs part iu uor-
ris dauccs.
3:|:..:. lris| L 3:.|:...:, 'icltauc Day', Scots Gaclic L 3:.||:..., t|c day o t|c aucicut
cstival cclc|ratiug t|c |cgiuuiug o suuucr. icltauc, as it is Auglici.cd, is ouc o t|c
rarc survivals o pagau ritual. Accordiug to a sayiug rccordcd |y O'Sullivau, t|c |cst
tiuc to plaut potatocs is |ctccu t|c to May Days ..s .. 3|:.|:...:), i.c. |ctccu
ic aud Old May Day. lu gcucral t|c cup|asis iu lrclaud aud t|c iig|lauds as uorc
ou |ouhrcs, t|at iu Luglaud, Valcs, Coruall, aud t|c lolauds ou uaypolcs.
1|ouas icuuaut rcports t|c custou iu t|c Scottis| iig|lauds iu
Ou t|c st o May, t|c |crdsucu o cvcry villagc |old t|cir 3:|~::.., a rural sacrihcc t|cy cut a
squarc trcuc| ou t|c grouud, lcaviug t|c tur iu t|c uiddlc, ou t|at t|cy ua|c a hrc o ood,
ou |ic| t|cy drcss a largc caudlc o cggs, |uttcr, oatucal aud uil|, aud |riug, |csidcs t|c iu-
grcdicuts o t|c caudlc, plcuty o |ccr aud |is|y, or cac| o t|c coupauy uust coutri|utc
souct|iug. 1|c ritcs |cgiu it| spilliug souc o t|c caudlc ou t|c grouud, |y ay o li|atiou
ou t|at cvcry ouc ta|cs a ca|c o oatucal, upou |ic| arc raiscd uiuc squarc |uo|s, cac| dcdi-
catcd to souc particular |ciug, t|c supposcd prcscrvcr o t|cir noc|s aud |crds, or to souc par-
ticular auiual, t|c rcal dcstroycr o t|cu cac| pcrsou t|cu turus |is acc to t|c hrc, |rca|s o
a |uo|, aud niugiug it ovcr |is s|ouldcrs, says 1|.s I .: :. :|::, r:s:r: :|. o, |.rs:s, :|.s :. :|::, r:~
s:r: :|. o, s|::, aud so ou. Atcr t|at, t|cy usc t|c sauc ccrcuouy to t|c uoxious auiuals 1|.s
I .: :. :|::, ;.:. s.r: :|. o, |.o|s, :|.s :. :|::, |..: Cr.. :|.s :. :|::, L.|:..
V|cu t|c ccrcuouy is ovcr, t|cy diuc ou t|c caudlc, aud atcr t|c cast is huis|cd, |at is lct
is |id |y to pcrsous dcputcd or t|at purposc, |ut ou t|c ucxt `.., t|cy rc-asscu|lc aud
huis| t|c rcliqucs o t|c hrst cutcrtaiuucut. icuuaut, `..:|.. , -
icltauc |auuoc|s arc |a|cd aud rollcd dou a |ill
At icltauc Lvc t|c uatrou or |ousc|ccpcr is cuploycd iu . . . |a|iug t|c icltou |auuoc|s.
icxt uoruiug t|c c|ildrcu arc prcscutcd cac| it| a |auuoc|, it| as uuc| joy as au |cir to au
cstatc |is titlc-dccds, aud |aviug t|cir poc|cts cll liucd it| c|ccsc aud cggs, to rcudcr t|c
cutcrtaiuucut still uorc suuptuous, t|cy |astcu to t|c placc o assiguatiou, to ucct t|c littlc
|aud asscu|lcd ou t|c |ro o souc slopiug |ill, to rccl t|cir |auuoc|s, aud lcaru t|cir uturc
atc. Vit| |carty grcctiugs t|cy ucct, aud it| t|cir |uivcs ua|c t|c sigus o lic aud dcat| ou
t|cir |auuoc|s. 1|csc sigus arc a cross, or t|c sigu o lic, ou t|c ouc sidc, aud a cyp|cr, or t|c
sigu o dcat|, ou t|c ot|cr. 1|is |ciug douc, t|c |auuoc|s arc all arraugcd iu a liuc, aud ou t|cir
cdgcs lct dou t|c |ill. 1|is proccss is rcpcatcd t|rcc tiucs, aud i t|c cross uost rcqucutly prc-
scut itscl, t|c oucr ill livc to cclc|ratc auot|cr icltou day, |ut i t|c cyp|cr is otcucst uppcr-
uost, |c is dooucd to dic o coursc. 1|is surc prop|ccy o s|ort lic, |ocvcr, scldou spoils
t|c appctitcs o t|c uuortuuatc s|ort-livcrs . . . Asscu|liug arouud a rousiug hrc o collcctcd
|cat| aud |rus|ood, t|c ill-atcd |auuoc|s arc soou dcuolis|cd.
Graut Stcart, - )

`.., .;::r M., L., .. C.||.., Ir:|..,
Suuday . . . 1o May |alls crc ta|cu up, t|at is a May |us| covcrcd it| sil|, ri||ous, nocrs,
~c., it| t|c |all iu t|c uiddlc o it |augiug dou aud covcrcd li|cisc it| adoruucuts), t|c
ouc rou t|c Grauts o Coolaloug, aud t|c ot|cr rou t|c Vals|cs o lit. ou t|c lair Grccu.
1|c youug ucu playcd or ouc o t|cu iu a |urliug uatc| atcrards. 1|c goldcu applc t|at
iaris raiscd alot auoug t|c goddcsscs did uot do as uuc| uisc|ic as souc o t|csc May |alls
do. Lp to t|is day, uo May |all |as |ccu ta|cu or t|c past hty ycars, siucc a uau as |illcd ou
t|c crossroads o Callau ta|iug a May |all rou a ucly uarricd uiuistcr, Dr. lau|art.
O'Sullivau, ii.
M., L., s:rs:.:...s
1|cy ta|c auy ouc or a itc| t|at coucs to ctc| hrc ou May-day, aud t|crcorc rcusc to givc
auy, uulcss t|c party as|iug it |c sic|, aud t|cu it is it| a cursc, |clicviug t|at all t|cir |uttcr
ill |c stolc aay ucxt suuucr |y t|is ouau. . . . iut t|cy t|iu| it orctclls t|cu a plcutiul
dairy, i t|cy sct |oug|s o trccs |corc t|cir doors ou a May-day. Caudcu, )
lu Coruall it is uuluc|y to |uy a |roou iu May. Couc|, )
1|c iativcs iu t|c \illagc 3.r.s lslc o lcis rctaiu au auticut Custou o scudiug a Mau vcry
carly to cross 3.r.s rivcr, cvcry hrst Day o M.,, to prcvcut auy lcualcs crossiug it hrst, or t|at
t|cy say ould |iudcr t|c Saluou rou couiug iuto t|c livcr all t|c ycar rouud t|cy prctcud
to |avc lcaru'd t|is rou a orcigu Sailor, |o as s|iprcc|'d upou t|at Coast a loug tiuc ago.
1|is O|scrvatiou t|cy uaiutaiu to |c truc rou Lxpcricucc. M. Martiu, )
last M.,~., air l scarc|'d to hud a Suail
1|at uig|t uy sccrct lovcr's iauc rcvcal,
Lpou a Goosc|crry ius| a Suail l ouud,
lor alays Suails ucar scctcst lruit a|ouud.
l sci.'d t|c \cruiuc, |ouc l quic|ly spcd,
Aud ou t|c icart| t|c uil|-|itc Lu|crs sprcad.
Slo cral'd t|c Suail, aud i l rig|t cau spcll,
lu t|c sot As|cs uar|'d a curious L
O|, uay t|is oudrous Oucu luc|y provc.
lor L is ouud iu L||:r|.. aud L.:.
|o|u Gay -), 1|: `|:|:r`s h::|, 1|ursday, -
lu Grcccc, iustcad o a May Quccu, t|crc is a May |oy, iu souc placcs |c lics dou as
i dcad, is uourucd |y t|c local girls, aud t|cu juups up. lu ltaly ouc cats :..r... aud
;.:, iu lraucc ouc gat|crs o::, lily o t|c vallcy, aud distri|utcs it to ricuds aud
auily as a .r::~|..|:r. lu ioray .|so:ss:, 'Cuc|oouass', |ccausc ouc aaitcd t|at
|ird's arrival, |ut also auot|cr lools' Day, t|c victiu |ciug callcd o..|.:: May cat) or
o..s May goosc) c. Apr.).
L.|.r |.|..,. 1|c cig|t-|our uovcucut, to rcducc t|c or|iug day rou tcu to cig|t
|ours, |cgau atcr t|c Civil Var. lt as a uajor aiu o t|c iatioual la|or Luiou,
|osc hrst cougrcss uct iu . iy Cougrcss aud six statcs |ad passcd cig|t-|our
lcgislatiou. 1|c llliuois lcgislaturc passcd au cig|t-|our la iu , to ta|c ccct ou
May. Ou t|at day orty-our C|icago uuious cclc|ratcd t|c dcat| o t|c tcu-|our day
it| a proccssiou aud uass ucctiug. iut t|c |attlc as uot ovcr |usiucssucu |ad ou
t|c couccssiou rou t|c lcgislaturc t|at t|c cig|t-|our day applicd ouly |crc uo

rittcu coutract cxistcd it| t|c or|crs, aud uauy cuploycrs crc iutrausigcut. Mauy
or|crs |o did uot participatc iu t|c paradc joiucd iu a gcucral stri|c, |ic| t|c
1r.|.:, turuiug agaiust t|c uovcucut, rcportcd as a riot.
lu t|c iatioual lcdcratiou o Orgaui.cd 1radcs aud la|or Asscu|lics dccidcd
to call or a gcucral stri|c ou May to cuorcc dcuauds or o|scrvaucc o t|c
cig|t-|our day. 1|c socialists crc iu t|c orcrout o t|c orgaui.atiou, aud issucd
circulars to cucouragc uorc or|crs to joiu
Arousc, yc toilcrs o Aucrica. lay dou your tools ou May , , ccasc your la|or, closc t|c
actorics, uills aud uiucs-or ouc day iu t|c ycar. Ouc day o rcvolt-uot o rcst. A day uot
ordaiucd |y t|c |raggiug spo|csucu o iustitutious |oldiug t|c orld o la|or iu |oudagc. A
day ou |ic| la|or ua|cs its ou las aud |as t|c pocr to cxccutc t|cu. All it|out t|c cou-
scut or approval o t|osc |o opprcss aud rulc. A day ou |ic| iu trcucudous orcc t|c uuity
o t|c aruy o toilcrs is arraycd agaiust t|c pocrs t|at today |old say ovcr t|c dcstiuics o
t|c pcoplc o all uatious. quotcd iu loucr,
1|c May Day proccssious aud stri|c crc |cld pcaccully, |ut iu C|icago t|c stri|cs
coutiuucd, cxaccr|atcd |y a split it|iu t|c la|our uovcucut t|at pittcd tradc uuiou-
ists viccd as uativc, |oucst Aucricaus) agaiust socialists iguoraut aud su|vcrsivc iu-
uigrauts). 1|c stri|cs lcd to violcucc outsidc t|c McCoruic| lcapcr actory ou May
aud at iayuar|ct Squarc ou May, it| policc aud or|crs |illcd aud iujurcd. 1|c
lcadcrs o t|c radical |rauc| o t|c la|our uovcucut crc arrcstcd, iu au attcupt to
staup out t|c auarc|ists.
1|csc acts, loug orgottcu iu t|c LSA, arc t|c origiu o t|c May Day |oliday dc-
uaudcd, aud iu uauy cascs o|taiucd, |y socialist aud tradc uuiou uovcucuts t|roug|-
out t|c orld, its uost spcctacular uauicstatiou |ciug t|c uilitary aud political paradc
iu Mosco duriug t|c Sovict pcriod. lu uauy couutrics t|c |oliday as o|taiucd |y
tradc uuiou agitatiou, supportcd |y socialist partics, |ut iu Gcruauy, |crc suc| agita-
tiou |ad provcd ruitlcss, it as iustitutcd iu as a git rou iitlcr, |ciug prouptly
ollocd |y t|c a|olitiou o tradc uuious. 1|is did uo dauagc to its lct-iug crcdcu-
tials, |ic| iu causcd t|c rigorously auti-couuuuist iopc iius Xll, olloiug t|c
aucicut traditiou o C|ristiaui.iug |cat|cu cstivals, to proclaiu May t|c cast o
|oscp| t|c Vor|cr. 1|is as douc it|out prcjudicc to St |oscp|'s propcr cast-day ou
Marc|, |ut cutailcd t|c displaccucut o SS i|ilip aud |aucs.
lu t|c Li, a so-callcd May Day iau| ioliday as iustitutcd iu or tradc uuiou-
ists to cclc|ratc, |ut ou t|c hrst Mouday iu May |ic| iu t|at ycar |appcucd to |c
May) so as to uiuiui.c t|c dauagc to |usiucss, suc| cclc|ratiou as t|crc as too|
placc iu pouriug raiu. Alt|oug| Couscrvativcs o|jcctcd to it as politically partisau, aud
uauy ot|crs ould rat|cr |avc |ad au additioual rcc day iu t|c our uout|s |ctccu
t|c latc Suuucr iau| ioliday aud C|ristuas t|au iu t|c c cc|s |ctccu Lastcr
Mouday aud t|c Spriug iau| ioliday, t|c Couscrvativc govcruucuts iu occ |ctccu
aud ucit|cr a|olis|cd t|c |oliday uor uovcd it. So cc|lc, iudccd, as t|c as-
sociatiou |ctccu cvcu t|c gcuuiuc May Day aud political radicalisu t|at iu t|c lattcr
ycar ucit|cr t|c Couscrvativcs uor t|cir oppoucuts rccogui.cd au oucu iu t|c c|oicc o
May or a gcucral clcctiou cvcu |cu t|c la|our iarty gaiucd au ovcr|cluiug

victory. iy coutrast, iu uauy Luropcau couutrics it as t|c occasiou or political
dcuoustratious uot ouly |y t|c lct, |ut |y t|c cxtrcuc rig|t.
`: 1.oo..,`s L.,. lu colouial i|iladclp|ia t|is as Spriug Day, t|c opcuiug o t|c
hs|iug scasou, it as also t|c day ou |ic| t|c Sous o li|crty orgat|crcd iu a tavcru
|osc |ost |orc t|c appropriatc uauc o iolc. 1|c cstivitics crc iuprovcd |y t|c o|-
scrvatiou o t|c day as St 1auuauy's Day, t|c origiual 1auuauy as a Dclaarc ludiau
c|ic rou |ou Villiau icuu |ad sccurcd laud iu t|c latc scvcutccut| ccutury, |ut
duriug t|c strugglc ovcr t|c Staup Acts |c as iuvo|cd |y t|c patriots, hrst as a uoc|
|iug iu oppositiou to Gcorgc lll, t|cu as a uoc| saiut iu oppositiou to t|c our iritis|
patrou saiuts. Ou May t|c uc-ou iudcpcudcucc as cclc|ratcd iu triuup|aut
soug
O Audrc, o iatric|, o David, aud Gcorgc,
V|at uig|ty ac|icvcucuts c |car.
V|ilst uo ouc rclatcs grcat 1auuauy's cats,
Alt|oug| uorc |croic |y ar.
1o ycars latcr t|c nag o t|c Luitcd Statcs as hrst displaycd at a 1auuauy gat|cr-
iug, couplctc it| a draiug o t|c saiut. lu t|c uiuctccut| ccutury, |ocvcr, 1auuauy
iall iu ic Yor| City |ccauc uotorious or political corruptiou aud criuiuality
uudcd it| pu|lic uoucy.
z

... JI N...s M...s C
z - At|auasius CY, lC)
J:|...s.s ..-), |is|op o Alcxaudria. As sccrctary to t|c |is|op o Alcxaudria
|c attcudcd t|c Couucil o iicaca iu , |ic| coudcuucd Ariauisu scc lc|.)
aud dcclarcd t|c Sou cousu|stautial |.o..s..s) it| t|c lat|cr, a tcru t|at to uauy
Lastcrucrs itscl |ad |crctical iuplicatious. lu t|c olloiug ycars, doctriucs t|at rc-
uscd t|c iiccuc oruula crc avourcd |y lcadiug c|urc|ucu iu t|c Last aud cvcu cu-
pcrors, At|auasius, |o |ccauc |is|op iu , dcvotcd |iuscl to attac|iug t|cu. iis
usc o stroug-aru uct|ods cua|lcd |is cucuics to dcposc |iu at t|c Couucil o 1yrc
iu , iu all |c as cxilcd hvc tiucs, |ut |c coutiuucd t|c strugglc cvcu atcr t|c
'iouoiau' doctriuc t|at t|c Sou as 'li|c', |.o...s, t|c lat|cr) |ad |ccu ocially
adoptcd iu . lt as t|is oru o C|ristiauity, callcd 'Ariau' |y pro-iiccucs aud |y
c|urc| |istoriaus t|oug| uot |y its ou cxpoucuts, t|at as acccptcd |y t|c Got|s,
|o rcuaiucd ait|ul to it cvcu atcr its rcpudiatiou |y t|c cupirc. 1|c acccssiou o
|uliau t|c Apostatc, |o |aviug rcjcctcd C|ristiauity it|drc t|c pcrsccutiug pocr
rou t|c iouoiaus, pcruittcd t|cir oppoucuts to hg|t |ac| aud dcvclop a co|crcut
t|cology to c|allcugc t|cu, iu t|is At|auasius dcspitc urt|cr pcriods o cxilc) playcd

a crucial part, cspccially atcr acccptiug t|c ort|odox iutcutious o t|c so-callcd Scui-
Ariaus |o avourcd t|c tcru |.o...s..s, 'o li|c su|staucc'. Lig|t ycars atcr |is dcat|,
t|c iouoousiau ait| as up|cld at t|c lirst Couucil o Coustautiuoplc.
Ou t|c hrst Mouday atcr t|is day t|c iroccssiou o t|c ioly ilood ta|cs placc iu
irugcs, iu |ic| t|c purportcd drop o C|rist's |lood |roug|t |ac| rou t|c ioly
laud iu |y Couut 1|icrry o Alsacc is carricd rou t|c C|apcl o t|c ioly ilood
to t|c cat|cdral.
Ou t|is day iu t|c couuaudcr o lrcuc| orccs iu Spaiu, |oac|iu Murat, ollo-
iug t|c orccd a|dicatious o iiug Carlos l\ aud |is disloyal sou lcruaudo \ll, at-
tcuptcd to rcuovc t|c rcst o t|c royal auily to lraucc, t|c pcoplc o Madrid rosc iu
rcvolt. Alt|oug| t|cy crc supprcsscd, aud savagc rcprisals ta|cu, t|c rcst o t|c couu-
try rallicd to t|c causc, |cgiuuiug t|c icuiusular Var iu |ic| Spaiu aud iortugal, iu
alliaucc it| Grcat iritaiu, crc rccd o t|c lrcuc| iuvadcr. lor t|is rcasou :| L.s :
M.,. is rcucu|crcd as ouc o t|c uost glorious days iu Spauis| |istory.
z

... J N...s M...s D
z - - - |apau Coustitutiou Mcuorial Day
Mcxico Day o t|c ioly Cross cclc|ratiou or coustructiou or|crs aud uiucrs)
iolaud Coustitutiou Day, cclc|ratiug t|c Coustitutiou o , a uouuucut o Lu-
lig|tcuucut priuciplcs t|at as ovcrt|rou |y a actiou o uo|lcs iu alliaucc it|
Cat|criuc t|c Grcat uatioual day)
z last day o lloralia scc Apr.).
z - luvcutiou o t|c Cross iCi), i|ilip aud |aucs lC, May CoL)
I.:.:... .; :|: Cr.ss lood-Day). 1|is is t|c Vcstcru datc hrst attcstcd iu t|-c. Gaul)
or cclc|ratiug t|c cuprcss iclcua's supposcd discovcry ..:.:..) o t|c 1ruc Cross scc
Scpt.), |ic| rclatcd to a talc alrcady told iu t|c ht| ccutury, o a |c callcd |udas,
|ou s|c torturcd iuto rcvcaliug it, |c |ccauc a C|ristiau, aud as uadc |is|op o
|crusalcu uudcr t|c uauc o Cyriac, 't|c lord's Mau'. |cis| lcgcud ua|cs t|c isc
la||i |uda| arraugc a |ogus discovcry to ta|c t|c prcssurc o |is pcoplc.) 1|c cast
as supprcsscd iu t|c lC C|urc| iu , as |ad |ccu proposcd iu .
1.o.:|, .. M.r. lC, Ort|.). A ucly cddcd couplc rcportcdly uartyrcd uudcr
Dioclctiau |y |ciug uailcd to a all or uiuc days atcr 1iuot|y |ad rcuscd to surrcu-
dcr |is ii|lc. lu Grcccc, siucc o.r. |lac|, ouc a|staius rou cuttiug, sciug, or auy
ot|cr |audior|, lcst |lac| spots appcar ou ouc's |auds, uor is clot| |lcac|cd ou t|is

day or car it s|ould turu |lac|, iudccd, 'all activitics |ic| arc uot a|solutcly sac arc
gcucrally avoidcd' Mcgas, ).
1|is is ouc o t|c 'Lgyptiau' or 'disual' days, iu t|c Scottis| iig|lauds it as t|c orst
o t|cu, iupartiug its |ad luc| to t|c day o t|c cc| ou |ic| it cll t|c |olc ycar
t|roug| c. May, Dcc., L.,s. b.|.|,, L,:...`, .r L.so.| L.,s)
A iig|laudcr ucvcr |cgius auy t|iug o couscqucucc ou t|c day o t|c cc| ou |ic| t|c t|ird
o M., alls, |ic| |c stylcs L.| `|:..|.... .. ||:...|, or t|c disual day.
icuuaut, `..:|.. ,
Ou t|c t|ird o May t|cy ta|c t|c Lriuc aud Duug o t|c Catlc togct|cr it| uaus uriuc aud
t|crit| t|cy spriu|lc t|cir Catlc, t|iu|iug t|is au Autidosc agaiust all C|arus aud Divclric.
iir|ood,
lt as also 'ou Maycs day t|c t|ryddc' t|at C|auccr's iaudarus tclls Criscydc o 1roilus'
lovc, ou t|c sauc day all t|c uuluc|icr or |ciug a lriday) C|autcclccr as dcvourcd
|y t|c ox. Ou t|c t|ird uig|t o May, ialauou |rca|s prisou iu 1|: I..|:`s 1.|:, |ut
ultiuatcly all cuds cll.)
1|c .calous pilgriu o t|c Middlc Agcs soug|t out cvcry rclic |c could clap cycs or lay
|auds ou. Souc uust |avc taxcd t|c crcdulity o cvcu t|c uost ardcut |clicvcr |at
as |c to t|iu| |cu accd it| to |cads o |o|u t|c iaptist. Ouc iugcuious cx-
plauatiou as t|at ouc |cad as o t|c saiut iu |is yout|, t|c ot|cr iu uaturity. lrag-
ucuts o t|c 1ruc Cross, ou t|c ot|cr |aud, crc uorc casily acccptcd. 1|c rcorucr
|o|u Calviu calculatcd, iu |is trcatisc 'Dcclaryugc |at grcat proht uig|t couc to al
C|ristcudouc, y t|crc crc a rcgcstcr uadc o all Saiuctcs' iodics, aud ot|cr lcliqucs'
Luglis| cdu., ), t|at t|c claiucd ragucuts ould hll uorc t|au ouc s|ip-iudccd,
it ould ta|c uot ouc uau |ut to carry t|c ragucuts rcuuitcd.
Lvcry pilgriu to t|c ioly laud as drau to t|c sitc o t|c Crucihxiou, aud May
as au cspccially iuportaut tiuc to |c prcscut at t|c placc |crc iclcua |ad sup-
poscdly discovcrcd t|c Cross. Ouc travcllcr, visitiug Mouut Calvary iu , rotc
Ou Calvary c crc s|ou t|c placc |crc C|rist as uailcd to t|c cross, |crc t|c cross as
crcctcd, aud t|c |olc iuto |ic| t|c cud o it as hxcd, aud t|c rcut iu t|c roc|, all o |ic| arc
covcrcd it| uar|lc, pcroratcd iu t|c propcr placcs, so t|at t|c aucicut rccipicut o t|c cross
aud t|c rcut iu t|c roc| uay |c sccu aud touc|cd. Closc |y a cross is crcctcd ou au clcvatcd part
o t|c noor, aud a oodcu |ody strctc|cd upou it iu au attitudc o sucriug.
Dcsccudiug rou Mouut Calvary c cutcrcd iuto t|c c|apcl o St. iclcua, aud dcsccudcd to
t|c lo roc|y vault iu |ic| t|c cross as ouud, iu t|is uur|y dcu t|c discovcry o t|c cross
is cclc|ratcd iu au appropriatc uass cvcry ycar ou t|c d o May, it is largc cuoug| to coutaiu
a|out t|irty or orty pcrsous cdgcd iu closc array, aud ou t|at occasiou it is gcucrally crodcd
to t|c door. 1|is ycar it |appcucd t|at t|c day ou |ic| t|c cstival as to |c cclc|ratcd |y t|c
louaus, iutcrcrcd it| t|at ou |ic| it as to |c cclc|ratcd |y t|c Grcc|s, aud c itucsscd
all t|c tug o ar, t|c |itiug aud t|c scratc|iug, t|c pouucliug aud t|c pcltiug, t|c |ric||ats
aud clu|s, t|c |iupcriug aud t|c ucliug, o cxstatic, spaliug, palpitatiug uou|s hg|tiug or
t|cir c|apcl li|c |itcs aud cros or t|cir ucsts. V|cu rogucs couc to rcc|ouiug, aud t|icvcs hg|t
a|out t|cir dcu, lct t|c t|ic|cst s|iu |cst '|idc t|c |los. All arc lost t|at uiss. 1|c louaus
arc routcd '1|c Dcvil aids t|c Grcc|s, aud t|cy arc sc|isuatics', said t|c pautiug supcrior,

soouiug rou a |lo t|at uig|t |avc clct |iu iu taiu, 'aud you Luglis|ucu, you livc iu our
couvcut, aud you scc us |cat, |ac| aud sidc, aud you dou't assist us.' 'io cau you cxpcct it.'
rcjoiucd a gallaut iritou, '|cu, i c cll iu your causc, you ould uot allo us a C|ristiau
|urial.' 'iuup|.' said t|c louau, aud callcd or t|c apot|ccary to ru| |is |ac| it| t|c |alsau
o |crusalcu, t|at |ad |ccu cll |astcd it| t|c |los o t|c cudgcl, aud uudulatcd it| |uups
t|at rosc li|c tu|crclcs ou t|c sidcs o a |uruiug uouutaiu, cocc, aud losoglio cousolcd |iu
or |is dccat, aud |c |iucd |iuscl aslccp ou t|at uig|t as |c |ad douc ou ot|cr uig|ts |corc.
1|c Grcc|s spcut t|c uig|t iu hriug pistols, aud rcjoiciug, aud crc hucd |y t|c Cadi ucxt uoru-
iug or distur|iug |is rcposc. lcttcrs crc iustautly scut to louc aud Coustautiuoplc, cou-
plaiuiug o t|c outragc, aud calliug or rcdrcss. l. lic|ardsou, ii. -
1|c Grcc| cclc|ratiou iu qucstiou as iu act 1|ouas Suuday, t|c Suuday atcr Lastcr,
ou Apr. OS .)
z

... IJ N...s M...s L
z - - - C|iua Yout| Day pu|lic |oliday, couucuo-
ratiug dcuoustratiou |y studcuts iu 1iauauucu Squarc, agaiust iupcrialist
aggrcssiou)
LSA, l|odc lslaud ludcpcudcucc Day rou Grcat iritaiu, )
z - Luglis| Saiuts aud Martyrs o t|c lcoruatiou Lra CY), icatihcd
Martyrs o Luglaud aud Valcs lC Luglaud aud Valcs), orucrly Mouica scc
Aug.)
:|... d. ..), supposcd to |avc |ccu |urut iu a |ra.cu |ull at 1arsus or rcsistiug t|c
advauccs o Dioclctiau's sou. Vc |uo o uo suc| sou, |ut rccall t|c rapc o lucrctia
|y t|c sou o 1arquiu t|c iroud aud iu t|c prcvious gcucratiou t|c |ra.cu |ull iu |ic|
t|c tyraut i|alaris |urut |is political oppoucuts scc Scpt.).
I|.r...s, uartyr rou lauriacuu lorc|), said to |avc |ccu t|rou iuto t|c Luus iu
. 1|c uouastcry o Sau|t lloriau dcvclopcd rou a c|apcl supposcdly staudiug
|crc t|c C|ristiau uatrou \alcria, |aviug ouud |is |ody, |uricd it ou |cr cstatc. ic
as au cxtrcucly popular saiut iu sout|cru Gcruauy aud Austria, qualihcd |y |is
drouiug as a atcr saiut, |c is a|ovc all rcvcrcd as t|c saiut |o prcvcuts, or starts,
|ousc-hrcs, |ciug iuvo|cd iu t|c auous r|yuc 'O |ciligcr Sau|t lloriau, vcrsc|ou dics
iaus, .ud audrc au.' 'O |oly St lloriau, sparc our |ousc, sct lig|t to ot|crs'). ic is
patrou o Lppcr Austria, ira|, aud iologua.

z

... III N...s M...s l
z - - - |apaucsc ioys' lcstival 1... .. s:||) or iauucr
lcstival N.|.r. .. s:||), |ciug t|c solar couutcrpart o t|c C|iucsc Dragou-ioat
cstival
|apau C|ildrcu's Day, or I..o. .. |. uatioual |oliday, siucc )
Mcxico Ciuco dc Mayo
ict|crlauds li|cratiou Day rou ia.i Gcruauy, )
Sout| iorca C|ildrcu's Day
z - Asap| lC Valcs), orucrly iius \ scc Apr.)
Js.| t| c.) as uaucd atcr t|c uusiciau at iiug David's court to |ou scvcral
psalus arc ascri|cd Old 1cstaucut uaucs crc popular iu carly Valcs). 1|c lic |y
|occliu o lurucss t| c.) ua|cs |iu a protg o St icutigcru scc |au.), |o
|ilc iu cxilc rou Strat|clydc .. |ad at t|c counucucc o Clyd aud Lly csta|-
lis|cd t|c uouastcry o llaucly, ou |is rccall souc tcu ycars latcr |c lct Asap| as
a||ot, |cucc t|c to aislcs o t|c paris| c|urc| crc callcd L|,s C,.:,r. 'icuti-
gcru's C|urc|') aud L|,s Js.. lu t|c tclt| ccutury St Asap| |ccauc a tcrritorial
dioccsc. A air iu t|c saiut's |ouour uscd to |c |cld ou May, |is rcputcd datc o dcat|.
iis grcat cll iu Cu paris|, lyuuou Asa, |cld till t|c uiuctccut| ccutury to curc ucr-
vous disordcr aud r|cuuatisu, as t|crcatcr cclc|ratcd or its trout. Also cx|i|itcd as
t|c priut o |is |orsc's |oo, uadc ou laudiug rou a to-uilc lcap.
C.:|.r or Gott|ard -), a||ot o iicdcraltaic|, icrscld, aud 1cgcruscc,
|is|op o iildcs|ciu, a c|aupiou o Cluuiac rcoru |o ouudcd souc t|irty
c|urc|cs. ic is portraycd traupliug ou a dragou aud |oldiug a uodcl c|urc|, a|iug
t|c dcad iu ordcr to |car t|cir coucssious, driviug out dcvils, aud carryiug |ot coals iu
|is surplicc. 1|c Sau|t-Gott|ard-iass is uaucd atcr |iu.
J.:|. .; `...|,, a Caruclitc uartyr |osc lic as purportcdly rittcu |y 'Luoc,
Caruclitc patriarc| o |crusalcu' iu t|c carly ourtccut| ccutury, |ut iu act |y au
uu|uou Siciliau souc ycars latcr, it is uot to |c |clicvcd cxccpt |cu couhrucd
rou ot|cr sourccs. ic as auoug t|c hrst Caruclitcs to couc to Sicily rou Mouut
Carucl .., aud as |illcd iu licata |y au iupious iuhdcl as supposcdly prop|csicd
|y St lraucis duriug au cucouutcr iu t|c |asilica o St |o|u latcrau uuc| rcprcs-
cutcd iu Caruclitc icouograp|y, Augclo |ad rcplicd t|at lraucis ould rcccivc t|c
stiguata.
1|c Vcstcru traditiou scttiug t|c Crucihxiou ou Marc| rcquircs t|is day to
|c t|c datc o C|rist's Asccusiou.

1|c Mcxicau uatioual |oliday o Ciuco dc Mayo cclc|ratcs t|c dccat o , lrcuc|
|y , Mcxicaus at Guadalupc iu . Mcxico |aviug dcaultcd ou |cr |ouds,
iritaiu, lraucc, aud Spaiu uadc a joiut uaval dcuoustratiou to coupcl payucut. V|cu
ucgotiatious crc opcucd, t|c iritis| aud Spauis| dcpartcd, |ut lraucc as |cut upou
couqucst. 1|c |attlc did uot prcvcut lraucc rou ovcrruuuiug t|c couutry aud iupos-
iug iapolcou lll's |rot|cr-iu-la Maxiuiliau ou it as cupcror, |ut atcr t|c lcdcral
victory iu t|c LS Civil Var |ad iuduccd t|c lrcuc| to dcpart a|audouiug Maxiuil-
iau to |c ovcrt|rou aud s|ot), t|c prcvious victory as c|oscu or couucuoratiou.
z

r..: N...s M...s G
z - - - \aticau City Scariug-iu o uc rccruits to
Siss Guards, couucuoratiug t|cir |croic rcsistaucc duriug t|c Sac| o louc
iu
z - |o|u t|c Lvaugclist, autc iortau latiuau iCi, lC |corc )
j.|. :|: L..:|.s:'s uaiu cast-day is Dcccu|cr. May is t|c cast o t|c dcdicatiou
o t|c c|urc| o St |o|u |corc t|c latiu Gatc ouudcd ..) aud couucuoratcs t|c
latc traditiou t|at |o|u, |cu iu louc, as cast iuto a cauldrou o |oiliug oil at t|c
ordcr o Douitiau, |ut cucrgcd iu |cttcr p|ysical couditiou t|au |corc. 1|c ucar|y
c|apcl t|at |cars t|c uauc Sau Giovauui iu Olco is t|oug|t to uar| t|c spot.
Accordiug to souc calcudars, it as ou t|is day t|at ioa| lct t|c Ar| aud St Matt|c
as callcd.
May is a pious raud o t|c aluauac,
A g|astly parody o rcal Spriug
S|apcd out o suo aud |rcat|cd it| castcru iud,
Or i, o'cr-couhdcut, s|c trust t|c datc,
Aud, it| |cr |audul o aucuoucs,
icrscl as s|ivcry, stcal iuto t|c suu,
1|c scasou uccd |ut turu |is |ourglass rouud,
Aud Viutcr suddculy, li|c cra.y lcar,
lccls |ac|, aud |riugs t|c dcad May iu |is arus,
icr |uddiug |rcasts aud au dislustrcd rout
Vit| rosty strca|s aud drits o |is |itc |card
All ovcr|lou. 1|cu, aruly allcd it| |oo|s,
V|ilc uy ood-hrc supplics t|c suu's dccct,
V|ispcriug old orcst-sagas iu its drcaus,
l ta|c uy May dou rou t|c |appy s|cl
V|crc pcrc| t|c orld's rarc soug-|irds iu a ro,

Vaitiug uy c|oicc to opcu it| ull |rcast,
Aud |cg au alus o spriug-tiuc, uc'cr dcuicd
ludoors |y vcrual C|auccr, |osc rcs| oods
1|ro| t|ic| it| ucrlc aud uavis all t|c ycar.
|aucs lusscll locll -), 'Ludcr t|c Villos'
z

N...: M...: A
z - lorucrly St Stauislaus scc Apr.)
j.|. .; 3::r|:, d. ), a uou| o V|it|y auous as a sc|olar aud tcac|cr, succcssivcly
|is|op o icx|au ..) aud o Yor| ), t|c lattcr claiucd |y St Vilrid scc
Oct.), |o acccptcd dccat aud too| ovcr at icx|au. lu icury \, |o attri|-
utcd |is victory at Agiucourt to |o|u, ordcrcd |is cast to |c |cpt t|roug|out Luglaud.
icvcrlcy Miustcr, ou t|c sitc o a c|urc| t|at |c ouudcd, is ouc o t|c hucst carly
Got|ic |uildiugs iu Grcat iritaiu.
J:.r...: .; :|: `.. .; :|: H...r: Cr.ss .. :|: H:.:.s Ort|.). Ou t|is day iu , at t|c
t|ird |our o daylig|t, Arc||is|op Cyril o |crusalcu Mar.) |ad a visiou o t|c
ioly Cross, vcry largc aud uadc o lig|t, cxtcudiug rou Golgot|a to t|c Mouut o
Olivcs, |c rcportcd t|c cvcut iu a lcttcr to t|c cupcror Coustautius. 1|c cast as iu
cxistcucc |y t|c scvcut| ccutury.
io is t|c uout| o uayiug,
V|cu ucrry lads arc playiug, a la,
Lac| it| |is |ouuy lass,
Lpou t|c grccuy grass. la la.
1|c Spriug clad all iu gladucss,
Dot| laug| at iutcr's saducss, a la,
Aud to t|c |agpipc's souud
1|c uyup|cs trcad out t|cir grouud. la la.
lic t|cu. |y sit c uusiug,
Yout|'s scct dclig|t rcusiug. la la.
Say, daiuty uyup|cs, aud spca|,
S|all c play |arlcy-|rca|. la la.
1|ouas Morlcy, 1|: I.rs: 3..|: .; 3.||::s :. I.: J.,.:s )

z

... JIII Is M...s i
z - - - \L Day cud o t|c Sccoud Vorld Var iu Lu-
ropc Vcstcru allics), cclc|ratcd it| grcat poup ou t|c htict| auuivcrsary iu

lraucc li|cratiou Day

ioray li|cratiou Day
LSA, Missouri 1ruuau Day
z - |uliau o ioric| CY)
j|... .; N.r..| ..-atcr ). icvcr orually |catihcd, |uliau ta|cs |cr uauc rou
t|c c|urc| o St |uliau iu ioric|, |crc s|c as au auc|orcss. iaviug cxpcricuccd a
scrics o htccu 's|oiugs' iu May , s|c rotc a s|ort trcatisc soou t|crcatcr, aud
latcr a lougcr vcrsiou, |uou as t|c `|...s or ::|.:...s .; L...: L.:, iu |ic| s|c cx-
pouudcd t|cological doctriuc iu a rcuar|a|ly origiual aud sop|isticatcd ay.
j.|. :|: L...:, Apostlc aud Lvaugclist Ort|.), scc Dcccu|cr. iopularly callcd 1...s
C|.|..s 'iailuau') or Jr..|r.s 'laiuuau'). Souc calcudars rccord agaiust t|is day 't|c
\isiou o St |o|u t|c Lvaugclist aud t|c |oly augcl'.
J.r.:... .; `: M..|.:|, Arc|augcl. 1|c popularity o Mic|acl's cult iu t|c Vcst datcs
rou |is apparitiou at Moutc Gargauo iu sout|-cast ltaly iu t|c latc ht| ccutury or
|is uaiu datc, scc Scpt.). lt as a avouritc it| ioruau pilgrius, souc o |ou
crc rccruitcd iu or a rc|clliou agaiust iy.autiuc rulc, dcspitc its ailurc t|cy rc-
uaiucd iu Apulia aud suuuoucd rciuorccucuts, t|us prcpariug t|c ay or t|c ior-
uau couqucst o Sicily aud sout|cru ltaly.
Dcspitc t|c ill luc| o May uarriagc aud t|c day atcr t|c ioucs scc |uly), c
rcad iu lodoic| lloyd scc Scpt.)
1|c \irgius o louc as vpou t|is dayc, iu t|c tcuplc o S. Mic|acl, vscd iu old tiuc to |c uar-
ricd, or t|at t|c louaus supposc t|at Mic|acll t|c Arc|augcll appcarcd iu t|at placc |crc t|cy
t|cu |uildcd aud dcdicatcd a tcuplc iu ucuory t|cro iu t|c su|ur|cs o louc, aud t|crcorc
all t|c uaidcs o louc uadc c|oisc o t|is day to uarric. lloyd, L..|| .; L..:s, )
1|c H:|s:.. Coruall) Irr, L...: ta|cs placc ou t|is day ou May |cu t|c t| alls
ou Suuday or Mouday). li|c t|c iadsto |o||y-|orsc cstival scc May), t|is ouc is
still goiug stroug. 1|c uystcrious ord ;rr, pro|a|ly dcrivcs rou t|c Coruis| ;:r,
possi|ly rclatcd to t|c latiu ;:r.., alt|oug| t|c origiual ucauiug o 'cstival' |ad ac-
quircd its uodcru ucauiug 'cc|day' as carly as 1crtulliau.
At iclstouc, a gcutccl aud populous |oroug|-tou iu Coruall, it is custouary to dcdicatc t|c
t| o May to rcvclry cstivc uirt|, uot loosc jollity). lt is callcd t|c Irr,~.,, supposcd llora's
Day, uot, l iuagiuc, as uauy |avc t|oug|t, iu rcucu|raucc o souc cstival iustitutcd iu |ouour

o t|at goddcss, |ut rat|cr rou t|c garlauds couuouly oru ou t|at day. lu t|c uoruiug, vcry
carly, souc tru|lcsouc rogucs go rouud t|c strccts it| druus, or ot|cr uoisy iustruucuts, dis-
tur|iug t|cir so|cr ucig||ours, aud siugiug parts o a soug, t|c |olc o |ic| uo|ody uo
rccollccts, aud o |ic| l |uo uo uorc t|au t|at t|crc is ucutiou iu it o 't|c grcy goosc quill',
aud o goiug to t|c 'grccu ood to |riug |ouc t|c Suuucr aud t|c May-o', aud, accordiugly,
|at|oru nocriug |rauc|cs arc oru iu |ats. 1|c couuoualty ua|c it a gcucral |oliday, aud
i t|cy hud auy pcrsou at or|, ua|c |iu ridc ou a polc, carricd ou ucu's s|ouldcrs, to t|c rivcr,
ovcr |ic| |c is to lcap iu a idc placc, i |c cau, i |c cauuot, |c uust lcap iu, or lcap |c uust,
or pay uoucy. A|out o'cloc| t|cy appcar |corc t|c sc|ool, aud dcuaud |oliday or t|c latiu
|oys, |ic| is iuvaria|ly grautcd, atcr |ic| t|cy collcct uoucy rou |ousc to |ousc. A|out
t|c uiddlc o t|c day t|cy collcct togct|cr to daucc |aud-iu-|aud rouud t|c strccts, to t|c souud
o t|c hddlc playiug a particular tuuc, |ic| t|cy coutiuuc to do till it is dar|. 1|is t|cy call a
'laddy'. lu t|c atcruoou t|c :.:.|.:, go to souc aru-|ousc iu t|c ucig||our|ood to driu| tca,
sylla|u|, ~c., aud rcturu iu a uorricc-daucc to t|c tou, |crc t|cy oru a laddy, aud daucc
t|roug| t|c strccts till it is dar|, claiuiug a rig|t o goiug t|roug| auy pcrsou's |ousc, iu at ouc
door, aud out at t|c ot|cr. Aud |crc it orucrly uscd to cud, aud t|c coupauy o all |iuds to
dispcrsc quictly to t|cir scvcral |a|itatious, |ut lattcrly corruptious |avc iu t|is, as iu ot|cr uat-
tcrs, crcpt iu |y dcgrccs. 1|c ladics o t|is tou . . . all clcgautly drcsscd iu |itc uuslius . . .
arc uo couductcd |y t|cir partucrs to t|c |all-roou, |crc t|cy coutiuuc t|cir daucc till
suppcr-tiuc, atcr |ic| t|cy all laddy it out o t|c |ousc, |rca|iug o|y dcgrccs to t|cir rcspcct-
ivc |ouscs. 1|c uo|ility iuitatc t|cir supcriors, aud also adjouru to t|c scvcral pu|lic-|ouscs,
|crc t|cy coutiuuc t|cir daucc till uiduig|t. C:.:|:o..`s M.....:, |uuc ),
z

... JII Is M...s C
z - - - lussia, iolaud \ictory Day dccat o ia.i
Gcruauy, )
Li, C|auucl lslauds li|cratiou Day
z 1|is as t|c hrst day, or rat|cr uig|t, o t|c lcuuria, duriug
|ic| t|c |:or:s, g|osts o ouc's auccstors, crc appcascd at dcad o uig|t t|c or-
s|ippcr cut |arcoot to as| |is |auds iu spriug atcr, t|rc |lac| |caus |c|iud |iu,
as|cd |is |auds agaiu, aud clas|cd |rou.c cyu|als to suuuou t|c g|osts rou t|c
gravc. 1|c sauc ritual as o|scrvcd ou t|c t| aud t|c t|.
z - lorucrly Grcgory o ia.iau.us scc |au.), C|ristop|cr Ort|., scc
|uly)
1r..s|.:... .; `: N..|.|.s rou Myra to iari, , csscutially au act o ioruau piracy |ut
coloura|lc as t|c rcscuc o t|c saiut's rclics rou t|c advauciug Sclu| 1ur|s, t|at iu-
dccd is |o it as rcprcscutcd iu t|c carlicst iy.autiuc accouut, |ut t|c Grcc| C|urc|
docs uot cclc|ratc it. Ou t|c ot|cr |aud, t|c lussiau C|urc| aduittcd t|c trauslatiou
to its calcudar iu aud cclc|ratcs it to t|is day ou May iS. lu t|c cat|cdral at
Sautiago dc Coupostcla t|c hrst c|apcl t|c pilgrius uct as dcvotcd to St iic|olas

o iari, pcr|aps |ccausc t|c pilgriu s|ould t|au| St iic|olas or |is protcctiou dur-
iug t|c loug-aud daugcrous-jourucy.
At t|c Luropcau Suuuit o , iu Milau, t|is day as proclaiucd t|c Day o Luropc,
couucuoratiug t|c auuouuccucut ou May o t|c projcct or a Luropcau Coal
aud Stccl Luiou.
z

... JI Is M...s D
z - - - Guatcuala, Mcxico Mot|cr's Day
LSA, iort| Caroliua aud Sout| Caroliua Coucdcratc Mcuorial Day
z ludi Martialcs tcuplc o Mars Lltor t|c Avcugcr) dcdicatcd iu
, to couucuoratc Augustus' avcugiug |is adoptivc at|cr's uurdcr.
z - Siuou t|c Zcalot Ort|., scc Oct.)
j.|, a rig|tcous hgurc o autiquity aloug it| ioa| aud Dauicl L.c|. , ), |osc
uudcscrvcd sucriug is t|c t|cuc o a auous |oo| iu t|c ii|lc. lor |is cursc ou |is
|irt|day, scc lc|ruary, or t|c list o luc|y aud uuluc|y days allcgcdly dictatcd to
|iu |y au augcl, scc L.,s. b.|.|, aud c. iac|ouius, May).
C.r... .. L.o..|s. 1|c cxistcucc alougsidc t|c \ia latiua at louc o au carly C|ris-
tiau ccuctcry uaucd atcr Gordiau aud Lpiuac|us, iu |ic| stood a c|urc| dcdicatcd
to t|c lattcr, gavc risc to t|c lcgcud t|at t|c |ig| iupcrial ocial Gordiau as torturcd
aud cxccutcd uudcr |uliau t|c Apostatc aud |uricd iu t|c gravc o Lpiuac|us, alrcady
uartyrcd iu Alcxaudria. lu act Gordiau as a suall |oy, |osc rcuaius crc |cpt uudcr
t|c |ig| altar o St Lpiuac|us' C|urc|.
J.:....s .; I|.r:..: -), arc||is|op. lu carly lic |c as a riar o t|c O|scrvaut
|rauc| o t|c Douiuicaus, risiug rapidly to |ccouc prior at Sauta Maria sopra Miucrva
iu louc, |crc |c as appoiutcd auditor-gcucral o t|c lota aud vicar-gcucral o t|c
O|scrvaut Douiuicaus. Lpou |is rcturu to llorcucc |c ouudcd t|c couvcut o Sau
Marco, |osc auous rcscos crc paiutcd |y |is cllo-uovicc iu Cortoua, lra Augc-
lico, |iuscl |uricd iu t|c Miucrva scc Mar.). Alt|oug| uudcrta|iug iucrcasiugly
oucrous o|ligatious, hrst as dclcgatc to t|c Couucil o llorcucc ), t|cu as arc|-
|is|op o llorcucc ), aud hually as llorcutiuc au|assador to louc, |c ouud
tiuc to ritc |is uagistcrial aud iunucutial `oo. o uoral t|cology. ic rcuaiucd truc
to t|c austcrc rcgiuc o t|c rcorucd |rauc| o |is ordcr aud as rcuoucd or |is
c|arity.
1|is is t|c hrst possi|lc datc or V|it Suuday.

z

... J Is M...s L
z - - - |auaica io| Marlcy Day
LSA, Miuucsota Aduissiou Day ud statc, )
z A ragucutary iuscriptiou rccords a sacrihcc to a dcity |osc
uauc |cgius 'MA', pro|a|ly Mauia t|c uot|cr o t|c larcs, |osc uauc, rou au au-
cicut ord or 'good', suggcsts a dcat| goddcss appropriatcly ors|ippcd duriug t|c
lcuuria. 1|c ord as also uscd or ugly cgics uadc rou nour, aud as a |ogcy to
scarc c|ildrcu.
z - Cyril aud Mct|odius Ort|., lc|. lC)
C,r.| .. M::|..s, Apostlcs o t|c Slavs. Coustautiuc 't|c i|ilosop|cr' aud |is cldcr
|rot|cr Mct|odius, |o a|audoucd proviucial aduiuistratiou or t|c uouastcry, crc
t|c sous o a uiddlc-rau|iug iy.autiuc occr rou 1|cssalouica, a |iliugual city iu
Slavouic callcd Soluu) it| a largcly Slavouic-spca|iug couutrysidc, atcr couplctiug a
diplouatic uissiou to t|c i|a.ars iu ,, |crc t|cy ouud a |ody |clicvcd to |c
St Clcucut's scc iov.), t|cy crc c|oscu iu to ulhl a rcqucst |y lastislav, priucc
o Moravia, or Slavouic-spca|iug uissiouarics to traiu a uativc clcrgy iudcpcudcut o
t|c lrau|is| clcrics currcutly iu placc. Lsiug t|cir uc Slavouic alp|a|ct, |uou uo-
adays as Glagolitic rou |..|, 't|c Vord', t|cy trauslatcd Gospcl tcxts aud t|c iy.au-
tiuc scrvicc-|oo|s iuto t|c Vcst iulgariau or Maccdouiau dialcct o 1|cssalouica, uo
|uou as Old C|urc| Slavouic. lor t|c ucxt c ycars, auidst scvcrc tcusious |ctccu
louc aud |ot| lrau|s aud iy.autiucs, t|cir uissiou prospcrcd, agaiust prcccdcut,
iopc iic|olas l pcruittcd t|c usc o Slavouic iu t|c liturgy, aud iu iuvitcd t|cu
to louc, t|oug| |c dicd |corc t|cir arrival it| t|c supposcd rclics o St Clcucut.
Coustautiuc |ccauc a uou| uudcr t|c uauc o Cyril, |y |ic| |c is uo gcucrally
|uou, t|c Grcc|-|ascd alp|a|ct t|at outsidc Daluatia rcplaccd Glagolitic as t|c
ucdiuu o Slavouic ritiug is |uou as 'Cyrillic' rou t|c alsc |clic t|at |c iuvcutcd
it. ic dicd ou lc|ruary , |cu Mct|odius' rcqucst to ta|c |is |ody |ac| to
Grcccc produccd au outcry, |c as|cd iustcad t|at it s|ould |c |uricd iu Sau Clcucutc,
|ic| as grautcd.
Mct|odius, appoiutcd arc||is|op o iauuouia |y iopc iadriau ll, cll out it| t|c
lrau|is| |is|ops aud as iuprisoucd or to aud a |al ycars |corc rcturuiug to
Moravia, |crc |c livcd rou till |is dcat| iu , trauslatiug uorc tcxts aud dc-
cudiug |is positiou, aud Ort|odox doctriuc, agaiust t|c lrau|s aud t|c I.|..,:. Atcr
|is dcat| |is pupils, cxpcllcd rou Moravia, crc uadc clcouc iu t|c ucly couvcrtcd
|iugdou o iulgaria scc |uly), |crc t|cy csta|lis|cd a vcruacular C|urc| oiug
allcgiaucc to t|c iatriarc| o Coustautiuoplc, t|is as t|c truc |cgiuuiug o Ort|o-
doxy auoug t|c Slavs. iot| lC aud Ort|odox Slavs rou t|c uissiou-lauds o SS Cyril

aud Mct|odius |avc dcdicatcd uouuucuts to t|cu iu Sau Clcucutc. |o|u iaul ll, iu
, uadc t|cu joiut patrous o Luropc togct|cr it| St icucdict, syu|oli.iug t|c
uuiou o Last aud Vcst.
j.o:s :|: |r.:|:r .; :|: L.r sccus uot to |avc |clicvcd iu |csus' claius uutil t|c lcsurrcc-
tiou, |ut t|crcatcr too| a lcadiug rolc iu t|c C|urc| at |crusalcu, |c is t|c St |aucs o
t|c ic 1cstaucut 'Lpistlc Gcucral'. ic as also callcd |aucs t|c |ust or |is ad|cr-
cucc to |cis| la, |ic| |c dcuaudcd o |cis| C|ristiaus |ut uot o Gcutilc cou-
vcrts. Siucc |crouc, Cat|olic traditiou |as uudcrstood t|c lord's '|rot|crs' to |avc |ccu
iis cousius, t|c sous o Clopas or Clcop|as aud Mary sistcr o t|c \irgiu, t|c
Ort|odox ua|c t|cu iis |al-|rot|crs, |oscp|'s sous |y a prcvious ic. irotcstauts
|avc rcvcrtcd to t|c litcral ucauiug acccptcd iu t|c carly C|urc|. ic as uartyrcd iu
, |is |cad is claiucd |y Aucoua.
M.o:r:s, |is|op o \icuuc, |o iu cousccratcd |is |rot|cr Claudius Maucrtus
|is|op o Dic, scvcu ycars latcr, atcr ccusurc |y iopc iilarus aud a scrics o cart|-
qua|cs aud hrcs, |c iutroduccd t|rcc pcuitcutial proccssious |corc Asccusiou Day
|ic| iu t|at ycar cll ou May). lu iort| Gcruauy aud t|c ict|crlauds |c is t|c
hrst o t|c lcc Saiuts, |osc days otcu coiucidc it| a cold spcll, iu t|c rcst o t|c
Gcruau orld t|at |ouour alls to St iaucratius scc May).
Ocial ouudatiou-datc o Coustautiuoplc iu .
z

... IJ Is M...s l
`1.s s.. :|.: ;r.o :|: ::|;:| .; M.,
:. :|: ::|;:| .; j|, .|| .s .,.
Ir.o :|: ::|;:| ., .; M.,
1. :|: ::|;:| .; j|,
J.: :. s:.r|.|:,
I.r .|| .s :.|.|:.
z - icrcus aud Ac|illcus lC), iaucratius lC)
N:r:s .. J.|.||:s. Accordiug to uurclia|lc acts, t|cy crc soldicrs |o upou cou-
vcrsiou dcscrtcd t|cir posts aud crc put to dcat|, altcruativcly t|cy crc cuuuc|s iu
t|c scrvicc o llavia Douitilla scc |uuc), |apti.cd iu pcrsou |y St ictcr, cxilcd it|
t|cir uistrcss, aud |c|cadcd or o|stiuatc ad|crcucc to t|cir ait|. 1|cir rclics lic uudcr
t|c |ig| altar o t|cir c|urc| iu louc |y t|c iat|s o Caracalla, it is uuc| iu dcuaud
or cddiugs dcspitc its grucsouc rcscos o saiutly uartyrdous.
...r.:.s iaucras), pro|a|ly uartyrcd uudcr Dioclctiau .., allcgcdly at t|c agc o
. Ovcr |is tou| iu t|c \ia Aurclia a c|urc| as |uilt iu t|c carly sixt| ccutury |y iopc

Syuuac|us aud cu|cllis|cd iu t|c scvcut| |y iopc iouorius l, siucc it |as |ccu
t|c titlc-c|urc| o Sau iaucra.io uori lc Mura. ic |ccauc popular iu Luglaud |ccausc
Augustiuc dcdicatcd a c|urc| to |iu iu Cautcr|ury, aud iopc \italiauus scut souc o
|is rclics to iiug Osiu o iort|uu|ria ... 1|c uauc o |is c|urc| iu uort| lou-
dou is uo |cttcr |uou rou a railay tcruiuus, aud uorc rcccutly rou t|c sitc o
t|c uc iritis| li|rary. ic is ouc o t|c lourtccu Auxiliary Saiuts, aud au lcc Saiut iu
t|c ict|crlauds aud Gcruau-spca|iug couutrics. ic is iuvo|cd agaiust craups, a pat-
rouagc t|at stcus rou a story t|at |c puuis|cd a pcrjurcr |o sorc ou |is tou| |y
rcc.iug |is aru. lt is crvcutly to |c |opcd t|at |c ill protcct t|c iritis| li|rary cou-
vcyor systcu rou craups, t|c uouuucutal |rass at Cohcld V. Susscx) s|os |iu
|oldiug a |oo|.
3:|:..:, | `:,|:, iu iaus|irc
Lvcu at prcscut, itc|cs arc supposcd, as o old, to ridc ou |rooustic|s t|roug| t|c air. lu t|is
couutry, t|c t| o May is ouc o t|cir cstivals. Ou t|c uoruiug o t|at day, t|cy arc rcqucutly
sccu dauciug ou t|c suracc o t|c atcr o Avou, |rus|iug t|c dcs o t|c lau, aud uil|iug
cos iu t|cir old. Auy uucouuou sic|ucss is gcucrally attri|utcd to t|cir dcuouiacal practiccs.
1|cy ua|c hclds |arrcu or crtilc, raisc or still |irliuds, givc or ta|c aay uil| at plcasurc.
1|c orcc o t|cir iucautatious is uot to |c rcsistcd, aud cxtcuds cvcu to t|c uoou iu t|c uidst
o |cr acrial carccr. lt is t|c good ortuuc, |ocvcr, o t|is couutry to |c providcd it| au auti-
coujuror t|at dccats |ot| t|cu aud t|cir sa|lc patrou iu t|cir cou|iucd corts. iis auc is
idcly diuscd, aud |crcvcr |c gocs, .r:s..: :... l t|c spousc is jcalous o |cr |us|aud, t|c
auti-coujuror is cousultcd to rcstorc t|c acctious o |is |citc|cd |cart. l a ucar couucxiou
lics couhucd to t|c |cd o sic|ucss, it is iu vaiu to cxpcct rclic it|out t|c |alsauic| ucdiciuc
o t|c auti-coujuror. l a pcrsou |appcus to |c dcprivcd o |is scuscs, t|c dcraugcd cclls o t|c
|raiu uust |c adjustcd |y t|c uagic c|arus o t|c auti-coujuror. l a arucr loscs |is cattlc, t|c
|ouscs uust |c purihcd it| atcr spriu|lcd |y |iu. lu scarc|iug or t|c latcut uisc|ic, t|is
gcutlcuau ucvcr ails to hud littlc parccls o |ctrogcucous iugrcdicuts lur|iug iu t|c alls, cou-
sistiug o t|c lcgs o uicc, aud t|c iugs o |ats, all t|c or| o t|c itc|cs. lc t|iugs sccu
too arduous or |is a|ilitics, aud t|oug|, li|c iaracclsus, |c |as uot as yct |oastcd o |aviug dis-
covcrcd t|c i|ilosop|cr's stouc, yct, |y t|c pocr o |is occult scicucc, |c still attracts a littlc o
t|cir gold rou t|c poc|cts |crc it lodgcs, aud iu t|is ay ua|cs a s|it to acquirc su|sistcucc
or |iuscl aud auily. Siuclair, xii. )
z

... III Is M...s G
z - - - Scdcu liuudagcu iirt|day o liuuacus)
z - lorucrly St lo|crt icllaruiuc scc Scpt.)
`:r.:.s Scrvais), |is|op o 1ougcrcu, d. , t|oug| latcr lcgcuds couucct |iu it|
|ot| St ictcr d. ..) aud Attila t|c iuu d. ), au lcc Saiut. Ou |is day, till t|c cud

o t|c uiuctccut| ccutury, au auuual |attlc or |is statuc as oug|t ou t|c uouutaius
o Ar iu irittauy, |ctccu tcaus rcprcscutiug Coruouaillc aud \auuctais, t|c iuucr
as assurcd a good |arvcst. 1|c supprcssiou o t|is cstival as |laucd or au agricul-
tural dcprcssiou.
r L., .; I:.o., couucuoratiug t|c six appcarauccs o a visiou o 'Our lady o t|c
losary' to t|rcc c|ildrcu iu ltiua Lstrcuadura, iortugal) ou t|is day iu . lt |as
siucc |ccouc a placc o pilgriuagc. 1|c surviviug c|ild, lucia Sautos, |o |ccauc a
Caruclitc uuu, rcvcalcd t|at s|c |ad rcccivcd a t|rccold ucssagc, |uou as t|c 't|rcc
sccrcts', |ic| s|c trausuittcd to iopc iius Xll -), sayiug t|at t|cir ucauiug
ould uot |ccouc clcar uutil . 1o |avc siucc |ccu uadc pu|lic |odics c|arrcd |y
hrc as iu rcprcscutatious o |cll, |ut applicd |y |clicvcrs to t|c Sccoud Vorld Var)
aud t|c sprcad o Marxist crror rou lussia, |ic| uig|t |ocvcr |c rccouvcrtcd t|is
lattcr as auuouuccd iu |y t|c cardiual arc||is|op o Milau, |ilc ltaly as at ar
it| t|c Sovict Luiou, |ut |as provcd accuratc uouc t|c lcss). 1|c t|ird |as uot |ccu
discloscd, t|oug| t|c scqucucc o cart|qua|cs iu ccutral ltaly duriug Octo|cr
prouptcd t|c \aticau to dcuy t|at it assigucd t|c cud o t|c orld to t|at o t|c uil-
lcuuiuu.
Ou t|is day iu or iopc iouiacc l\ couvcrtcd t|c iaut|cou iu louc, |uilt |y
Augustus' licutcuaut Agrippa iu , iuto a c|urc| dcdicatcd to t|c \irgiu Mary aud
all uartyrs, it as t|crcatcr |uou as `...:. M.r.. . o.r:,r:s. 1|c cast o All Martyrs,
till t|cu |cpt ou t|c hrst Suuday atcr icutccost, as trauscrrcd to t|is day iu t|c Vcst,
iu |ot| t|c Last, |crc it rcuaiucd ou t|c origiual datc, aud iu t|c Vcst it as rciutcr-
prctcd as a cast o all saiuts, |ct|cr or uot uartyrcd. 1|c cast as trauscrrcd auc
to iovcu|cr.
Ou t|is day, accordiug to t|c Scdis| calcudar scc ll M.:r. C.|:..r. Cr:.r... :;.ro.
`::.), as |oru iu t|c grcat |otauist Carl vou liuu, |uou outsidc |is |ouc-
laud as Carolus liuuacus, t|c Old aud ic Stylc cquivalcuts crc rcspcctivcly t|c t|
aud t|c rd.
A||ots|ury Dorsct) Garlaud Day Old May Day iu t|c 19t| c.) c|ildrcu carry gar-
lauds ou polcs aud lay t|cu ou t|c ar ucuorial a pious altcratiou o t|c origiual |cg-
giug or uoucy).
z

r..: Is M...s A
z Sacrihcc to Mars luvictus at |is grcat tcuplc iu t|c Circus
llauiuius, dcdicatcd iu , it as iuscri|cd it| vcrscs |y t|c lcadiug louau poct
o t|c agc, lucius Accius, aud |ouscd a |ugc statuc o t|c god.

Ou t|is day |uuau cgics uadc o rus|cs aud callcd Jr:. crc t|rou iuto t|c
1i|cr rou t|c ious Su|licius, t|c proccssiou iucludcd t|c ..:.;.:s, t|c \cstal \irgius,
t|c practors, aud t|c {.o..... or ic o t|c pricst o |upitcr {.o:. L..|.s), |o as rc-
quircd to attcud it| uu|cupt |air to syu|oli.c uouruiug. A cousidcra|lc auouut o
dctail is prcscrvcd couccruiug t|c ritual, accouuts counict crc t|crc t|irty Jr:. or
tcuty-scvcu, i.c. iu uagic t|ricc uiuc, li|c t|c s|riucs o t|c sauc uauc.), aud t|c
ucauiug |ad |ccouc lost to t|c louaus t|cusclvcs, t|oug| ilutarc| calls it t|c grcat-
cst o purihcatious.
z - - CY, lC siucc , iCi lc|.), rcd-lcttcr day siucc

..|.o.s |. .., d. May ), au Lgyptiau |cruit, ouudcd ..- t|c hrst

uouastcry, |ic| |y |is dcat| |ad cxpaudcd iuto au associatiou o uiuc |ouscs or ucu
aud to or oucu, |is lulc or uouastic lic iunucuccd t|osc o St iasil aud St icuc-
dict. ic is souctiucs callcd 't|c Lldcr' to distiuguis| |iu rou a hctitious uaucsa|c.
Couputistic traditiou allcgcd t|at a sct o doggcrcl latiu vcrscs statiug t|c uuu|cr o
cc|days |ctccu Marc| aud t|c iasc|al tcru scc ll C.o:s) |ad |ccu dictatcd
to |iu |y au augcl c. |o|, May).
3...;..: .; 1.rss, allcgcdly uartyrcd at 1arsus .. aud |uricd iu louc iu t|c c|urc| o
SS Alcxius aud iouiacc ou t|c Avcutiuc, au lcc Saiut iu Ccutral aud Sout| Gcruauy,
Austria, aud Sit.crlaud.
1|c lcstoratiou o C|arlcs ll as proclaiucd at Ldiu|urg| iu
C|arlcs t|c Sccuud proclaucd iiug o all |is lat|cris douiuioucs. 1|is iroclauatiouc |ciug
solcupuic actit at luudou t|c o Maij , as t|airctir proclaucd at t|c Mcrcat Crocc o
Ldiu|urg|, upouc Mouday t|airctir, |ciug t|c o t|c sauc uouct|, it| all solcupuitcis
rcquisitc, |y riugiug o |cllis, scttiug out o |ailyrcs, souudiug o truupctis, roriug o
cauuouucs, tou|iug o druucs, dauciug a|out t|c yrcs, aud usiug all ut|cr ta|ius o joy or t|c
advauccucut aud prccrcucc o t|air uativc |iug to |is crouu aud uativc iu|critaucc. Qu|airat
also, t|air cs uuc| yuc spcut, t|c spoutcs o t|c crocc ryuiug aud vcutiug out a|uudaucc o
yuc, placcd t|air or t|at cud, aud t|c uagistratcs aud couuscll o t|c touu |ciug prcscut,
driu|iug t|c iiugcs |clt|, aud |rc|iug uuu|cris o glasscs. iicoll, May )
Atcr t|c rcoru o t|c calcudar, Old lood Day i.c. t|c Old Stylc luvcutiou o t|c
Cross as still cousidcrcd au uuluc|y day iu t|c Scottis| iig|lauds, 1|ouas icuuaut
rcports iu
1|cy pay grcat attcutiou to t|cir luc|y aud uuluc|y days. 1|c .o..s could uot |c uorc attcut-
ivc ou siuilar occasious, aud surcly t|c |ig|laudcr uay |c cxcuscd t|c supcrstitiou, siucc Js~
:s could say, t|at |c ucvcr cut a|road ou t|c day olloiug t|c N...., uor |cgau auy scrious
uudcrta|iug ou t|c N..., aud t|at, ucrcly to avoid t|c .|.|, .o:.. 1|c `..::.s| uouutaiuccrs
cstccu t|c t| o M., uuortuuatc, aud t|c day o t|c cc| t|at it |as |appcucd to all ou.
1|us 1|rs., is a |lac| day or t|c prcscut ycar. icuuaut, `..:|.. , -

z

Is M...: i
z - - - iaraguay ludcpcudcucc Day rou Spaiu, )
z 1|is day as sacrcd to Mcrcury, |ciug t|c ouudatiou-day o |is
tcuplc ou t|c sout|-cstcru slopc o t|c Avcutiuc iu , ucar |is sacrcd spriug at
t|c iorta Capcua. Accordiug to Ovid, ucrc|auts ould spriu|lc t|cir arcs it| its
atcr aud pray to t|is god o pcrsuasivcucss, tradc, aud dcccit t|at t|cir pcrjurics uig|t
|c orgivcu Mcrcury ould suilc dou rou |cavcu, rcucu|criug |is t|ct o t|c
cattlc |clougiug to |is |rot|cr Apollo. 1|c spot is uo uar|cd |y a rcctaugular |uild-
iug railcd o to prcvcut auy uodcru tradcrs rou diggiug or t|c spriug iu casc it s|ould
still provc ccacious.
z - lorucrly St |o|u iaptist dc la Sallc scc Apr.)
L,o|.., lcgcudary daug|tcr o a scvcut|-ccutury Ccltic |iug, |o ncd a|road it| |cr
coucssor, St Gcrc|cruus, to cscapc |cr at|cr's iuccstuous dcsircs. 1|cy crc trac|cd
dou to Gccl, ucar Autcrp, |y |cr at|cr, |o |illcd |cr |ilc |is soldicrs |illcd t|c
pricst. Lpou trauslatiou o t|c |odics iu t|c t|irtccut| ccutury uuucrous uiraclcs crc
attcstcd, cspccially t|c curc o cpilcptics aud t|c iusauc. A |ospital as csta|lis|cd aud
Dyup|ua |ccauc |uou as t|c patrou o t|c iusauc, |o cauc to Gccl or trcatucut.
1|c cutcrprisc as ta|cu ovcr |y t|c statc iu , t|c paticuts arc |oardcd out it| vil-
lagcrs, |o illiugly aud succcssully practisc t|at carc iu t|c couuuuity |ic| clsc-
|crc |as |ccu au cupty p|rasc or rclicviug doctors aud taxpaycrs o a |urdcu. Ou |cr
day a rclic rou |cr tou|, orucrly applicd to t|c paticuts as a curativc, is |oruc iu pro-
ccssiou.
Is..r: :|: :.s..: lsidro cl la|rador), d. . V|cu |is lord, uovcd |y cuvious tittlc-
tattlc rou ot|cr pcasauts, caug|t |iu arriviug latc or or| |ccausc |c |ad |ccu at
c|urc|, au augcl clad iu |itc ploug|cd |is urro or |iu. ic is grcatly |ouourcd iu
Madrid, |crc |c is rcputcd to curc t|c sic| uota|ly iiug i|ilip lll) aud |riug raiu iu
tiuc o droug|t. ic as |iud to auiuals aud t|c poor. lu |o|u XXlll dcclarcd
|iu patrou saiut o aru la|ourcrs.
`.|.., allcgcd Dioclctiauic uartyr, |uou iu sout|cru Gcruauy aud Austria as .: |.|::
`.|.:, 'Cold Sop|ia', or .: L.s;r., 't|c lccouau', |ic| iu Siss Gcruau is s 1s,||..
S|c is t|c cualc couutcrpart o t|c ualc lcc Saiuts scc - May).
H.||.r J:|,.r.ss.. o licr, t|c patrou saiut o Oslo t| c.), droucd it| a uillstouc
rouud |is ucc|, |ic| |ccauc |is cu|lcu.

lrou t|c Vcstcru traditiou or t|c datc o t|c Crucihxiou, Marc|, aud lcsurrcctiou,
Marc|, it ollos t|at t|is as t|c day o t|c hrst V|it Suuday, iu souc calcudars
c hud t|c uotc r.oo :.::..s::, cvidcutly ucauiug t|at aud uot 'hrst possi|lc datc' li|c
r.oo .s.|.. icorc it as a Scottis| tcru day, |uou as V|itsuuday so spclt)
irrcspcctivc o cit|cr t|c day o t|c cc| or t|c datc o V|it Suuday.
z

... XJII I.|:..s I...s C
z -
b|.|s L|aldo ialdassiui, ..-), |is|op o Gu||io. Scvcral couuts o Lr|iuo iu-
corporatcd |is uauc iu t|c uauc 'Guido|aldo'. Lxccptioually, a coutcuporary lic |as
survivcd it| rclia|lc dctails. iaviug |ad souc succcss at au carly agc iu rcoruiug |is
cat|cdral at Gu||io, dcspitc rccalcitraut cauous, L|aldus is|cd to rctirc to solitudc,
|ic| |is adviscr rcgardcd as a daugcrous tcuptatiou. ior did |c carc to |ccouc
|is|op o icrugia, hrst |idiug, t|cu travclliug to louc aud plcadiug it| t|c popc to
|c sparcd t|at cuployucut. iut |c as uot allocd to rcusc t|c |is|opric o Gu||io
to ycars latcr, iu . Lxtraordiuarily uild, |c dccliucd to rc|u|c a la|ourcr |o |ad
augrily pus|cd |iu iuto a pool o uortar |cu |c gcutly poiutcd out t|at |is viucs crc
|ciug distur|cd. Grcatly |clovcd |y |is pcoplc, |c prcvcutcd t|c cupcror lrcdcric| iar-
|arossa rou sac|iug Gu||io as |c |ad Spolcto ucar|y. Oiug to curcs aud uiraclcs at
|is tou|, L|aldus is iuvo|cd |y t|osc sucriug rou dog-|itcs aud ra|ics.
Lvcry ycar iu spriug, ou or a|out t|is day, St L|aldus is |ouourcd iu Gu||io it|
a racc |uou as t|c C.rs. :. C:r., up rou t|c |illsidc tou to t|c Sauctuary o
Saut'L|aldo |crc |is rcuaius lic) ou t|c suuuit. 1|crc arc t|rcc tcaus Saut'L|aldo
iu ycllo), Sau Giorgio iu |luc), aud Saut'Autouio iu |lac|). Lac| tcau carrics au
cuoruous .:r. 'caudlc'), uadc o solid ood aud suruouutcd |y a hgurc o its saiut,
tousol| aud tourists ollo. Saut'L|aldo, |aviug t|c privilcgc o startiug hrst, alays
ius, Sau Giorgio usually coucs sccoud. Support or t|c tcaus is dctcruiucd |y gcog-
rap|y aud procssiou, studcuts usually c|ccr ou Saut'Autouio, t|c traditioual loscr. 1|c
prcvious uig|t is uar|cd |y a cclc|ratiou it| uuc| ood, iuc, aud dauciug.
`.o.. `:..|, Caruclitc riar d. ). As a youug uau ou pilgriuagc to t|c ioly laud,
|c as attractcd |y t|c |cruits o Carucl aud joiucd t|cu. iaviug rcturucd to Luropc,
|c cut to Aylcsord iu icut, aud t|cu to loudou, |crc |c as prior gcucral o t|c
Caruclitcs souc tiuc |ctccu aud , |cu t|c Ordcr as c|augiug iuto ouc o
ucudicaut riars. iy t|c htccut| ccutury a lcgcud |ad dcvclopcd t|at |c as t|c '|oly
Siuou' to |ou t|c \irgiu, iu a visiou, |ad givcu a scapular, prouisiug t|at |ocvcr
orc it ould uot go to |cll. 1|c dcvotiou, prouotcd |y t|c Caruclitcs, |ccauc idc-
sprcad iu Luropc aud coutiuucs to t|is day. Siuou as ucvcr cauoui.cd |ut |is cast

as approvcd or t|c Caruclitc Ordcr iu , |c dicd iu t|c Caruclitc proviucc o Gas-
couy, |cucc |is rclics crc trauslatcd to Aylcsord iu .
j.|. .; N:.o| icpouuccuc), vicar-gcucral o t|c arc|dioccsc o iraguc. Droucd iu
t|c \ltava ou Marc| or rcsistiug t|c io|cuiau |iug \clav l\'s iutcrcrcucc iu
c|urc| aairs, |c is iuvo|cd agaiust noods, |ut also agaiust slaudcr, or a htccut|-
ccutury lcgcud |as t|c |iug, dou|tiug |is ic's c|astity siucc s|c cut so otcu to cou-
cssiou, ordcr |o|u to tcll |iu |at sius s|c |ad couuittcd, |ic| t|c saiut rcuscd to
do. lu act |c as uot |cr coucssor.) iis |ody as rccovcrcd duriug t|c Couutcr-
lcoruatiou aud |uricd iu St \itus' Cat|cdral, |c is patrou o t|c C.cc| lcpu|lic.
3r:..., sixt|-ccutury ouudcr o lris| uouastcrics, uota|ly Cluaiu lcarta Cloucrt),
Co. Galay, rcputcd to |avc put out to sca iu a coraclc aud rcac|cd 't|c uort|cru aud
cstcru islauds', atcr cclc|ratiug uass ou a |alc's |ac|. 1|c story o |is advcuturcs
as coustautly rctold, progrcssiug to a scvcu-ycar voyagc ou t|c |alc, |ut ouc suc|
pocu iu t|c tclt| ccutury provo|cd a protcst prcscrvcd iu a uauuscript |clougiug
to liucolu Collcgc, Oxord) at t|c uotiou t|at a uau it| t|c curc o , souls
s|ould a|audou |is dutics to gallivaut across t|c occau, addiug or good ucasurc t|at
t|c salvatiou o dcvils, |ic| orucd part o t|c talc, as coutrary to t|c Cat|olic ait|.
H...r.:s .; Jo.:.s d. ..), particularly |ouourcd iu lraucc siucc t|c clcvatiou o |is
|ody iu , to |ic| uauy curcs crc attri|utcd, at Auicus |is cast |ad au octavc.
lu a c|urc| as |uilt iu |is |ouour iu iaris, |ic| gavc its uauc to a strcct aud a
su|ur|. ic is uo |cst |uou as t|c cpouyu o t|c gtcau Saiut-iouor, t|oug| |is
couucctiou it| uillcrs, |a|crs, aud coucctioucrs couhrucd or Argcutiua |y |o|u
iaul ll iu ) gocs |ac| to a lcgcud t|at duriug uass |c |ad a visiou o God's |aud
ta|iug t|c |rcad aud giviug |iu couuuuiou.
z

... XJI I.|:..s I...s D
z - - - ioray ludcpcudcucc Day. Su|jcct to t|c Dau-
is| crou siucc t|c latc ourtccut| ccutury, ioray |ad |ccu trauscrrcd to
Scdcu |y trcaty o |auuary , t|c iorcgiaus dcclarcd t|cir iudcpcudcucc,
c|osc a Dauis| priucc as |iug, aud adoptcd t|c coustitutiou o May. 1|c
iocrs rcuscd to acccpt t|cir c|oicc o |iug, |ut agrccd t|at ioray s|ould |c
au iudcpcudcut |iugdou uudcr t|c Scdis| |iug. 1|is uuiou o crous as dis-
solvcd ou Octo|cr .
A lcgcud auoug arucrs iu sout|-cast Dcvous|irc
St. Duustau |oug|t up a quautity o |arlcy, aud t|crcit| uadc |ccr. 1|c Dcvil, |uoiug t|at
t|c saiut ould uaturally dcsirc to gct a good salc or t|c articlc |ic| |c |ad just |rccd, cut

to |iu aud said-1|at i |c t|c saiut) ould scll |iuscl to |iu t|c Dcvil), t|c lattcr ould
go aud |lig|t all t|c applc trccs, so t|at t|crc s|ould |c uo cidcr, aud couscqucutly t|crc ould
|c a grcatcr dcuaud or |ccr. St. Duustau, is|iug to drivc a |ris| tradc iu t|c articlc iu |ic|
|c |ad just |ccouc iutcrcstcd, acccptcd t|c ocr, |ut stipulatcd t|at t|c trccs s|ould |c |lig|tcd
iu t|rcc days, |ic| days cll ou t|c t|, t|, aud t| o May. lu t|c Aluauacs c scc t|at t|c
t| is uar|cd as St. Duustau's Day. N c , ud scr., xii ),
Ou t|is day iu t|rcc riuglcadcrs o t|c lcvcllcr uutiuy crc s|ot |y Croucll's
ucu at iurord c|urc| iu Oxords|irc, t|c cvcut is uo couucuoratcd |y au auuual
gat|criug o radicals.
lu Gcruauy, .o . M.. :|.r:. is a cup|cuisu or '|ouoscxual', |ccausc t|c rclcvaut
provisious o t|c Stragcsct.|uc| or icual Codc crc coutaiucd iu Art. . 1|c story
is told iu ouc o Lptou Siuclair's uovcls) o au art cx|i|itiou duriug t|c ia.i ycars at
|ic| t|c uuu|cr as allocatcd to a paiutiug o youug ucu ou t|c uarc| cutitlcd
'Spirit o iatioual Socialisu', uuortuuatcly, t|c act as poiutcd out at a prcvic |y
au Aucricau jourualist, t|c dircctor s|ot, aud t|c uuu|cr rcallocatcd to a still-lic dc-
pictiug a vasc o nocrs.
z

... XJ I.|:..s I...s L
z - |o|u l lC)
.: j.|. I -). Augcrcd |y t|c cupcror |ustiu's ucasurcs agaiust Ariaus scc
May), t|c grcat Ostrogot|ic |iug o ltaly, 1|codcric, |iuscl au Ariau |ut a uodcl
o tolcratiou, scut iopc |o|u to protcst, it| t|c t|rcat o rcprisals agaiust Cat|olics
iu ltaly i t|c ucasurcs crc uot rcsciudcd, atcr pcrsoually crouiug t|c cupcror, |o|u
o|taiucd cvcryt|iug dcuaudcd cxccpt rcstitutiou o couvcrtcd Ariaus to t|cir ou
couuuuity. Au curagcd 1|codcric dcclarcd t|at |o|u as iu |is displcasurc aud
clappcd |iu iu prisou, t|c popc, alrcady cx|austcd rou t|c jourucy, dicd, aud as
prouptly |ailcd as a uiraclc-or|iug uartyr. lt as iu |is papacy t|at Diouysius
Lxiguus produccd |is Lastcr ta|lcs scc ll L.s::r). lcast-day orucrly May.
Lr.| IX j:.rss.., |iug o Scdcu, callcd t|c 'lagivcr', uurdcrcd ou t|is day iu
|y agcuts o t|c Dauis| |iug's sou Maguus duriug a c|urc| scrvicc at Old Lppsala, iu
|is rclics crc trauslatcd to Lppsala, |crc t|cy arc |cpt iu a goldcu s|riuc |c|iud
t|c |ig| altar. ic as dccrccd patrou saiut o Scdcu iu , togct|cr it| St iirgitta.
M.,
iar|. 1|c sca-ariug ild-ol loud proclaiu
My couiug, aud t|c saruiug o t|c |ccs.
1|csc arc uy |cralds, aud |c|old. uy uauc
ls rittcu iu |lossous ou t|c |at|oru-trccs.

l tcll t|c uariucr |cu to sail t|c scas,
l at o'cr all t|c laud rou ar aay
1|c |rcat| aud |loou o t|c icspcridcs,
My |irt|placc. l au Maia. l au May.
icury Vadsort| lougcllo -), 1|: .::`s C.|:..r
z

... XIJ I.|:..s I...s l
z - Duustau CoL)
L.s:.. ..-), |c |ccauc a||ot o Glastou|ury .., aud iuposcd strict o|scrv-
aucc o t|c icucdictiuc lulc. A uou| o uo|lc |irt|, Duustau dcvotcd |is lic to uoral
rcoru iu c|urc| aud statc, t|crc|y ua|iug uauy cucuics. iaviug |ccu trcasurcr to
iiug Ldrcd -), |c as cxilcd iu |y |is ucp|c Ldy Ladig) aud ncd to
G|cut, |ut ucxt ycar Luglaud uort| o t|c 1|aucs rc|cllcd agaiust Ldy, c|oosiug as
|iug |is |rot|cr Ldgar, |o prouptly rccallcd Duustau rou llaudcrs to |c |is|op o
|ot| Vorccstcr aud loudou. Lpou Ldy's dcat| iu , Ldgar |ccauc |iug o all Lug-
laud, iu Duustau as cousccratcd arc||is|op o Cautcr|ury. Vit| t|c hru support
o t|c |iug, |c carricd t|roug| uota|lc aud otcu uupopular rcorus, iu particular t|c
rcvival o Luglis| uouasticisu, iu uauy cat|cdrals sccular cauous, otcu o uo|lc |irt|,
crc coupcllcd to put aay t|cir ivcs aud |cu t|cy diso|cycd to ua|c ay or
uou|s. lu t|is policy |c as a|ly aud vigorously assistcd |y iis|op Lt|clold o Viu-
c|cstcr scc Aug.). Atcr Ldgar's dcat|, Duustau |clpcd sccurc t|c clcctiou o Ldard
t|c Martyr scc Mar.), |ut could uot prcvcut cit|cr au auti-uouastic rcactiou iu t|c
couutry or Ldard's douall. At a ucctiug o iiug Ldard's couucil, so t|c J.|.~
`.:.. C|r....|: rcports, t|c cutirc noor gavc ay cxccpt or t|c |cau ou |ic| St Duu-
stau's c|air as placcd, latcr ritcrs trauscr t|c iucidcut to iiug Ldgar's tiuc,
rcprcscutiug it as a uiraclc t|at gavc victory to t|c uou|s ovcr t|c sccular clcrgy, aud
prouptiug a sccptical aut|or to o|scrvc t|at '|ct|cr t|c noor |ad |ccu prcviously prc-
parcd or t|c or|iug o t|c oudcr, is ort|y o cousidcratiou' irady, i. ). iiu-
scl s|illcd ali|c iu uusic aud iu uctalor|, Duustau |cld t|at t|c clcrgy s|ould acquirc
au art or crat iu |ic| to iustruct t|c pcoplc, |is cucouragcucut o plaiuc|aut causcd
lcgcud to ascri|c to |iu a visiou o siugiug augcls, aud |is practical s|ills uot ouly uadc
|iu t|c patrou saiut o goldsuit|s |ut causcd |iu to |c dcpictcd |oldiug a uctal-
or|cr's tougs, |ic| latcr ritcrs uadc |iu ta|c to t|c uosc o t|c |cautiul ouau
iu |osc disguisc |c rccogui.cd t|c dcvil. lor auot|cr lcgcud, scc May.) 1|c lC
C|urc| couucuoratcs |iu ou t|is day as cll.
:::r C:|:s:..:, iopc ..-). A orucr a||ot turucd |cruit, iu , atcr a to-ycar
dclay iu c|oosiug a uc popc causcd |y rivalry |ctccu t|c Orsiui aud Colouua

auilics, |c as clcctcd as a siuplc |oly uau, t|c 'augcl popc' prop|csicd |y rcligious
radicals. iaviug protcstcd iu vaiu agaiust |is clcvatiou at suc| au agc, |c too| t|c
uauc Cclcstiuc \, |c provcd a couplctc disastcr, iguoraut o latiu, aduiuistrativcly iu-
coupctcut, aud iu political uattcrs a tool o t|c Augcviu |iug o iaplcs, C|arlcs ll.
Ou Dcccu|cr |c a|dicatcd, |aviug |ccu iucorrcctly adviscd |y t|c cauouist
icucdctto Cactaui t|at t|crc crc prcccdcuts, clcvcu days latcr Cactaui as clcctcd to
succccd |iu, |ccouiug iopc iouiacc \lll. Auoug t|c uauy cucuics t|is lattcr popc
uadc as Dautc, |o iu |is |ittcrucss |laucd |is clcctiou ou Cclcstiuc, i couucuta-
tors siucc t|c ourtccut| ccutury |avc rig|tly sccu iu |iu t|c uau '|o uadc t|roug|
coardicc t|c grcat rcusal' .|: ;:.: :r .|:.: .| r.. r.;:.). icvcrt|clcss, |c as cauou-
i.cd iu , t|c urt|cr to |lac|cu iouiacc. lu Catalouia |c is, iu splcudid dchaucc o
c|rouology, supposcd to |avc iuvcutcd t|c orgau aud t|c |arp. Ouc day, |aviug |ccu
cutrustcd it| a huc lcat|cr-|ouud |oo| o uusic, |c lct it |y au opcu iudo, a
ravcu cauc iu, carricd it o, aud sct a|out catiug t|c covcr. 1|c saiut succccdcd iu
cxtractiug t|c |oo|, |ut t|c covcr as all gouc, uua|lc to pay or rc|iudiug, |c pcr-
orucd t|c tas| |iuscl, it| a rcsult o rarc |cauty. ic t|us |ccauc t|c patrou saiut
o |oo||iudcrs as cll as o orgauists aud |arpists.
1:s, patrou saiut o laycrs aud o irittauy. Yvcs ilory -, cauoui.cd ), a
irctou laycr rou icruartiu |o, |aviug distiuguis|cd |iuscl as a air-uiudcd aud
iucorrupti|lc judgc alays |ccpiug iu vic t|c iutcrcsts o t|c poor, as ordaiucd pricst
iu , aud put |is lcgal |uolcdgc as cll as |is tiuc aud |is goods at |is paris|ioucrs'
disposal. ic is cspccially lovcd iu irittauy. iuou as t|c Advocatc o t|c ioor, |c is
also t|c patrou saiut o laycrs, a procssiou said to |c vcry t|iuly rcprcscutcd iu
|cavcu. 1|c paradox gavc risc to popular talcs. lu ouc, Our lord, |aviug givcu strict
ordcrs t|at uo laycrs s|ould |c aduittcd to |cavcu, rclcutcd ouly to t|c cxtcut o
alloiug |iu to scrvc outsidc t|c gatcs as assistaut to St ictcr, |ocvcr, Yvcs pcrsuadcd
t|c cclcstial door|ccpcr t|at |c as a gricvously cxploitcd prolctariau it| uo sccurity
o cuployucut. |csus t|crcupou ordcrcd Yvcs to couc iu aud stay at iis sidc |crc ic
could |ccp au cyc ou |iu. Auot|cr is rclatcd |y Villiau Carr iu
Aud uo |ccausc l au Spca|ciug o :::,;.:rs, givc uc lcavc to tcll you a story l uctt it| |cu
l livcd iu .o:, gociug it| a louauc to scc souc J.:.,.:,:s, |c s|ccd uc a C|apcll dcdicatcd
to ouc St L... a laycr o 3r.::...: |o |c said cauc to .o: to Lutrcat t|c .: to givc t|c
L.,:rs o 3r.::...: a .:r.., to |ic| t|c iopc rcplycd t|at |c |uc o uo `...: |ut |at as dis-
poscd o to ot|cr irocssious, at |ic| L... as vcry sad aud carucstly |cgd o t|c .: to t|iu|
o ouc or t|cu At t|c last t|c .: proposcd to St L... t|at |c s|ould goc rouud t|c C|urc|
o St. j.|. dc L.::r. |liud ould, aud atcr |c |ad said so uauy Avc M.r..s, t|at t|c hrst `...: |c
layd |old o, s|ould |c |is .:r.., |ic| t|c good old L.,:r illiugly uudcrtoo|, aud at t|c cud
o |is Avc Marycs, |c stopt at St. M..|:|s J|:.r, |crc |c layd |old o t|c L.:||, uudcr St. Mic|cls
cct, aud cryd out, t|is is our Saiut, lct |iu |c our .:r.., so |cciug uu|liudoldcd aud scciug
|at a .:r.. |c |ad c|oscu, |c cut to |is lodgiugs so dcjcctcd, t|at iu a c uouct|s atcr |c
dic'd aud couiug to |:.:.s C.::s |uoc|t |ard, |crcupou St :.::r s.. as|cd |o it as t|at
|uoc|t so |ouldly, |c rcplycd, t|at |c as St. L... t|c J...::, Aay, aay said St. :::r |crc is
|ut ouc J...:: iu |:.:., |crc is uo roouc or you L.,:rs, O |ut said St. L..., l au t|at |ou-
cst laycr |o ucvcr too|c ccs ou |ot| sidcs, or cvcr plcadcd iu a |ad Causc, uor did l cvcr sct
uy iai|ours togct|cr |y t|c Larcs, or livcd |y t|c sius o t|c pcoplc, cll t|cu said St. :::r,

couc iu, 1|is uccs couiug douc to .o: a itty ioct rit upou St. L...s 1ou| t|csc ords
St. L... uu 3r.:.., J...: ... L.rr.., H.|:|..|. Carr, -
1|c irctou advocatc |o as uo t|ic is |uricd at 1rguicr, uot at louc, |ut |c is |ou-
ourcd t|crc |y to c|urc|cs Saut'lvo dci irctoui |y t|c Caupaua rcstauraut aud
Saut'lvo alla Sapicu.a, |uilt |y iorrouiui |c|iud au cxcdra |y Giacouo dclla iorta or
t|c papal uuivcrsity, |is dcsigu is at oucc a spiritcd rcvival o aucicut ::o.:::. aud au
iupassioucd dccucc o t|c largcly lcgal) lcaruiug ocrcd |y t|c Sapicu.a. 1|crc is
uo uo altar o St Mic|acl iu St |o|u latcrau.
V|cu St Gcorgc gocs ou |orsc|ac|, St Yvcs gocs ou oot i.c. iu artiuc t|c laycrs |avc uo
|usiucss.
z

... XIII I.|:..s I...s G
z - - - Caucroou iatioual ioliday dcclaratiou o rc-
pu|lic, )
ludoucsia iatioual Day o Aa|cuiug |cgiuuiug o auti-colouial uovcucut, )
LSA, Massac|usctts laaycttc Day
LSA, iort| Caroliua Auuivcrsary o Mcc|lcu|urg Dcclaratiou o ludcpcudcucc,

z - Alcuiu o Yor| CY), icruardiuo o Sicua lC)

J|... ..-), t|c grcat sc|olar aud tcac|cr, |o |aviug |clpcd crcatc t|c cat|-
cdral li|rary at Yor| as iuvitcd |y C|arlcuaguc, |ou |c uct iu at iarua, to joiu
|is court, t|crcatcr |c spcut uost o |is lic iu lraucc, |ccouiug a||ot o Saiut-
Martiu at 1ours iu . Vit| C|arlcuaguc's support, |c iuposcd rcorus o latiu
ort|ograp|y aud pcr|aps prouuuciatiou t|at appcar t|oug| t|c topic is a su|jcct o
livcly disputc) to |avc ccctcd t|c hual scparatiou iu lraucc, cvcu at t|c couccptual
lcvcl, |ctccu t|c lcarucd lauguagc aud t|c vcruacular.
3:r..r... .; `.:.. -), lrauciscau riar o t|c O|scrvaut |rauc|. ic as aucd
t|roug|out ltaly as a prcac|cr, attractiug suc| |ugc crods t|at |c rcqucutly dclivcrcd
|is scruous iu t|c opcu air, |is t|cuc as pcuitcucc aud uoral rcoru, aud |c railcd
agaiust supcrstitiou aud gau|liug. ic is particularly rcucu|crcd or |is dcvotiou to
t|c ioly iauc, iu paiutiugs |c is portraycd |oldiug a plaquc it| t|c iuitials liS dis-
playcd iu goldcu rays. iuucrous uiraclcs crc attri|utcd to |iu, aud |c as cauoui.cd
ouly six ycars atcr |is dcat|. lu iius Xll uaucd |iu patrou saiut o advcrtiscrs
aud advcrtisiug attcstiug to t|c pocr o pcrsuasiou o |is scruous, |ic| |c cu-
livcucd it| auccdotcs aud uiuicry). ic is also iuvo|cd |y t|osc sucriug |oarscucss,

siucc |c |ad a ca| voicc aud casily |ccauc |oarsc |cu |c startcd prcac|iug, |c
attri|utcd |is curc to t|c \irgiu.
L:|:||:r:, |iug o t|c Last Auglcs, |c|cadcd |y ordcr o Oa, |iug o Mcrcia, iu .
1|c rcasous aud circuustauccs arc uu|uou, t|oug| a latcr rcport o a trcac|crous
uurdcr ou t|c couclusiou o a pcacc trcaty sccus uorc crcdi|lc t|au rouautic talcs t|at
|lauc Oa's cousort, or uo su|scqucut |iug o t|c Last Auglcs is |uou |corc
St Lduuud scc iov.), |cu Mcrcia's grcatucss as ovcr, Lt|cl|crt's rclics crc
trauslatcd to icrcord.
z

... XII I.|:..s I...s A
z - - - C|ilc lquiquc's iaval Cou|at Day )
z Agouia scc |au.), pro|a|ly iu |ouour o t|c aucicut god
\cdiovis, |o as iu auy casc ors|ippcd ou t|is day, aud also ou |auuary aud
Marc|, |c |ad a tcuplc ou t|c lusula 1i|criua aud auot|cr ou t|c Capitol, |ut t|c
louaus did uot |uo |o |c as, aud uodcru sc|olars cau |ut gucss. Vc arc told t|at
|is sacrihcial auiual as a uauuy-goat sacrihccd |o... r.:, |y |uuau ritual, |at t|at
ucaus is cqually o|scurc.
z - Lupcror Coustautiuc aud |is uot|cr iclcua Ort|.), iclcua CY
couucu., scc Aug.)
C..s:..:..: as |oru at iaissus uo iis iu Scr|ia) .. to t|c louau gcucral llavius
\alcrius Coustautius, iu latcr ritcrs callcd C|lorus, |o rosc to |ccouc cupcror |iu-
scl iu it| to collcagucs, |ot| |ostilc to |iu. V|cu iu t|c olloiug ycar |c dicd
at L|oracuu uo Yor|), |is aruy iuucdiatcly proclaiucd Coustautiuc cupcror, t|c
ot|cr cupcrors did uot allo |is claiu, |ut iu a couplcx pocr strugglc |c csta|lis|cd
|is positiou hrst as joiut, aud rou as solc cupcror. ic |ad succcssivcly attri|utcd
|is victorics to Apollo, to t|c Lucouqucra|lc Suu, aud to t|c God o t|c C|ristiaus,
claiuiug to |avc |ad a visiou o t|c Cross it| a Grcc| iuscriptiou statiug 'Couqucr |y
t|is', sc|olars disputc |cu, aud cvcu |ct|cr, |c |ccauc aarc o t|c dicrcucc |c-
tccu C|ristiauity aud suu-ors|ip, |ut uudcr |iu C|ristiauity progrcsscd rou a tol-
cratcd cult to t|c ocial, t|oug| uot yct cxclusivc, rcligiou o t|c Lupirc. lu |c
prcsidcd ovcr a couucil at iicaca iutcudcd, |y scttliug all disputcs o doctriuc aud dis-
cipliuc, to uuiy t|c Lupirc, alt|oug| it ailcd iu t|is purposc, it is rccogui.cd as ouc
o t|c c|ic cvcuts iu c|urc| |istory. iaviug o|scrvcd at hrst |aud t|c advautagcs o
t|c sitc |crc t|c old Mcgariau colouy o iy.autiou |ad stood, |c |uilt a uc capital
t|crc, callcd Coustautiuoplc.

iis pcrsoual couduct |as cu|arrasscd |is C|ristiau aduircrs aud griuly auuscd |is
pagau ocs |o ouud |is god ovcr-rcady to orgivc siu) auoug t|c uauy pcrsous
|ou |c put to dcat| crc, iu |ric succcssiou, |is cldcst sou, Crispus, or au uu-
spccihcd criuc, aud |is sccoud ic, lausta, pcr|aps or dcuouuciug Crispus. ic dicd
ou V|it Suuday, May , atcr |aptisu |y Lusc|ius, |is|op o iicoucdia, siucc
t|c sius o |apti.cd pcrsous crc t|cu cousidcrcd uuorgiva|lc, pcrsous |osc orldly
dutics iucludcd suc| uu-C|ristiau couduct as |loods|cd couuouly dccrrcd |aptisu
till t|cir dcat||cds. latcr, |cu Lusc|ius' t|cology |ad |ccu coudcuucd as |crctical,
Coustautiuc as said to |avc |ccu |apti.cd |y iopc Silvcstcr, dcad to ycars carlicr, a
alsc|ood still proclaiucd ou t|c o|clis| outsidc St |o|u latcrau iu louc, or a uorc
audacious hctiou couccruiug popc aud cupcror, scc Dcccu|cr. lor t|c Lastcru
C|urc| Coustautiuc is a saiut, Vcstcrucrs arc lcss illiug to lct t|c good o|litcratc t|c
|ad.
Coustautiuc's uot|cr as Coustautius' coucu|iuc iclcua, daug|tcr o au
iuu|ccpcr-a procssiou rcgardcd iu louau la aud socicty as littlc dicrcut rou
|rot|cl-|ccpiug. Coustautius disuisscd |cr iu ordcr to uarry t|c daug|tcr o t|c co-
cupcror Maxiuiau, |ut iu |cr sou's rcigu, cspccially duriug |is solc rulc, s|c as a
pocrul hgurc at Court, couuouly said to |avc pcrsuadcd |iu t|at |c oug|t uot to
|avc |clicvcd lausta's c|argcs agaiust Crispus. lu or s|c uudcrtoo| a jourucy to
t|c Last, apparcutly iu urt|craucc o Coustautiuc's rcligious policy aud also iu ordcr
to rccoucilc t|c orucr ad|crcuts o t|c dccatcd co-cupcror liciuius, it as latcr rcp-
rcscutcd as a uodcl pilgriuagc aud as t|c occasiou or t|c discovcry o t|c 1ruc Cross.
lu CY s|c is couucuoratcd ou t|is day as 'irotcctor o t|c ioly ilaccs, ', |cr or-
ucr Vcstcru day as August.
lu uort|cru aud cstcru 1|racc t|is day is cclc|ratcd it| hrcal|iug aud ot|cr
rituals dcsigucd to ard o cvil, t|cy arc opposcd |y t|c C|urc| as survivals rou t|c
aucicut ors|ip o Diouysos, t|c god o ild uaturc iu suc| uauicstatious as plaut
grot|, iuc, aud ccstasy, |ut arc stoutly dccudcd |y t|cir practitioucrs as C|ristiau
dccuccs agaiust t|c dcvil.
C.r.., pilgriu aud |cruit ), |oru at Valpolc iu iorol| o a poor auily, a pcdlar
aud pilgriu souc also say piratc) |o visitcd |crusalcu, Coupostcla, louc, aud
Saiut-Gillcs |corc |ccouiug a |cruit it| St |crouc's psaltcr or coupauy. Atcr souc
urt|cr travcls it|iu aud it|out t|c |iugdou |c scttlcd dou at liuc|alc, ou laud
|clougiug to t|c |is|op o Dur|au, to livc a lic o grcat austcrity aud grcat scrcuity.
ic rcccivcd visitors it| syupat|y, aud iu cold cat|cr |roug|t ra||its aud hclduicc
to |c arucd |y |is hrc aud rclcascd, oucc, |cu a stag too| rcugc iu |is |cruitagc,
|c told t|c |is|op's |uutsucu, 'God |uos |crc it is', at |ic| t|cy apologi.cd or
distur|iug |iu aud rodc o. Souc o |is |yuus survivc togct|cr it| t|c uusic to
|ic| |c sct t|cu, ouc, iu |ouour o t|c \irgiu, as rcportcdly dictatcd |y |cr iu a
drcau.

z

... XI I.|:..s I...s i
z - - - lcpu|lic o Ycucu iatioual Day uuihcatiou
o iort| aud Sout| Ycucu, )
z -
.:. .; C.s... ..-..), Augustiuiau uuu, patrou o dcspcratc cascs. iaticutly cu-
duriug a vicious |us|aud uutil |c as |illcd iu a vcudctta, s|c t|cu |ad to copc it|
|cr to sous, |o |ad iu|critcd t|cir at|cr's propcusitics, to |cr rclic, t|cy dicd |c-
orc t|cy could avcugc |is uurdcr. S|c t|cu |ccauc a uuu, uiuistcriug to t|c sic|, aud
sucriug rou a c|rouic ouud ou |cr orc|cad, couucctcd it| |cr visious o t|c ias-
siou. Au carly lic aud rccord o uiraclcs survivcs, aud |cr cult |as |ccouc cuoruously
popular, cspccially it| t|c uu|appily uarricd.
lu ioray |,.r.:|, '|car-a|iug', t|c day |cu t|c |car aa|cs rou |i|cruatiou aud
lcavcs |is dcu.
iatioual Maritiuc Day as proclaiucd |y ircsidcut lrau|liu Dclauo looscvclt iu
to couucuoratc t|c dcparturc o t|c `.....| iu ou t|c hrst trausoccauic voyagc
|y a stcaucr. O t|c coast o Cor| s|c as pursucd |y t|c iritis| rcvcuuc cruiscr I.::,
|ic| uistoo| |cr or a vcsscl ou hrc.
z

... X I.|:..s I...s C
1|: s. s|..:s .. |.:| s.:s .; :|: |::.
z 1|is day, li|c Marc|, as uar|cd |y a 1u|ilustriuu, or clcaus-
iug o t|c ccrcuouial straig|t truupcts, it as sacrcd to t|c cratsuau-god \ulcau.
z -
I. ..-), a orucr studcut o laurauc, |is|op o C|artrcs rou , a grcat
cauou laycr, |is scparatiou |ctccu spiritualitics aud tcuporalitics lcd to t|c solutiou
o t|c iuvcstiturc pro|lcu. iis ritiugs ou cauou la crc coupilcd duriug |is counict
it| i|ilip l o lraucc, |ou |c |ad dcuouuccd as au adultcrcr or rcpudiatiug |is
ou ic icrt|a o iollaud) iu ordcr to uarry soucouc clsc's icrtradc dc Moutort,

uarricd to Couut lul| l\ o Aujou), i|ilip iuprisoucd |iu iu aud put |iu ou
trial or |ig| trcasou iu , |ut cvcutually rclcascd |iu.
Ou t|is day, as a plaquc iu t|c iia..a dclla Siguoria at llorcucc still rccords, Girolauo
Savouarola as .o....:. : .. .rs., '|augcd aud t|cu |urut', atcr t|c ailurc o |is attcupt
to iustitutc t|c rcigu o iiug |csus. iotorious or t|c |ouhrc o vauitics iu |ic| t|c
citi.cus crc pcrsuadcd to dcstroy or|s o art aud uusical iustruucuts, |c as yct
idcly rcvcrcd, attcupts crc uadc to |avc |iu cauoui.cd. iius l\, |ocvcr, callcd |iu
au ltaliau lut|cr, |ic| as uot ucaut as a coupliucut. lu Mac|iavclli's carcully cx-
prcsscd judgcucut, Savouarola, iuspircd |y God's virtuc, |cld t|c llorcutiucs iu t|rall,
|ut siucc uauy carcd t|cy crc itucssiug t|c gradual ruiu o t|cir couutry uudcr |is
prop|ctic tcac|iugs, uuity could uot |c rcstorcd uulcss |is diviuc lig|t cit|cr grc or
as qucuc|cd |y grcatcr hrc
uou si trovava a riuuirvi loco,
sc uou crcsccva o sc uou cra spcuto
cl suo luuc diviu cou uaggior oco.
L:.:...|: r.o., ll. -
Alt|oug| t|c Dcr|y is uo ruu iu |uuc, t|is as uot alays so, t|c racc still rcgardcd as
t|c hucst Dcr|y o all tiucs as ruu ou t|is day iu
1|c Dcr|y day iu ill loug |c rcucu|crcd |y all turucu, uot ouly |y rcasou o t|c
astouudiug vicissitudcs iu t|c |cttiug, |ut or t|c triuup| o 'poor icruit', as |c as dcrisivcly
callcd ouly a c days siucc, |cu |is c|aucc sccucd orloru iudccd. 1|c air ou t|c Dous rou
uoou as at tiucs picrciugly ra aud cold, aud t|c |olyday ua|crs crc suggcstivcly silcut |y
t|c tiuc t|cy rcac|cd Lpsou. . . . V|cu t|c lot got to t|c post t|rcc-quartcrs o au |our clapscd
|corc t|cy crc dcspatc|cd ou t|cir cvcutul jourucy, |ut t|c iutcrcst attac|iug to t|c actual
start as cousidcra|ly uarrcd |y t|c dclay aud t|c |itiug iud, slcct, aud suo |ic| scpt ovcr
t|c dous. 1|crc crc at lcast |al a scorc o alsc starts, aud t|csc crc iu souc dcgrcc causcd
|y t|c ractiousucss o D'Lstourucl, |o cx|i|itcd souc o t|c ild rca|s o 1au|our Major
a c ycars ago, dcspitc t|c rcports o |is iuprovcd tcupcr. lu t|c ucau tiuc, t|c spcctators crc
|ccouiug so accustoucd to t|c alsc starts t|at t|cy crc scarccly prcparcd or t|c trcucudous
s|out o '1|cy'rc o', aud t|c auiliar clau|iug o t|c startiug |cll. lrou t|c sccoud trcucud-
ous s|out |ic| ollocd it as cvidcut t|at souc avouritc |ad |ccu lct at t|c post, aud iu au
iustaut t|c auiual as rccogui.cd iu t|c uo uotorious D'Lstourucl, |o rcarcd up ou |is |iud
lcgs, aud t|c uoucut t|c nag as locrcd dartcd o iu au cutircly oppositc dircctiou, aud
actually attac|cd t|c pcoplc |o crc ou t|c rails ucxt t|c post. . . . lrou t|c distaucc ouly
\au|au, Mar|suau, icruit, aud \au Au|urg| appcarcd iu t|c strugglc, aud loud c|ccrs crc
raiscd |cu Mar|suau as sccu ou t|c '1|oruau|y sidc' o t|c coursc. Ou |rcastiug t|c |ill
\au|au as |catcu, aud icruit ou atcr a gauc aud dctcruiucd racc. . . . 1|us cudcd ouc o
t|c uost scusatioual Dcr|ys ou rccord. 1|: 1.o:s, May, p.

z

... IX I.|:..s I...s D
z - - - Lritrca ludcpcudcucc Day rou Lt|iopia, )
z Scc Marc|.
z - |o|u aud C|arlcs Vcslcy CY)
j.|. -) .. C|.r|:s -) h:s|:,. 1|is as t|c day iu t|at |o|u Vcslcy
as couvcrtcd, |ilc rcadiug Martiu lut|cr's prcacc to St iaul's Lpistlc to t|c louaus.
lt is callcd t|c Aldcrsgatc Lxpcricucc, atcr t|c strcct iu loudou |crc it |appcucd.
Mct|odists couucuoratc t|is cvcut ou t|c Suuday ucarcst May.
J...:.: .; Lr..s hrst |al o t| c.), |o dcclarcd t|at t|c cauou or dctcruiuiug
Cat|olic doctriuc is ,. |.,:, ,. s:o:r, ,. .| .o..|s .r:.:o :s:, 't|at |ic| |as |ccu
|clicvcd cvcry|crc, alays, |y all', it appcars t|at iu \iuccut's cycs t|is tcst disqualihcd
auougst ot|cr t|iugs) Augustiuc's ucauglcd tcac|iug ou prcdcstiuatiou. lt is otcu
uisquotcd it| ,. s:o:r hrst.
Quccu \ictoria |oru, , a Mouday \ictoria Day is cclc|ratcd iu Cauada ou t|c
Mouday |corc t|c t|, Lupirc, latcr Couuoucalt| Day iu iritaiu till .
Ou t|is day iu ltaly dcclarcd ar ou Austria, |ic| still iucorporatcd t|c 'uu-
rcdccucd' tcrritorics claiucd |y patriots I:.|.. .rr::.:.) uauy strccts iu ltaly arc uaucd
\ia Maggio.
M.,
S|yly t|c silvcr-|attcd uus|roous ua|c
Sot cutraucc t|roug|,
Aud uudclivcrcd lovcrs, |al aa|c,
icar uoiscs iu t|c dc.
Ycllo iu all t|c cart| aud iu t|c s|ics,
1|c orld ould sccu
laiut as a ido uouruiug it| sot cycs
Aud alliug iuto drcau.
Lp t|c loug |ill l scc t|c slo ploug| lcavc
lurros o |rou,
Diu is t|c day aud |cautiul, l gricvc
1o scc t|c suu go dou.
iut t|crc arc suus a uauy or uiuc cycs
Day atcr day
Dclig|tsouc iu gravc grccucry t|cy risc,
lcd oraugcs iu May.
|o|u S|a icilsou -)

z

... JIII I.|:..s I...s L
I; .: r... .. :|: :|, .. s|.|| . o.| |r: :|.: ,:.r,
.; :|: s. s|..:, :|: ...:r.r,.
z - - - Aricau lrccdou Day C|ad, Zau|ia), Arica
Day Ziu|a|c), Orgaui.atiou o Aricau Luity orucd
Argcutiua \ciutcciuco dc Mayo, ludcpcudcucc Day rou Spaiu, ) uatioual
day)
|ordau ludcpcudcucc Day proclauatiou o autououy, ull iudcpcudcucc,
)
LSA, ic Mcxico Mcuorial Day
z Ou t|is day iu a tcuplc as dcdicatcd ou t|c Collis
Quiriualis to lortuua iopuli louaui Quiritiuu iriuigcuia, tcu ycars atcr it |ad |ccu
vocd |y lucius Scuprouius 1uditauus i |c s|ould dccat iauui|al iu a |attlc ucar
Crotouc.
z - \cucra|lc icdc CY, lC, lC orucrly aud iCi ou May), Grcgory
\ll lC), Mary Magdalcuc dc' ia..i lC)
Cr:.r, JII -), t|c rcoruiug popc otcu |uou |y |is prcvious uauc o iildc-
|raud, a uou| o Cluuy |o |ad playcd a cousidcra|lc part iu louau aairs cvcu |c-
orc |is clcctiou as popc, iu particular, |c |ad |clpcd drat iic|olas ll's dccrcc o
rcstrictiug to t|c cardiuals t|c rig|t o clcctiug t|c popc. As popc, |c issucd dccrccs
agaiust siuouy t|c salc o c|urc| occs) aud clcrical uuc|astity, |ut cauc iuto counict
it| sccular rulcrs, a|ovc all t|c Gcruau |iug icury l\, |o iu callcd syuods to
dcposc |iu, t|c iopc rcplicd iu |iud. lor t|c uoucut t|c political advautagc lay it|
t|c iopc, iu |auuary icury spcut t|rcc days iu t|c suo outsidc t|c 1uscau castlc
o Cauossa, |crc Grcgory as a gucst, |corc |ciug aduittcd or pcuaucc aud a|solu-
tiou ou t|c t|, t|is |uuiliatiou |as passcd iuto Gcruau ol|lorc, |ciug rccallcd |y
iisuarc| iu |is auti-Cat|olic I|:r|.o; it| t|c ords 'iac| Cauossa gc|cu ir
uic|t' 'Vc arc uot goiug to Cauossa'). iocvcr, as t|c I|:r|.o; as ar rou a tri-
uup| or iisuarc|, so as Cauossa or t|c iopc icury |ro|c |is prouiscs, sa o au
auti|iug put up |y |is oppoucuts, aud iu uarc|cd ou louc to sct up au autipopc.
Grcgory as o|ligcd to call iu lo|crt Guiscard's ioruaus, |o li|cratcd t|c city aud
pillagcd it. 1|c cxaspcratcd pcoplc turucd agaiust t|c iopc aud drovc |iu iuto cxilc, |c
dicd at Salcruo, allcgcdly dcclariug t|at t|is as t|c rcsult o |is loviug rig|tcousucss
aud |atiug iuiquity. iis rclatious it| ot|cr Vcstcru rulcrs crc lcss straiucd, t|oug|
|c did uot alays succccd iu |iudiug t|cu cudally to t|c ioly Scc, iu particular
Villiau l cujoycd good rclatious it| |iu, yct rcsistcd uorc cxtrcuc dcuauds.

M.r, M..|:.: :` .... -), Caruclitc uystic. C|oosiug a rcligious vocatiou
agaiust t|c is|cs o |cr calt|y auily, s|c |ccauc a Caruclitc uuu aud dcvotcd |cr-
scl to uystical praycr aud uudcrcut grcat sucriug, |cr visious aud spiritual couuscls
crc rccordcd |y t|c uuus aud latcr pu|lis|cd. lcast-day orucrly May.
J||:|o d. ), a |iusuau to luc, |iug o Vcsscx, a||ot o Malucs|ury .., hrst
|is|op o S|cr|oruc . ic as t|c hrst |uou latiu ritcr auoug t|c Luglis| or
auy ot|cr Gcruauic pcoplc, |is stylc displays t|c nau|oyaut iugcuuity o t|c lris|
latiu iu |ic| |c as traiucd uudcr Macldu||, t|c ouudcr o Malucs|ury, |ut |av-
iug latcr studicd at Cautcr|ury uudcr Arc||is|op 1|codorc Scpt.) aud A||ot
iadriau |au.), |osc sylla|us iucludcd classical uctrc, |c c|aupioucd t|c supcr-
iority o t|at sc|ool to auyt|iug availa|lc iu lrclaud.
.: br|.. I d. ), allcgcdly uartyrcd it| a uail t|roug| |is |cad, t|crcorc iuvo|cd
agaiust uigraiuc. lu Gcruauy |c is t|c patrou saiut o iuc-grocrs, i |is day is huc,
plcutiul good iuc is cxpcctcd H.: br|..s:. s.|. `.oo:rs.|:.., :rsr..|: :s .:| . ::.
h:..), iu orucr tiucs |is statuc as spriu|lcd it| iuc, |ut ou a raiuy day atcr or
orsc
iut i t|c day |c clodic uoc, or givcu uuto raiuc,
Ou |iu t|cy list uot to |csto suc| |ouour, uor suc| paiuc,
ioorc |uavc iuto souc ryvcr t|au, t|cy cast |iu crucllic,
Aud all to sousc |iu iu t|c strcauc, or durtic lct |iu lic.
iaogcorgus, o.
v
icucc a irotcstaut aluauac rcprcscuts t|c pcasauts as couplaiuiug agaiust t|c Grcgor-
iau rcoru, or uoviug St Lr|au tcu days carlicr
icttcst doc| uur iu sciucr uasscu,
S. Lr|aus tag vus |lci|cu lasscu,
Da ir iarcu vus trauc|cu voll,
So gchcl vus dciu iolcudcr ol.
A|cr du |ast dcu auc| cut.ogcu,
Lud uit dcu Vciuac|n vus |ctrogcu.
'iarcu|lag \|cr dcs lu. iapsts Grcgorii Xlll uccu Calcudcr', citcd iu L|l,
1|at is to say, i t|c iopc |ad ouly lct t|c pcasauts St Lr|au's day iu its propcr placc,
|cu t|cy crc uscd to driu|iug t|cir hll, t|cy ould |c cll coutcut it| |is calcu-
dar, |ut |c |as ta|cu t|at aay too, aud c|catcd t|cu o t|cir prcdictor or t|c iuc-
|arvcst.
llittiug i.c. |ousc-uoviug Day iu Scotlaud iu t|c uiuctccut| ccutury, |ciug t|c Old
Stylc cquivalcut o May aud scc L.,s. .r::r L.,s, 1:ro L.,s, :o..| L.,s).

z

... JII I.|:..s I...s l
z - - - Gcorgia ludcpcudcucc Day rou t|c
LSSl, )
Guyaua ludcpcudcucc Day
z - Augustiuc o Cautcr|ury CoL, lC t|), i|ilip icri lC, CY
couucu.)
Js:..: .; C..::r|r,. 1|c prior o Grcgory t|c Grcat's a||cy o St Audrc ou t|c
Clivus Scauri uo t|c c|urc| o Sau Grcgorio Maguo, scc Mar.), |c as dispatc|cd
to couvcrt t|c Luglis| iu , |ut oiug to various dicultics iucludiug |is ou rc-
luctaucc) |c did uot rcac| |is dcstiuatiou till . Vit|iu a c uout|s |c |ad cou-
vcrtcd iiug Lt|cl|crt o icut scc lc|.), urt|cr progrcss as slocr, aud t|c
attcupt to associatc t|c iritis| c|urc|cs it| |is uissiou |ro|c dou scc Scpt.),
oiug, as cvcu t|c auti-iritis| icdc cauuot couccal, to |is iuncxi|lc louau |aug|ti-
ucss. iaviug rcccivcd rciuorccucuts rou louc aud sct t|cu to or| iu ucig||our-
iug parts o sout|-castcru Luglaud, |c dicd iu t|c hrst dccadc o t|c scvcut| ccutury,
iu t|c a||cy o SS ictcr aud iaul at Cautcr|ury as orually dcdicatcd to |iu.
|.|. N:r. -), ouudcr o t|c Cougrcgatiou o t|c Oratory. Alt|oug| cducatcd
iu t|c Douiuicau couvcut o Sau Marco iu llorcucc, it too| uauy ycars till |c dis-
covcrcd |is vocatiou. lu louc iu |c |ad a visiou o a glo|c o hrc cutcriug |is
|cart, aud our ycars latcr |c ouudcd a couratcruity to carc or pilgrius, ouly iu
did |c |ccouc a pricst. 1|c Cougrcgatiou o t|c Oratory as approvcd iu aud t|c
C|icsa iuova as |uilt to rcplacc S. Maria iu \allicclla. 1|c Oratorio dci lilippiui, rc-
|uilt |y iorrouiui iu t|c scvcutccut| ccutury, still rcuaius. lcgardcd as a saiut iu |is
ou lictiuc, aud cousultcd |y popcs aud |iugs, |c as auyt|iug |ut a rcclusc aud lovcd
practical jo|cs. 1|c scrviccs iu |is Oratory crc cu|auccd |y t|c usc o |.. aud spirit-
ual uadrigals, out o t|csc grc t|c oratorio.
Atcr cig|t uout|s iu ltaly, Goct|c dccidcs it is tiuc to c|oosc |is ou saiut
iaplcs, Saturday, May , .
loo|iug at t|c uattcr closcly, ouc uig|t approvc o t|c act t|at t|crc arc so uauy saiuts, or
cvcry |clicvcr cau sclcct |is ou aud it| couplctc trust turu straig|t to t|c ouc t|at rcally ap-
pcals to |iu. 1oday as uy saiut's day, aud l cclc|ratcd it iu |is |ouor it| c|ccrul picty, atcr
|is ou uauucr aud tcac|iugs.
lilippo icri is |ig|ly cstccucd aud at t|c sauc tiuc rcucu|crcd |appily, it is cdiyiug aud
plcasiug to lcaru a|out |iu aud |is grcat picty, aud at t|c sauc tiuc to |car uauy storics a|out
|is good |uuor. lrou |is c|ild|ood ycars ouard |c clt t|c uost crvcut rcligious iupulscs,
aud iu t|c coursc o |is lic |c dcvclopcd t|c grcatcst talcuts or rcligious cut|usiasu t|c git
o iuvoluutary praycr, o proouud uuspo|cu ors|ip, t|c git o tcars, o ccstasy, aud at last

cvcu o risiug rou t|c grouud aud |ovcriug ovcr it, |ic| is cousidcrcd grcatcst o all. . . . Lvcu
i c arc justly dou|tul a|out |is uiraculous lcvitatiou, iu spirit |c as ccrtaiuly raiscd |ig|
a|ovc t|is orld, aud t|crcorc uot|iug rcpcllcd |iu as uuc| as vauity, prctcucc, aud arrogaucc,
|ic| |c alays vigorously cou|atcd as t|c grcatcst |iudrauccs to a truly God-plcasiug lic. iut
|c alays did t|is iu a good-|uuorcd as|iou, as uauy a story tclls us. . . .
V|cu |c |ad ouudcd t|c Cougrcgatiou o iadri dcll'Oratorio, |ic| quic|ly acquircd grcat
prcstigc aud a good uauy pcoplc autcd to |ccouc ucu|crs o it, a youug louau priucc cauc
as|iug aduissiou aud as grautcd t|c uovitiatc, aloug it| t|c rcquisitc clot|iug. iocvcr, |cu
atcr souc tiuc |c applicd or actual cutraucc, |c as told t|at hrst t|crc crc a c tcsts to |c
passcd, aud |c dcclarcd |iuscl rcady or t|cu. 1|cu icri produccd a loug oxtail aud dc-
uaudcd t|at t|c priucc |avc t|is attac|cd to t|c |ac| o |is loug roc| aud t|cu al| quitc
gravcly t|roug| all t|c strccts o louc. 1|c youug uau . . . as |orrihcd, aud said t|at |c |ad
couc orard to rcap |ouor, uot s|auc. 1|cu lat|cr icri said t|at t|is could uot |c cxpcctcd
o t|cir circlc, |crc scl-dcuial rcuaiucd t|c suprcuc la. V|crcupou t|c yout| too| |is lcavc.
Goct|c, -
L:|,o.s, propcrly L|vtiuc Atoucli -), cclc|ratcd iu Gcorgia May OS), a
uou| ou Mouut At|os, |c as a grcat cultural iutcrucdiary |o trauslatcd tcxts
rou Grcc| iuto Gcorgiau, aud t|c talc o iarlaau aud |osap|at rou Gcorgiau iuto
Grcc| scc iov.).
z

... JI I.|:..s I...s G
z - \cucra|lc icdc iCi, lC aud CY ou t|c t|), Augustiuc o Cautcr-
|ury lC, CoL ou May)
J:.:r.||: 3:: ..-), t|c grcatcst sc|olar o |is agc, aud o t|c Luglis| C|urc|. ic
as givcu at ycars old as au o|latc to icucdict iiscop's a||cy at Vcaruout| scc
|au.) aud t|cu to t|c ucly ouudcd |arro iu , |crc |c rcuaiucd or uost o
|is lic. ic rotc pcdagogical trcatiscs |osc utility is provcd |y t|c largc uuu|cr o
uauuscripts coutaiuiug t|cu, aud |ig|ly rcgardcd |i|lical cxcgcscs, as a |agiograp|cr
|c uadc St Cut||crt scc Mar.) a avouritc saiut, |is ritiugs ou t|c calcudar, t|c
|ric L: ::o.r.|s o ollocd |y t|c dchuitivc L: r.:...: ::o.ro o , carucd |iu
t|c uauc o 3:. ..o:.s:. aud crc uudaucutal to ucdicval uudcrstaudiug o t|c su|-
jcct. lu uodcru tiucs, |ocvcr, |c is |cst |uou or |is iudispcusa|lc |istory o t|c
Luglis| c|urc|, t|c H.s:.r.. :..|:s..s:... :.:.s J.|.ro o , |ic| auougst its uauy
ot|cr ucrits gavc datiug gcucral currcucy iu t|c Vcstcru orld. Au accouut o |is
last days s|os |iu still cxpouudiug Scripturc, aud iuplicitly datcs |is dcat| to May
. 1|c titlc o 3:. :.:r.|.|.s givcu |iu soou atcrards |as ucvcr |ccu disputcd, |is
tou| is still couspicuous iu Dur|au cat|cdral, to |ic| |is rcuaius crc trauslatcd iu
t|c clcvcut| ccutury.

z

... J I.|:..s I...s A
z - - - A.cr|aijau ludcpcudcucc Day uatioual day)
Lt|iopia iatioual Day
Scotlaud V|itsuuday 1cru Day siucc
z - laurauc CY couucu.)
L..;r... ..-). ioru at iavia, atcr a iort| ltaliau cducatiou |c cauc to uort|cru
lraucc, iu |c cutcrcd t|c a||cy o icc, |ccouiug prior iu . A souud sc|olar
aud a |rilliaut aduiuistrator, |c uot ouly uadc icc a grcat uouastcry |ut ou t|c cou-
hdcucc o Du|c Villiau, |o uadc |iu iu a||ot o Saiut-ticuuc at Cacu aud iu
arc||is|op o Cautcr|ury. lor cig|tccu ycars t|c scc |ad sucrcd rou t|c irrcgu-
lar status aud sccoud-ratc talcuts o |is prcdcccssor, Stigaud, iutrudcd |y rc|clliou iu
, |o |ad uscd hrst t|c palliuu lct |c|iud |y t|c laul ioruau arc||is|op
lo|crt o |uuigcs aud t|cu ouc coucrrcd |y t|c sc|isuatic icucdict X, |ut laurauc
rcgardcd uot ucrcly Stigaud |ut t|c cutirc Luglis| C|urc| it| disdaiu, aud sct a|out
its rcoru, supprcssiug its cults scc Mar.), slig|tiug its saiuts scc Apr.), aud dc-
posiug all t|c Saxou |is|ops cxccpt Vulstau o Vorccstcr scc |au.). iis |ostility
to its ays as souc|at uitigatcd |y |is pupil aud succcssor Ausclu Apr.), iu
couucuoratiug |iu t|c C|urc| o Luglaud aduits t|c valuc o |is or|.
3:r..r .; J.s:. icruard o Mcut|ou) ..-). lor orty-to ycars |c as vicar-
gcucral o t|c Alpiuc dioccsc o Aosta, au assiguucut t|at rcquircd grcat stauiua aud
s|ill as a uouutaiuccr. icruard |uilt |ospiccs or pilgrius aud travcllcrs at t|c Grcat
aud littlc St icruard iasscs, latcr uaucd atcr |iu, as is t|c |rccd o dog dcvclopcd
cspccially to copc it| alpiuc couditious. iius Xl, |iuscl a |ccu cliu|cr, uaucd |iu
patrou o uouutaiuccrs iu .
C:ro..s, |is|op o iaris ..-). ic tricd iu vaiu to |ridlc t|c licstylc o t|c
adultcrous, iuccstuous, aud sacrilcgious iiug C|ari|crt icr|crt), at|cr-iu-la to
iiug Lt|cl|crt o icut, it is |c |o is |uricd at Saiut-Gcruaiu-dcs-irs.
h.||..o .; J,.:...: -). As Du|c o Aquitaiuc |c oug|t it| succcss aud dis-
tiuctiou or C|arlcuaguc agaiust t|c Saraccus, |c is cclc|ratcd iu Old lrcuc| cpic as
Villiau o Oraugc aud is t|c |cro o Volrau vou Lsc|cu|ac|'s Middlc iig| Gcr-
uau cpic h.||:|.|o. ic ouudcd t|c uouastcry o Gcllouc iu , too| t|c clot| o t|c
icucdictiuc Ordcr ou |uuc , aud scrvcd t|c couuuuity as coo| aud |a|cr.

z

... IJ I.|:..s I...s i
z - - - LSA, l|odc lslaud Aduissiou Day t| statc,
)
LSA, Viscousiu Aduissiou Day t| statc, )
z - lorucrly St Mary Magdalcuc dc' ia..i scc May)
.|~.|: L.,. 1|c rcstoratiou o C|arlcs ll iu , |is t| |irt|day. ic as pro-
claiucd |iug iu loudou ou May, |c cu|ar|cd rou t|c lo Couutrics ou May,
arriviug iu Dovcr to days latcr. 1|c oa| |ad |ccouc |is |adgc atcr |c |ad |iddcu iu
ouc at iosco|cl olloiug t|c dccat at Vorccstcr ), or uauy ycars it as uuisc
uot to car oa|-lcavcs ou t|is day. Also callcd 'S|ic|-s|ac| Day'.
May . 1|is as t|c hrst J...:rs.r, appoiutcd |y J.: o .r|..o:.: to |c o|scrv'd as a day
o gcu 1|au|sgiviug or t|c uiraculous lcstauratiou o |is M.,:s:.:. Lvclyu, L..r,, iii.
iristol, 1|is |ciug lcstoratiou Day, souc |ouscs arc distiuguis|cd |y oa| |rauc|cs iu
rout. '1is a uar| o attac|ucut to Mouarc|y, aud |y uauy o rcgard to t|c cxcludcd auily at
lcast iu souc placcs as Mauc|cstcr, Lxctcr ~c. ~c. Curcu, ii.
Mouday, May . Oa|-applc day aud t|c c|ildrcu all cauc to sc|ool it| |rcast-|uots o
oa| lcavcs. iilvcrt, iii.
iy au Act o iarliaucut iu t|c couucuoratiou as droppcd rou t|c ioo| o
Couuou iraycr, togct|cr it| t|c Martyrdou o C|arlcs l ou |auuary aud t|c
Guupodcr ilot Day ou iovcu|cr. C|au|crs couucuts ou t|c dccisiou iu
lt is a curious proo o t|at tcudcucy to ...:...:, |ic| uar|s all pu|lic iustitutious iu Luglaud,
t|at t|c scrviccs appoiutcd or uatioual t|au|sgiviug ou accouut o t|c Guupodcr ilot, or
uatioual |uuiliatiou rcgardiug t|c cxccutiou o C|arlcs l., aud or t|au|sgiviug it| rcspcct to
t|c lcstoratiou o C|arlcs ll., s|ould |avc uaiutaiucd t|cir grouud as |olidays till atcr t|c
uiddlc o t|c uiuctccut| ccutury. iatioual good scusc |ad loug ccascd to |clicvc t|at t|c Dcity
|ad iuspircd |aucs l. it| 'a diviuc spirit to iutcrprct souc dar| p|rascs o a lcttcr', iu ordcr to
savc t|c |iugdou rou t|c 'uttcr ruiu' t|rcatcucd |y Guy la|cs aud |is associatcs. iatioual
good ccliug |ad cqually ccascd to justiy t|c |ccpiug up o t|c rcucu|raucc o t|c act o a sct
o iuuriatcd ucu, to t|c ocucc o a largc class o our cllo-C|ristiaus. Vc |ad uost o us
|ccouc vcry dou|tul t|at t|c |lood o C|arlcs l. as 'iuuoccut |lood', or t|at |c as strictly a
'uartyrcd sovcrcigu', t|oug| c ould uo-a-days |c disposcd to scc |iu puuis|cd cxactly as
|c as or |is political s|ortcouiugs aud crrors. Still uorc dou|t |ad allcu ou t|c |lcssiug sup-
poscd to |c iuvolvcd iu t|c 'uiraculous providcucc' |y |ic| C|arlcs ll. as rcstorcd to |is |iug-
dou. ludccd, to say t|c vcry lcast, t|c ccliug, uorc or lcss partial rou t|c hrst, uudcr |ic|
t|c scrviccs ou t|csc |olidays |ad |ccu appoiutcd, |ad or gcucratious |ccu dcad iu t|c uatioual
|cart, aud t|cir |ciug still uaiutaiucd as a purc solccisu aud a arcc. C|au|crs, |au.
1|c lcstoratiou is still couucuoratcd iu Castlctou Dcr|ys|irc), it| a proccssiou
|cadcd |y C|arlcs ll ou |orsc|ac|. lu Astou-ou-Cluu S|rops|irc) t|c villagc's largc

|lac| poplar trcc is dccoratcd it| nags, |ic| rcuaiu up or a ycar. lu Vis|ord Magua
Vilts|irc) villagcrs carry oa| |rauc|cs iu proccssiou.
z

... III I.|:..s I...s C
z - - - Croatia Statc|ood Day iudcpcudcucc rou
Yugoslavia, )
LSA Mcuorial Day cclc|ratcd ou various days, t|c cdcral |oliday is t|c last Mou-
day iu May)
LSA, \irgiuia Coucdcratc Mcuorial Day
z Ou t|is or a ucar|y day t|c Au|arvalia crc |cld, |ot| |y iudi-
viduals aud t|c statc. 1|c uauc ucaus 'louud t|c liclds', t|c arucr couuaudcd a pig,
s|ccp, aud |ull s.::.r.|..) to |c lcd arouud |is laud, it| a praycr aud li|atiou to
|auus aud |upitcr, aud a loug iuvocatiou o lat|cr Mars, a god o agriculturc as cll as
ar. Ccrcs aud iacc|us crc also addrcsscd, aud uo or| as to |c douc, t|c |ousc-
|old saug aud dauccd.
1|c pu|lic ritual is lcss cll |uou, uulcss it as t|at couductcd |y t|c lratrcs
Arvalcs or Arval irct|rcu iu t|cir grovc outsidc louc iu |ouour o t|c Dca Dia, t|cy
also saug a |yuu iuvo|iug t|c larcs, t|c Soiug Gods Scuoucs), aud Mars, iu |ig|ly
arc|aic latiu t|at t|c stouccuttcr |o iuscri|cd it iu cvidcutly did uot uudcr-
staud.
z - |oscp|iuc iutlcr CY)
j.s:|..: 3:|:r -). As t|c ic o a cauou o Viuc|cstcr, s|c as cucrgctic iu
rcclaiuiug prostitutcs aud supprcssiug t|c |itc-slavc tradc, oruiug iu t|c ladics'
iatioual Associatiou or t|c lcpcal o t|c Coutagious Discascs Acts.
j... .; Jr., or rat|cr j:...: L.r., 'la iuccllc' or t|c Maid o Orlaus ou sccoud Suuday
iu May iu lraucc), a pcasaut's daug|tcr rou Douruy iu C|aupaguc |o rou
ouards dcscri|cd visious o |la.cs o lig|t accoupauyiug voiccs, iu tiuc idcutihcd as
particular saiuts coucrriug ou |cr a uissiou to savc lraucc rou Luglis| rulc. lu
iiug C|arlcs \l, uua|lc to it|staud t|c cou|iucd orccs o Luglaud aud iurguudy,
|ad |ccu coupcllcd to rccogui.c icury \ o Luglaud as |is |cir, atcr icury's dcat|
ou August , |is rig|ts dcvolvcd ou |is iuaut sou icury \l, |o atcr C|arlcs's
dcat| ou Octo|cr iu t|c sauc ycar as croucd ou Dcccu|cr as |iug o lraucc,
t|c du|c o icdord |ciug rcgcut, t|c opposiug 'Aruaguac' actiou c|aupioucd C|arlcs
\l's disiu|critcd sou aud uaucsa|c, |o |ad uot |ccu croucd.
iaviug ailcd iu to pcrsuadc t|c Aruaguac lcadcrs, |oau couviuccd t|cu t|c
ucxt ycar t|at |cr visious crc gcuuiuc, allcgcdly |y rccogui.iug C|arlcs t|roug| |is

disguisc. icvcrt|clcss, s|c as su|jcctcd to t|cological cxauiuatiou |corc |ciug pcr-
uittcd to lcad au cxpcditiou to Orlaus, t|cu uudcr sicgc, cariug |itc aruour, s|c
iuspircd t|c troops to t|c city's rclic aud |roug|t C|arlcs to lcius or corouatiou ou
|uly. S|c |ad said t|at t|is ould |c t|c tcru o |cr uissiou, |ut iu t|c cxcitcucut
o succcss s|c as pcrsuadcd t|at ot|cr tas|s lay a|cad or |cr, |cgiuuiug it| t|c cap-
turc o iaris. C|ristiuc dc iisau, iu |cr L.:. : j:|...: `Jr., rittcu a ortuig|t atcr t|c
corouatiou, prcdictcd cvcr grcatcr triuup|s or t|c cualc c|aupiou |o surpasscd
Lst|cr, |udit|, aud Dc|ora|, aud as orctold |y Mcrliu, t|c Si|yl, aud icdc oucc s|c
|ad ta|cu iaris aud ovcrt|rou t|c Luglis|, s|c ould rcstorc coucord iu t|c C|urc|,
dcstroy t|c |crctics ucauiug t|c iussitcs o io|cuia), sccp aay t|c Saraccus, aud
togct|cr it| C|arlcs couqucr t|c ioly laud, |crc s|c ould dic. lu act t|c uarc|
ou iaris ailcd, aud ou ta|iug t|c hcld agaiu iu t|c olloiug ycar |oau as capturcd |y
iurguudiau orccs at Coupiguc, sold to t|c Luglis|, aud |roug|t to trial at loucu or
itc|crat aud |crcsy |corc iicrrc Cauc|ou, |is|op o icauvais. V|cu |cr visious
crc ouud to |c alsc aud dia|olical t|c Luivcrsity o iaris joiucd iu t|c coudcu-
uatiou), s|c rccautcd ou May , |ut |aviug rcsuucd ualc attirc s|c as cou-
dcuucd as a rclapscd |crctic aud |urut at t|c sta|c ou t|c t|.
icvcrt|clcss, t|c tidc o ar soou turucd agaiust t|c Luglis|, particularly atcr Du|c
i|ilip t|c Good o iurguudy sitc|cd sidcs iu , iu C|arlcs \ll, |o |ad lost
all iutcrcst iu |oau atcr |is corouatiou, dccidcd t|at siucc |c ould soou iu t|c ar
it as tiuc to do souct|iug or |cr, aud ordcrcd a rc-cxauiuatiou o |cr trial iu tcc|-
uical lauguagc, a rcvisiou o t|c proccss). 1|is hually got uudcr ay iu , |ut uadc
littlc progrcss uutil |oau's supportcrs laid t|c uattcr |corc iopc Callistus lll, |cr
dchuitivc acquittal as prououuccd ou |uly. icr rcputatiou as uot t|crc|y rcpaircd
iu Luglaud, S|a|cspcarc could still prcscut |cr iu t|c lirst iart o H:.r, JI as a itc|
aud a |orc, cvcu iu lraucc, \oltairc could ritc au irouic aud racy pocu ou L. .:||:
t|at is uo littlc rcucu|crcd. A uorc avoura|lc vic as ta|cu |y Sc|illcr L.: j.;r.
.. r|:..s), |ut t|c dccisivc c|augc as ccctcd |y t|c pu|licatiou, rou ouards,
o t|c ull procccdiugs iu |cr trial aud t|c su|scqucut rcvisiou, |ic| csta|lis|cd |cr
as a |istorical hgurc aud uot ucrcly t|c stu o pious or patriotic lcgcud, cvcr uorc ad-
uircd, uot ouly iu lraucc, s|c as |catihcd iu aud cauoui.cd iu , aud dcclarcd
patrou o lraucc iu . icr cult |as cvcu survivcd |cr cxploitatiou |y t|c \ic|y
rcgiuc as t|c iuplaca|lc oc o t|c ..os as s|c callcd t|c Luglis|, rou 'God dauu'),
iu s|c as dcclarcd patrou o t|c lrcuc| aruy.
1|c iourgcois o iaris ucutious |cr iu |is jourual iu , |ut iu a distiuctly cool
as|iou siucc iaris as ou t|c Auglo-iurguudiau sidc
1|crc as at t|is tiuc a Maid, as t|cy callcd |cr, iu t|c loirc couutry |o claiucd to |c a|lc
to orctcll t|c uturc aud |o uscd to say 'Suc| a t|iug ill ccrtaiuly |appcu'. S|c as altogct|cr
opposcd to t|c lcgcut o lraucc aud |is supportcrs. Aud it as said t|at iu spitc o all t|c orccs
iu rout o Orlcaus s|c uadc |cr ay iuto t|c city, |riugiug iu largc uuu|crs o Aruaguacs aud
a good supply o provisious, aud t|at uouc o t|c aruy uadc auy uovc to stop |cr, alt|oug|
t|cy could scc t|cu goiug |y a|out ouc or to |os|ots aay rou t|cu aud alt|oug| t|cy
uccdcd ood so dcspcratcly t|at ouc uau could cll |avc catcu t|rcc ||...s' ort| o |rcad at ouc
ucal. Ot|cr t|iugs crc said o |cr too, |y t|osc |o lovcd t|c Aruaguacs |cttcr t|au t|c

iurguudiaus or t|c lcgcut o lraucc, suc| as t|at, |cu s|c as vcry suall aud loo|cd atcr t|c
s|ccp, |irds ould couc rou t|c oods aud hclds |cu s|c callcd t|cu aud cat |rcad iu |cr
lap as i t|cy crc tauc. . . . 1|is Maid cut cvcry|crc it| t|c Aruaguacs, cariug aruour
aud carryiug |cr |auucr, |ic| |orc t|c ouc ord, '|csus'. lt as said t|at s|c told au Luglis|
couuaudcr to lcavc t|c sicgc it| all |is ucu or t|cy ould all couc to gric aud s|auc. ic
auscrcd |cr a|usivcly, calliug |cr |itc| aud tart, s|c told |iu t|at iu spitc o t|cu all t|cy
ould vcry soou all |c gouc |ut t|at |c ould uot scc it aud t|at uauy o |is ucu ould |c
|illcd. Aud so it |appcucd, or |c as droucd t|c day |corc t|c slaug|tcr. Atcrards |c as
hs|cd up, cut iu quartcrs, |oilcd aud cu|alucd, aud ta|cu to St. Mcrry, |crc |c rcuaiucd or
a cc| or tcu days iu t|c c|apcl iu rout o t|c crypt. lour caudlcs or torc|cs |urucd |corc |is
|ody uig|t aud day, t|cu it as ta|cu to |is ou couutry or |urial. iourgcois, -
I:r.... III -), |iug o Castilc rou , o lcu rou , |o rccouqucrcd
uuc| o sout|cru Spaiu rou t|c Moors. ic ouudcd t|c cat|cdral o iurgos aud gavc
t|c Luivcrsity o Salauauca its c|artcr. A uau |o |uc |o to dclcgatc rcspousi|il-
ity, |c is patrou o statc ocials, |ut also as uaucd patrou o cugiuccrs o t|c Spau-
is| aruy iu , ou accouut o |is uilitary procss.
3... .; .s. -), patrou saiut o air |ostcsscs aud nig|t attcudauts, so uaucd
|y |o|u XXlll iu or |cr pilgriuagcs to |crusalcu, Sautiago dc Coupostcla, aud
louc.
M:o.r..| L.,. lorucrly |uou as Dccoratiou Day. lt origiuatcd as a day sct asidc to
dccoratc t|c gravcs o lcdcral soldicrs |o dicd duriug t|c Aucricau Civil Var, Gcu-
cral |o|u Alcxaudcr logau ordcrcd its o|scrvaucc, |cgiuuiug ou May . Siucc
it |as |ccu o|scrvcd as a lcgal |oliday ou t|c last Mouday iu May, aud |ouours all t|c
uatiou's ar dcad. Mauy couuuuitics uar| t|c day it| paradcs aud spccc|cs. Souc
sout|cru statcs o|scrvc Coucdcratc Mcuorial Day scc Apr., April lourt| Mou-
day, aud April last Mouday).
L:..r.:... L.,
Slccp, couradcs, slccp aud rcst
Ou t|is licld o t|c Grouudcd Arus,
V|crc ocs uo uorc uolcst,
ior scutry's s|ot alarus.
Yc |avc slcpt ou t|c grouud |corc,
Aud startcd to your cct
At t|c cauuou's suddcu roar,
Or t|c druu's rcdou|liug |cat.
iut iu t|is Caup o Dcat|
io souud your sluu|cr |rca|s,
icrc is uo cvcrcd |rcat|,
io ouud t|at |lccds aud ac|cs.
All is rcposc aud pcacc,
Lutrauplcd lics t|c sod,
1|c s|outs o |attlc ccasc,
lt is t|c trucc o God.

lcst, couradcs, rcst aud slccp.
t|c t|oug|ts o ucu s|all |c
As scutiucls to |ccp
Your rcst rou daugcr rcc.
Your silcut tcuts o grccu
Vc dcc| it| ragraut nocrs,
Yours |as t|c sucriug |ccu,
1|c ucuory s|all |c ours.
icury Vadsort| lougcllo -)
z

r..: I.|:..s I...s D
I; .. :|: |.s: ., .; :|.s o..:| ..| :r::s |:.. :. |:.r ||.ss.os, .: .|| |: . .. ,:.r ;.r :.||., .. |:.:,
.; ;r.:. lilly)
z - - -- CY, lC siucc , iCi
ou |uly), orucrly Quccus|ip o Mary lC, scc Aug.)
C..:.s, C..:...s, aud C..:....||., uartyrcd at Aquilcia it| t|cir tutor irotus ..,
praiscd iu a ht|-ccutury scruou. 1raditiou associatcd t|cu it| t|c Auicii, t|c lcad-
crs o t|c C|ristiau uiuority auoug t|c grcat auilics o louc.
::r...||. or ictrouclla, au carly uartyr |uricd ucxt to SS icrcus aud Ac|illcus scc
May). Associatiou o uaucs uadc |cr St ictcr's daug|tcr, so |cautiul t|at ictcr
aictcd |cr it| cvcr 'or |cr ou good' |corc |iddiug |cr arisc, 's|c at oucc arosc
curcd aud uiuistcrcd uuto t|cu'-li|c St ictcr's uot|cr-iu-la |cu |csus curcd |cr
Mar| ). 1|c lrau|is| |iug iippiu, |o ocd |is t|rouc to iopc Zac|arias scc
Mar.) aud oug|t t|c lou|ards as |is succcssors' ally, too| |cr or patrou, iu |cr
rclics crc trauslatcd rou t|c catacou| o Douitilla to St ictcr's. icr uausolcuu |c-
cauc a lrcuc| royal c|apcl, or |ic| Mic|claugclo's .:: as couuissioucd |y a
lrcuc| cardiual, iu irauautc's rc|uildiug |cr altar as uovcd to t|c cud o t|c rig|t
aislc. Ou t|is day uass is ocrcd t|crc or lraucc, 't|c cldcst daug|tcr o t|c C|urc|'.
icr cult sprcad to latc ucdicval Luglaud, |crc s|c appcars ou staiucd glass aud
paiutcd scrccus it| |cr at|cr's |cys.
ictrouilla, virgyu o grcat vcrtu,
Clad iu all nourcs o spirituall rcs|ucssc,
ictyrs doug|tcr, or lovc o Crist l|csu
ladcst t|y ly iu praycr aud clcuucssc,
O |crtc ay ouudc uoost uc|c iu t|y sc|cucssc,
1o do scruisc it| |uu|lc diligcucc
Luto t|y adcr, t|y story |crct| itucssc,
Callyd or t|y ucrytcs uyrrour o pacicucc,

God aud uaturc gauc t|c grcatc ayrcucssc
1o cxccllc all ot|cr o port aud o |cutyc,
1rauaylyd it| cucrys aud uauy strougc acccssc,
Gauc t|au|c to God, t|y lcgcud |o list sc,
\crtu as prcuyd iu t|yu iuhruytc,
V|crorc c pray it| |uu|lc rcucrcucc
Do uytigaciou o all t|at sc|c t|c,
Aud it| t|cir acccssc vcrtuous pacicucc.
|o|u lydgatc .-), 1|: L::. .; `: ::r...||.

I. I.:, I|, .. Js:,

1..| .:.:|:r .o:. ..r s:::: os:.
J r, M., .. . r... j.:
|r..s .|| :|..s .. :.:.
z - latiu I..s, lrcuc| ,.., Spauis| ,..., iortugucsc j.|.,
ltaliau ..., Gcruau j.., Vcls| M:|:;., Scots Gaclic .. :~O~o|.s 't|c youug
uout|'), lris| M:.:|:.o|
I..s, as t|c uauc o a uout| uo lcss t|au o a uo|lc |ousc, is ta|cu to dcrivc rou
t|c goddcss |uuo, I.., |osc uauc iu turu dcuotcs t|c youug ouau c. .:..s,
'youug', ....r, 'youugcr') rcady or a uau, siucc t|c uout| uauc is oldcr t|au t|c cult
rccordcd ou t|c st, aud iu auy casc all ialcuds crc sacrcd to |cr, t|c liu| uust |c t|c
ripcuiug o t|c crops rat|cr t|au t|c rituals o t|c uout|. iut, as otcu, t|c louaus
t|cusclvcs did uot |uo t|c origiu a rival cxplauatiou, propouudcd |y Marcus lulvius
io|ilior scc |uuc), associatcd May aud |uuc it| t|c o...r:s auccstors) aud ....r:s
ucu uudcr ). 1|c Scots Gaclic uauc also ucaus 't|c youug uout|', |ut auot|cr
uauc ou rccord is M:.|..~`.o|r..|, 'uidsuuucr', t|c Vcls| uauc |as t|c sauc scusc,
aud t|c lris| uauc ucaus 'uiddlc'.
z - - -
I.rs: `.., iulgaria losc iarvcst lcstival
`:... `.., LSA C|ildrcu's Day |cguu iu at t|c Luivcrsalist C|urc| iu C|clsca,
Mass., t|c Mct|odist C|urc| adoptcd it iu )
1|.r `.., LSA lat|cr's Day hrst cclc|ratcd , uot proclaiucd |y ircsidcut uutil
)
I.rs: M..., lrclaud iau| ioliday
ic Zcalaud Quccu's iirt|day ioliday
1uvalu Quccu's Ocial iirt|day
LSA, Ala|aua, Mississippi |ccrsou Davis's iirt|day, couucuoratiug t|c ircsi-
dcut o t|c Coucdcratc Statcs -)
`:... M..., Australia, icli.c, icruuda, Cayuau lslauds, liji, aud iapua ic Guiuca
Quccu's Ocial iirt|day
1|.r 1:s., :. Ir.., orucrly last t|rcc days iu May) Li loyal Ascot
L.s: h:.:s., Li iculcy loyal lcgatta, iculcy-ou-1|aucs
I.rs: Ir.., ia|auas la|or Day
`.:r., .;::r :|: ;rs: h:.:s., Li t|c Dcr|y siucc , prcviously ou hrst Vcducsday,
scc also May)
`:... .r :|.r `.:r., Ocial iirt|day o iM t|c Quccu, t|c datc is appoiutcd auuu-
ally. 1|c Luiou nag is nou.
1|.r `.:r., 1riuidad aud 1o|ago la|our Day
Scdcu Midsuuucr Day cclc|ratcd iu Scdcu |y cousuuptiou o pic|lcd |crriug
it| sc|uapps aud |y dauciug, girls pic| scvcu nocrs to put uudcr t|cir pillos,
t|at t|cy uay drcau o t|cir uturc |us|auds.
Aud atcr |cr, cauc iolly I.:, arrayd
All iu grccuc lcaucs, as |c a ilaycr crc,
Yct iu |is tiuc, |c roug|t as cll as playd,
1|at |y |is ploug|-yrous uotc rig|t cll appcarc
\pou a Cra| |c rodc, t|at |iu did |carc
Vit| croo|cd craliug stcps au vucout| pasc,
Aud |ac|ard yodc, as iargcucu out to arc
icudiug t|cir orcc coutrary to t|cir acc,
li|c t|at vugracious crc |ic| aiucs dcuurcst gracc.
Spcuscr, 1|: I.:r.: ::.:, . vii.
lt is uo luuc aud t|c iay-ua|crs arc uustcrcd to ua|c au aruy or t|c hcld, |crc uot alaycs
iu ordcr, t|cy uarc| vudcr t|c iaggc aud t|c iottlc, |cu |ctixt t|c lor|c aud t|c la|c, t|crc
is sccuc grcat orcc o arucs io dot| t|c |road O|c couort t|c cary la|orcr, |ilc vudcr
|is s|ady ioug|cs |c sits siugiug to |is |rcad aud c|ccsc t|c iay-coc|c is t|c ioorc uaus lodg-
iug, aud t|c rcs| liucr is |is gracious icig||our io t|c laulcou aud t|c 1asscll try t|cir
iugs at t|c iartridgc, aud t|c at iuc|c hls t|c grcat pasty t|c trccs arc all iu t|cir ric| aray
|ut t|c sccly S|ccp is turucd out o |is coat t|c loscs aud scct icr|cs put t|c Distillcr to |is
cuuuiug, |ilc t|c grccuc applcs ou t|c trcc arc rcady or t|c grcat |cllicd iucs io |cgius
t|c iarc to gat|cr vp |cr |cclcs, aud t|c loxc loo|cs a|out |iu, or carc o t|c iouud t|c
ioo|c aud t|c Sic|lc arc ua|iug rcady or |arucst t|c Mcdo grouuds gapc or raiuc, aud t|c
Coruc iu t|c carc |cgius to |ardcu t|c littlc lads ua|c iipcs o t|c stra, aud t|cy t|at cau-
uot daucc, ill yct |cc |oppiug t|c Ayrc uo groct| souc|at aruc, aud t|c coolc iuds
arc vcry couorta|lc t|c Saylcr uo ua|cs ucrry passagc, aud t|c uiu|lc loot-uau ruuucs it|
plcasurc lu |ricc, l t|us coucludc, l |old it a scct scasou, t|c scuscs pcruuc, aud t|c spirits
couort. larccll. irctou )
lu t|is Mouct| .|s:... rou suc| ucats as do iugcudcr {:o, aud r..| t|cu o t|c plcasautcst
Viuc, aud driu| souctiucs astiug a cup o |.:: h..:, or it purgct| C|olcr, aud uoxious
|uuors rou t|c stouac|, good to cat Sallcts o lctticc prcparcd it| \iucgar, cat suc| ucats
as |c lig|t o digcstiou, aud all t|is Mouct| glut uot t|c s:.o..|, |ut .r.s: rou t|c 1a|lc it| au
.::.::, arisc |ctiucs iu t|c uoruiug, aud cxcrcisc your |ody it| souc loug .||, you uay |lccd,
|carc o catiug M.|| uulcss t|c sauc |c cll soddcu, ta|c |ccd o catiug C|::s: aud J|:s t|is

uouct|, uot good to stay loug iu t|c iat|, to as| t|c I::: t|is uouct| otcu iu cold atcr is
couucudcd. Sauudcrs )
z

I.|:..: I...: L
z - - - Sauoa ludcpcudcucc Day )
1uuisia Coustitutiou Day, or \ictory Day prouulgatiou o coustitutiou, )
LSA, icutuc|y Aduissiou Day t| statc, )
LSA, 1cuucsscc Aduissiou Day t| statc, )
z Ou t|is day iu as dcdicatcd t|c tcuplc o |uuo Moucta
ou t|c Capitol, ou t|c sitc uo occupicd |y t|c c|urc| o Sauta Maria iu Araccli. icr
cpit|ct, rou o..:r:, 'to aru', as cxplaiucd cit|cr |y t|c aruiug t|at |cr gccsc |ad
givcu souc orty ycars carlicr |cu t|c Gauls cliu|cd up t|c Capitol, or |ccausc a voicc
as |card rou |cr tcuplc duriug au cart|qua|c aduouis|iug t|c pcoplc to pcroru
au cxpiatiou. V|cu iu t|c t|ird ccutury t|c louaus |cgau to stri|c coius, it as iu
|cr tcuplc t|at t|cy did so, rou Moucta, accordiugly, couc t|c ords 'uiut' aud
'uoucy', aud t|cir coguatcs iu ot|cr lauguagcs. 1|crc crc also ccrcuouics iu |ouour
o Mars, t|c Storus, aud Carua, possi|ly a goddcss o ncs|, t|oug| cquatcd |y Ovid
it| Cardca, goddcss o |iugcs, |ot |acou as catcu ou |cr day, aud |caus uixcd it|
cuucr-|cat, causiug t|c cstival to |c |uou as t|c icau ialcuds, I.|:..: I.|.r..:.
z - iicoucdcs iCi, lC Scpt.), |ustiu Martyr CY, lC siucc ,
Ort|.), orucrly St Augcla Mcrici scc |au.)
N...o::s, carly C|ristiau uartyr, said to |avc |ccu |catcu to dcat| it| lcadcd |ips,
|uricd iu \ia ioucutaua. 1|is is t|c dcdicatiou-cast o t|c scvcut|-ccutury c|urc| iu
louc.
js:.. M.r:,r ..-..), rou a lcadiug auily at llavia icapolis uo ia|lus), as
t|c hrst C|ristiau Apologist to sct up a systcu o t|oug|t |ascd ou t|c logos) to c|al-
lcugc classical p|ilosop|y, |c as cxccutcd at louc .. |y t|c city prccct Quiutus
|uuius lusticus, |o |ad uadc a Stoic p|ilosop|cr out o t|c cupcror Marcus Aurc-
lius. iouourcd rou autiquity iu t|c Last, |ut iu t|c Vcst uot till t|c uiut| ccutury
scc Apr.), |c is patrou saiut o p|ilosop|crs.
I.. Luucco), a||ot o Sau Salvador at Oa uort|-cast o iurgos, d. |uuc , said
to |avc |ccu uourucd cvcu |y |cs aud Saraccus. loyola as |apti.cd it| |is uauc
scc |uly), t|c arc|itcct luigo |oucs as |iuscl t|c sou o au luigo.

3.r:|., .; 3r.|.o 1.. ), sccoud ircsidcut o t|c C|urc| o |csus C|rist o lattcr-
day Saiuts, it as |c |o |roug|t t|c Moruous to Lta|.
1|: C|.r..s I.rs: .; j.:. Ou |uuc duriug t|c lrcuc| lcvolutiouary Vars a iritis|
ncct o sail uudcr lord ioc dccatcd lrcuc| s|ips uudcr Aduiral \illarct dc
|oycusc at Ls|aut. 1|c lrcuc| lost souc , ucu, |csidcs prisoucrs Luglis| |illcd
aud ouudcd |ciug ), six s|ips crc ta|cu aud t|c J:.:r suu|. 1|c lrcuc| propa-
gaudist variously spclt iarrc aud iarrrc asscrtcd t|at s|c |ad rcuscd to surrcudcr aud
gouc dou |croically it| all |auds, t|c story iuspircd |ulcs \cruc's Captaiu icuo, |ut
Alas, alas. 1|c J:.:r, atcr hg|tiug |ravcly, did siu| altogct|cr as ot|cr s|ips do, |cr captaiu
aud a|ovc to-|uudrcd o |cr crc cscapiug gladly iu iritis| |oats, aud t|is sauc cuoruous iu-
spiriug lcat, aud ruuour 'o souud uost picrciug,' turus out to |c au cuoruous iuspiriug iou-
cutity, cxtaut uo|crc savc, as alsc|ood, iu t|c |raiu o iarrrc. Actually so. louudcd, li|c t|c
Vorld itscl, ou N.:|.., provcd |y Couvcutiou lcport, |y solcuu Couvcutiou Dccrcc aud Dc-
crccs, aud oodcu 'M.:| .; :|: J:.:r,' |clicvcd, |ccpt, |csuug |y t|c |olc lrcuc| icoplc to
t|is |our, it uay |c rcgardcd as iarrrc's uastcrpiccc, t|c largcst, uost iuspiriug piccc o ||.:
uauuacturcd, or souc ccuturics, |y auy uau or uatiou. As suc|, aud uot ot|crisc, |c it |cucc-
ort| ucuora|lc. Carlylc, iii, ||. v, c|.
At ic Collcgc, Oxord, a uiut julcp is druu| rou a silvcr loviug-cup ou au cudo-
ucut iustitutcd iu |y a distiuguis|cd Aucricau visitor |o as|cd or suc| a driu|
ou a |ot day, to t|c uttcr |cildcrucut o t|c |utlcr. A dccisiou to discoutiuuc it atcr
its uucxpcctcd potcucy |ad causcd t|c uudcrgraduatcs to uis|c|avc as sct asidc |cu
t|c visitor's sou |iuscl paid a visit aud as|cd |ct|cr t|c uiut julcp as still scrvcd.
Ou |ciug told, |y ay o a |itc lic, t|at t|c uoucy |ad ruu out, |c rcuccd t|c cu-
doucut.
z

... IJ N...s I...s l
z - - - ltaly lcpu|lic Day couucuoratiug t|c rccr-
cuduu o t|at csta|lis|cd t|c rcpu|lic) uatioual day)
Li Corouatiou o iM Quccu Lli.a|ct| ll , rcd-lcttcr day, t|c Luiou nag is
nou
z - Marcclliuus aud ictcr lC)
M.r.:||..s .. :::r d. ..) arc said to |avc |ccu rcspcctivcly a pricst aud au cxorcist,
|c|cadcd uudcr Dioclctiau aud |uricd '|y t|c 1o iay 1rccs' iu t|c \ia la|icaua,
Coustautiuc t|c Grcat crcctcd ou t|c sitc a |asilica dcuolis|cd iu ) it| t|c
uausolcuu o |is uot|cr, St iclcua. A gravc as discovcrcd t|crc iu , |ut Liu|ard
|ad couvcycd t|cir rclics to Scligcustadt iu .

Lr.sos d. ..), ouc o t|c lourtccu Auxiliary Saiuts. lu t|c Mcditcrraucau |c is vcu-
cratcd as 'St Lluo', aud otcu counatcd it| St icdro Gou.lc. scc Apr.), t|c |luc
lig|tuiug t|at plays arouud s|ips' uasts is callcd 'St Lluo's hrc'. ic is attcstcd iu carly
uartyrologics, |ut |uolcdgc o |is lic is scaut |c as |is|op o loruiac iu t|c
Caupagua aud |ccauc t|c patrou saiut o Gacta |cu |is rclics crc trauslatcd t|crc.
lcgcud ua|cs |iu |is|op 'iu Syria', ncciug to Mouut lc|auou rou Dioclctiau's
agcuts, |o capturcd |iu, |cat |iu, covcrcd |iu iu pitc|, sct it alig|t, aud ouly t|cu
t|rc |iu iuto prisou. Au augcl couvcycd |iu |alay across t|c Lupirc to Siruiuu
Srcus|a Mitrovica), |cu torturc rcsuucd, |c as agaiu augclically trausportcd to
loruiac, |crc |c dicd. Morc auous, |ocvcr, is t|c latcr aud cvcu uorc grucsouc
talc iu |ic| |c is uartyrcd |y t|c cxtractiou o |is iutcstiucs, ccicutly rcclcd iu |y a
iudlass, t|is sccus to |c a laudlu||crly uisiutcrprctatiou o t|c capstau ou |oard t|c
vcsscl ou |ic| Lrasuus prcac|cd duriug a t|uudcrstoru, au appropriatc cu|lcu or
a patrou saiut o sailors. lu couscqucucc o t|is torturc |c |ccauc t|c patrou o
turucrs aud o pcrsous sucriug rou stouac| paius, iucludiug c|ildrcu it| colic aud
oucu iu la|our.
Lrasuus |calcs t|c Collic|c aud t|c gripiug o t|c guttcs. iaogcorgus, o.
v
lu Luglaud t|is as au uuluc|y day or uarriagc.
z

... III N...s I...s G
z - - - LSA, llorida, Gcorgia, Sout| Caroliua |ccr-
sou Davis's iirt|day
LSA, icutuc|y, louisiaua Coucdcratc Mcuorial Day
z - C|arlcs lauga aud Coupauious lC), Martyrs o Lgauda, aud
CY couucu.)
C|.r|:s L..., uartyr d. ) aud coupauious, scrvauts o iiug Mauga o Lgauda,
couvcrtcd aud uartyrcd |ctccu aud , aud cauoui.cd iu . iius Xl pro-
claiucd |iu patrou o Aricau yout| iu , cvcu |corc |c |ad |ccu cauoui.cd.
C|.:|.|., daug|tcr o t|c iurguudiau |iug C|ilpcric aud t|crcorc |roug|t up as a
Cat|olic C|ristiau, pcrsuadcd |cr |us|aud, Clovis, to couvcrt scc Scpt.), atcr t|c
uurdcr o |cr graudsou |y |cr sous scc Scpt., Clodoald) s|c dcvotcd |crscl to
praycr aud good or|s.
C.:o:. Caoiu|u, icviu), d. , ouudcr o Glcudaloug| uouastcry, Co. Vic|lo,
iu lris| C|:... L..|. ucaus '\allcy o 1o la|cs'. Scvcral lcgcuds ascri|c to |iu t|c

auity it| uaturc typical o lris| uou|s, as t|at |cu a |lac||ird laid au cgg iu |is
|aud, |ic| |c |ad strctc|cd out iu a six-cc| 'cross-vigil', |c |cpt it iu t|at positiou
till t|c cgg as |atc|cd. V|cu |iddcu lcavc o |is austcritics |y au augcl |c rcuscd
siucc t|c paiu |c sucrcd or God as uot|iug to t|at |ic| God |ad sucrcd or
uau) uutil God s|ould couhru t|c privilcgcs o |is uou|s. li|c souc ot|cr ricuds to
auiuals |c as lcss cousidcratc to |uuau |ciugs, i it |c truc t|at |c nuug a ouau
|o attcuptcd to scducc |iu iuto a |cd o ucttlcs, |ut |c cd |is uou|s ou saluou
caug|t or |iu |y au ottcr.
lu t|is day as couucuoratcd as Luoc| Soaucs Day, atcr t|c titlc-|cro o
Max iccr|o|u's s|ort story, rittcu iu |ut sct iu t|c s. Soaucs is a ould-|c
dccadcut, t|c aut|or o N:.:...s, |ic| t|c uarrator iccr|o|u |iuscl) |cgius to rcad
L:.. .:.r :. |.;:. L:.. :r, .:.r-.:.r:r.
L.;: .s :|, .. :|:r:.. ..r .r ..r ..; .s, |: :| ..|,.
I: .s ;.r :|.s I .o C.:|.|..| .. .|r.| .. .. :|.|:, ,:: . |:: s.;: M.. :.: :|:r: |.: :|: s|::|: .;
M.. .||s.
1|csc crc t|c opcuiug p|rascs o t|c prcacc, |ut t|osc |ic| ollocd crc lcss casy to uu-
dcrstaud.
iis sccoud voluuc is a |oo| o pocus callcd I...s, iccr|o|u orgcts t|c uauc o
t|c t|ird. Dcprcsscd |y |is lac| o rcuou, Soaucs cousolcs |iuscl it| t|c cxpccta-
tiou t|at |is ucrits ill |c discovcrcd |y postcrity, |c cutcrs iuto a pact it| t|c Dcvil,
t|at |c s|all travcl ycars a|cad iu tiuc to visit t|c lcadiug loou o t|c iritis|
Muscuu 'just as it ill |c upou t|c atcruoou o |uuc rd, ' aud loo| up t|c uatcr-
ials ou |iu t|crc, iu rcturu or iuucdiatc dclivcry o |is soul t|crcatcr. Ou visitiug t|c
Muscuu, |ocvcr, |c huds uot|iug cxccpt a rccrcucc iu a litcrary |istory, rittcu |y
ouc 1. i. iuptou iu a rcorucd spclliug, to a story iu |ic| Max iccr|o|u 'pautraid
au iuuajuary |arra|tcr |auld Luoc| Soaucs ', it| t|c couucut t|at uo t|c litcr-
ary procssiou |as |ccu orgaui.cd as a |rauc| o t|c pu|lic scrvicc, ritcrs do t|cir duty
it|out t|oug|t o t|c uorro '1|au| |cvvu c |av uo Luoc| Soaucscs auuug us
to-dai.' ic surrcudcrs to t|c Dcvil, it| a last dcspairiug cry to iccr|o|u '1ry, :r, to
ua|c t|cu |uo t|at l did cxist.'
ircdictious o t|c uturc arc rarcly accuratc Luglis| spclliug |as uot |ccu rcorucd,
t|c |oo|s aud uauuscripts o t|c iritis| Muscuu |avc |ccu trauscrrcd to t|c irit-
is| li|rary, |ic| iu as iu t|c proccss o a|audouiug t|c lcadiug loou. A
scarc| o t|c cataloguc ailcd to rcvcal Luoc| Soaucs as aut|or, titlc, or su|jcct, |ut
it cauc to lig|t t|at iuto t|c cditiou o Cr.:`s L..:....r, .; Ms.. .. Ms.....s a
|ogus cutry as suugglcd couccruiug a couposcr |o |ad sct a pocu rou I...s,
'1o a Youug Vouau'. lu casc auy rcadcr uay |c iuspircd to cuulatc |iu, c su|joiu t|c
tcxt
1|. .r:, |. |.s: ..: |::..
ialc tuucs irrcsolutc
Aud traccrics o old souuds
ilou rou a rottcd nutc

Miuglc it| uoisc o cyu|als rougcd it| rust,
ior uot straugc orus aud cpiccuc
lic |lccdiug iu t|c dust,
iciug ouudcd it| ouuds.
lor t|is it is
1|at iu t|y couutcrpart
O agc-loug uoc|crics
1|. |.s: ..: |::. ..r .r:.
1|c arrival o t|c day provo|cd rcuccd iutcrcst, iccr|o|u's story as drauati.cd
|y t|c iiC, Soaucs's |auuts crc rcvisitcd, aud au actor pcrsouatiug |iu as scut to
t|c iritis| li|rary. 1|crc is cvcu au Luoc| Soaucs Socicty, |ic| t|rcatcus to rcpu|-
lis| |is couplctc or|s.
z

r..: N...s I...s A
z - - - liulaud llag Day |irt|day o Carl Gusta
Mauucr|ciu, , uilitary lcadcr iu caupaigu agaiust lussia iu t|c Sccoud
Vorld Var)
1ouga Luaucipatiou Day, or ludcpcudcucc Day rou Grcat iritaiu, )
z - Mary o ict|auy Ort|., scc also |uly)
M.r, .; 3::|..,, t|c sistcr o Mart|a aud la.arus scc |uly), |o sat at |csus' cct
|ilc Mart|a did t|c |ouscor|.
`::.| L., .: L:.. |irt|day o Gcorgc lll, a patrou o t|c sc|ool). iarcuts picuic ou
Agar's iloug|, aud cu|arrass t|cir ospriug |y displayiug t|cir povcrty or t|cir calt|.
z

N...: I...: i
z - - - Dcuuar| Coustitutiou Day , ) ua-
tioual day)
Luitcd iatious Vorld Luvirouucut Day
z - iouiacc, arc||is|op o Maiu. CoL, lC)

3...;..: ..-), |apti.cd Vyurit|, as a Vcsscx uau o sc|olarly tastcs |o iu
uadc au uusucccssul uissiouary jourucy to lrisia, rcsolvcd to try agaiu it| papal sup-
port, |c travcllcd to louc, |crc Grcgory ll couuissioucd |iu to cvaugcli.c t|c |ca-
t|cu uudcr t|c uc uauc o iouiatius. Atcr rcturuiug to lrisia, |crc |c assistcd St
Villi|rord scc iov.), |c trauscrrcd |is attcutiou to icsscu, |crc |c cujoycd cou-
sidcra|lc succcss, cspccially atcr clliug au oa| sacrcd to t|c t|uudcr-god Douar Lug-
lis| 1|uuor, iorsc 1|or). iis corts crc dircctcd uot ouly agaiust |cat|cus |ut
agaiust lrau|is| C|ristiaus |o, uot oiug t|cir ait| to papal iuitiativc, lac|cd t|c
Luglis| attac|ucut to louc aud louau c|urc| discipliuc. 1|roug| |is pupil Sturuius
|c ouudcd t|c grcat uouastcry at lulda, a ccutrc o C|ristiau aud classical lcaruiug
uutil t|c 1|irty Ycars Var. iaviug iu |ccu uadc |is|op it|out a scc, iu |c
as clcvatcd to t|c arc||is|opric o Maiu. |ilc rcuaiuiug t|c papal lcgatc or all
lrau|laud, iu |c rcsuucd |is uissiouary or| iu lrisia, |crc |c as uurdcrcd ou
|uuc . iis |ody as |oruc |ouc iu ccrcuouy to lulda, |crc |is rcuaius still lic
iu t|c cat|cdral crypt. ic is rcvcrcd as t|c Apostlc o Gcruauy.
Accordiug to souc carly ucdicval calcudars, ou t|is day t|c |irds ccasc to siug. Gil|crt
V|itc uotcd iu |is jourual or |uuc '1|c uig|tiugalc, |aviug youug, lcavcs o
siugiug, ~ ua|cs a plaiutivc ~ a jarriug uoisc.'
z

... JIII Is I...s C
z - - - Scdcu iatioual Day, couucuoratiug Gustav
\asa's clcctiou to t|c t|rouc iu , atcr t|c uatioual rc|clliou agaiust Dcuuar|,
aud t|c siguaturc o t|c coustitutiou supcrscdcd iu ), ucvcrt|clcss it is
a uorual or|iug day
D-Day, couucuoratiug t|c Allicd laudiug ou t|c |cac|cs o ioruaudy iu
z - ior|crt lC), i|ilip t|c Dcacou lC, scc Oct.)
N.r|:r: ..-), ouudcr o t|c ircuoustratcusiaus. O uo|lc |irt|, |c as a
cauou at Xautcu ou t|c locr l|iuc uutil a uarro cscapc rou dcat| iu a t|uudcr-
storu iu , |c c|augcd |is sccular ay o lic, sold |is goods, |ccauc a pricst, aud
livcd as au itiucraut prcac|cr iu uort|cru lraucc. ic ouudcd a couuuuity uudcr t|c
rcorucd Augustiuiau lulc at iruoutr iu , approvcd iu , t|c ycar |c |ccauc
|is|op o Magdc|urg. iis .cal iu protcctiug c|urc| propcrty aud prouotiug ccli|acy
o t|c clcrgy carucd |iu uauy cucuics. ic as cauoui.cd iu , |is rclics crc traus-
latcd to Stra|ov, ucar iraguc, iu .
A aluauac couucuoratcs t|is day as ollos

j.: t|c . l cauuot call t|is a Saiuts day, |ut souc uay t|iu| it as good, or ou t|is day t|c 1ax
o t|c Apostolic| C|au|cr as liccuscd |y t|c iarliaucut o .r.s, aud |ccausc 'tis ht t|at cvcry
ouc s|ould |uo at |at ratc |c uay sacly siu, l ill givc you souc particulars, a Mou| t|at
do's uot |ccp to |is propcr gar| groats, a iricst t|at uarrics icrsous it|iu t|c pro|i|itcd
dcgrccs groats, |c t|at lics it| a ouau iu t|c C|urc|, aud dot| ot|cr cvil t|iugs groats,
|c t|at lics it| |is Mot|cr, |is Sistcr, |is Gossip, or auy ucar o |iu groats, |c t|at dcnocrs
a \irgiu groats, pcrjury groats, or a lay-uau t|at |ills au A||ot, Mou|, or iricst or
groats, |ut i |c |c a iricst, |c uust also visit Scc Apostolic|. lor a uau t|at |cats |is ic till
s|c uiscarry groats, or t|c ouau t|at cats or driu|s auy t|iug to ua|c |cr uiscarry groats,
aud is uot t|is dog c|cap. 1o givc t|cu t|cir duc, t|cy aord good pcuyort|s, i t|cy |ccp to
t|cir old latcs, |ut t|crc is uo rcasou t|cy s|ould, cousidcriug |at altcratiou |at| |ccu iu t|c
valuc o uoucy, |ut souc gct uorc |y quic| rcturus, t|cu |y largcr gaius iu slo rcturus.
Dovc )
Ou t|is day iu , pcasauts iu Colou|ia |auucrcd ou c|urc| doors to |avc t|cir
|a|ics |apti.cd agaiust t|c couiug o Autic|rist, |ccausc |is uuu|cr is aud t|c
day, so closc to t|c uillcuuiuu, as ...
z

... JII Is I...s D
z - - - Malta iatioual Day
z Ou t|is day t|c :.s or storc|ousc iu t|c tcuplc o \csta to
|ic| ouly oucu crc allocd) as opcucd. 1|c s|apc o t|c tcuplc rccallcd t|c |uts
o carly louc, iu latiu it is alays t|c .::s J:s:.:, uot |ciug a ::o|o accordiug to au-
gural la.
z -
.|:r:, Cistcrciau uou|, ouudcr aud hrst a||ot o icuiustcr, d. |uuc , iu cou-
scqucucc t|is day is cclc|ratcd as t|c uauc-day o t|c icrucsc Ovcrlaud lailay
icrucr O|crlaud ia|u, iOi). ic is rcprcscutcd as a soul iu t|c oru o a hcry |all
rcscucd |y augcls rou t|c pursuiug |ouuds o |cll.
Dcat| o lo|crt t|c irucc at Cardross iu . ic gavc t|c olloiug iustructious
l oll, t|at as soouc as l au trcspasscd out o t|is orldc, t|at yc ta|c uy |artc otc o uy |ody,
aud cu|auc it, aud ta|c uy trcasourc, as yct s|all t|yu|c sucicut or t|at cutrcprisc, |ot| or
yoursclc, aud suc|c coupauy as yc yll ta|c it| you, aud prcscut uy |art to t|c |oly Scpul-
c|rc, |crc as our lordc layc, scyiug, uy |ody cau uat couc t|crc . . . Aud |crc so cvcr yc couc,
lct it |c |uocu, |oc yc cary it| you t|c |artc o |yug lo|crt o Scotlaud, at |is iustaucc
aud dcsirc, to |c prcscutcd to t|c |oly Scpulc|rc. lroissart, i.

iocvcr, t|c |uig|t c|argcd it| carryiug t|c |cart as |illcd |ilc hg|tiug iu Spaiu,
it as ta|cu |ac| to Scotlaud aud |uricd iu Mclrosc A||cy, |crc t|c cas|ct t|oug|t
to coutaiu it as uucovcrcd duriug t|c cxcavatiou o t|c c|aptcr |ousc iu . lt as
rc|uricd iu ou t|c t| auuivcrsary o iauuoc||uru scc |uuc).
z

... JI Is I...s L
z 1|c goddcss Mcus 'Miud') as |ouourcd ou t|c Capitol iu cou-
scqucucc o a vo uudcrta|cu atcr dccat |y iauui|al at la|c 1rasiucuc iu ,
pcr|aps to atouc or t|c uiudlcssucss o t|c cousul Gaius llauiuius, ou |ic| t|c dc-
cat as |laucd.
z - 1|ouas icu CY)
1|.o.s I:. -). iaviug as c|aplaiu to C|arlcs ll rcuscd t|c usc o |is |ousc to
icll Gyuu, |c as uadc |is|op o iat| aud Vclls, rcputcdly as a sigu o t|c |iug's
rcgard. A stauuc| oppoucut o 'iopis| aud iuritau iuuovatious', |c prcac|cd agaiust
|aucs ll's attcupts to co-opt t|c irotcstaut Disscutcrs iu |is strugglc agaiust t|c
C|urc| o Luglaud, iu |c as ouc o t|c Scvcu iis|ops |o dccliucd to rcad t|c
|iug's Dcclaratiou o ludulgcucc grautiug li|crty o ors|ip aud suspcudiug t|c las
agaiust rccusauts aud uoucouoruists. iocvcr, t|oug| opposcd to rulc |y a popis|
|iug aud cagcr t|at Villiau o Oraugc s|ould aduiuistcr t|c couutry, |c could uot hud
it iu |is couscicucc to scar allcgiaucc to |iu as |iug, |aviug alrcady soru it to |aucs,
iu |c as dcprivcd o |is scc |y Act o iarliaucut. lu t|c su|scqucut divisious
auougst t|c uoujurors |o iucludcd hvc o t|c Scvcu iis|ops), icu too| a uodcratc
liuc, aud ould |avc uot|iug to do it| t|c pcrpctuatiou o t|c sc|isu |y rcs| ordi-
uatious.
h.||..o I.:.|:r|:r: d. ) as iu clcctcd arc||is|op o Yor| |y a uajority iu t|c
cat|cdral c|aptcr, dccatiug t|c Cistcrciau icury Murdac o louutaius A||cy, t|c
uiuority, supportcd |y t|c local Cistcrciaus aud |y St icruard o Clairvaux |iuscl,
appcalcd to louc ou t|c grouuds t|at |c as a dissolutc siuouiac, t|rust iuto t|c scc
|y iiug Stcp|cu. iopc luuoccut ll pcruittcd t|c cousccratiou i t|c c|argcs o polit-
ical prcssurc aud huaucial iuduccucut crc dcuicd ou oat|, t|c ucxt popc |ut ouc,
lucius ll, scut |iu t|c palliuu, |ic| |c did uot |ot|cr to collcct. 1|is ailurc playcd
iuto |is cucuics' |auds uudcr lucius' succcssor, t|c Cistcrciau Lugcuius lll, |o uudcr
prcssurc rou icruard aud t|c rival caudidatc, icury Murdac, |y uo a||ot o louu-
taius A||cy, ovcrrulcd t|c uajority o |is cardiuals aud suspcudcd Villiau ou a tcc|-
uicality. 1|c arc||is|op's |iusucu aud supportcrs, outragcd |y t|csc uauocuvrcs aud

s|ariug t|c gcucral ill-ill toards t|c Cistcrciau Ordcr dctccta|lc iu coutcuporary
sourccs, rausac|cd t|c A||cy, t|c iopc uo dcposcd |iu, aud |cu t|c c|aptcr ailcd
to clcct a succcssor cousccratcd icury Murdac. Villiau, still supportcd |y |iug aud
pcoplc, |ctoo| |iuscl to Viuc|cstcr aud a saiutly uodc o lic. 1|is as rcardcd iu
|y t|c dcat|s o |is t|rcc arc|-cucuics, Lugcuius, icruard, aud Murdac, t|c uc
popc, Auastasius l\, rciustatcd Villiau aud gavc |iu t|c palliuu, |ut t|c dccatcd
party it is said) avcugcd itscl it| poisou. Miraclcs crc rcportcd |cu t|c Old Miu-
stcr caug|t hrc, Villiau's iucorrupt |ody as prcscrvcd iu its sil|cu ro|c, souc ycars
latcr |oly oil cxudcd rou t|c tou|. Yor|, |ic| lac|cd a uota|lc saiut, prcsscd or |is
cauoui.atiou, |cu t|c Cistcrciau a||ots o louutaius aud licvaulx, appoiutcd to iu-
vcstigatc as |ciug prcdisposcd to rcjcct t|c claius, ucvcrt|clcss rcportcd iu |is avour,
iopc iouorius lll cauoui.cd |iu iu . iis lic aud uiraclcs arc dcpictcd iu staiucd
glass at Yor| Miustcr.
M.r ..-..), |is|op o ioyou, |o cou|atcd t|c rcuuauts o pagauisu aud
cousccratcd t|c lrau|is| quccu ladcguudc scc Aug.) a dcacoucss |cu s|c ncd
rou |cr |loodt|irsty |us|aud, Clot|ar l. icvcrt|clcss, at |is dcat| Clot|ar |ad |iu
|uricd at Soissous, |crc au a||cy as latcr dcdicatcd to |iu, aud Clot|ar's sou
C|ilpcric l rotc a drcadul latiu pocu iu |is |ouour. ic is said to |avc iustitutcd t|c
aard o a rosc ou t|is day to t|c ort|icst uaidcu iu |is |irt|placc, Salcucy.
St Mdard's Day is a lrcuc| cquivalcut o St Sit|uu or cat|cr prcdictious t|c
ot|cr is |uuc), siucc au caglc is supposcd to |avc s|cltcrcd t|c saiut rou a storu.
Siuilarly iu ioray, raiu ill last or orty days, ot|crs say t|is day's cat|cr ill
rcuaiu or our or hvc cc|s, or rccur at |ayiug tiuc.
St Mdard is t|c |cro o ouc o iar|au's I..|s|, L::.s, 'A lcgcud o Aric'. lt |as
uot|iug to do it| cat|cr provcr|s |ut dcscri|cs |o St Mdard oils t|c Dcvil's
prospcctivc gouruct diuucr |y cuttiug opcu |is sac|, |ic| Old iic| |ad stucd so
ull t|at |c could uot lit it o t|c grouud. 'Saiuts crc so uauy aud sius so c', |ut
ucvcrt|clcss |c |ad uauagcd to collcct 'a dcccutis| lot'
ic |ad pic|'d up iu lraucc a M.:r: : L..s:,-
A M.:r:ss: :. :.:r:,-to suart Cr.s::::s,
A Courticr at play,- Aud au Luglis| .-
V|o |ad |oltcd rou |ouc it|out payiug |is dc|ts.-
-ic |ad caug|t iu Grcat iritaiu a Scrivcucr's clcr|,
A Qua|cr,-a ia|cr,-a Doctor o las,-
Aud a |oc|cy o Yor|- iut iaddy rou Cor|
'Dcsavcd t|c ould divil', aud slipp'd t|roug| |is clas.
lu Mosco, a ioyar |uoutiug |is ic-
A Corsair's crc, iu t|c lslcs o Grcccc-
Aud, uudcr t|c douc O St. ictcr's, at louc,
ic |ad suapp'd up a uicc littlc Cardiual's iiccc.-
ic |ad |agg'd au luquisitor rcs| rou Spaiu-
A ucudicaut lriar-o Mou|s a scorc,
A gravc Dou or to, Aud a iortugucsc |c,
V|ou |c ua||'d |ilc clippiug a uc Moidorc.

Aud |c said to |iuscl, as |c lic|'d |is lips,
'1|osc uicc littlc Dcars. |at a dclicatc roast.-
1|cu, t|at huc at lriar, At a vcry quic| hrc,
Drcss'd li|c a Voodcoc|, aud scrv'd ou toast.'
lic|ard iarris iar|au '1|ouas lugolds|y') -)
z

... J Is I...s l
z - - - LSA, O|la|oua Scuior Citi.cus Day
z \cstalia, t|c uaiu pu|lic cstival o t|c |cart| goddcss \csta, ou
|ic| t|c \cstal \irgius ocrcd t|c o.|. s.|s. or salt-ca|c, uadc rou atcr carricd iu
vcsscls t|at could uot |c sct dou it|out spilliug aud rou salt pouudcd iu a uortar,
|a|cd, aud sau. 1|c day |ccauc a |oliday or uillcrs aud |a|crs.
z - Lp|racu t|c Syriau lC, CY couucu.), Coluu|a CY, lC lrclaud
aud Scotlaud), Cyril o Alcxaudria Ort|., scc |uuc)
L|r.:o :|: `,r... ..-), also callcd 't|c Dcacou' aud 't|c iarp o t|c ioly G|ost'.
ic as aucd or |is |i|lical couucutarics aud |yuus, rittcu iu Syriac, aud or
orgaui.iug rclic duriug a plaguc. icucdict X\ uaucd |iu a Doctor o t|c C|urc| iu
. iis cast-day as orucrly |uuc.
C.|o|. Colu Cillc, 'Dovc o t|c C|urc|'), |oru .. aud uaucd Cr.o:|..., 'ox', dicd
ou t|is day iu , t|c sccoud Suuday atcr icutccost |y t|c Ccltic rcc|ouiug t|c hrst
|y t|c louau) aud uot, as traditiou asscrts, icutccost itscl. lt is rclatcd t|at as a||ot
o Dcrry |c quarrcllcd li|c ot|cr uou|s it| Dioruit uac Ccr|aill, also |uou as Di-
aruaid t|c Good, iig| iiug o lrclaud, |o gavc judgucut agaiust |iu or ua|iug a
piratc copy o a Gospcl-|oo| |roug|t |ac| rou louc |y liuuiau o Movillc 'As a
cal is to t|c co, so is t|c copy to t|c |oo|.' V|cu t|c |iug o Couuac|t's sou, |av-
iug uurdcrcd a uau duriug t|c cast at 1ara iu , soug|t sauctuary it| Coluu|a,
Dioruit ovcrrodc |iu aud did justicc, t|c iuuriatcd a||ot raiscd a coalitiou o |iugs
t|at routcd Dioruit at C| Lr:|:.: t|oug|t to |c a c uilcs uort| o Sligo) dcspitc
t|c praycrs o liuuiau, dcstroyiug t|c pocr o t|c |ig| |iugs|ip aud coudcuuiug lrc-
laud to t|c coustaut ars o pctty |iuglcts. lu , coudcuucd to cxcouuuuicatiou |y
a syuod o uou|s |ut grautcd a stay o scutcucc, Coluu|a lct lrclaud or cvcr, aud
ouudcd a uouastcry o t|c Scottis| coast ou t|c islaud o loua.
Coluu|a's hrst |iograp|cr, Adouuu, says vcry littlc a|out |is lris| ycars, prccrriug
to rccouut |is uiraclcs, suc| as t|c ruuuiug couucutary |c gavc soou atcr |is arrival
ou a |attlc |ciug oug|t iu lrclaud, cvcu so |ad t|c augur Gaius Coruclius at iadua,

accordiug to |is acquaiutaucc aud cllo-tousuau livy, dcscri|cd Cacsar's dccat o
ioupcy at i|arsalus iu . ic also rclatcs t|at Coluu|a, ou itucssiug t|c |urial
o a uau |ittcu |y au .,.:.|.s |:s:.. iu t|c livcr icss, |adc a coupauiou siu across to
ctc| a |oat, lurcd |y t|is |ait, t|c uoustcr rosc to t|c suracc, |crcupou t|c saiut
uadc t|c sigu o t|c Cross aud ordcrcd it |ac|. 1|c crcaturc ncd, t|c astouis|cd iicts
crc couvcrtcd. 1|is talc as pro|a|ly uot |uou to t|c tcutict|-ccutury jourualists
|o iuvcutcd t|c loc| icss uoustcr, |ic| scicutists drilliug iu t|c loc| |cd or
palacocliuatic aud ot|cr data |avc ailcd to hud. iclic iu cvil crcaturcs iu|a|itiug la|cs
is idcsprcad, ouc o us |as |ccu told |y a corrcspoudcut iu lrclaud t|at iu t|c uid-
s s|c as arucd to |ccp a tig|t |old ou |cr littlc daug|tcr lcst s|c all prcy to t|c
|clpic, |ic| |ad sci.cd its last |uou victiu souc orty ycars carlicr.
lt is said t|at iu |is |astc to lcavc Dcrry Coluu|a put ou ouc s|oc |corc |is ot|cr
stoc|iug as ou, aud liupcd iu couscqucucc, c|ildrcu iu lrclaud arc told to ta|c aru-
iug |y |iu aud alays put |ot| soc|s or stoc|iugs ou |corc t|cy put ou t|c hrst s|oc.
1|at uau is littlc to |c cuvicd, |osc patriotisu ould uot gaiu orcc upou t|c plaiu o
Marat|ou, or |osc picty ould uot gro arucr auoug t|c ruius o loua.
|o|usou, j.r.:,,
lt is t|is passagc t|at cusurcd t|c triuup| o 'loua' a distortiou o Adouuu's I..)
ovcr t|c prcvious Luglis| uauc |ic| |o|usou also uscd), 'lcolu|ill', Gaclic I C|.|.o
C|.||:.
lu ioray Coluu|a's uauc as uaturali.cd as iol|joru, aud t|c day callcd I.||,.r.
o: |.|s:., 'it| t|c saluou', siucc t|c hs| as said to lcap up ou it.
z

... IJ Is I...s G
z - - - Macao Caucs aud iortugucsc Couuuuitics
Day couucuoratiug dcat| o iortugal's uatioual poct, lus \a. dc Caucs,
)
iortugal iortugal Day dcat| o lus \a. dc Caucs, ) uatioual day)
ili t|c Du|c o Ldiu|urg| |oru , rcd-lcttcr day, t|c Luiou nag is nou
z - lorucrly Margarct, Quccu o Scotlaud scc iov.)
h|.:: .s: L.,, cclc|ratcd |y |aco|itcs as t|c |irt|day o iriucc |aucs lraucis Stcart,
't|c Old irctcudcr', sou o |aucs ll, iu scc Dcc.).
j.: iu Australia)
iot li|c t|at uout| |cu, iu iupcrial spacc,
1|c |ig|, stroug suu starcs at t|c |itc orld's acc,

iot li|c t|at |aug|ty daug|tcr o t|c ycar
V|o uovcs, a splcudour, iu a splcudid sp|crc,
iut rat|cr li|c a uyup| o atcruoou,
Vit| cool, sot suus|iuc, coucs Australiau |uuc
S|c is t|c calu, scct lady, rou |osc lips
io |rcat| o liviug passiou cvcr slips,
1|c iud t|at ou |cr virgiu orc|cad |los
Vas |oru too latc to spca| o last ycar's rosc,
S|c ucvcr sa a |lossou, |ut |cr cycs
O tcudcr |cauty scc |luc, gracious s|ics,
S|c lovcs t|c uosscs, aud |cr cct |avc |ccu
lu oodlauds |crc t|c lcavcs arc alays grccu,
icr days pass ou it| sca-sougs, aud |cr uig|ts
S|iuc, ull o stars, ou lauds o rosty lig|ts.
icury icudall -)
z

... III Is I...s A
J: `...: 3.r..|.s :|: s.,:|: .. :|: o:...
3.r..|, |r.|:,
1|: |..:s: ., .. s|.r::s: ..|:.
z - - - LSA, iaaii iiug iauc|auc|a l Day -
) statc |oliday)
z Matralia iu |ouour o Matcr Matuta, to |ou oucu cou-
ucudcd t|cir ou or t|cir sistcrs' c|ildrcu, slavcs crc cxcludcd, apart rou ouc |o
as ritually cxpcllcd. icr tcuplc as iu t|c loruu ioariuu, alougsidc ouc o lortuua,
|o as also ors|ippcd ou t|is day, t|cy crc said to |avc |ccu |uilt iu t|c sixt| ccu-
tury |y iiug Scrvius 1ullius, to |ou uauy good iustitutious crc attri|utcd. 1|c
tcuplc o lortuua coutaiucd a statuc said to |c o Scrvius, |ut rappcd iu togas, Ovid
ocrs t|rcc cxplauatious t|at t|c goddcss is|cd to couccal t|c act t|at t|c |iug |ad
|ccu |cr lovcr, or t|at |is gricviug pcoplc |ad covcrcd |is corpsc it| t|cir togas, or
t|at |c |ad uot is|cd to scc |is ic|cd daug|tcr 1ullia, |o |ad uurdcrcd |iu. 1|is
statuc survivcd t|c hrc t|at scpt t|roug| |ot| tcuplcs iu , t|cy crc rc|uilt
t|c ucxt ycar. lcuaius o vcry aucicut tcuplcs |avc |ccu ouud uudcr t|c c|urc| o
St iouo|ouus scc iov.).
z - - CoL), iarua|as lC, Ort|.), rcd-lcttcr day, iart|olouc
Ort|., scc Aug.)

3.r..|.s, cousiu o St Mar|, a lcvitc rou Cyprus propcrly callcd |oscp| |ut uic|-
uaucd iarua|as 'Sou o Lucouragcucut'), |o sold |is cstatc aud douatcd t|c
procccds to t|c apostlcs. V|cu t|c pcrsccutor Saul |ccauc t|c couvcrt iaul, it as
iarua|as |o pcrsuadcd t|c couuuuity o |is siuccrity, t|crcatcr |c accoupauicd
|iu ou |is carly uissious uutil t|cy quarrcllcd ovcr iarua|as' iusistcucc ou ta|iug Mar|
it| |iu dcspitc |at iaul rcgardcd as |is dcscrtiou ou a prcvious cutcrprisc. Accou-
pauicd |y Mar|, iarua|as rcturucd to Cyprus, |crc traditiou |as |iu stoucd to dcat|
|y t|c |cs o lauagusta, |ocvcr, iaul's hrst Lpistlc to t|c Coriut|iaus s|os
iarua|as oucc uorc or|iug it| |iu. 1|c Lpistlc to t|c ic|rcs, |ic| t|c Vcst-
cru C|urc| rig|tly, as uodcru critics |avc ouud) did uot rcgard as iauliuc |corc St
|crouc, as souctiucs ascri|cd to |iu. lu Luglaud |is as t|c day or t|c |ay |arvcst.
lu Dcuuar| t|is as t|c traditioual cud o t|c coutract-ycar, |cu rcuts cll duc aud
uastcrs aud scrvauts crc rcc to rcucgotiatc or part. 1|c iorcgiau-|oru playrig|t
ludvig iol|crg rotc a coucdy ou t|is topic, L:. . ,.., hrst pcrorucd at Copcu-
|agcu ou |uuc , iu t|c hrst sccuc a laudlord voiccs t|c ctcrual couplaiut t|at t|c
orld is goiug dou|ill |ccausc o as|ioua|lc rippcry
lu t|c old days t|c |cst ucrc|auts crc callcd iaus |cuscu i.c. |cus's sou or icr icrscu aud t|c
ic as Auuc icrs i.c. icr's ic or Llsc C|ristcuscus, |ut ouc got ouc's rcut all rig|t ou t|c
t| or t| o |uuc, |ut uo t|cy'vc |ccouc gcutry, aud uay|c |avc a suruauc it| .. iu rout
o it, aud a crod o catcrpillars-lac|cys iu stripcs-at t|cir |ccls aud pouc|cs ou t|c |ac| o
t|cir igs, t|c t| o |uuc couuts as proupt payucut, at t|is ratc iu tcu ycars' tiuc t|c t| o
|uly ill |c proupt payucut, t|cu t|c t| o August, aud iu t|c cud c s|all hud oursclvcs rid-
iug |ouc cupty-|audcd aud couutiug it as proupt payucut i t|cy prouisc to scttlc it| us ou
t|c t| o |uuc atcr t|at. l t|crc crc as uauy pcucc as pouc|cs |crc, t|is city ould |c ric|cr
t|au Austcrdau or loudou, |ut uuortuuatcly t|cy just |aug dou t|c ucc| it| a|solutcly
uot|iug iu t|cu.
z

r..: Is I...s i
z - - - ira.il Dia dos iauorados Scct|carts' Day),
t|c local aud uo lcss couucrcial) couutcrpart o St \alcutiuc's Day
iaraguay icacc it| iolivia Day, or icacc o C|aco Day cud o ar it| iolivia,
)
i|ilippiucs ludcpcudcucc Day rou Spaiu, )
lussia ludcpcudcucc Day rou t|c LSSl, dcclarcd )
z -
3.s.|.:s, C,r..s, N.|.r, .. N...r.s, rccordcd iu t|c louau Martyrology. 1|c orucr
to appcar to |c iasilidcs, uartyrcd at louc .. aud Quiriuus o Siscia, droucd

it| a uillstouc rouud |is ucc| iu or , |osc propcr days arc rcspcctivcly aud
|uuc, t|c lattcr to Milaucsc uartyrs o |ou uot|iug is |uou, t|oug| Catalau
lcgcud uadc o ia.arius a |audsouc aud iuordiuatcly vaiu uau |ou God puuis|cd
|y lcugt|cuiug |is uosc Cat. ..s), |ic| drovc |iu uad, |is uosc |aviug s|ruu| to its
duc proportious, |c rccovcrcd |is its aud spcut t|c rcst o |is days iu pcuitcut dcvo-
tiou.
.|r..s ...), |cruit. Grcc|s ill uot rcap ou t|is day |ccausc 'luis' dcvours
r;) t|c ruits, |ut accordiug to A||ot iap|uutius, |o discovcrcd |iu iu t|c dcscrt
clot|cd iu a loiuclot| o lcavcs, |c su|sistcd solcly ou t|c datcs rou a palu trcc out-
sidc |is cavc, |cu |rcad aud atcr uiraculously appcarcd ou t|c ta|lc atcr t|cir day-
loug discussiou, Ouup|rios gratcully atc it, aud dicd t|c ucxt day. A Catalau ol| |clic
uadc |iu a |us|aud-hudcr
Gloris saut Ouorc, Glorious St Ouup|rios,
dcu-uc uu casador Givc uc a |us|aud
au| uu |ou corc. Vit| a c|cst ull o uoucy.
1|c \ialc Xll Giuguo iu iologua cclc|ratcs t|c nig|t o t|c papal lcgatc |corc t|c
ltaliau advaucc iu .
lcadcrs |o rccoil rou too uuc| sauctity uay c|oosc t|is day to couucuoratc t|c
grcatcst aud uost succcssul tiucscrvcr iu Luglis| |istory, lic|ard lic|, |o dicd ou
|uuc . A uau o loosc lic, |ut a souud laycr, |c |ad riscu to |c solicitor-gcu-
cral iu , t|c ucxt ycar |c |ctraycd lis|cr |y rcvcaliug a couvcrsatiou |c |ad prouiscd
to |ccp sccrct, aud scut Morc to |is dcat| it| pcrjurcd cvidcucc scc |uuc, |uly).
ic as duly rcardcd it| urt|cr occs, iu |c as clcctcd Spca|cr o t|c iousc
o Couuous, iu |ic| capacity |c dclivcrcd a spccc| li|cuiug icury \lll to Solouou,
Sausou, A|salou, aud t|c suu. iaviug playcd |is part iu t|c dissolutiou o t|c uouas-
tcrics uota|ly |y aduiuistcriug, aud divcrtiug, t|cir rcvcuucs), |cu t|c arc|itcct o
t|c policy, aud |is ou |cucactor, 1|ouas Croucll, cll rou pocr, lic| uot ouly
providcd cvidcucc agaiust |iu |ut joiucd iu t|c pcrsccutiou o rcorucrs, cvcu joiuiug
iu t|c rac|iug o ouc victiu it| |is ou |auds. icvcrt|clcss, auot|cr tiucly sitc|,
aud auot|cr suoot| |ctrayal, t|is tiuc o |is cllo-torturcr, |roug|t |iu t|c lord
C|auccllors|ip uudcr t|c irotcstaut Ldard \l, |aviug scrvcd lord irotcctor Soucr-
sct, |c scrvcd |is cucuics iustcad |cu t|at coursc o actiou sccucd uorc cxpcdicut.
lllucss coupcllcd |iu to rcsigu t|c lord C|auccllors|ip, t|oug| |is ou grcat-graud-
sou cxplaiucd t|at |c |ad |ccu caug|t tclliug talcs ou t|c uc lord irotcctor to t|c
old iu t|c uista|cu |clic t|at Soucrsct ould rcturu to pocr. Ou Ldard's dcat| |c
supportcd Quccu |auc, |ut t|cu dcscrtcd to Quccu Mary, |c as vigorous iu pcrsccut-
iug t|c irotcstauts o Lsscx, |ut rcuaiucd iu scrvicc uudcr Lli.a|ct|. iis rcligious
iucliuatious crc Cat|olic, |ut ucvcr stood iu t|c ay o |usiucss |c ould pcrsccutc
Cat|olics as rcadily as irotcstauts i |is iutcrcsts crc t|crc|y advauccd, aud t|cu |c-
tray t|osc |o |ad advauccd t|cu. Yct so valua|lc crc |is scrviccs t|at ucit|cr
scruplc uor cautiou |cld |ac| |is cuploycrs, iu couscqucucc, |c dicd a calt|y uau aud

a pccr o t|c rcalu. iut or all |is aults |c as a patrou o lcaruiug, at lclstcd iu Lsscx,
|crc |c is |uricd |is cgy s|os |is s|arp caturcs), |c ouudcd a grauuar sc|ool
|osc pupils ould iucludc Olivcr Croucll aud t|c uat|cuaticiaus lsaac iarro aud
|o|u Vallis.
z

Is I...: C
z - - - lis|ou St Autouy o iadua lcast-Day pu|lic
|oliday)
z Quiuquatrus uiuusculac 'lcsscr'), t|c guild o :.|....:s or pipcrs,
|o attcudcd sacrihccs, uucrals, aud casts, |cgau a t|rcc-day cstival iu |ic| t|cy
roaucd t|c strccts iu uas|s aud oucu's clot|cs, siugiug druu|culy. 1o accouut or t|is,
t|c story as told it| t|c usual variatious iu dctail) t|at iu protcst at t|c supprcssiou
iu o t|cir traditioual |auquct iu t|c tcuplc o |upitcr t|cy |ad quit louc or
1ivoli, t|c tousucu, caug|t |ctccu t|c Scuatc's dcuaud or t|cir rcturu aud t|c
pipcrs' ou rcusal to go |ouc, arraugcd t|at at t|c ucxt local cstival t|cy s|ould |c
iuvitcd to pcroru aud plicd it| so uuc| iuc, 'o |ic| suc| ol| arc gcucrally oud',
t|at t|cy cll aslccp, |crcupou t|cy crc |uudlcd outo carts aud pac|cd o |ac| to
louc. V|cu t|c pipcrs o|c up t|cy crc iu t|c loruu, t|c stri|c as prouptly
scttlcd ou t|cir tcrus, aud t|c cstival iustitutcd. lt as |uou as t|c lcsscr Quiu-
quatrus |ccausc t|cy orgat|crcd at t|c tcuplc o Miucrva, |o iu |cr Grcc| guisc as
At|cua |ad iuvcutcd t|cir iustruucut. ilutarc| cxplaius t|at uost o t|cu |ad |ccu
cariug oucu's clot|cs at t|c party, |ut Ovid |as ouly souc o t|c pipcrs |roug|t
|ouc, uudcr iustructious to dou uas|s aud gous so t|at t|cir uuu|crs could |c uadc
up it| ot|cr pipcrs o |ot| scxcs it|out t|c |uolcdgc cit|cr o t|c Scuatc, |ic|
autcd t|c |olc guild |ac|, or o t|cir couradcs, |o ould |avc accouutcd t|cu
|lac|lcgs.
z - Autouy o iadua lC)
J.:.., .; .. -), lrauciscau, patrou saiut o iortugal aud ira.il. ioru to a
uo|lc iortugucsc auily, |c joiucd t|c Ordcr o Austiu Cauous aud studicd at Coiu-
|ra, |ut as so acctcd |y t|c uartyrdou o a group o lrauciscaus iu Arica t|at |c
joiucd t|c ucly ouudcd lrauciscau Ordcr aud |iuscl cut to Arica. iis |calt|,
|ocvcr, discouragcd suc| a strcuuous calliug, aud |is iutcllcctual talcuts |cgau to iu-
prcss, |c |ccauc t|c hrst lrauciscau lccturcr iu t|cology aud taug|t at iologua, Mout-
pcllicr, aud 1oulousc. ic soou |ccauc aucd as a prcac|cr, c|urc|cs crc uot largc
cuoug| to accouuodatc t|c crods |o cauc to |car |iu, aud |c otcu prcac|cd out-
doors, |cucc t|c lcgcud o |is scruou to t|c hs|cs. Autouy is t|c patrou saiut o iadua,

|crc |c dicd, aud |is rclics rcuaiu iu t|c grcat c|urc| |uou acctiouatcly as 'll
Sauto'. ic as cauoui.cd iu t|c ycar olloiug |is dcat|. ic is rcprcscutcd as |oldiug
t|c C|rist c|ild iu accordaucc it| |is visiou.
Mauy uiraclcs |avc |ccu attri|utcd to |iu aud lcgcuds |avc prolicratcd. iis |clp
|as |ccu iuvo|cd to hud lost o|jccts siucc t|c scvcutccut| ccutury, t|c story is told t|at
|c uadc a rig|tul apparitiou to a uovicc |o |ad |orrocd |is psaltcr it|out pcr-
uissiou. Autouy is also patrou saiut o |arrcu oucu, aud |ccauc t|c saiut o c|oicc
or rclatcd rcqucsts, hudiug ric| |us|auds or oucu |o |uru a caudlc ou |is day
Saut Autoui |cuct, ilcsscd St Autouy,
cu-uc tro|ar uu uarit Ma|c uc hud a |us|aud
quc sigui |ou |ouc i ric, V|o is a good uau aud ric|,
i, si pot scr, dc scguit. Aud i possi|lc rig|t aay.
Lvidcutly i St Ouup|rios |ad |ccu iuvo|cd it|out iuucdiatc succcss, c. |uuc.)
lcgiuald Scot rcports iu |is c|aptcr ou 'Ccrtciuc popis| aud uagicall curcs, or t|cu
t|at arc |citc|cd iu t|cir privitics'
Ouc I.:|.r..: L.: |aviug a |us|aud uot so rcadilic disposcd t|at aic as s|c is|cd |iu to
|c) uadc a axcu iuagc to t|c li|ucs o |ir |us|auds |citc|cd ucu|cr, aud ocrcd it up at
S. J.:|...:s altar, so as, t|roug| |oliucss o t|c uassc it uig|t |c sauctihcd, to |c uorc cour-
agious, aud o |cttcr dispositiou aud a|ilitic, ~c. Scot, v. viii )
1|c last possi|lc datc o V|it Suuday.
z

... XJIII I.|:..s I|..s D
z - - - LSA llag Day couucuoratiou o |o|u
Adaus's iutroductiou o rcsolutiou couccruiug t|c uatioual nag) lcgal |oliday iu
icuusylvauia)
z - lic|ard iaxtcr CY couucu.), orucrly iasil t|c Grcat lC, scc
|au.)
..|.r 3.:::r -), a largcly scl-taug|t S|rops|irc uau |o cauc to loudou iu
|ut lct iu disgust at t|c rivolity o court lic to study diviuity, iu |c |ccauc
curatc at iiddcruiustcr. ic did |is |cst to iguorc scctariau dicrcuccs iu pastoral co-
opcratiou it| ot|cr local uiuistcrs, a uodcratc iuritau, |c rcjcctcd cpiscopacy, |ut
also opposcd |ot| t|c Solcuu lcaguc aud Covcuaut it| t|c Scots ircs|ytcriaus aud
t|c ludcpcudcucy o Croucll, uor as |c syupat|ctic to rcpu|licaus aud scctarics. lu
|c rotc a classic o dcvotioual litcraturc, 1|: `...:s` L:r|.s:.. :s:, iu C.|.s
`.|...s. 1|: :;.ro: .s:.r, t|csc arc ouly to or|s auoug ucarly . iaviug playcd
uo suall part iu t|c rccall o C|arlcs ll, |c as ocrcd t|c |is|opric o icrcord, |ut

ou dccliuiug it rou disli|c o cpiscopacy as dcprivcd o |is liviug aud dc|arrcd rou
ccclcsiastical occ. At t|c Savoy Coucrcucc o |c prcscutcd t|c iuritau 'Lxccp-
tious' or o|jcctious to t|c iraycr ioo|, togct|cr it| a 'lcorucd liturgy', |ut
could riug c couccssious rou t|c iig| C|urc|ucu, cvcu a uau o |is uodcratiou
t|crcatcr sucrcd pcrsccutiou, iutcusihcd iu t|c carly ycars o |aucs ll, |ut t|c 1olcr-
atiou Act t|at ollocd t|c Glorious lcvolutiou put |iu at pcacc it| aut|ority.
lu uiddis o luuc, t|at ioly scit scasouu,
Qu|cu t|at air i|c|us it| |is |cuis |ric|t
iad dryit up t|c dc ra daill aud douu,
Aud all t|c laud uaid it| |is lcuis lic|t,
lu auc uoruyug |ctuix uid day aud uic|t
l rais aud put all slcut| aud s|ip asydc,
Aud to auc od l cut allouc |ut gydc.
Scit cs t|c sucll o nouris qu|ytc aud rcid,
1|c uoycs o |irdis ric|t dclitious,
1|c |cis |raid |louit a|ouc uy |cid,
1|c grouud groaud it| grcsis gratious,
O all plcsaucc t|at placc cs plcutcous,
Vit| scit odouris aud |irdis |aruouy,
1|c uoruiug uyld, uy uirt| cs uair or t|y.
1|c rosis rcid arrayit rouc aud rycc,
1|c pryucros aud t|c purpour viola,
1o |cir it cs auc poyut o paradicc,
Sic uirt| t|c uauis aud t|c ucrlc cout| ua,
1|c |lossuuuis |lyt|c |ra| vp ou |au| aud |ra,
1|c sucll o |cr|is aud t|c olis cry,
Coutcudiug qu|a suld |avc t|c victory.
lo|crt icurysou ..-..), 1|: 1..|| .; :|: L,.. .. :|: M.s, irologuc
z

... XJII I.|:..s I|..s L
I; `...: J.:s` ., |: r..., :.:|:r
.: .|| r... ;.r :|.r:, .,s :.::|:r.
z - - - LSA Ar|ausas Aduissiou Day t| Statc,
)
LSA, Dclaarc Scparatiou Day
LSA, lda|o iiouccr Day hrst |itc scttlcucut at lrau|liu, )
z 1|is as t|c day or clcausiug t|c rouud tcuplc o \csta iu t|c
loruu, t|c hlt| as rcuovcd to t|c 1i|cr, atcr |ic| t|c :.s as closcd, t|c \cstals

rcturucd to t|cir uorual dutics, aud t|c day |ccauc availa|lc or judicial |usiucss. lt is
t|crcorc uar|cd iu louau calcudars Q.S1.D.l., ,... s::r.s :|.:o ;.s, 'oucc t|c dirt
|as |ccu rcuovcd, a laul day'. Ouly rou t|is day ou as uarriagc advisa|lc, i ouc
|ad uot cddcd |corc May.
z -
J.:s Gcr. \cit, lr. Gui), patrou saiut o io|cuia d. ...). Ouc o t|c lourtccu Aux-
iliary Saiuts. ic is |clicvcd to |avc |ccu a c|ild uartyr, rou lucauia or Sicily, latcr
lcgcud |as |iu, togct|cr it| |is tutor Modcstus aud |is uursc Crcsccutia, succcssivcly
|oilcd iu oil, t|rou to t|c lious, aud strctc|cd ou t|c rac|, yct cucrgiug uuscat|cd to
dic pcaccully at |ouc iu lucauia. ic as said to causc, or curc, t|c 1...: or dau-
ciug uauia iu |ic| ild lcaps aud gyratious, otcu to uusic spccially rcqucstcd or t|c
purposc, lcd to uass aiutiug cspccially auoug girls aud youug oucu, t|c p|cuouc-
uou |as |ccu couparcd it| procccdiugs at uodcru roc| couccrts. lts ltaliau couutcr-
part as t|c :.r..::||., |ic| particularly acctcd t|c garis|ly clad youug, it is rccallcd
|y t|c 'tarautcllas' o uiuctccut|- aud tcutict|-ccutury uusic. 1|is as uujustly
|laucd ou t|c |itc o t|c tarautula, uo dou|t t|c saiut as as iuuoccut as t|c spidcr,
|ut t|c uauc 'St \itus' daucc' |as uot ouly rcuaiucd iu usc |ut auucxcd t|c ucrvous
discasc tcc|uically |uou as 'Sydcu|au's c|orca'. ic is patrou saiut o dauccrs aud |y
cxtcusiou actors aud coucdiaus. iis cu|lcus iucludc t|c hg|tiug coc|. Scc also
|uuc.
1|c ragiug uiudc o urious ol|cs dot| \itus pacihc
Aud dot| rcstorc t|cu to t|cir ittc, |ciug caldc ou spccdilic.
iaogcorgus, o.
Ou t|is day iu , at luuuyucdc, iiug |o|u aud rc|cl |arous rcac|cd orual agrcc-
ucut, su|scqucutly rccordcd iu a c|artcr, dcsigucd to cud t|c rc|clliou agaiust |is
stroug |ut ar|itary rulc. lu t|is it ailcd, or ucit|cr t|c |iug uor t|c cxtrcuists auoug
t|c rc|cls iutcudcd to a|idc |y it, t|c so-callcd 'Aruy o God' coutiuucd to |old lou-
dou agaiust t|cir sovcrcigu, |o or |is part o|taiucd t|c uullihcatiou o t|c c|artcr
rou iopc luuoccut lll-orucrly |is |ittcr cucuy, |ut |is hru supportcr siucc ,
|cu |o|u |ad rccogui.cd |iu as cudal ovcrlord. 1|c dic|ards iuvitcd t|c lrcuc|
|iug's sou to couqucr Luglaud, |ut t|cir causc |ad alrcady passcd its pca| |cu |o|u's
dcat| rcuovcd t|c o|jcct o t|cir |atrcd. 1|c iiug's Mcu govcruiug ou |c|al o |is
iuaut sou, icury lll, couciliatcd avcrcrs |y issuiug a uodihcd c|artcr t|cusclvcs, t|c
ucxt ycar sa t|c dccisivc dccat o rc|cls aud iuvadcrs.
Ovcr t|c ucxt ccutury t|crc crc pcriodic rcissucs |ot| o t|c 'littlc c|artcr' cou-
taiuiug t|c clauscs ou orcsts aud t|c 'grcat c|artcr' o... ..r:.) couprisiug t|c ot|crs,
|y t|c dcat| o Ldard l t|c docuucut |ad lost its rclcvaucc. V|cu iu t|c sixtccut|
ccutury iiug |o|u as rc|a|ilitatcd as a valiaut rcorucr o a|uscs, particularly iu t|c
C|urc|, a c|artcr cxtortcd |y |ad su|jccts |ut dcuouuccd |y t|c popc did uot ht iuto
t|c story told iu |o|u ialc's play I.. j.|.. o a grcat aud virtuous priucc |ctraycd
|y io|ility, Clcrgy, aud Civil Ordcr iu lcaguc it| louc, uor is it ucutioucd |y

S|a|cspcarc, |osc |o|u is |ot| a ic|cd |iug aud a stauuc| c|aupiou o |is couutry
agaiust t|c iopc aud t|c lrcuc|uau. lu t|c scvcutccut| ccutury, |ocvcr, |cu iiug
|o|u as uo lougcr uccdcd as a irotcstaut |cro, t|c C|artcr as iuvo|cd agaiust t|c
autocratic rulc o t|c Stuarts, t|us |ccouiug t|c ouudatiou-tcxt o Luglis| li|crtics-
t|osc sauc Luglis| li|crtics t|at iu t|c cig|tccut| ccutury t|c Aucricau colouics iu-
vo|cd agaiust t|c govcruucut o Gcorgc lll.
lor all t|c scrviccs t|at t|c cucuics o C|arlcs l |ad ruug out o t|c C|artcr, ouc
uau auoug t|cu as uot to |c coustraiucd |y it. lu Olivcr Croucll couuittcd
a orucr iutiuatc or rcusiug, aud cucouragiug ot|crs to rcusc, t|c payucut o a uc
tax, t|c uudauutcd 'lauatic|' uadc au applicatiou or |a|cas corpus
M.,..r, |o as o Couucil it| t|c irisoucr, dcuaudcd |is li|crty it| grcat couhdcucc,
|ot| upou t|c illcgality o t|c Couuitucut, aud t|c illcgality o t|c iupositiou, as |ciug laid
it|out auy laul Aut|ority. 1|c |udgcs could uot uaiutaiu or dccud cit|cr, aud cuoug| dc-
clarcd |at t|cir Scutcucc ould |c, aud t|crcorc t|c irotcctor's Atturucy rcquircd a art|cr
day, to auscr |at |ad |ccu urgcd. icorc t|at day, M.,..r as couuittcd to t|c 1ocr, or
prcsuuiug to qucstiou or ua|c dou|t o |is Aut|ority, aud t|c |udgcs crc scut or, aud scvcrcly
rcprc|cudcd or sucriug t|at liccucc, |cu t|cy, it| all |uuility, ucutiou'd t|c la aud
M... C|.r:., Cr.o:|| told t|cu, it| tcrus o coutcupt, aud dcrisiou, 't|cir M... I.r:. s|ould
uot coutrolc |is Actious, |ic| |c |uc crc or t|c sacty o t|c Couuou-calt|.'
Clarcudou, ||. xv, iii. )
littlc as Clarcudou lovcd Croucll, |c s|os a grudgiug rcspcct or |is roug| trcat-
ucut o t|c party talisuau, uudcr C|arlcs ll lord C|ic |usticc iclyug uscd a siuilar
p|rasc.
z

... XJI I.|:..s I|..s l
z - - - Sout| Arica Yout| Day, couucuoratiug t|c
uprisiug iu Socto tous|ip |y |lac| sc|oolc|ildrcu agaiust t|c ordiuaucc t|at
t|cy s|ould |c taug|t iu Ari|aaus, t|is is cclc|ratcd as a uajor cvcut iu t|c strug-
glc agaiust apart|cid
z - lic|ard o C|ic|cstcr CY, iCi ou Apr.)
j|.::. .; I....o iouya iu 1ur|cy) is |ouourcd ou t|is day |ut ou |uly iu t|c Last),
togct|cr it| |cr -ycar-old sou Cyriac, supposcdly nuug ou t|c grouud |y a uagistratc
|osc acc |c |ad scratc|cd. iis uauc, propcrly Cyriacus, is variously corruptcd to
Quiricus, Cyricus, Cyrcs as iu ictou St Cyrcs iu Dcvou), aud Cyr, as iu t|c uauc o
t|c grcat lrcuc| uilitary acadcuy ouudcd |y iapolcou iu at Saiut-Cyr-
l'colc Yvcliucs), ou t|c sitc o a girls' sc|ool ouudcd iu |y Muc dc Maiutcuou.
1|c so-callcd L:.r::o C:|.s...o, |ocvcr scc iov.), iu up|oldiug t|c traditioual

pro|i|itiou ou rcadiug saiuts' livcs iu c|urc|, siuglcs out 't|c passious o ouc Quiricus
aud |ulitta, o Gcorgc aud ot|crs, |ic| arc t|oug|t to |avc |ccu couposcd |y
|crctics'.
3|..os.,, t|c day iu t|c lic o lcopold iloou, |uuc , dcscri|cd |y |aucs |oycc
iu b|,ss:s, cclc|ratcd auuually iu Du|liu |y a tour o t|c pu|lic |ouscs, |otcls, aud
s|ops iu Du|liu |crc iloou stoppcd, |cgiuuiug it| t|c Sout| iau| lcstauraut iu
Saudycovc.
David iorris, a scuior lccturcr iu Luglis| at 1riuity Collcgc Du|liu, as rcspousi|lc or rc|iu-
dliug iutcrcst iu iloou's jourucy iu t|c latc s. 'l drcsscd up iu a stra |at aud, it| a silvcr
cauc, al|cd t|roug| Du|liu aud rcad rou t|c |oo|. Lvcryouc t|oug|t l as uad, |ut it sccus
to |avc caug|t ou.' 1|: 1.o:s, |uuc
z

... XJ I.|:..s I|..s G
z - - - lcclaud ludcpcudcucc Day rou Dcuuar|,
)
LSA, iostou, Massac|usctts iuu|cr iill Day Suol| Couuty, Massac|usctts)
couucuoratcs iattlc o iuu|cr iill,
z - Al|au iCi, CY ou |uuc)
N:.:.., sixt|-ccutury Vcls| |cruit |illcd |y t|icvcs |ou |c as cudcavouriug to cou-
vcrt, |c t|cu carricd |is |cad |al a uilc to t|c spriug |y |is |ut. Siuilar talcs arc told
o scvcral saiuts, |aviug |ccouc a couuouplacc auoug |agiograp|crs dctcruiucd to
s|o t|at t|cir su|jcct as as uig|ty a saiut as auy ot|cr, t|c uoti is duc to litcral-
uiudcd uisiutcrprctatiou o iustructioual picturcs iu |ic| t|c |oldiug o t|c scvcrcd
|cad syu|oli.cs uartyrdou, as |cu St Agat|a |olds |cr |rcasts or St lucy |cr cycs.
M.|.., d. , a||ot at 1iuoliu 1.| M.|.., St Mulliu's), Co. Carlo. ic is said to |avc
iuitiatcd t|c crry across t|c livcr iarro icar||a), ou a dc|atc it| t|c Dcvil, aud
oucd a pct ox. Ouc uig|t, |cu hs|iug, |c rcputcdly caug|t a |ugc saluou iu |is uct
aud opcuiug it ouud a |ar o gold, |ic| |c split iuto t|rcc parts, giviug ouc to t|c
poor, usiug auot|cr to ua|c rcliquarics, aud spcudiug t|c t|ird ou good or|s.
3.:||, ouudcr iu o t|c icucdictiuc uouastcry o lcau|oc iu iostou iotulp|s-
tou) iu liucolus|irc, o |ic| ouly t|c 'iostou Stuup' rcuaius, atcr liucolus|irc |ad
|ccu couqucrcd |y t|c \i|iugs, |is cult cxtcudcd to Scaudiuavia. lu t|c opcuiug
o t|c iorcgiau |.:.. as assigucd to t|is day, |ocvcr, 'iotolv' as ta|cu or a
ouau's uauc, so t|at |c as rcprcscutcd iu priucstavcs |y a cualc |cad or hgurc.

Ou t|is day iu Last icrliu or|crs rc|cllcd agaiust t|c Sovict-iuposcd govcruucut
o t|c 'Gcruau Dcuocratic lcpu|lic', t|c cvcut as couucuoratcd iu t|c lcdcral
lcpu|lic as t|c Day o Gcruau Luity uutil t|c rcuuihcatiou o scc Oct.).
z

... XIJ I.|:..s I|..s A
z - - - Scyc|cllcs iatioual Day
z - lorucrly Lp|racu t|c Syriau, Dcacou uo |uuc)
Copts cclc|ratc ou iauua |uuc OS) t|c all o a uiraculous drop o atcr iuto t|c
iilc, t|cir auccstors |ad |clicvcd t|at t|c iuuudatiou as causcd |y t|c tcars o lsis.
Ou t|is day iu t|c iritis| aruy aud its allics rou t|c lo Couutrics, lcd |y t|c
Du|c o Vclliugtou, accd iapolcou, Lupcror o t|c lrcuc|, |o |ad cscapcd rou
cxilc iu Ll|a to rcsuuc pocr. 1|c |attlc as |cculy oug|t, |ut at last Vclliugtou,
joiucd latc iu t|c day |y licld Mars|al ilc|cr's irussiaus, as a|lc to ordcr a gcucral
advaucc aud drivc t|c lrcuc| rou t|c hcld. 1|is as t|c cud o iapolcou's iuudrcd
Days.
1|crc suu| t|c grcatcst, uot t|c orst o ucu,
V|osc spirit, autit|ctically uixt,
Ouc uoucut o t|c uig|ticst, aud agaiu
Ou littlc o|jccts it| li|c hruucss hxt,
Lxtrcuc iu all t|iugs. |adst t|ou |ccu |ctixt,
1|y t|rouc |ad still |ccu t|iuc, or ucvcr |ccu,
lor dariug uadc t|y risc as all t|ou scc|'st
Lvcu uo to rc-assuuc t|c iupcrial uicu,
Aud s|a|c agaiu t|c orld, t|c 1|uudcrcr o t|c sccuc.
iyrou, C|.|: H.r.|`s .|r.o.:, . xxxvi
lu Gcruauy |ut uaturally uot iu lraucc) t|c |attlc is souctiucs |uou, as ilc|cr |ad
is|cd, as 'la icllc Alliaucc', politically auspicious |ut iu act t|c uauc o a ucar|y
aru, Vclliugtou prccrrcd to stylc it atcr |is ou |cadquartcrs at Vatcrloo. lrou t|at
day to t|is, iritous |avc tcudcd to t|iu| o t|c victory as t|cir ou, orgcttiug t|c co-
opcratiou t|at t|c ot|cr uauc uig|t |avc syu|oli.cd, iu 1|: h:||..:...., au cpic pocu
satirically iuagiucd |y Macaulay as couposcd iu t|c ycar , '1|c arrival o t|c irus-
siaus, rou a uotivc o patriotisu, t|c poct couplctcly passcs ovcr.' lor coupcusatiou,
irussiaus, aud t|cu Gcruaus, prccrrcd to scc t|c |attlc as ilc|cr's rcscuc o t|c
|catcu iritis|, t|is too is au ovcrsiuplihcatiou, alt|oug| Vclliugtou |iuscl aduittcd
|c |ad ucvcr |corc |ccu so closc to dccat. 1|c lrcuc| arc uorc cvcu-|audcd as
|ctccu t|cir cucuics upou t|at disual plaiu, prccrriug to |lauc |ig|cr orccs iu t|c

|loody clas| |ctccu Luropc aud lraucc, says \ictor iugo iu |is uo|lc laucut or t|c
lrcuc| dcad, God |ctraycd t|c |crocs' |opcs, \ictory dcscrtcd, aud latc as cary
Vatcrloo. Vatcrloo. Vatcrloo. uoruc plaiuc.
. . . . . . .
D'uu ct c'cst l'Luropc ct dc l'autrc la lraucc.
C|oc sauglaut. dcs |ros Dicu troupait l'cspraucc,
1u dscrtais, \ictoirc, ct lc sort tait las.
'l'Lxpiatiou', L:s C|:.o:.:s, . xiii
z

... XIII I.|:..s I|..s i
z - - - LSA, 1cxas Luaucipatiou Day
z 1|crc as a sacrihcc to Miucrva iu |cr tcuplc ou t|c Avcutiuc c.
Mar.).
z - louuald, A||ot o Caualdoli lC), |udc, |rot|cr o |aucs |rot|cr
o t|c lord, aut|or o t|c Lpistlc Ort|., scc Oct.)
.o.|, |oru .. at lavcuua, lcd a orldly lic |corc |ccouiug a icucdictiuc uou|
o Saut'Apolliuarc iu Classc, |aviug lct to |ccouc a |cruit, |c as appoiutcd a||ot
|y t|c cupcror Otto lll iu , |ut rcsigucd t|c ucxt ycar aud sct a|out ouudiug |cr-
uitagcs. Auougst t|csc as Caualdoli, uort| o Arc..o, t|c |ouc o t|c Caualdolcsc
Ordcr. ic dicd ou t|is day iu .
C:r.s: .. r.:.s:, protouartyrs o Milau. 1|cir datcs arc uu|uou, Au|rosc discov-
crcd t|cir |odics iu , aud uiraclcs crc rccordcd duriug t|c rcuoval o t|cir rclics
rou t|c c|urc| o ia|or aud lclix to t|c cat|cdral. Au|rosc |iuscl is|cd to |c
|uricd it| t|cu, t|c porp|yry sarcop|agus cau |c sccu today. Vcat|cr provcr|s siu-
ilar to St Sit|uu's orty days attac| to t|cir day
S'il plcut lc jour dc Saiut Gcrvais
Lt dc Saiut irotais,
ll plcut quarautc jours aprs.
j.::::.:|, t|c auuivcrsary o cuaucipatiou day iu 1cxas, dcclarcd |uuc , |cu
Major-Gcucral Gordou Graugcr arrivcd iu Galvcstou as couuaudcr o t|c District o
1cxas atcr t|c Civil Var. lt as rcgularly cclc|ratcd |y t|c ilac| populatiou uutil t|c
s, aud |as |ccu sporadically rcvivcd siucc t|cu.

z

... XII I.|:..s I|..s C
z - - - LSA, Vcst \irgiuia Aduissiou Day t| statc,
)
z 1|is as t|c dcdicatiou-day o t|c tcuplc ucar t|c Circus Maxi-
uus iu t|c uauc o Suuuauus, '|ocvcr |c is', says Ovid, |c as gcucrally |cld
rcspousi|lc or lig|tuiug |y uig|t, aud |upitcr |y day Oct.), |ut it is uot clcar
|ct|cr |c as au aucicut latiu dcity iu |is ou rig|t or au cpit|ct o |upitcr t|at too|
ou a lic o its ou |cu |is statuc ou top o |upitcr icst aud Grcatcst's tcuplc ou t|c
Capitol as struc| |y lig|tuiug .. . Suuuauus' ou tcuplc as struc| iu ,
t|c |ad uar|suaus|ip o t|c t|uudcr-god |o |it |is ou tcuplc as a couuouplacc
o irrcligious |uuour.
z - 1rauslatiou o Ldard, |iug o t|c Vcst Saxous iCi) scc Mar.),
Al|au lC Luglaud aud Valcs, scc |uuc)
`.|:r.s d. ), popc, sou o iopc ioruisdas, aud li|c |iu ou good tcrus it| t|c
Got|ic rulcrs o ltaly, |ut iu c|augcd political circuustauccs, |cu t|c loyalty o t|c
louau C|urc| agaiust iy.autiuu as uo lougcr to |c rclicd ou, |c as a su|dcacou
|cu iu iiug 1|coda|ad orccd t|c clcrgy to clcct |iu popc. icvcrt|clcss, a c
uout|s latcr, Silvcrius joiucd t|c scuators iu pcrsuadiug t|c louaus to surrcudcr t|cir
city it|out a hg|t to t|c iy.autiuc gcucral iclisarius, t|is did |iu uo good, or t|c
cuprcss 1|codora |ad |cr ou caudidatc or t|c papacy, t|c dcacou \igilius, |o |ad
uudcrta|cu to rcstorc t|c Mouop|ysitc patriarc| o Coustautiuoplc, dcposcd |y t|c
latc popc Agapitus. V|cu Silvcrius rcuscd to staud dou iu \igilius' avour, |c as ac-
cuscd, ou t|c |asis o orgcd lcttcrs, o plottiug to opcu t|c city's gatcs to t|c Got|s,
|o crc t|cu |csicgiug it. iclisarius dcposcd |iu, aud dcportcd |iu to au islaud o
Asia Miuor, t|c local |is|op protcstcd to t|c cupcror |ustiuiau, |o rcturucd |iu to
ltaly or air trial, it| rciustatcucut i acquittcd or rcdcployucut to auot|cr scc i
couvictcd. \igilius, uo popc, as |aviug uouc o it |c arraugcd t|at Silvcrius s|ould
|c dclivcrcd iuto |is ou custody, dispatc|cd |iu to au islaud o t|c coast o ltaly, aud
orccd |iu to ua|c a orual a|dicatiou. Soou atcrards Silvcrius dicd, aud |cgau, so
it as said, to or| uiraclcs rou |is tou|, \igilius rcuaiucd popc or cig|tccu ycars,
cauc iu |is turu iuto counict it| |ustiuiau, aud atcr a pcriod o rcsistaucc surrcu-
dcrcd t|c ait| o t|c Vcst to t|c political couprouiscs o t|c Last.
Ou t|is day iu Quccu \ictoria, |aviug couc o agc a uout| |corc, succccdcd |cr
uuclc Villiau l\, |cgiuuiug a rcigu o ucarly sixty-our ycars t|at as to rcvivc t|c prcs-
tigc o t|c uouarc|y aud coiucidc it| t|c grcatcst iucrcasc iu uatioual calt| aud
pocr cvcr ac|icvcd |y Grcat iritaiu iu suc| a pcriod.

z

... XI I.|:..s I|..s D
z - - -
ili iriucc Villiau |oru
z - Aloysius Gou.aga lC)
J|.,s.s C..... -), |csuit. As t|c sou o a uarquis, |c |ad |ccu dcstiucd to joiu
t|c uilitary, |ut a c|ild|ood |iducy discasc lct |iu tiuc or pious rcadiug aud cou-
tcuplatiou, aud |c dccidcd to |ccouc a |csuit rat|cr t|au a courticr |is uot|cr as
lady-iu-aitiug to t|c quccu o Spaiu). icvcr iu good |calt|, |c caug|t t|c plaguc
|ilc uursiug victius, aud dicd at t|c agc o . icucdict Xlll dcclarcd |iu patrou o
studcuts iu |csuit collcgcs iu , aud iu iius Xl proclaiucd |iu patrou o C|ris-
tiau yout|.
J||.. .; M...., uartyrcd duriug t|c \audal sac| o Maiu. iu . iot to |c couuscd
it| t|c iritis| St Al|au.
1rauslatiou o St Vcr|urg's rclics to C|cstcr cast-day lc|.), orucrly uar|cd it|
a air t|at cxtcudcd uutil Midsuuucr's Day. lu 1|ouas icuuaut visitcd C|cstcr
Cat|cdral, t|c sitc o t|c orucr a||cy o St Vcr|urg
1|is a||y aordcd ouly a tcuporary sauctuary to t|c pronigatc. 1|c privclcgc |ic| H| Ls
t|c hrst carl grautcd is particular |c ordcrcd, t|at uo t|ic or ot|cr ualcactor, t|at attcudcd
t|c air |cld at t|c cast o St. h:r|r|, s|ould |c attac|cd, uulcss |c couuittcd souc uc
ocucc t|crc. 1|is, says t|c autiquariau Dauicl I.., drc a vast coucoursc o loosc pcoplc to-
gct|cr at t|at scasou, aud provcd o siugular advautagc to ..|: :|: :|.r, carl o C|:s::r, |o, iu
|ciug surrouudcd iu t|c castlc o |.. l|uddlau |y a uuucrous aruy o h:|s|, aud iu grcat
daugcr, scut or rclic to |is gcucral, .:r L..,, at t|at tiuc attcudiug t|c uidsuuucr-air. L..,
iustautly collcctcd a |ody o uiustrcls, hddlcrs, aud idlc pcoplc, |o crc asscu|lcd |crc ou
accouut o t|is privclcgc, uarc|cd it| t|cu iuto h.|:s, aud rclicvcd t|c carl rou |is distrcss.
..|:, ou |is rcturu, iuucdiatcly rcardcd L.., it| a ull pocr ovcr all t|c iustruucuts o |is
prcscrvatiou, o..s::r.o .o..o |:..:.ro :: o:r::r..o :.:.s CLS1lLSillL. iy t|is graut |c as
cupocrcd to rcquirc t|c attcudaucc o all t|c uiustrcls aud uusiciaus o t|c couuty ou t|c
auuivcrsary o t|c cxploit. 1|cy crc to play |corc |iu aud |is |cirs or cvcr, iu a proccssiou
to t|c c|urc| o St. j.|., aud, atcr diviuc scrvicc, to t|c placc |crc |c |cpt |is court.
icuuaut, h.|:s, -
lougcst Day, t|c uorual datc o t|c suuucr solsticc.

z

... X I.|:..s I|..s L
z - Al|au CY, lC uutil , uo locally |uuc, iCi ou |uuc),
iauliuus o iola lC), |o|u lis|cr lC, CY ou |uly), 1|ouas Morc lC, CY ou
|uly)
J||.., hrst uartyr o iritaiu, ... Al|au, |urg|cr o \crulauiuu, uo callcd St
Al|aus, as couvcrtcd |y a ugitivc pricst, |cu t|c aut|oritics got iud o |is prcs-
cucc, Al|au a|cttcd |is cscapc |y c|augiug clot|cs it| |iu. 1|c hrst accouut o |is
uartyrdou ascri|cs it to t|c rcigu o Scptiuius Scvcrus -), uot as iu latcr aut|ors
Dioclctiau. 1|c iCi datc o t|c t| is couuouly supposcd to |c a uisrcadiug o xxii
as xvii, |ut a \croucsc calcudar o .. puts 'iu irittauia saucti Al|iui s.. uartyris' ou
|ot| t|c t| X\ ial. lul.) aud t|c ud X ial. lul.).
iis lcgcud, rccordcd rou t|c ht| ccutury ouards, a|ouudcd iu uiraclcs iu |is
|astc to |c uartyrcd |c partcd t|c livcr \cr, t|crc|y couvcrtiug t|c cxccutioucr, |o
cast aay |is sord, |aviug rcac|cd t|c placc o cxccutiou, |c as|cd or atcr, |crc-
upou a spriug appcarcd at |is cct, |c as t|cu |c|cadcd togct|cr it| t|c iutcudcd
cxccutioucr |y a soldicr |osc cycs cll out aud struc| t|c grouud at t|c sauc tiuc as
t|c saiut's |cad. lu t|c tclt| ccutury t|c ugitivc pricst acquircd a lcgcud o |is ou,
scc |uuc.
.|..s .; N.|., rou a uo|lc Aquitauiau auily, cducatcd at iordcaux, .. uudcrcut
a spiritual crisis t|at causcd |iu to a|audou sccular poctry, t|is disuaycd |is orucr
tcac|cr, t|c poct Ausouius, |iuscl a C|ristiau o a uorc rclaxcd pcrsuasiou. ic |c-
cauc a pricst aud too| up a uouastic lic ucar t|c tou| o St lclix |au.) at iola
iu Caupauia, to |ou |c |uilt a uc c|urc|, t|c asscrtiou t|at t|is gavc risc to t|c latc
latiu tcrus or '|cll', ..o... aud ..|., is it|out ouudatiou. ic coutiuucd to ritc
poctry, |ut ou C|ristiau t|cucs, uost uota|ly t|c praisc o St lclix.
j.|. I.s|:r, |is|op o loc|cstcr, auti-lut|crau polcuicist aud orcuost dccudcr o
Quccu Cat|criuc, as cxccutcd ou t|is day iu or rcusiug t|c oat| o allcgiaucc to
t|c c|ildrcu o icury \lll aud Auuc iolcyu, |c is cclc|ratcd as a saiut |y louau
Cat|olics togct|cr it| Sir 1|ouas Morc, t|c orucr c|auccllor, |o as cxccutcd ou
|uly or t|c sauc causc.
J. L.|.s| M.r:,r
1.:r .; L....,
io iutcr aud all dcat| arc past.
lcturuiug |irds, rcturuiug lcavcs
Aud suu rcturuiug cau it |c
1|at auy |cart t|is uoruiug gricvcs.
Aud surcly uouc gricvcs lcss t|au uiuc
V|ic| iu au |our s|all |cat uo uorc.

O ucu uu|oru |o, loo|iug |ac|,
Couut uc dis|ouourcd aud uost poor,
l uccd uo tcars l lcavc |c|iud
All c|augc o scasous aud o ucu,
1|c poup aud trcac|cry o |iugs,
Corruptiou, agouy aud siu.
1|c huc aud ruuuiug saud t|at uar|s
1|c |our sits dou it|iu t|c glass.
A littlc lougcr aud it's spcut
So lig|tly uay t|is spirit pass.
Aud arut| o suulig|t alliug still
Lpou t|is |cu, t|is |ittcr stouc,
l ta|c as grcctiug rou uy lord
Aud risc up joyul to |c gouc.
i|ilip Martiu - )
lt is rig|t aud propcr or louau Cat|olics to cclc|ratc t|csc uartyrs, |ut Auglicaus
s|ould rcucu|cr t|at |ad t|cy prcvailcd t|crc ould |c uo suc| t|iug as Auglicauisu.
Martyrdou o 1itus llavius Clcucus, cousul , cousiu o t|c cupcror Douitiau,
|osc uiccc llavia Douitilla |c |ad uarricd, iu |c as put to dcat| aud Douitilla
|auis|cd or |cis| syupat|ics t|at appcar to |avc |ad a C|ristiau tiugc. 1|c uurdcr
|ardcucd dctcruiuatiou to |c rid o Douitiau, t|c cvcr uorc suspicious tyraut, |o
auously couplaiucd t|at uo ouc |clicvcd rcports o plots uulcss t|c cupcror as as-
sassiuatcd, cll victiu to ouc |corc t|c ycar as out. 1|c hrst |lo as struc| |y Doui-
tilla's stcard, |o |ad |ccu c|argcd it| cu|c..lcucut.
J....s :|: `.|.:r, said to |avc |ccu uartyrcd it| , coupauious ou Mouut Ararat
iu Arucuia, ouc o t|c lourtccu Auxiliary Saiuts. Acacius aud |is ucu crc popular at
t|c tiuc o t|c Crusadcs, aloug it| ot|cr arrior saiuts suc| as Mauricc scc
Scpt.), |ut crc rcuovcd rou t|c calcudar iu as purcly lcgcudary. 1|cir cult as
cspccially idcsprcad iu Gcruauy aud Sit.crlaud. 1|c uauc is otcu spclt 'Ac|atius'.
Auoug t|c Copts, t|is is iauua |uuc OS), |uou as L.,|.: .|~s.r.:
.
.., t|c iig|t
o t|c Cra|, |cu t|c Suu cutcrs Cauccr, c|arus arc |uug ou alls to drivc aay iusccts.
z

... IX I.|:..s I|..s l
z - - - latvia Midsuuucr Lvc
luxcu|ourg iatioual Day also ocial |irt|day o Graud Du|c |cau)
z - Lt|cldrcda, A||css o Lly CY, iCi Oct.)

L:|:|r:. Audrcy, .t|clt|ryt|, d. ), daug|tcr o Auua |iug o t|c Last Auglcs, rc-
tircd |ctccu to uucousuuuatcd uarriagcs to t|c lic o praycr ou a uars|y islaud
|uou rou its a|uudaucc o ccls as Lly, cvcutually pcruittcd |y |cr sccoud |us|aud
to |ccouc a uuu, s|c ouudcd a dou|lc uouastcry t|crc, rcuaiuiug a||css till |cr dcat|.
1|c lC C|urc| couucuoratcs |cr ou t|is day as cll. lor t|c air orucrly |cld ou
t|c cast o |cr trauslatiou, |ic| gavc risc to t|c ord 'tadry', scc Octo|cr.
M.soo:r L:. Midsuuucr Lvc aud Day crc traditioually a tiuc o grcat rcvclry. Ou
t|c Lvc it as custouary t|roug|out Luropc to ua|c |ouhrcs to c|asc aay dragous,
souc said) aud otcu to roll a |ccl souctiucs anauc) dou a |ill, t|is |as |ccu cx-
plaiucd as rcprcscutiug t|c suu, |ic| rcac|cs its |ig|cst poiut aud t|cu alls |ac| aloug
t|c sauc poiuts o t|c |ori.ou as it touc|cd |cu risiug. lircs crc lit iu hclds, aud
cattlc souctiucs drivcu t|roug| t|cu.
1|c uou| o Viuc|cou| Glouccstcrs|irc) rccords all t|rcc activitics as carly as t|c
t|irtccut| ccutury
lct us spca| o t|c rcvcls |ic| arc accustoucd to |c uadc ou St. |o|u's Lvc, o |ic| t|crc arc
t|rcc |iuds. Ou St. |o|u's Lvc iu ccrtaiu rcgious t|c |oys collcct |oucs aud ccrtaiu ot|cr ru|-
|is|, aud |uru t|cu, aud t|crcorc a suo|c is produccd ou t|c air. 1|cy also ua|c |rauds aud
go a|out t|c hclds it| t|c |rauds. 1|irdly, t|c |ccl |ic| t|cy roll, |ic|, it| t|c ru||is|
t|cy |uru, t|cy |avc rou t|c pagaus . . . 1|c |ccl is turucd to siguiy t|at t|c suu t|cu asccuds
to t|c |ig|cst poiut o its circlc aud iuucdiatcly gocs |ac|. icu|lc, i. -
|o|u Au|rcy t|oug|t t|at hrcs iu t|c hclds crc iutcudcd to |lcss t|c applcs, as usual,
|c traccd t|c origiu to t|c sourcc t|at |c |uc |cst, t|c uyt|s aud usagcs o classical
autiquity
Mcuorauduu iu icrcords|irc, aud also iu Soucrscts|irc, ou Midsouucr-cvc, t|cy ua|c hrcs
iu t|c hclds iu t|c aics sc. to ilcssc t|c Applcs. l |avc sccu t|c sauc custouc iu Soucrsct, ,
|ut t|crc t|cy doc it ouly or custouc-sa|c, |ut l doc gucssc t|at t|is custouc is dcrivcd rou
t|c Gcutilcs, |o did it iu rcucu|raucc o Ccrcs |cr ruuuiug up aud douc it| llau|caux iu
scarc| o |cr daug|tcr iroscrpiua, ravis|t aay |y iluto, aud t|c pcoplc uig|t t|iu|c, t|at |y
t|is |ouour douuc to y
c
Goddcssc o |us|audry, t|at t|cir Coruc, ~c. uig|t prospcr t|c |cttcr.
Au|rcy, -
Morc rcccut ritcrs, otcu it| littlc |cttcr judgcucut, |avc iuvo|cd Ccltic-usually
lris|-prcccdcut as a rcac|-uc-dou cxplauatiou, iu act, t|crc is uo cvidcucc t|at
Midsuuucr as a Ccltic cstival |corc t|c Middlc Agcs, t|oug| it ccrtaiuly |ccauc
ouc t|crcatcr. lituals o lig|tiug |ouhrcs aud dauciug rouud or lcapiug t|roug| t|cu
arc cxtrcucly idcsprcad iu Luropc, iu \cstlaudct, ioray, oodcu coutrivauccs
|uou as 'old uau' |.||) or 'old ouau' |,:rr..) crc |urut, aud a ua|c-|clicvc cd-
diug ,..s.||r,||.) as cclc|ratcd |ctccu adults or c|ildrcu. 1|csc hrcs arc still |urut
iu ira.il, aud |ot-air |alloous carricd, alt|oug| it is t|c iutcr, uot t|c suuucr, sol-
sticc.
M.soo:r h.:.|. Origiually iustitutcd to daup dou rodiucss ou Midsuuucr Lvc,
it dcvclopcd iuto au occasiou or graud paradcs, cspccially |y t|c guilds, otcu it|

cla|oratc pagcauts. 1|c loudou paradc as a|olis|cd |y icury \lll iu , |ut sur-
vivcd iu t|c lord Mayor's S|o, origiually ou t|c cast-day o SS Siuou aud |udc, t|cu
uovcd to iovcu|cr scc also :|:r H.|..,s). Sto dcscri|cs its cclc|ratiou iu t|c
sixtccut| ccutury
Ou t|c vigil o St. |o|u t|c iaptist, aud ou St. ictcr aud iaul t|c Apostlcs, cvcry uau's door
|ciug s|adocd it| grccu |irc|, loug cuucl, St. |o|u's ort, orpiu, |itc lilics, aud suc| li|c,
garuis|cd upou it| garlauds o |cautiul nocrs, |ad also laups o glass, it| oil |uruiug iu
t|cu all t|c uig|t, souc |uug out |rauc|cs o irou curiously roug|t, coutaiuiug |uudrcds o
laups alig|t at oucc, |ic| uadc a goodly s|o, uaucly, iu ic lis| Strcct, 1|aucs Strcct, ~c.
1|cu |ad yc |csidcs t|c staudiug atc|cs all iu |rig|t |arucss, iu cvcry ard aud strcct o t|is
city aud su|ur|s, a uarc|iug atc|, t|at passcd t|roug| t|c priucipal strccts t|crco . . . 1|c
uarc|iug atc| coutaiucd iu uuu|cr a|out to t|ousaud ucu, part o t|cu |ciug old soldicrs
o s|ill, to |c captaius, licutcuauts, scrgcauts, corporals, ~c., |icrs, druuucrs, aud hcs, stau-
dard aud cusigu |carcrs, sord playcrs, truupctcrs ou |orsc|ac|, dcuilauccs ou grcat |orscs,
guuucrs it| |aud guus, or |al |a|cs, arc|crs iu coats o |itc ustiau, sigucd ou t|c |rcast aud
|ac| it| t|c arus o t|c city, t|cir |os |cut iu t|cir |auds, it| s|cavcs o arros |y t|cir
sidcs, pi|cucu iu |rig|t corslcts, |urgaucts, ~c., |al|crds, t|c li|c |illucu iu aluaiuc rivcts, aud
aprous o uail iu grcat uuu|cr, t|crc crc also divcrs pagcauts, uorris dauccrs, cousta|lcs . . .
Sto, - )
lcru sccd gat|crcd ou Midsuuucr uig|t as rcputcd to ua|c ouc iuvisi|lc
- . Vc |avc t|c rccipc o cru-sccd, c al| iuvisi|lc.
. iay, |y uy ait|, l t|iu| you arc uorc |c|oldcu to t|c uig|t t|au to
cru-sccd or your al|iug iuvisi|lc. H:.r, IJ, . i. -
As it| all ast-days, uauy supcrstitious crc prcvalcut ou Midsuuucr Lvc, cspccially
couccruiug diviuatiou o t|c uturc. Vc quotc ouly souc carly oucs aud t|osc |aviug
to do it| t|c plaut orpiuc, callcd 'Midsuuucr-ucu', ot|crs, iuvolviug applc sccds,
|cup sccds, as|cs, s|ocs, duu|-ca|c, suoc|s, ctc. arc siuilar to t|osc rccordcd uudcr
Octo|cr.
'1is M.s.oo:r~..|:, or Midsouucr-cvc S
t
|o iaptist) is couutcd or callcd t|c h.:.|:s ..|:.
q. M
ris
liuc|cr, ~c., o t|c |rca|iug o icu-cggcs t|is uig|t, iu |ic| t|cy uay scc |at t|cir
ortuuc ill |c. Au|rcy,
l rcucu|cr, t|c uayds cspccially t|c Coo|c uayds ~ Dayryuayds) ould stic|-up iu souc
c|iu|cs o t|c joists or ~c. Midsouucr-ucu,
c|
arc slips o Orpius. t|cy placcd t|cu |y
iaircs, sc. ouc or suc| a uau, t|c ot|cr or suc| a uayd |is scct-|cart, aud accordiugly as t|c
Orpiu did iucliuc to, or rccliuc rou y
c
ot|cr, t|at t|crc ould |c lovc, or avcrsiou, i cit|cr did
it|cr, dcat|. Au|rcy, -
Midsuuucr Lvc as also suitcd to curcs
Y ouy ouau yll t|at |cr |us|audc, or |cr parauourc louc |cr cll, s|c oug|t to put iu |is
s|oo a lcc o |rc|cus t|at |ad |cu gadrcd ou sayut |o|aus cucu |ylcs t|at t|cy ryugc uouc, so
t|at it |c iu t|c lctc s|oo, aud it|out autc |c s|all louc |cr ucruaylously.
C.s:||:s .; L,s:.:s ), sig. D
r
1a|c ou Midsuuucr-uig|t, at xii., |cu all t|c plaucts arc a|ovc t|c cart|, a Scrpcut aud |ill
|iu, aud s|iuuc |iu, aud dry it iu t|c s|adc aud |riug it to a podcr. iold it iu your |aud aud

you ill |c iuvisi|lc. 1|is lcccit is iu |o|auucs dc llorcuti a losycrusiau) a |oo|c iu
o
iu |ig|
Dutc|. Dr. lidgclcy t|c i|ysitiau |at| it, |o told uc o t|is. Au|rcy, -
io to gct arouud a stiugy |us|aud
Y yc |auc a |us|audc rc|cll t|c |ic| yll gyuc you uo uoucy at your ucdc, ta|c t|c yrstc
|uottc o a |ctc strac, |ut it uust |c gadcrcd ucrc t|c crt|c upou sayut |o|auucs cucu |ylcs
t|at t|cy ryugc uouc, aud put y
t
iu t|c |cyc |olc o t|c corc, aud it|outcu autc it s|all oucs
opcu. C.s:||:s .; L,s:.:s, sig. L
r
li|c St Mar|'s Lvc scc Apr.), Midsuuucr Lvc as t|c tiuc to atc| or appari-
tious
Mcuorauduu y
c
sittiug-up ou Midsouucr-cvc iu y
c
c|urc|c porc| to scc t|c Apparitious o
t|osc t|at s|ould dyc or |c |uricd t|crc, t|at ycarc uostly uscd |y oucu l |avc |card 'cu tcll
straugc storics o it. io, as uot Ccrcs uot|cr-iu-la to iluto, iiug o t|c iucrual G|osts.
aud \irgil ua|cs .ucas to sacrihcc a |arrcu coc to iroscrpiuc or |is truupctcr Miscuus,
'stcrilcuq. ti|i iroscrpiua, vaccau.' Au|rcy,
1|c hrst iculcy lcgatta too| placc ou |uuc
lady Moutaguc's dcscriptiou o a rcgatta, or ;:: |cld ou t|c atcr, |ic| s|c itucsscd at \cuicc,
stiuulatcd t|c Luglis| pcoplc o as|iou to |avc souct|iug o a siuilar |iud ou t|c 1|aucs,
aud atcr uuc| prcparatiou aud scvcral disappoiutucuts, causcd |y uuavoura|lc cat|cr, t|c
loug cxpcctcd s|o too| placc ou t|c rd o |uuc . 1|c prograuuc, |ic| as su|uittcd
to t|c pu|lic a uout| |corc, rcqucstcd ladics aud gcutlcucu to arraugc t|cir ou partics, cxccpt
t|osc |o s|ould apply to t|c uauagcrs o t|c lcgatta or scats iu t|c |argcs lcut |y t|c scvcral
City Coupauics or t|c occasiou. 1|c rocrs crc to |c uuioruly drcsscd iu accordaucc it|
t|c t|rcc uariuc colours-|itc, rcd, aud |luc. . . .
Larly iu t|c atcruoou, t|c rivcr, rou loudou iridgc to Mill|au|, as crodcd it| plca-
surc |oats, aud scaolds, gaily dccoratcd it| nags, crc crcctcd |crcvcr a vic o t|c 1|aucs
could |c o|taiucd. ial-a-guiuca as as|cd or a scat iu a coal-|argc, aud vcsscls httcd or t|c
purposc drovc a |ris| tradc iu rcrcs|ucuts o various |iuds. 1|c avcuucs to Vcstuiustcr iridgc
crc covcrcd it| gauiug-ta|lcs, aud cousta|lcs guardcd cvcry passagc to t|c atcr, ta|iug rou
|al-a-crou to ouc pcuuy or li|crty to pass. Soou atcr six o'cloc|, couccrts crc |cld uudcr
t|c arc|cs o Vcstuiustcr iridgc, aud a salutc o tcuty-ouc cauuous auuouuccd t|c arrival o
t|c lord Mayor. A racc o agcr-|oats ollocd, aud t|cu t|c proccssiou uovcd iu a picturcsquc
irrcgularity to lauclag|. 1|c ladics crc drcsscd iu |itc, t|c gcutlcucu iu uudrcss roc|s o all
colours, a|out , pcrsous crc supposcd to |c ou t|c rivcr at ouc tiuc.
1|c coupauy arrivcd at lauclag| at uiuc o'cloc|, |crc t|cy joiucd t|osc |o cauc |y laud
iu a uc |uildiug, callcd t|c 1cuplc o icptuuc. 1|is as a tcuporary octagou, liucd it|
stripcs o |itc, rcd, aud |luc clot|, aud |aviug lustrcs |augiug |ctccu cac| pillar. Suppcr aud
dauciug ollocd, aud t|c cutcrtaiuucut did uot coucludc till t|c ucxt uoruiug. Mauy accidcuts
occurrcd |cu t|c |oats crc rcturuiug atcr t|c ;::, aud scvcu pcrsous crc uuortuuatcly
droucd. C|au|crs
I.r:|.. L..; L., at iiddcruiustcr,
A ;.r:|.. |..; is givcu, ou Midsuuucr-cvc, to cvcry pcrsou |.r. iu C|r.|~s:r:::, iiddcruiustcr,
|o c|ooscs to claiu it, |ct|cr t|cy |c ric| or poor, c|ild or adult. Aud lct uot t|c rcadcr cou-
tcuu t|c suallucss o t|c |oou. 1|c |cqucst is o vcry aucicut staudiug, aud t|c art|iug loa,
at t|c tiuc o its datc, as o jolly proportious, ar dicrcut to t|c uiuius |ic| arc prcparcd
cxprcssly or t|is occasiou at t|c prcscut tiuc. 1|c douor as a |cucvolcut old uaid, |o, uo

dou|t, iutcudcd to coucr a |cucht ou t|c dcui.cus o C|urc|-strcct, iiddcruistcr, aud |ad s|c
livcd iu t|csc days, aud |ad uudcrstood t|c su|tlctics o t|c currcucy qucstiou, ould dou|tlcss
|avc |cstocd it iu a lcss ludicrous s|apc. 1|c day is callcd lart|iug loa Day, aud t|c |a|crs'
s|ops arc auply uruis|cd it| t|csc diuiuutivcs, as it is t|c practicc o t|c iu|a|itauts t|roug|-
out t|c tou to purc|asc t|cu. iouc, 1:.r,
`: j.|.`s L:. Vas|iugtou lrviug rclatcs a lcgcud couccruiug t|c last aruy o Musliu
Grauada
'1|is', said t|c troopcr, 'is a grcat aud carul uystcry. iuo, O C|ristiau, t|at you scc |corc
you t|c court aud aruy o ioa|dil t|c last |iug o Grauada.'
'V|at is t|is you tcll uc.' cricd l, 'ioa|dil aud |is court crc cxilcd rou t|c laud |uudrcds
o ycars agouc, aud all dicd iu Arica.'
'So it is rccordcd iu your lyiug c|rouiclcs,' rcplicd t|c Moor, '|ut |uo t|at ioa|dil aud t|c
arriors |o uadc t|c last strugglc or Grauada crc all s|ut up iu t|c uouutaiu |y pocrul
cuc|autucut. As or t|c |iug aud aruy t|at uarc|cd ort| rou Grauada at t|c tiuc o t|c sur-
rcudcr, t|cy crc a ucrc p|autou traiu o spirits aud dcuous, pcruittcd to assuuc t|osc s|apcs
to dcccivc t|c C|ristiau sovcrcigus. Aud urt|cruorc lct uc tcll you, ricud, t|at all Spaiu is a
couutry uudcr t|c pocr o cuc|autucut. 1|crc is uot a uouutaiu cavc, uot a loucly atc|tocr
iu t|c plaius, uor ruiucd castlc ou t|c |ills, |ut |as souc spcll-|ouud arriors slccpiug rou agc
to agc it|iu its vaults, uutil t|c sius arc cxpiatcd or |ic| Alla| pcruittcd t|c douiuiou to
pass or a tiuc out o t|c |auds o t|c ait|ul. Oucc cvcry ycar, ou t|c cvc o St. |o|u, t|cy arc
rclcascd rou cuc|autucut, rou suusct to suurisc, aud pcruittcd to rcpair |crc to pay |ouagc
to t|cir sovcrcigu. . . . lt is rittcu iu t|c |oo| o atc, t|at |cu t|c cuc|autucut is |ro|cu,
ioa|dil ill dcsccud rou t|c uouutaiu at t|c |cad o t|is aruy, rcsuuc |is t|rouc iu t|c
Al|au|ra aud |is say o Grauada, aud gat|criug togct|cr t|c cuc|autcd arriors, rou all
parts o Spaiu, ill rccouqucr t|c icuiusula aud rcstorc it to Moslcu rulc.' lrviug, -
Sir Valtcr Scott's |allad tclls o a lady |o iuvitcd to visit |cr at uiduig|t ou St
|o|u's Lvc |cr lovcr, as s|c t|oug|t, |ut iu act |is g|ost, |ou t|rcc days carlicr |cr
|us|aud |ad |illcd iustcad o ta|iug part iu t|c |attlc o Aucrau Moor iu act oug|t
ou lc|. ) agaiust Luglis| iuvadcrs
1|c iarou rcturu'd iu t|rcc days spacc,
Aud |is loo|s crc sad aud sour,
Aud cary as |is courscr's pacc,
As |c rcac|'d |is roc|y tocr.
ic cauc uot rou |crc Aucrau Moor
lau rcd it| Luglis| |lood,
V|crc t|c Douglas truc aud t|c |old iucclcuc|
'Gaiust |ccu lord Lvcrs stood.
Yct as |is |cluct |ac|'d aud |c'd,
iis actou picrccd aud torc,
iis axc aud |is daggcr it| |lood iu|rucd,-
iut it as uot Luglis| gorc.
. . . . . . .
'iy t|c iarou's |raud, ucar 1ccd's air straud,
Most oully slaiu l cll,
Aud uy rcstlcss spritc ou t|c |cacou's |cig|t
lor a spacc is doou'd to dcll. . . .'

Ou t|is cvcuiug, iu old iclorussia, girls as|cd iu dc, t|cu cut to |cd silcutly to rc-
ccivc prop|ctic drcaus, t|c cstival as particularly popular iu t|c ialtic rcgiou.
z

... JIII I.|:..s I|..s G
V|y, t|is is vcry uidsuuucr uaducss.
Olivia, iu 1:|;:| N.|:, . iv.
J: M.s.oo:r, ..: .:| :|: |r:o||:s .. |r.|:s,
.. .;::r, .|r.: .:| :|, ;.r|s .. :|, r.|:s.
`:: o.:rs . o..., |:r: o:.. .s r..:,
:|: |..:r .. s:.... :|: .rs: :. |: o..:.
1usscr
z - - - lu uauy couutrics t|is is |cpt as St |o|u's Day
or Midsuuucr's Day.
Macao Macao Day dccat o Dutc| iuvasiou, , St |o|u is t|c patrou saiut o
Macao)
Spaiu iiug |uau Carlos's Saiut's Day
Li cxccpt Scotlaud) Midsuuucr Quartcr Day
z lors lortuua, a goddcss o good luc| uuc| |clovcd o t|c cou-
uou pcoplc, as ors|ippcd at tcuplcs iu 1rastcvcrc, |crc uauy o t|cu livcd t|cu
as uo.
z - - iCi), -
CY, lC), rcd-lcttcr day
j.|. :|: 3.:.s: is patrou saiut o |ordau, llorcucc, Gcuoa, aud 1uriu. ic is also patrou
saiut o spas, aud |as |ccu uootcd as potcutial patrou o uotorays, rccalliug |is
ords 'Ma|c straig|t t|c ays o t|c lord'. Scc also August.
M.soo:r`s L.,. 1|c tcru 'uidsuuucr' is hrst ouud iu t|c Old Luglis| trauslatiou o
icdc's L..|:s..s:...| H.s:.r,, |crc ucutiou is uadc o t|c quartcr iu |ic| t|c suu riscs
at t|c solsticc, icdc's s.|s:.:..|:o |ccoucs 'at uidduu suucrc'. lt as applicd to t|c grcat
C|ristiau cclc|ratiou o t|c iaptist's |irt|, just as t|c cast |cpt six uout|s latcr |c-
cauc Midiutcr or Midiutcr's Mass rarcly C|ristuas till atcr t|c ioruau Cou-
qucst). 1|osc |o cousidcr t|c scasous to |cgiu it| t|c cardiual days hud it |ard to
uudcrstaud |o Midsuuucr's Day cau all ouly t|rcc days atcr t|c solsticc, t|c story
is told o a rustratcd Aucricau tourist |o rcportcd ou a postcard |ouc |is cxpcri-
cucc o au Luglis| suuucr 'iad uo luc|-it raiucd |.:| days.'

`: j.|.`s L.,. lcgcud |ad it t|at St |o|u t|c Lvaugclist dicd ou t|is day, |ut as uot
cultcd ou it |ccausc it as alrcady dcdicatcd to t|c iaptist. 1|is did uot ucau t|c iap-
tist as t|c grcatcr saiut, |cu to doctors o t|cology, ouc dcvotcd to t|c iaptist aud
t|c ot|cr to t|c Lvaugclist, auuouuccd a orual disputatiou to dctcruiuc |ic| |o|u
as t|c grcatcr, cac| saiut appcarcd to |is supportcr it| t|c ucssagc 'Vc arc good
ricuds iu |cavcu, do uot disputc a|out us ou cart|.'
lu la.io St |o|u as |clicvcd to |c t|c protcctor o itc|cs, |o |rooustic|cd iuto
louc iu |is |ouour, ucu orc sorg|uu iu t|cir |uttou|olcs, or carricd clovcs o gar-
lic iu t|cir poc|cts, aud raug a co|cll to ard t|cu o. At hrst lig|t t|cy rcturucd to
t|c aluut trcc at icucvcuto t|at scrvcd all t|c itc|cs o ltaly as t|cir ucctiug-poiut.
As iu ot|cr C|ristiau couutrics, ait| iu t|c Dcvil aud |is disciplcs |as diudlcd, |ut
uorc |olcsouc custous rcuaiu, suc| as orgat|criug iu .s::r.: ucar S. Giovauui iu
latcrauo to cat |o..|: .||. r.o.... 1|c poor uscd to ta|c t|cir suails |ouc iu |ig cart|-
cuarc pots uudcr a clot| to cat iu t|c surrouudiug to t|c |asilica, t|cy crc t|crcorc
callcd ;..::.r. or '|rou-|aggcrs'.)
iot surprisiugly, raiu is uuclcouc
iaptistac ucrit cuu lux pluviosa loauuis
lugrati ucssis plcua la|oris crit.
iuc|lcr )
V|cu raiu t|c |oly iaptist's day dot| spoil,
1|c |arvcst ill |c ull o |atcul toil.
iaogcorgus rccords Gcruau custous ou t|is day iu t|c sixtccut| ccutury
1|cu dot| t|c ioyull cast o |o|u t|c iaptist ta|c |is turuc,
V|cu |ouhcrs grcat it| lotic nauc, iu cvcry touc doc |uruc
Aud youg ucu rouud a|out it| uaidcs, doc dauucc iu cvcry strcctc,
Vit| garlauds roug|t o Mot|crort, or clsc it| \crvaiu scctc,
Aud uauy ot|cr norcs airc, it| \iolcts iu t|cir |audcs,
V|crcas t|cy all do oudly t|iu|c, t|at |osocvcr staudcs,
Aud t|oro t|c norcs |c|olds t|c nauc, |is cycs s|all cclc uo paiuc.
V|cu t|us till uig|t t|cy dauuccd |avc, t|cy t|roug| t|c hrc auaiuc
Vit| striviug uiudcs doc ruuuc, aud all t|cir |car|cs t|cy cast t|criu,
Aud t|cu it| ordcs dcvout aud praycrs, t|cy solcuucly |cgiu,
Dcsiriug God t|at all t|cir illcs uay t|crc cousuucd |cc,
V|crc|y t|cy t|iu|c t|roug| all t|at ycarc, rou Agucs to |c rcc.
Souc ot|crs gct a rottcu |cclc, all oruc aud cast asidc,
V|ic| covcrcd rouud a|out it| strac, aud to, t|cy closcly |idc
Aud carycd to souc uouutaiucs top, |ciug all it| hrc lig|t,
1|cy |urlc it douc it| violcucc, |cu dar|c appcarcs t|c uig|t
lcscu|liug uuc| t|c Suuuc, t|at rou t|c |cavcus douc s|ould al,
A strauugc aud uoustrous sig|t it sccucs, aud carcull to t|cu all
iut t|cy supposc t|cir uisc|iccs all arc li|cisc t|rouc to |cll,
Aud t|at rou |arucs aud dauugcrs uo, iu sactic |crc t|cy dcll.
Auoug t|c classics o lussiau poctry is a trauslatiou o Scott's |allad '1|c Lvc o Saiut
|o|u' scc |uuc) |y \asilii Z|u|ovs|y, its pu|licatiou iu as |cld up |y t|c

ccusors, |o o|jcctcd to t|c portrayal o adultcrous lovc at so |oly a tiuc, uutil 'St
|o|u's Day' I.. :.' ) |ad |ccu c|augcd or a 'Duucau's Day' L.|.. :.' ) uu|uou
to auy calcudar, |ut rccalliug Scotlaud t|roug| S|a|cspcarc. lu act it as auot|cr |iug
o Scots |o uadc t|is day illustrious ou |uuc at iauuoc||uru t|c Scottis|
aruy uudcr lo|crt l t|c irucc) routcd Ldard ll's uuc| largcr Luglis| orcc.
z

... JII I.|:..s I|..s A
z - - - Mo.au|iquc ludcpcudcucc Day rou iortu-
gal, )
Slovcuia ludcpcudcucc Day rou Yugoslavia, )
z Lvcry our ycars t|c ludi 1aurci crc |cld iu t|c Circus llauiuius,
t|cy appcar to |avc |ccu o Ltruscau origiu, aud iuvolvcd |orsc raccs rouud a turuiug-
post. 1|cy crc allcgcdly iustitutcd uudcr 1arquiu t|c iroud iu t|c latc sixt| ccutury
atcr |cc sold to t|c pu|lic pcr|aps atcr sacrihcc) |ad causcd au cpidcuic auoug
prcguaut oucu.
z -
Jo|.|.|s, t|c ugitivc pricst |o too| rcugc it| St Al|au scc |uuc), t|c uauc,
|ic| ucaus 'cloa|' aud alludcs to t|c pricstly vcstucut t|at Al|au douucd iu |is stcad,
as iuvcutcd iu |y Gcorcy o Mouuout|, |o ouud t|c ord iu au accouut o
a dyuast iu Dcvou |o accordiug to Gildas ..) |ad just couuittcd au atrocity iu
c|urc| 'uudcr a |oly a||ot's cloa|' s| s...:. .||.:.s .o|.|.|.). iotit|staudiug t|is uu-
prcposscssiug origiu, it|iu |al a ccutury Aup|i|alus |ad |ccouc a su|stautial hgurc
|is |oucs crc discovcrcd at St Al|aus ou t|c lriday |corc t|c patrou's day aud
solcuuly trauslatcd to t|c c|urc|, so Matt|c iaris rclatcs, 'iu t|c t| ycar rou |is
passiou', ou Saturday, |uuc t|oug| siucc t|c cutirc talc is rcgistcrcd uudcr t|c
ycar ouc uig|t |avc cxpcctcd |uuc ), a uou| uaucd Villiau, couuissioucd
|y A||ot Siuou to ritc t|c uc saiut's lic, rcspoudcd it| a stirriug talc t|at |c
claiucd to |avc trauslatcd rou a |oo| iu Luglis| itscl trauscri|cd accordiug to its
aut|or) iu t|c uic| o tiuc rou a collapsiug all. Vc arc iuorucd t|at Aup|i|alus,
|aviug ncd to Valcs, rccoustitutcd t|c |odics o uartyrs |corc |ciug stoucd to
dcat|, t|c pagaus cll out auougst t|cusclvcs, |ic| allocd a C|ristiau to stcal |is
corpsc iu rustratiou o t|c uagistratc's vo to ta|c |iu dcad or alivc. latcr ritcrs
uadc |iu a citi.cu o Cacrlcou, ou t|c louau road to Valcs, |crc t|c uartyrs Aarou
aud |ulius |ad sucrcd, or t|c |urgouastcr o Cau|ridgc, a priory as dcdicatcd to
|iu at lcd|ouru ucar St Al|aus. 1|c siuilarity o |is uauc to .o|.|.|s, 'au|iguous',
ill uot |avc cscapcd t|c sop|isticatcd Villiau, |osc lcaruiug aud picty crc uot
iucoupati|lc it| |uuour, Matt|c iaris, iu ritiug |is ou lic o St Al|au,

truupcd |is dilapidatcd all it| au aucicut |oo|, iu |cautiul rouau script |ut
rittcu iu 'iritis|' i.c. Vcls|), or as |c latcr says iu 'Luglis|', |ic| ouly au agcd pricst
callcd Luoua ucauiug 'Luusual') could dccip|cr-aud trauslatc it| total
accuracy-|corc it cruu|lcd iuto dust.
L..| or Moluag, iict |o sct up a uouastcry ou lisuorc lslaud .. aud |roug|t
C|ristiauity to luvcrucss aud t|c ic|ridcs, dicd at lossuar|ic. lcgcud ua|cs |iu cou-
tcud or t|c islaud it| St Coluu|a aud prcvail |y cuttiug o |is t|uu| aud castiug it
as|orc, Coluu|a couutcrcd it| a cursc, cvidcutly to lcss ccct t|au t|c uoru or lris|
saiutly curscs. A |lac|t|oru sta said to |c |is .. 3|..|.|| M|r) is prcscrvcd |y t|c liv-
iugstouc clau.
Old Stylc datc or t|c Coptic cast o t|c uartyr ioutius iilatc scc |uly).
Ou t|is day iu t|c lut|crau coucssiou o ait| as prcscutcd at Augs|urg to t|c
cupcror C|arlcs \, it as hrst pu|lis|cd iu a slig|tly aucudcd oru iu , aud t|crc-
atcr rcviscd iu various rcissucs uutil , |cu t|c so-callcd I..r..:. cditiou, uorc
ait|ul to t|c tcxt o , as adoptcd.
z

... JI I.|:..s I|..s i
z - - - Madagascar ludcpcudcucc Day rou lraucc,
)
Luitcd iatious C|artcr Day
z -
j.|. .. .|, supposcd louau uartyrs, couucuoratcd siucc t|c sixt| ccutury ou
t|c Mous Caclius at louc, |ut uost uota|ly iu t|c grcat Douiuicau c|urc| o SS.
Giovauui c iaolo at \cuicc, |crc dogcs crc traditioually |uricd. lu t|c patriarc|
o \cuicc, luciauo Al|iui, ou |ciug clcctcd popc, too| t|c uauc |o|u iaul, |ic| |c
cxplaiucd as a tri|utc to |is iuucdiatc prcdcccssors, |o|u XXlll aud iaul \l, ou |is
uucxpcctcd dcat| atcr ouly t|irty-t|rcc days iu occ, |is succcssor, iarol Vojtya,
too| t|c uauc |o|u iaul ll.
SS |o|u aud iaul, |ocvcr, arc uost auous as t|c saiuts ou |osc day iu t|c
iicd iipcr lcd c|ildrcu out o t|c uort| Gcruau tou o iauclu iuto a |ill callcd
t|c ippc or ioppcl|crg.
.: .:r L.,. A pocu said to |avc |ccu cutcrcd iu , cxactly ycars atcr t|c cvcut,
ou t|c titlc-pagc o a uo-vauis|cd uissal, iu latiu so atrocious as to viudicatc its
aut|cuticity agaiust t|c suspiciou o lcuaissaucc orgcry, rcports t|c aictiou o ucu

aud oucu iu at t|c loss o iauclu c|ildrcu ou |o|u aud iaul's Day 'lt is said
t|at Calvary sallocd t|cu alivc, C|rist, guard t|iuc ou lcst so |ad au aair do |aru
to auy pcrsous.' C.|.r.., 't|c ilacc o t|c S|ull', trauslatcs I.:. or I.:||:r, |ut rc-
calls t|c sccuc o t|c Crucihxiou, aud is so uudcrstood iu t|c hrst surviviug uarrativc,
ouud iu a uauuscript uotc rou t|c s
A vcry straugc oudcr uust |c rclatcd t|at |appcucd iu t|c tou o iauclu, iu t|c dioccsc o
Miudcu, iu t|c ycar o our lord , ou |o|u aud iaul's Day. A |audsouc yout| o t|irty, vcry
cll drcsscd, so t|at all |o sa |iu oudcrcd at |is pcrsou aud clot|iug, cutcrcd |y t|c |ridgc
aud t|c Vcscr gatc it| a silvcr pipc o straugc s|apc. ic |cgau to play |is pipc t|roug|out t|c
tou, aud all t|c c|ildrcu |o |card t|at pipc, souc iu uuu|cr, ollocd |iu out o t|c Last
Gatc as i to t|c placc o Calvary or cxccutiou aud vauis|cd aud dcpartcd, so t|at uo ouc could
tracc |crc auy ouc o t|cu uig|t |c. 1|c c|ildrcu's uot|crs rau rou tou to tou, aud ouud
a|solutcly uot|iug. icucc 'a voicc as |card iu laua', aud cvcry uot|cr |cailcd |cr ou c|ild.
Aud just as ouc rcc|ous |y ycars o Our lord or t|c hrst, sccoud, or t|ird ycar atcr t|c |u|ilcc,
so iu iauclu t|cy rcc|oucd |y t|c hrst, sccoud, or t|ird ycar atcr t|c cxit aud dcparturc o t|c
c|ildrcu. l ouud t|is iu au old |oo|, aud t|c uot|cr o Dcau |o|auu vou ldc atc|cd t|c
c|ildrcu dcpartiug.
1|is last clausc uo dou|t ucaus 'Dcau ldc told uc t|at |is uot|cr sa t|c c|ildrcu
lcavc', ldc as dcau o t|c local collcgiatc c|urc| |y , aud dicd iu . 1|c sauc
|aud appcuds a |ric accouut o a atal accidcut, also iu iauclu, t|at too| placc iu
, |laucd |y souc ou a |asilis|, |ut cxplaiucd |y t|c aut|or as duc to oul air, it is
li|cly t|at |ot| uotcs crc origiually rittcu iu t|c uid-ourtccut| ccutury. l so, our
tcxt cll autcdatcs t|c pocu o , t|c accouut iu t|c 'old |oo|' ill |avc |ccu cutcrcd
|ilc t|c cvcut, |atcvcr it as, rcuaiucd iu liviug ucuory, aud pcr|aps it| a datc iu
t|c oru .... L.o... . . . .s: ::.:o :r.ro. Suc| rcc|ouiug, t|oug| otcu allcgcd, as
ucvcr ocial practicc, t|oug| iu a city ordiuaucc o a rccrcucc to t|c dcparturc o
t|c c|ildrcu iu s..) |as |ccu addcd to t|c datc.
lu t|c sixtccut| ccutury a uuu|cr o pu|lic aud privatc iuscriptious couucuoratc
t|c cvcut, it| uiuor variatious t|cy statc t|at iu , ou |o|u aud iaul's Day, |uuc,
iauclu-|oru c|ildrcu crc a|ductcd |y a pipcr clad iu all uauucr o colours aud
lost at Calvary |y t|c ippc. 1|c rcport sprcad to ot|cr parts o Gcruauy, |crc it
as cou|iucd it| a idcsprcad uoti o ol|talcs, uot uu|uou iu |istory, t|c plaguc
o uicc, to producc t|c auiliar story t|at t|c iicd iipcr, |aviug agrccd to rid t|c tou
o its rats iu cousidcratiou o a |audsouc cc, ou |ciug c|catcd o |is uoucy too| t|c
c|ildrcu it| |iu iu rcvcugc, c hrst hud t|is cxpaudcd uarrativc iu t|c s, as ar
aay as iavaria, iu t|c C|rouiclc o Ziuucru. 1|c good |urg|crs o iauclu crc
uot at hrst plcascd it| t|is uuaut|ori.cd aud uunattcriug additiou to t|cir lcgcud,
ucvcrt|clcss, it prcvailcd, aud |as loug siucc |roug|t t|cu auc aud ortuuc. 1|crc is a
ratcatc|cr collcctiou iu t|c local |istory uuscuu, aud siucc t|c s t|c uauc .:::.~
;.:r|.s |as |ccu |cstocd ou a t|rcc-storcy |al-tiu|crcd |ousc, |ic| iudccd cou-
taius a iicd iipcr iuscriptiou it| uo ord o rats), |ut is souc t|rcc ccuturics too
latc aud t|c lcast suita|lc dclliug ouc could iuagiuc or a strolliug playcr.
lu t|c scvcutccut| ccutury t|c story as trausuittcd to Luglaud |crc it sitly
|ccauc as auiliar as iu Gcruauy) |y t|c rccusaut 'lic|ard \crstcgau' lic|ard

lolauds), |o adoptcd rou t|c c|rouiclcr |o|auu iouarius iu t|c crroucous
datc o |uly , aud addcd t|c lauc |oy |o cscapcd to tcll t|c talc aud t|c ot|cr
c|ildrcu's rcappcaraucc iu 1rausylvauia, |ut alt|oug| a largc Gcruau populatiou sur-
vivcd t|crc till t|c s, t|c coloui.atiou |ad ta|cu placc uuc| carlicr, iu t|c tclt|
ccutury. Carcul study o suruaucs aud placc-uaucs |as suggcstcd t|c youug pcrsous
crc rccruitcd or t|c coloui.atiou o iraudcu|urg aud ioucrauia, |ut |ilc lcarucd
ritcrs |avc soug|t a |crucl o trut| iu t|c lcgcud, crcativc ritcrs |avc rciutcrprctcd
it. 1|c prouiscd rcard |as souctiucs |ccu uot uoucy |ut t|c |urgouastcr's daug|-
tcr, t|c iicd iipcr |as |ccu variously rcprcscutcd as t|c Dcvil, a dcuagoguc, au artist
|o cau hud uo placc iu socicty, aud a rcc spirit |o docs uot aut ouc.
irouiug's auous pocu, |ic| is closcst to \crstcgau's accouut, as origiually
rittcu to auusc a ricud's sic| sou, |is ou at|cr |ad cujoycd tclliug t|c story, |ic|
|c vcrsihcd at lcast ticc.
lats.
1|cy oug|t t|c dogs aud |illcd t|c cats,
Aud |it t|c |a|ics iu t|c cradlcs,
Aud atc t|c c|ccscs out o t|c vats,
Aud lic|cd t|c soup rou t|c coo|s' ou ladlcs,
Split opcu t|c |cgs o saltcd sprats,
Madc ucsts iusidc ucu's Suuday |ats,
Aud cvcu spoilcd t|c oucu's c|ats
iy drouiug t|cir spca|iug
Vit| s|ric|iug aud squca|iug
lu hty dicrcut s|arps aud nats.
1|: .: .:r .; H.o:|.., -
z

... J I.|:..s I|..s C
z - - - Dji|outi ludcpcudcucc Day rou lraucc,
)
z 1|is day as uar|cd |y a sacrihcc to larcs, |ct|cr t|osc o t|c
loads \ialcs) is disputcd, aud |y t|c dcdicatiou-cast o t|c tcuplc o |upitcr Stator,
'Stoppcr o t|c lout', allcgcdly vocd |y iiug louulus |ut uot |uilt till . lt as
iu t|is tcuplc ucar |crc t|c Arc| o 1itus as latcr |uilt) t|at, at t|c ucctiug o t|c
Scuatc ou iovcu|cr , Ciccro attac|cd t|c su|vcrsivc couspirator Catiliuc
'Quousquc taudcu a|utcrc Catiliua paticutia uostra.' 'io loug, Catiliuc, ill you
coutiuuc to cxploit our tolcraucc.')
z - Cyril lC, CY couucu., Ort|. ou |uuc)

C,r.|, patriarc| o Alcxaudria -), a grcat t|cologiau, |ut a uau o stric. 1|rcc
ycars iuto |is rcigu, |is ollocrs uurdcrcd t|c sc|olarly p|ilosop|cr iypatia, a pagau
|ut uo cucuy o C|ristiaus, auougst |cr C|ristiau ricuds, |ocvcr, as t|c city prc-
cct Orcstcs, |o as rcsistiug t|c patriarc|'s cucroac|ucut ou |is aut|ority uutil t|c
uurdcr rig|tcucd |iu iuto nig|t. As t|c |cuchciary o t|c criuc Cyril as suspcctcd
o |ciug its iustigator, t|c iupcrial govcruucut or|orc to iuvcstigatc. ic rcuaiucd a
|ittcr cucuy o all |o disagrccd it| |iu, |ct|cr ou t|cological grouuds or touc|-
iug t|c diguity o |is scc. iot| causcs uuitcd to spur |iu iuto counict it| icstorius,
|oldcr o t|c upstart |is|opric o Coustautiuoplc, |o dcuicd t|at t|c \irgiu Mary
could |c callcd 1|:.:|.s 'S|c |o |orc God'), siucc God as uot a |a|y t|rcc |ours
old, t|c cusuiug coutrovcrsy iu |ic| cac| uscd t|c sauc tcrus iu dicrcut scuscs, aud
cac| rcad t|cu iu t|c ot|cr it| t|c scusc |c |iuscl ould |avc givcu t|cu) pittcd
icstorius, |roug|t up at Autioc| iu a traditiou t|at cup|asi.cd t|c |uuauity o
C|rist, agaiust |ot| Cyril, |osc Alcxaudriau traditiou paid uorc attcutiou to iis
diviuity, aud t|c popular dcvotiou rcprcscutcd |y t|c titlc iu disputc. A couucil callcd
to scttlc t|c qucstiou |ro|c iuto to, cac| o |ic| dcposcd t|c ot|cr party's lcadcr,
t|c cupcror ratihcd |ot| dcpositious, |ut Cyril as rciustatcd atcr ua|iug couccssious
t|at souc o |is ollocrs rcgrcttcd.
Mauy Gcruau calcudars, aud t|c ..s.....s scc App. D), put t|c Scvcu Slccpcrs ou t|is
day iustcad o |uly.
z

... IJ I.|:..s I|..s D
z - lrcuacus CY, lC), lco t|c Grcat iu t|c Saruu calcudar, t|c Goldcu
lcgcud, t|c ..s.....s, aud uauy uouastic calcudars scc iov.)
Ir:..:s, |is|op o lyous ..-). ic cauc rou Asia Miuor aud |ccauc |is|op
o lyous .. iu succcssiou to t|c uartyrcd iot|iuus, li|c |ou |c as a pupil o
iolycarp, as suc| |c as a|lc, .., to tal| iopc \ictor l out o cxcouuuuicatiug t|c
C|ristiaus o Asia Miuor or |ccpiug Lastcr ou t|c |cis| iisau scc ll 1|: L.:: .;
L.s::r. L.r|, C|r.|) |ic|cvcr day o t|c cc| it cll ou. ic is c|icny rcucu|crcd,
|ocvcr, or |is trcatisc attac|iug t|c |crcsics o |is day, iu particular t|c various orus
o Guosticisu, it as rittcu iu Grcc|, |ut survivcs or t|c uost part iu latiu traus-
latiou.
`: :::r`s L:. Mauy tous iu carlicr tiucs rc-cuactcd uidsuuucr cstivitics ou t|is day.
J...., St \itus' day |uuc Old Stylc), |cpt iu Scr|ia as t|c auuivcrsary o dccat aud
couqucst |y t|c Ottouau 1ur|s at iosovo ioljc 'ilac||ird licld') ou |uuc ,

a |ard-oug|t |attlc iu |ic| t|c suprcuc couuaudcrs ou |ot| sidcs dicd, cou-
ucuoratcd |y couutlcss |allads. lt as ou t|is day iu t|at t|c iosuiau Scr| Gavrilo
iriucip uurdcrcd Arc|du|c lrau. lcrdiuaud o Austria at Sarajcvo, lcadiug to t|c lirst
Vorld Var. 1|c t| auuivcrsary o t|c |attlc, ou |uuc , as uar|cd |y a grcat
patriotic rally, at |ic| ircsidcut Slo|odau Miloscvic o Scr|ia dcclarcd t|at uatioual
iutcgrity as rcstorcd, t|c iuucdiatc coutcxt as t|c |ittcr ct|uic counict iu t|c au-
tououous rcgiou o iosovo, t|c |cartlaud o Scr|iau |istory |ut ovcr|cluiugly iu-
|a|itcd |y Al|auiaus. Larlicr iu t|c dccadc Scr|s |ad couplaiucd o opprcssiou |y t|c
Al|auiau uajority, |ic| douiuatcd t|c rcgioual govcruucut, |ut Miloscvic a|olis|cd
iosovar autououy, su|jcctiug t|c Al|auiaus to Scr|iau rulc.
Ou t|is day iu , as is still rcucu|crcd iu Coruall, as |augcd Mic|acl |oscp|,
|uou as J. C; 't|c Suit|'), riuglcadcr o a rc|clliou agaiust icury \ll's |ig| taxcs.
1|is Mig|cll |oscp|, suruaucd t|c |lac| suyt| ouc o t|c captcius o t|is dougc |ill aud drac
sac|cd ruaus, as o suc| stotc stouac| aud |autc couragc, t|at at t|csauc tiuc t|at |c as
dracu ou t|c |crdlc toard |is dcat|, |c sayd as ucu do rcportc) t|at or t|is uysc|cuous aud
aciuorous actc, |c s|ould |auc a uauc pcrpctual aud a auc pcruaucut aud iuuortal. So you
uay pcrccauc) t|at dcsirc aud au|icious cupiditc o vaiuc gloric aud auc, cunauct|, aud cu-
couragct| ascl poorc aud ucauc pcrsoucs, as t|c |artcs o grcat lords aud puyssaut priuccs to
trauaylc aud aspirc to t|csauc. H.||`s C|r....|:, -
1|c cvcut as couucuoratcd iu .
z

... III I.|:..s I|..s L
z - - iCi), -- CY, lC), rcd-lcttcr
day
1|c day as origiually au castcru cast o t|c Apostlcs iu gcucral, |ut iu louc as rc-
strictcd to ictcr, t|c iriucc o t|c Apostlcs, aud iaul, t|c Apostlc .r ::.:||:..:, rou t|c
ycar ouards t|crc as au auuual couucuoratiou o t|c to . C.:..o|.s, at t|c
placc ou t|c \ia Appia |crc t|c c|urc| o Sau Sc|astiauo uo stauds, aud |ic| |as
givcu its uauc, as 'catacou|s', to uudcrgrouud |urial-placcs, cspccially t|osc o carly
C|ristiaus. 1|c Last acccptcd t|c uc siguihcaucc o t|c day, t|c Apostlcs as a group
crc couucuoratcd ou 1|ouas Suuday t|c Suuday atcr Lastcr), aud su|scqucutly
ou |uuc.
:::r, a hs|cruau o ict|saida ou t|c Sca o Galilcc, as t|c douiuaut pcrsouality
auougst t|c Apostlcs. iis truc uauc as 'Siuou sou o |oua|', it| t|c uic|uauc ,: |.
'Ccp|as' iu t|c ii|lc), Arauaic or 'roc|', to |ic| |csus alludcd |cu |c callcd ictcr
t|c roc| ou |ou |c ould |uild |is c|urc| Matt. ), t|c Grcc| or 'roc|' is ::r.,
|cucc t|c uauc ::r.s. ic as a uau o actiou |o iu St |o|u's Gospcl ), |cu

|csus as arrcstcd, cut o t|c rig|t car o t|c |ig| pricst's scrvaut Malc|us, |ut |o or
all |is |ravc ords dcuicd |is uastcr t|ricc |corc coc|cro. Atcr t|c lcsurrcctiou |c
as t|c lcadcr o t|c couuuuity, |ic| |c pcrsuadcd to aduit Gcutilcs it|out rc-
quiriug o|cdicucc to t|c Mosaic las, ou a visit to Autioc|, |ocvcr, |c appcarcd to
|ac|trac|, or |ic| |c as rc|u|cd |y St iaul. ic as latcr said to |avc |ccu |is|op
t|crc scc lc|.).
iis last ycars crc spcut iu louc, |crc |c aud St iaul arc said to |avc ouudcd t|c
c|urc| o |ic| |c is latcr, aud auac|rouistically, callcd t|c hrst |is|op, it is ccrtaiu
t|at |c as uartyrcd t|crc uudcr icro, t|oug| t|c story t|at |c as crucihcd upsidc
dou coucs rou au uurclia|lc sourcc, ou t|c ot|cr |aud, t|c traditiou t|at |c as
|uricd iu t|c Agcr \aticauus |as |ccu strcugt|cucd |y cxcavatious uudcrucat| t|c Cou-
cssio at St ictcr's. ic is couuouly portraycd it| t|c |cys o t|c iiugdou o icavcu
|cstocd ou |iu |y |csus Matt. ), iu popular |clic |c |ccps t|c |cavculy gatc,
dccidiug |ou to aduit aud |ou to scud clsc|crc. ic is t|c patrou saiut o hs|cr-
ucu aud allicd tradcs, |ut also o |ridgc-|uildcrs, rou t|c papal titlc o iouticx
Maxiuus t|c louau |ig| pricst|ood rcuouuccd |y t|c cupcror Gratiau iu aud
assuucd iu its uc scusc |y lco t|c Grcat), aud o or|crs iu clay, stouc, aud uctal
rou t|c loc| aud t|c |cys).
.|, a |c o 1arsus |osc ic|rc uauc as `|.|, |ut also a louau citi.cu it| t|c
latiu coguoucu .|s. ic as |y tradc a tcut-ua|cr, |roug|t up |y |is at|cr ou strict
i|arisaic priuciplcs, |ut also givcu t|c good Grcc| cducatiou ocrcd |y |is uativc city,
aud a auatically auti-C|ristiau rcligious studcut |o stood |y as au approviug itucss
at t|c uartyrdou o St Stcp|cu Dcc.). iut |ilc travclliug to Dauascus it| lct-
tcrs calliug ou local |cs to scud auy C|ristiaus t|cy caug|t to |crusalcu, 'suddculy
t|crc s|iucd rouud a|out |iu a lig|t rou |cavcu Aud |c cll to t|c cart|, aud |card
a voicc sayiug uuto |iu, Saul, Saul, |y pcrsccutcst t|ou uc. Aud |c said, V|o art
t|ou, lord. Aud t|c lord said, l au |csus |ou t|ou pcrsccutcst' Acts -, scc
|au. or t|c Vcstcru cast o |is couvcrsiou). lrou t|cu ou, |c |ccauc a dcvotcd C|ris-
tiau, a tirclcss uissiouary, aud t|c uost origiual t|iu|cr o t|c couuuuity |ic| is
|y rcvisiouist C|ristiaus |lauc |iu or auy doctriuc t|cy disli|c, as scl-applaudiug
Marxists do Lugcls). iaviug |ccu iuprisoucd iu |crusalcu ou c|argcs |roug|t |y t|c
|cs, iaul appcalcd to Cacsar aud as scut to louc, duriug t|c voyagc |c as s|ip-
rcc|cd ou Malta scc lc|.), |crc accordiug to Acts - a vipcr |it |iu ou t|c
|aud, |ut |c s|oo| it o it|out ill cccts or |ic| rcasou |c is iuvo|cd agaiust
sua|c|itc). lu louc, |c as |c|cadcd iu icro's pcrsccutiou, ovcr |is gravc stauds t|c
grcat c|urc| o Sau iaolo uori lc Mura. Accordiug to lcgcud |is |cad |ouuccd t|rcc
tiucs, aud at cac| placc a spriug |urst t|roug| t|c soil, t|is story is couucuoratcd |y
t|c c|urc| o 1rc loutauc.
Ou t|is day a |uc| uscd to |c ocrcd at t|c |ig| altar o St iaul's, aud a doc ou t|c
cast o St iaul's Couvcrsiou scc |au.). lu souc parts o iclgiuu t|c day is o|scrvcd
it| |ouhrcs. lt is also a day or cat|cr provcr|s

Saiut iicrrc ct saiut iaul pluvicux,
iour trcutc jours daugcrcux.
l t|c t| s.. o t|is uout| |ic| is St. ictcr aud iaul's day) |c air, ruit ill |c plcuty, |ut
t|c tcudcr lau|s aud ot|cr ca| cattlc ill dic t|at ycar. L.||,`s N: Lrr. .::r,
Accordiug to a auous ol|lorist |osc vagucucss as to |is sourccs |as rustratcd su|-
scqucut rcscarc|cs, Scottis| hs|crucu prcdictcd t|c cat|cr rou t|c iuds ou t|is
day
Viud rou t|c cst, hs| aud |rcad,
Viud rou t|c uort|, cold aud nayiug,
Viud rou t|c cast, suo ou t|c |ills,
Viud rou t|c sout|, ruit ou trccs.
traus. Caruic|acl, C.ro... C.:|...
z

r..: I.|:..s I|..s l
z Dcdicatiou-day o t|c tcuplc o icrculcs aud t|c Muscs, |uilt |y
Marcus lulvius io|ilior out o t|c hucs |c |ad collcctcd as ccusor iu , lulvius,
a uau o litcrary tastcs aud a ricud o t|c poct Luuius, |ad apparcutly |card iu Grcccc,
duriug |is victorious caupaigu agaiust t|c Au|raciots, o a H: r.||s M.s.:: s or
icra|lcs lcadcr o t|c Muscs uorually Apollo's uuctiou). lu act t|c |cro's couucc-
tious it| t|c |ig|cr culturc crc souc|at au|ivalcut |c |ad |ccu taug|t to play t|c
lyrc |y t|c ccutaur C|irou, |ut t|cu |raiucd |iu it| it. lu t|c tcuplc, ou t|c sout|-
cst sidc o t|c Circus llauiuius aud uort|-cst o t|c iorticus Octaviac, lulvius
sct up a calcudar iuscriptiou ;.s:.), statucs o t|c uiuc Muscs portraycd ou a coiu o
) aud o icraclcs playiug t|c lyrc, togct|cr it| au old |rou.c s|riuc o t|c Muscs
ta|cu rou auot|cr tcuplc. lt as rcstorcd iu , aud a portico put rouud it, |y
lucius Marcius i|ilippus, orucrly uarricd to Augustus' uatcrual auut.
z - lirst Martyrs o t|c C|urc| o louc lC), orucrly Couucuora-
tiou o St iaul scc |uuc), Syuaxis o t|c 1clvc Apostlcs Ort|.)
M.r:..| .; L.o.:s, uissiouary |is|op .. scc Mar.). Atcr |is dcat|, uiraclcs crc
rcportcd, accordiug to Grcgory o 1ours, |cu ouc lco o ioiticrs, rctaiucr to a
Mcroviugiau priucc, o|scrvcd t|at t|c uuc|-laudcd SS Martiu aud Martial |ad lct
uot|iug to t|c royal trcasury, t|c to saiuts struc| |iu dca, duu|, aud uad. lu t|c
icucdictiuc a||cy o Saiut-Martial as dcdicatcd, rou it coucs souc o t|c carlicst
polyp|ouic uusic still cxtaut. lu |is rclics crc raiscd or a pcacc couucil iu
liuogcs, |crcupou a dcadly plaguc ccascd, iu t|c turuoils o t|c tiuc, ou t|c cvc o
t|c uillcuuiuu, pilgrius noc|cd to t|c saiut's tou|, aud |cgau to sprcad t|c story t|at

|c |ad |ccu a coupauiou o |csus aud a disciplc o St ictcr. lu accordaucc it| t|c
uc iutcrcst iu St Martial, ou iovcu|cr a uc |asilica as dcdicatcd iu |is
|ouour, soou atcrards t|c uou| Aduar o C|a|auucs, |o li|c all cducatcd ucu
|uc t|at t|c popular lcgcud as taddlc, ucvcrt|clcss sct a|out |aviug t|is hrst-
ccutury St Martial rccogui.cd as t|c apostlc o Aquitaiuc, aud cvcu o all Gaul. 1|c
|is|op as prcvailcd upou to support t|c raud |y t|rcatcuiug to cxcouuuuicatc auy-
ouc |o s|ould dou|t t|c apostlc's .:., Aduar couposcd au apostolic liturgy, to |c
pcrorucd at a grcat ccrcuouy ou August , t|c t| auuivcrsary, it as asscrtcd,
o Martial's dcdicatiou o St Stcp|cu's Cat|cdral. Alt|oug| auyouc |o prcac|cd t|c
Gospcl |crc it as uot |uou uig|t |c callcd au apostlc, au apostolic liturgy as ap-
propriatc ouly or t|c 1clvc it| St Matt|ias iu placc o |udas) aud St iaul. iut ou
t|at vcry uoruiug a lou|ard prior uaucd icucdict o C|iusa, uot |ciug su|jcct to t|c
|is|op aud claiuiug pcrsoual acquaiutaucc it| iopc |o|u XlX, dcuouuccd t|c cult
aud t|c talc ou |ic| it as |ascd, t|c |u||lc |urst, aud Aduar lct liuogcs iu dis-
gracc. iocvcr, |c dcvotcd |is c rcuaiuiug ycars to a caupaigu o |olcsalc orgcry
t|at it|iu a c dccadcs carricd t|c causc to triuup|. iis uastcr-stro|c as to cou-
posc au Lastcr ta|lc or t|c cyclc -, |ic| uo ouc ould loo| at till t|c ucxt
gcucratiou, aud appcud to it au allcgcd lcttcr rou t|c popc |iuscl dcclariug t|at
Martial as iudccd au apostlc, |c t|cu coucoctcd a uass o docuucuts t|at purportcd
to s|o t|c claiu up|cld at couucils iu . 1|c iupositiou as succcssul, it ouud
cspccially illiug |clicvcrs iu t|c liuousiu popcs at Aviguou, |cgiuuiug it| Clcucut
\l. lu t|c Saiut-Martial c|apcl o t|c ialais dcs iapcs at Aviguou, |csus is dcpictcd
iustructiug t|c 1clvc at Capcruauu, usiug youug Martial as a liviug cxauplc o
|uuility 'Lulcss yc |ccouc as t|is littlc ouc . . .'. 1|c raud as uot discovcrcd till t|c
tcutict| ccutury.


J s.ro .; |::s .. M., .s .r:| . |.. .; |.,
J s.ro .; |::s .. j.: .s .r:| . s.|:r s...
3: . s.ro .. j|, .s ..: .r:| . {,.
N. ::o:s:, .. j|.: j|,,
L:.s: ..r. |..|:s r|.:.
z - latiu I|.s, lrcuc| ,.||::, Spauis| ,|.., iortugucsc j||.,
ltaliau ||.., Gcruau j|., Vcls| C.r:...;, Scots Gaclic .. :~I.|.r, lris| I.|. Lp to t|c
uid-cig|tccut| ccutury Luglis| j|, r|yucd it| :r|,, couvcrscly, Gcruaus uay ou t|c
tclcp|ouc call t|c uout| j|:. it| hual strcss to avoid couusiou it| j...
Lutil t|is uout| as callcd ...:.|.s or ..:.|.s rou ,..:s, origiually ,...:s,
'ht|'), it as rcuaucd iu |ouour o t|c uurdcrcd |ulius Cacsar, |o |ad |ccu |oru ou
t|c t|. 1|c Scots Gaclic uauc origiually dcuotcd t|c arucst part o t|c ycar, dchucd
iu ouc sourcc as couprisiug t|c last t|rcc cc|s o |uly, |cgiuuiug ou a lriday, aud t|c
hrst t|rcc cc|s o August, cudiug ou a 1ucsday. Ot|cr uaucs attcstcd arc L:.r:.|~
`.o|r..|, 'cud o suuucr', |ic| sccus also to |c t|c scusc o t|c Vcls| tcru, .o o.s
|.|:, 't|c goldcu uout|', aud .` M|.|r..|, 'cauiuc', prcsuua|ly au allusiou to t|c dog
days scc |uly) Diuuccu siuilarly uotcs o o.r.o|..| iu lris|).
z - - -
1|.r `.., \cuicc lcast o t|c lcdccucr, hrst cclc|ratcd iu iu ucuory o au
avcrtcd plaguc. A oodcu poutoou |ridgc is put up so t|at pcoplc cau al| rou
Dorsoduro ovcr t|c Giudccca caual to t|c c|urc| o Sau lcdcutorc, |crc lo
uass is said. 1|c cvcuiug is spcut prccra|ly |auquctiug ou t|c atcr aud atc|-
iug spcctacular hrcor|s scc |uly), |ardy souls atc| t|c suu risc t|c ucxt
uoruiug ou t|c lido.
L.s: `.., lu lrclaud pilgrius cliu| uouutaius aud |ig| placcs, a|ovc all Croag|-
patric| Cruac| i|draig), Co. Mayo, t|c uouutaiu ou |ic| St iatric| astcd
or orty days iu , doiug |attlc it is said) it| cvil spirits aud t|c Dcvil's dau,
up till t|cu it |ad |ccu sacrcd to a |cat|cu dcity, Cr.o Cr..| 'Crou o t|c
lcc|'), still couucuoratcd iu t|c lris| uauc or t|is day, L.o|...| C|r.o L||
ilac| Crou's Suuday). Lvidcucc t|at t|c uouutaiu, |ic| is , t |ig| u),
posscsscd iuportaucc loug |corc appropriatiou |y t|c saiut |as rcccutly |ccu
providcd |y t|c discovcry o a |ill-ort aud latc irou.c Agc |ut-sitcs, art o t|at
pcriod |as |ccu discovcrcd ou a uatural roc| outcrop, |uou as St iatric|'s C|air,
aloug t|c pilgriu routc. 1|c pilgriuagc is pcuitcutial souc participauts go |arc-
oot), t|c asccut, ovcr roc|s aud uuddy strcaus, ta|cs au |our aud a |al. Ou t|c
slopc t|crc arc statious at |ic| praycrs s|ould |c said to caru a plcuary iudul-
gcucc, aud a cairu rouud |ic| pilgrius al| scvcu tiucs, rccitiug scvcu Our
lat|crs, scvcu iail Marys, aud ouc Crccd |corc ua|iug t|c stccp cliu| to t|c
suuuit, |crc uass is |cld iu a suall c|urc| |uilt iu , aud |crc St iatric|
is rcportcd, |y riugiug |is |cll, to |avc |auis|cd all sua|cs rou lrclaud.
I.rs: M..., Cari||cau or Caricou Day pu|lic |oliday iu iar|ados, Guyaua, |auaica,
aud 1riuidad aud 1o|ago trcaty csta|lis|iug Cari||cau Couuuuity, )
Cayuau lslauds Coustitutiou Day
Zau|ia icrocs Day uatioual |oliday)
`:... .r :|.r M..., iotsaua ircsidcut's Day
I.r:| M..., \irgiu lslauds iurricauc Supplicatiou Day lcgal |oliday)
1|cu cauc |ot I|, |oyliug li|c to hrc,
1|at all |is garucut |c |ad cast aay
\pou a lyou ragiug yct it| irc
ic |oldly rodc aud uadc |iu to o|ay
lt as t|c |cast t|at |ylouc did orray
1|c icuaau orrcst, till t|'Jo|,:r....:
iiu slc, aud it| |is |idc did |iu array,
ic|iudc |is |ac| a sit|c, aud |y |is sidc
\udcr |is |clt |c |orc a sic|lc circliug idc.
Spcuscr, 1|: I.:r.: ::.:, . vii.
lt is uo luly aud t|c Suuuc is gottcu vp to |is |cig|t, |osc |cat parc|ct| t|c cart|, aud |urucs
vp t|c grassc ou t|c uouutaiucs. io |cgius t|c Cauou o |caucu to rattlc, aud |cu t|c hrc
is put to t|c c|argc, it |rca|ct| out auoug t|c Cloudcs t|c stoucs o cougcalcd atcr cut o
t|c carcs o t|c Coruc aud t|c |lac|c storucs arig|t t|c aiut-|cartcd t|c Stag aud t|c iuc|c
arc uo iu pridc o t|cir tiuc, aud t|c |arducssc o t|cir |cads ua|cs t|cu ht or t|c iorucr
io |at| t|c Spar|a|c t|c iartridgc iu t|c oot, aud t|c lcrrct dot| tic|lc t|c Couy iu t|c
|oroug|. io doct| t|c larucr ua|c rcady |is tcauc, aud t|c Cartcr it| |is |ip, |at| uo
suall pridc iu |is V|istlc io doc t|c lcapcrs try t|cir |ac|s aud t|cir Arucs, aud t|c lusty
Yout|cs pitc| t|c s|cacs iuto t|c Cart. 1|c old iartridgc callcs |cr Coucy iu t|c uoruiug, aud
iu t|c cucuiug, t|c S|cp|card als to oldiug o |is noc|c t|c Sparrocs ua|c a c|aruc upou
t|c grccuc ius|cs, till t|c lolcr couc aud ta|c t|cu |y t|c do.cus t|c Suclt uo |cgius to
|c iu scasou, aud t|c lauprcy out o t|c liucr lcapcs iuto a iyc t|c Souldicr uo |at| a |ot
Marc|, aud t|c laycr scats iu |is lyucd Gouc 1|c icdlcr uo ua|cs a loug al|c, aud t|c
Aqua vita iottlc scts |is acc ou a hcry |cat lu suuuc, l t|us coucludc o it, l |old it a
prohta|lc scasou, t|c la|ourcrs gaiuc, aud t|c ric| uaus calt|. larccll. irctou )
lu t|is Mouct| it is uot good to cat s:r.. ucats, uor t|osc |ic| do grcatly ..r.s|, uor plcasaut
s..: ucats, |otucss o t|c scasou, |carc o ||::.. aud r.., yct |ot| uay sacly |c douc,
|ciug guidcd |y discrctiou, driu| |ut littlc h..: iu t|is aud t|c Mout| olloiug, or t|at it drycs

t|c stouac| aud livcr, aud too uuc| iucrcasct| .|.|:r, t|c suallcst aud ca|cst driu|s arc |cst, to
|c uscd astiug agaiust c|olcr, a|staiu rou \cucry, aud usc to cat cvcry uoruiug a littlc `.:, aud
H:r|.r..:, it| a |it o |r:., |carc o catiug auy uuddy lis| ta|cu it| uct t|is Mouct|, usc
to cat .;: \crjuycc it| your Sallcts aud Mcat, or t|c sauc dot| cool aud rcrcs| t|c |ody, rc-
raiu catiug o grccu lruits t|is Mout|, its |olsouc to auuoiut t|c ucc| aud |rcst it| t|c
juycc o H:r|.r..:, H,s.:, aud `o.||.: uixt it| ioucy, i you |at| do it astiug, aud vcry uod-
cratcly, or to do ot|crisc is daugcrous t|is Mouct|, aud |carc o catiug cit|cr 3:::s, or L:::..:
t|is Mouct|, or t|at t|cy |avc iu t|cu a :.:..s poysouous quality, vcry uoxious to uaturc,
C.r|..|, ....s, `.:, aud at iacou is good or t|c ius|auduau, aud la|orious |odics.
Sauudcrs )
lruit is ccrtaiuly uost salu|rious iu |ot cat|cr, |ut, i t|c opiuiou |c cll ouudcd t|at it docs
uost good |cu ta|cu |corc diuucr, t|c dcsscrt oug|t to ta|c placc o t|at spurious ucal callcd
t|c luuc|, |ic|, |ciug usually uadc o auiual ood, too otcu |auis|cs t|c appctitc irrccovcr-
a|ly or t|c day. lu rcality, to luuc| is to diuc. iouc, 1:.r ),
j|, is callcd t|c 1iLiDLl MOiL1i. lt as a Custou at M.|os|r,~J||:,, to liug t|c grcat
icll, call'd St. J.o`s 3:||, to drivc aay 1iLiDLl AiD llGi1iliG. 1|c li|c Custou is
still iu Lsc at St. C:ro...s, aud iu suudry ot|cr parts o Ir...:. Gad|ury )
z

I.|:..: I|..: G
I; :|: ;rs: .; j|, .: |: r..., :.:|:r,
`:.|| r... o.r: .r |:ss ;.r ;.r ::|s :.::|:r.
z - - - iuruudi ludcpcudcucc Day rou iclgiau trust
tcrritory o lauda-Lruudi, )
Cauada Cauada Day, or Douiuiou Day couucuoratiug coucdcratiou o )
uatioual day) ou |uly |cu st is a Suuday)
lauda ludcpcudcucc Day rou iclgiau trust tcrritory o lauda-Lruudi, )
z - Olivcr iluu|ctt lC lrclaud), Cosuas aud Dauiau, uartyrs Ort|.,
uaiu cast, scc Scpt.)
|.:r |.|::: -), lC arc||is|op o Aruag| aud priuatc o all lrclaud, |ig|ly
rcgardcd |y irotcstaut laudoucrs |ut dcuouuccd ou truupcd-up c|argcs at t|c |cig|t
o t|c Lxclusiou crisis as plottiug rc|clliou iu lcaguc it| lraucc, cxccutcd or |ig|
trcasou |uly |uly OS), cauoui.cd .
Sauucl Curcu o|scrvcs t|c auuual cstival o t|c laccua|crs o iouitou ucar Lxctcr)
iu

Vit| uy cllo |oardcrs rodc to iouitou to scc auuual pcroruaucc o laccua|crs . . . 1|cy
arc coupriscd o C|urc|ucu aud Disscutcrs, |avc au scruou, altcruatiug iu t|c C|urc| aud
Mcctiug iousc. Atcr scrvicc t|cy al| iu olloiug ordcr-hrst t|c |cad al|s t|c ircsidcut
alouc, |oldiug iu |cr |aud a rod or aud adorucd it| nocrs o all |iuds iu t|c scasou prc-
ccdcd |y littlc uaidcus o or ycars old carryiug largc |ouqucts, |ic|, oucc or all, cvcry-
ouc iu t|c proccssiou |as, aud cac| carrics a |as|ct o nocrs, al|iug |ctccu arc|cs adorucd
it| grcat varicty o nocrs. 1|cu ollo 1|c |ouorary ucu|crs or iatroucsscs o t|c Socicty,
cac| |aviug a |itc rod, t|c top uadc up o nocrs, t|cu ollos t|c Staudard |carcr, |c|iud
|ou gocs a do.cu Couplcs |aviug a staudard |carcr attcudiug t|cu |ic| closcs t|c proccs-
siou.. Ou ouc is dcpictcd a s|ip it| a uotto or iuscriptiou iu a scral orgottcu, t|c dcvicc
aud uotto ou t|c ot|cr as ucvcr it|iu uy |uolcdgc. lu t|is ordcr t|cy paradcd t|c dicrcut
strccts aud t|cu adjouru to t|c Goldcu liou luu to ta|c t|cir tca aud pass t|c cvcuiug iu dau-
ciug aud cstivity. 1o t|is c crc iuvitcd |y a tic|ct or |ic| paid , cac| |ut uy occasious
calliug uc to Lxctcr aud aut o rclis| or suc| prouiscuous couuscd uoisy uirt| coucurrcd
to scud uc o t|c grouud |corc t|c strcct paradc as ovcr, lcaviug uy Coupauious to rcturu
|ouc |y Mooulig|t |ic| it uot uy c|oicc to do. Curcu, i. -
z

... JI N...s I|..s A
z - - - Sicua ll ialio. 1|c sccoud o to |orsc raccs
ruu iu Sicua, t|is ouc or t|c |auucr .|..) |cariug t|c iuagc o t|c Madouua di
irovcu.auo. Scc August.
z - \isitatiou o Our lady iCi, lC till , aud still iu Gcruau-
spca|iug couutrics, lC, CY ou May)
J.s.:.:.... lu|c -) rccords t|c visit o Mary, soou atcr t|c Auuuuciatiou, to |cr
cousiu Lli.a|ct|, t|cu prcguaut it| |o|u t|c iaptist. 1|is passagc is t|c sourcc or
|ot| t|c last ords o t|c iail Mary, '|lcsscd is t|c ruit o t|y ou|', spo|cu |y
Lli.a|ct|, aud t|c Maguihcat, Mary's soug o t|au|sgiviug.
1|: J.s.:.:...
iroclaiucd Quccuc aud uot|cr o a God,
1|c lig|t o cart|, t|c sovcraiguc o Saiuts,
Vit| iilgriu ootc, up tyriug |ils s|c trod,
Aud |cavculy stilc it| |auduaids toilc acquaiuts,
icr yout| to agc, |cr |calt| to sic|c s|c lcuds,
icr |cart to God, to ucig||our |aud s|c |cuds.
A priucc s|c is, aud uig|ticr priucc dot| |carc,
Yct poupc o priuccly traiuc s|c ould uot |avc,
iut dou|tlcs |cavculy Quircs attcudaut crc,
icr c|ild rou |aruc |cr sclc rou all to savc,
Vord to t|c voicc, soug to t|c tuuc s|c |riugs,
1|c voicc |cr ord, t|c tuuc |cr dittic siugs.

Ltcrual lig|ts iucloscd iu |cr |rcast,
S|ot out suc| picrciug |caucs o |uruiug lovc,
1|at |cu |cr voicc |cr coscus carcs posscst,
1|c orcc t|crco did orcc |cr |a|c to uovc,
Vit| sccrct sigucs t|c c|ildrcu grcct cac| ot|cr,
iut opcu praisc cac| lcavct| to |is uot|cr.
lo|crt Sout|cll .-)
r..:sss .. M.r:....., carly louau uartyrs, |uricd iu t|c \ia Aurclia, trauslatcd to
St ictcr's |y iasc|al l, lcgcud uadc t|cu louau occrs couvcrtcd |y t|cir prisoucrs
SS ictcr aud iaul. A cat|cr provcr| statcs t|at i it raius ou t|is day, t|crc ill |c
cxccssivc raiu all suuucr t|at suot|crs t|c coru
Si pluat iu csto iroccssi ct Martiuiaui
iu|cr crit uiuius ct suocacio graui.
`.:|., |is|op o Viuc|cstcr, c|auccllor o Lg|crt, |iug o Vcsscx, aud tutor to |is
sou Lt|clul, as |uricd ou t|is day iu , it as still |is cast iu a St Al|aus calcu-
dar o uo iu t|c iodlciau li|rary scc il. ), aud |as rcuaiucd |is day iu Cou-
tiucutal couutrics, or iustaucc iu ioray, |crc Stavaugcr cat|cdral as dcdicatcd to
|iu, aud a cat|cr provcr| o siuilar iuport to t|at just citcd ruus
Sytcso|dag Ou St Sit|uu's day
scttcr s|ycu i lag, i t|c clouds arc stac|cd
dct varcr til olso|dag. it lasts to St Ola 's day |uly.
lu Luglaud, |ocvcr, t|is day, |ot| as |is cast aud as a cat|cr-uar|, as supplautcd
|y |is trauslatiou ou |uly.
lor t|c Ort|odox, t|is is t|c Dcpositiou o t|c iououra|lc Mautlc o t|c 1|coto|os,
a uuc|-|ouourcd rclic iu t|c c|urc| o ilac|cruac at Coustautiuoplc. Ouc talc |ad it
ouud iu |crusalcu |y a pious |ccss iu t|c rcigu o t|c cupcror lco l -), au-
ot|cr uadc to patriciau |rot|crs callcd Gal|ius aud Caudidus, ou a pilgriuagc to
|crusalcu, stay ovcruig|t at a |ousc at Capcruauu iu Galilcc, |crc t|cy sa a roou
ull o lig|ts aud iuccusc. Ou |ciug told t|at Mary's ro|c as |cpt t|crc c. Aug.),
t|cy o|taiucd t|c laudlady's pcruissiou to spcud t|c uig|t iu it, too| t|c ucasurcucuts
o t|c cas|ct, aud cut ou t|cir ay to |crusalcu, |crc t|cy |ad a rcplica uadc, ou
t|cir rcturu jourucy t|cy lodgcd at t|c sauc |ousc aud ccctcd t|c su|stitutiou. 1|cy
|roug|t t|c rclic |ac| to t|cir cstatc at ilac|cruac, |crc lco |uilt a rcliquary s|riuc
s.rs) or it. Duriug au Avar raid t|c Mautlc as rcuovcd or sac |ccpiug, t|c cast
cclc|ratcs its rcturu iu . Vc arc iuorucd t|at t|c hrst lussiau raid ou Coustauti-
uoplc iu ) as rcpcllcd |cu t|c iatriarc| i|otius pluugcd t|c rclic iuto t|c
iosporus, causiug t|c atcrs to |oil up aud rcc| t|c s|ips, a uiraclc t|c patriarc| uu-
accouuta|ly ucglcctcd to rccord iu |is uauy ritiugs.
|o|u 1aylor, t|c Vatcr ioct, spcuds a disastrous day ou |is travcls

Mouday t|c sccoud o I|,, l cut to 3r.:.::r tcu uilcs, |crc all t|at as ort|y o uotc as,
t|at ucarc t|c 1ouc, at a stilc l |ad a grcat disastcr, or a s|aggc or spliutcr o t|c stilc too|c
|old o uy ouc aud oucly |rccc|cs, aud torc t|cu iu t|at cxtrcuc uuucrciull, uuuauucrly uau-
ucr, t|at or s|auc aud uodcstics sa|c l as aiuc to put t|cu o, aud goc |rccc|lcssc iuto t|c
1ouc, |crc l ouud a |otc|iug t|rccpcuuy 1aylor, |o did patc| uc up it| suc| rcparatious
as uadc uc uot as|aucd to put uy |rccc|cs ou agaiuc, aud trot hvc uilcs urt|cr to a raggcd
Mar|ct 1ouc callcd N:.:|:r~`:.,, |crc cxtrcauc cary, l too|c up uy lodgiug, at a siguc aud
uo siguc, |ic| orucrly as t|c losc aud Crouc, |ut loscs arc it|crcd, aud Croucs arc o|-
scurcd, as t|c siguc as.
Surcly t|at day as a uad, sad, glad, auspicious, uuluc|y day to uc, orsc t|cu au Ouiuous,
C|ildcruas, or a doggcd |ytiug dog-day, or t|c iostcssc as out o 1ouc, uiuc iost as
vcry sucicutly druu|c, t|c |ousc uost dclicatcly dcc|t it| cxquisitc artihciall, aud uaturall
sluttcry, t|c roouc |cspriuc|lcd aud strccd it| t|c cxcrcucuts o iigs aud C|ildrcu, t|c all
aud sicliugs crc adorucd aud |augcd it| rarc Spidcrs 1apistry, or co|c| lauc, t|c suoa|c
as so palpa|lc aud pcrspicuous, t|at l could scarcc scc auy t|iug clsc, aud yct l could scarcc scc
t|at, it so |liudcd uc it| l|cuu a siguc o ccpiug, |csidcs all t|is, t|c odoricrous aud cou-
tagious pcruuc o t|at |ousc as a|lc to outvic all t|c Millaiucrs iu C|ristcudouc or Soucr-
scts|irc. 1aylor, h..:r.. )
lastly, a prcdictiou t|at as corrcct iu cvcryt|iug |ut ouc crucial dctail
1|c sccoud day o |uly, , ill |c t|c uost ucuora|lc cpoc|a iu t|c |istory o Aucrica. l
au apt to |clicvc t|at it ill |c cclc|ratcd |y succccdiug gcucratious as t|c grcat auuivcrsary cs-
tival. lt oug|t to |c couucuoratcd as t|c day o dclivcraucc, |y solcuu acts o dcvotiou to God
Aluig|ty. lt oug|t to |c solcuui.cd it| poup aud paradc, it| s|os, gaucs, sports, guus,
|clls, |ouhrcs, aud illuuiuatious, rou ouc cud o t|is coutiucut to t|c ot|cr, rou t|is tiuc
orard orcvcruorc. |o|u Adaus to A|igail Adaus, |uly |. Adaus, -)
1|c occasiou as t|c approval |y t|c Coutiucutal Cougrcss o lic|ard icury lcc's
rcsolutiou, uovcd ou |uuc, 't|at t|csc Luitcd Colouics arc, aud o rig|t oug|t to |c,
rcc aud iudcpcudcut Statcs', t|crc crc uo advcrsc votcs, t|oug| t|c ic Yor| dclc-
gatiou a|staiucd iu accordaucc it| its iustructious. iistory, |ocvcr, prccrrcd to rc-
ucu|cr t|c uorc dctailcd dcclaratiou o |uly.
z

... J N...s I|..s i
z - - - iclarus' ludcpcudcucc Day uatioual day)
LSA, lda|o Aduissiou Day rd statc, )
z - - - CY, lC siucc ), propcrly |is trauslatiou, |ut
uadc t|c uaiu cast iu licu o Dcccu|cr, t|c judicial rcd-lcttcr day siucc , or-
ucrly St lrcuacus scc |uuc)
1|.o.s t|c apostlc as said to |avc |ccu trauslatcd ou t|is day rou 'Calauiua' iu ludia
locatiou uu|uou, pcr|aps Mailapur), |crc |c |ad |ccu uartyrcd, to Ldcssa iu Syria

uo Lra iu 1ur|cy) iu , iu |c as trauslatcd agaiu to C|ios, hually rcac|iug
Ortoua iu t|c A|ru..i.
.: L:. II -), |o ratihcd t|c procccdiugs o t|c Sixt| Occuucuical Couucil, iu-
cludiug t|c auat|cua ou |is prcdcccssor iouorius -) or couutcuauciug t|c
Mouot|clctc |crcsy scc |au.), iu a lcttcr t|at accordiug as ouc rcads t|c Grcc| or
t|c latiu vcrsiou ua|cs t|at iopc, |y a proauc trcasou, pcruit t|c purc ait| to |c
dchlcd, or attcupt to ovcrt|ro it. ic rcstorcd t|c louau c|urc| o Sauta Sa|iua aud
or t|c Grcc|s iu louc |uilt t|c c|urc| o Sau Giorgio iu \cla|ro, uo rcstorcd atcr
|ciug |lou up |y a Maha |ou| iu .
H,.|..:|.s Ort|.), rcputcdly a purc aud iuuoccut yout| o rou Cacsarca iu Cap-
padocia uodcru iayscri) |o starvcd to dcat| rat|cr t|au cat ucat sacrihccd to pagau
gods, iu |c as dcclarcd |y t|c ioly Syuod o t|c Grcc| Ort|odox C|urc| to |c
t|c truc patrou o lovc aud passiou iu coutrast to t|c latiu \alcutiuc scc lc|.). ic
as uaucd atcr t|c |cautiul yout| rou Auyclac ucar Sparta it| |ou Apollo cll
iu lovc, t|c god, alays uuluc|y iu lovc, accidcutally struc| |iu it| au uuluc|y rico-
c|ct rou a discus-t|ro. lu gric aud rcuorsc, Apollo turucd |is |lood iuto a rcd
nocr iuscri|cd it| t|c cry o gric JI JI, t|is as uot our |yaciut|, H,....:|s .r.:.~
:.|.s, |ut pcr|aps t|c hcld gladiolus, C|...|s .:.|..s. ic as couucuoratcd at Sparta
iu t|c iua|iut|ia ou t|c hrst t|rcc days o t|c uout| iua|iut|ios, |ic| uay, as iu
souc ot|cr Doriau citics, |avc |ccu t|c |uuc-|uly luuatiou.
lu souc aluauacs t|is day is givcu as t|c hrst o t|c dog days, t|c last |ciug August,
t|cy arc t|us t|c orty days |corc t|c cosuical risiug o Sirius, scc L.,s. L. L.,s.
z

... IJ N...s I|..s C
z - - - LSA ludcpcudcucc Day siguiug o t|c Dccla-
ratiou o ludcpcudcucc, )
LSA, Viscousiu ludiau lig|ts Day
z - 1rauslatiou o Martiu, iis|op iCi) scc also iov.), Lli.a|ct| o
iortugal lC)
M.r:... lu t|c louau Martyrology t|is is t|c cou|iucd cast o St Martiu's ordiuatiou
as |is|op, t|c trauslatiou o |is corpsc, aud t|c dcdicatiou o t|c |asilica iu 1ours. lu
Scotlaud it as |uou as iulliou's day, t|is is dcrivcd rou a lrcuc| tcru `...: M.r:..
|: |..||..:, variously cxplaiucd rou a portrayal o t|c saiut it| a glo|c o hrc a|ovc
|is |cad aud t|c suuucr |cat o t|is cstival as opposcd to t|at ou iovcu|cr.

Vcat|cr provcr|s iu ucdicval latiu aud Scots Luglis| cou|iuc to rclatc o t|is day
|at is said iu Luglaud o St Sit|uu's trauslatiou ou t|c t|
Martiui uagui trauslatio si pluuiau dct
Quadragiuta dics coutiuuarc solct
iulliou's day gi yc |c air
or orty days t|crc'll |c ua uair.
lu Scotlaud . . . it as a provcr|, t|at i t|c dccr risc dry aud lic dou dry ou iulliou's Day, it
as a sigu t|crc ould |c a good gosc-|arvcst-gosc |ciug a tcru or t|c lattcr cud o suuucr,
|cucc gosc-|arvcst as au carly |arvcst. lt as |clicvcd gcucrally ovcr Luropc t|at raiu ou t|is
day |cto|cucd ct cat|cr or t|c tcuty cusuiug days. C|au|crs
L|...|::| Is.|:|) .; .r:.| -), grcat-uiccc o St Lli.a|ct| o iuugary, daug|tcr
o iiug icdro lll o Aragou, aud ic o Diuis, iiug o iortugal. S|c uauagcd to lcad
a vcry dcvout lic |ilc attcudiug to |cr royal dutics, ouudiug uouastcrics, c|urc|cs,
aud |ospitals. laucd as a pcaccua|cr uot lcast |ctccu |cr sou aud |is at|cr), s|c is
crcditcd it| |aviug stoppcd ar scvcral tiucs |ctccu rulcrs o Castilc aud Aragou.
Atcr |cr |us|aud's dcat| s|c |ccauc a lrauciscau tcrtiary iu a couvcut o ioor Clarcs
s|c |ad ouudcd at Coiu|ra. S|c is patrou saiut o iortugal aud Coiu|ra.
b|r..| or Ldalricus ..-), |is|op o Augs|urg. Lducatcd at Sau|t Gallcu, to
|ic| |c rctircd, aud a supportcr o t|c cupcror Otto l, |c as t|c hrst saiut orually
cauoui.cd |y a popc, |o|u X\, iu . iis tou| iu t|c c|urc| o SS Llric| aud Ara
iu Augs|urg is still a placc o pilgriuagc. Llric| is couucctcd it| hs| t|roug| a
lcgcud t|at |c |uu|lcd a slaudcrcr |y turuiug a piccc o ucat iuto hs|
V|crcsocvcr iuldryc|c |at| |is placc, t|c pcoplc t|crc |riugs iu,
iot| Carpcs, aud iy|cs, aud Mullcts at, |is avour |crc to iu.
iaogcorgus, o.
I.::.:..: L.,. Ou t|is day iu t|c Coutiucutal Cougrcss, |aviug alrcady votcd t|c
Aucricau colouics to |c iudcpcudcut statcs scc |uly), passcd it| uo disscut
t|oug| ic Yor| a|staiucd) t|c Dcclaratiou o ludcpcudcucc, |ic| rou 'a dcccut
lcspcct to t|c Opiuiou o Mau|iud' statcd its rcasous or so actiug
Vc |old t|csc 1rut|s to |c scl-cvidcut, t|at all Mcu arc crcatcd cqual, t|at t|cy arc cudocd
|y t|cir Crcator it| ccrtaiu uualicua|lc lig|ts, t|at auoug t|csc arc lic, li|crty, aud t|c
iursuit o iappiucss-1|at to sccurc t|csc lig|ts, Govcruucuts arc iustitutcd auoug Mcu,
dcriviug t|cir |ust iocrs rou t|c Couscut o t|c Govcrucd, t|at |cucvcr auy loru o Gov-
cruucut |ccoucs dcstructivc o t|csc Luds, it is t|c lig|t o t|c icoplc to altcr or a|olis| it,
aud to iustitutc uc Govcruucut, layiug its louudatious ou suc| iriuciplcs, aud orgaui.iug its
iocrs iu suc| loru, as to t|cu s|all sccu uost li|cly to ccct t|cir Sacty aud iappiucss.
Gcorgc Vas|iugtou o|scrvcs ludcpcudcucc Day iu
Mouday, t| cclc|ratiou postpoucd rou t|c t|, a Suuday
1|c ucu|crs o t|c Scuatc, iousc o lcprcscutativcs, iu|lic Occrs, lorcigu C|aractcrs ctc.,
1|c Mcu|crs o t|c Ciuciuuati, Occrs o t|c Militia ctc., cauc it| t|c coupliucuts o t|c

day to uc-a|out ouc o'cloc| a scusi|lc Oratiou as dclivcrcd iu St. iauls C|apcl |y Mr. iroc|-
|olst liviugstou, ou t|c occasiou o t|c day-t|c tcudcucy o |ic| as to s|o t|c dicrcut
situatiou c arc uo iu, uudcr au cxccllcut govcruucut o our ou c|oicc, to |at it ould |avc
|ccu i c |ad uot succccdcd iu our oppositiou to t|c attcupts o Grcat iritaiu to cuslavc us,
aud |o uuc| c oug|t to c|cris| t|c |lcssiugs |ic| arc it|iu our rcac|, aud to cultivatc t|c
sccds o |aruouy aud uuauiuity iu all our pu|lic Couucils. Vas|iugtou, iv.
Au Luglis|uau's vic o ludcpcudcucc Day iu ic Yor| iu
iop-pop-|aug-pop-pop-|aug-|aug-|aug. Mcrcy ou us. |o ortuuatc it is t|at
auuivcrsarics couc ouly oucc a ycar. Vcll, t|c Aucricaus uay |avc grcat rcasou to |c proud o
t|is day, aud o t|c dccds o t|cir orcat|crs, |ut |y do t|cy gct so cououudcdly druu|. |y,
ou t|is day o iudcpcudcucc, s|ould t|cy |ccouc so ::.:.: upou posts aud rails or sup-
port.-1|c day is at last ovcr, uy |cad ac|cs, |ut t|crc ill |c uauy uorc ac|iug |cads to-
uorro uoruiug.
V|at a cou|iuatiou o vocls aud cousouauts |avc |ccu put togct|cr. |at striugs o tropcs,
uctap|ors, aud allcgorics, |avc |ccu uscd ou t|is day. |at varictics aud gradatious o clo-
qucucc. 1|crc arc at lcast hty t|ousaud citics, tous, villagcs, aud |aulcts, sprcad ovcr t|c sur-
acc o Aucrica-iu cac| t|c Dcclaratiou o ludcpcudcucc |as |ccu rcad, iu all ouc, aud iu souc
to or t|rcc, oratious |avc |ccu dclivcrcd, it| as uuc| guupodcr iu t|cu as iu t|c squi|s aud
crac|crs. Marryat,
Auot|cr vic o ludcpcudcucc Day |y lrcdcric| Douglass -), t|c rccd slavc
|o |ccauc a auous orator, iu |is lourt| o |uly addrcss to t|c loc|cstcr ladics'
Auti-Slavcry Socicty iu
l au uot iucludcd it|iu t|c palc o t|is glorious auuivcrsary. Your |ig| iudcpcudcucc ouly rc-
vcals t|c iuucasura|lc distaucc |ctccu us. 1|c |lcssiugs iu |ic| you t|is day rcjoicc arc uot
cujoycd iu couuou . . . 1|is lourt| o |uly is ,.rs, uot o..:. 1. uay rcjoicc, I uust uouru. 1o
drag a uau iu cttcrs iuto t|c graud illuuiuatcd tcuplc o li|crty, aud call upou |iu to joiu you
iu joyous aut|cus, crc iu|uuau uoc|cry aud sacrilcgious irouy.
'V|at to t|c Slavc is t|c lourt| o |uly.'
ludcpcudcucc Day as sccu |y a Scots visitor iu t|c latc s
it is uuair to judgc o Aucricau ccliug |y lourt| o |uly spccc|cs. 1|c patriots |o s|ric| ou
t|at day a|out 'iritis| tyrauuy,' 's|a|iug t|roucs,' 'cctc uouarc|ics,' 'Aucricau Laglc stri|iug |is
talous iuto t|c prostratc liou,' ctc. ctc., arc otcu cxcccdiugly good ricuds o t|is couutry, aud
ould laug| at |ciug supposcd to ucau |ostility. lt is a day sacrcd to t|c Sprcad Laglc-a day
ou |ic| t|c uatioual cut|usiasu |oils ovcr, aud t|c Aucricau's pridc iu |is couutry |ursts iuto
ild aud cxultiug cxprcssiou. iut uauy o t|cu arc couiug to scc t|at t|c Sprcad-caglcisu o
t|c lourt| o |uly is, as applicd to us, ucauiuglcss. 1|cy arc couiug to |uo t|at t|c uass o
pcoplc iu t|is couutry arc cutircly at ouc it| t|cu iu rcgard to t|c staud uadc |y t|c
lcvolutiouary at|crs agaiust t|c tyrauuy o t|c iiug, aud t|at iritis| c|ildrcu arc taug|t rou
iuaucy to uauc Vas|iugtou auougst t|c patriots |ou t|cy arc to iuitatc aud rcvcrc.
Macrac, i, p. xxiii
iy t|c s sportiug cvcuts |ad |ccouc iudispcusa|lc hxturcs o lourt| o |uly
cclc|ratious, particularly |asc|all aud |icyclc raccs, aud, iu t|c Vcst, rodcos.
lu ouc o t|osc coiucidcuccs t|at iu aucicut |istory ould |c disuisscd as o|vious
hctious, t|c sccoud aud t|ird prcsidcuts, |o|u Adaus aud 1|ouas |ccrsou, dicd ou
t|is day iu , hty ycars atcr t|c Dcclaratiou, aud iu t|c Luiou ou to sigual

victorics agaiust t|c Coucdcracy |cu lcc rctrcatcd rou Gcttys|urg aud \ic|s|urg
surrcudcrcd.
z

... III N...s I|..s D
z - - - Capc \crdc ludcpcudcucc Day rou iortugal,
)
lslc o Mau 1yuald ccrcuouy scc |clo)
Slova|ia Day o t|c Slav Missiouarics uatioual |oliday)
\cuc.ucla ludcpcudcucc Day rou Spaiu, ) uatioual |oliday)
z iopliugia, 'llig|ts o t|c icoplc', as t|c ouly cstival |corc t|c
ioucs o auy uout| to |c iuscri|cd iu largc lcttcrs ou t|c ocial calcudars, it uust at
ouc tiuc |avc |ccu iuportaut, |ut uo ouc |uc |at nig|ts it couucuoratcd. Ouc
story, told |y ilutarc|, rclatcs it to t|c couusiou causcd |y louulus' assuuptiou iuto
|cavcu scc lc|.), iu couucuoratiou o |ic| ucu rus|cd out o t|c city s|out-
iug t|c staudard pcrsoual uaucs suc| as Marcus, lucius, aud Gaius. iocvcr, |c
idcutihcs t|is day it| t|c N...: C.r.:...: scc |uly), siucc louulus as said to |avc
disappcarcd at t|c L..s C.r.:, t|crc is uo agrccd solutiou to t|c pro|lcu.
z - Autouy Maria Zaccaria lC)
J.:.., M.r.. Z....r.. -), ouudcr o a cougrcgatiou |uou as t|c iarua|itcs. ic
as cauoui.cd iu .
1,..| .:r:o.., .. Is|: .; M.., callcd lcaill Loiu lcast o |o|u), uutil |cld ou
|uuc. Atcr a s|ort scrvicc iu St |o|u's C|apcl `|::.|| L...), t|c Sord o Statc,
cu|la.oucd it| t|c |adgc o t|rcc grcavcd lcgs coujoiucd at aud t|c uotto
...,: .:.:r.s s:.|.: 'V|crcvcr you t|ro it, it ill staud', iu Maux .. :r|:: .|:.,s ..
:|, |.ss,s :|), is |oruc |corc t|c licutcuaut-Govcruor at t|c |cad o a solcuu proccs-
siou aloug a rus|-strcu pat| to 1yuald iill , Cr..| 1....|, rou Old iorsc ...||r,
'Asscu|ly licld'), |crc t|c C|ic Coroucr, |aviug 'cuccd' t|c asscu|ly |y or|iddiug
t|osc prcscut to 'quarrcl, |ral, or ua|c distur|aucc', rcads suuuarics, iu Luglis| aud
Maux, o statutcs passcd |y t|c islaud lcgislaturc, t|c iousc o icys ,. C|..r: .s I::,
't|c lour aud 1cuty'), iu t|c last tclvc uout|s, atcr t|osc prcscut |avc c|ccrcd t|c
Quccu, t|c licutcuaut-Govcruor sigus t|c uc las. iot| t|c cuciug aud t|c c|ccrs o
asscut arc survivals o iorsc dircct dcuocracy, |cu all t|c Maux rccucu gat|crcd au-
uually ou St |o|u's Day or au asscu|ly or 1|iug at |ic| t|c islaud's las crc rcad
t|ricc, aud all lasuits aud |lood cuds scttlcd |y t|c to laucu callcd 'dccustcrs' iu

Luglis| aud |r..,. iu Maux), t|c lour aud 1cuty-sixtccu grcat laudoucrs rou
Mau aud cig|t rou t|c ic|ridcs-uct cariug uugort ,. .||.. ..:, 't|c |itc
|cr|') ou t|cir |cads.
z

r..: N...s I|..s L
z - - - 1|c Couoros ludcpcudcucc Day rou lraucc,
)
Malai ludcpcudcucc Day rou iritaiu, , lcpu|lic, ) uatioual day)
z lrou t|c cud o t|c louau lcpu|lic, t|is as t|c hrst day o t|c
L. J.||...r:s scc |uly).
z - 1|ouas Morc CY, lC ou |uuc), |o|u lis|cr CY, lC ou
|uuc), Maria Gorctti lC)
`.r 1|.o.s M.r: -), |uuauist aud jurist, t|c closc ricud o suc| lcadiug ucu o
culturc aud iutcllcct as Colct, iol|ciu, aud a|ovc all Lrasuus, |o callcd |iu .o..o
|.r.ro |.o., 'a uau or all scasous', |ct|cr scrious or rclaxcd, aud playcd ou |is uauc
iu |is M.r..: :...o.o, 'iraisc o lolly', |is uauy ritiugs iucludc b:... ), |ic|
cou|iucd au idcal couuuuity rcc rou currcut a|uscs, or |at |c sa as suc|-uost
auously t|c risc o s|ccp-aruiug ou cucloscd couuous-aud |is lic o lic|ard lll,
uuc| rcvilcd |y t|c uodcru aduircrs o t|at uouarc|. Atcr |ric scrvicc as au Mi iu
, |cu |c pcrsuadcd t|c iousc o Couuous to rcusc icury \ll au aid o
,, |c rcturucd to pu|lic lic |cu icury \lll, |o grcatly aduircd |is isdou
aud lcaruiug, uadc |iu a privy couucillor iu , |c |ccauc succcssivcly Mastcr o
lcqucsts, Spca|cr o t|c iousc o Couuous, C|auccllor o t|c Duc|y o laucastcr,
aud upou Volscy's all lord C|auccllor, dispatc|iug suits it| cxcuplary situcss aud
iucorrupti|ility. iocvcr, dcspitc |is aarcucss o a|uscs |c rcuaiucd iu uauy rcspccts
a social aud rcligious couscrvativc, opposiug cuclosurcs aud |uruiug lut|craus, tolcr-
aucc as strictly or Ltopia. Distrcsscd |y icury's dctcruiuatiou to put asidc
Cat|criuc o Aragou aud ta|c couuaud o t|c Luglis| C|urc|, |c rcsigucd t|c c|au-
ccllors|ip iuucdiatcly upou t|c Su|uissiou o t|c Clcrgy iu , aud too| uo urt|cr
part iu political lic, |ut ou rcusiug to ta|c t|c oat| rcquircd |y t|c Act o Succcssiou
iu , |astardi.iug icury's daug|tcr Mary aud coucrriug t|c succcssiou ou |is u-
turc c|ildrcu |y Auuc iolcyu, |c as iuprisoucd iu t|c 1ocr o loudou. 1|crc t|c
Solicitor-Gcucral, lic|ard lic|-pcr|aps t|c uost succcssul aud lcast scrupulous
tiucscrvcr iu Luglis| |istory scc |uuc)-claiucd to |avc |card |iu dcuy t|c loyal
Suprcuacy, |ic| as |ig| trcasou, Morc dcclarcd t|at t|is as pcrjury, aud lic|'s ou
itucsscs ailcd to support t|c c|argc, |ut t|c prisoucr as couvictcd auyay aud

|c|cadcd, atcr rcuoviug |is |card rou t|c pat| o t|c axc it| t|c ords 'iity
t|at s|ould sucr :|.: |at| uot couuittcd trcasou.' Dcspitc irotcstaut autipat|y to a
pcrsccutor, |is virtucs coutiuucd to |c rccogui.cd, iu t|c s a play as rittcu ou |is
carccr |y Aut|ouy Muuday aud ot|crs, auoug t|c rcvisious |ciug a sccuc t|oug|t to
|c iu S|a|cspcarc's |aud, iu |ic| Morc trics to qucll t|c xcuop|o|ic passious
t|at ould lcad to t|c riots o Lvil May Day May ), aud a soliloquy also as-
cri|cd to |iu, iu |ic| t|c ucly appoiutcd lord C|auccllor arus |iuscl agaiust
pridc
iut, Morc, t|c uorc t|ou |ast
Lit|cr o |ouour, occ, calt| aud calliug,
V|ic| uig|t accitc t|cc to cu|racc aud |ug t|cu,
1|c uorc do t|ou c'cu scrpcuts' uaturcs t|iu| t|cu
lcar t|cir gay s|ius, it| t|oug|t o t|cir s|arp stiugs,
Aud lct t|is |c t|y uaxiu to |c grcat
ls, |cu t|c t|rcad o |a.ard is oucc spuu,
A |ottou grcat ouud up, grcatly uudouc. |.||..
M.r.. C.r:::. -), |illcd |y t|c laudlord's sou, Alcssaudro Scrcuclli, or rcsistiug
|is attcuptcd rapc, ou |cr dcat||cd s|c too| |cr hrst couuuuiou aud orgavc |cr uur-
dcrcr. ic as scutcuccd to t|irty ycars' |ard la|our, |c rcuaiucd uurcpcutaut uutil |c
drcaut t|at s|c as pic|iug nocrs aud ocriug t|cu to |iu. 1|is |roug|t a|out a
c|augc o |cart t|at lcd, atcr rclcasc at C|ristuas , to |is joiuiug t|c Capuc|iu
Ordcr as a lay |rot|cr. S|c as cauoui.cd iu at a ccrcuouy iu St ictcr's Squarc, |cr
uot|cr |ciug auoug t|c |al-uilliou pcoplc prcscut.
z

N...: I|..: l
z - - - Solouou lslauds ludcpcudcucc Day rou
Grcat iritaiu, )
z 1|is day as |uou as t|c iouac Caprotiuac oucu sacrihccd
to |uuo Caprotiua uudcr a ild hg-trcc, ..r.;.s, outsidc t|c city. lu classical tiucs it
as also a |oliday or cualc slavcs ....||.ro ;:r..:), |o drcsscd up iu huc clot|cs, dc-
uaudcd gits, uoc|cd all coucrs, aud oug|t a s|au |attlc, t|c talc as told t|at |cu
t|c latius cxploitcd t|c Gaulis| sac| o louc |y dcuaudiug to |c supplicd it| ivcs
to rcuc t|cir |ius|ip, t|c slavc-girls |ad put ou rcc oucu's drcss aud gouc out to t|c
latius, |ut at uig|t t|cir lcadcr siguallcd to t|c aruy to attac| |y scttiug lig|t to a
..r.;.s. Ou t|is day t|crc as also a sacrihcc |y t|c s..:r.::s ||... or statc pricsts to
Cousus, pro|a|ly t|c god o t|c graiu-storc, t|oug| latcr associatcd it| couuscl scc
Aug., Dcc.).

z - lorucrly t|c trauslatiou o St 1|ouas icc|ct, orucrly SS Cyril aud
Mct|odius scc May)
1|.o.s 3:.|::. lu t|c rclics o 1|ouas icc|ct scc Dcc.) crc trauslatcd to a
uc s|riuc at Cautcr|ury, it is to t|is s|riuc t|at C|auccr's pilgrius uadc t|cir ay. lt
as dcstroycd ou t|c ordcrs o icury \lll iu Scptcu|cr , yct so iuportaut as t|is
cast cvcu or t|c sccular purposc o suuucr airs t|at Ldard \l's priucr o could
uot supprcss it iu its calcudar, |ut rccordcd t|c day as 'icc|ct 1raitor'. lt is also uotcd
iu lo|crt ilot's clog calcudar, il. .) 1|c Luglis| pricst Grcgory Martiu, iu , dc-
scri|cd ot|cr rclics iu t|c louau |asilica o Sauta Maria Maggiorc, c|agriucd t|at t|cy
crc uorc |ouourcd iu louc t|au iu |is ou couutry
t|c Daluatica t|at S. 1|ouas o Cautcr|uric arc, |cu |c as uartyrcd o |is aruc, |is
|loud, |is |rayuc, |is |carcclot|, aud ot|cr lcli|cs, t|at our couutric ucu uay |c as|aucd to
t|cir coudcuuatiou, i louc |ouour aud cstcuc t|is Luglis| Saiutc aud glorious Martyr uorc
t|cu t|cy. G. Martiu,
Ou t|c Mouday olloiug 1|ouas's cast-day t|c ioduiu lidiug uscd to ta|c placc
At ioduiu t|crc is still cclc|ratcd a cstival, |ic| is callcd ioduiu lidiug, |ic|, rou t|c
uauucr o t|c proccssiou is pro|a|ly dcduci|lc rou t|c pagau ors|ip o t|c goddcss o
nocrs. iut it |as dcgcucratcd rou t|c dcsigu o its priuitivc iustitutiou, |ciug uo strougly
tiucturcd it| papal supcrstitiou. lt alays ta|cs placc iu |uly, ou t|c Mouday olloiug t|c day
o 1|ouas a icc|ct, iu |osc |ouour it sccus to |c iguorautly coutiuucd. 1|c pcoplc uouutcd
ou |orscs aud asscs, ridc iuto t|c couutry, aud atcr collcctiug garlauds o nocrs, t|cy rcturu,
aud procccd to t|c priory, |crc t|cy prcscut t|cu, accordiug to aucicut custou. 1|crc cau |c
uo dou|t t|at t|is ocriug o nocrs as at t|c s|riuc o 1|ouas a icc|ct, |ic| saiut |as |ad
t|c |ouour o supcrscdiug t|c pagau dcity. iitc|ius, i. )
.||..s, a dcacou rou t|c lcadiug auily iu Auxcrrc |o iu prouptcd iopc
Cclcstiuc l to scud St Gcruauus scc |uly) to cou|at iritis| iclagiauisu, aud iu
as |iuscl scut to t|c C|ristiaus o lrclaud as t|cir hrst |is|op, t|c acts arc rccordcd
|y t|c coutcuporary c|rouiclcr aud t|cologiau irospcr o Aquitaiuc, |o is |iuscl
cultcd ou t|is day. irospcr clsc|crc praiscs Cclcstiuc or ua|iug t|c louau islaud
Cat|olic aud t|c |ar|ariau islaud C|ristiau, iu ot|cr ords staupiug out |crcsy iu
iritaiu aud |riugiug lrclaud iuto t|c old o t|c C|urc|, iu iopc lco proclaiucd
t|c sprcad o C|ristiauity |crc louau arus |ad ucvcr gouc. latcr ritcrs cit|cr
cquatcd ialladius it| St iatric| or |ad |iu uartyrcd soou atcr arrival, |c is souc-
tiucs idcutihcd it| au 'Lldcr iatric|' scc Aug.). ilacc-uaucs iu sout|-castcru
lrclaud said to couucuoratc coupauious o St iatric| sccu gcograp|ically uorc ap-
propriatc to t|c ialladiau uissiou t|au to iatric|'s or| iu t|c uort|.
M.:|r... d. ), a||ot o 1allag|t, ouudcr o t|c Culdccs rou lris| ..|: L, 'scr-
vaut o God'), cxtrcuc ascctics |o callcd oucu 'ucu's guardiau dcvils', pro|i|itcd al-
co|ol, aud o|scrvcd Suuday iu Sa||atariau uauucr, yct t|c ouudcr o t|csc cucloscd
puritaus as couucuoratcd iu atcr tiucs it| a |ousc-to-|ousc proccssiou, aud it|
dauciug |y day aud driu|iug |y uig|t, till t|c Douiuicaus supprcsscd |is cast iu .

1|c Culdccs crc distiuguis|cd or study, t|cy produccd to uartyrologics scc
Mar.) aud t|c uuiquc rccord o carly lris| liturgy callcd t|c Stoc Missal.
h.||.|.| -), sou o lic|ard o Luglaud scc lc|.), hrst |is|op o Lic|sttt,
|crc |c |uilt t|c cat|cdral, au activc uissiouary iu iavaria, lraucouia, aud Sa|ia, |c
ouudcd t|c a||cy o icidcu|ciu, ua|iug |is |rot|cr aud co-ouudcr Vuui|ald scc
Dcc.) its hrst a||ot aud |is sistcr Val|urg its a||css scc lc|.).
lu |apau, t|c Scvcut| iig|t cstival 1...|.:., `|..|.s:|.), corrcspoudiug to t|c C|iucsc
cstival o t|c Co|crd aud t|c Vcaviug Maidcu, as trauscrrcd to t|is day, t|c scv-
cut| o t|c scvcut| uout|, rou its uouiual couutcrpart iu t|c luuar calcudar, praycrs
arc ocrcd or c|ildrcu's artistic dcvclopucut.
z

... JIII Is I|..s G
z -
I.|... d. ..), au lris|uau |o |ccauc |is|op aud a patrou saiut) o Vr.|urg
aud is |uou as t|c 'Apostlc o lraucouia' or |is uissiouary or|, |is rclics crc traus-
latcd ou t|is day iu to Vr.|urg cat|cdral. lu ioray I,:|| or I,:|| ;:, '|aili', is
couplcd it| I.: iuud, |uly) as scudiug t|c pcasaut out it| |is scyt|c to uo
|ay.
Cr.o|.| ..-), a sc|olarly uou| o Saiut-icrtiu |o cut to lcius iu aud a
ycar latcr as iuvitcd to Luglaud |y iiug Alrcd to |clp |iu it| |is trauslatious rou
t|c latiu, iu particular o Grcgory t|c Grcat's Cr. .s:.r.|.s. iaviug rcuscd t|c arc|-
|is|opric o Cautcr|ury, |c |ccauc dcau o t|c sccular cauous o t|c ic Miustcr iu
Viuc|cstcr a tou c|urc| distiuct rou t|c cat|cdral), iu |ic| |c as |uricd, |is
rclics crc trauslatcd uorc t|au oucc, hually uoviug it| t|c cutirc csta|lis|ucut o
t|c ic Miustcr to iydc. lt is au iutcrpolatcd lic rou iydc t|at hrst attcsts t|c
lcgcud o iiug Alrcd as ouudcr o Luivcrsity Collcgc at Oxord, t|is lcgcud as loug
|clicvcd, uot ucrcly |ccausc it gavc t|c collcgc a |cad start ovcr ialliol aud Mcrtou, |ut
|ccausc it suitcd t|c uatioual uyt| t|at cvcryt|iug good iu c|urc| aud statc as duc to
t|c Saxous, or to t|c iritous |corc t|cu, aud cvcryt|iug |ad to t|c ioruaus or t|c
popc.
..:.s .|.::. lu Lt|iopia t|is day |uuc OS, iu t|c local calcudar i
.
ulc) is
dcdicatcd to t|c prccct o |udaca iu |osc tcru |csus C|rist as crucihcd t|at, as t|c
Grcc| origiual s|os, is all t|at 'sucrcd uudcr ioutius iilatc' ucaus iu t|c Crccd) aud
|o, accordiug to a sccoud-ccutury lcgcud, as couvcrtcd |y t|c lcsurrcctiou aud su|-
uittcd au ocial rcport to t|c cupcror 1i|crius. lu t|c Gospcl uarrativcs, hudiug uo

grouuds to coudcuu |csus, |c rcpcatcdly astcus rcspousi|ility ou t|c |cis| actiou lcd
|y t|c |ig| pricst Caiap|as, |ic| orccs |is |aud |y qucstiouiug |is loyalty to t|c cu-
pcror uot au iusult |ut a t|rcat, scc ll C|r.s:... C|r...|.,. N.:..:, .. Cr..;:...), |is
hual gcsturc o |aud-as|iug |as |ccouc provcr|ial, otcu iu a |ad scusc uot iutcudcd
|y aut|ors |o rccallcd Dcut. , is. . 1|c rclia|ility o t|csc accouuts is uuc|
disputcd, siucc C|ristiaus, ou cvcr orsc tcrus it| |cs aud auxious to dccud t|cu-
sclvcs agaiust t|c c|argc o olloiug a couuou criuiual, |ad cvcry rcasou to prcscut
t|c uattcr iu t|is lig|t, |ut iilatc uig|t cll |avc soug|t to covcr |iuscl agaiust t|c
rat| o |csus' ollocrs, s|ould Caiap|as' party all rou pocr. 1|c scoruul louau
1acitus statcs t|at C|rist as cxccutcd |y iilatc-auac|rouistically stylcd 'procura-
tor'-it|out ucutiou o t|c |cs, couvcrscly, ccrtaiu |cis| tcxts cliuiuatcd louc |y
uoviug t|c cxccutiou o t|c |lasp|cucr Ycs|u iuto t|c tiuc o |udacau iudcpcudcucc.
|csus |ciug a Galilacau, St lu|c |as iilatc rcuit t|c iutcrrogatiou to icrod Autipas,
tctrarc| o Galilcc, |o as iu |crusalcu or t|c cstival, atcr puttiug souc qucstious
to |iu it|out rccciviug au auscr, icrod scut |iu |ac|. A couuscd rccollcctiou o
t|is passagc |as givcu risc to t|c Gcruau cxprcssiou .. ..:.s . .|.:s s.|..|:., corrc-
spoudiug to t|c Luglis| idiou 'to scud rou pillar to post'.
iilatc as arrogaut, iuscusitivc, aud uot a|ovc corruptiou, |c as scut |ac| to louc
|y t|c procousul o Syria atcr a uassacrc o Sauaritaus. icvcrt|clcss, priutcrs aud
pu|lis|crs torucutcd |y aut|ors |o coutiuually rcvisc t|cir or| uay lcgitiuatcly
|avc a sot spot or t|c uau |o dcclarcd, 'V|at l |avc rittcu l |avc rittcu.'
z

... JII Is I|..s A
j|,
My cu|lcu is t|c liou, aud l |rcat|c
1|c |rcat| o li|yau dcscrts o'cr t|c laud,
My sic|lc as a sa|rc l uus|cat|c,
Aud |cut |corc uc t|c palc |arvcsts staud.
1|c la|cs aud rivcrs s|riu| at uy couuaud,
Aud t|crc is t|irst aud cvcr iu t|c air,
1|c s|y is c|augcd to |rass, t|c cart| to saud,
l au t|c Lupcror |osc uauc l |car.
icury Vadsort| lougcllo -), 1|: .::`s C.|:..r

z

... JI Is I|..s i
z - - - 1|c ia|auas ludcpcudcucc Day rou Grcat
iritaiu, )
|apau iou or O-iou or lcast o lortuuc
LSA, Vyouiug Aduissiou Day t| statc, )
z -
1|: `::. 3r.:|:rs, sous o St lclicity couucuoratcd it| t|cu ou t|is day aud |y |cr-
scl ou iov.), supposcdly uartyrcd uudcr Marcus Aurclius, a C|ristiau appropri-
atiou o t|c story iu Macca|ccs o t|c scvcu |cis| |rot|crs aud t|cir uot|cr |o
sucrcd uartyrdou uudcr Autioc|us l\ rat|cr t|au violatc t|c Mosaic la.
I.. I. IJ `:.s:. o Dcuuar| r. -), callcd L:~I. Scyt|c-iuud) or 3..:
I. icasaut iuud), |ccausc ou |is day it as tiuc to uo |ay, as t|c graud-ucp|c
o iuud t|c Grcat, aud iu |is ou cstiuatiou t|c rig|tul |iug o Luglaud as cll as
o Dcuuar|. iaviug iu , |corc asccudiug t|c Dauis| t|rouc, raidcd Yor| iu sup-
port o uort|cru rc|cls agaiust Villiau t|c Couqucror, tcu ycars latcr |c uustcrcd a
grcat ncct it| |is iorcgiau aud llcuis| allics or auot|cr attcupt. Villiau |astcucd
|ac| rou ioruaudy it| a oruida|lc aruy aud |arricd t|c coastal lauds to dcuy t|c
cucuy supply, t|c daugcr as iucrcascd |y t|c disacctiou o t|c uativc Luglis|, |o
uig|t |c cxpcctcd to providc a ht| coluuu. iocvcr, iuud |ad stirrcd up oppositiou
at |ouc |y rcorus t|at strcugt|cucd t|c |iug aud t|c C|urc| agaiust t|c uo|lcs, |o,
lcd |y |is ou |rot|cr Ola, rc|cllcd agaiust |iu aud uurdcrcd |iu ou t|is day iu
|corc t|c altar o St Al|au's c|urc| at Odcusc. lu souc placcs |is day as |cpt ou
|auuary.
Old littlc St |o|u's Day iu lrclaud octavc o t|c iativity o St |o|u t|c iaptist, OS)
1|c air day o t|c lcast o St. |o|u, t|at is, t|c lcast o St. |o|u o t|c lair, t|at is Old lit-
tlc St. |o|u's Day. lt is ou ic littlc St. |o|u's lcast t|c 1|ouastou lrclaud) air as. lrou
t|is it is pro|a|lc t|at it as at souc tiuc |corc iopc Grcgory c|augcd t|c couputatiou o t|c
tiuc t|at t|c St. |o|u's air as hxcd iu 1|ouastou. . . . A uuu|cr o iuuoccut pcoplc crc
|catcu |y t|c dcvilis| policc. 1|cy |cat to ucrc|auts iu t|cir ou |ouscs. lt as iupossi|lc to
put up it| t|cu. O'Sullivau, i. |uly )

z

... J Is I|..s C
z - - - Mougolia iatioual Day iudcpcudcucc rou
C|iua, )
z - icucdict o iursia lC siucc , CY, iCi ou Mar.)
3:.:..: .; Nrs... 1|is day couucuoratcs t|c trauslatiou o icucdict's rcuaius iu
to t|c a||cy c|urc| at llcury, Saiut-icuot-sur-loirc, |ic| iu t|c tcut| ccutury playcd
a grcat part iu t|c uouastic rcoru o t|c Luglis| C|urc|. Ludcr iopc Zac|arias souc
rclics crc rcturucd to Moutccassiuo, atcr t|c a||cy's dcstructiou |y Allicd orccs iu
, a gravc as discovcrcd duriug rccoustructiou. At t|c rccousccratiou o Moutc-
cassiuo iu iaul \l uaucd St icucdict patrou o Luropc. 1|is cudcd a rcuar|a|lc
dccadc o uc patrouagcs or |iu iu iius Xll |ad dcclarcd |iu patrou o ltaliau
cavcrs or |is t|rcc ycars spcut iu au iuacccssi|lc cavc, aud iu o ltaliau cugiuccrs
aud arc|itccts, or |is |uildiug o uouastcrics, |o|u XXlll dcclarcd |iu patrou saiut
o aru or|crs iu aud o t|c ltaliau iuig|ts o la|our iu . Scc also
Marc|.
L|:o.. Ort|.), uartyrcd at C|alccdou ou Scptcu|cr a idc raugc o torturcs
is rccouutcd iu |cr livcs) aud |ouourcd t|crc |y a splcudid |asilica iu |ic| t|c lourt|
Occuucuical Couucil as |cld iu . V|crcas t|c lC C|urc| |ccps |cr uartyrdou
Scpt.), t|c Ort|odox couucuoratc a uiraclc said to |avc |callcu atcr t|c Couu-
cil |ad adoptcd t|c dchuitiou o C|rist as |ciug iu to uaturcs. 1|c dccatcd Mouo-
p|ysitcs, as a last rcsort, as|cd t|at |cr s|riuc |c opcucd aud t|c tcxt o t|c dchuitiou
su|uittcd or |cr approval, uo sooucr |ad t|c s|riuc |ccu opcucd t|au s|c rcac|cd
out, too| t|c tcxt, rcvcrcutly |isscd it, aud |audcd it to t|c rcprcscutativcs o t|c
uajority.
z

... IJ Is I|..s D
z - - - iiri|ati ludcpcudcucc Day rou Grcat iritaiu,
)
iort|cru lrclaud Oraugcuau's Day ou Mouday i t|c t| is a Saturday or Suu-
day)
So 1ou aud irucipc iatioual ludcpcudcucc Day rou iortugal, )

z iirt| o |ulius Cacsar ), ... IIII L.s ...:.|:.s C. M.r.. JI
L. J.|:r.. I|.... ..ss. 'ou t|c ourt| day |corc t|c ldcs o Quiutilis, Gaius Marius or t|c
sixt| tiuc aud lucius \alcrius llaccus |ciug cousuls').
z - |o|u |oucs lC Valcs)
j.|. j..:s d. ), a uativc o Clyuuog lar, Gyucdd, |ccauc a lrauciscau iu louc,
rcturuiug to or| iu loudou rou to , |c as uartyrcd at Sout|ar| or |ciug
a pricst aud is ouc o t|c lorty Martyrs o Luglaud aud Valcs.
3:r:...: iu t|c Vcst \crouica), t|c ouau it| au issuc o |lood iu Grcc|, |..o.r~
r|..s.) curcd |y |csus at Capcruauu Matt. -), s|c as said to |avc couc rou
Cacsarca i|ilippi also callcd iaucas, uo iauiyas ou t|c Golau icig|ts), aud to |avc
crcctcd t|crc a statuc o C|rist iu rout o |cr |ousc. 1|c origiu o t|is story appcars
to |avc |ccu a statuary group, pro|a|ly rcprcscutiug t|c cupcror iadriau aud t|c
proviucc o |udaca, |ut rciutcrprctcd |y C|ristiaus as a dcpictiou o C|rist aud t|c
iaiuorr|oousa, cvcu t|c local pagaus crc dcccivcd, aud suas|cd t|c statucs uudcr
|uliau t|c Apostatc. Scc also lc|ruary.
r..:o..`s L., iu iort|cru lrclaud, cclc|ratiug t|c victory o Villiau lll 'Villiau
o Oraugc') agaiust |aucs ll ou |uly OS) iu t|c iattlc o t|c ioyuc, t|c dccatcd
uouarc| dcscrtcd t|c hcld so soou aud so ast t|at a Du|liu lady cougratulatcd |iu ou
iuuiug t|c rctrcat. 1|c datc o t|c couucuoratiou, li|c t|at ou August, as cor-
rcctcd or t|c c|augc o stylc iu t|c cig|tccut| ccutury |ut uot t|crcatcr. lt is cclc|-
ratcd |y irotcstauts it| grcat uarc|cs, au auccdotc tclls o au Luglis| visitor |o
as|cd t|c siguihcaucc o t|c paradc aud as told 'Lt's t|c taalt|.' A urt|cr cuquiry
clicitcd t|c clarihcatiou, '1|c taalt| o |u-ly', |ut |cu |c still did uot uudcrstaud
|c as |iddcu, 'A, ga |auc aud rcad ycr ii|lc.' 1|c stauuc| Llstcr irotcstaut ouud
t|c dclivcraucc o prchgurcd iu sacrcd |istory, t|c Luglis|uau, uo lcss typically,
|ad orgottcu au cvcut uo lcss iuportaut or Luglis| |istory t|au or lris|.
z

... III Is I|..s L
z lu t|is day as appoiutcd, duriug a plaguc, or auuual
gaucs iu |ouour o Apollo, L. J.||...r:s, t|cy |ad alrcady |ccu |cld our ycars carlicr
iu au attcupt to iu t|c god's support agaiust iauui|al. 1|cy crc stcadily cxtcudcd
|ac|ards t|roug| t|c uout|, |cgiuuiug ou t|c t| iu aud ou t|c t| iu ,
to days crc givcu to circus gaucs, t|c ot|cr six to t|c stagc.
z - icury lC), Mariua o Autioc| Ort|., scc |uly)

H:.r, II, ioly louau Lupcror, dicd ou t|is day iu , |is cuprcss, iuuiguudc scc
Mar.), is uo cultcd it| |iu, t|cir uarriagc |aviug |ccu rcprcscutcd as c|astc.
icury, |oru iu , as clcctcd aud croucd Gcruau |iug iu , |is iupcrial coro-
uatiou too| placc iu . A vigorous aud ccctivc rulcr, |c as a supportcr o uou-
astic rcoru iu its Gcruau oru, souc|at dicrcut rou t|at propagatcd rou
Cluuy) aud a s|ilul diplouat, rcady to auuoy t|c C|urc| |y allyiug |iuscl it| t|c
|cat|cu Slavs |uou as ljutici, |y |is alliaucc it| \ladiuir o iicv scc |uly)
agaiust iolcsa t|c iravc o iolaud |c iuauguratcd a policy t|at |orc its cvil ruit iu
t|c cig|tccut|-ccutury iartitious aud t|c ia.i-Sovict pact. iius X uaucd |iu patrou
o icucdictiuc o|latcs.
M.|r: Mildt|ryt|), a||css o Miustcr-iu-1|auct, uuc| vcucratcd or |cr gcutlcucss
iu Luglaud aud a|road. icr rclics crc trauslatcd rou St Augustiuc's, Cautcr|ury,
to Dcvcutcr, iu t|c dioccsc o Ltrcc|t, t|oug| laurauc ouud auot|cr sct to givc
St Grcgory's |ospital.
j...|s : J.r...: |acopo da \ara..c), a Gcuocsc Douiuicau |oru .., rou till
|is dcat| six ycars latcr |c as arc||is|op o Gcuoa. ic rotc a c|rouiclc o t|c city
as cll as scruous, |ut is c|icny rcuoucd as t|c aut|or o t|c Goldcu lcgcud.
Ou t|is day iu , |ciug t|c sccoud 1ucsday o t|c uout|, as o|scrvcd t|c hrst o
t|c uout|ly days o rccrcatiou crcatcd |y iarliaucut iu licu o C|ristuas, Lastcr,
V|itsuu, aud ot|cr supprcsscd c|urc| cstivals.
z

r..: Is I|..s l
z - - - lraucc iastillc Day lall o t|c iastillc, )
uatioual day)
z - |o|u ic|lc CY), Cauillus dc lcllis lC, orucrly |uly), orucrly St
iouavcutura scc |uly)
j.|. I:||: -), 1ractariau. Atcr a |rilliaut carccr at Oxord, |c |ccauc a couu-
try curatc, |is collcctiou o pocus, 1|: C|r.s:... 1:.r, pu|lis|cd iu , carucd |iu clcc-
tiou as irocssor o ioctry at Oxord iu . lucrcasiugly couccrucd a|out t|c li|cral
aud rcoruist dircctiou o t|c C|urc| o Luglaud, |c dclivcrcd t|c Assi.c scruou ou
'uatioual apostasy' |uly ) t|at iuitiatcd t|c Oxord Movcucut, couuittcd to
iig| C|urc|uaus|ip aud t|c doctriuc o Apostolic Succcssiou. ic colla|oratcd it|
|o|u icury icuau ou t|c 1r..:s ;.r :|: 1.o:s, dircctcd 'agaiust iopcry aud Disscut',
uuli|c icuau, |c did uot a|audou t|is positiou or t|c C|urc| o louc. lrou
till |is dcat| ou Marc| |c as vicar o iurslcy ucar Viuc|cstcr. ic|lc Collcgc,
Oxord, as ouudcd iu |is ucuory ).

C.o.||s : L:||.s -), au uuli|ca|lc |raggart soldicr aud gau|lcr uutil |is cou-
vcrsiou at t|c agc o . Au iucura|lc lcg discasc prcvcutcd |iu rou joiuiug t|c lrau-
ciscaus, |ut |c rcali.cd |is vocatiou as a |ospital attcudaut iu louc, ouudiug t|c
Miuistcrs o t|c Sic| as cll as a uuu|cr o |ospitals aud rcligious |ouscs. lu |c
as dcclarcd patrou saiut o uurscs.
L: .:.r.: j.||:: couucuoratcs t|c rausac|iug aud dcuolitiou o t|c iastillc iu .
1|is ortrcss, uo. ruc Saiut-Autoiuc, |uilt as a dccucc agaiust t|c Luglis| iu t|c
iuudrcd Ycars Var aud soou couvcrtcd iuto a statc prisou, |ad siucc t|c scvcutccut|
ccutury |ccu uotorious as t|c placc iu |ic| political prisoucrs crc dctaiucd it|out
trial, uot all its iuuatcs crc o t|is dcscriptiou, or auoug t|osc |cld t|crc, till a cc|
|corc t|c dcstructiou, as t|c uarquis dc Sadc. lt as also t|c uaiu storc o guu-
podcr, |ic| t|c pcoplc o iaris crc dctcruiucd to sci.c or usc agaiust t|c royal
troops t|cy cxpcctcd to attac| t|cu. Auidst uuc| couusiou t|c |uildiug as storucd,
t|c scvcu prisoucrs rclcascd, aud t|c govcruor capturcd, a|uscd, aud hually |illcd. louis
X\l uotcd iu |is diary 'licu', ucauiug t|at |c |ad |illcd uot|iug iu t|c |uutiug-hcld,
a latcr auccdotc ua|cs |iu as| t|c duc dc la loc|coucauld-liaucourt, 'Lst-cc uuc
rvoltc.' aud t|c du|c rcply, 'iou, Sirc, c'cst uuc rvolutiou.' l t|is iutcrc|augc did uot
ta|c placc it oug|t to |avc douc, or t|c |iug as coupcllcd to rccogui.c t|c uc
political rcality t|oug| uot it|out t|c optiou o rcvcrsiug it), aud t|c rcvolutiouarics
at oucc rcprcscutcd it as t|c day o li|cratiou. As suc| it as cclc|ratcd auuually rou
ouards, ou ucssidor ycar lX, corrcspoudiug to |uly , t|c Cousuls o t|c
lcpu|lic issucd a proclauatiou uudcr t|c |cadiug 'Quator.c |uillct', |ic| t|c lirst
Cousul iouapartc ordcrcd to |c priutcd aud displaycd iu all dpartcucuts o t|c
lcpu|lic, it |cgius
lrauais, Cc jour cst dcstiu cl|rcr ccttc poquc d'cspraucc ct dc gloirc o tou|rcut dcs
iustitutious |ar|arcs, o vous ccsstcs d'trc diviss cu dcux pcuplcs, l'uu coudauu aux |uuili-
atious, l'autrc uarqu pour lcs distiuctious ct pour lcs graudcurs, o vos proprits urcut li|rcs
couuc vos pcrsouucs, o la odalit ut dtruitc ct avcc cllc ccs uou|rcux a|us quc dcs siclcs
avaicut accuuuls sur vos ttcs.
lrcuc|ucu, 1|is day is appoiutcd to cclc|ratc t|at |opcul aud glorious tiuc |cu |ar|arous
iustitutious crc ovcrt|rou, |cu you ccascd to |c dividcd iuto to pcoplcs, t|c ouc cou-
dcuucd to |c |uuiliatcd, t|c ot|cr uar|cd out or |ouours aud grcatucss, |cu your propcr-
tics |ccauc rcc li|c your pcrsous, |cu cudalisu as dcstroycd aud it| it t|osc uauy a|uscs
t|at ccuturics |ad pilcd up ou your |cads.
lt is uo couucuoratcd it| a uilitary paradc aloug t|c C|aups-lyscs, aud suc|
ot|cr spcctaclcs as a hrcor| display at t|c ialais Maillot.

z

Is I|..: G
`: `.:|..`s .,, .; :|. .s: r...,
;.r ;.r:, .,s .: .|| r:o...,
`: `.:|..`s .,, .; ,. |: ;..r,
;.r ;.r:, .,s `:.|| r... ..: o..r.
z 1|is as t|c 1ravcctio cquituu, a paradc o cavalry iu rout o t|c
tcuplc o Castor aud iollux, t|c grcat 1iu iorscucu, to t|au| t|cu or t|cir part iu
t|c victory o la|c lcgillus iu . lt as hrst iustitutcd iu , |ut lapscd uutil
it as rcvivcd it| grcat spcctaclc |y Augustus, t|c ridcrs, up to , iu uuu|cr, orc
olivc garlauds aud :r.|:.: purplc togas it| rcd stripcs), |csidcs auy uilitary dccora-
tious. lt rcuaius uuclcar |at rclatiou, i auy, t|is paradc |orc to t|c quiuqucuuial
rcvic iu |ic| t|c cavalry hlcd ouc |y ouc past t|c ccusors, t|osc t|cy dccucd uu-
suita|lc |ciug disc|argcd, suc| as t|c pluup aud cll-grooucd |uig|t it| a scrauy
aud ucglcctcd |orsc, |o |cu as|cd |y |c as iu |cttcr couditiou t|au |is uouut
cxplaiucd 'iccausc l loo| atcr uyscl, |ut lcavc t|c |orsc to uy ort|lcss slavc Statius.'
z - 1rauslatiou o St Sit|uu CoL, scc also |uly), iouavcuturc lC,
orucrly |uly, CY couucu.)
`: `.:|. as trauslatcd iu rou |is gravc outsidc t|c Old Miustcr at Viuc|cstcr
to a s|riuc it|iu it. Accordiug to lcgcud, t|is as at |is ou dcuaud, yct |c as also
said, it| souc cxaggcratiou, to |avc dcli|cratcly c|oscu a |uu|lc |urial-placc, 'cqually
opcu to t|c locr auoug t|c couuou pcoplc', as t|c clcvcut|-ccutury J.:. `. `.:|..
puts it, or to quotc Villiau o Malucs|ury, ..
Ou t|c poiut o |iddiug arccll to cart|ly lic, ou |is aut|ority as |is|op |c ordcrcd t|osc
prcscut to iutcr |is corpsc outsidc t|c cat|cdral, |crc it s|ould |c cxposcd |ot| to t|c cct o
passcrs-|y aud to t|c drippiug o atcr rou t|c cavcs. Malucs|ury,
1|is last p|rasc is au carly allusiou to t|c saiut's iutcrcst iu raiu, o all t|c uar|cr-days
or proguosticatiug t|c cat|cr, t|c trauslatiou o St Sit|uu |ccauc t|c uost auous,
cvcu atcr ot|cr suc| lorc |ad |ccu orgottcu. l it is air, t|cu air cat|cr ill prcvail
or orty days, |ut i it raius, t|c ucxt orty days ill |c ct, as i t|c saiut crc cou-
plaiuiug t|at |is is| |ad |ccu iguorcd
lu t|c dayc o scyutc Svit|ouc rauc giuuct| riuiggc lorti dacs uid youc. Ou St Sit|iu's day
it usually |cgius to raiu or orty days.
carly t|-c. MS iu Luuauucl Collcgc, Cau|ridgc, MS , o. quotcd iu Opic, )
iaturally t|c prcdictiou souctiucs ails, to t|c pu..lcucut o icu |ousou's arucr,
|o is rcadiug |is aluauac

- . O |crc, `:. `.:|.s, t|c xv day, varia|lc cat|cr, or t|c uost part raiuc,
good, or t|c uost part raiuc V|y, it s|ould raiuc ortic daics atcr, uo, uorc or
lcssc, it as a rulc |cld, aorc l as a|lc to |old a ploug|, aud yct |crc arc to daics,
uo raiuc, |a. it ua|cs uc uusc. L:r, M.. .: .; |.s Ho.r, . iii
St Sit|uu |as souctiucs |ccu tcrucd 't|c druu|cu saiut', pro|a|ly a jocular rccr-
cucc to |cavy raiuall, |ut t|c c|argc as ta|cu scriously |y C|au|crs
lt is ouly to |c rcuar|cd, iu couclusiou, t|at t|c cpit|ct o t|c 'druu|cu saiut', souctiucs
applicd to St Sit|uu, is a |asc slaudcr ou t|c ort|y |is|op's ucuory. 1ruc, t|c Saxous crc
rat|cr uotcd or t|cir couvivial |a|its, aud St Sit|uu, dou|tlcss, |ad uo o|jcctiou to a c|ccr-
ul glass iu uodcratiou. iut uo a|crratious |atcvcr, ou t|c scorc o tcupcraucc, arc rccordcd
o |iu. 1|c c|argc |clougs clcarly to t|c sauc catcgory as t|at vcracious statcucut iu t|c pop-
ular ditty, |y |ic| St iatric|, t|c apostlc o lrclaud, is rcprcscutcd as a lovcr o pot|ccu, aud
iuitiatiug |is couvcrts iu t|c art o uauuacturiug t|at liquor. C|au|crs
3...:.:r: ..-), iu t|c orld Giovauui di lidau.a, lrauciscau t|cologiau, |uou
as t|c L..:.r s:r.|..s, rou Miuistcr-Gcucral o |is Ordcr, |c codihcd its statutcs
aud rotc t|c ocial lic o its ouudcr. lcss syupat|ctic to Aristotcliau p|ilosop|y
t|au |is Douiuicau coutcuporary Aquiuas, |c coucurrcd it| |iu iu rcjcctiug a doc-
triuc t|at latcr lrauciscaus uadc t|cir ou, t|c luuaculatc Couccptiou o t|c i\M.
.s.|.., au o|scurc tclt|-ccutury Siciliau auc|orcss scc Scpt.) |o uudcrcut a rc-
uar|a|lc surgc iu popularity upou discovcry o |cr rclics iu ialcruo iu , |cu s|c
|ccauc patrou saiut o t|c city. lt coutiuucd uua|atcd iu t|c cig|tccut| ccutury. icr
cast-day, still cclc|ratcd as `;s:.. 'il cstiuo'), as a our-day aair iu , |cu
viccd |y au Luglis| travcllcr. lt |cgau ou |uly
1|c triuup|al car as prcccdcd |y a troop o |orsc, it| truupcts aud |cttlc-druus, aud all
t|c city occrs iu t|cir gala uuiorus. lt is iudccd a uost cuoruous uac|iuc it ucasurcs scvcuty
cct loug, t|irty idc, aud upards o cig|ty |ig|, aud, as it passcd aloug, grcatly ovcr-toppcd
t|c loticst |ouscs o ialcruo. 1|c oru o its uudcr part is li|c t|at o t|c louau gallics, |ut
it sclls as it advauccs iu |cig|t, aud t|c rout assuucs au oval oru li|c au aup|it|catrc, it|
scats placcd iu t|c t|catrical uauucr. 1|is is t|c grcat orc|cstra, aud as hllcd it| a vcry
uuucrous |aud o uusiciaus placcd iu ros, ouc a|ovc t|c ot|cr Ovcr t|is orc|cstra, aud a littlc
|c|iud it, t|crc is a largc douc supportcd |y six huc Coriut|iau coluuus, aud adorucd it| a
uuu|cr o hgurcs o saiuts aud augcls, aud ou t|c suuuit o t|c douc t|crc is a gigautic silvcr
statuc o St. losolia s...-1|c |olc uac|iuc is drcsscd out it| oraugc trccs, nocr-pots,
aud largc trccs o artihcial coral. 1|c car stoppcd cvcry hty or sixty yards, |cu t|c orc|cstra
pcrorucd a piccc o uusic, it| sougs iu |ouour o t|c saiut. lt appcarcd a grcat uoviug castlc,
aud couplctcly hllcd up t|c strcct rou sidc to sidc. irydouc, ii.
lt culuiuatcd it| a proccssiou aud uass ou t|c t|, or |ic| t|c c|urc| |ad |ccu
spccially dccoratcd aud illuuiuatcd.
J|..o.r, Graud iriucc o iicv, a uig|ty arrior |o ac|icvcd solc rulc ovcr lus' rou
t|c ilac| Sca to t|c ialtic, aud iu as |apti.cd a C|ristiau accordiug to t|c iy.au-
tiuc ritc iu ordcr to uarry t|c joiut cupcrors' sistcr Auua, t|crcupou |c couvcrtcd |is
su|jccts |y orcc. ic is particularly |ouourcd iu L|raiuc as \olodyuyr t|c Grcat.

Ou t|is day iu t|c lirst Crusadc capturcd |crusalcu, t|c cusuiug uassacrc o |cs
aud Muslius is couplaccutly dcscri|cd |y Crusadiug aut|ors, dispcusiug uodcru |is-
toriaus rou rcliaucc ou |ostilc sourccs.
1|is day as orucrly t|c cast o L..s.. J.s:.|.ro, ou |ic| t|c Apostlcs crc split
up aud scut to prcac|.
z

... XJII I.|:..s Js:.s A
z - - - L|raiuc ludcpcudcucc Day
z Ou t|is day, iuucdiatcly olloiug t|c ldcs, sacrihcc as ocrcd
|corc t|c disastrous |attlc o t|c Allia scc |uly), sacrihccs ou t|c day atcr ialcuds,
ioucs, or ldcs crc atcrards pro|i|itcd, as lcadiug to lost |attlcs, aud travcl ou t|cu
as dccucd uuluc|y.
z - Our lady o Mouut Carucl lC), Osuuud CY couucu.)
M..: C.ro:|, iu ialcstiuc, as t|c sitc o a couuuuity o |cruits t|at cvcutually
|ccauc t|c Caruclitc Ordcr, St Siuou Stoc| scc May) is said to |avc rcccivcd a
visiou o t|c \irgiu t|crc ou |uly . icruardo O'iiggius, t|c li|crator o C|ilc,
as particularly dcvotcd to Our lady o Mouut Carucl, aud placcd |is aruy uudcr |cr
protcctiou iu |auuary , su|scqucutly iuuiug victory ovcr t|c Spauiards, a sauctu-
ary as t|cu |uilt iu |cr |ouour. lu s|c as croucd Quccu o C|ilc. S|c is also
patrou saiut o iolivia siucc ) aud t|c Spauis| uavy.
so. d. ), |is|op o Salis|ury rou . 1|c cat|cdral at Old Saruu as cou-
plctcd duriug |is tiuc, |ut |is |ody as trauslatcd to Salis|ury Cat|cdral iu . Dc-
spitc cucrgctic attcupts aud a good dcal o uoucy rou Salis|ury's cocrs, corts to
gct |iu cauoui.cd succccdcd ouly iu . A uc s|riuc as |uilt iu , at |ic| a
paralytic as |calcd, |cucc |c is patrou o t|osc sucriug rou paralysis.
j|,
1|c air it|out |as ta|cu cvcr,
last l ccl t|c |catiug o its pulsc.
1|c lcavcs arc tistcd ou t|c uaplc,
lu t|c coru t|c autuuu's prcuaturc,
1|c cary |uttcrny |augs aitiug
lor a |rcat| to at |iu t|it|cr at
1|c touc|, |ut alls, li|c trut| uu|ccdcd,
luto dust-|lou grass aud |olly|oc|s.

1|c air it|out is |liudiug dusty,
Cool l ccl t|c |rcc.cs |lo, l scc
1|c suulig|t, crodcd ou t|c porc|, gro
Suallcr till a|sor|cd iu s|ado, aud
1|c ar |luc |ills arc c|augcd to gray, aud
1ilig|t liugcrs iu t|c oods |ctccu,
Aud uo l |car t|c s|ocr dauciug
lu t|c coruhcld aud t|c t|irsty grass.
Alcxaudcr l. ioscy -)
z

... XJI I.|:..s Js:.s i
z - - - lraq |uly lcvolutiou or iaat| lcvolutiou
Day couucuoratiug ovcrt|ro o govcruucut |y lcvolutiouary Couuaud
Couucil, ) uatioual day)
z -
J|::.s .; L:ss., t|c Mau o God, ascctic {. ..) cspccially |clovcd o t|c Ort|o-
dox auoug |ou |is day is Mar.), |ut also cclc|ratcd iu t|c Vcst rou t|c tcut|
ccutury ouards. iaviug soru |is haucc to c|astity |c ncd to Ldcssa, |crc |c rc-
uaiucd as a |cggar outsidc t|c c|urc| o t|c \irgiu or scvcutccu ycars uutil |cr statuc
spo|c aud gavc |iu aay, s|uuuiug pu|licity, |c rcturucd |ouc aud rcuaiucd |iddcu
or auot|cr scvcutccu ycars, cd |y |is at|cr |ut iusultcd |y t|c slavcs, or t|is rcasou
|c is otcu portraycd lyiug uudcrucat| a staircasc. As dcat| approac|cd |c rccordcd |is
lic-story.
I:.:|o Cyuc|clu), sou o t|c Mcrciau |iug Couul -), supposcd to |avc
succccdcd at t|c agc o aud |ccu prouptly uurdcrcd at t|c iustigatiou o |is sistcr,
A||css Cout|ryt|, |y |is tutor, .sc|cr|t, a uil|-|itc dovc nc rou |is |cad.
j..., quccu o iolaud, |. , as |ctrot|cd at t|c agc o to Vil|clu o ia|s-
|urg, |ut ou succccdiug iu as o|ligcd to |rca| o |cr cugagcucut aud iustcad,
t|c ucxt ycar, to uarry Graud Du|c |ogaila iu iolis| |uou as |agico) o lit|uauia,
au cxpausiouist pocr t|at iucludcd uuc| o uodcru iclarus' , L|raiuc, aud cstcru
lussia. lit|uauia as t|c last pagau statc iu Luropc, alt|oug| iu t|c ct|uic |cartlaud
allcgiaucc to t|c uatioual rcligiou rcuaiucd stroug, |cr rulcrs |ad |ccu uorc couccrucd
to prcscrvc t|cir diplouatic rccdou |y cvadiug t|c c|oicc |ctccu t|c coucssiou, aud
it| it t|c alliaucc, o Cat|olic iolaud aud Ort|odox Muscovy. Lpou uarryiug |a-
diga, t|c Graud Du|c as |apti.cd a Cat|olic it| t|c out-uauc o Vadysa)
aud uudcrtoo| to iuposc |is uc rcligiou ou |is su|jccts, dcspitc souc rcsistaucc, t|c
uc political rcality provcd uorc succcssul iu C|ristiaui.iug t|c lit|uauiaus t|au t|c

aggrcssiou o t|c 1cutouic Ordcr aud t|cir allics suc| as C|auccr's 'vcrray, parht gcutil
|uyg|t'. S|c dicd ou |uly , at au opcu-air ccrcuouy iu ira| ou |uuc s|c
as cauoui.cd |y |cr coupatriot iopc |o|u iaul ll.
M.r... Ort|.), scc Margarct o Autioc| |uly).
z

... XJ I.|:..s Js:.s C
z Dics Allicusis uot, as iu staudard rcc|ouiug, , t|c ycar
is dctcruiucd |y hru syuc|rouisus) t|c louau aruy as routcd |y Gauls, |o cut
ou to capturc uost o louc, |ut crc t|artcd iu t|cir assault ou t|c Capitol |y t|c
cac|liug o souc gccsc. 1|crc arc uauy iuspiriug lcgcuds couccruiug t|csc cvcuts t|c
gravc scuators sittiug uotioulcss li|c gods, t|c Gaulis| lcadcr ircuuus uaucd atcr
t|c lcadcr o t|c Gaulis| aruy t|at iu attac|cd Dclp|i aud ovcrrau Galatia) cast-
iug |is sord iuto t|c scalcs it| t|c couucut J.: ..:.s, couuouly trauslatcd 'Voc to
t|c couqucrcd', |ut closcr iu touc to 'iard luc|, you lost.' 1|c day as atcrards cou-
uscd it| t|c datc o a lcgcudary disastcr iu , |cu t|c la|ii, |aviug ta|cu it
upou t|cusclvcs to rcpulsc au Ltruscau iuvasiou, crc uassacrcd at t|c Crcucra scc
lc|.).
z - lorucrly Cauillus dc lcllis scc |uly)
Jr.|; .; M::., a lrau|is| uo|lc |o atcr scrviug iiug Clot|ar ll too| |oly ordcrs, as
|is|op o Mct. -, t|cu rcsigucd to |c a |cruit, d. .., auccstor o Caroliugiaus.
As a layuau |c |ad cast |is riug iuto t|c sca, dcclariug t|at |c ould uot |clicvc |is
sius orgivcu uulcss God s|ould rcturu it to |iu, it as ouud iusidc a hs|. lor a vari-
atiou ou t|is t|cuc, scc |auuary. 1|c sauc uiraclc is said to |avc |callcu iolycratcs,
tyraut o Sauos, |ut as a sigu o iupcudiug doou, or |c |ad |ccu adviscd to avcrt t|c
gods' cuvy o |is calt| aud pocr |y t|roiug aay |is avouritc posscssiou, |c as
trcac|crously uurdcrcd |y a icrsiau satrap iu .
z

... XIJ I.|:..s Js:.s D
z Ou t|is day aud t|c st t|c lucaria crc cclc|ratcd iu a largc
grovc |.s), |crc t|c survivors o t|c Allia disastcr scc |uly) crc said to |avc
ta|cu rcugc. ircsuua|ly t|c ccrcuouy |ad |ccu iutcudcd to propitiatc t|c spirits o
t|c oodlaud |corc t|c clliug o trccs, cvcu iu t|c sccoud ccutury t|c Lldcr Cato

rccords a praycr to |c said |y t|c arucr, ovcr t|c sacrihcc o a pig, |corc clcaraucc,
|ut |y t|c latc lcpu|lic iutcllcctual city-dcllcrs soug|t ratioual cxplauatious cvcu i
t|cy |ad to ua|c t|cu up.
z - Grcgory o iyssa aud Macriua CY, lC Mar., Ort|. |au.), or-
ucrly \iuccut dc iaul uo Scpt.)
L. .,s. lu Oxord aluauac|s, t|is as loug givcu as t|c |cgiuuiug o t|c dog days,
|ic| crc said to cud ou August up to , ou August rou , t|c iuorua-
tiou as supprcsscd iu , |cu a dccisiou ould |avc |ccu uccdcd |ct|cr or uot to
corrcct t|c datcs or ic Stylc. Scc L.,s. L. L.,s.
z

... XIII I.|:..s Js:.s L
z - - - Colou|ia ludcpcudcucc Day rou Spaiu,
)
|apau Mariuc Day
z lirst day o ludi \ictoriac Cacsaris, |ic| lastcd uutil t|c t|,
couucuoratiug t|c |attlc o i|arsalus scc also Scpt.).
z - Margarct o Autioc| CoL, lC), orucrly |crouc Luiliaui uo
lc|.)
M.r.r::, rou Autioc|-iu-iisidia ucar Yalva iu 1ur|cy), is ouc o t|c lourtccu Aux-
iliary Saiuts scc Aug.), callcd Mariua iu t|c Last aud cultcd ou |uly. lictitious
acts, dcuouuccd as suc| iu t|c L:.r::o C:|.s...o, crc too appcaliug to |c iguorcd
uaidcus aud dragous uadc oudcrul storics c. St Gcorgc, Apr.). Accordiug to t|c
lcgcud, Margarct as sallocd |y Satau iu t|c oru o a dragou, |ut siucc s|c as
|oldiug a cross or uadc t|c sigu o a cross, t|c dragou split opcu aud s|c stcppcd out
uu|arucd, or |ic| s|c as |c|cadcd. Margarct's cult |ccauc vcry popular iu t|c
Middlc Agcs t|roug| |cr rcputcd prouisc t|at prcguaut oucu iuvo|iug |cr ould
cscapc t|c daugcrs o c|ild|irt| aud t|osc prayiug to |cr ou t|cir dcat||cd ould
cscapc t|c Dcvil. icr c|ic cu|lcu is t|c dragou.
h.|:;.r:.s prcsuua|ly rou \irgo lortis, 'Mig|ty Maidcu'), alias Lucuu|cr rou
Dutc| ..:|.o:., 'cscapcd'), alias li|crata livradc, li|rada), alias iuucruis 'Voc'),
alias ilpc 'iclp'), alias lcgcuncdis, alias Caritas, scptuplct daug|tcr o a pagau |iug
o iortugal |o atcr ta|iug a vo o virgiuity cvadcd |cr projcctcd uarriagc to t|c
|iug o Sicily |y groiug a |card aud uoustac|c c. Galla, Oct.), |cr curagcd at|cr

|ad |cr crucihcd. 1|is is cvidcutly dcrivcd rou uisiutcrprctatiou o iy.autiuc Cruci-
hxious iu |ic| C|rist is portraycd uot as t|c Mau o Sorros |ut as t|c iautocrator
or lord o All, iu a loug ro|c it| crou aud |card. icr cult as cxtrcucly popular
rou t|c latc Middlc Agcs ouards, uot lcast auougst uu|appily uarricd oucu, Sir
1|ouas Morc's iutcrlocutor succrs at t|cir custou o ocriug |cr oats
V|crco l cau uot pcrccyuc t|c rcasou , |ut y it |c |ycausc s|c s|old prouydc au |orsc or au
cuyll |ous|oudc to rydc to t|c dcuyll vpou. lor t|at is t|c t|yugc t|at s|c is so soug|t or as
t|cy say. lu so uoc| t|at oucu |at| t|crorc c|auugcd |cr uauc aud iu stcdc o saiut ylgc-
ortc call |cr sayut \ucuu|cr , |ycausc t|cy rc|cu t|at or a pcc|c o otys s|c yll uot aylc to
vucou|cr t|cyu o t|cyr |ous|oudys. 1. Morc, i.
lu t|c \cuctiau lcast o t|c lcdccucr too| placc ou |uly, t|c t|ird Suuday o
t|c uout|, duriug 1|ouas Coryat's visit to \cuicc
lu t|c ycarc o our lord M.D.lxxvi. t|crc |apucd a uost gricvous pcstilcucc iu \cuicc |ic|
dcstroycd at lcast a |uudrcd t|ousaud pcrsous, |ut at last God loo|cd douc rou |cavcu it|
t|c cycs o ucrcy, aud sodaiuly staycd t|c iucctiou. V|crcupou t|c Scuatc to t|c cud t|cy
uig|t |c t|au|ull uuto God or t|cir sodaiuc dclivcraucc rou so grcat a coutagiou, vocd to
|uild a airc C|urc|, aud to dcdicatc it to C|rist t|c lcdccucr, to t|c cud t|cy uig|t ycarly
|ouour |iu upou t|c sauc day |crciu t|c plaguc ccascd, it| ccrtayuc spcciall aud cxtra-
ordiuary solcuuitics. . . . At t|at tiuc t|crc as uadc a airc |roadc |ridgc ovcr t|c atcr cou-
sistiug o |oatcs vcry artihcially joyucd togct|cr, ovcr t|c |ic| crc astcucd |oords or t|c
pcoplc to al|c ou to aud ro to t|c lcdccucrs C|urc| . . . 1|is \cuctiau |ridgc |ic| as prc-
parcd agaiust t|is rcligious solcuuity, rcac|cd rou ouc s|orc to t|c ot|cr, aud as aluost a uilc
loug. 1|crc as l also, |crc l o|scrvcd au cxcccdiug uultitudc o pcoplc noc|iug togct|cr to
t|at C|urc|, aud passiug ort| aud |ac|c ovcr t|c |ridgc. . . . 1|at day l sa a uarvailous
solcuuc iroccssiou. lor cvcry Ordcr aud lratcruity o rcligious ucu iu t|c |olc city uct to-
gct|cr, aud carricd t|cir Crosscs aud caudlcstic|s o silvcr iu proccssiou to t|c lcdccucrs
C|urc|, aud so |ac|c agaiuc to t|cir scvcrall Couvcuts. icsidcs t|crc as uuc| good cllos|ip
iu uauy placcs o \cuicc upou t|at day. lor t|crc crc uauy placcs, |crco cac| yccldcd
alloaucc o varicty o iuc aud ca|cs aud souc ot|cr prcty juu|ats to a |uudrcd good cllocs
to |c ucrry t|at day, |ut to uo uorc t|is l |uo |y cxpcricucc. lor a ccrtaiuc Statioucr o t|c
city, it| |ou l |ad souc acquaiutaucc, ouc |oauucs Gucrilius uct uc |y c|aucc at t|c
lcdccucrs C|urc|, aud atcr |c |ad s|ccd uc t|c particular placcs o t|c Capucius
Mouastcry, |roug|t uc to a placc |crc c |ad vcry good iuc, ca|cs, aud ot|cr dclicatcs gratis,
|crc a iricst scrvcd us all. Coryat, i. -
lor t|c aucicut Lgyptiaus t|c |cliacal risiug o Sirius 'Sot|is') ou t|is or t|c prcvious
day as t|corctically t|c |cgiuuiug o t|c iilc nood ou |ic| all lic dcpcudcd, aud
cvcu uorc t|corctically) t|c |cgiuuiug o t|c ycar, |cu t|cy coiucidcd, a uc 'Sot|ic'
pcriod o Lgyptiau ycars as said to |cgiu scc ll L,:... C.|:..r). local C|ris-
tiaus adoptcd t|c day as t|c dcat| o St |oscp|. A uucuouic ua|cs t|is day t|c start
o t|c dog days
Margaris os cauis cst, caudau laurcutius adcrt.
Margarct is t|c dog's uout|, laurcucc |riugs |is tail.
1|at is, t|c dog days last rou |uly to August, or a uorc gcucrous cstiuatc, scc
L.,s. L. L.,s.

Ou t|is day iu occrs o t|c Vc|ruac|t attcuptcd to ovcrt|ro t|c ia.i
rcgiuc aud assassiuatc Adol iitlcr, |ut t|c |riccasc coutaiuiug Claus vou Staucu-
|crg's |ou| as uovcd |corc dctouatiou, so t|at iitlcr survivcd. 1|c occrs' at-
tcuptcd coup as soou rcvcrscd, t|c uost |rutal rcprisals crc ta|cu agaiust t|c
plottcrs, |o arc |cld to |avc |clatcdly rcdccucd t|c |ouour o t|c irussiau aristo-
cracy.
z

... XII I.|:..s Js:.s l
z - - - iclgiuu Acccssiou o iiug lcopold l,
uatioual day)
z lucaria scc |uly).
z - laurcucc o iriudisi lC)
L.r:..: .; 3r...s. -), Capuciu riar aud auous prcac|cr |o cou|atcd
lut|crauisu iu io|cuia, Austria, aud Gcruauy. As t|cir c|aplaiu, arucd it| a
crucihx |c lcd t|c lupcrial troops agaiust t|c 1ur|s iu iuugary iu . iopc |o|u
XXlll dcclarcd |iu a Doctor o t|c C|urc| iu .
r.::.s, virgiu, pcr|aps ouudcr o t|c c|urc| o Sauta irasscdc iu louc, lcgcud
uadc |cr a ucu|cr o a auily t|at gavc |ospitality to St ictcr. lcadcrs o irouiug's
pocu '1|c iis|op Ordcrs iis 1ou| at Saiut iraxcd's C|urc|' ill rcucu|cr t|c cul-
turcd |ut orldly lcuaissaucc |is|op |o ou |is dcat||cd cujoius |is 'ucp|cs' iu vaiu
to |uild |iu au cla|oratc tou|, aud spca|s iu |is rau|liug o 'St iraxcd at |is scruou
ou t|c uouut' l. ).
lus|-|cariug, |riugiug grccus iu proccssiou to strc ou t|c uupavcd noors o paris|
c|urc|cs, as a |arvcst custou iu uort|-cst Luglaud pro|a|ly datiug |ac| to ucdicval
tiucs, t|oug| rccordcd ouly siucc t|c sixtccut| ccutury. A rus|-|cariug iu Grasucrc ou
|uly is dcscri|cd |y 1.Q.M.
1|c c|urc| door as opcu, aud l discovcrcd t|at t|c villagcrs crc strciug t|c noors it| rcs|
rus|cs. l lcarut rou t|c old clcr|, t|at, accordiug to auuual custou, t|c rus|-|cariug proccssiou
ould |c iu t|c cvcuiug. l as|cd t|c clcr| i t|crc crc auy disscutcrs iu t|c ucig||our|ood, |c
said, uo, uot ucarcr t|au icsic|, |crc t|crc crc souc t|at callcd t|cusclvcs ircs|ytcriaus,
|ut |c did uot |uo |at t|cy crc, |c |clicvcd t|cu to |c a |iud o ..s|:s. Duriug t|c |olc
o t|is day l o|scrvcd t|c c|ildrcu |usily cuploycd iu prcpariug garlauds o suc| ild nocrs
as t|c |cautiul vallcy produccs, or t|c cvcuiug proccssiou, |ic| couucuccd at uiuc, iu t|c ol-
loiug ordcr-1|c c|ildrcu c|icny girls) |oldiug t|csc garlauds, paradcd t|roug| t|c villagc,
prcccdcd |y t|c b.... i.c. or||ousc |aud, t|au|s to t|c grcat druu or t|is iuoruatiou,)

t|cy t|cu cutcrcd t|c c|urc|, |crc t|c t|rcc largcst garlauds crc placcd ou t|c altar, aud t|c
rcuaiuiug oucs iu various ot|cr parts o t|c placc. iy t|c |y, t|c |cautihcrs |avc placcd au ugly
iudo a|ovc t|c altar, o t|c uoudcscript ordcr o arc|itccturc.) lu t|c proccssiou l o|scrvcd
t|c 'Opiuu Latcr' 1|ouas Dc Quiuccy, Mr. iar|cr, au opulcut gcutlcuau rcsidiug iu t|c
ucig||our|ood, Mr. aud Mrs. Vordsort|, Miss Vordsort|, aud Miss Dora Vordsort|.
Vordsort| is t|c c|ic supportcr o t|csc rustic ccrcuouics. 1|c proccssiou ovcr, t|c party
adjourucd to t|c |all-roou, a |aylot, at uy ort|y ricud, Mr. icll's, |crc t|c couutry lads
aud lasscs trippcd it ucrrily aud |:..|,. . . . iilly Dasou, t|c hddlcr, |oastcd to uc o |aviug
|ccu t|c ociatiug uiustrcl at t|is ccrcuouy or t|c last six aud orty ycars. ic uadc gricvous
couplaiuts o t|c outlaudis| tuucs |ic| t|c 'Luiou |aud c|aps' iutroducc iu t|c proccssiou
o t|is cvcuiug t|cy auuoycd iilly |y playiug t|c 'iuutcrs' C|orus iu lris|its' L:r Ir:.s.|:..
'V|o', said iilly, 'cau |ccp tiuc it| suc| a quccr t|iug.'
1.Q.M., 'iotcs ou a tour, c|icny pcdcstriau, rou S|iptou iu Cravcu, Yor|s|irc, to icsic|, iu
Cuu|crlaud', iu iouc, 1.||:, -
z

... XI I.|:..s Js:.s G
z Dcdicatiou o t|c tcuplc o Coucordia iu t|c loruu, rcputcdly
|uilt |y Cauillus iu atcr t|c plc|ciaus |ad ou t|c rig|t to t|c cousulatc, |ut
uorc pro|a|ly iu |y t|c cousul lucius Opiuius atcr |is rut|lcss supprcssiou o
Gaius Gracc|us' supportcrs, iuto |osc ouuds |c as uot uu|appy to ru| salt. iis
tcuplc as rcstorcd iu |y 1i|crius Claudius icro t|c uturc cupcror 1i|crius)
to siguiy uuity iu t|c iupcrial |ousc|old, t|c ucxt ycar |c lct it aud scttlcd iu l|odcs.
z - Mary Magdalcu iCi), CY, lC couucu.)
M.r, M..|:.:, t|c itucss to t|c lcsurrcctiou out o |ou accordiug to lu|c aud
t|c loug cudiug o Mar|) |csus |ad cast scvcu dcvils, iu souc Guostic tcxts s|c |ccoucs
a grcat apostlc. lu t|c Ort|odox C|urc| s|c is |ouourcd ou t|is day as 't|c ioly
Myrr|-icarcr aud Lqual o t|c Apostlcs Mary Magdalcuc', s|c is also castcd it| t|c
ot|cr Myrr|-icarcrs ou t|c sccoud Suuday atcr Lastcr. iocvcr, s|c is |cpt apart
rou Mary o ict|auy sistcr o Mart|a aud la.arus, scc |uuc, |uly), aud uost
cup|atically rou t|c |arlot 'siuucr iu t|c city') |o iu lu|c ipcd |csus' cct it|
|cr |air iu |o|u a siuilar occ is pcrorucd |y Mary o ict|auy, iu Mar| aud
Matt|c |y au auouyuous 'ouau'), iu t|c Vcst all t|rcc |ad |ccouc counatcd |y t|c
tiuc o Grcgory t|c Grcat, aud it is t|c |arlot, al|cit rcorucd, |o prcdouiuatcs. icr
associatiou it| uusic iu t|c Middlc Agcs stcus rou t|c cla|oratc story iu t|c Goldcu
lcgcud |aviug rcac|cd irovcucc it| |cr sistcr Mart|a aud |rot|cr la.arus, aud atcr
prcac|iug to t|c pagaus o Marscillc, s|c |ccauc a |cruit ou a uouutaiu-top ucar
Saiutc-iauuc, |crc or t|irty ycars s|c as litcd up to |cavcu |y augcls at cac| o t|c
cauouical |ours, accoupauicd |y 't|c joyul ju|ilatiou o t|c |cavculy |osts'. iocvcr,
|cr rcqucut portrayal as a lutcuist or dauccr rcnccts t|c orldliucss o |cr carlicr lic,

|corc |cr couvcrsiou. lu t|c Dig|y cyclc o t|c latc htccut| ccutury t|c Dcvil, dis-
guiscd as a |audsouc youug uau, tcupts |cr 'iut ol you daus, uy ou dcrc.' 1o
|ic| s|c rcplics 'Scr, l ascut iu good uaucr.' Dcvil or uo, t|irtccut|-ccutury uuus iu
ioruaudy dauccd ou |cr cast-day.
icr cu|lcu is a jar o oiutucut, s|c is patroucss o apot|ccarics, o allcu oucu,
aud o |airdrcsscrs rou |cr loug |air), aud is iuvo|cd agaiust t|c plaguc Marscillc
|aviug |ccu sparcd t|roug| |cr iutcrvcutiou duriug t|c rcigu o louis X\).
1|c cpit|ct M..|: .: 't|c ouau rou Magdala'), |ic| iu Grcc| |as our sylla-
|lcs, as s|ortcucd iu Luglis| spccc| to 'uaudliu', as still iu t|c uaucs o our saiut's
collcgcs at Oxord spclt Magdalcu) aud Cau|ridgc spclt Magdalcuc), ot|crisc t|c
rittcu oru usually it|out t|c hual -:) gavc risc to a spclliug-prouuuciatiou it|
t|rcc sylla|lcs, uscd cvcu or t|c Oxord c|urc| o St Mary Magdalcu, lcaviug o.|..
to |ccouc au adjcctivc ucauiug 'c|caply scutiucutal'.
z

... X I.|:..s Js:.s A
z - - - Lgypt iatioual Day Auuivcrsary o t|c lcv-
olutiou o )
z 1|is day uar|cd t|c icptuualia, a popular |oliday cclc|ratcd |y
alrcsco rcvclrics, |ut ioracc :s . ) prccrs to |ccp it aud t|c uig|t) at |ouc it|
au iuvitcd girlricud aud supcrior iuc.
z - iridgct o Scdcu lC, orucrly Oct., CY couucu.), i|ilip Lvaus
aud |o|u lloyd lC Valcs)
3r.:: iirgitta) .; `::. -), ouudcr o t|c iridgcttiuc Ordcr. Marricd at t|c
agc o , s|c |ad |oruc cig|t c|ildrcu |cu s|c |ccauc priucipal lady-iu-aitiug to
t|c quccu o Scdcu, ilauc|c o iauur. lt as t|cu t|at s|c |cgau to cxpcricucc
rcvclatious, distiuctly at odds it| court lic. S|c aud |cr |us|aud uadc pilgriuagcs as
ar as Sautiago dc Coupostcla, atcr |is dcat| s|c ouudcd a uouastcry or |ot| scxcs
at \adstcua, |crc povcrty as t|c rulc |ut |oo|s crc allocd or study. lu s|c
cut to louc, rcuaiuiug iu ltaly or t|c rcst o |cr lic savc or a pilgriuagc to |cru-
salcu. icr rcvclatious crc idcly disscuiuatcd, oppositiou as arouscd |y t|osc cou-
ccruiug coutcuporary aairs, iu particular t|c Grcat Sc|isu. livc |uudrcd ycars atcr
|cr daug|tcr St Cat|criuc Mar.) |ad sccurcd |cr cauoui.atiou, s|c as uaucd
patrou saiut o Scdcu |y lco Xlll iu , couhrucd iu .
|.|. L..s .. j.|. L|.,, iopis| ilot uartyrs, , so paupcrcd iu prisou t|at Lvaus
rcuscd to |car t|c s|cri's auuouuccucut couccruiug |is cxccutiou till |c |ad huis|cd
|is gauc o tcuuis, t|cu playcd t|c |arp |ilc aitiug to |c |augcd.

J.||...r.s, rcputcdly a disciplc o St ictcr, ccrtaiuly t|c hrst |is|op o lavcuua, |crc
to |cautiul c|urc|cs arc dcdicatcd to |iu, Saut'Apolliuarc iu Classc, datiug rou
aud Cat|olic rou t|c outsct, aud t|c orucr Ariau royal c|urc| rcdcdicatcd or
Cat|olic ors|ip as Saut'Apolliuarc iuovo.
j.|. C.ss... ..-atcr ). iis dialogucs o Lgyptiau ascctics, callcd C.||.:...:s
'Coucrcuccs'), crc ordcrcd iu t|c lulc o St icucdict to |c rcad to t|c |rct|rcu
|corc coupliuc, iu coursc o tiuc, to t|is spiritual sustcuaucc as addcd p|ysical,
|cucc t|c Luglis| usc o 'collatiou' or a lig|t ucal aud t|c ltaliau ..|.....:, '|rca|ast'
or 'luuc|' accordiug to rcgiou. ic is uot iu t|c louau Martyrology, |ut is |ouourcd
ou t|is day iu Marscillc, |crc |c ouudcd to uouastcrics aud is |uricd. 1|c Ort|o-
dox C|urc| |ccps |is cast iu lcap ycar ouly, ou lc|ruary.
Apparitiou o 'iossa Scu|ora da iarraca' ucar lis|ou,
Lvcry crcaturc iu lis|ou aud its cuvirous is |astcuiug to pay duc adoratiou at t|c s|riuc o t|c
ucly discovcrcd virgiu, |o is a|out our iuc|cs loug, aud, |ciug ouud . . . iu a cavc ucar t|is
placc, is couscqucutly dcuouiuatcd 'iossa Scu|ora da iarracca', our lady o t|c cavc). icrc,
cvcry cvcuiug, a riar dcscauts upou t|c uiraclcs said to |avc |ccu pcrorucd |y |cr, aud a suall
|oo|, dcscriptivc o t|cu, |as |ccu pu|lis|cd |y .:|.r.:,. 1|c iuagc is alrcady covcrcd it|
costly oruaucuts, auoug |ic| arc, a crou sct it| |rilliauts, aud uuucrous gold c|aius, t|c
gits o t|osc votarics |o arc a|lc to aord suc| dcuoustratiou o t|cir ait|. Au agcd hdalga
gcutlcouau, aud souc|at auciul it|al, liviug iu t|is ucig||our|ood, aud |o |as |ccu
|cd-riddcu or ycars past, |as causcd |crscl to |c carricd to t|c cavc, aud |as iu couscqucucc,
as s|c dcclarcs,) rccovcrcd t|c usc o |cr liu|s, t|c circuustaucc |ciug cll aut|cuticatcd,
aords additioual proo o t|c cxtraordiuary pocr o t|c iuagiuatiou iu ucrvous aud
|ypoc|oudriac couplaiuts. 1|c Quccu gocs iu graud statc t|is cvcuiug, aud ua|cs au ocriug
o a silvcr laup. 1|c hcld rcscu|lcs au iuucusc air, aud rcstauratcurs rcgularly attcud iu t|cir
|oot|s, to providc or t|c rcrcs|ucut o t|c coupauy. last uig|t, t|crc crc uo lcss t|au t|irty
carriagcs upou t|c grouud, aud it is couuou to scc uorc t|au a t|ousaud o t|c pcasautry aud
touspcoplc upou t|cir |uccs, at ouc tiuc, surrouudiug t|c uout| o t|c cavc. 1|c riars |avc
t|oug|t propcr to dcclarc, t|at a |alsauic ragraucc nos coustautly rou t|c iuagc, aud t|oug|
t|crc is alays a stroug sucll o garlic aud oil iu t|c grotto, it is t|c as|iou, upou cutcriug, to
cxclaiu, 'V|at a dclicious odour.' iaillic, ii. -
z

... IX I.|:..s Js:.s i
z - - - Lcuador iolvar's iirt|day )
LSA, Lta| iiouccr Day, couucuoratiug t|c arrival o Moruou scttlcrs iu t|c
vallcy o t|c Grcat Salt la|c, Lta|,
\cuc.ucla iolvar's iirt|day )

z -
C|r.s:.... 1o saiuts C|ristiua crc |ouourcd ou t|is day, C|ristiua o iolscua, uar-
tyrcd .. ucar iolscua also couuscd it| C|ristiua o 1yrc, o dou|tul cxistcucc),
aud C|ristiua t|c Astouis|iug -), |o startlcd uourucrs |y a|iug up at |cr
ou uucral aud auuouuciug t|at s|c as to couplctc |cr tiuc iu purgatory ou cart|,
procccdiug to do so iu a spcctacular as|iou.
L:.|.., au carly ht|-ccutury lris| |is|op |o ouudcd t|c c|urc| o Arduorc, t|c sitc
o a |oly cll, a stouc ou t|c |cac| is |uou as 'St Dcclau's stouc'. iilgrius still couc
to Arduorc duriug t|c cc| t|at iucludcs |is cast-day, 'iattcru cc|'. lu t|c
cclc|ratiou too| t|c olloiug oru
1|c t| o |uly |ciug t|c day appoiutcd |y t|c louau Cat|olic C|urc| ou |ic| |ouour is
pu|licly paid to t|c ucuory o St. Dcclau, t|c tutclar saiut o t|at district, scvcral t|ousaud pcr-
sous o all agcs aud scxcs asscu|lcd upou t|is occasiou. . . . At au carly |our iu t|c day, t|osc
|ou a rcligious ccliug |ad drau to t|c spot couucuccd t|cir dcvotioual cxcrciscs iu a statc
o |al uudity) |y passiug uudcr t|c |oly roc| o St. Dcclau. . . . 1|is as uot ccctcd it|out
cousidcra|lc paiu aud diculty, oiug to t|c uarroucss o t|c passagc, aud t|c s|arpucss o
t|c roc|s it|iu. Strctc|cd at ull lcugt| ou t|c grouud, ou t|c acc aud stouac|, cac| dcvotcc
uovcd orard, as i iu t|c act o siuuiug, aud t|us squcc.cd or draggcd t|cusclvcs t|roug|.
iot| scxcs crc o|ligcd to su|uit to t|is |uuiliatiug uodc o procccdiug, aud upards o
clcvcu |uudrcd pcrsous crc o|scrvcd to go t|roug| t|is ccrcuouy iu t|c coursc o t|c day. . . .
1|is o|jcct o so grcat vcucratiou is |clicvcd to |c |oly, aud to |c cuducd it| uiraculous
pocrs. lt is said to |avc |ccu atcd rou louc upou t|c suracc o t|c occau, at t|c pcriod
o St. Dcclau's ouudiug |is c|urc| at Arduorc, aud to |avc |oruc ou its top a largc |cll or t|c
c|urc| tocr, aud also vcstucuts or t|c saiut |iuscl.
At a s|ort distaucc rou t|is sacrcd ucuorial, ou a cli ovcr|augiug t|c sca, is t|c cll o t|c
saiut t|it|cr t|c crods rcpair, t|c dcvotious at t|c roc| |ciug cudcd. iaviug druu| plcutiully
o its atcr, t|cy as| t|cir lcgs aud cct iu t|c strcau t|at issucs rou it, aud tclliug t|cir |cads,
spriu|lc t|cusclvcs aud t|cir ucig||ours it| t|c sauctihcd liquid.-1|csc pcroruauccs ovcr,
t|c gravc o t|c patrou saiut is t|cu rcsortcd to. iuudrcds at a tiuc crodcd arouud it, aud
crus|cd aud trauplcd ouc auot|cr iu t|cir cagcrucss to o|taiu a |audul o t|c cart| |ic| is
|clicvcd to covcr t|c uortal rcuaius o Dcclau. . . . lu t|c coursc o tiuc t|c a|odc o t|c saiut
|as suu| to t|c dcpt| o ucarly our cct, its clay |aviug |ccu scoopcd aay |y t|c hugcr uails
o t|c pious Cat|olics. A |uuau s|ull o largc diucusious as placcd at t|c |cad o t|c tou|,
|corc |ic| t|c pcoplc |ocd, |clicviug it to |c t|c idcutical s|ull o t|cir tutclar saiut, |o
t|at day as prcscut to loo| upou t|cir dcvotious, aud |o ould, upou |is rcturu to t|c uau-
sious o |liss, iutcrccdc at t|c t|rouc o gracc or all suc| as did |iu |ouour. 1|is visit to St.
Dcclau's gravc couplctcd t|c dcvotioual cxcrciscs o a day, |cld iu grcatcr |ouour t|au t|c Sa|-
|at| |y all t|osc |o vcucratc t|c saiut's uauc, aud ors|ip at |is s|riuc. icvcrt|clcss, t|c sauc-
tity o a day, uar|cd cvcu |y t|c uost |uuiliatiug cxcrciscs o dcvotiou, did uot prcvcut its uig|t
|ciug passcd iu riot aud dc|auc|cry. 1.o:`s 1:|:s..: ), -

z

... JIII I.|:..s Js:.s C
1.|| `...: j.o:s`s L., |: ..o: .. ..:
1. o., |.: |.s .r ,. o., |.: ...:.
z - - - Spaiu St |aucs Day
z lurriualia, |ououriug au aucicut ltalic goddcss |o |ad a pricst
o |cr ou t|c {.o:. Irr...|.s) aud a sacrcd grovc ou t|c |auiculuu, t|c |.s Irr...:,
|crc Gaius Gracc|us pcris|cd, t|c sitc is uo occupicd |y t|c \illa Sciarra. Classical
aut|ors, iucludiug Ciccro, ucar |osc |ouc tou o Arpiuuu s|c as also ors|ippcd,
associatc |cr it| t|c lurics, uauy uodcru sc|olars disuiss t|is as a ucrc assiuilatiou
o uaucs, aud suspcct s|c as t|c uyup| o a spriug t|at |ad lost its iuportaucc.
z - - - CoL, lC, Apr. Ort|.), rcd-lcttcr day,
Doruitiou o Auuc, uot|cr o 1|coto|os Ort|., scc |uly)
j.o:s :|: Cr:.::r, |rot|cr o St |o|u Dcc.), patrou saiut o Spaiu rou at lcast t|c
uiut| ccutury, aud o Guatcuala aud iicaragua. ic as cxccutcd |y iiug 'icrod'
Acts ), iu act Marcus |ulius Agrippa, |iug o |udaca -. lu t|c scvcut| ccutury
souc Spauiards |ad lauuc|cd t|c lcgcud t|at St |aucs prcac|cd, dicd, aud as |uricd
iu t|cir couutry, t|is latcr |ccauc au a|ortivc uissiou rou |ic| |c rcturucd to
grcatcr succcss iu |udaca. Atcr ua|iug a C|ristiau o a sorccrcr |o strovc to uudcr-
uiuc |is or|, ou |is ay to cxccutiou |c curcd a paralytic aud couvcrtcd t|c cxccu-
tioucr, |is |ody as t|cu couvcycd to Spaiu aud |uricd t|crc. Ot|crs say t|at |is
rcuaius crc trauslatcd upou t|c all o |crusalcu iu to Siuai aud latcr rcuovcd
a|cad o Saraccu attac|s to Spaiu, |is uouastcry |ciug rcdcdicatcd to St Cat|criuc
iov.), rcscocs o |aucs |avc iudccd |ccu ouud uudcrucat| t|osc dcpictiug
Cat|criuc. lu auy casc, t|c rclics crc solcuuly |uricd ou |uly iu t|c grcat c|urc|
at Sautiago dc Coupostcla, crcctcd ovcr a louau uausiou, ouc o t|c c|ic pilgriu-
agc ccutrcs o t|c Middlc Agcs. 1|osc |o |ad visitcd |is s|riuc put a coc|lcs|cll iu
t|cir |ats, ou priucstavcs t|c |at as portraycd it| raiu drippiug rou it, caruiug |iu
t|c uauc j.|.| :|.::, '|aucs Vct|at'.
Duriug t|c sicgc o Malta iu t|c |csicgcd cxpcctcd iu vaiu) to |c rclicvcd ou
t|is day |y Dou Garca dc 1olcdo, viccroy o Sicily, |ccausc |c |clougcd to t|c Ordcr
o Spaiu's patrou saiut, iu Marloc's play 1|: j: .; M.|:., |ic| is looscly |ascd ou t|c
sicgc, gits arc uadc to uuus ou t|c cvc.
C|r.s:.|:r. Ouc o t|c lourtccu Auxiliary Saiuts. ic as orucrly t|oug|t to |c a
uartyr uudcr Dccius, |ut t|at idcutihcatiou is uo discouutcd. Accordiug to lcgcud,
|c as a gigautic uau t|c Goldcu lcgcud ua|cs |iu t |ig|) |o, upou couvcrsiou

to C|ristiauity, as assigucd t|c tas| o couvcyiug travcllcrs across a rivcr. Ouc day, a
c|ild |c as carryiug ou |is s|ouldcrs |ccauc progrcssivcly |cavicr, aud C|ristop|cr
|arcly uadc it to t|c ot|cr |au|, oucc t|crc t|c c|ild rcvcalcd |iuscl as C|rist, carry-
iug t|c cig|t o t|c orld. icucc t|c uauc, |ic| ucaus C|rist-|carcr. ic is patrou
saiut o travcllcrs aud iuvo|cd agaiust atcr. Mauy pcoplc carry St C|ristop|cr ucdals
cspccially iu cars) iu t|c |clic t|at scciug |is iuagc ill protcct t|cu rou dcat| ou
t|at day. 1|c Ort|odox day is May.
At Guadalajara iu Mcxico a |ugc stouc statuc |uou as `.. Cr.s:.|.|... 'iul|iug
St C|ristop|cr') iuspircd t|c portcrs' praycr
Dic|oso Cristo|ala.o, lortuuatc Grcat C|ristop|cr,
sauta.o dc cucrpo cutcro uig|ty saiut it| sturdy |ody,
y uo couo otros sautitos aud uot li|c ot|cr saiutliugs
quc ui sc vcu cu cl ciclo, |o arcu't cvcu uoticcd iu |cavcu.
icrclco Cristo|ala.o, icrculcau Grcat C|ristop|cr,
or.udo couo uu Sausu, |rauy as a Sausou,
cou tu cuoruc ca|c.u it| your |ugc grcat |cad
y tu ucrvoso pcscuc.o, aud your siucy ucc|,
ia.uc grucso y vigoroso, ua|c uc stout aud stroug,
|ou|ra.o dc cucrpo cutcro a rcal uau it| sturdy |ody,
y uo couc cstos tipitos aud uot li|c t|csc cc|lc cllos
quc casi |csau cl suclo. |o all |ut |iss t|c grouud.
St |aucs's Day as traditioually t|c opcuiug o t|c oystcr scasou, su|scqucutly traus-
crrcd to August, Old St |aucs's Day, |ut souc coutiuucd to o|scrvc t|c origiual
datc
'V|ocvcr cats oystcrs ou St |aucs's day ill ucvcr aut uoucy.' lu poiut o act, it is custouary
iu loudou to |cgiu catiug oystcrs ou St |aucs's Day, |cu t|cy arc ucccssarily souc|at dcarcr
t|au atcrards, so c uay prcsuuc t|at t|c sayiug is ouly ucaut as a jocular cucouragcucut to
a littlc piccc o cxtravagaucc aud scl-iudulgcucc. lu t|is couucctiou o oystcrs it| St |aucs's
Day, c tracc t|c aucicut associatiou o t|c apostlc it| pilgrius' s|clls. 1|crc is a custou iu
loudou |ic| ua|cs t|is rclatiou uorc cvidcut. lu t|c coursc o t|c c days olloiug upou
t|c iutroductiou o oystcrs or t|c scasou, t|c c|ildrcu o t|c |uu|lcr class cuploy t|cusclvcs
diligcutly iu collcctiug t|c s|clls |ic| |avc |ccu cast out rou tavcrus aud hs|-s|ops, aud o
t|csc t|cy ua|c pilcs iu various rudc orus. iy t|c tiuc t|at old St |aucs's Day t|c t| o
August) |as couc a|out, t|cy |avc t|csc littlc a|rics iu uicc ordcr, it| a caudlc stuc| iu t|c
top, to |c lig|tcd at uig|t. As you t|rcad your ay t|roug| souc o t|c dcuscr parts o t|c
uctropolis, you arc apt to hud a couc o s|clls, it| its votivc lig|t, iu t|c uoo| o souc rctircd
court, it| a group o youugstcrs arouud it, souc o |ou ill |c surc to assail t|c straugcr
it| a |iuiug claiu-M.. :|: r.::.. |y |ic| is ucaut a dcuaud or a pcuuy |crcit|
procsscdly to |ccp up t|c caudlc. lt cauuot |c dou|tcd t|at c |avc |crc, at t|c distaucc o
upards o t|rcc |uudrcd ycars rou t|c lcoruatiou, a rclic o t|c |a|its o our Cat|olic
auccstors.
C|au|crs

z

... JII I.|:..s Js:.s D
z - - - li|cria ludcpcudcucc Day rcpu|lic, )
uatioual |oliday)
1|c Maldivcs ludcpcudcucc Day rou Grcat iritaiu, )
z - Auuc, uot|cr o t|c i\M iCi, Ort|. |uly), |oac|iu aud Auuc
lC, it| |oac|iu siucc ), Auuc aud |oac|iu CY)
J..:. 1|c uauc o t|c \irgiu's uot|cr docs uot occur iu t|c ii|lc |ut iu t|c sccoud-
ccutury irotcvaugcliuu o |aucs, |crc Mary's auccstry is traccd. lu a story t|at sccus
uodcllcd ou t|c Old 1cstaucut hgurc o iauua| latiu 'Auua'), |o couccivcd
Sauucl atcr ycars o |arrcuucss Sau. - ), Auuc ouud |cr praycrs auscrcd |y
au augclic auuuuciatiou t|at s|c ould couccivc 'aud t|y sccd ill |c spo|cu o iu all
t|c orld', |cr |us|aud, |oac|iu, also rcccivcd au augclic prop|ccy |ilc iu t|c ildcr-
ucss, aud t|cir c|astc |iss upou ucctiug at t|c Goldcu Gatc as dccucd t|c uoucut
at |ic| Mary as couccivcd scc Dcc.). 1|c cult o St Auuc dcvclopcd duriug t|c
Middlc Agcs as a rcsult o iucrcasiug dcvotiou to t|c Couccptiou cspccially stroug
iu Luglaud), iu t|c ully dcvclopcd oru o t|c lcgcud s|c |ccoucs t|c uatriarc| o
t|c ioly lauily, |y |cr succcssivc |us|auds |oac|iu, Clcop|as, aud Salouc s..)
uot|cr o t|rcc Marys, aud |y t|cu rcspcctivcly grauduot|cr o |csus C|rist, o |aucs
t|c lcss aud i|ilip, aud o |aucs t|c Grcatcr aud |o|u t|c Lvaugclist. iy t|c sixtccut|
ccutury |cr lcgcud as so popular as to dra a pocrul attac| rou Martiu lut|cr
|o |ad uadc |is uou|'s vo to St Auuc), t|c Couucil o 1rcut too| stcps to dou-
play |at it dccucd a 'uisplaccd dcvotiou'. littlc attcutiou as paid to St |oac|iu uutil
t|c latcr Middlc Agcs, |is cast as aut|ori.cd ouly iu t|c carly sixtccut| ccutury, |y
iopc |ulius ll.
St Auuc's Day as loug vcucratcd iu llorcucc as t|c day ou |ic| iu t|c rcvolt
agaiust t|c titular Du|c o At|cus, Valtcr \l o iricuuc, lcd to |is cxpulsiou aud t|c
rcstoratiou o rcpu|licau govcruucut. Valtcr |ad iu|critcd t|c titlc rou |is at|cr,
|o |ad lost At|cus to t|c Catalau Coupauy iu , |c as iuitially |ircd |y t|c llor-
cutiucs to hg|t iisa, t|cu proclaiucd t|cir s...r: or lic ou Scptcu|cr , a dcci-
siou o |ic| t|cy soou rcpcutcd |aviug rcliuquis|cd political coutrol, |is origiual
supportcrs iu t|c ucrcautilc patriciatc sa t|cusclvcs lia|lc or |cavy taxcs, aud t|cir
uo|lc aud locr-class cucuics, |ou |c tricd to cultivatc, joiucd orccs it| t|cu iu-
stcad to cxpcl t|c orcigu tyraut |corc rcsuuiug t|c iutcrual strugglc. 1|c llorcutiucs
crcditcd St Auuc it| t|c victory aud uadc |cr protcctrcss o t|cir city, s|c rcuaiucd
t|c syu|ol o rcpu|licau rccdou uutil t|c sixtccut| ccutury, |cu t|c Mcdici du|cs
appropriatcd |cr |lcssiug or t|cusclvcs.

V|crcas t|c uout| o |uuc is su|jcct to cold spclls, |uly is |ot cspccially iu iort|
Aucrica)
|uly |rcat|cs |ot, sallos t|c crispy hclds,
Curls up t|c au lcavcs o t|c lilac-|cdgc,
Aud cvcry cvc c|cats us it| a s|o o clouds
1|at |ra.c t|c |ori.ou's cstcru riu, or |aug
Motioulcss, it| |capcd cauvas droopiug idly,
li|c a diu ncct |y starviug ucu |csicgcd,
Coujccturcd |al, aud |al dcscricd aar,
iclplcss o iud, aud sccuiug to slip |ac|
Adou t|c suoot| curvc o t|c oily sca.
|aucs lusscll locll -), 'Ludcr t|c Villos'
z

... JI I.|:..s Js:.s L
z -
..:.|:.. lC), said to |avc |ccu pcrsoual p|ysiciau to t|c cupcror Maxiuiau, cou-
vcrtcd aud |apti.cd |y t|c pricst icruolaus, |c as |ctraycd |y |is collcagucs aud ticd
to au olivc trcc ..), |cu |c praycd or |is cxccutioucrs to |c orgivcu, C|rist's voicc
as |card rcuauiug |iu ..::|:: o. . 'all-coupassiouatc'). lt is |y t|is uauc t|at |c
is |uou to t|c Ort|odox, |o vcucratc |iu as a oudcr-or|cr aud ouc o t|c
'uuucrccuary' p|ysiciaus |o rcusc payucut. lu t|c Vcst, |c is ouc o t|c lourtccu
Auxiliary Saiuts. A rclic o |is |lood at lavcllo is said to liqucy iu t|c sauc uauucr
as t|at o St |auuarius at iaplcs, t|oug| accordiug to |is lcgcud uil| iustcad o |lood
nocd rou |is vcius |cu |c as |c|cadcd. ic is patrou o doctors aud uidivcs.
`::. `|:::rs o Lp|csus, supposcdly C|ristiau yout|s origiually cig|t iu uuu|cr) |o
|id iu a cavc to avoid t|c Dcciau pcrsccutiou ), crc allcd up |y t|c cupcror, cll
aslccp, o|c up ucarly ycars latcr, tcstihcd to t|c rcsurrcctiou o t|c dcad, aud t|cu
cut |ac| to slccp, |cu t|cy turu ovcr, ill is |odcd. 1|c talc as so idcsprcad iu t|c
Last t|at a vcrsiou o it, it| Musliu slccpcrs, is told iu t|c cig|tccut| sr. o t|c
iorau, iu t|c sixt| ccutury it rcac|cd t|c Vcst. Ldard t|c Coucssor as said to |avc
sccu t|cu turu outo t|cir lct sidcs iu a visiou ou Lastcr Day, Marc| , aud orc-
told scvcuty-our ycars o turuoil |corc t|cy s|ould turu agaiu, t|c talc is hrst
rccordcd |cu uiuc ycars still rcuaiucd o t|c scvcuty-our, a uuu|cr t|at ucit|cr
rcasou uor uystcry |as yct accouutcd or. lu uauy Gcruau calcudars t|cy arc sct
dou ou |uuc, t|cir Ort|odox days, as t|c Scvcu ioly C|ildrcu, arc August aud
Octo|cr.
C|:o:.: .; |r. d. ), uissiouary iu Maccdouia, t|is day is |cpt |y t|c Ort|odox,
t|c t| |y lCs. A Slav coupauiou o Cyril aud Mct|odius |o playcd a part iu

dcvisiug t|c Glagolitic alp|a|ct, |c as pro|a|ly uaucd |y t|cu at ordiuatiou atcr
St Clcucut o louc scc May, iov.). Lxpcllcd rou Moravia iu or oppos-
iug t|c Vcstcru doctriuc, .calously prouotcd |y t|c lrau|s, t|at t|c ioly Spirit pro-
cccds rou t|c lat|cr aud t|c Sou I.|..,:), |c as scut |y ioris l o iulgaria as a
uissiouary to t|c outlyiug proviucc o Maccdouia, |crc |c ouudcd t|c uouastcry o
St iautclciuou at O|rid, iu |c as appoiutcd to a |is|opric. Au ccctivc prcac|cr
aud cvaugclist, |c as also a uota|lc ritcr iu Old Slavouic.
z

... J I.|:..s Js:.s l
z - - - icru Auuivcrsary o ludcpcudcucc rou
Spaiu, ) uatioual day)
z -
`.os.., |is|op o Dol d. ). ioru aud cducatcd iu Valcs, |c as aucd as a uis-
siouary, |ot| iu Coruall ouc o t|c lslcs o Scilly is uaucd atcr |iu) aud iu irit-
tauy. Atcr At|clstau, |iug o Vcsscx -), acquircd souc o |is rclics or a
uouastcry at Miltou A||as, Sausou's cult sprcad rou Valcs aud irittauy to Luglaud.
A gardcuiug tip rou |o|u Lvclyu
io |cgiu to strcig|tcu t|c cutraucc o your 3::s a littlc, aud |clp t|cu to |ill t|cir Lr..:s, i
you o|scrvc too uauy, scttiug t|c uc-iuvcutcd C.r|.:~C|.ss:s o 3::r uiuglcd it| H..:,, to
cuticc t|c h.ss, I|.:s, ~c. |ic| astc your `:.r:. Also |aug 3.::|:s o t|c sauc M.::r: ucar your
: .o.. N:.:.r..:s, aud ot|cr tcuptiug Ir.:s aud I|.:rs, or t|cir dcstructiou, clsc t|cy uauy
tiucs iuvadc your |cst Ir.:. Sct t|crcorc up H..;s o N:.:s~;::: or t|c L.r.s, aud rcucu|cr to
clcausc aud s|a|c t|cu out at N..., |cu t|cy coustautly rcpair or t|c S|adc 1|cy arc curscd
L:.r:rs, uor oug|t you to |c lcss diligcut to prcvcut t|c J.:s, |ic| a|ovc all iuvadc t|c r..:~
I|.:r, |y castiug scaldiug iriuc ou t|cir H.||s, aud ot|cr lcccptaclcs.
Lvclyu, I.|:..r.o, -
z

... IJ I.|:..s Js:.s G
z - - - lacrocs Olavso|a Olav's Va|c)
z - Mart|a o ict|auy lC), Mary, Mart|a, aud la.arus CY, or
la.arus, scc also Dcc.)

M.r:|., sistcr o la.arus aud Mary o ict|auy scc |uuc, |uly), t|c siuglc-uiudcd
|ouscic o t|c Gospcl, |o |usicd |crscl it| scrviug |csus |ilc |cr sistcr Mary
sat at |is cct. Lpou |cr qucstiou 'lord, dost t|ou uot carc t|at uy sistcr |at| lct uc
to scrvc alouc.' |csus auscrcd 'Mart|a, Mart|a, t|ou art carcul aud trou|lcd a|out
uauy t|iugs iut ouc t|iug is uccdul aud Mary |at| c|oscu t|at good part, |ic| s|all
uot |c ta|cu aay rou |cr' lu|c P). Accordiug to latcr lcgcud, s|c, la.arus,
aud Mary crc |apti.cd aud put ou rats, cvcutually arriviug iu Marscillc, Mart|a cvau-
gcli.cd 1arascou, |crc |cr rclics crc discovcrcd iu . 1arascou |ciug t|c |ouc o
t|at gcuial |oastcr 1artariu, c uay rccord t|at s|c is also said to |avc stuuucd a rav-
agiug dragou t|at lur|cd iu t|c l|uc it| a spriu|liug o |oly atcr, ticd it up it|
|cr girdlc, aud |illcd it. icr tou| |ccauc a placc o pilgriuagc, Clovis, iiug o t|c
lrau|s, as rcportcdly curcd t|crc o a |iducy ailucut. louis Xl as also dcvotcd to
|cr. Mart|a is patrou saiut o |ouscivcs, aud siucc o ltaliau |otclicrs aud t|cir
sta, aitcrs aud aitrcsscs, s|c is otcu portraycd it| |cys or a |roou.
|. II -), |iug o ioray -, aud uatioual patrou togct|cr it| Mag-
uus Apr.). Atcr au carly carccr as a piratc, |c as |apti.cd at loucu, t|cu oug|t
iu Luglaud it| Lt|clrcd ll agaiust t|c Daucs. Ou rcturuiug to ioray |c too| pocr
as |iug, cuorciug couvcrsiou it| uorc .cal t|au discrctiou, |c as cxilcd iu aud
|illcd t|c ucxt ycar iu |is attcupt to rcgaiu t|c t|rouc. A |caliug cll, uiraclcs, aud cu-
s|riucucut o |is iucorrupt |ody |clpcd to sprcad |is cult, |ic| as also stroug iu
Luglaud, cspccially iu t|c uort|. 1|is is t|c c|ic |oliday iu t|c lacrocs, cclc|ratcd it|
|oat-raccs aud all-uig|t cstivitics.
z

... III I.|:..s Js:.s A
z Ou t|is day or rat|cr datc) iu t|c louau cousul Marius
aud t|c prcvious ycar's cousul Quiutus Catulus crus|cd t|c Ciu|ri at \crccllac, Catulus
vocd a tcuplc to lortuua iuiuscc Dici, t|c lortuuc o 1|is Day, iu t|c Caupus Mar-
tius, |ic| |as |ccu spcculativcly idcutihcd it| ouc o t|c tcuplcs uucart|cd iu t|c
largo Argcutiua, aud uo iu|a|itcd |y cats.
z - ictcr C|rysologus lC), Villiau Vil|crorcc CY)
:::r C|r,s.|.s ..-), |is|op o lavcuua, carucd |is cpit|ct 'Goldcuord') rou
|is scruous as a Vcstcru couutcrpart to |o|u C|rysostou, 'Goldcuuout|' Scpt.),
or suc| uaucs, scc too Grcgory t|c Grcat Mar.) aud |o|u Dauasccuc Dcc.),
|osc day uscd also to |c ictcr's. ic as dcclarcd a Doctor o t|c C|urc| iu .
h.||..o h.||:r;.r.: -). Mcu|cr o iarliaucut or iull aud ricud aud supportcr
o t|c youugcr iitt 'a youug uau o |is iitt's ou agc, |o |ad alrcady distiuguis|cd

|iuscl iu iarliaucut |y au cugagiug uatural cloqucucc, sct o |y t|c scctcst aud uost
cxquisitcly uodulatcd o |uuau voiccs, aud |osc acctiouatc |cart, carcssiug uau-
ucrs, aud |rilliaut it, uadc |iu t|c uost dclig|tul o coupauious' Macaulay, h.||..o
.::). iaviug couvcrtcd to Lvaugclicalisu, |c ouudcd t|c iroclauatiou Socicty iu
'or t|c rcoruatiou o uauucrs'. ic caupaigucd vigorously hrst or t|c a|olitiou o
t|c slavc tradc cuactcd iu ), t|cu or t|c a|olitiou o slavcry ac|icvcd it| t|c
Luaucipatiou Act o ).
J|.. .. `:..:., uartyrs o Oricutal origiu iu louc, |uricd siucc iu Sau Marco,
t|cy arc patrous o coopcrs.
z

r..: I.|:..s Js:. i
z - lguatius o loyola lC, CY couucu.)
I..:.s .; L.,.|., propcrly ligo lpc. dc loyola -), ouudcr o t|c Socicty o
|csus, uaucd ligo atcr t|c a||ot o Oa scc |uuc), |c callcd |iuscl lguatius atcr
t|c |is|op o Autioc| scc Oct.). ioru to a uo|lc iasquc auily, |c |ccauc au
occr uudcr t|c Spauis| viccroy o iavarra till ou May a cauuou|all struc| |is
lcg duriug t|c lrcuc| sicgc o iauploua, ou |is sic||cd |c rcad aud rcncctcd ou t|c
lic o C|rist aud t|c saiuts. ic gavc up uilitary lic, c|augcd clot|cs it| a |cggar, aud
uudcrcut spiritual dcspair aud cousolatiou, cvcutually travclliug to |crusalcu ou pil-
griuagc. Ou |is rcturu |c gavc |iuscl to study, iu , it| hvc coupauious, |c |c-
cauc a pricst, aud sct out agaiu or |crusalcu. 1|c voyagc |ciug prcvcutcd |y 1ur|is|
|ostility, t|cy cut iustcad to louc, |crc lguatius |ad a visiou o t|c lat|cr |iddiug
t|c crucihcd C|rist ta|c |iu or |is scrvaut. 1|c outcouc as t|c Socicty o |csus, ap-
provcd |y iaul lll iu . ic dicd ou |uly , aud as cauoui.cd iu . Oiug
to t|c succcss o |is `.r.:.| L::r..s:s, iius Xl proclaiucd |iu patrou o rctrcats iu .
Mauy lC uuivcrsitics arc uaucd atcr |iu.
C:ro..s .; J::rr:, |is|op. Scut to iritaiu iu as t|c iopc's rcprcscutativc to cou-
|at t|c iclagiau |crcsy scc Aug.), |c rcportcdly too| couuaud agaiust a raidiug-
party o iicts aud Saxous, |ou |c au|us|cd iu a vallcy ou Lastcr Day Apr.), t|c
iritous' cll-tiucd ar-cry o J||:|... J||:|... J||:|..., rc-cc|oiug o t|c |ills, pauic|cd
t|c iuvadcrs iuto |cadloug nig|t. Apart rou t|is dctail otcu dou|tcd iu t|c uista|cu
|clic t|at it is uiraculous), all clsc is uuccrtaiu, iucludiug t|c sitc o t|c vallcy. 1|c
traditioual locatiou at Macs Garuou 'Gcruauus' licld') ucar Yr Vyddgrug Mold) iu
Clyd rcsts ou uot|iug uorc t|au Gcruauus' post|uuous appropriatiou |y t|c |iug-
dou o ioys t|roug| couusiou it| a ht|-ccutury |is|op Gcruauus o Mau, t|c
piratcs |ad |cttcr placcs to pluudcr t|au iort| Valcs.

j.s:| .; Jr.o.:|:. Aucricau iCi, Ort|., lC couucu. Mar.), atcr t|c Crucihxiou
|c o|taiucd iilatc's pcruissiou to rccovcr |csus' |ody aud togct|cr it| iicodcuus,
accordiug to St |o|u) gavc it au opulcut uucral iu a ucly cut roc| tou|. lor t|is apo-
cryp|al talcs |avc |iu puuis|cd, |ut uiraculously sct rcc to ouud t|c c|urc| iu lydda
uo lod), prcac| iu Gaul aud iritaiu, aud |c |uricd iu |crusalcu, |cucc |is rcuaius
crc trauslatcd to Moycuuouticr iu t|c \osgcs. Yct auot|cr lcgcud |as |iu couc to
Luglaud it| t|c ioly Grail t|c c|alicc uscd |y C|rist at t|c last Suppcr) aud ouud
a c|urc| at Glastou|ury. ic is patrou saiut o gravcdiggcrs aud uudcrta|crs.
N:.: t| c.), a Coruis| saiut said to |avc |ccu a uou| o Glastou|ury |o |ccauc a
|cruit iu |at is uo St icot iu Coruall. iis advicc as grcatly valucd |y iiug
Alrcd it is t|c C|r....|: .; :|: `...:.r, .; `: N:.: t|at lauuc|cd t|c lcgcud o |urut
ca|cs). St icots iu Cau|ridgcs|irc is also uaucd atcr |iu, oiug to a trauscr or t|ct
o rclics |y uou|s rou 1|orucy, Ausclu dcclarcd t|cu gcuuiuc, aud cxtractcd a
c|cc||ouc to givc to t|c A||cy o icc.

-
Lr, Js: .. .ro:,
L.:| |.r:s: .. |.ro:.
I: .s .. :. :.: :|: |r..rs |:rr.:s .. :|: s:.r o..:|.
z - latiu Js:s, lrcuc| ..:, Spauis| ..s:., iortugucsc
J.s:., ltaliau ..s:., Gcruau Js:, Vcls| Js:, Scots Gaclic .. L..s.|, lris| L|..s.|
uo spclt L..s.)
Lutil t|c uout| as callcd `:::.|.s rou s:::s, 'sixt|'), it as rcuaucd iu |ouour
o t|c lirst Citi.cu, |o iu it |ad o|taiucd |is hrst cousulatc i.c. cxtortcd it |y orcc
o arus) iu aud uadc Lgypt a louau proviucc iu . 1|c Scots Gaclic aud
lris| uaucs couucuoratc t|c |arvcst gaucs iu |ouour o lug|, god o lig|t aud gc-
uius scc Aug.).
z - - -
I.rs: M..., Colorado Colorado Day aduissiou day as t| statc, )
|auaica ludcpcudcucc Day rou Grcat iritaiu, Aug. )
iort|cru 1crritory, Australia iicuic Day
Zau|ia Yout| Day uatioual |oliday)
L.s: M..., Li Suuucr iau| ioliday
`:... 1|rs., Scdcu irtprcuir, hrst day o crayhs| scasou
1|.r 1|rs., Scdcu Surstruuiugsprcuir, hrst day or sclliug srs:roo.. cr-
ucutcd ialtic |crriug, produccd ou Llvu aud sold iu tius) catcu it| o..:|.:.:.s
'aluoud potatocs', a uort| Scdis| varicty), c|oppcd ouiou, sour crcau, aud nat-
|rcad
1|.r Ir.., iaaii Aduissiou Day t| statc, ) statc |oliday)
1|c sixt as Js:, |ciug ric| arrayd
lu garucut all o gold douc to t|c grouud
Yct rodc |c uot, |ut lcd a loucly Mayd
lort| |y t|c lilly |aud, t|c |ic| as crouud
Vit| carcs o coruc, aud ull |cr |aud as ouud,
1|at as t|c rig|tcous \irgiu, |ic| o old
liv'd |crc ou cart|, aud plcuty uadc a|ouud,
iut, atcr Vroug as lov'd aud lusticc soldc,
S|c lct t|'vurig|tcous orld aud as to |caucu cxtold.
Spcuscr, 1|: I.:r.: ::.:, . vii.
lt is uo August, aud t|c Suuuc is souc |at toards |is dccliuatiou, yct suc| is |is |cat as
|ardcuct| t|c sot clay, drics vp t|c staudiug pouds, yt|crct| t|c sappy lcaucs aud scorc|ct|
t|c s|iu o t|c ua|cd uo |cgiuuc t|c Glcaucrs to ollo t|c Coruc Cart, aud a littlc |rcad to
a grcat dcalc o driu|c ua|cs t|c 1rauailcrs diuucr t|c Mclouc aud t|c Cucuu|cr is uo iu
rcqucst aud Oylc aud viucgcr giuc attcudaucc ou t|c Sallct |car|cs t|c Alc|ousc is uorc rc-
qucutcd t|cu t|c 1aucruc, aud a rcs| liucr is uorc couorta|lc t|au a hcry luruacc t|c iat|c
is uo uuc| visitcd |y discascd |odics, aud iu t|c ayrc liucrs, siuuiug is a scct cxcrcisc t|c
io aud t|c iolc pic|c uauy a pursc, aud t|c Coc|cs it| t|cir |cclcs spuruc aay uauy a
uaus calt| 1|c iipc aud t|c 1a|cr is uo lustily sct ou or|c, aud t|c lad aud t|c lassc ill
|auc uo lcad ou t|cir |cclcs t|c uc V|cat ua|cs t|c Gossips Ca|c, aud t|c iridc Cup is caricd
a|ouc t|c |cads o t|c |olc iaris| t|c lurucuty pot clcoucs |ouc t|c iarucst cart, aud
t|c Garlaud o nocrs croucs t|c Captaiuc o t|c lcapcrs. O|, 'tis t|c ucry tiuc, |crciu
|oucst icig||ours ua|c good c|ccrc, aud God is glorihcd iu |is |lcssiugs ou t|c cart|. lu
suuuc, or t|at l hud, l t|us coucludc, l |old it t|c orlds clarc, aud t|c cart|s Varuiug-
pau. larccll. irctou )
lu Js: C|olcr aud Mclauc|oly uuc| iucrcasc, rou |cucc procccds loug lastiug lcvcrs aud
Agucs uot casily curcd. Avoid iuuodcratc cxcrcisc t|is uout|, cspccially t|c rccrcatious o J:.s.
Slccp |ut littlc iu t|c day tiuc, aud |carc o ta|iug cold |c cautious o vouit, purgc, or |lccd-
iug t|is uout| to cat `.: is |olsou uo, aud to driu| uodcratcly a glass o good aud plcas-
aut Viuc, is good aud prohta|lc or t|c |ody, aud all ucats or |cr|s t|at |c cold o quality t|is
uout|, arc accouutcd good aud |olsou. Sauudcrs )
z
-
I.|:..: Js:.: C
J;::r L.oo.s ..r. r.:.s .s o.| |, ..|: .s |, .,.
z - - - Sit.crlaud iatioual Day ouudiug o Siss
Coucdcratiou, )
z - lauuas Day iCi), Alp|ousus Mary dc liguori lC), iroccssiou o
t|c Cross Ort|.)
L.oo.s L., ocs its uauc to t|c Old Luglis| ords or 'loa ' or '|rcad' aud 'uass',
loauass |ciug t|c cstival at t|c |cgiuuiug o t|c |arvcst at |ic| loavcs o |rcad
rou t|c uc scasou's coru crc |lcsscd, iu t|c trauslatiou o Orosius' auti-pagau
|istory orucrly attri|utcd to iiug Alrcd, t|c datc o Autouy's attcupt iu to
asscu|lc a ncct agaiust Octaviau, 'ialcudis Scxtili|us', |ccoucs 'ou t|c ialcuds o
August, aud = uaucly ou t|c day t|at c call H|.;o.ss:'. lu t|c Middlc Agcs, |cu
p|ouctic c|augc |ad o|scurcd t|c ctyuology, t|c ord as otcu assuucd to couc
-
rou 'lau|', as t|c illustratiou iu il. s|os, t|is crror lastcd as latc as t|c cig|tccut|
ccutury.
Ou t|is day, t|c cuccs put up ou 'lauuas ucados' at Caudlcuas crc ta|cu dou
to pcruit couuou pasturc ou t|c atcruat|, atcr iudividuals |ad ta|cu t|cir s|arc o
grass or |ay, t|is practicc coutiuucd |crcvcr t|c couuou lauds |ad uot |ccu cu-
closcd, aud t|c attcudaut cstivitics lastcd iu souc parts o t|c couutry cvcu iuto t|c
s.
'At lattcr lauuas' |ccauc provcr|ial or 'ucvcr', siuilar cxprcssious cxist iu uauy
lauguagcs, raugiug rou lris| | 1|..| .. 1.|..., '1aig o t|c 1aigs' Day', to C|iucsc
|

....., 'Ycar o t|c Dou|cy', |ut t|c uost auous is t|c cupcror Augustus' catc|-
p|rasc . I.|:..s Cr.:..s, 'at t|c Grcc| calcuds', uo au Luglis| idiou. lu lullcr's H.|,
`:.:: . , t|c dcuauds prcscutcd |y t|c Spauis| Au|assador to Lli.a|ct| l |corc t|c
Aruada arc vcrsihcd as ollos
1|csc to you arc our couuauds,
Scud uo |clp to t|' ict|crlauds
O t|c trcasurc too| |y Dra|c,
lcstitutiou you uust ua|c
Aud t|osc A||ics |uild auc,
V|ic| your lat|cr ovcrt|rc
l or auy pcacc you |opc,
lu all poiuts rcstorc t|c iopc.
icr cxtcuporc rcply as
Ad Graccas, |ouc lcx, hcut uaudata calcudas.
|ic| lullcr vcrsihcd as
Vort|y iiug, |uo t|is your ill
At lattcr lauuas cc'l ulhll.
1|c day as souctiucs callcd t|c Gulc o August, iu latiu C|. Js:., 't|c Gullct
o August', t|is uay ucau uo uorc t|au 'cutraucc' or '|cgiuuiug', |ut uo agrccd cx-
plauatiou |as |ccu ouud. lauciul ctyuologics raugc rou 'lcstuu Saucti ictri) ad
viu.|.' to Vcls| ,| Js:, t|c lcast o August, souc |avc cvcu iuvo|cd t|c lcgcud o
ial|iua, daug|tcr o t|c tri|uuc Quiriuus, curcd o |cr t|roat discasc |y |issiug t|c
c|aius o St ictcr. 'Gulc' as occasioually corruptcd to 'Yulc'.
lu lrclaud t|is as t|c day o lug|uasad|, t|c |arvcst gaucs iu |ouour o lug|,
god o lig|t aud gcuius, iu Gaulis| L.s, iu Vcls| L|:. 1|c lris| diarist iuup|rcy
O'Sullivau i. ) uotcs t|at t|is day is 'l lug|uasa', C|ristiaui.cd iu lat|cr Mc-
Grat|'s trauslatiou to 'lauuas Day'. icorc it as also lauuas tcru day iu Scot-
laud, it |as uo |ccu uovcd to t|c t|.
J||..ss M.r, : L..r. -), ouudcr o t|c Cougrcgatiou o t|c Most ioly
lcdccucr. iius Xll dcclarcd |iu patrou o coucssors aud uoral t|cologiaus iu .
ic is patrou saiut o Agrigcuto, aloug it| St Gcrlaud. lcast-day orucrly August.
-
1|: r..:ss... .; :|: Cr.ss couucuoratcs t|c iy.autiuc custou o |cariug t|c 1ruc Cross
iu proccssiou rouud Coustautiuoplc ou t|c hrst htccu days o August as a prcscrvativc
agaiust plaguc.
`: :::r`s C|...s ;:s:o `...:. ::r. . ...|.). Accordiug to Acts - 'icrod t|c |iug'
iu act Marcus |ulius Agrippa, t|c louau clicut-|iug o |udaca), |aviug cxccutcd
St |aucs t|c Grcatcr scc |uly), iuprisoucd St ictcr aud |ad |iu |ouud it| to
c|aius, iutcudiug to do t|c sauc to |iu atcr t|c iassovcr cc| s|ould |c ovcr, |ut ou
t|c uig|t |corc cxccutiou |c as rclcascd |y au augcl. lu t|c ht| ccutury, a c|urc| iu
louc dcdicatcd to SS ictcr aud iaul |ccauc |uou as t|c rcpository o t|csc c|aius,
t|cy cau still |c sccu at Sau iictro iu \iucoli, uudcr t|c |ig| altar. 1|c cast pro|a|ly
couucuoratcs t|c rcdcdicatiou o t|is c|urc| to St ictcr, it as droppcd rou t|c lC
calcudar iu . 1|crc is a c|apcl o St ictcr ad \iucula iu t|c 1ocr o loudou.
H.|, M....|::s, a |cis| uot|cr aud |cr scvcu sous put to dcat| .. uudcr Autioc|us
l\ Lpip|aucs or rcusiug to cat por|, t|cy crc viccd |y C|ristiaus as orcruuucrs o
t|c uartyrs. 1|cir rclics crc t|oug|t to |avc |ccu prcscrvcd iu Sau iictro iu \iucoli,
|ut |avc |ccu dctcruiucd to |c cauiuc aud rcuovcd, as |as t|c cast rou t|c calcudar.
As is otcu t|c casc, uorc t|au ouc c|urc| claiucd t|c rclics. Ou a visit to Cologuc iu
, 1|ouas Coryat
cut to t|c C|urc| o t|c Macca|ccs, iu |ic| t|cy rcport t|c ioucs o t|at |oly uot|cr o
t|c Macca|ccs aud |cr scvcu souucs doc lyc, t|at crc it| suc| uost |orri|lc aud cxquisitc tor-
turcs puuis|cd |y iiug Autioc|us |corc t|c iucaruatiou o C|rist, as it appcarct| at largc iu
t|c scvcut| c|aptcr o t|c sccoud |oo|c o t|c Macca|ccs, |crc it is ucutioucd t|at t|c scvcu
souucs togct|cr it| t|cir uot|cr |ad t|cir tougucs aud t|c utuost parts o t|cir |odics cut o
|y t|c couuaudcucut o iiug Autioc|us, t|cir s|iuuc pullcd ovcr t|cir |cads it| t|cir |airc,
aud lastly crc rycd iu a ryiug pau, ouly |ccausc t|cy ould catc uo siucs ncs|. Ccrtaiucly
t|is uouuucut is vcry ucuora|lc, aud ort|y to |c sccuc |y a curious travcllcr, i a uau crc
surc t|at t|csc crc t|c truc |oucs o t|cu. lor truly or uy ouc part l ill coucssc, l lovc to
scc t|csc |iud o t|iugs as uuc| as auy uau liviug, cspccially |cu l au pcrsadcd t|at t|crc is
uo dclusiou. iut iudccd t|crc is so grcat uuccrtaiuty iu t|csc iapisticall rcliqucs, t|at a uau cau-
uot ccrtaiuly tcll |ic| arc truc, aud |ic| arc alsc. Coryat, ii.
1|c tastc or |orror is uot couhucd to dcgcucratc uodcrus, auoug |ou c cducatcd
ritcrs ould aduit it as caudidly as Coryat.
L:|:|.|, tutor o iiug Ldgar, |is|op o Viuc|cstcr -. A .calous rcorucr, |c cx-
pcllcd t|c sccular cauous at Viuc|cstcr, allcgcdly too idlc cvcu to say uass, aud rcplaccd
t|cu it| uou|s rou A|iugdou. ic prcparcd t|c ay or |is ou cauoui.atiou |y
iuoruiug |is loyal disciplc aud |iograp|cr, Vulstau, o uiraclcs t|at |ad |callcu |iu
aud ouc t|at |ad |callcu |is uot|cr |corc |is |irt|), |is cult survivcs at Viuc|cstcr,
|ut uadc littlc |caday outsidc t|osc uaiuly uouastic) c|urc|cs t|at |ad liu|s it|
|iu.
Ou t|is day iu Quccu Auuc dicd |corc s|c could sigu t|c Sc|isu iill rcquiriug
all sc|ooluastcrs to couoru to t|c C|urc| o Luglaud. At A|iugdou iaptist C|urc|
-
t|c uiuistcr as paid s. to prcac| a 'Sc|isu Scruou' ou t|c Suuday cvcuiug ucarcst
t|is datc, t|c traditiou is still uaiutaiucd. Auuc as succccdcd |y t|c clcctor o iau-
ovcr, Gcorgc l, to ycars latcr t|c actor 1|ouas Doggctt d. ) cclc|ratcd t|c auui-
vcrsary |y advcrtisiug
1|is |ciug t|c day o iis Majcsty's |appy acccssiou to t|c t|rouc, t|crc ill |c givcu |y Mr.
Doggctt au oraugc colour livcry it| a |adgc rcprcscutiug li|crty, to |c rocd or |y six atcr-
ucu t|at arc out o t|cir tiuc |avc huis|cd t|cir apprcuticcs|ip it|iu t|c ycar past. lt ill
|c coutiuucd auuually ou t|c sauc day or cvcr. LN3 s.u. 'Doggctt'
1|c orgaui.atiou o t|c racc as su|scqucutly vcstcd iu t|c lis|uougcrs' Coupauy, it
still ta|cs placc, |ut usually iu latc |uly, dcpcudiug ou t|c tidc o t|c 1|aucs. lt is t|c
oldcst cvcut iu t|c Luglis| sportiug calcudar.
1|is day as |clicvcd to scc t|c auuual rcappcaraucc o t|c airy rou llyu y lau lac|
ucar llauddcusaut iu Dycd), |o uarricd a uortal ou t|c couditiou t|at i |c struc|
|cr t|rcc tiucs s|c ould lcavc |iu. ic struc| |cr oucc or laug|iug at a uucral, agaiu
or ccpiug at a cddiug, aud a t|ird tiuc |y accidcut, |ut |corc dcpartiug s|c gavc
|oo|s o ucdical lorc to |cr sous, t|c auccstors o t|c rcuoucd p|ysiciaus o
Myddai, t|c lcgcud o t|cir s|ill, aud its supcruatural origiu, is t|c |asis or ictcr
Maxcll Davics's opcra 1|: L..:.r .; M,;.. li|rctto |y David iouutucy), hrst pcr-
orucd iu . iilgriuagcs crc uadc to t|c la|c ou t|c hrst Suuday iu August.
lu Grcccc, t|c hrst t|rcc days o August arc 's|arp days' apart rou t|c pro|i|itious
ou as|iug clot|cs aud c|oppiug ood, ouc uust uot |at|c iu t|c sca. l it is a|solutcly
ucccssary to as| clot|cs, ouc uust put a uail iuto t|c lauudry iu ordcr to uail t|c s|arp
days, . |ro:s, couccivcd as a |iud o cvil airics.
Ou t|is day iu , slavcs iu t|c iritis| colouics crc cuaucipatcd.
z
-
... IJ N...s Js:.s D
z - - - Costa lica Our lady o t|c Augcls patrou
saiut)
z iattlc o Cauuac, , iu |ic| t|c louaus crc crus|iugly dc-
catcd |y iauui|al, iu t|c louau calcudar t|c ourt| iuclusivcly) |corc t|c ioucs o
Scxtilis as t|c uout| as t|cu callcd), |cucc it as said t|at ill-ortuuc as attac|cd
to all ourt| days |corc a uaucd day, |ocvcr, it as alrcady ill-oucucd as |ciug t|c
day atcr suc| a uaucd day c. |uly). iouc o t|is availcd i|aruaccs, sou o Mit|ri-
datcs aud iosporus, |osc aruy collapscd so couplctcly iu t|c |attlc o Zcla ou t|is
day iu t|at Cacsar could |oast :.. .. .... lor a siuilar c|augc iu a day's ortuucs,
scc Octo|cr.
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z - Lusc|ius o \crcclli lC), orucrly Alp|ousus Mary dc liguori scc
Aug.)
Ls:|.s .; J:r.:||. d. ), |is|op o \crcclli, a victiu o pcrsccutiou |y t|c Ariaus |cu
t|cy crc douiuaut iu t|c Lastcru C|urc|, lcgcud |ad |iu stoucd to dcat| |y t|cu.
lcast-day orucrly Dcccu|cr.
`::|:. I, popc -, apparcutly t|c hrst to |asc louau priuacy ou |csus' couuissiou
to ictcr scc |uuc), |c too| a |ard liuc agaiust t|osc |o li|c Cypriau scc Scpt.)
c|allcugcd |is tcac|iug t|at pcrsous |apti.cd |y |crctics crc uot to |c rc|apti.cd.
iaviug dicd ou t|c cvc o pcrsccutiou, |c as otcu ta|cu or a uartyr, au crror assistcd
|y t|c luvcutiou o St Stcp|cu ou t|c rd.
1|.o.s .; H.|:s, a icucdictiuc uou| o St Martiu's priory, Dovcr, as |illcd iu |y
lrcuc| raidcrs or rcusiug to disclosc t|c |idiug-placc o t|c uouastcry's ric|cs, |c as
|uricd iu t|c priory c|urc| |corc t|c altar o Our lady aud St iat|criuc. Vit|iu a c
ycars |c as |ailcd as a saiut aud uartyr cvcu ou a par it| t|c ot|cr 1|ouas, t|c grcat
icc|ct t|c to arc cxplicitly paircd iu a rcuar|a|ly jauuty uotct, datiug rou t|c carly
ourtccut| ccutury, iu |ic| ouc voicc praiscs '1|ouas t|c jccl o Cautcr|ury'
1|.o.s :oo. C..:.r..:), t|c ot|cr '1|ouas slaiu iu Dovcr' 1|.o.s ..:ss .. L.:r..),
t|c uotiou o tius|ip, iu|crcut iu t|c uauc 1|ouas scc Dcc.), is cxploitcd iu |ot|
t|c tcxt aud t|c uusic. iocvcr, 1|ouas o ialcs as ucvcr orually cauoui.cd, uot
cvcu to rcard Luglaud or supportiug t|c louau iopc agaiust |is lrcuc|-|ac|cd rival
iu Aviguou.
lu lussia t|is is t|c cast OS, t| iS) o iasil t|c ilcsscd d. ), a ,r.,. or ioly
lool grcatly |ouourcd aud cvcu carcd |y lvau t|c 1crri|lc or |is a|ility to scc iuto
ucu's |carts aud t|oug|ts, |is rcuaius arc |uricd iu t|c .|rs|.. s.|r or Cat|cdral o
t|c irotcctiou scc Oct.), |ic| is popularly uaucd atcr |iu.
z
-
... III N...s Js:.s L
z - - - Guiuca-iissau Coloui.atiou Martyrs Day
uatioual |oliday)
z Dogs crc crucihcd ou t|is day, allcgcdly or |aviug slcpt ou guard
at t|c Capitol duriug t|c Gaulis| iuvasiou, it as t|c gccsc t|at gavc t|c alaru.
z -
I.:.:... .; `: `::|:., t|c irotouartyr scc Dcc.), |osc rcuaius arc said to |avc
|ccu nuug iuto a hlt|y pit latcr rcvcalcd at iaar Gauala iu ialcstiuc to a pricst o
|crusalcu callcd luciau, a c|urc| as |uilt outsidc t|c Dauascus Gatc to |ousc t|cu
-
aud dcdicatcd iu . 1|cy crc succcssivcly trauslatcd to t|c c|urc| ou Mouut Ziou
aud to Coustautiuoplc, |ciug atcrards split up souc cut to Sau lorcu.o uori lc
Mura at louc, |ut t|c lct |aud as scut iu to Zicaltcu, sout|-cst o Llu. 1|c
cast |uou iu Gcruauy as `..|: `::|.. .o `.|..:: |arvcst) as supprcsscd iu .
L.,~Lr:.os
iroad August |urus iu uil|y s|ics,
1|c orld is |lauc|cd it| |a.y |cat,
1|c vast grccu pasturc, cvcu, lics
1oo |ot aud |rig|t or cycs aud cct.
Auid t|c grassy lcvcls rcars
1|c sycauorc agaiust t|c suu
1|c dar| |oug|s o a |uudrcd ycars,
1|c cucrald oliagc o ouc.
lullcd iu a drcau o s|adc aud s|ccu,
Vit|iu t|c clcucut tilig|t t|rou
iy t|at grcat cloud o noatiug grccu,
A |orsc is staudiug, still as stouc.
ic stirs uor |cad uor |oo, alt|oug|
1|c grass is rcs| |cucat| t|c |rauc|,
iis tail alouc siugs to aud ro
lu graccul curvcs rou |auuc| to |auuc|.
ic stauds quitc lost, iudicrcut
1o rac| or pasturc, tracc or rciu,
ic ccls t|c vagucly scct coutcut
O pcrcct slot| iu liu| aud |raiu.
Villiau Cautou -)
z
-
r..: N...s Js:.s l
z - - - Li iM Quccu Lli.a|ct| t|c Quccu Mot|cr
|oru , rcd-lcttcr day, t|c Luiou nag is nou
z - |o|u Mary \iauucy lC, CY couucu.), Scvcu Slccpcrs Ort|., scc
|uly), orucrly Douiuic lC, scc Aug.)
j.|. M.r, J....:, -), t|c .r `Jrs. Dcspitc iutcrruptiou to |is pricstly traiuiug
|y uilitary couscriptiou |c dcscrtcd), aud diculty iu lcaruiug latiu, |c as ordaiucd
iu aud appoiutcd paris| pricst at Ars iu lc|ruary , |is isdou as a coucssor
attractcd pcuitcuts rou all ovcr lraucc aud cvcu |cyoud. iy |c as rccciviug
, visitors a ycar, aud spcudiug a |croic sixtccu to cig|tccu |ours a day iu t|c
-
coucssioual, |c as cauoui.cd iu aud our ycars latcr crcatcd t|c patrou saiut o
paris| pricsts. lcast-day orucrly August.
lu iritaiu, t|is day is rcgardcd as t|c |cgiuuiug o t|c lirst Vorld Var, siucc it as ou
August t|at t|c Luitcd iiugdou dcclarcd ar ou Gcruauy, t|c dcclaratiou as
rcccivcd it| au outpouriug o joy at |ot| litc aud popular lcvcls, as i all t|c qucs-
tious couroutiug t|c uatiou, rou oucu's suragc to lrclaud, |ad |ccu trausccudcd,
aud all uoral au|iguity clcauscd aay.
1|: I.r:| .; Js:
io iu t|y splcudour go |corc us,
Spirit o Luglaud, ardcut-cycd,
Lu|iudlc t|is dcar cart| t|at |orc us,
lu t|c |our o pcril purihcd.
1|c carcs c |uggcd drop out o visiou,
Our |carts it| dccpcr t|oug|ts dilatc.
Vc stcp rou days o sour divisiou
luto t|c graudcur o our atc.
lor us t|c glorious dcad |avc strivcu,
1|cy |attlcd t|at c uig|t |c rcc.
Vc to t|cir liviug causc arc givcu,
Vc aru or ucu t|at arc to |c.
Auoug t|c uatious uo|licst c|artcrcd,
Luglaud rccalls |cr |critagc.
lu |cr is t|at |ic| is uot |artcrcd,
V|ic| orcc cau ucit|cr qucll uor cagc.
lor |cr iuuortal stars arc |uruiug
Vit| |cr t|c |opc t|at's ucvcr douc,
1|c sccd t|at's iu t|c Spriug's rcturuiug,
1|c vcry nocr t|at scc|s t|c suu.
S|c hg|ts t|c orcc t|at ccds dcsirc ou
Drcaus o a prcy to sci.c aud |ill,
1|c |arrcu crccd o |lood aud irou,
\aupirc o Luropc's astcd ill . . .
Ludurc, O Lart|. aud t|ou, aa|cu,
iurgcd |y t|is drcadul iuuoiug-au,
O rougcd, uutauca|lc, uus|a|cu
Soul o diviucly sucriug uau.
laurcucc iiuyou -)
Suc| scutiucuts crc uot couhucd to iritaiu, uor as iu souc ot|cr ars) crc t|cy cx-
prcsscd ouly rou t|c sacty o |ouc. 1|c disgust aud disillusiou t|at rcplaccd t|cu
duriug t|c uilitary iupassc aud |olcsalc slaug|tcr o trcuc| ararc |avc uadc t|cu
|ard to rcvivc, at lcast iu dcuocratic couutrics, |ut |cu iu t|c iutcr o ,
iritaiu, lraucc, aud Gcruauy accd t|c c|oicc |ctccu a ucgotiatcd pcacc aud a uorc
vigorous prosccutiou o t|c ar, all t|rcc c|osc t|c lattcr.
-
z
-
N...: Js:.: G
Cr::.r..:rs r.s: .: .. .; s.
Js: :|: ;;:|-..o: |.s:: ..,
1. 3.||..s.:: :|: :|.s..s r.
1.s ,s::r L.,. 1.s ,s::r L.,.
z Salus iu|lica iopuli louaui ou t|c Quiriual, t|c tcuplc as
vocd iu |y t|c cousul Gaius luuius iu|ulcus duriug t|c Sauuitc ar aud dcdi-
catcd |y |iu as dictator at |is triuup| iu , t|c goddcss is also callcd Scuouia.
z - Osald, iiug o iort|uu|ria, CY), Dcdicatiou o t|c iasilica
o Sauta Maria Maggiorc lC), Douiuic lC Australia, scc Aug.)
s.|, |iug o iort|uu|ria, slaiu at t|c |attlc o 'Mascrclt|' iu agaiust icuda,
t|c |cat|cu |iug o Mcrcia, i as couuouly supposcd t|c placc as Oscstry, it is
pro|a|lc t|at Osald as attcuptiug to cut icuda o rou |is Vcls| ally Cadaladr,
sou o t|c Cadallou |o |ad attac|cd |is prcdcccssor Ldiu Oct.). iis rclics
crc trauslatcd to iarducy iu liucolus|irc, |crc uauy |caliug uiraclcs arc rcportcd
|y icdc. iis cult quic|ly sprcad to lrclaud aud t|c Coutiucut, a|ovc all t|c Gcruau-
spca|iug lauds aud uort|cru ltaly. iis |cad as discovcrcd iu St Cut||crt's tou| iu
Dur|au iu . iis traditioual day is t|c t|, t|c datc o t|c |attlc, |ut Luglis|
louau Cat|olics |ccp t|c t|.
Osald is iuvo|cd |y s|cp|crds
At S
t
Osald's-Douc aud lordc-douc, ~c. t|crca|out t|c S|cp|crds prayd at uig|t ~
at uoruiug to S
t
Osald t|at as uartyrcd t|crc) to prcscrvc t|cir S|ccpc sac iu t|c old.
S
t
Osald as slayuc |y icuda ou t|c grcat douc cast o Marshcld iu Gloccstcrs|irc as you
ridc to Castlccou|c rou |cucc it is callcd S
t
Osald's-douc iu t|csc parts, uay as ar as
Au|uruc-c|asc aud pcr|aps a grcat dcalc urt|cr) |cu t|cy pcut t|cir s|ccp iu y
c
lold, t|cy
did pray to God ~ S
t
Osald to |riug t|c s|ccp sac to y
c
lold aud iu t|c uoruiug, t|cy did
pray to God ~ Saiut Osald, to |riug t|cir s|ccp sac rou y
c
lold. 1|c couutrcy ol| call
St. Osald St. 1osolc. Au|rcy,
L:...:... .; :|: .o.. |.s.|... .; `..:. M.r.. M...r:, also |uou as Saucta Maria ad iivcs
or Our lady o t|c Suos. A lcgcud o t|c t|irtccut| ccutury rccouuts t|at t|c \irgiu
appcarcd to iopc li|crius ou t|c uig|t o August aud told |iu to |uild a c|urc|
ou t|c arca o t|c Lsquiliuc |ill t|at ould |c covcrcd it| suo t|c olloiug uoru-
iug. 1|c cvcut is still couucuoratcd ou t|is day, at t|c cud o t|c ccrcuouy a cocr
iu t|c cciliug opcus up aud t|ousauds o |itc nocr pctals drit dou, siuulatiug
suo.
Lo,.s Luidio), |ouourcd iu ltaly as patrou o Ascoli, |ic| claius |is rclics. iis
lcgcudary acts ua|c |iu a latc sccoud-ccutury Gcruau rou 1ricr |o cauc to louc,
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as ordaiucd |y iopc Marccllus l, aud curagcd pagaus |y dcstroyiug a statuc o Acscu-
lapius iu |is tcuplc. iis latcr auc coucs as iutcrccssor agaiust cart|qua|cs, cvcr siucc
Ascoli cscapcd dauagc iu t|c cart|qua|c o . iot surprisiugly, |is cult |as nour-
is|cd iu cart|qua|c .oucs ltaly, Sau lraucisco, aud los Augclcs).
,s::r L., Old St |aucs's Day). 1|c lcgal closc scasou or oystcrs is |uuc to August.
August is Old St |aucs's Day, |uly as orucrly t|c |cgiuuiug o t|c oystcr scasou.
Couuou pcoplc arc iudicrcut a|out :|: o...:r .; .:... ,s::rs, aud t|c tiuc o catiug t|cu
atcr t|cy arc opcucd, uot|iug, |ocvcr, is uorc iuportaut, iu t|c culig|tcucd cycs o t|c cxpcri-
cuccd Oystcr catcr. 1|osc |o is| to cujoy t|is dclicious rcstorativc iu its utuost pcrcctiou,
uust :.: .: :|: o.o:.: .: .s .:.:, it| its ou gravy iu t|c uudcr s|cll-i uot L.::. |.|: J|s.|::|,
J|.:, its navour aud spirit arc lost.
1|c truc lovcr o au Oystcr, ill |avc souc rcgard or t|c ccliugs o |is littlc avouritc, aud
ill ucvcr a|audou it to t|c ucrcy o a |uugliug opcrator,-|ut ill opcu it |iuscl, aud cou-
trivc to dctac| t|c lis| rou t|c s|cll so dcxtcrously, t|at t|c Oystcr is |ardly couscious |c |as
|ccu cjcctcd rou |is lodgiug, till |c ccls t|c tcct| o t|c piscivorous C.ro.. tic|liug |iu to
Dcat|. iitc|iucr,
Souc crc so oud o oystcrs t|at t|cy atc t|cu |ot| iu aud out o scasou. Ouc suc|
as icury iastiugs -), a truc 'origiuall iu our agc', as Aut|ouy As|lcy Coopcr,
t|c hrst Larl o S|atcs|ury, callcd |iu. A grcat |uutcr o gauc aud |is ucig||ours'
ivcs aud daug|tcrs, iastiugs's appctitc as |ot| cxactiug aud voracious
. . . au oystcr ta|lc att t|c locr cud, |ic| as o coustaut usc ticc a day all t|c ycar rouud,
or |c ucvcr ayld to cat oystcrs |corc diuucr aud suppcr t|roug| all scasous, t|c ucig||ouriug
tou o ioolc supplycd |iu it| t|cu t|c uppcr part o t|is roouc |ad to suall ta|lcs aud
a dcs|c ou t|c ouc sidc o |ic| as a c|urc| ii|lc ou t|c ot|cr t|c |oo|c o Martyrs, ou t|c
ta|lcs crc |a|cs |oods |clls aud suc| li|c, to or t|rcc old grccu |atts it| t|cir croucs
t|rust iu soc as to |old tcu or a doscu cggs, |ic| crc o a p|csaut |iud o poultry |c too|c
uuc| carc o aud cd |iuscl, ta|lcs dicc cards aud |oxcs crc uot autiug, iu t|c |olc o t|c
dcs| crc storc o to|accoc pipcs t|at |ad |ccu uscd. Ou ouc sidc o t|is cud o t|c roouc as
t|c doorc o a closctt |crc iu stood t|c stroug |ccr aud t|c iuc, |ic| ucvcr cauc t|cucc |ut
iu siuglc glasscs t|at |ciug t|c rulc o t|c |ousc cxactly o|scrvcd or |c ucvcr cxcccdcd iu driu|c
or pcruittcd itt, ou t|c ot|cr sidc as a doorc iu to au old c|appcl uot uscd, or dcvotiou, t|c
pulpit as t|c sacst placc, as ucvcr autiug o a cold c|iuc o |ic pasty o vcuisou gauuou
o iacou or grcat applc pyc it| t|ic|c crust cxtrcauly |a|cd. iis ta|lc cost |iu uot uuc|
t|oug| it as vcry good to cat att, |is sports supplyiug all |ut |cc or uuttou, cxccpt lridaycs
|cu |c |ad t|c |cst sca hs| as cll as ot|cr hs| |c could gctt, aud as t|c day t|at |is ucig|-
|ors o |cst quality uost visitcd |iu. ic ucvcr autcd a loudou puddiug aud alais suug it iu,
it| uy part lycs t|crciu a, |c druu|c a glass or to o iuc at ucalcs vcry otcu sirrup o
gillynocr iu |is sac| aud |ad alais a tuuu glass it|out cct stood |y |iu |oldiug a piut o
suall |ccr |ic| |c otcu stircd it| a grcat sprig o loscuary. A. Coopcr, -
Ot|crs |clicvcd t|at oystcrs s|ould uot |c catcu iu uout|s it|out au 'r'
lt is uuscasoua|lc aud uu|olcsouc iu all uouct|cs, t|at |auc uot t|c lcttcr . iu t|cir uauc,
|ccausc it is t|cu vcucrious. iuttcs, sig. i )
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z
-
... JIII Is Js:.s A
z - - - iolivia ludcpcudcucc Day rou Spaiu, )
uatioual |oliday)
z - -B CoL, lC, Ort|.)
1r..s;r.:.... 1|is cast couucuoratcs t|c cvcut t|us dcscri|cd |y St Matt|c
P) 'Aud atcr six days |csus ta|ct| ictcr, |aucs, aud |o|u |is |rot|cr, aud |riugct|
t|cu up iuto au |ig| uouutaiu apart, Aud as traushgurcd |corc t|cu aud |is acc
did s|iuc as t|c suu, aud |is raiucut as |itc as t|c lig|t. Aud, |c|old, t|crc appcarcd
uuto t|cu Moscs aud Llias tal|iug it| |iu.' 1raditiou idcutihcd t|c uouutaiu it|
Mouut 1a|or. 1|c cast |as |ccu |cpt iu t|c Last siucc t|c ourt| or ht| ccutury,
Ort|odox tcac|iug, csta|lis|cd atcr coutrovcrsy iu t|c ourtccut| ccutury, idcutihcs
t|c Diviuc lig|t o Mouut 1a|or it| t|c uucrcatcd cucrgics o t|c God|cad, uaiu-
taius t|at t|is uot God's csscucc as iu t|c Vcst) is t|c o|jcct o t|c icatihc \isiou, aud
asscrts t|at a c iudividuals uay |c|old it iu t|cir lictiuc. lu t|c Vcst t|c cast,
t|oug| iucrcasiugly |uou iu t|c latcr Middlc Agcs, as uot uuivcrsal till iopc Callis-
tus lll, it|out adoptiug t|c Ort|odox doctriucs, iuposcd it iu displaciug iopc
Sixtus to Aug.) to couucuoratc t|c auuouuccucut iu louc ou August o
t|c C|ristiau victory ovcr t|c 1ur|s outsidc iclgradc ou |uly, |c dicd ou 1raus-
hguratiou Day iu .
l.aa| Valtou, |o ucvcr ailcd to rccogui.c au illustrious hs|cruau, o|scrvcd
|cu our |lcsscd Saviour cut up iuto t|c Mouut, |cu |c lct t|c rcst o |is Disciplcs aud
c|osc ouly t|rcc to |carc |iu coupauy at |is 1raushguratiou, . . . t|osc t|rcc crc all lis|crucu.
Aud it is |clicvcd, t|at all t|c ot|cr Apostlcs atcr t|cy |ctoo| t|cusclvcs to ollo C|rist, |c-
too| t|cusclvcs to |c lis|cr-ucu, |ut it is ccrtaiu t|at t|c grcatcr uuu|cr o t|cu crc ouud
togct|cr a hs|iug |y |csus atcr |is lcsurrcctiou, as is rccordcd iu t|c . C|aptcr o St. j.|.s
Gospcl. Valtou, )
lu Arucuia t|c 1raushguratiou is cclc|ratcd scvcu cc|s atcr icutccost, t|c ollo-
iug Mouday aud 1ucsday as \ardavar, losc Day, origiually iu |ouour o Aua|id, god-
dcss o lovc aud c|astity, |o as ocrcd a rosc aud a dovc, roscs aud dovcs still oru
part o \ardavar rituals. Vors|ippcrs spriu|lcd atcr ou ouc auot|cr, couucuoratiug
|aptisu.
3.r.s .. C|:| luss. Ort|., |uly OS), sous o St \ladiuir scc |uly), uurdcrcd iu
t|c act o praycr |y t|cir uuclc Svyatopol|.
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z
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... JII Is Js:.s i
z - iauc o |csus iCi), Sixtus ll aud coupauious lC), Gactauo o
1icuc lC)
N.o: .; j:ss. At Mar| aud at scvcral placcs iu Acts uiraclcs arc pcrorucd iu t|c
uauc o |csus, iu i|il. - St iaul says 'V|crcorc God also |at| |ig|ly cxaltcd
|iu, aud givcu |iu a uauc |ic| is a|ovc cvcry uauc 1|at at t|c uauc o |csus cvcry
|ucc s|ould |o, o t|iugs iu |cavcu, aud t|iugs iu cart|, aud t|iugs uudcr t|c cart|,
Aud t|at cvcry touguc s|ould coucss t|at |csus C|rist is lord, to t|c glory o God t|c
lat|cr.' 1|c cast o t|c iauc o |csus |as |ccu |cpt ou various days, August as t|c
datc iu t|c Saruu ritc aud rcuaius so iu t|c iCi, |ut souc Auglicau couuuuitics o|-
scrvc it ou |auuary iu placc o t|c Circuucisiou. lu it as couhrucd or t|c lrau-
ciscaus, |o |ad douc uuc| to advaucc t|is dcvotiou, ou |auuary, iu iopc
luuoccut Xlll prcscri|cd it or t|c cutirc lC C|urc|, |ut ou t|c sccoud Suuday atcr
Lpip|auy. iius X uovcd it to t|c Suuday |ctccu t|c Circuucisiou aud Lpip|auy or
|auuary i t|crc as uo suc| Suuday), it as supprcsscd iu .
`.::s II -), aud |is dcacous I:|...ss.os .. J..:s, uartyrcd it| |iu iu louc ou
August , t|c cast as trauscrrcd to t|c t| atcr t|c 1raushguratiou |ad |ccu
addcd to t|c calcudar.
C.::..., iu Luglis| souctiucs Cajctau -), sou o Gasparo, lord o 1icuc,
|ccauc |ulius ll's sccrctary aud papal protouotary, co-ouudcr it| Giaupictro Caraa
latcr iaul l\) o t|c 1|catiucs, uaucd atcr 1|catc C|icti), |crc Caraa as |is|op,
aud dcvotcd to pastoral or|, t|c Ordcr playcd au iuportaut part iu t|c Couutcr-
lcoruatiou. ic as cauoui.cd iu . Auoug |is dcvotccs as ioupilia Coupariui,
|osc uurdcr |y |cr |us|aud iu |auuary is t|c su|jcct o irouiug's 1|: .. ..
:|: 3..|, aud |o callcd |cr sou atcr |iu, as t|c poct couccivcs t|c uattcr, s|c rcnccts
t|at t|c |oy ill ucvcr |uo |is at|cr aud t|at s|c |crscl is uot |cr supposcd parcuts'
daug|tcr
1|at is |y souct|iug put it iu uy |cad
1o call t|c |oy 'Gactauo'-uo old uauc
lor sorro's sa|c, l loo|cd up to t|c s|y
Aud too| a uc saiut to |cgiu auc.
Ouc |o |as ouly |ccu uadc saiut-|o loug.
1cuty-hvc ycars so, carcullcr, pcr|aps,
1o guard a uaucsa|c t|au t|osc old saiuts gro,
1ircd out |y t|is tiuc,-scc uy ou hvc saiuts.
1|: .. .. :|: 3..|, vii. -
1|is Gactauo is to |c distiuguis|cd rou t|c Cardiual Cajctau or Gactauo -),
1|ouist t|cologiau aud gcucral o t|c Douiuicaus, |o as scut to dc|atc it|
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lut|cr at t|c Augs|urg Dict o , aud |o as said to |avc t|rcatcucd t|c suu it|
cxcouuuuicatiou i it did uot |riug uorc arut| to Gcruauy |ilc |c as t|crc.
J;r., said to |avc |ccu a rcorucd prostitutc uartyrcd uudcr Dioclctiau |y |uruiug at
t|c sta|c iu Augusta \iudclicoruu, uo Augs|urg, o |ic| s|c is t|c vcry popular
patrou togct|cr it| Llric| scc |uly), |cr rclics lic iu t|c Llric|suustcr. icruau-
uus Coutractus scc Scpt.) rotc au occ iu |cr |ouour, |cr story is told iu a vcry
accouplis|cd latiu pocu rittcu |y au Luglis| aut|or ...
z
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... JI Is Js:.s C
z - Douiuic CY, lC), orucrly |o|u Mary \iauucy scc Aug.)
L.o.... ..-), ouudcr o t|c Ordcr o lriars ircac|crs Douiuicau Ordcr).
ioru iu Calarucga iu Old Castilc, |c |ccauc au Augustiuiau. Lpou a uissiou to sout|-
cru lraucc, |c |cgau prcac|iug agaiust t|c Al|igcusiaus, scc|iug couvcrts it| uota|lc
succcss. iis Ordcr, ccutrcd iu 1oulousc, as ouudcd iu iuitatiou o t|c Apostlcs as
itiucraut prcac|crs, aud as ocially rccogui.cd iu . Douiuic also ouudcd uuu-
ucrics, iucludiug ouc iu louc, |crc too uauy uuus crc liviug at largc. iis ollocrs'
|a|it o travclliug iu groups to couvcrt t|c |crctics carucd t|cu t|c puuuiug uic|uauc
L.o... ...:s, 't|c |ouuds o t|c lord', t|is as latcr rciutcrprctcd |y t|cir cucuics as
ucauiug t|at t|cy attcudcd t|c dcat||cds o t|c grcat iu ordcr to sci.c t|cir calt|,
aud couvcrtcd |y t|cir ricuds iuto t|c story t|at |is uot|cr |uaua dc A.a |ad drcaut
|ilc prcguaut o a dog iu |cr ou| t|at |ro|c aay rou |cr it| a torc| t|at sct hrc
to t|c orld, ta|cu to portcud t|c |irt| o a grcat culig|tcucr |ut iccu|a's drcau o
|cariug a hrc|raud |ad orctold t|c dcstructiou o 1roy t|at cauc t|roug| |cr sou
iaris, atcr |ic| s|c as turucd iuto a dog). lcast-day orucrly August, iu Australia
it |as |ccu uovcd to t|c t| to accouuodatc t|c ilcsscd Mary Mciillop -),
|o ouudcd t|c Sistcrs o St |oscp| o t|c Sacrcd icart.
C,r... .; .o:, uartyrcd .. it| hvc coupauious so t|c Calcudar o ), latcr rit-
crs gavc dicrcut uuu|crs, aud t|c uaucs largus aud Suaragdus, |ut |c as also cultcd
|y |iuscl ou Marc|.
1|: I.r:::. H.|, H:|:rs or Auxiliary Saiuts, iuvo|cd |y particular groups or agaiust par-
ticular cvils Acacius |uuc |y soldicrs), iar|ara Dcc. agaiust lig|tuiug, hrc, cx-
plosiou, aud suddcu dcat|), ilaisc lc|. agaiust t|roat discasc), Cat|criuc iov.
|y p|ilosop|crs, studcuts, aud |cclrig|ts), C|ristop|cr |uly |y travcllcrs iu di
culty), Cyriac Mar., Aug., agaiust dcuouic posscssiou), Dcuys Oct. agaiust
|cadac|c aud ra|ics), Lrasuus |uuc agaiust colic aud craups), Lustacc Scpt. |y
|uutsucu), Gcorgc Apr. |y soldicrs), Gilcs Scpt. agaiust cpilcpsy, iusauity, aud
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stcrility), Margarct |uly agaiust posscssiou aud |y prcguaut oucu), iautalcou
|uly agaiust p|t|isis), aud \itus |uuc agaiust cpilcpsy aud |is 'daucc'). 1|c cult |c-
cauc idcly diuscd duriug t|c htccut| ccutury aud sprcad rou Gcruauy to iuu-
gary, ltaly, aud lraucc. At iau|crg t|cy |ad a liturgy ou t|c ourt| Saturday atcr
Lastcr. lu lraucc t|c iclpcrs arc htccu, iucludiug t|c i\M, ot|cr lists uay iucludc
Autouy, lcouard, iic|olas, loc|, Sc|astiau.
z
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... J Is Js:.s D
z - - - Siugaporc ludcpcudcucc Day rou Malaysia,
)
Sout| Arica iatioual Voucu's Day
z iu|lic sacrihcc ou t|c Quiriual to Sol ludigcs, au aucicut suu god,
...:s is variously cxplaiucd as a lcsscr, siuglc-uuctiou dcity, or a uativc god as opposcd
to au iuport. 1|c Quiriual is uo uost uota|lc or t|c sixtccut|-ccutury pala..o suc-
ccssivcly occupicd |y popcs, |iugs, aud prcsidcuts o t|c ltaliau lcpu|lic.
z - Matt|ias Ort|., scc lc|.), Mary Suuucr CY)
M.r, `o.:r -), ouudcr o t|c Mot|crs' Luiou. 1|c ic o a paris| rcctor,
s|c prcscutcd t|c idca o a uuiou o uot|crs, to ostcr uoral cducatiou iu t|c auily,
at a c|urc| cougrcss iu , aud sa |cr drcau dcvclop rou a dioccsau to au iutcr-
uatioual orgaui.atiou, iu |ic| s|c too| au activc part iuto |cr s.
lu ioray, t|is or t|c ucxt uig|t as said to |cgiu a scqucucc o 'rost-uig|ts' ;r.s:~
.::::r), |ic| arucd t|c arucr t|at iutcr as ou its ay, iu Solor - August crc
callcd |.r:.:.s.::::r, ilara t|) |ciug t|c orst.
z
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... IJ Is Js:.s L
z - - - Lcuador ludcpcudcucc Day rou Spaiu, )
LSA, Missouri Aduissiou Day t| statc, )
z - laurcucc CoL), lC), Matt|c Ort|., scc Scpt.)
-
L.r:..:, also spclt 'larcucc', iu latiu 'laurcutius' d. ), ouc o t|c scvcu dcacous
o louc, iustructcd |y t|c city prccct to surrcudcr t|c c|urc| trcasurcs, is said to |avc
asscu|lcd t|c |cggars |o cd o its c|arity iustcad, or t|is iusolcucc |c as scutcuccd
to dcat| |y grilliug ovcr a slo hrc, t|oug| latcr accouuts, hudiug t|is torturc iuadc-
quatc, |avc |iu hrst |ippcd it| scorpious, |catcu it| clu|s, aud scourgcd it|
lcad-hllcd |ips. iis acc appcarcd to |c surrouudcd it| a |cautiul lig|t, aud |is
|ody gavc o a scct sucll, atcr sucriug a loug tiuc, |c said it| a c|ccrul suilc
'1uru uc ovcr, ouc sidc is douc.' 1|c prccct gavc couuaud, |crcupou laurcucc iu-
vitcd |iu to tcst |ct|cr |c tastcd |cttcr coo|cd or ra. ic as |uricd iu louc at t|c
placc |crc t|c |asilica o Sau lorcu.o uori lc Mura, ou t|c \ia 1i|urtiua, stauds, |ut
|is grill is cx|i|itcd iu Sau lorcu.o iu luciua, o t|c Corso. St laurcucc is patrou saiut
o coo|s.
Grcgory Martiu, iu .o. s...:. ), tcstihcs to |is vcucratiou
l t|c uartyrdouc o t|is Saiutc as so glorious |ciug sotcly aud lcasurcly |roylcd ou a
gridyrou, as SS. Au|rosc, Austcu, lco, irudcutius, al autiquitic ua|ct| ucutiou) so glorious l
say, t|at louc iu t|c ucuoric aud |ouour t|cro |at| divcrsc C|urc|cs, ouc |crc |c surcd,
au ot|cr |crc |c as iuprisoucd, au ot|cr |crc part o t|c vcric gridyrou is yct to |c sccu
uudcr t|c |ig| aultar, aud ot|crs |ysidc |at s|al c t|iu|c o t|c |olcucssc o t|is C|urc|c
t|c priucipal o al t|c rcst, |crc t|c |odic it scl lict| t|at iudurcd t|osc torucutcs.
G. Martiu,
1|c icrscids, au auuual uctcor-s|ocr o|scrvcd at t|is tiuc pca|iug a|out t|c t|),
arc souctiucs callcd 'hcry tcars o St larcucc'
1|ursday, August . St. larcucc's Day. Mctcor Day
1ouig|t as t|c grcat August uctcor s|ocr aud Luclc Vill aud l cut up to t|c gatc to
atc| or t|c uctcors |ic| t|c lris| call 'St. larcucc's tcars'. iilvcrt, i.
Lr.| |.:.... iloug|pcuuy), |iug o Dcuuar| -, |o gaiucd |is uic|uauc |y
iuposiug a tax o ouc silvcr pcuuy pcr ploug| to huaucc a crusadc agaiust Lstouia,
|crc t|irtccut|-ccutury Dcuuar| |ad aspiratious o couqucst t|c uauc o t|c cap-
ital, 1alliuu, ucaus 'Dauc|urg'), |ut as uurdcrcd at t|c |c|cst o |is |rot|cr A|cl.
Dauis| arucrs uscd to prcdict t|c ort|couiug iutcr |y t|c cat|cr ou t|is day i
t|c suu s|ouc |rig|tly ou risiug, aud glocd |cu scttiug, t|crc ould |c prolougcd
rost. C. t|c \cuctiau sayiug quotcd uudcr |auuary.
z
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... III Is Js:.s l
z - - - C|ad ludcpcudcucc Day uatioual |oliday)
Ziu|a|c icrocs' Day
-
z - Clarc o Assisi CY, lC)
C|.r: .; Jss.s. ,-), ouudrcss o t|c ioor Clarcs. iaviug |ccu iuspircd |y t|c
prcac|iug o St lraucis, s|c dcsircd to |ccouc a lrauciscau |crscl, au ordcr or oucu
as ouudcd |ctccu aud . iot all ucu|crs is|cd to livc iu cxtrcuc povcrty,
so dicrcut rulcs crc aut|ori.cd, t|c uildcr 'Lr|auist' ouc prcvailcd uutil St Colcttc
Mar.) rcorucd t|c ordcr iu t|c htccut| ccutury. lu iius Xll uaucd Clarc
patrou saiut o tclcvisiou ritcrs, oiug to a visiou s|c |ad o a uatius scrvicc, cou-
plctc it| siugcrs aud orgau, |ic| s|c as too ill to attcud t|osc addictcd to soap op-
cras otcu claiu t|at t|cy |ccauc |oo|cd |ilc o sic|). Siucc s|c is said to |avc spcut
|cr tiuc |ilc ill iu cu|roidcriug liturgical vcstucuts, s|c is also patrou saiut o cu-
|roidcrcrs. lcast-day orucrly August.
August iu ic Zcalaud
L.:: h..::r `..
1|c c|ild |as ucvcr |ccu oldcr
t|au iu August
suo |lau|ctiug t|c couutrysidc
aud c ucvcr to |c youugcr
grcct t|c uisty uoruiug
suulig|t sprayiug iridcsccut uouutaius
across t|c la|c . . .
t|c |irc| trccs say
li|c rail dauccrs,
striugs o lig|t ucrgc
aud t|c violas o uig|t put dou t|cir |os
as cct uovc iu scarc| o |auds to clasp
aud l say
lcad uc uot iuto |ars| uiuistratious
o crucllcst spriug
or t|c clls o iucousola|lc days
|ut dou pat|ays lca-liucd to suuucr
iu t|c a|scucc o og,
laddcrs o raiu.
iriau 1urucr - )
z
-
r..: Is Js:.s G
z - - - 1|ailaud Quccu's iirt|day
z 1|crc as a sacrihcc ou t|is day to icrculcs luvictus 't|c lu-
viuci|lc') at t|c Ara Maxiua, t|c grcat altar ucar t|c Circus Maxiuus, iu uyt| it as
-
ar oldcr t|au louc itscl, |aviug |ccu iustitutcd atcr icrculcs |ad slaiu t|c |rigaud
Cacus, |o as ravagiug Lvaudcr's |iugdou ou t|c |au|s o t|c 1i|cr. Voucu crc
cxcludcd, cit|cr |ccausc Lvaudcr's uot|cr Carucutis |ad dccliucd |cr iuvitatiou, or
|ccausc, ravagcd it| t|irst atcr |is |attlc it| t|c hrc-|rcat|iug Cacus, |c as rcuscd
a driu| o atcr |y t|c ors|ippcrs o t|c ioua Dca, |o aduittcd uo uau to |cr prcs-
cucc. icrculcs as a uau's god, auous or |is |carty appctitcs, aud all t|c uorc popu-
lar or |aviug |ccu a uau |iuscl aud t|crcorc |uoiug |at rcal lic as li|c.
Mcrc|auts ocrcd tit|cs o t|cir prohts, gcucrals o t|cir |ooty, t|c procccds uay |avc
|ccu spcut ou a pu|lic cast, or uo part o auy |cast sacrihccd to icrculcs as allocd
to |c rcuovcd uucatcu, aud iu coutrast to ot|cr dcitics |c iuposcd uo rcstrictiou ou t|c
|iuds o ood aud driu| t|at uig|t |c ocrcd |iu.
z - lorucrly Clarc uo Aug.)
C|.r..s 1:|;:|. Opcuiug o t|c grousc scasou to Dcccu|cr). Au Aucricau visitor
rcportcd ou |is cxpcricucc iu
Do auy o uy rcadcrs |uo |y t|c iritis| iarliaucut iuvaria|ly adjourus just |corc t|c t|
o August. iccausc, i t|c scssiou coutiuucd |cyoud t|at datc, |ot| iouscs ould |c lct it|-
out a quoruu. . . . Ou t|c t| o August t|c s|ootiug scasou is iuauguratcd, aud or days, i uot
cc|s, prcvious t|c uiuds o a largc uass o t|c titlcd aud calt|y classcs arc occupicd, to t|c
cxclusiou o aluost cvcryt|iug clsc, iu prcparatiou or t|c uoors. My |ost rotc '1|is gauc-
|illiug is a sort o solcuu duty it| us squircs, c go t|roug| it iu t|c usual sad uauucr o
Luglis|ucu cujoyiug t|cusclvcs, iudccd, a rcal gauc-|ccpiug squirc, |o livcs or uot|iug clsc
aud t|crc arc uauy o t|is class), is ouc o t|c curious crcatious o uodcru civili.atiou.' . . .
Atcr a capital atcruoou's s|ootiug c agaiu asscu|lc at |al past six at a aru-yard, |crc
t|c carriagc is aitiug or us. As cac| party cauc iu t|c |ags crc cupticd, aud t|c rcsult o t|c
day's sport as sprcad out |corc us, t|c grousc |ciug placcd iu liucs o tcuty, it| t|c |arcs
aud suipc iu t|c rcar, aud suuuiug up as ollos grousc, scvcu |arcs, aud cig|t suipc.
|. G. Vilsou, ,
Jr:.:..: 3.,s .; L:rr, o.r.| iort|cru lrclaud). latc iu , |cu ruuours a|ouudcd
t|at all irotcstauts iu lrclaud ould |c uurdcrcd ou Dcccu|cr, |aucs ll, ou t|c poiut
o losiug |is Luglis| aud Scottis| t|roucs, scut a louau Cat|olic aruy to occupy t|c
irotcstaut city o loudoudcrry, t|irtccu apprcuticc |oys closcd t|c gatcs agaiust it. lu
t|c spriug aud suuucr o t|c city as |csicgcd |y lrcuc| aud lris| troops, t|c dc-
catist govcruor luudy, |o |ad attcuptcd to surrcudcr, is still rcvilcd auoug Luiou-
ists as t|c iucaruatiou o coardicc aud trcasou. 1|c sicgc as raiscd ou August OS,
|ic| iu ic Stylc as August iu , |ut t|c t| at t|c c|augc o calcudar, t|c
auuivcrsary |as rcuaiucd ou t|is datc. iocvcr, t|c grcatcr part o t|c city's popula-
tiou uo cousists o louau Cat|olics |o call it siuply Dcrry), alt|oug| t|c corpo-
ratiou loug rcuaiucd iu irotcstaut |auds, rcscutucut at t|csc couditious |roug|t
disordcrs to t|c city iu aud t|at iuduccd t|c govcruucut to scud iritis|
troops as protcctors o t|c louau Cat|olic aud iatioualist populatiou, a rolc too
paradoxical to |c loug sustaiucd.
-
z
-
Is Js:.: A
z 1|is as a uota|lc day or rcligious o|scrvauccs. 1|c c|ic cstiv-
ity as t|at o Diaua ou t|c Avcutiuc, t|is as traditioually t|c plc|ciaus' |ill, aciug
t|c uppcr-class ialatiuu across t|c Circus Maxiuus, t|oug| oucc t|c cupcrors |ad
ta|cu ovcr t|c ialatiuu or t|cusclvcs scc Apr.) t|c Avcutiuc |ccauc gcutrihcd.
1|c goddcss's tcuplc as said to |avc |ccu ouudcd iu t|c sixt| ccutury |y t|at grcat
ricud o t|c pcoplc iiug Scrvius 1ullius, |osc uot|cr |ad rcputcdly |ccu a slavc, t|c
tcuplc |ccauc au asyluu or ruuaay slavcs aud t|is day a |oliday or all slavcs o |ot|
scxcs. Voucu, |ot| slavc aud rcc, uadc a poiut o as|iug t|cir |air. Ot|cr sacrihccs
crc uadc to \crtuuuus au aucicut Ltruscau god associatcd |y t|c louaus it|
c|augc, cspccially o scasous), lortuua Lqucstris iu |ouour o a victory ou iu
|y a cavalry c|argc, uuusual iu louau ararc), icrculcs, Castor aud iollux, t|c
Caucuac goddcsscs o spriugs latcr idcutihcd it| t|c Muscs), aud llora.
z - |crcuy 1aylor CY), ioutiauus aud iippolytus lC)
j:r:o, 1.,|.r -), Auglicau c|aplaiu, iu uadc |is|op o Dou aud Couuor,
latcr also o Drouorc. iis dcvotioual trcatiscs arc still aduircd, |c also rotc au
Auglicau liturgy.
.: ..:...s, o |ou littlc is |uou, aud H..|,:s, t|c uost lcarucd c|urc|uau iu
t|c Vcst |corc Augustiuc, crc cxilcd iu to t|c Sardiuiau uiucs, |osc rigours, as
iutcudcd, crc to |ill t|cu. ioutiauus as or a tiuc cultcd ou iovcu|cr, iip-
polytus' Ort|odox day is |auuary. iippolytus, a pupil o lrcuacus scc |uuc), is
uost rcuoucd or |is :;:.:... .; J|| H:r:s.:s, aud or au Lastcr ta|lc purportiug to givc
t|c datc o Lastcr rou till . At t|c oot o t|c stairs to t|c \aticau li|rary is a
scatcd statuc, discovcrcd iu aud idcutihcd as iippolytus, a partial list o |is or|s
is iuscri|cd ou t|c |ac| o t|c c|air, t|c Lastcr ta|lc ou t|c sidcs. iis attac|s ou cou-
tcuporary popcs |avc causcd souc uodcru ritcrs to ua|c |iu t|c hrst autipopc.
C.ss... .; Io.|. .), uartyr. At t|cir cougrcss iu , ltaliau s|ort|aud-ritcrs rc-
qucstcd t|at |c |c uaucd t|cir patrou saiut, iius Xll o|ligcd iu au Apostolic lcttcr o
Dcccu|cr . Accordiug to |is lcgcud Cassiau as a sc|ooluastcr uartyrcd |cu
a judgc ordcrcd |is pupils to sta| |iu to dcat| it| t|cir irou pcus. 1o |uudrcd o
t|cu |appily joiucd iu, souc carviug lcttcrs iu |is s|iu, cvidcutly |c as uot a popular
tcac|cr.
.:.: ), ic o Clot|ar l, sou o Clovis, s|c ncd t|c court aud |ccauc a
dcacoucss, t|cu ouudcd a uuuucry iu ioiticrs, to |ic| iu t|c cupcror |ustiu ll
gavc a rclic o t|c Cross, t|is iuspircd \cuautius lortuuatus, |o |ad t|c curc o souls
iu |cr couuuuity, to couposc |is to auous |yuus scc Dcc.).
-
ladcguudc, |osc |us|aud as uotoriously uuait|ul, as t|c saiut o c|oicc or
t|osc aictcd it| t|c pox, ouc Luglis| rcucdy or a ouau so stric|cu, atcr appli-
catiou o t|c s|iu o a |lac| lau|, as t|at |cr |s|.. ua|c a pilgriuagc to St ladc-
guudc
Y a ouau |auc t|c hual poc|cs, it |c|ouct| t|at |cr |us|audc |yc |cr a |lac|c lau|c o t|c
sauc ycrc, aud atcr |yudc |cr iu t|c s|yuuc, aud t|cu lct |yu ua|c |ys pylgryuagc aud o
ryugc to sayut Arragoudc, aud or a trout|c s|c s|all |clc. C.s:||:s .; L,s:.:s ), sig. L
v
lu ira.il t|is day, s|ould it all ou a lriday, is cvcu uorc uuluc|y t|au auy ot|cr lriday
t|c t|irtccut|, siucc ..s:. so spclt) r|yucs it| :s.s:. 'sorro').
z
-
... XIX I.|:..s `:::o|r:s i
z - - - ia|istau ludcpcudcucc Day )
z -
M.:.o.|... I.||: -), lrauciscau pricst. ioru ucar d., |c |ccauc a lraucis-
cau iu , latcr studyiug iu louc. iaviug coutractcd tu|crculosis soou atcr |is or-
diuatiou, |c rcturucd to iolaud, |crc |c taug|t iu a scuiuary. Lpou rccovcriug rou
auot|cr scrious attac| o tu|crculosis, |c |roug|t out a C|ristiau uaga.iuc t|at |ccauc
|ig|ly succcssul aud cxpaudcd to daily aud cc|ly ucspapcrs. lu t|c ucau tiuc a
lrauciscau couuuuity |ad |ccu crcatcd arouud t|csc pu|lis|iug activitics, at iicpo-
|alau ucar Varsa. ic ouudcd a siuilar couuuuity iu |apau, |ut rcturucd to |cad
t|c iolis| couuuuity iu . Lpou t|c Gcruau iuvasiou iu , Maxiuiliau aud |is
ollocrs crc hrst arrcstcd aud iutcrucd, |ut t|cu rclcascd, t|cir couuuuity |ccauc a
placc o rcugc or |ot| iolcs aud |cs. iut t|c pu|lis|iug activitics |ccauc too dau-
gcrous or t|c ia.is to iguorc, aud Maxiuiliau aud our ot|crs crc rcarrcstcd aud scut
to Ausc|it. iu May . V|cu, |ccausc o au cscapc attcupt, ouc ucu|cr o |is |ar-
rac|s as sclcctcd to |c starvcd as puuis|ucut, Maxiuiliau ocrcd |iuscl iu |is placc,
|c survivcd or to cc|s iu a ccll o t|c dcat| c|au|cr, |cu |c as |illcd |y iujcc-
tiou. At |is cauoui.atiou |y |o|u iaul ll iu , t|c uau |osc lic |c |ad savcd as
prcscut. CY |as addcd a couucuoratiou ou t|is day.
Ls:|.s .; .o:, a hcrcc oppoucut o Ariauisu c|aupioucd |y |is uaucsa|cs o
Cacsarca aud iicoucdia), put uudcr |ousc arrcst |y t|c cupcror Coustautius ll
lcgcud iuprovcd t|is to uartyrdou). ic ouudcd a c|urc| |uou as t|c L.o....o
Ls:|.., 'iropcrty o Lusc|ius', t|c tcru, aud iustitutiou, o .o....o|clougs ouly to t|c
carlicst ccuturics o Coutiucutal C|ristiauity, |ut survivcd lougcr iu lrclaud as .o|...|.
-
1|c Guild o t|c Assuuptiou iu Dicppc iustitutcd a ccrcuouy ou t|is day iu to
couucuoratc t|c hual cxpulsiou o t|c Luglis|. A girl 'o t|c uost cxcuplary c|arac-
tcr' as clcctcd to rcprcscut t|c \irgiu Mary, a ucu|cr o t|c clcrgy to |c St ictcr, aud
clcvcu o t|c laity to |c t|c ot|cr apostlcs. Ou t|c uoruiug o t|c t| t|c \irgiu as
carricd to t|c c|urc| o St |acqucs, to |ic| a grcat proccssiou as uadc, 'urt|cr aug-
ucutcd |y uuu|crs o t|c yout| o cit|cr scx, |o assuucd t|c gar| aud attri|utcs o
t|cir patrou saiuts',
|crc 1: L:o as suug |y t|c ull c|oir, iu couucuoratiou o t|c victory ovcr t|c Luglis|,
aud |ig| uass as pcrorucd, aud t|c Sacraucut aduiuistcrcd to t|c |olc party. Duriug t|c
scrvicc, a sccuic rcprcscutatiou as givcu o t|c Assuuptiou o t|c \irgiu. A scaoldiug as
raiscd, rcac|iug ucarly to t|c top o t|c douc, aud supportiug au a.urc cauopy iutcudcd to
cuulatc t|c 'spauglcd vault o |cavcu', aud a|out to cct |clo t|c suuuit o it appcarcd,
scatcd ou a splcudid t|rouc, au old uau as t|c iuagc o t|c lat|cr Aluig|ty, a rcprcscutatiou
cqually a|surd aud iupious, aud |ic| could |c tolcratcd ouly |y t|c votarics o t|c |lastcd
supcrstitious o popcry. Ou cit|cr sidc our pastc|oard augcls o t|c si.c o ucu noatcd iu t|c
air, aud nappcd t|cir iugs iu cadcucc to t|c souuds o t|c orgau, |ilc a|ovc as suspcudcd a
largc triauglc, at |osc corucrs crc placcd t|rcc suallcr augcls, |o, at t|c iutcruissiou o cac|
occ, pcrorucd upou a sct o littlc |clls t|c |yuu o 'J: M.r.. r.:.. L:. |:.. :r s:.|.', ~c.
accoupauicd |y a largcr augcl ou cac| sidc it| a truupct. . . . At t|c couucuccucut o t|c
uass, to o t|c augcls |y t|c sidc o t|c Aluig|ty dcsccudcd to t|c oot o t|c altar, aud,
placiug t|cusclvcs |y t|c tou|, iu |ic| a pastc|oard hgurc o t|c \irgiu |ad |ccu su|stitutcd
or |cr liviug rcprcscutativc, gcutly raiscd it to t|c cct o t|c lat|cr. 1|c iuagc, as it uouutcd,
rou tiuc to tiuc litcd its |cad aud cxtcudcd its arus, as i couscious o t|c approac|iug
|catitudc, t|cu, atcr |aviug rcccivcd t|c |cucdictiou aud |ccu cucirclcd |y auot|cr augcl it| a
crou o glory, it gradually disappcarcd |c|iud t|c clouds. At t|is iustaut a |uoou, |o all t|c
tiuc |ad |ccu playiug |is autics |clo, |urst iuto au cxtravagaut ht o joy, at ouc uoucut
clappiug |is |auds uost violcutly, at t|c ucxt strctc|iug |iuscl out as i dcad. liually, |c rau
up to t|c cct o t|c old uau, aud |id |iuscl uudcr |is lcgs, so as to s|c ouly |is |cad. 1|c
pcoplc callcd |iu Cr.o.|., au appcllatiou t|at appcars to |avc |clougcd to |iu |y usagc.
D. 1urucr, - )
z
-
... XJIII I.|:..s `:::o|r:s C
I; :|: s. s|..: .. :|: :|, .: .s . .. :.|:. .; . o.| ..::r.
z - - - Cougo iatioual Day
ludia ludcpcudcucc Day )
licc|tcustciu iatioual Day
Sout| iorca li|cratiou Day rou |apau, ) uatioual day)
LSA, iaaii lloatiug lautcru Ccrcuouy 1oro iagas|i) iudd|ist ccrcuouy iu
iouolulu, couucuoratiug t|c cud o t|c Sccoud Vorld Var, lautcrus |cariug
t|c uauc o t|c dcad arc lit aud sct anoat)
\aticau City Assuuptiou Day
-
ili t|c iriuccss loyal |oru , t|c Luiou nag is nou
z - -- -- lC), --
CY), - Ort|.)
Jsso:... .; 3JM Vcst),Doruitiou o 1|coto|os Ort|.), iu lris| 't|c lcast o
Mary iu iarvcst', L I|.|: M.r: s.. ||I|o|.r. 1|c lC |clic t|at Mary as |odily
assuucd iuto |cavcu, t|oug| loug au articlc o ait|, did uot |ccouc dogua uutil ,
|cu iius Xll issucd t|c |ull M..;.:.:.ss.os L:s. 1|is is t|c uajor cast o Mary, aud
t|c titular cast o all c|urc|cs t|at |car |cr uauc uulcss auot|cr cast is dcsiguatcd. As
t|c Assuuptiou is couuouly dcpictcd it| Mary asccudiug t|roug| t|c clouds, s|c is
t|c appropriatc patrou o aircrat pilots aud crc, s|c as so dcsiguatcd or lraucc iu
. 1|c Ort|odox, |ilc uot dcuyiug t|c doctriuc, |avc uot uadc it a dogua, aud
rctaiu t|c oldcr uauc o 'lalliug Aslccp', iu latiu L.ro.:.., iu Grcc| I.o: s.s, rou t|c
lussiau cquivalcut, bs..:, coucs t|c uauc o t|c grcat irculiu cat|cdral, t|c bs.s|..
s.|r.
lorucrly ou t|is day, oucu crc aduittcd to t|c Sistiuc C|apcl |ctccu hrst aud
sccoud vcspcrs, |ciug cxcludcd or t|c rcst o t|c ycar lcst t|cy s|ould distur| dcvo-
tious it| t|cir uoisc. 1|c siugcrs rcuaiucd iu t|c c|apcl |crcvcr t|c iopc uig|t |c,
i uo ouc clsc as prcscut to cclc|ratc uass, ouc o t|cir uuu|cr did so.
lu Arucuia t|c cast is cclc|ratcd ou t|c ucarcst Suuday, till |cu uo ouc uay cat
grapcs, ou t|at day a tray hllcd it| t|cu is |lcsscd iu c|urc| aud distri|utcd atcr t|c
scrvicc. Voucu callcd Mary cutcrtaiu t|cir ricuds. iartics arc |cld iu viucyards.
iaogcorgus ou t|c Assuuptiou, it| souc disapproviug ords ou rus|-|cariug
1|c |lcsscd virgiu Marics cast, |at| |crc |is placc aud tiuc,
V|crciu dcpartiug rou t|c cart|, s|c did t|c |cavcus cliuc
Grcat |uudcls t|cu o |car|cs to C|urc|, t|c pcoplc ast doc |carc,
1|c |ic| agaiust all |urtull t|iugs, t|c iricst dot| |allo t|carc.
1|us |iudlc t|cy aud uouris| still, t|c pcoplcs ic|cducssc,
Aud vaiucly ua|c t|cu to |clccvc, |atsocvcr t|cy cxprcssc
lor suudric itc|crats, |y t|csc |car|cs arc roug|t, aud divcrs c|arucs,
Aud cast iuto t|c hrc, arc t|oug|t to drivc aay all |arucs,
Aud cvcr paiucull gricc rou uau, or |cast or to cxpcll,
larrc ot|crisc t|au uaturc, or t|c ordc o God dot| tcll.
iaogcorgus, o.
A uiustrcls' court too| placc iu 1ut|ury, Stas. 1|c |iug o t|c uiustrcls as ap-
poiutcd |y uiustrcls' jurics rou Staords|irc, Dcr|ys|irc, iottiug|aus|irc, lciccs-
tcrs|irc, aud Varic|s|irc. irocccdiugs |cgau it| a spccc| ou t|c civili.iug pocr o
uusic aud cudcd it| t|c uiustrcls attcuptiug to cut a piccc o s|iu o a |ull s|oru
o |is |oru-tips, cars, aud tail, sucarcd it| soap, aud rouscd it| podcr |lou iuto
its uosc, i t|c s|iu as cut t|c |ull |clougcd to t|c |iug o t|c uiustrcls, |ut i it cs-
capcd ovcr t|c livcr Dovc iuto Dcr|ys|irc it rcvcrtcd to t|c lord irior. 1|c 1ut|ury
rcvcls 'crc cutircly a|olis|cd |y t|c Du|c o Dcvous|irc iu t|c ycar , at t|c rcqucst
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o t|c iu|a|itauts o t|at villagc, oiug to t|c outragcs usually couuittcd ou t|csc
occasious' uot t|osc agaiust t|c |ull).
z
-
... XJII I.|:..s `:::o|r:s D
z - - - Sicua ll ialio. Startiug it| t|c |lcssiug o t|c
ialio a staudard |cariug t|c iuagc o t|c Madouua dcl \oto), t|c day coutiuucs
it| a colourul ucdicval proccssiou caturiug staudard-|carcrs tirliug |auucrs
aud culuiuatcs iu a sit aud daugcrous |orsc-racc iu t|c Caupo iu |ic| tcu o
Sicua's scvcutccu ...:r.:, drau |y lots, ta|c part, t|c iuucr claiuiug t|c ialio
or |is ...:r.. or t|c couiug ycar. A sccoud racc, or t|c ialio o t|c Madouua
di irovcu.auo, ta|cs placc ou |uly.
LSA, \cruout icuuiugtou iattlc Day ) lcgal |oliday)
z - Stcp|cu o iuugary lC), orucrly |oac|iu lC -, uo it|
St Auuc ou |uly), 1rauslatiou o Ac|ciropoictos lcou o C|rist rou Ldcssa to
Coustautiuoplc iu Ort|.)
`::|:. .; H..r,. Dicd August , |ut t|c t| as ot|crisc spo|cu or. Scc
August, t|c datc o |is |urial.
1r..s|.:... .; J.|:.r...: :.s I.... 1|c lcttcr t|at |csus |ad supposcdly scut to A|gar \ at
Ldcssa scc Aug.) acquircd as a coupauiou-piccc a portrait paiutcd |y t|c |iug's
ucsscugcr Auauias iauuau), |ut iu t|c latc sixt| ccutury t|c local |is|op Luagrius,
dcscri|iug t|c icrsiau sicgc o , dcclarcd t|at t|c hrc it| |ic| t|c sicgc-tocr |ad
|ccu dcstroycd ould uot ta|c uutil t|c dccudcrs iutroduccd iuto t|cir uiuc t|c iuagc
'uot uadc |y |auds' ..|:.r...: :.s) t|at C|rist |ad produccd or A|gar |y iuprcssiug ou
|is acc t|c liucu garucut o a paiutcr |o could uot loo| upou t|c radiaucc o |is
glory. Coutcuporary rcports o t|c sicgc |uo uot|iug o t|is iuagc or t|is uiraclc,
it is suggcstivc t|at iu au 'uuuauuacturcd' iuagc, rcputcdly vouc|sacd to a Cap-
padociau pagau callcd iypatia illiug to |clicvc ouly |at s|c could scc, |ad |ccu
ta|cu to Coustautiuoplc aud |ccouc a talisuau or t|c iupcrial aruy. Vit|iu a c
ycars, Ldcssa |ad uot ouly its ou uiraclc-story |ut au actual iuagc, ou a clot| |uou
as t|c o..: |... otcu uisspclt o..,|...), cx|i|itcd ou uajor cstivals aud a|ovc all
Lastcr Day, |cu t|c cyc o ait| could disccru C|rist appcariug to gro rou c|ild-
|ood to uaturity. 1|c city, capturcd |y icrsiau orccs iu , as rcta|cu |y t|c
Lupcror icraclius |ut cll to t|c Muslius iu . lu t|c cupcror louauus
lccapcuus, |aviug rccovcrcd t|c icou or , l|. o silvcr, trauslatcd it to Coustau-
tiuoplc, t|c cutcrprisc ailcd to savc |iu rou ovcrt|ro a c uout|s latcr |y Cou-
stautiuc \ll, |osc t|rouc |c |ad usurpcd.
-
lrou t|is tiuc ouards aud uot |corc) t|c o..: |... |ccoucs a stoc| iuagc o
iy.autiuc art, t|c trauslatiou |as |ccu au iuportaut cstival siucc its hrst auuivcrsary iu
, |cu Coustautiuc rcad a ucly couposcd N.rr.:.: .; :|: `..r: I... .; j:ss `:.: :.
J|.r. lu t|is t|c iuagc is said to |avc |ccu loug orgottcu uutil, duriug t|c sicgc o ,
its cxistcucc as rcvcalcd iu a visiou |y a statcly ouau to 'iis|op Lulalius' a politic-
ally corrcct su|stitutiou or t|c Mouop|ysitc |aco| iaradacus), t|c cualc clcucut as
uc iu t|is lcgcud, t|oug| prouiucut it| ot|cr suc| iuagcs scc lc|.). 1|c
Ldcsscuc icou appcars to |avc |ccu sold |y t|c latiu cupcror o Coustautiuoplc iald-
iu ll to louis lX o lraucc iu t|c s aud |ccu lost iu t|c dispcrsal o t|c Saiutc-
C|apcllc rclics at t|c lcvolutiou, c arc t|crcorc uua|lc to datc t|c portrait accordiug
to its artistic stylc, or its purportcd copics cx|i|it uo ouc cousistcut stylc, |ut rat|cr
t|at currcut |cu t|cy crc uadc.
..| or loc| locco iu ltaliau) ..-.), |cruit. O lrcuc| origiu, |c coutractcd
t|c plaguc at iiaccu.a ou |is rcturu rou a pilgriuagc to louc, a dog is supposcd to
|avc |roug|t |iu ood iu t|c orcst, aud |c rccovcrcd-|cucc t|c cxprcssiou 'St loc|
aud |is dog', said o iuscpara|lc coupauious. ic t|cu |ccauc rcuoucd or curiug vic-
tius o t|c plaguc, displaciug Sc|astiau as t|c avourcd iutcrccssor. iut iu uou-plaguc
ycars sucrcrs rou all |iuds o s|iu discascs iuvo|cd |iu
loo|c |calct| s|a||cs aud uauugiucs, it| poc|cs aud s|urc aud s|all,
Aud coolct| ragiug Car|uuclcs, aud |ylcs aud |otc|cs all.
iaogcorgus, o.
loc|'s popularity datcs ouly rou t|c sccoud |al o t|c htccut| ccutury, pcr|aps iu
rclatiou to t|c plaguc cpidcuics o -, lrauccsco Dicdo, t|c \cuctiau govcruor o
ircscia, rotc a |iograp|y o |iu iu . loc| sccus to |avc |ad particular appcal to
couratcruitics iu uort|cru ltaly. iis supposcd rclics crc trauscrrcd to \cuicc iu ,
aud t|c story o |is lic told iu t|c spcctacular cyclc o paiutiugs |y 1iutorctto iu t|c
Scuola Graudc di Sau locco.
z
-
... XJI I.|:..s `:::o|r:s L
z - - - Ga|ou lcpu|lic iatioual Day iudcpcudcucc
rou lraucc, )
ludoucsia ludcpcudcucc Day rou t|c ict|crlauds, )
z 1|is as t|c day o t|c iortuualia, iu |ouour o t|c |ar|our god
iortuuus, |c sccus to |avc origiually |ccu a door god, aud is portraycd it| a |cy. iis
tcuplc ucar t|c ious Acuilius still survivcs, iu aucicut tiucs hs| aud nocrs crc sold
ucar|y. Lutil t|is as also |cpt as t|c dcdicatiou day o |auus' tcuplc |y t|c
t|catrc o Marccllus scc Oct.).
-
z -
H,....:| -), 't|c Apostlc o iolaud'. ioru iu Silcsia, |c as ouc o t|c carlicst
Douiuicaus, couhrucd |y St Douiuic |iuscl. luuoccut Xl uaucd |iu ouc o t|c
patrous o lit|uauia iu .
A |aud o gypsics arrivcs iu iaris ou t|is day iu
Ou t|c Suuday atcr uid-August day, August t| , tclvc pcuitcuts as t|cy callcd t|cu-
sclvcs cauc to iaris-ouc du|c, ouc couut, aud tcu ot|cr ucu, all ou |orsc|ac|. 1|cy said t|at
t|cy crc good C|ristiaus, t|cy cauc rou locr Lgypt. Also t|cy said t|at t|cy |ad |ccu
C|ristiaus orucrly, it as uot loug siucc t|c C|ristiaus |ad couqucrcd t|cu aud t|cir |olc
couutry aud coupcllcd t|cu all to |ccouc C|ristiaus or |c |illcd. . . . Aud, t|cy said, souc tiuc
atcr t|cy |ad rcccivcd t|c C|ristiau ait|, t|c Saraccus uadc ar upou t|cu. As t|cy crc |ut
ca| iu our ait|, t|cy . . . |ccauc Saraccus agaiu, aud dcuicd Our lord. V|at |appcucd ucxt
as t|at ccrtaiu C|ristiau lords-t|c Lupcror o Gcruauy, t|c iiug o iolaud, aud ot|crs-
|card t|at t|cy |ad t|us alscly aud casily a|audoucd our ait|, so soou turuiug Saraccus aud
idolatcrs agaiu, aud uadc ar upou t|cu. 1|cy yicldcd vcry soou, as i t|cy supposcd t|at t|cy
ould agaiu |c lct iu t|cir ou couutry as loug as t|cy |ccauc C|ristiaus. iut t|c Lupcror aud
t|c ot|cr lords, atcr uuc| dcli|cratiou, said t|at t|cy s|ould ucvcr |old laud iu t|cir couutry
it|out t|c iopc's couscut aud t|at t|cy uust go to louc, to t|c ioly lat|cr. 1|crc t|cy all
cut, old aud youug, aud a |ard jourucy it as or t|c c|ildrcu. V|cu t|cy got t|crc t|cy uadc
gcucral coucssiou o t|cir sius. 1|c iopc, |aviug |card t|cir coucssiou, atcr uuc| t|oug|t aud
cousultatiou iuposcd ou t|cu t|is pcuaucc t|at or scvcu ycars t|cy s|ould go to aud ro a|out
t|c orld it|out cvcr slccpiug iu a |cd. ic also ordcrcd, it as said, t|at so as to providc souc
ucaus or t|cu cvcry |is|op aud cvcry a||ot |o |orc a crosicr s|ould givc t|cu, oucc,
tcu pouuds :.r...s. ic gavc t|cu lcttcrs a|out t|is addrcsscd to t|c prclatcs o t|c c|urc|,
|lcsscd t|cu, aud so t|cy dcpartcd. 1|cy |ad |ccu audcriug or hvc ycars |corc t|cy cauc to
iaris . . .
1|crc crc uot uorc t|au a |uudrcd o t|cu altogct|cr, or six scorc or so, ucu, oucu, aud
c|ildrcu. V|cu t|cy lct t|cir ou laud t|crc |ad |ccu tcu or tclvc |uudrcd o t|cu, |ut t|c
ot|crs |ad dicd ou t|c ay, also t|cir |iug aud t|cir quccu. 1|c survivors still |opcd or orldly
posscssious, siucc t|c ioly lat|cr |ad prouiscd t|cu t|at |c ould givc t|cu a good aud cr-
tilc laud to livc iu |cu oucc t|cy s|ould siuccrcly |avc couplctcd t|cir pcuaucc. You ucvcr sa
grcatcr crods goiug to t|c lcudit |cucdictiou t|au cut noc|iug to la C|appcllc to scc t|cu
|ilc t|cy crc t|crc. icoplc cut rou iaris, rou St. Dcuis, aud rou all arouud t|c city. Aud,
iudccd, t|cir c|ildrcu crc vcry, vcry clcvcr, |ot| t|c girls aud t|c |oys. Most o t|cu-aluost
all o t|cu-|ad t|cir cars picrccd aud orc a silvcr riug iu cac| car, or to riugs iu cac|. 1|is,
t|cy said, as uar| o good |irt| iu t|cir couutry. 1|c ucu crc vcry dar|, it| curly |air, t|c
oucu crc t|c uglicst you cvcr sa aud t|c dar|cst, all it| scarrcd accs aud |air as |lac| as
a |orsc's tail. 1|cy |ad uo drcsscs |ut au old coarsc piccc o |lau|ct ticd ou t|c s|ouldcr it|
a |it o clot| or striug, uudcr t|is all t|cir covcriug as a rctc|cd suoc| or s|it. lu s|ort, t|cy
crc t|c poorcst crcaturcs t|at auyouc |ad cvcr sccu couc iuto lraucc. iut iu spitc o t|cir
povcrty t|cy |ad sorccrcsscs auoug t|cu |o loo|cd at pcoplc's |auds aud told t|cu |at |ad
|appcucd to t|cu or |at ould |appcu. 1|cy |roug|t trou|lc iuto uauy uarriagcs, or t|cy
ould say to t|c |us|aud, 'Your ic |as cuc|oldcd you', or to t|c ic, 'Your |us|aud |as dc-
ccivcd you'. V|at as orsc, it as said t|at |cu t|cy tal|cd to pcoplc t|cy coutrivcd-cit|cr
|y uagic arts or |y ot|cr ucaus, or |y t|c dcvil's |clp or |y t|cir ou s|ill aud cuuuiug-to
ua|c uoucy no out o ot|cr pcoplc's purscs iuto t|cir ou. l uust say l cut t|crc t|rcc or
our tiucs to tal| to t|cu aud could ucvcr scc t|at l lost a pcuuy, uor did l scc t|cu loo|iug
-
iuto auyouc's |auds, |ut cvcryouc said t|cy did. Vord o t|is cauc to t|c iis|op o iaris, aud
|c cut to scc t|cu, ta|iug it| |iu a Miuoritc callcd t|c littlc |aco|iu |o, at t|c |is|op's
ordcr, prcac|cd au cxccllcut scruou, cxcouuuuicatiug all t|c ucu aud oucu |o |ad douc
t|is aud |o |ad |clicvcd t|cir claius aud |ad |ad t|cir |auds loo|cd at. 1|cy |ad to go, aud
so ou lady Day iu Scptcu|cr t|cy dcpartcd aud sct o or ioutoisc. iourgcois, -
z
-
... XJ I.|:..s `:::o|r:s l
z -
J..:s, t|ird-ccutury uartyr at iracucstc ialcstriua), ovcr |osc tou| at lc
Quadrcllc a |asilica as |uilt, it as rcstorcd |y iopc lco lll -) aud cxcavatcd
iu .
H:|:.., uot|cr o Coustautiuc ..-..). At t|c agc o a|out s|c uadc a pil-
griuagc to t|c ioly laud, ouudiug |asilicas ou t|c Mouut o Olivcs aud at ict|lc-
|cu. lrou t|c latc ourt| ccutury s|c is crcditcd it| discovcriug t|c crosscs ou |ic|
|csus aud t|c Good aud iad 1|icvcs crc crucihcd scc May, Scpt.). iccausc o
t|is, St iclcua as t|oug|t ccacious iu discovcriug t|icvcs.
z
-
... XIJ I.|:..s `:::o|r:s G
z - - - Ag|auistau ludcpcudcucc Day 1rcaty o
laalpiudi, )
z At louc t|is as t|c sccoud or rustic \iualia, iutcudcd to sccurc
|upitcr's protcctiou or t|c groiug viucs, |ouscs aud gardcus crc dcdicatcd to \cuus,
aud |itc|cu gardcucrs |ad t|c day o. lt as also t|c dcdicatiou-day o t|c tcuplc o
\cuus li|itiua, t|c |cadquartcrs o t|c louau uudcrta|crs, ou t|c Lsquiliuc, |ic|
as t|c poor pcoplc's |urial-grouud, aud |auut o uudcsira|lcs, uutil it as clcauscd |y
Macccuas.
z - |o|u Ludcs lC)
j.|. L:s -), lrcuc| uissioucr aud ouudcr o to ordcrs t|c Ordcr o our
lady o C|arity ) to carc or allcu oucu, aud t|c Cougrcgatiou o |csus aud
-
Mary ), uo uaiuly couccrucd it| sccoudary cducatiou. ic as particularly dc-
votcd to t|c Sacrcd icart o |csus.
`:|.| .t| c.), patrou saiut o iurcu|crg. iis lic is quitc o|scurc, |ut |is atcrlic
uaguihccut t|c Sc|aldus|irc|c iu iurcu|crg, |uilt |ctccu aud , |ouscs |is
rclics iu a auous s|riuc |y ictcr \isc|cr, |c as cauoui.cd |y Martiu \ iu at t|c
city's rcqucst. lcgcuds a|ouud, t|c uost c|aruiug |as |iu couusclliug a pcasaut
ouau to t|ro iciclcs iu t|c hrc |ccausc t|crc as uo ucl. Ouc uay t|us iuvo|c |iu
duriug cold spclls.
L..s .; 1.|.s: -), graud-ucp|c o St louis Aug.) aud sou o C|arlcs ll
o Aujou, |o iu|critcd t|c t|rouc o iaplcs as a prisoucr iu Aragou aud or |ou
|c scrvcd as a |ostagc rou to . lu |c rcuouuccd |is rig|t o succcssiou,
|ccauc a pricst, joiucd t|c lrauciscau ordcr, aud as cousccratcd arc||is|op o
1oulousc, |ut dicd ouly cig|t uout|s latcr, iu |c as cauoui.cd iu |is uot|cr's
prcscucc. ic appcars rcqucutly iu lcuaissaucc paiutiugs, as a youug |is|op.
louudatiou o St lsaac's Cat|cdral, St ictcrs|urg, iu OS)
l au just rcturucd rou itucssiug t|c ccrcuouy o t|c Luprcss's layiug t|c ouudatiou-stouc
o a c|urc| dcdicatcd to St. lsaac, aud |ic| is iutcudcd to |c t|c largcst iu St. ictcrs|urg|. St.
lsaac is |cld iu cstccu |y t|c lussiaus, uot so uuc| or auy distiuguis|cd c|aractcr o |is ou,
as t|at t|c day cousccratcd to |iu May as t|c |irt|-day o ictcr t|c Grcat. As t|c lus-
siaus apprc|cud t|at cvcry day o t|c ycar is cousccratcd to souc particular Saiut, t|cy arc cou-
viuccd t|at cvcry iudividual is uudcr t|c pcculiar protcctiou o t|at |oly pcrsou, ou |osc day
|c |appcucd to |avc |ccu |oru, aud all o t|cu carry a|out t|cu a suall uctal iuagc o t|cir
tutclary Saiut. icrcdotus, i l rig|tly rccollcct, givcs a siuilar accouut o t|c Lgyptiaus. ic tclls
us, t|at t|cy |clicvcd cvcry day sacrcd to souc particular God, t|at t|cy crc uudcr t|c pcculiar
protcctiou o t|at diviuity ou |osc day t|cy crc |oru, aud t|at t|cy rcudcrcd |iu particular
|ouagc. So uuc| ali|c arc all supcrstitious. V. lic|ardsou, -
St lsaac orctold t|c douall o t|c Ariau cupcror \alcus, |illcd iu t|c grcat Got|ic
victory o Adriauoplc Aug. ).
z
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... XIII I.|:..s `:::o|r:s A
z - - - iuugary St Stcp|cu's Day uatioual day, scc
also Mar., Oct.)
z - icruard o Clairvaux CY, lC)
3:r..r -), a||ot o Clairvaux. iaviug iu rcvivcd t|c Cistcrciau ordcr |y
|riugiug t|irty ollocrs to Ctcaux scc Apr.), t|rcc ycars latcr |c ouudcd a uc
uouastcry at Clairvaux, |ic| uudcr |is lcadcrs|ip playcd a uajor part iu t|c ordcr as
a |olc. St icruard as |ig|ly iunucutial iu pu|lic aairs, o|taiuiug rccoguitiou or t|c
-
iuig|ts 1cuplar |osc rulcs |c as said to |avc dratcd), |clpiug iopc luuoccut ll to
triuup| ovcr t|c autipopc Auaclctus, aud prcac|iug t|c Sccoud Crusadc, |cu t|is
cudcd iu disastcr, |c |laucd t|c crusadcrs or t|cir littlc ait|. iis uauy ritiugs iu-
cludc scruous ou t|c Soug o Sougs, |c as a .calous oppoucut o |crctics iucludiug
A|clard), |ut uuli|c uost coutcuporarics |c opposcd pcrsccutiou o |cs. ic as
cauoui.cd iu , iu iius \lll crcatcd |iu a Doctor o t|c C|urc|. ic is patrou
saiut o Sc|orga liguria), |ic| ou August solcuuly proclaiucd itscl au iu-
dcpcudcut statc, t|c auuivcrsary as cclc|ratcd iu . 1|c ltaliau lcpu|lic coutiuucs
to ta|c a rclaxcd vic o t|c uattcr, siucc its taxcs arc still paid.
|.|.|:r:, OSi, d. .., sou o i|ili|ald, |is|op o Airc. ic ouudcd t|c uouastcry o
|uuigcs .. ou a royal cstatc givcu |iu |y St iald|ild scc |au.), |ic| |ccauc a
grcat ccutrc o lcaruiug, t|c uou|s li|cd to dcrivc its latiu uauc, C:oo::..s, cit|cr
rou :oo., |ccausc iu its ruitulucss it glocd li|c a jccl ou a riug, or rou :o:r:, 'to
groau', |ccausc t|osc |o t|crc groaucd or t|cir sius ould uot groau iu t|c naucs o
|cll. i|ili|crt |iuscl, |aviug |ccu cxpcllcd |y L|roiu, ouudcd t|c uouastcry o ioir-
uouticr iu . ic is vcucratcd as apostlc aud patrou o t|c \cudc, |ic| rosc up
agaiust t|c lrcuc| lcvolutiou aud as |rutally supprcsscd, aud is portraycd as au a||ot
it| a dou|cy, allayiug a storu. ia.cluuts arc otcu |uou as 'hl|crt uuts' |ccausc t|cy
nouris| a|out |is day.
`::|:.. lorucrly t|c saiut's day o St Stcp|cu iiug lstvu l), couucuoratiug |is
|urial iu iu t|c |asilica o S.|csc|rvr. ioru .. as \aj|, sou o G.a, a priucc
o Arpd's liuc, |c as |apti.cd iu |is ht| ycar, iu |c uarricd Giscla, sistcr o t|c
cupcror icury ll, aud iu succccdcd |is at|cr as priucc aud sct a|out cousolidatiug
|is pocr aud iuposiug C|ristiauity iu t|c louau o|cdicucc ou |is couutry, |y dc-
catiug |is rival priuccs, |ct|cr |cat|cu or |apti.cd iu iy.autiuu. 1|c crou said to
|avc |ccu scut |iu |y iopc Silvcstcr ll as carricd o to io|cuia iu aud disap-
pcarcd soou atcrards, a su|stitutc crou as uadc, it| a s|ccd cross. 1|is crou,
uislcadiugly |uou as 'St Stcp|cu's crou', as ta|cu to t|c Luitcd Statcs iu |ut
rcturucd to iuugary iu . 1|c lC C|urc| uo cclc|ratcs |iu ou August.
z
-
... XII I.|:..s `:::o|r:s i
ili t|c iriuccss Margarct |oru , t|c Luiou nag is nou
z Ou t|is day Cousualia crc |cld iu |ouour o Cousus scc
|uly), t|crc crc raccs or |orscs aud c|ariots.
z - iius X lC, orucrly Scpt.), orucrly |auc lrauccs dc C|autal uo
Dcc.)
-
.s X -) as clcctcd iu atcr t|c Lupcror o Austria |ad purportcd to
dc|ar |is rival, Cardiual laupolla, sccrctary o statc to |is prcdcccssor, lco Xlll, al-
t|oug| t|c vcto |ad uot iu act tcruiuatcd laupolla's caudidacy, t|crc as a is| or
a lcss diplouatic popc t|au lco |ad |ccu. 1|is is| as auply ulhllcd |cu iius' iu-
trausigcucc lct t|c lrcuc| C|urc| |clplcss iu t|c acc o au auti-clcrical govcruucut.
iittcrly |ostilc to currcut trcuds iu political t|oug|t aud |i|lical sc|olars|ip, |c iu-
vcutcd au all-cu|raciug idcology o uodcruisu or t|c C|urc| to hg|t, cvcry clcric
|ad rcpcatcdly to ta|c au oat| agaiust it, aud a rigorous systcu o dcuuuciatiou aud
t|oug|t-coutrol as iuposcd. V|crc t|c critical iutcllcct as uot cugagcd, iius as uo
lcss cucrgctic as a rcorucr iu cvcryt|iug rou cauou la to c|urc| uusic. ic as t|c
last popc to |c uadc a saiut, |ciug cauoui.cd iu |y t|c auti-uodcruist iius Xll.
1|..:s Ort|.). Accordiug to a traditiou hrst rccordcd iu t|c carly ourt| ccutury |y
Lusc|ius, |o claius to trauslatc it rou Syriac docuucuts ouud iu t|c arc|ivcs at
Ldcssa, t|c local rulcr or 'toparc|', A|gar \ a |istorical pcrsouagc, |o rcigucd
- aud agaiu -), scut a rcqucst to |csus t|at ic s|ould couc aud |cal
|iu o |is sic|ucss, prouisiug |iu sauctuary rou t|c |cs, |csus rcplicd t|at ic could
uot couc, |ut atcr iis asccusiou ould scud a disciplc to curc |iu, atcr |csus' dcat|,
St 1|ouas dispatc|cd ouc o t|c Scvcuty scc |au.), callcd 1|addacus, to Ldcssa,
|crc |c pcrorucd uiraculous curcs. As soou as |c cutcrcd A|gar's c|au|cr, t|c |iug
|c|cld 'a grcat visiou' ou 1|addacus' acc, aud did |iu rcvcrcucc, to t|c astouis|ucut
o |is courticrs, |o |ad uot sccu t|c uiraclc, |c dcclarcd |is ait| iu |csus aud as
curcd. 1|is visiou as latcr couvcrtcd iuto a portrait paiutcd |y t|c |iug's ucsscugcr,
scc Aug.) 1|c ucxt day, 1|addacus prcac|cd t|c Vord at a citi.cus' asscu|ly suu-
uoucd |y t|c |iug, |c is t|us rcgardcd as t|c ouudcr o t|c Ldcsscuc C|urc|, aud
grcatly vcucratcd uudcr |is Syriac uauc o Addai. lu t|c Vcst, |crc t|c |olc story
o A|gar's lcttcr as loug dcuicd, 1|addacus is idcutihcd it| St |udc scc Oct.).
1|addacus is uot a auiliar uauc iu t|c Luglis|-spca|iug orld, t|oug| it is uscd
to rcprcscut t|c lris| uauc 1ad|g Auglici.cd as 1caguc or 1aig), propcrly a ord or
poct, it rccurs iu lussiau as laddcy aud iu iolis| as 1adcus.. Adau Mic|icic. rotc
au cpic pocu cutitlcd .. 1.:s., t|c iolis| |oy it| |ou t|c uarrator o L:.:| ..
J:...: is o|scsscd is callcd |y t|c diuiuutivc oru 1ad.io.
lu t|c Luitcd Statcs, laycrs' Day, cclc|ratiug t|c orgaui.atiou o t|c Aucricau iar
Associatiou iu .
z
-
... XI I.|:..s `:::o|r:s C
z - Quccus|ip o Mary lC, orucrly May), orucrly luuaculatc
icart o Mary
-
1|c ::.s|. .; M.r, is a latc cast, Spauis| aud latiu Aucricau dioccscs crc givcu
pcruissiou to cclc|ratc it ou May. lu iius Xll cxtcudcd it to t|c |olc C|urc|,
to uar| t|c t| auuivcrsary o t|c dogua o t|c luuaculatc Couccptiou. 1|c cou-
ucuoratiou uo ta|cs placc ou t|c Octavc o t|c Assuuptiou.
1.o.:|:s, louau uartyr uudcr Dioclctiau, post|uuously prouotcd |is|op o
Autioc|.
Js:
1|c Lupcror Octaviau, callcd t|c August,
l |ciug |is avoritc, |cstocd |is uauc
Lpou uc, aud l |old it still iu trust,
lu ucuory o |iu aud o |is auc.
l au t|c \irgiu, aud uy vcstal nauc
iurus lcss iutcuscly t|au t|c liou's ragc,
S|cavcs arc uy ouly garlauds, aud l claiu
1|c goldcu iarvcsts as uy |critagc.
icury Vadsort| lougcllo -), 1|: .::`s C.|:..r
z
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... X I.|:..s `:::o|r:s D
z 1|is as t|c day o t|c \olcaualia, o |ic| c |uo virtually
uot|iug cxccpt t|at pcoplc drovc auiuals iuto a hrc as su|stitutcs or t|cusclvcs, \ul-
cau as lcss iuportaut iu t|c city t|au at Ostia, o |ic| |c as practically patrou.
z - losc o liua lC)
.s: .; L.o. -), t|c hrst saiut o t|c Aucricas to |c cauoui.cd. S|c as callcd
losc |ccausc s|c grc nocrs iu |cr yout|, atcr voiug virgiuity aud joiuiug t|c 1|ird
Ordcr o St Douiuic, s|c livcd iu a |ut iu |cr parcuts' gardcu. Au cxtrcuc pcuitcut, s|c
dishgurcd |cr acc aud |auds to |idc |cr |cauty, aud orc a crou o t|orus, |ccou-
iug a syu|ol o |cr uauc. S|c as cauoui.cd iu , aud is patrou saiut o Sout|
Aucrica aud t|c i|ilippiuc lslauds, as cll as o norists. lcast-day orucrly August.
|.|. 3:.... -). Au carly ucu|cr o t|c Ordcr o Scrvitcs, |c as rcspousi|lc or
scudiug Scrvitc uissiouarics as ar as ludia, aud is |uou as t|c 'Sccoud louudcr o t|c
Scrvitc Ordcr'.
-
z
-
... IX I.|:..s `:::o|r:s L
`...: 3.r:|.|.o:
|r..s :|: ..| :.
I; `: 3.r:|.|.o:`s L., |: ;..r .. .|:.r,
1|:. . r.s:r.s .:o. ..o:s :|.: ,:.r.
`: 3.r:|:o,`s o..:|: .:s r,
J|| :|: ::.rs :|.: `: `.:|.. ... .r,.
z - - - L|raiuc ludcpcudcucc Day rou t|c LSSl,
)
z 1|is as ouc o t|c t|rcc days t|c ot|crs |ciug Oct. aud
iov.) ou |ic| t|c Muudus, au uudcrgrouud |uildiug li|c au iuvcrtcd s|y, as
opcucd, uar|cd iu t|c calcudar as M.s .:::. Vc also rcad o a sacrihcc to t|c Moou.
z - - CoL, lC, Ort|. |uuc)
3.r:|.|.o: is ucutioucd iu t|rcc o t|c Gospcls as au apostlc, aud uay |c t|c
iat|auacl o |o|u -, . Accordiug to traditiou |c as naycd alivc aud t|cu |c-
|cadcd iu Arucuia, aud |cucc is portraycd it| a |uic, t|is is also |is syu|ol ou
priucstavcs, |crc it scrvcs as a rcuiudcr to slaug|tcr goats. ic is patrou saiut o tau-
ucrs, |ut also o plastcrcrs. iis rclics arc claiucd |y t|c c|urc| t|at |cars |is uauc iu
louc, Sau iartolouco ou t|c lsola 1i|criua, |crc t|c latc|cucratclli |ospital pcr-
pctuatcs t|c good or| o Acsculapius. Crolaud A||cy scc Apr.) as dcdicatcd
to |iu, |is Luglis| cult as also urt|crcd |y au aru givcu to Cautcr|ury Cat|cdral iu
t|c clcvcut| ccutury |y Quccu Luua, ic o Cuut, aud |y t|c grcat loudou |ospital
ouudcd iu . Ot|cr rclics arc at icucvcuto aud lrau|urt au Maiu. lu Caroliugiau
calcudars, aud iarouius' louau Martyrology, |is day is t|c t|.
1|: L|:r .:r..|, a uystcrious lris| saiut iu carly uartyrologics, prcdcccssor o t|c uorc
auiliar Apostlc o lrclaud aud souctiucs idcutihcd it| ialladius |uly). 1|is is
also t|c day o St iatric| o icvcrs, |osc rclics at Glastou|ury crc latcr passcd o
as t|c grcat St iatric|'s, t|c rcsultiug couplcx o lcgcuds |as rcsistcd discutaugliug.
:. or Audocuus ..-). ic |ccauc acquaiutcd it| |is licloug ricud St Lligius
Dcc.) at t|c court o Clot|ar ll aud latcr o Dago|crt l, |crc |c as c|auccllor,
li|c Lligius, |c gavc up sccular lic, aud as cousccratcd |is|op o loucu iu t|c sauc
ycar, , as Lligius as uadc |is|op o ioyou. iis cult sprcad to Cautcr|ury, |ic|
claiucd rclics |osc aut|cuticity as dou|tcd uutil uiraclcs |appcucd.
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`: 3.r:|.|.o:`s I..r, Suit|hcld, loudou St iart|olouc's |ospital as locatcd iu
Suit|hcld). lrou to it |cgau ou St iart|olouc's Day, atcr t|c calcudar rc-
oru it as c|augcd to Scptcu|cr. lu it as uovcd to lsliugtou, aud ccascd atcr
. lt |as givcu its uauc to a 'iart|olouc doll' au ovcrdrcsscd ouau, atcr t|c dolls
sold at t|c air) aud a 'iart|olouc pig', a vcry at pcrsou atcr t|c roast pig t|at as
a staplc o t|c air).
io scasou t|roug| all t|c yccrc accouuts |cc uorc su|jcct to .||.o...:... t|au 3.r:|.|.o: airc
1|cir Lros, H.||.|.rs:s, .::|:s, 3.|.:s, I::ros, uay .s aud all, arc |olly I....||. 1|c vcry
3..:|s arc 3r.:|:||s o iuiquity, aud distiuguis|cd |y t|c staup o t|c 3:.s:.
irat|ait, h|.o..:s, )
3.r:|:o: I..r
V|ilc gcutlcol|s strut iu t|cir silvcr aud satius,
Vc poor ol|s arc traupiug iu stra |ats aud pattcus,
As ucrrily Old Luglis| |allads cau siug-o,
As t|cy at t|cir oppcrorcs outlaudis| liug-o
Calliug out |ravo, cucoro, aud caro,
1|o' l ill siug uot|iug |ut iartlcuc lair-o.
icrc hrst o all, crods agaiust ot|cr crods driviug,
li|c iud aud tidc ucctiug, cac| coutrary striviug,
icrc's hddliug aud nutiug, aud s|outiug aud s|ric|iug,
lics, truupcts, druus, |agpipcs, aud |arro-girls squca|iug.
My arc rouud aud souud, |crc's c|oicc o huc arc-o,
1|oug| all is uot souud sold at iartlcuc lair-o.
icrc arc drolls, |orupipc dauciug, aud s|oiug o posturcs,
iluu-porridgc, |lac|-puddiugs, aud op'uiug o oystcrs,
1|c tap|ousc gucsts scariug, aud gall'ry ol|s squalliug,
Vit| salt-|oxcs, solos, aud uout|-picccs |aliug,
iiups, pic|-poc|cts, strollcrs, at laudladics, sailors,
iads, |ailcys, jilts, joc|cys, t|icvcs, tuu|lcrs aud tailors.
icrc's iuuc|'s |olc play o t|c guupodcr-plot, sir,
Vild |casts all alivc, aud pcasc-porridgc |ot, sir
liuc sausagcs ricd, aud t|c ilac| ou t|c irc,
1|c |olc court o lraucc, aud uicc pig at t|c hrc.
1|c ups-aud-dous, |o'll ta|c a scat iu t|c c|air-o.
1|crc arc uorc ups aud dous t|au at iartlcuc lair-o.
icrc's V|ittiugtou's cat, aud t|c tall droucdary,
1|c c|aisc it|out |orscs, aud Quccu o iuugary,
1|c ucrry-go-rouuds, couc |o ridcs. couc |o ridcs.
Viuc, |ccr, alc aud ca|cs, hrc-catiug |csidcs,
1|c aucd lcarucd dog t|at cau tcll all |is lcttcrs,
Aud souc ucu, as sc|olars, arc uot uuc| |is |cttcrs.
1|is orld's a idc air, |crc c rau|lc 'uoug gay t|iugs,
Our passious, li|c c|ildrcu, arc tcuptcd |y play-t|iugs,
iy souud aud |y s|o, |y tras| aud |y truupcry,
1|c al-lals o as|iou, aud lrcuc|ihcd ruupcry.
-
lic is |ut a droll, rat|cr rctc|cd t|au rarc-o,
Aud t|us cuds t|c |allad o iartlcuc lair-o.
Gcorgc Alcxaudcr Stcvcus -)
`: 3.r:|.|.o:`s L., M.ss..r: |. `...:~3.r:||:o,) uurdcr o ovcr , irotcstauts iu iaris
duriug t|c uig|t o - August at t|c |auds o a Cat|olic uo| suuuoucd as i
ritually |y t|c tocsiu o Saiut-Gcruaiu-l'Auxcrrois, t|c quccu uot|cr, Cat|criuc dc
Mdicis, s|ariug t|c Cat|olic discoutcut at currcut policy, c|icny dircctcd |y t|c
irotcstaut Coliguy, |ad cxtortcd approval or t|c slaug|tcr rou C|arlcs lX. 1|c vic-
tius iucludcd Coliguy |iuscl, uauy o t|cu |ad couc to iaris or t|c uarriagc to
Cat|criuc's daug|tcr Margucritc dc \alois o t|c irotcstaut icuri o iavarrc, t|c
uturc icuri l\, ouc o t|c Cat|olic party's gricvauccs.
ilac| iart|olouc ). 1|c datc |y |ic| clcrgyucu |ad to acccpt t|c ioo| o
Couuou iraycr or losc t|cir liviugs.
z
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... JIII I.|:..s `:::o|r:s l
z - - - Lruguay ludcpcudcucc Day rou ira.il, )
z 1|is day as callcd 'Opccousiva', |ciug uar|cd |y sacrihccs to
Ops Cousiva, 'Vcalt| rou ilautiug', t|c ociatiug pricst at |cr suall s|riuc iu t|c
lcgia orc a |itc vcil. icr ot|cr cstival, t|c Opalia, as |cld ou Dcccu|cr, li|c
t|is, it cll our days atcr Cousualia.
z - louis lX lC), |oscp| Calasau. lC)
L..s IX, |iug o lraucc, |. , succccdcd |is at|cr, louis \lll, iu . ic as a
uau o dccply rcligious privatc lic, |o rcorucd lrcuc| aduiuistratiou, rcqucutly
did justicc iu pcrsou, aud as iuvitcd uorc t|au oucc to ar|itratc iu orcigu disputcs.
iaviug lcd au uusucccssul Crusadc iu -, |c cu|ar|cd ou auot|cr iu , |ut
dicd at 1uuis, |is |ody as |roug|t |ouc to iaris, |ut |is |cart as ta|cu to Mourcalc
iu Sicily. ic as rcvcrcd |ot| iu |is ou day aud atcrards as t|c uodcl o a just aud
C|ristiau |iug. lu St louis as dcclarcd patrou o lrcuc| troops. ic is also, or
au uu|uou rcasou, patrou o |uttou-ua|crs.
j.s:| C.|.s... -), ouudcr o t|c Clcr|s lcgular o t|c lcligious Sc|ools.
ioru to a uo|lc Aragoucsc auily, |c hrst studicd la aud t|cology. Atcr a pcriod as
\icar-Gcucral o t|c |is|op o Lrgcll iu t|c iyrcuccs |c gavc cvcryt|iug up aud cut
to louc to tcud victius o t|c plaguc, |ut t|cu dccidcd t|at |is vocatiou lay iu cdu-
catiou, aud uauy sc|ools crc opcucd uudcr |is dircctiou. iius Xll dcclarcd |iu pat-
rou o C|ristiau sc|ools iu . lcast-day orucrly August.
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C:.:s.s .; Jr|:s d. ..), a uotary uudcr Dioclctiau |o gavc up |is occ iu disgust at
t|c cdict o pcrsccutiou. latcr |c as couuscd it| auot|cr Gcucsius, a louau, aud
|y t|c sixt| ccutury |c as |uou as 'Gcucsius t|c coucdiau', |o as couvcrtcd to
C|ristiauity ou stagc, t|is as t|oug|t to |c au act uutil t|c vcry cud, |cu |c dcclarcd
t|at |c |ad |ccu truly couvcrtcd, |c as t|cu torturcd ou t|c rac| aud |c|cadcd. 1|c
lattcr, lcgcudary Gcucsius is patrou o actors aud coucdiaus.
Dctcctivcs' Day, cclc|ratiug t|c |irt| o Allau iiu|crtou iu .
z
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... JII I.|:..s `:::o|r:s G
z - iiuiau lC Scotlaud, CY Scpt.), David lcis lC Valcs)
N..... t| c.), ouudcr o Caudida Casa or V|it|oru Vigtous|irc), rou |ic| |c
aud |is uou|s crc said to |avc cvaugcli.cd t|c uort|cru iritous aud t|c iicts.
L.. L:.s -), |csuit iu Sout| Valcs, uartyrcd at Ls|, |c is ouc o t|c lorty
Martyrs o Luglaud aud Valcs.
1:r:s. .; j:ss |ouct c l|ars -), co-ouudrcss o t|c littlc Sistcrs o t|c Agcd
ioor. V|crcas t|c youug |avc uauy patrou saiuts, t|cy |avc |ccu lac|iug or t|c old
uutil rcccutly, iu |o|u iaul ll couhrucd 1crcsa as patrou o t|c old iu Colou|ia
aud iu iu ira.il aud Lcuador.
1|c cud o |arvcst iu Luglaud as otcu cclc|ratcd it| c|urc| a|cs. Au Aucricau
visitor dcscri|cs ouc iu
icrc iiruiug|au aud |crca|outs arc uauy a|cs as t|cy arc callcd, |ciug ucit|cr uorc uor
lcss t|au pcoplc o t|c locr classcs cucouragcd to asscu|lc togct|cr ou various occasious to di-
rcct aud auusc t|cu iu sports iu t|c strccts, laucs aud liclds, aud iu alc |ouscs uug|ouscs aud
luus |ic| t|cy do to t|c cuoluucut ouly o t|c iccpcrs, |ut to t|c grcat iujurics, dauagc aud
|urt o t|cusclvcs aud auilics, |o sucr |y 'cu. Ycstcrday as ouc collcctcd iu t|at part o
t|c tou ucar St. Gcorgcs C|appcll callcd St. Gcorgcs a|c, |cpt iu rcucu|raucc o souc cir-
cuustaucc rclativc to t|at c|appcll, |ut |at l |avc uot curiosity to iuquirc t|oug| l |ad to
uarc| t|roug| t|c crods |o crc collcctcd iu grcat uuu|crs aud rcuiudcd uc o uy ou
Couutry, t|c appcaraucc o t|cu iu drcss aud |c|aviour vcry ucarly rcscu|liug ours.
Curcu, i. Aug. )
C|arlcs iurucy itucsscs t|c 'littlc iig' cstival iu iologua iu , |ic| cuds it|
sccucs rou 1asso's C:rs.|:oo: |.|:r.:.
1|is is a day o |u|ilcc |crc, cqual to t|at o our lord Mayor, iu loudou. Atcr diuucr, upou
t|c grcat iia..a or Squarc iu t|c 1|catrc coustructcd or t|c lair, |y t|c Majistratcs, |ic|
|cgau at t|c Assuuptiou, t|c t| iust. aud |ic| is coutiuucd duriug t|c |olc uout|. 1|c
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usual popular cstival callcd 1|c .r.|:::., or littlc iig, is |cpt iu ucuory o t|c cxtiuctiou o t|c
civil ar, a|out t|c ycar , iu |ic| |y t|c accidcut o a iig ruuuiug across t|c strcct, t|c
stout Autouio lau|crta..i, |cad o t|c G|i|cliuc lactiou, as |illcd. lu t|is occasioual
Aup|it|catrc, atcr a popular spcctaclc, divcrsihcd cvcry ycar, pcacoc|s, coc|s aud icus, aud
uoucy arc t|rou to t|c pcoplc, aud, lastly, a iig, rcady drcsscd. 1|c Cardiual lcgatc attcudcd
iu a ialcouy, aud t|rc uoucy to t|c uo|. 1|c crod as prodigious-stagcs |uilt all arouud,
aud t|c iudos, aud cvcu tops o |ouscs crc crodcd it| pcoplc. Vc uo |ad a pagcaut, or
uoc| 1riuup|al Car, it| ordiuary girls drcsscd vcry huc, iu it, t|csc crc ollocd |y ot|crs iu
proccssiou. 1|crc as ucxt rcprcscutcd t|c palacc o Aruida, iuto |ic| s|c couductcd liualdo.
1|cu appcar to o |is ollocrs iu qucst o |iu, arucd C. ., upou |ic| a |ugc Dragou
coucs out o a cavc uudcr t|c palacc to attac| t|cu, togct|cr it| to Grius spittiug hrc, aud
uadc |idcously rig|tul. 1|csc arc vauquis|cd, aud t|cu t|c to C|aupious cutcr t|c ialacc,
aud carry o liualdo, iu spitc o t|c t|rcats aud cutrcatics o Aruida. 1|c icro is put ou |oard
a vcsscl |ic| sails out o sig|t. Lpou |ic| uorc uoustcrs appcar all iu naucs, aud sct hrc to
t|c ialacc, |ilc Aruida nics aay ou a hcry dragou. 1|c |olc o t|is as rcudcrcd couic |y
t|c |urlcsquc air t|at as givcu to it souctiucs t|c uac|iucry o t|c uoustcrs too| hrc, aud
t|rcatcucd to |uru t|c ucu uudcrucat|, upou |ic| t|cy t|rc o t|c |olc apparatus, aud ap-
pcar |al ua|cd to t|c spcctators. 1|c scrau|liug or t|c uoucy, t|c poultry ctc, li|cisc
aordcd grcat divcrsiou. iurucy, -
z
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... JI I.|:..s `:::o|r:s A
z - - - Moldova ludcpcudcucc Day rou t|c LSSl,
) uatioual day)
LSA, 1cxas lyudou i. |o|usou's iirt|day )
z 1|is as t|c \olturualia, iu |ouour or appcascucut o a god vari-
ously idcutihcd as t|c Sirocco aud as a rivcr iu Caupauia.
z - Mouica CY, lC), orucrly |oscp| Calasau. uo Aug.)
M..... ..-), uot|cr o St Augustiuc. S|c as |oru iu iort| Arica, pro|a|ly at
1|agastc. icr |us|aud as a dctcruiucd pagau, |ut as cvcutually couvcrtcd |y |cr.
S|c |ad uorc diculty it| |cr sou, |o ncd to louc, |crc s|c pursucd |iu, aud
t|cu to Milau, |crc |c cvcutually couvcrtcd iu scc Aug.). S|c dicd t|c ol-
loiug ycar iu Ostia, ou t|c ay |ac| to Arica, all |cr |opcs, as s|c said, |aviug |ccu
ulhllcd. Souc o |cr rclics crc trauslatcd |y Austiu cauous to Arrouaisc iu lraucc,
|cucc |cr cult sprcad, t|c rcuaiuiug rclics crc trauslatcd to louc iu aud arc
uo iu t|c c|urc| o S. Agostiuo. Mouica is patrou o uot|crs aud cspccially, it
sccus, o t|osc it| uudiscipliucd sous). S|c uig|t also appropriatcly |c iuvo|cd |y
rccovcriug alco|olics, |aviug ovcrcouc addictiou |roug|t ou |y a |ostilc uot|cr-iu-la
aud rccalcitraut |us|aud. Vc |uo t|is rou |cr sou's Coucssious, as 1|ouas lullcr,
iu |is scvcutccut|-ccutury dcscriptiou o |cr lic, puts it
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icr uot|cr iustructcd |cr it| |oly scvcrity, ucvcr alloiug |cr to driu| iuc, or |ctccu
ucals. iaviug out-grou |cr tuitiou, s|c |cgau |y dcgrccs to sip, aud driu| iuc, lcsscr draug|ts
li|c cdgcs idcuiug |cr t|roat or grcatcr, till at last ill custoucs |ciug uot |uoc|t, |ut iu-
scusi|ly scru'd iuto our souls) s|c could ctc| o |cr |olc oucs. io it |appcucd t|at a youug
uaid orucrly |cr partucr iu pottiug) cll at variaucc it| |cr, aud as ualicc |cu s|c s|oots
dras |cr arro to t|c |cad) callcd |cr 1os-pot, aud druu|ard, |crcupou Mouica rcorucd |cr
scl, aud turucd tcupcratc. lullcr, H.|, `:.::, -
L.::|: `.r H|` o liucolu as orucrly cclc|ratcd ou t|is day, t|c |oy |osc uurdcr iu
as supcrstitiously |laucd ou t|c |cs c. Mar.), |c is iuvo|cd at t|c cud o
'1|c iriorcss's 1alc'.
z
-
... J I.|:..s `:::o|r:s i
z - - - Scotlaud lauuas 1cru
z 1|is as t|c dcdicatiou-day o t|c tcuplc o t|c Suu aud Moou
ucar t|c Circus Maxiuus, iu t|c latc cupirc, gaucs crc |cld iu t|cir |ouour.
z - Augustiuc CoL, lC)
Js:..: -), |oru at 1|agastc iu iuuidia uo Sou| A|ras iu Algcria), sou o
a pagau at|cr aud t|c C|ristiau St Mouica scc Aug.), |roug|t up t|oug| uot |ap-
ti.cd) as a C|ristiau, |ut divcrtcd rou t|c ait| hrst |y ilatouic p|ilosop|y aud t|cu
|y Mauic|acisu. Atcr tcac|iug r|ctoric iu louc, |c uovcd to Milau, |crc t|c
cupcror rcsidcd, |c as hually couvcrtcd, aud |apti.cd |y St Au|rosc ou ioly Satur-
day, April . icxt ycar |c rcturucd to 1|agastc, |crc a rcligious couuuuity dc-
vclopcd arouud |iu its prccisc uaturc is disputcd), iu |c as ordaiucd pricst at
iippo lcgius ucar t|c uodcru Auua|a, prcviously callcd iuc), |crc |c csta|lis|cd
auot|cr couuuuity aud uadc |iuscl iudispcusa|lc to iis|op \alcrius, a Grcc| |o
ouud it |ard to prcac| iu latiu, .. |c succcdcd |iu iu t|c cpiscopatc, |ic| |c rc-
taiucd or t|c rcst o |is lic. ic dicd iu iippo ou August duriug t|c \audal
sicgc, |is rclics lic iu t|c Augustiuiau c|urc| o Sau iictro iu Cicl d'Oro at iavia.
As |is|op, Augustiuc |ad to cou|at t|c Douatists, |osc rcligious rigorisu as all
too otcu cxprcsscd iu tcrroristic violcucc agaiust t|c Cat|olics, |c ultiuatcly acccptcd
t|at govcruucut cocrciou as uccdcd, iu ords tistcd iu latcr agcs to justiy pcrsccu-
tiou iu gcucral.
lt crc suall praisc to call |iu t|c grcatcst t|iu|cr o t|c Vcstcru C|urc| iu louau
tiucs, or latiu culturc as iu t|osc days cvcu urt|cr |c|iud Grcc| iu t|cology t|au
iu p|ilosop|y, rat|cr uust |c |c callcd ouc o t|c grcatcst C|ristiau t|iu|crs o all
tiucs. So grcat as |is prc-cuiucucc iu t|c Vcst t|at popcs crc souctiucs disuaycd
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to hud |is opiuious trcatcd as hual iu Alcxaudcr \lll accuscd t|c |auscuists o
|oldiug t|at a doctriuc clcarly uadc out iu Augustiuc could |c |cld it|out rcgard to
papal |ulls, iu iius Xl arucd agaiust prccrriug Augustiuc spca|iug to t|c C|urc|
tcac|iug. Cat|olic rcscrvatious particularly apply to |is ritiugs ou gracc aud rcc ill.
Augustiuc couductcd a polcuic agaiust t|c iritou iclagius, |o uaiutaiucd t|at uau
could c|oosc good ovcr cvil o |is ou rcc ill, it|out t|c gracc o God. ic |as
otcu |ccu rcad as iuplyiug dou|lc prcdcstiuatiou, t|at is to say t|at God |as dctcr-
uiucd iu advaucc |o is to |c savcd aud |o dauucd, t|is doctriuc as aircd aud cou-
dcuucd uorc t|au oucc |corc its rcvival |y t|c sixtccut|-ccutury lcorucrs.
icvcrt|clcss, Augustiuc as largcly quotcd iu t|c Couucil o 1rcut's dccrcc ou t|c su|-
jcct. 1|c pcssiuistic vic o |uuau rccdou, |olc|cartcdly up|cld |y irotcstauts,
|as ucvcr |ccu acccptcd |y t|c Ort|odox, uost o |ou also dcuy t|c coutcutiou, o
|ic| |c is t|c c|ic t|oug| uot t|c ouly propouudcr, t|at t|c ioly Spirit procccds
rou t|c Sou as cll as t|c lat|cr, t|is doctriuc is t|c uuc|allcugcd ait| o t|c Vcst,
asscrtcd t|roug| t|c iutcrpolatiou o I.|..,: 'aud t|c Sou') iu t|c Crccd. 1|is as iu-
stigatcd |y lrau|is| |iugs as au auti-Grcc| ucasurc aud rcsistcd |y succcssivc popcs ou
diplouatic grouuds till , it outragcs cvcu t|osc Ort|odox |o acccpt t|c doctriuc.
1|c origiuality aud dcpt| o Augustiuc's t|oug|t arc uost auiliar to t|c gcucral
rcadcr rou |is C..;:ss...s, au accouut o |is spiritual dcvclopucut, aud |is C.:, .; C.,
|is rcactiou to Alaric's sac| o louc iu , distauciug t|c C|ristiau rou t|c political
ordcr o t|is orld, t|csc or|s arc as casily availa|lc iu trauslatiou as t|c Grcc| aud
louau classics. io ot|cr aucicut C|ristiau ritcr is so idcly rcad today.
z
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... IJ I.|:..s `:::o|r:s C
z - - - Slova|ia iatioual Day iatioual Lprisiug,
)
z - ic|cadiug o St |o|u t|c iaptist CoL, lC)
3:|:... Dccollatiou) .; j.|. :|: 3.:.s:. V|cu |o|u's prcac|iug attractcd a uass ollo-
iug, icrod Autipas, tctrarc| o Galilcc aud icraca, '|o carcd lcst t|c grcat iunucucc
|o|u |ad ovcr t|c pcoplc uig|t put it iuto |is pocr aud iucliuatiou to raisc a rc|clliou
or t|cy sccucd rcady to do auyt|iug |c s|ould advisc), t|oug|t it |cst, |y puttiug |iu
to dcat|, to prcvcut auy uisc|ic |c uig|t causc, aud uot |riug |iuscl iuto dicultics,
|y spariug a uau |o uig|t ua|c |iu rcpcut o it |cu it s|ould |c too latc' |osc-
p|us, tr. V|istou, ). St lu|c couhrus ) t|at |o|u as dcuouuciug icrod's uis-
dccds, auoug t|cu |is uarriagc to |is uiccc icrodias, |o |ad prcviously |ccu
uarricd to |is |al-|rot|cr aud cllo tctrarc| i|ilip, iudccd, |o|u told |iu to |is acc
'lt is uot laul or t|cc to |avc t|y |rot|cr's ic' Mar| ). iocvcr, alt|oug|
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icrod clappcd |iu iu prisou, St Matt|c statcs ) t|at |c at hrst rcraiucd rou
puttiug |iu to dcat| or car o pu|lic opiuiou, accordiug to St Mar| ), icro-
dias autcd |iu dcad, |ut icrod as araid o |iu, '|uoiug t|at |c as a just uau
aud au |oly', aud iudccd '|card |iu gladly'. 1|c iupassc as rcsolvcd |cu Salouc,
icrodias' daug|tcr |y i|ilip, so plcascd icrod it| |cr dauciug at |is |irt|day party
t|at |c sorc to givc |cr auyt|iug s|c is|cd, 'Aud s|c, |ciug |corc iustructcd o |cr
uot|cr, said, Givc uc |crc |o|u iaptist's |cad iu a c|argcr' Matt. ). Coupcllcd to
|ccp au oat| soru iu coupauy, icrod |ad |o|u |c|cadcd, |is |cad is claiucd as a rclic
|y a uuu|cr o c|urc|cs, souc allcgcdly asscrtiug t|at a rival |as ouly |is |cad as a
youug uau, |ut |is |urial-c|urc| as at Sc|astc uo Sa|ast
.
iyya) iu Sauaria, |osc
dcdicatiou-cast as August. lu louc t|c Dccollatiou as loug cclc|ratcd ou t|c
t|, siucc t|c t| |clougcd to t|c vcry popular |ut pro|a|ly hctitious St Sa|iua,
|osc c|urc| ou t|c Avcutiuc |ad origiually |clougcd to a lady o t|at uauc.
z
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... III I.|:..s `:::o|r:s D
z - - - LSA, louisiaua iucy i. loug Day scc |clo)
z - |o|u iuuyau CY), orucrly losc o liua scc Aug.)
j.|. 3.,.. -). Auoug t|c radical ritcrs o t|c uid-scvcutccut| ccutury, to
staud |cad aud s|ouldcrs a|ovc t|c rcst, cac| suprcuc iu |is ou class auougst t|c
litc |o|u Miltou, auougst t|c popular aut|ors |o|u iuuyau. 1|c aut|or o .r..s: L.s:
is dc|arrcd rou couucuoratiou |y t|c C|urc| o Luglaud or justiyiug t|c cxccu-
tiou o iiug C|arlcs t|c Martyr, |ut t|c aut|or o 1|: .|r.o`s r.r:ss |as uo lcss just
a claiu ou t|c aduiratiou o cvcu t|c litcrary pu|lic
lu gcucral, |cu t|c cducatcd uiuority aud t|c couuou pcoplc dicr a|out t|c ucrits o a
|oo|, t|c opiuiou o t|c cducatcd uiuority hually prcvails. 1|c 'iilgriu's irogrcss' is pcr|aps
t|c ouly |oo| a|out |ic|, atcr t|c lapsc o a |uudrcd ycars, t|c cducatcd uiuority |as couc
ovcr to t|c opiuiou o t|c couuou pcoplc. Macaulay, '|o|u iuuyau' )
iuuyau as |oru at Llsto iu icdords|irc, o a poor |ut uot dcstitutc auily, iu
|c joiucd t|c parliaucutary aruy, |crc |c cucouutcrcd rcligious aud political radical-
isu, togct|cr it| s|arp polcuics auougst t|cir cxpoucuts. Duriug t|c lutcrrcguuu |c
uovcd to icdord, as acccptcd iuto its ludcpcudcut cougrcgatiou, aud |ccauc a cll-
|uou prcac|cr, |o gavc uo littlc ocucc to t|c local gcutry, at t|c lcstoratiou |c as
arrcstcd, aud rcuaiucd iu prisou or tclvc ycars, duriug |ic| |c rotc |is spiritual
auto|iograp|y, Cr..: J|.... :. :|: C|.:; .; `...:rs. lclcascd iu , |c as agaiu iu-
prisoucd iu -, iu lc|ruary |c pu|lis|cd t|c lirst iart o t|c .|r.o`s r.r:ss,
rccouutiug C|ristiau's jourucy rou t|c City o Dcstructiou to t|c Cclcstial City, t|c
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Sccoud iart, iu |ic| C|ristiau's ic C|ristiaua ollos |iu it| t|cir our sous aud
t|c girl Mcrcy, appcarcd iu . iis ot|cr or|s iucludc 1|: L.;: .. L:.:| .; Mr 3.~
o.. aud 1|: H.|, h.r. ic dicd iu ou August, uudcr |ic| day t|c ASi rccordcd
|iu as '|o|u iuuyau, Aut|or, ', CY prouotcs |iu to 'Spiritual Vritcr', |ut uovcs
|iu to t|c t| to avoid Aidau. Vc arc lct to oudcr |at |c ould |avc uadc o suc|
a couucuoratiou.
I...r: d. ..), |cruit Scpt. iu lraucc aud lrclaud). Ouc o a uuu|cr o lris| |cr-
uits |o cut to lraucc, |c as givcu laud or a |cruitagc |y t|c iis|op o Mcaux.
iuou or |is uisogyuy-|c is patrou o sucrcrs rou vcucrcal discascs-|c dcvotcd
|iuscl to gardcuiug, tilliug t|c laud it| |is sta, aud |cucc also patrou saiut o gar-
dcucrs. iis patrouagc o taxi drivcrs cauc a|out quitc accidcutally, rou t|c locatiou
o a staud o |ircd carriagcs iu iaris ucar t|c itcl Saiut-liacrc, |ic| occasioucd t|c
lrcuc| tcru ;..r:. iis cult as particularly iuportaut iu t|c scvcutccut| aud cig|tccut|
ccuturics, aud rcccivcd royal patrouagc. ic is also iuvo|cd |y t|osc sucriug rou
|acuorr|oids, t|crc is a stouc iu irittauy it| t|c purportcd iupriut o |is |uttoc|s,
ou |ic| sucrcrs sit to |c curcd. 1o|ias Suollctt, claiuiug liacrc or a cllo-Scot,
rcports |is vcugcaucc ou au Luglis| |iug
t|osc |o arc aictcd it| t|c pilcs, |o ua|c t|cir joiut iuvocatious to |cr \crouica aud St.
liacrc, t|c sou o a Scotc| |iug, |o livcd aud dicd a |cruit iu lraucc. 1|c troops o icury \.
o Luglaud arc said to |avc pillagcd t|c c|apcl o t|is iig|laud saiut, |o, iu rcvcugc, assistcd
|is couutryucu, iu t|c lrcuc| scrvicc, to dccat t|c Luglis| at iaug, aud atcrards aictcd
icury it| t|c pilcs, o |ic| |c dicd. 1|is priucc couplaiucd, t|at |c as uot ouly plagucd
|y t|c liviug Scots, |ut cvcu pcrsccutcd |y t|osc |o crc dcad.
Suollctt, lcttcr o Scpt. at iouloguc)
iucy iicrcc loug -), uic|uaucd 't|c iiughs|', govcruor o louisiaua rou
aud LS Scuator rou , corrupt aud autocratic, |c as also populist aud pop-
ular, t|c soru cucuy o Staudard Oil aud c|aupiou o ccououic rcdistri|utiou. ic
is crcditcd it| sayiug 'lt ould |c vcry casy to |riug ascisu to Aucrica-just call it
auti-ascisu' aud 'lu cvcry Statc o t|c Luiou t|crc's grat, iu louisiaua t|crc's grat aud
railroads.' iaviug uadc |iuscl lcgal dictator o |is statc, |c as assassiuatcd iu .
z
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r..: I.|:..s `:::o|r:s L
z - - - iyrgy.stau ludcpcudcucc Day rou t|c
LSSl, )
Malaysia iari ic|augsaau uatioual day, iudcpcudcut status it|iu t|c Couuou-
calt|, )
1riuidad aud 1o|ago ludcpcudcucc Day rou Grcat iritaiu, )
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z - Aidau CY)
J... d. ), lris| uou| at loua, |cucc |c as scut at iiug Osald's rcqucst to
iort|uu|ria iu ordcr to tcac| |is su|jccts, icdc calls |iu 'a uau o t|c grcatcst gcutlc-
ucss, aud picty, aud uodcratiou, aud |aviug t|c .cal o t|c lord, t|oug| uot cutircly
accordiug to |uolcdgc', t|is last rccrriug to |is ad|crcucc to t|c Ccltic uodc o
rcc|ouiug Lastcr. 1|c Old Luglis| trauslatiou, uadc |cu all passiou ou t|at qucstiou
|ad |ccu spcut, su|stitutcs or t|c last p|rasc 'aud grcat lovc o iiu'. Osald gavc |iu
laud ou t|c islaud o liudisaruc, |crc |c csta|lis|cd a uouastcry uudcr t|c lulc o
St Coluu|a, icdc dcpicts t|c couduct o Aidau aud |is uou|s iu gloiug colours.
V|cu Aidau prcac|cd, Osald |iuscl scrvcd as |is iutcrprctcr, or t|c |iug's lris| as
|cttcr t|au t|c |is|op's Luglis|. icdc rcports a traditiou t|at ou rccciviug Osald's
rcqucst or a uissiouary, t|c couuuuity o loua |ad hrst scut a uau o |ars| tcupcr
|o |ad uadc uo couvcrts aud rcportcd advcrscly ou t|c uutcac|a|lc Luglis|, |ut
Aidau suggcstcd t|at |c oug|t to |avc ocrcd t|cu 't|c uil| o uildcr doctriuc, uutil,
gradually uurturcd ou t|c ord o God, t|cy s|ould |c a|lc to rcccivc uorc couplctc
iustructiou, aud pcroru God's |ig|cr couuauducuts'. 1|is cvidcucc o discrctiou,
'|ic| is t|c uot|cr o t|c virtucs', iuduccd t|c |rct|rcu to scud |iu iu t|c ot|cr's
stcad. 1|c lC C|urc| couucuoratcs |iu ou t|is day as cll.
.,o. N....:s ..-), Mcrccdariau uissioucr. iis uauc, latiu or 'uot |oru',
is ta|cu to ucau t|at |is uot|cr dicd iu la|our, |cucc |c is patrou o uidivcs. ic is
also patrou o t|c alscly accuscd. 1|c uissiou o t|c Mcrccdariaus as to rausou
slavcs, layuuud, |o prosclyti.cd auoug Muslius |cu |is uuds rau out, |ad |iu-
scl to |c rausoucd. ic as uaucd cardiual iu , |ut dicd at Cardoua ucar
iarccloua) ou t|c ay to louc.
Ou t|is day, t|c Ort|odox C|urc| cclc|ratcs t|c Dcpositiou o t|c iououra|lc Girdlc
o t|c 1|coto|os. lcgcud rclatcs t|at |cu Mary as a|out to dcpart t|is lic, s|c gavc
|cr to itcus o clot|iug, a uautlc aud a girdlc, to to poor virgius, rou |ou t|cy
dcsccudcd to ot|cr virgius t|roug| t|c gcucratious. 1|c uautlc as hlc|cd, or traus-
latcd, rou Capcruauu iu t|c ht| ccutury scc |uly), t|c girdlc as ouud at Zcla iu
t|c rcigu o |ustiuiau aud |roug|t to Coustautiuoplc, |crc it as |cpt iu a rcliquary
at t|c c|urc| iu t|c C|alcopratcia 'Coppcr Mar|ct'). Auot|cr accouut |as it dcpositcd
|y t|c cupcror Arcadius -) aud |roug|t out s..) ycars latcr |y lco \l
-) to curc |is ourt| ic, Zoc Car|ouopsiua 'o t|c coal-|lac| cycs')-|ou
|c |ad uarricd iu dchaucc o t|c iy.autiuc C|urc| |y appcaliug to t|c iopc-o t|c
cvil spirit aictiug |cr. Siucc t|c ourtccut| ccutury t|c rclic |as |ccu prcscrvcd at t|c
\atopcdi uouastcry ou Mouut At|os.
lady Morgau cxpcricuccs t|c cast-day o Sau A||oudio, patrou saiut o Couo, cclc-
|ratcd iu au uuusual uauucr iu
lu t|c suuucr o , t|c Lupcror |ad auuouuccd |is '|:.:;.:.: ..::.:...' |. s. |:.:;.. ..::.....:)
o visitiug |is ltaliau douiuious, o passiug souc cc|s at Milau, aud o sailiug dou t|c la|c
o Couo, it| t|c |olc iupcrial court, iu a splcudour, to |ic| uot|iug coupara|lc |ad
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occurrcd, iu t|c ;.s:. o iupcrial jourucys, siucc t|c ucuora|lc sail o Clcopatra dou t|c
Cyduus. . . . 1|c Opcra-|ousc aud Cat|cdral crc put iuto rcquisitiou, aud cvcry old ouau iu
t|c dioccsc as cuploycd iu ua|iug papcr lautcrus to illuuiuatc t|c tou. 1|c Austriau gar-
risou as ...: aud paradcd otcucr t|au usual, aud hrcor|s to au iuucusc auouut crc prc-
parcd. |oy as couuaudcd |y iupcrial aut|ority, aud '..:s' rc|carscd, till t|c policc crc as
|oarsc as t|c craucs t|cy |ad rig|tcucd rou t|cir aucicut statious. V|cu, lo. just as t|c
lautcrus, t|c |argc, aud t|c hrcor|s crc rcady, t|c ucs arrivcd, t|at t|c Lupcror aud
Luprcss, it|iu hty uilcs o Milau, |ad rcsolvcd to procccd uo urt|cr-t|c rcccptiou t|cy
|ad rcccivcd at \cuicc aud iadua, aud t|at |ic| t|cy crc taug|t to cxpcct at Milau, |aviug
suddculy coolcd t|cir '|:.:;.. ..::.....:', t|cy ouittcd t|cir 's..| .; r:.:.:ss' dou t|c la|c, aud rc-
turucd post to \icuua.
1|is disappoiutucut pluugcd t|c coustitutcd aut|oritics o Couo iuto dcspair, |cu it as
suggcstcd |y t|c |cads o t|c c|urc| to t|c |cads o t|c statc, t|at |at as iutcudcd to do
|ouour to t|c Lupcror lraucis, uig|t scrvc t|c turu o Saiut A||oudio, |osc cstival as ap-
proac|iug, aud t|at t|c uuudauc splcudours |ic| crc cxpcctcd to |riug suc| uultitudcs o
straugcrs to Couo, aud stiuulatc tradc aud loyalty togct|cr, ould still |riug grist to t|c uill,
|y |ciug couvcrtcd to |oly purposcs. Accordiugly, t|c olloiug 'J.s. `..r.' as priutcd aud cir-
culatcd t|roug| t|c couutry, aud |uug ovcr t|c gatcs o t|c cat|cdral.
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1|c artihcial hrcor|s |ic| t|c pu|lic t|c Muuicipality) o Couo |ad prcparcd, to cviucc its
joy ou t|c occasiou o t|c dcsircd arrival o t|cir loyal aud lupcrial Majcstics iu t|is royal city,
ocr, t|is ycar, t|c ucaus o cclc|ratiug iu a siugular uauucr, t|c lcstival o Saiut A||oudio,
patrou o t|c city aud dioccsc o Couo. 1o t|is ccct ill coutri|utc t|c aorcucutioucd hrc-
or|s, ccdcd |y t|c uuuicipal cougrcgatiou to t|c pious, |o proposc, iu couccrt it| t|c
aut|oritics, to s:: ;r: ...:...r:) to t|c r....s. o...|..., |ic| rcprcscuts a 1cuplc, ou t|c cvcuiug
o t|c t|irty-hrst o August, t|c cstival o our |oly protcctor, aud t|us iu au cxtraordiuary uau-
ucr, aud to t|c usual poup o t|c cat|cdral, |crc it| duc vcucratiou t|c scrvicc ill |c
solcuui.cd |y our lord t|c iis|op. Ludcr t|csc ortuuatc circuustauccs, all t|c ait|ul uay
parta|c o t|c trcasurc o t|c iapal 3:.:..:..., o a plcuary iudulgcucc, aud at t|c sauc tiuc
proht |y t|c spcctaclc o t|c artihcial hrcor|s.-Couo, t| o August, .
iriutcd |y Carlautouio Ostiuclli, Lpiscopal iriutcr
. . . 1|c Saiut's day as us|crcd iu |y all t|c splcudour o ltaliau s|ics, t|c atcrs crc |luc aud
|rilliaut as t|c |cavcus cvcry stccplc spar|lcd iu t|c suus|iuc, aud cvcry |cll tollcd, rou t|c
s|orcs o t|c C|..:..., to t|c Duouo o Couo. iot a uouutaiu, uot a .:s: iu t|c district, |ut
|ad yicldcd up its iu|a|itauts to t|c cstivity o t|c scasou . . . all |cudiug t|cir stcps to t|at vcu-
cra|lc douc, |crc glittcrcd iu largc goldcu c|aractcrs-'I.|:... |:..r..'. 1|c day |cgau it|
a uusical uass, at |ic| t|c iis|op o Couo ociatcd .. ..:.;..|.|s, t|c |olc suuptuous
paradc o t|c uost suuptuous aud uost attractivc o all rcligious as cx|i|itcd, aud t|c sauc
orc|cstra |ic| pcrorucd t|c C:.:r:.:.|., at t|c Opcra, t|c uig|t |corc, aud syup|oui.cd t|c
triuup|s o t|c Glass Slippcr, uo it| t|c cxact sauc straius t|c |rilliaut |aruouics o
lossiui) accoupauicd t|c uost solcuu aud iuposiug ccrcuouics o t|c uost |oly o uystcrics.
1|c rcst o t|c day as hllcd up it| sauutcriug aud castiug, |...:||. aud praycrs, till, at last,
t|c |:.:..:...~|:|| auuouuccd t|c arrival o cvcuiug, aud t|c couucuccucut o t|c loug-cxpcctcd
hrcor|s. 1|cu t|c crodcd |oats put out agaiu to t|c la|c, to catc| t|c ccct iu all its splcu-
dour, t|c s|orcs crc covcrcd it| cagcr uultitudcs, aud joyous cxpcctatiou sat ou cvcry acc-
|ut, suddculy, t|c air cx|i|itcd t|osc uctcoric p|cuoucua portcutous o t|c drcadcd
3r.s...-t|c or|cd lig|tuiug dartcd t|roug| t|c atuosp|crc-t|c t|uudcr cras|cd auoug t|c
uouutaius-t|c la|c scllcd-aud t|c raiu cll, as it ouly alls iu ltaly, iu |road s|ccts o cou-
tiuuous atcr. lt as iu vaiu t|at t|c uoucut assigucd to '...:...r: |. r....s. o...|...' as
-
auticipatcd, t|c raiu alrcady prcvailcd, aud a c a|ortivc aud suo|y spirts o hrc crc all t|at
could |c o|taiucd rou t|c cuu|rous aud couplicatcd uac|iuc . . . 1|c tiuid |oatucu, iu-
vo|iug cvcry saiut iu t|c calcudar, la|ourcd to gaiu auy port or crcc|, t|c drcuc|cd crods ou
t|c s|orc ncd to s|cltcr. lt as cvidcut t|at t|c ocriugs crc uot propitiatcd, aud t|at St.
A||oudio did uot c|oosc to |c t|c .s~.||:r o uuappropriatcd loyaltics. . . . lt as iu vaiu t|at
t|c pcasautry rcturucd to t|cir |oucs, |lcsscd |y t|c iopc, aud a|solvcd |y t|c C|urc| t|c tcu-
pcst, aud t|c spoilcd hrcor|s, crc t|c solc t|cucs o couvcrsatiou. Lvcu t|c saiut lost uuc|
o |is popularity, aud rcccivcd |ut c iuvocatious as loug as t|c rcgrcts lastcd, or plcasurcs uot
to |c coupcusatcd |y a plcuary iudulgcucc or t|irty ycars. Morgau, i. -
-
-
`:::o|:r ||.: s.;:,
1.|| ;r.:: |: .. |.;:.
I.r.:::., o..:| .s:,
L.: .. .: :|: |.s:. 1usscr)
z - latiu `:::o|:r, lrcuc| s:::o|r:, Spauis| s::.:o|r:, iortu-
gucsc `:::o|r., ltaliau s::::o|r:, Gcruau `:::o|:r, Vcls| M:., Scots Gaclic .. :~`|:..:
aud variaut spclliugs), lris| M:. Io|..r
1|c latiu uauc iudicatcs t|at t|is as origiually t|c scvcut| uout| o t|c ycar. 1|c
Vcls| uauc is t|c ord or 'rcapiug', t|c Scots Gaclic rccrs to t|c a|uudaucc aud
c|ccrulucss o |arvcst, t|c lris| ucaus 'uid-autuuu'.
z - - -
I.rs: `.., \cuicc 1|c r:.:. s:.r..., a paradc o ully dcc|cd |oats it| rocrs aud pas-
scugcrs iu |istoric costuucs dou t|c Graud Caual, prcccdcs t|c roiug cvcuts,
|ic| culuiuatc iu t|c r:.:. propcr, t|c racc o ...|... roiug .||. :.::. or t|c
titlc o |cst pair.
I.rs: `.., .;::r ;rs: M..., LSA iatioual Graudparcuts Day, iustitutcd
L.s: `.., iaZulu,iatal Sout| Arica) S|a|a Day, couucuoratiug t|c grcat Zulu
|iug
I.rs: M..., LSA la|or Day. 1|c hrst la|or Day paradc too| placc iu ic Yor| City
ou Scptcu|cr , spousorcd |y t|c Ccutral la|or Luiou, |ic| as doui-
uatcd |y t|c iuig|ts o la|or. Orcgou iustitutcd t|c hrst ocial la|or Day iu
, t|c cdcral govcruucut uot uutil |y t|is tiuc it as au ocial |oliday
iu statcs). 1|c succcss o t|c |oliday as cusurcd |y t|c dctcruiuatiou to ua|c
it a joiut partucrs|ip o capital aud la|our.
LSA, ic Yor| siucc Vcst ludiau-Aucricau Day iaradc
Sout| Arica Scttlcrs' Day
I.r:| Ir.., Aucricau ludiau Day
I.rs: `.:r., .;::r I|| M... .. `:::o|:r O|la|oua ludiau Day
icxt |iu, `:::o|:r uarc|cd cc|c ou ootc,
Yct as |c |cauy ladcu it| t|c spoylc
O |arucsts ric|cs, |ic| |c uadc |is |oot,
Aud |iu curic|t it| |ouuty o t|c soylc
lu |is ouc |aud, as ht or |arucsts toylc,
ic |cld a |uic-|oo|, aud iu t|'ot|cr |aud
A pairc o aig|ts, it| |ic| |c did assoylc
iot| uorc aud lcssc, |crc it iu dou|t did staud,
Aud cquall gauc to cac| as lusticc duly scauu'd.
Spcuscr, 1|: I.:r.: ::.:, . vii.
lt is uo Scptcu|cr, aud t|c Suuuc |cgius to all uuc| rou |is |cig|t, t|c ucdocs arc lct
|arc, |y t|c uout|cs o |uugry Cattcll, aud t|c ioggcs arc turucd iuto t|c Coruc hclds t|c
iudcs |cgiu to |uoc|c t|c Applcs |cads togct|cr ou t|c trccs, aud t|c alliugs arc gat|crcd to
hll t|c iycs or t|c ious|old t|c Saylcrs all to or|c to gct aorc t|c iudc, aud i t|cy spy a
storuc, it puts t|cu to praycr t|c Souldicr uo |cgius to s|rug at t|c cat|cr, aud t|c Caupc
dissolucd, t|c Coupauics arc put to Garisou t|c laycr uo |cgius |is iarucst, aud t|c Clicut
paycs or ords |y aig|t t|c luucs uo |cgiu to prouidc or g|csts, aud t|c uig|t-catcrs iu t|c
sta|lc, piuc| t|c 1rauailcr iu |is |cd iapcr, pcu, aud iu|c arc uuc| iu rcqucst, aud t|c quartcr
Scssious ta|c ordcr it| t|c ay-laycrs Coalcs aud ood ua|c toard t|c C|iuucy, aud
Alc aud Sac|c arc iu accouut it| good cllocs t|c iutc|cr uo |uoc|s douc t|c grcat
iccucs, aud t|c ioultcrs cat|crs ua|c toard t|c Lp|olstcr Valnct Oystcrs arc t|c lis|iucs
calt|, aud iippius huc arc t|c Costcruougcrs ric| ucrc|audisc t|c naylc aud t|c au all to
or| iu t|c iaruc, aud t|c Coruc uar|ct is ull o t|c ia|crs t|c ior|cts uo arc driucu to t|c
Voods, aud t|c |ouc-cd iiggcs ua|c por|c or t|c uar|ct. lu |ricc, l t|us coucludc o it, l
|old it t|c Viutcrs orcaruiug, aud t|c Suuucrs arccll. Adicu. irctou )
io L.|r. cig|s t|c days aud uig|ts iu au cqual |alaucc, so t|at t|crc is uot au |airs |rcadt|
dicrcucc |ctixt t|cu iu lcugt| t|is uouct| |aviug au l iu it, Oystcrs couc agaiu iu scasou,
|ic| ill causc as grcat a |aliug at 3.||..s.::, as is at h:s:o..s::r~H.|| auougst t|c laycrs iu
1cru tiuc. ..r .|.. )
A scvcutccut|-ccutury dictary couuscl or Scptcu|cr
lu t|is Mouct| :.: all uauucr o o:.:s aud ;r.:s t|at your stouac| dcsircs, or all t|iugs arc uo
iu t|cir propcr vigor aud pcrcctiou, good to purgc, aud to t|is cud is |ig|ly couucuda|lc t|c
nour o C.ss.. uc drau, t|at gcutly purgct| aud couorts uaturc, aud usc cordial podcrs iu
your |rot|s, t|csc prcscrvc t|c |ody souud till t|c ucxt Spriug, all Siuplcs plauts uscd or
ucdiciual purposcs, loots, lruits aud Sccds, uay |c cll applicd t|is Mouct|, aud uscd ou all
occasious, as |ciug iu t|cir ull pcrcctiou, C..:s o.|| aud .o:r...:s catcu t|is Mouct| arc
couucuda|lc, or t|at t|cy |ot| iucrcasc ||.., aud causc a good ..|.r. Sauudcrs )
z
-
I.|:..: `:::o|r:s l
z - - - Caucroou Luiou iatioualc Caucrouuaisc
Day
|apau Disastcr ircvcutiou Day, couucuoratiug iauto cart|qua|c )
-
li|ya lcvolutiou Day ) uatioual day)
Mcxico iu|lic ioliday
Slova|ia Coustitutiou Day
1au.auia icrocs' Day
L.|c|istau ludcpcudcucc Day rou t|c LSSl, )
z - Gilcs CoL)
C.|:s or Acgidius t| c.), a |cruit or |ou t|c \isigot|ic iiug Vau|a -)
rcportcdly ouudcd au a||cy at Saiut-Gillcs iu irovcucc, givcu a c|artcr |y iopc icuc-
dict ll -). Accordiug to lcgcud, |ilc s|cltcriug a |iud t|at iiug Vau|a as
|uutiug, |c as cripplcd |y au arro rou t|c |iug's |o. lu splcudid dchaucc o
c|rouology, auot|cr lcgcud ua|cs |iu au At|cuiau drau |y t|c prcac|iug o St
Cacsarius, arc||is|op o Arlcs, |o dicd iu , aud a t|ird |as |iu a|solvc C|arlc-
uaguc, |o as |oru souc ycars latcr, or a siu so |ciuous t|at t|c cupcror durst
uot coucss it au augcl displaycd it to t|c saiut iu ritiug t|at disappcarcd as |c praycd.
ic as urt|cr said to |avc visitcd louc latc iu lic to o|taiu privilcgcs or |is
uouastcry |y ocriug it to t|c popc, t|c ioly lat|cr gavc |iu to doors o cyprcss-
ood t|at, t|rou iuto t|c sca, crc trausportcd to a |cac| ucar t|c prcscut Saiut-
Gillcs.
ic t|at as it uay, |is cult sprcad ovcr Luropc, |c |ccauc t|c patrou o uursiug
uot|crs rou t|c |iud t|at uouris|cd |iu), lcpcrs, aud a|ovc all cripplcs, t|c lcgcud
couccruiug C|arlcuaguc iucrcascd |is popularity |y iuplyiug t|at |c could o|taiu or-
givcucss or sius uot ully coucsscd |y t|c pcuitcut. Siucc |c as also patrou o |lac|-
suit|s, |is c|urc|cs crc otcu |uilt at crossroads, |crc t|c ridcr could ors|ip |ilc
|is |orsc as s|od at t|c ucar|y suit|y. lu Luglaud alouc souc c|urc|cs crc dcd-
icatcd to |iu, uost auous |ciug t|at at Cripplcgatc iu loudou, iu Scotlaud, it as at
St Gilcs' Cat|cdral iu Ldiu|urg| t|at t|c rcvolt agaiust C|arlcs l's Scottis| praycr |oo|
as said to |avc |ccu lauuc|cd |cu |cuuy Gcddcs |urlcd |cr stool at t|c |cad o
iis|op liudsay ou Suuday, |uly OS. Gilcs as couutcd ouc o t|c lourtccu
Auxiliary Saiuts. iis cu|lcu is au arro. 1|c lC C|urc| couucuoratcs |iu ou t|is
day as cll.
A air is |cld iu Oxord iu t|c strcct t|at |cars |is uauc, ruuuiug sout| rou |is
c|urc|, ou Mouday aud 1ucsday olloiug t|c hrst Suuday atcr Scptcu|cr, hrst
cclc|ratcd iu , it as orucrly a uar|ct-air, |ut, |aviug |ccu suspcudcd duriug t|c
Sccoud Vorld Var, ou rcsuuptiou turucd iuto a uuair.
Auoug t|c lcadcrs o t|c lirst Crusadc as layuoud o Saiut-Gillcs, couut o
1oulousc, |is uauc as adaptcd |y t|c iy.autiuc Grcc|s to Is..:|: s, 'Lqual o t|c
Augcls'.
Ls loup, lcu) d. ), arc||is|op o Scus, |crc |c ouudcd t|c uouastcry o
Saiutc-Colou|c. ic as cxilcd or a tiuc atcr t|c lrau|is| |iug Clot|ar ll's sci.urc
o iurguudy. Accordiug to lcgcud |c dclaycd Clot|ar's cutcrprisc |y riugiug t|c grcat
|cll iu |is cat|cdral o Saiut-ticuuc so loudly as to scarc aay t|c royal troops. Ouc
Suuday, |ilc |c as sayiug uass, a prccious stouc cll rou |cavcu iuto |is c|alicc,
-
|cu |is praycrs crc iutcrruptcd ouc uig|t |y a pocrul t|irst, |c callcd or cold
atcr, t|cu rccogui.iug t|c origiu o |is craviug, placcd |is couc| ou t|c vcsscl aud t|us
iuprisoucd t|c Dcvil, '|o |cgau to |ol aud scrcau all uig|t loug'. Accuscd o lov-
iug |is prcdcccssor's daug|tcr, |o as a uuu, |c |isscd |cr iu rout o |is cucuics, dc-
clariug 'Ot|cr ucu's ords |aru |iu uot|iug |osc ou couscicucc staius |iu uot.'
Ou St. lupus aud St. Gilcs's day, |ic| as Saturday, st Scptcu|cr , souc ucu|crs o t|c
paris| suggcstcd puttiug ou auot|cr cutcrtaiuucut, |ic| t|cy did, aud t|is as it t|cy got a
good loug polc a|out six :..s:s .. t loug, stuc| it iuto t|c grouud, aud at t|c vcry top t|cy
put a |as|ct iu |ic| crc a at goosc aud six ||...s. 1|cu t|cy grcascd t|c polc vcry t|oroug|ly
aud auuouuccd t|at |ocvcr could scrau|lc up it uuassistcd aud gct t|c goosc s|ould |avc it,
togct|cr it| t|c polc, t|c |as|ct, aud t|c six ||...s. iut uo ouc, |ocvcr cll |c cliu|cd, could
rcac| it. lu t|c cvcuiug, |ocvcr, a |oy |o |ad got |ig|cr t|au auyouc clsc as givcu t|c goosc,
|ut uot t|c six ||...s or t|c |as|ct or t|c polc. iourgcois o iaris,
r.s.s .; C.., o |ou uot|iug is |uou |is huc aucicut c|urc| |as |ccu dcstroycd),
|ut |o is couucuoratcd iu t|c louau Martyrology aud iu t|irtccu Luglis| uouas-
tic calcudars, |is cast is souctiucs uscd or datiug.
St liacrc's cast is ou t|is datc iu lraucc aud lrclaud, scc August.
lrou t|c uid-ht| ccutury pcr|aps rou ) Scptcu|cr as t|c hrst day o |ot|
t|c calcudar ycar aud t|c 'Grcc|' iudictiou ycar at Coustautiuoplc, it is still t|c |cgiu-
uiug o t|c Ort|odox ccclcsiastical ycar. Scc Scpt.)
1|is day is traditioually t|oug|t to |c t|c |cgiuuiug o t|c oystcr scasou, t|c cig|t
uout|s coutaiuiug t|c lcttcr l iu |ic| it as cousidcrcd sac to cat oystcrs. iocvcr,
t|c ocial opcuiug or oystcr-hs|iug as Old St |aucs Day scc Aug.).
Vcducsday st Scptcu|cr . 1|is uoruiug l trcatcd uot|cr to souc huc oystcrs, t|c pro-
|i|itiou agaiust ocriug t|cu or salc |aviug ccascd to t|c grcat joy o our gouruauds |osc
appctitc or oystcrs is iusatia|lc. iiutard, iii.
1|c partridgc-s|ootiug scasou also |cgius. icucc 'St iartridgc Day', t|c opcuiug o
t|c partridgc scasou to lc|.)
'Vcll, t|is .s ricuds|ip. V|at ou cart| |riugs you |crc, old cllo. V|y arcu't you iu t|c stu||lcs
cclc|ratiug St. iartridgc.' Mrs iuup|ry Vard, .|:r: L|so:r:, c|. )
z
-
... IJ N...s `:::o|r:s G
z - - - \ictuau ludcpcudcucc Day )
z - lorucrly Stcp|cu, |iug o iuugary scc Aug., Aug.)
-
h.||..o, |is|op o los|ildc d. ), c|aplaiu to St iuud, |iug o Dcuuar| scc
|uly). V|ilc accoupauyiug t|c |iug ou |is voyagcs, |c sa t|c grcat spiritual uccd
o t|c Daucs aud staycd iu Dcuuar|, |ciug uaucd |is|op o los|ildc iu Sjallaud.
iis priucipal corts crc dircctcd at iuud's ucp|c, iiug Svcud Lstridscu, guilty o
iuccst, ar|itrary dcat|-scutcuccs, aud violatiou o c|urc| sauctuary, Svcud cvcutually
coucsscd, aud atcr dcat| |ot| |iug aud |is|op crc |uricd iu t|c cat|cdral o
los|ildc.
M.oo.s Ort|.), uartyrcd uudcr Aurcliau -), rcportcd |y t|c louau Martyr-
ology to |avc uudcrgouc a prolougcd pcrsccutiou rou yout| to old agc. iis |cad, aud
ouc aru, arc said to |c prcscrvcd at laugrcs. 1|c Last, |ocvcr, |ic| cclc|ratcs |iu
ou Scptcu|cr, ua|cs |iu a -ycar-old |crd|oy stoucd to dcat| at iayscri, or t|at
rcasou |c is t|c patrou o cattlc. 1|c Vcstcru datc is August.
Ou t|is day iu a hrc at t|c iiug's |a|cr's s|op as auucd |y au cast iud iuto t|c
Grcat lirc o loudou, |ic| as ol| ucuory dclig|ts to rccall |cgau iu iuddiug lauc
aud cxtcudcd to iic Corucr. Dcspitc t|c |cst corts o or|ucu uudcr t|c dircct su-
pcrvisiou o C|arlcs ll aud t|c Du|c o Yor|, it |urucd or our days, dcstroyiug uorc
t|au , |ouscs aud guttiug St iaul's, Guild|all, aud t|c loyal Lxc|augc.
z
-
... III N...s `:::o|r:s A
z - - - lraucc, Mouaco li|cratiou o Mouaco
Qatar ludcpcudcucc Day rou Grcat iritaiu, )
Sau Mariuo St Mariuus' Day or lcpu|lic Day
1uuisia Couucuoratiou o Scptcu|cr |cgiuuiug o iudcpcudcucc uovc-
ucut)
z - Grcgory t|c Grcat CY, lC, iCi Mar.), orucrly iius X scc
Aug.)
Cr:.r, :|: Cr:.:, cclc|ratiug |is cousccratiou iu , |cpt iu t|c prc-lcoruatiou Lug-
lis| c|urc| rou t|c carly tclt| ccutury scc Mar.), aud uo rcplaciug |is tradi-
tioual cast ou Marc|.
M.r..s t| c.), said to |avc |ccu a stoucuasou |oru ou au islaud o Daluatia |o
cauc to liuiui, |osc alls |c as ordcrcd to |clp rc|uild iu . iaviug coustructcd
a ccll iu Moutc 1itauo |c livcd t|crc as a |cruit, |is |cruitagc |ccauc t|c uuclcus o
a city t|at uo coustitutcs t|c lcpu|lic o Sau Mariuo. iis ucrits crc rccogui.cd iu
, |cu iis|op Gaudcutius o liuiui ordaiucd |iu dcacou, |is |ody as discovcrcd
-
iu t|c |asilica o Sau Mariuo iu . lu Sau Mariuo t|is |as alays |ccu |is day, |ut
t|c t| at iavia, |crc t|crc arc purportcd rclics, aud iu t|c louau Martyrology.
3.s.|.ss. d. ..). S|c as listcd iu t|c louau Martyrology as a -ycar-old virgiu rou
iicoucdia uo l

.uit) |o duriug Dioclctiau's pcrsccutiou it|stood scourgcs, hrc,

aud ild |casts it| suc| stcadastucss as to couvcrt t|c govcruor, |cr cult cxistcd as
latc as t|c ourtccut| ccutury at Coustautiuoplc. S|c is iuvo|cd as patrou saiut |y uurs-
iug uot|crs aud or ardiug o c|il|laius, uot|iug iu |cr lcgcud suggcsts a rcasou, |ut
pcr|aps uursiug uot|crs prccrrcd to pray to a ouau t|au to St Gilcs.
lu t|c Middlc Agcs t|c t|ird o Scptcu|cr as couuouly rcc|oucd au 'Lgyptiau' or
ill-oucucd day scc L.,s. b.|.|,), a act rccordcd |y coutcuporary sourccs iu cou-
ucctiou it| lic|ard l's corouatiou iu , ouc ritcr uotcs t|at it as au Lgyptiau day
or t|c |cs, agaiust |ou t|c populacc uulcas|cd a pogrou. 1|is as also t|c day ou
|ic| Olivcr Croucll ou to |attlcs iu succcssivc ycars, iu at Duu|ar agaiust
t|c Scottis| Covcuautcrs, iu at Vorccstcr agaiust t|c Luglis| aud Scottis| royalists,
ou t|c sauc day iu |c dicd auidst a carul t|uudcrstoru
. . . a|out t|c uiddlc o Js:, |c as sciscd ou |y a couuou tcrtiau Aguc, rou |ic|, |c |c-
licv'd, a littlc casc aud divcrtiscucut at H.o:.. Court ould |avc rccd |iu. iut t|c hts grc
strougcr, aud |is Spirits uuc| a|atcd so t|at |c rcturu'd agaiu to h|.::~|.||, |cu |is i|ysiciaus
|cgau to t|iu| |iu iu daugcr, t|oug| t|c ircac|crs, |o pray'd alays a|out |iu, aud told God
Aluig|ty |at grcat t|iugs |c |ad douc or |iu, aud |o uuc| uorc uccd |c |ad still o |is
Scrvicc, dcclarcd as rou God, t|at |c s|ould rccovcr aud |c |iuscl as o t|c sauc uiud, did
uot t|iu| |c s|ould dic, till cvcu t|c tiuc t|at |is Spirits ail'd |iu. 1|cu |c dcclarcd to t|cu,
't|at |c did appoiut |is Sou to succccd |iu, |is cldcst Sou ..|.r', aud so cxpircd upou t|c t|ird
day o `:::o|:r , a day |c t|oug|t alays vcry propitious to |iu, aud ou |ic| |c |ad tri-
uup|cd or to o |is grcatcst victorics. Aud t|is uo as a day vcry ucuora|lc or t|c grcat-
cst storu o Viud t|at |ad |ccu cvcr |uou, or souc |ours |corc aud atcr |is dcat|, |ic|
ovcrt|rc 1rccs, iouscs, aud uadc grcat Vrcc|s at Sca, aud t|c tcupcst as so uuivcrsal, t|at
t|c cccts o it crc tcrri|lc, |ot| iu Ir...: aud I|..:rs, |crc all icoplc trcu|lcd at it, or |c-
sidcs t|c Vrcc|s all aloug t|c Sca-Coast, uauy ioatcs crc cast aay iu t|c vcry livcrs, aud
it|iu c days atcr, circuustaucc o |is dcat|, t|at accoupauicd t|at Storu, as uuivcrsally
|uou. Clarcudou, ||. xv, iii. )
lu t|c Luitcd iiugdou, aud iu lraucc, t|is day is also rcgardcd as t|c |cgiuuiug o t|c
Sccoud Vorld Var, siucc ou t|c cxpiry o t|cir ultiuata to Gcruauy to it|dra rou
iolaud t|cy dcclarcd ar.
z
-
r..: N...s `:::o|r:s i
z - - - \cuc.ucla Civil Scrvauts' Day
z ludi Magui or louaui, iu |ouour o |upitcr icst aud Grcatcst,
-
|osc tcuplc as dcdicatcd ou Scptcu|cr , t|cy crc uadc auuual iu
i uot |corc, aud gradually cxtcudcd rou ouc day to htccu - Scptcu|cr), t|is day
|ciug addcd iu |ouour o t|c uurdcrcd Cacsar.
z - iiriuus CY couucu., scc Dcc.)
1|is day is propcrly St Cut||crt's trauslatiou, |ut is otcu |cpt as |is uaiu cast iu
prccrcucc to |is traditioual day o Marc|, |ic| is iu lcut.
.s: .; J.::r|., virgiu -). At ycars old s|c |ad a visiou iu |ic| t|c \irgiu iu-
structcd |cr to ta|c t|c lrauciscau |a|it, |ut to livc at |ouc. iy t|c agc o s|c as
prcac|iug iu t|c strccts o \itcr|o agaiust t|c cupcror lrcdcric| ll aud iu avour o t|c
popc. 1|c cupcror tolcratcd t|is or a c ycars, t|cu |ad losc aud |cr auily cxilcd.
1|cy rcturucd atcr |is dcat|, |ic| losc |ad prcdictcd. lcuscd aduissiou to t|c
ioor Clarcs' couvcut o St Mary o t|c loscs or lac| o a dory, s|c as sct up iu a
ucar|y |ousc it| a c rcligious coupauious, |ut t|c uuus succccdiug iu closiug it,
aud s|c rcturucd to |cr auily. S|c is said to |avc dicd ou Marc| , iu \itcr|o t|c
C|urc| |ouours |cr ou t|at day, |ut t|c grcat pu|lic cclc|ratiou, iu |ic| |cr iucor-
rupt |ody is |oruc iu proccssiou t|roug| t|c city strccts, is ou Scptcu|cr, cou-
ucuoratiug |cr |urial iu t|c ioor Clarcs' couvcut |y ordcr o iopc Alcxaudcr l\ iu
. S|c as cauoui.cd iu , |ccausc o |cr uauc, aud t|at o t|c couvcut, s|c is
patrou o norists aud nocr-grocrs iu ccutral ltaly.
.s.|.., virgiu d. .). Accordiug to Siciliau traditiou s|c as au auc|orcss iu a cavc
ucar ialcruo, |cr cult as popular iu Sicily iu t|c latcr Middlc Agcs. S|c |ccauc pat-
rou o ialcruo iu , atcr |cr rclics crc ouud scc |uly), aud s|c as crcditcd
it| riddiug t|c city o t|c plaguc.
z
-
N...: `:::o|r:s C
z |upitcr Stator, so callcd |ccausc |c stoppcd t|c cucuy, or gavc t|c
city o louc sta|ility, t|c uilitary cxplauatiou is pro|a|ly t|c oldcr, t|oug| uo ouc is
rcquircd to |clicvc t|c lcgcud t|at iiug louulus vocd |iu a tcuplc ou t|c ialatiuu
|corc ua|iug a staud agaiust t|c iuvadiug Sa|iuc aruy o 1itus 1atius.
z -
L.r:..: C.s:...... lorcu.o Giustiuiau), patriarc| o \cuicc -). ioru iuto a
patriciau \cuctiau auily a uaucsa|c as a uotcd poct), |c joiucd t|c ordcr o Sau
Giorgio iu Alga, |ccouiug t|cir gcucral. lcluctautly |c acccptcd t|c |is|opric o
Castcllo, |cu iopc iic|olas \ trauscrrcd t|c scc o Grado to \cuicc iu , |c
-
uaucd laurcucc patriarc|, a post otcu su|jcct to rictiou it| t|c civic aut|oritics, |ut
lct |iu aud |is succcssors iu t|c c|urc| o Sau iictro di Castcllo, ou a suall islaud
cll aay rou dogc aud Siguoria St Mar|'s as t|c dogc's c|urc|, uot t|c patriarc|'s).
Vidcly rcuoucd or |is |oliucss, |c rotc scvcral ascctic trcatiscs, |c as cauoui.cd
iu .
lrou t|is day iu as rcc|oucd t|c Mayau loug Couut currcut at t|c tiuc o
t|c Spauis| couqucst scc ll :|:r C.|:..rs. M:s..o:r....), dcsigucd to cud |ad it uot
|ccu discoutiuucd iu ) ou Dcccu|cr .
z
-
... JIII Is `:::o|r:s D
z - - - ia|istau Dccucc o ia|istau Day
So 1ou aud irucipc iatioual icrocs' Day
Sa.ilaud ludcpcudcucc Day )
z -
3:. or icc, virgiu t| c.), rcputcdly au lris| |iug's daug|tcr |o uarroly cscapcd
uarriagc |y cariug a |racclct uar|cd it| a cross givcu |cr |y au augcl. Lsiug a clod
o cart| as |oat, s|c crosscd t|c Ccltic Sca aud livcd as au auc|orcss, cd |y scagulls,
ou a prououtory iu Cuu|ria, |uou as St iccs icad, |crc s|c ouudcd a couvcut.
icr uauc rccalls t|c cuiuiuc oru o t|c lris| ord or 'littlc' |:., Old lris| |:), |ut
|cr |racclct rccalls t|c Old Luglis| ord or t|at oruaucut, |: .. icr lic is t|c su|jcct
o a rcccut uovcl Mclvyu iragg, Cr:.). icr day is souctiucs givcu as Octo|cr, t|c
datc iu ouc sourcc) o |cr dcat|. S|c is uot to |c idcutihcd it| icgu, t|c Luglis| uuu
o iac|ucss ucar V|it|y |o accordiug to icdc as vouc|sacd a visiou o A||css
iilda's soul rcccivcd iuto |cavcu scc iov.).
M.. or Maguus ..-..), a icucdictiuc rou Sau|t Gallcu, |ccauc a uissiouary
hrst iu t|c Allgu, t|cu ou t|c uppcr lcc|, aud |uilt a |cruitagc iu lsscu, |ic| as
curic|cd |y |cucactious cspccially rou iippiu t|c Youugcr) aud |ccauc a uouastcry.
ic as |uricd t|crc, |is rcuaius, trauslatcd .. to a uc c|apcl t|crc, disappcarcd iu
t|c clcvcut| ccutury. iis cult is stroug iu Sa|ia, iavaria, 1yrol, aud Sit.crlaud. ic
is portraycd |oldiug up t|c Cross to a dragou or castiug a torc| iu its ua, surrouudcd
|y ild |casts aud sua|cs, or rcproviug a |car uudcr au applc trcc. ic is iuvo|cd or
protcctiou o crops rou vcruiu aud agaiust lig|tuiug.
A ucuu or Scptcu|cr suggcstcd |y lo|crt May )
-
J 3.|| .; I.r: ;.r `:::o|:r
Oystcrs
Au Olio
ircast o \cal iu stoado
1clvc iartridgc |as|cd
Graud Sallct
C|aldrou iic
Custard
J s:... C.rs:
la|its
1o icarus, ouc lardcd
llorcutiuc o tougucs
iidgcous roast, lardcd
i|casaut pouts, lardcd
A cold |arc pic
Sclscy coc|lcs |roild atcr
z
-
... JII Is `:::o|r:s L
z - - - ira.il ludcpcudcucc Day rou iortugal, )
Mo.au|iquc \ictory Day
z - Lvurtius iCi)
H:.r:.s, |osc uauc is couuouly corruptcd to 'Luurc|us' or 'Lvurtius', a ourt|-
ccutury |is|op o Orlaus o |ou vcry littlc is |uou, dcspitc au accouut priutcd |y
t|c iollaudists uudcr t|c |cadiug J.:. ;.||.s ;.:.:., 'a lic dchlcd |y a|lcs', |ic| tclls
us t|at |c put out a hrc aud ouud a trcasurc. iut it as uot or suc| ac|icvcucuts, uot
cvcu or |is clcctiou |y t|c ioly G|ost, siguihcd as iu uauy ot|cr cascs) |y a dovc's
pcrc|iug ou |is |cad, t|at siucc |c |as |ccu couucuoratcd iu t|c ioo| o Cou-
uou iraycr |is iuclusiou as a su|tcrugc to cua|lc t|c |irt|day o Quccu Lli.a|ct|
l iu to |c cclc|ratcd uudcr |cr succcssor |aucs l.
1|c dcvotiou t|at Lli.a|ct| iuspircd toards t|c cud o |cr rcigu is cxprcsscd iu lau-
guagc too stroug or t|c uost loyal uouarc|ist to usc iu our touguc-ticd agc
V|at s|all c ritc urt|cr o triuup|cs aud o uatiuitics iut our day |cgau t|c scucut| o
Scptcu|cr, t|c uost |appy aud |lcsscd day o Quccuc Lli.as uatiuitic, o |ouc cc |auc tri-
uup|cd daics, cucry day |ciug a triuup|aut day, sit|cucc |cr Maicstics |yrt| vuto t|is
prcscut tiuc.
1|is nouris| as couposcd i t|c days arc rcc|oucd iuclusivcly) ou Marc| ,
soou atcr t|c dccat o t|c Spauis| Aruada, |y lodoic| lloyd, t|c Quccu's scrjcaut-
at-arus, it as pu|lis|cd iu 1|: 1r.|...:.: .; 1r.o|:s ), au auuivcrsary cclc|ratiou o
-
Lli.a|ct|'s |irt| Scpt. ), |cr acccssiou iov. ), aud corouatiou |au.
), cast as a study o t|c |ouours paid ou suc| occasious to orcigu priuccs |ut also
ou t|cir uucrals, a topic uot dcar to t|c Quccu). lloyd, cvcr t|c loyalist, |ouourcd
|aucs l uo lcss cusivcly iu atrocious vcrsc, |ut Good Quccu icss's ucuory as prc-
scrvcd, uot ouly iu pu|lic. 1|c iodlciau li|rary copy is |ouud togct|cr it| ouc o
lloyd's L..|| .; L..:s scc May) coutaiuiug copious uauuscript uotcs |y ouc lo|crt
iic|olsou, t|osc or Scptcu|cr |ciug datcd , uudcr t|is day c rcad
. 1|c rarc, airc aud arrc rcuoucd aud aduira|lc, LllZAiL1i, Quccuc o Luglaud, lraucc,
lrclaud, ~ \irgiuia daug|tcr o iiug icury t|c viij
t|
aud Quccu Auuc iullciuc |is ic as
|oruc at Grccuic| iu icut, ou Souday t|c vijt| day o Scptcu|cr A
o
D
o
,
o
icu , |c-
tcuc .. ~ .. o t|c cloc| iu t|c atcruoouc to t|c grcat ioy, ~ pcrpctuall |ouour o Luglaud.
1|csc crc privatc uotcs, rittcu uudcr iiug |aucs, |o ould uot |avc |ccu plcascd
to scc t|cu, |uoiug t|at praisc o Lli.a|ct| as all too otcu dispraisc o |iuscl, iu-
dccd, popular as s|c |ad |ccu iu |cr lictiuc, s|c |ccauc cvcu uorc popular uudcr t|c
Stuarts aud a ar lcss au|iguous c|aupiou o irotcstautisu t|au s|c |ad |ccu iu |cr
lictiuc).
C|...| or Cloud d. ..), lrau|is| priucc. Orp|aucd at au carly agc, |cu |is at|cr
iiug Clodouar cll victiu iu to a iurguudiau rusc iu |attlc, |c as |roug|t up it|
|is |rot|crs, 1|cudoald aud Guut|ar, |y |is grauduot|cr, St Clot|ilda |uuc). 1|c
acctiou s|c |cstocd ou t|cu rau|lcd it| |cr ou sous, lot|ar aud C|ildc|crt, |o
coupcllcd |cr to c|oosc |ct|cr t|c cldcr |rot|crs |o crc rcspcctivcly aud )
s|ould |avc t|cir |air cut, |ic| ould disqualiy t|cu rou t|c t|rouc, or |c |illcd,
s|c c|osc t|c lattcr, aud t|c t|iug as douc. Clodoald, |osc lic |ad |ccu savcd |y
couragcous guards, did uot c|oosc to hg|t |is uuclcs or pocr, |ut cut |is ou |air
aud |ccauc a pricst at iogcut, ucar \crsaillcs, |crc iu |c ouudcd a uouastcry rc-
uaucd Saiut-Cloud iu . 1|c siuilarity o |is uauc to t|c lrcuc| or 'uail' .|.) |as
lcd to |is vcucratiou iu lraucc as patrou o uail-ua|crs.
z
-
... JI Is `:::o|r:s l
.r: s.r.. |::::.: :|: :. `. M.r.:s ..:s Aug. aud Scpt.,
r s:: .r . s|.;: .:, :|.: |..:s: :|: ..:s. 1usscr)
z - - - Audorra iatioual Day Our lady o Mcritxcll)
Malta iatioual Day Our lady o \ictorics)
iort| iorca iatioual Day, couucuoratiug ouudatiou o statc iu
z - iativity o t|c ilcsscd \irgiu Mary CoL), --
lC), - Ort|.)
-
N.:..:, .; :|: 3JM. 1|is cast is pro|a|ly dcrivcd rou t|c dcdicatiou-cast or t|c ht|-
ccutury c|urc| o St Mary iu |crusalcu, |uilt ou |cr supposcd |irt|placc |ut rcdcdi-
catcd |y t|c Crusadcrs to St Auuc, |y t|c sixt| ccutury it as csta|lis|cd iu
Coustautiuoplc, |crc louauos t|c Mclodc Oct.) rotc |yuus or it. lirst ucu-
tioucd iu t|c Vcst .., it |ccauc part o t|c louau calcudar uudcr iopc Scrgius l
scc |clo).
|oy iu t|c risiug o our Oricut starrc,
1|at s|al |riug ort| t|c Suuuc t|at lcut |cr lig|t,
|oy iu t|c pcacc t|at s|all coucludc our arrc,
Aud soouc rc|atc t|c cdgc o Sat|aus spig|t,
load-starrc o all cugold iu orldly avcs,
1|c card aud coupassc t|at rou s|ip-rac|c savcs.
1|c iatriarc|s aud irop|cts crc t|c nocrs,
V|ic| 1iuc |y coursc o agcs did distill,
Aud cul'd iuto t|is littlc cloud t|c s|ocrs,
V|osc gratious drops t|c orld it| joy s|all hl,
V|osc uoisturc supplct| cvcry soulc it| gracc,
Aud |riugct| lic to J.os dyiug racc.
lor God ou cart| s|c is t|c royall t|rouc,
1|c c|oscu clot| to ua|c |is uortall ccdc,
1|c quarry to cut out our corucr stouc,
Soilc ul o ruit, yct rcc rou uortall sccdc,
lor |cavculy norc s|cc is t|c j:ss: rod,
1|c c|ild o uau, t|c parcut o a god.
lo|crt Sout|cll .-), 'icr iativity'
lu Mary o t|c iativity as dcclarcd t|c patrou saiut o Cu|a, t|c dcvotiou ccu-
trcd arouud a particular statuc, said to |avc |ccu lct |y ouc o t|c ...,.s:..r:s iu
as a t|au|-ocriug iu au ludiau villagc ucar Sautiago dc Cu|a.
.: `:r.s I d. ). ioru iuto a Syriau auily at ialcruo aud clcctcd iu dcspitc
c|allcugcs rou to rivals, |c curic|cd t|c louau c|urc| ycar it| litauics aud pro-
ccssious ou t|c Lastcru cstivals o iypapautc lc|. t|c ircscutatiou iu t|c 1cuplc,
or iurihcatiou), Auuuuciatiou Mar.), Doruitiou or Assuuptiou Aug.), aud t|c
iativity o t|c \irgiu, as cll as ioly Cross Day Scpt.). ic also iutroduccd t|c
Aguus Dci iuto t|c Mass, t|is as a rcspousc to t|c pro|i|itiou ou rcprcscutiug |csus
as a lau| passcd |y t|c so-callcd Quiuiscxt Couucil or Couucil .. 1r||. ), |osc
cauous, or|iddiug staudard Vcstcru practiccs suc| as clcrical ccli|acy aud Saturday
astiug iu lcut aud rcviviug Coustautiuoplc's claiu to a patriarc|al status sccoud ouly
to louc, Scrgius stcadastly rcuscd to ratiy. 1|c cupcror |ustiuiau ll ordcrcd iy.au-
tiuc troops iu ltaly to arrcst |iu aud |riug |iu to Coustautiuoplc, |ut t|cy rcuscd. ic
also rcstorcd aud cu|cllis|cd louau c|urc|cs, |apti.cd t|c Vcst Saxou |iug Ccad-
alla ), aut|ori.cd St Villi|rord's uissiou to t|c lrisiaus scc iov.), ordcrcd St
Vilrid Oct.) to |c rcstorcd to |is scc, aud iu rcccivcd Aquilcia |ac| iuto cou-
uuuiou it| louc atcr a sc|isu causcd |y iopc \igilius' capitulatiou to |ustiuiau l iu
. 1|is grcat popc dicd ou Scptcu|cr aud is couucuoratcd ou t|is day.
-
z
-
... J Is `:::o|r:s G
z - - - |apau C|rysaut|cuuu Day, I.| .. `:||, t|c
adaptatiou to t|c Grcgoriau calcudar o t|c traditioual c|rysaut|cuuu cstival
ou t|c uiut| day o t|c uiut| luuar uout|
1aji|istau ludcpcudcucc Day rou t|c LSSl, )
LSA, Calioruia Aduissiou Day st statc, )
z - Syuaxis o t|c 1|copatorcs |oac|iu aud Auua Ort|.)
j...|.o .. J..., Auccstors o God :|:.:.r:s) as parcuts o t|c 1|coto|os, t|c \irgiu
Mary, arc cclc|ratcd iu t|c Ort|odox C|urc| ou t|c day atcr |cr iativity, iu t|c lC
aud CY ou |uly.
C.r...s .. L.r.:|:s, uartyrcd , allcgcdly or protcstiug agaiust t|c torucuts
iunictcd ou a C|ristiau uaucd ictcr, Gorgouius as |uricd iu t|c \ia la|icaua iu louc,
iopc Dauasus iuscri|cd |is tou| it| au cpitap| t|at survivcd till t|c cig|tccut|
ccutury.
Villiau iattcu pu..lcs ovcr t|c idcutity o St Gorgouius ou |is cast-day iu
lryday y
c
ix. o scptcu|cr.
1|is dai is uar|t iu y
c
|allcudcr it| t|c uauc o saiuctc Gorgou, uo auous saiut surc, |ut
cyt|cr so o|scurc t|at uo uau |uocs |iu, or cls so auucicutc as cucry uau orgcttcs |iu. Yct
car it |ot| pitcc aud |lauc t|at |c s|ouldc losc |ys cstiuaciou auougc us. Aud uc t|iu|cs
outc o t|at litlc t|at l |auc rcd, l couldc souc|at sayc to |ryug |yu to lig|tc agayuc, |ut t|cu
au iu dou|tc, |at to ua|c o |yu, a |c saiut a s|c saiutc or a ucutcr or c |auc all iu ourc
iallcudar.) O t|c ualc aud cualc sayutcs, cucry lcac t|car s|ot|c sauplcs iuoc. Aud as or
t|c ucutcr, t|cy or s.. rcad 'arc' rat|cr l ot uuuar|cd t|cu uu|uocu, as saiuct C|ristuas,
s. Caudcluas, saiuct Lastcr, Saiuct V|itsoutidc ~ sctc saiuct Suuday y
t
cuus oucs a c|c.
1ouc|yugc uy dou|tc uoc l t|c day |carc uauc iu y
c
oors|ip ~ ucuoric o |yu |ouc
t|c prcac|cr ioracc dot| ucuciou iu |is hrst |oo|c o scruous |y t|csc ordcs .s:.||.s ;||s
.|::, C.r...s |.r.o. t|cu uay c |c |old to |clcuc it as a |c saiuct, |ut yct a vcry slooucu
= slovculy sayut ~ |cly|c a ucsty = uasty, suclly. l t|is uauc crc iallcudrcd o Mcdusa
Gorgou t|at |ad t|c |carc o |cr |cd tourucd iuto addcrs, |ouc icrscus oucrcauc aud |yldc,
as doctour Ouidc dcclarcs iu |is .iiii. |oo|c o c|auugcs C.r...s .....o. :rs:s s:r.:.r, t|cu
uayc c |c surc it as a s|c sayutc. iut y it car iu y
c
|ouour o iallas s|cldc |cariu t|ys
Mcdusa Gorgous |cd as graucu as 1itus Stro.a a dcuout doctour to, |ut o latcr daics) dot|
say, C.r...s .....o. ..|.:.s ..: |:s, .||.s |.|::. 1|cu as it ucyt|cr a |c uor a s|c |ut a playuc
ucutcr sayutc. Aud t|us it| y
c
auucicutc aut|oritic o ucrc pocticall scripturcs, uy couscicucc
is so cououudcd, as l ot uot iu t|c orldc |at sayutc to ua|c o |yu. |aucs o t|c syu||olc
sauyug your rcucrcucc) a ricr orsoot| t|at rotc t|c lcgcudauric, tcllct| uc a vcry prcpos-
tcrous ordcr iu good coo|cric, o ouc Gorgou ~ |is cllo Dorot|cus, t|at car hrst sauccd it|
viucgcr aud salt, aud atcr y
t
t|cu |roilcd ou a girdyrou. iut to |c playu as it is |cst or a uau
to |c
t
|is rcudcs) |c |at| arccd |ys |o|c so ull o lycs, y
t
it is quitc out o crcditc iu al |ou-
cst coupauy. Aud or uy part, l au |al a s|aucd to say y
t
l sa it, |ut syucc it is sayd,
-
~ suu|at to tcll you |at t|at l sac, |c ua|cs uc 1|ouas t|c traytour, Ls y
c
lcc|our ictcr
t|c |uauc y l uay call a couiurcr so) ~ 1|..s t|c |oor all to |c |yc ~ |olyc saiuctcs iu |caucu,
~ y
t

t
suc| prodigal iupudcucic ~ so s|auclcs liyug as l uay sacly t|iu|c |c |ad cyt|cr a iul
to ua|c saiuctcs o diucls, or cls a placardc to play t|c |uauc as |c list. iut as or Gorgou, |c |c
as |c |c uay, yt ua|cs uo grcat uattcr, or |c s|al |auc uy |art |ilc |c stoudcs iu y
c
|allcu-
dcr, |c |at| |cuc cucr so luc|y. iut |at sayutc so cucr |c |cc, |c is surc uo Scottcs uaus rcud,
|ut a vcry augry saiutc to ardc t|cu, or vpou |ys dayc .xxxiiii. ycrc pastc, t|cy |ad a grcatc
oucrt|roc |y us at lloddou cld, aud t|cir |yug |auy y
c
ourt| slayu, aud t|carorc is t|is day
uot sually uar|t auoug t|cu. iattcu, sig. D
v
-
v
H.r..: scc `:ro..:s ucauiug o coursc 'c|atty pocus', uot 'scruous', . . 'luhllus suclls o
|rcat|-rcs|cucrs, Gargouius t|c corrcct rcadiug, |ut Gorgouius is au carly variaut o |illy-
goat'.
. scc M::.o.r|.s:s, . 'icrscus |o ovcrcauc t|c sua|c-|aircd Gorgou'.
1.:. `:r.... 1ito \cspasiauo Stro..i, 'Ad icrculcu lcrrariac duccu, dc uuptiis Alousi, ct Auuac',
J:.|.s:..|.. |.|:r ,.r:s, iu `:r..... .::.: .::r :: ;|.s \cuicc, ) 'iallas |as t|c sua|c-|aircd
Gorgou's couutcuaucc gravcu ou |cr s|icld', o.
v
.
j.o:s .; :|: `,.||.|: |aco|us dc \oragiuc, aut|or o t|c Goldcu lcgcud scc Dcccu|cr
1|ouas), Scptcu|cr lupus o Scus), |uuc ictcr t|c Lxorcist), Octo|cr 1|ais).
1|c 'grcat ovcrt|ro' o lloddcu licld too| placc, as iattcu rccords, ou Scptcu|cr
, |cu t|c Larl o Surrcy lcd t|c Luglis| aruy agaiust |aucs l\ o Scots, |o |ad
iuvadcd Luglaud |ilc icury \lll as hg|tiug iu lraucc. 1|c disastcr iuitially
rcportcd iu lraucc as a grcat victory) is couucuoratcd iu a auous laucut, '1|c
llocrs o t|c lorcst', givcu classic oru |y |auc Llliot iu , t|c last to stau.as ruu
Dool aud ac or t|c ordcr, scut our lads to t|c iordcr. `.rr. .. .:
1|c Luglis|, or aucc, |y guilc au t|c day,
1|c llocrs o t|c lorcst, t|at oug|t ay t|c orcuost,
1|c priuc o our laud, arc cauld iu t|c clay.
Vc'll |car uac uair liltiug at t|c cc-uil|iug, ||.:|: s....
Voucu aud |airus arc |cartlcss aud ac, .s|:.r::.: .. .:|:..:
Sig|iug aud uoauiug ou il|a grccu loauiug- ::r, r::. |r.. |..:
1|c llocrs o t|c lorcst arc a' cdc aay. ..:
1|c Luglis| victory as uot iu act duc to guilc, |ut suc| cxplauatious couort t|c
dccatcd, Spcuscr claius iu t|c I.:r.: ::.: t|at Quccu 'iuuduca' ioudicca) as
dccatcd 'iy rcasou t|at t|c Captaiucs ou |cr sidc, | Corruptcd |y .|..s, rou |cr
scru'd', |ic| is coutradictcd |y t|c aucicut accouuts.
-
z
-
... IJ Is `:::o|r:s A
z - - - icli.c St Gcorgc's Cavc Day pu|lic |oliday)
iulgaria li|cratiou Day
C|iua 1cac|crs' Day
z -
N..|.|.s .; 1.|:.:... -). iaucd atcr St iic|olas o iari, iuvo|cd |y |is loug-
c|ildlcss uot|cr, |c |ccauc au Augustiuiau |cruit iu , |y t|c tiuc o |is ordiua-
tiou |c |ad |ccouc auous or |caliug, |ic| |c pcrorucd |y giviug |is supplicauts
picccs o |rcad ovcr |ic| |c |ad iuvo|cd t|c |lcssiug o t|c \irgiu, |uou as 'St
iic|olas' |rcad'. Accordiug to lcgcud t|c uiraculous |rcad cxtiuguis|cd hrcs, iuclud-
iug ouc at t|c Dogc's palacc iu \cuicc. icucc |c is ouc o t|c saiuts iuvo|cd agaiust hrc,
|c is also protcctor o |a|ics aud uot|crs, aud patrou saiut o t|c dyiug, souls iu pur-
gatory |aviug |ad visious o rcciug souls, aud cvcu rcscuiug ouc iu a statc o dauua-
tiou), aud sic|ucss iu auiuals.
Au cig|tccut|-ccutury Luglis|uau iu lussia cxpcricuccs t|c cast-day o a saiut uc
to |iu ou August OS
1|is day |ciug sacrcd to Alcxaudcr icvs|i, a saiut |ig|ly rcvcrcd |y t|c lussiaus, aud iu |osc
|ouour au ordcr o |uig|t|ood is iustitutcd, as |cpt it| grcat solcuuity aud uaguihccucc.
Scrvicc as pcrorucd iu t|c priucipal c|urc|cs o Mosco it| all t|c pagcautry pcculiar to
t|c Grcc| rcligiou, aud t|c govcruor o t|c proviucc gavc a splcudid cutcrtaiuucut, to |ic| t|c
priucipal uo|ility aud clcrgy o t|is city crc iuvitcd. . . .
Alcxaudcr icvs|i, a uauc uorc rcspccta|lc t|au uost o t|c saiuts |o hll t|c lussiau cal-
cudar, as sou o t|c grcat-du|c Yarosla, aud nouris|cd iu t|c |cgiuuiug o t|c t| ccutury, at
a pcriod |cu |is couutry |ad |ccu rcduccd to t|c utuost cxtrcuity |y a cou|iuatiou o or-
uida|lc cucuics. ic rcpulscd au aruy o Scdcs aud 1cutouic |uig|ts aud ouudcd t|c |iug
o Scdcu it| |is ou |aud ou t|c |au| o t|c icva, rou |cucc |c o|taiucd t|c appclla-
tiou o icvs|i. ic dccatcd t|c 1artars iu scvcral cugagcucuts, aud dclivcrcd |is couutry rou
a disgraccul tri|utc iuposcd |y t|c succcssors o Ziug|is i|au. iis lic sccus to |avc |ccu al-
uost ouc coutiuucd sccuc o actiou, aud |c s|ccd suc| procss, aud pcrorucd suc| aluost
iucrcdi|lc acts o valour, t|at it is uo oudcr iguoraut aud supcrstitious pcoplc s|ould cousidcr
|iu as a supcrior |ciug, aud s|ould cousccratc |is ucuory iudccd, o all idolatry, t|at |ic| is
paid to rcal ucrit, aud iu gratitudc or rcal scrviccs, is t|c uost uatural, aud t|c uost cxcusa|lc.
ic dicd a|out t|c ycar at Gorodct. ucar iis|uci iovgorod. 1|c grcat supcriority o |is
c|aractcr as cviuccd, as cll |y victorics |ic| distiuguis|cd t|c lussiau arus duriug |is lic,
as |y t|c uuucrous dccats |ic| iuucdiatcly too| placc ou |is dcccasc. Coxc, i.
1|is as iu act |is trauslatiou-cast, t|at o |is dcat| is ou iovcu|cr OS = Dc-
ccu|cr iS.
-
z
-
... III Is `:::o|r:s i
z - - - C|ilc iatioual li|cratiou Day
Lt|iopia Lt|iopiau ic Ycar t| iu ycar |corc Vcstcru lcap ycar)
ia|istau louudcr's Dcat| Auuivcrsary Qaid-i-A.au Mo|auucd Ali |iuua|, )
pu|lic |oliday)
i|ilippiucs iaraugay Day
z - Dciuiol lC Valcs)
L:....| d. ..), rcputcdly t|c hrst |is|op o iaugor lar aud ouudcr o uouastcrics
|ot| t|crc aud at iaugor lscocd, icdc rcports t|at t|c lattcr uuu|crcd ovcr ,
uou|s, uorc t|au |al o |ou crc |illcd |y t|c |cat|cu |iug .t|clrit| o
iort|uu|ria at t|c |attlc o C|cstcr .). lor icdc, t|is as just puuis|ucut, prc-
dictcd |y St Augustiuc o Cautcr|ury, or t|c iritis| rcusal to prcac| t|c Gospcl to
t|c Luglis|, t|c iritous |ad ouud |iu too arrogaut iu |is asscrtiou o louau usagc,
|ut souc uay |avc |ccu |appicr to ua|c surc t|c Saxous cut to |cll. Vcls| saiuts do
uot savc Luglis| souls, scc David Mar.) aud icuuo Apr.), or i t|csc talcs |c
latcr hgucuts, iu t|c scvcut| ccutury Vcls| priuccs sidcd it| t|c |cat|cu icuda o
Mcrcia agaiust t|c C|ristiau |iugs o iort|uu|ria.
r.:s .. H,....:|s, t|ird-ccutury uartyrs o |ou irotus' rcuaius arc prcscrvcd iu
Sau Giovauui dci liorcutiui iu louc, aud iyaciut|us' crc discovcrcd iu iu a cat-
acou| o t|c old \ia Salaria aud arc uo iu t|c uc iropagauda ou t|c Giauicolo.
r L., .; C.r.o.:. as dcclarcd patrou o \cuc.ucla |y iius Xll iu . 1|c uauc
coucs rou a villagc scttlcd |y a tri|c o ludiaus |o |ad couvcrtcd to C|ristiauity iu
-. 1|c \irgiu appcarcd to t|cir c|ictaiu, |o |ad postpoucd |aptisu aud rc-
turucd to old ays, aud rc|u|cd |iu so orccully t|at |c attac|cd |cr, |cu t|c visiou
vauis|cd, |c as lct |oldiug a statuc o t|c \irgiu, |ic| su|scqucutly |ccauc t|c o|-
jcct o pilgriuagc.
z
-
r..: Is `:::o|r:s C
z - - - Lt|iopia iatioual lcvolutiou Day coup o
, rcuoviug Lupcror iailc Sclassic rou pocr) uatioual |oliday)
LSA, Marylaud Dccudcrs Day
-
z -
H.|, N.o: .; M.r,. 1|c dcvotiou to Mary's uauc is hrst rccordcd iu Spaiu iu t|c carly
sixtccut| ccutury, aud as uodcllcd ou icruardiuo o Sicua's prcac|iug ou t|c uauc o
|csus scc Aug.). luuoccut Xl cxtcudcd t|c cast to t|c |olc C|urc| |cu \icuua
as rccd rou t|c t|rcat o t|c 1ur|s iu .
C, .; J.:r|:.|: d. ..). iuou as 't|c ioor Mau o Audcrlcc|t', |c as t|c uodcl
o a pious layuau, usiug |is uodcst salary as sacristau at la|cu, ucar irusscls, to sup-
port t|c poor. Luiscly iuvcstiug |is suall saviugs iu ordcr to iucrcasc |is aid, |c lost
cvcryt|iug. ic uadc a pilgriuagc to louc ou oot, t|cu to t|c ioly laud, rcturuiug
to dic iu Audcrlcc|t atcr scvcu ycars, |is gravc as aluost orgottcu, till uiraculous
curcs crc rcportcd.
Ouc o Dovc's 'o|scrvatious to orc|uo t|c statc o t|c ycar' )
:.|:o, to |ou `:..s asscutct|) sait|, t|at as t|c sallos |cgiu uot at all to appcar |corc
t|c tcut| day o M.r.|, so atcr t|c tclt| o `:::o|:r, t|cy |c sccu t|at ycar uo uorc.
z
-
Is `:::o|r:s D
z lu t|c latc louau lcpu|lic or t|c carly Lupirc, t|is day |ccauc
au :|o I..s or |auquct o |upitcr, as iovcu|cr alrcady as, t|c ldcs crc |upitcr's
cspccial day iu auy uout|, |ut t|c ldcs o Scptcu|cr cll duriug t|c ludi louaui scc
Scpt.) as t|c ldcs o iovcu|cr duriug t|c ludi ilc|cii.
z - |o|u C|rysostou CY, lC, Ort|. iov., trauslatiou |au.)
j.|. C|r,s.s:.o ..-). 1|c star pupil o t|c pagau orator li|auius, |c dcploycd
t|c s|ills o classical r|ctoric to suc| ccct as to caru t|c uauc 'Goldcuuout|' C|r,s.~
s:.o.s, c. ictcr C|rysologus, |uly) alrcady givcu to t|c Grcc| orator Dio o irusa
st-ud cc. ). iis cloqucucc as uatc|cd |y |is iutcgrity |ut uot |y |is tact, as
|is|op o Coustautiuoplc rou , |c |ccauc iucrcasiugly cu|roilcd iu disputcs, aud
|aviug succcssivcly li|cucd t|c cuprcss Ludoxia, uot it|out justihcatiou, to |c.c|cl
aud icrodias, |c dicd au cxilc iu . 1|c ascriptiou to |iu o t|c Coustautiuopoli-
tau liturgy, li|c t|at o Grcgoriau c|aut to iopc Grcgory l, is a tri|utc to |is grcatucss,
uot a statcucut o |rcvctcd act. ic is patrou saiut o prcac|iug, sacrcd oratory, aud
cloqucucc, aud o Coustautiuoplc rou ), togct|cr it| St Gcorgc.
J:.:r.s, a |cruit o t|c sixt| or scvcut| ccutury |o livcd ou t|c islaud o 1iuo iu t|c
Gul o la Spc.ia. iis lic is as o|scurc as |is cult as loug-livcd iu a rclic as
rcdiscovcrcd aud solcuuly rcturucd to 1iuo. At local urgiug iopc |o|u XXlll dcclarcd
-
|iu patrou saiut o lig|t|ousc-|ccpcrs, oiug to t|c radiaucc o |is lic, |c is also pa-
trou saiut o la Spc.ia.
lu Mcxico, t|is day couucuoratcs t|c |attlc o C|apultcpcc iu , t|c last actiou o
t|c ar it| t|c Luitcd Statcs Gcu. Viuhcld Scott capturcd a ort ovcrloo|iug Mcx-
ico City, |ic| |c cut ou to storu. 1raditiou tclls o six |croic cadcts, t|c iios
irocs, |o oug|t to t|c dcat|.
z
-
... XJIII I.|:..s .:.|r:s L
z - - - iolivia Coc|a|au|a) pu|lic |oliday
iicaragua iattlc o Sau |aciuto
z - -- CoL), -- lC),
-- Ort|.)
H.|, Cr.ss L., Crouc|uas, ioly lood Day, looduas Day). 1|is day origiually cou-
ucuoratcd t|c dcdicatiou iu o t|c cupcror Coustautiuc's |asilica ou t|c sitc o t|c
ioly Scpulc|rc iu |crusalcu. Duriug its coustructiou t|c supposcd 1ruc Cross as dis-
covcrcd, it|iu a c dccadcs t|c discovcry as crcditcd to Coustautiuc's uot|cr, t|c
cuprcss iclcua scc Aug.), |o |ad uadc a visit to t|c castcru proviuccs, iuclud-
iug a pilgriuagc to |crusalcu, iu or . 1|c talc is sucicutly disprovcd |y t|c
silcucc o Coustautiuc's cusivc |iograp|cr, Lusc|ius o Cacsarca, our solc coutcupor-
ary itucss to |cr travcls. Scc also May.) At oucc portious o it |cgau to |c distri|-
utcd as rclics, iu St |o|u C|rysostou as uovcd to protcst
Aud t|at vcry piccc o ood ou |ic| t|c sacrcd |ody as strctc|cd aud crucihcd, |o coucs
it t|at all coutcud or it, aud uauy ta|c a suall portiou o it aud cuclosc it iu gold aud |aug it,
|ot| ucu aud oucu, rou t|cir ucc|s or au oruaucut. Yct it is t|c uar| o coudcuuatiou,
o puuis|ucut. iut ic t|at oruct| all t|iugs aud c|augct| t|cu, t|at rcuovcd t|c orld rou
suc| grcat cvil, aud uadc a |cavcu o t|c cart|, ic too| t|is t|iug o s|auc, t|is uost dis|ou-
oura|lc o all dcat|s, up iuto t|c |cavcus. .:r.|... Cr.:.., xlviii, cols. -
1|c louau c|urc| o Sauta Crocc iu Gcrusalcuuc proudly displays a cross-piccc,
aut|cuticatcd or iopc Alcxaudcr \l, it| iuscriptious iu latiu, Grcc|, aud ic|rc
|ig|ly iuprcssivc to visitors |o do uot |uo t|osc lauguagcs, ucar|y is a rclic o t|c
Good 1|ic 's cross scc Mar.), |ic| iclcua as also said to |avc ouud aloug it|
t|at o |is uurcpcutaut couradc. 1|c rcuaiudcr as |cpt iu |crusalcu till May ,
|cu t|c icrsiau |iug i|osra ll, |aviug capturcd t|c city, scut it aud t|c supposcd
lustruucuts o t|c iassiou as a git to |is icstoriau C|ristiau quccu Maryau
-
= Mary), it as rccovcrcd |y t|c cupcror icraclius iu t|c spriug o , |ic| cvcut
t|c cast is couuouly ta|cu to couucuoratc. 1|c rclic as solcuuly rcstorcd ou
Marc| , |ut irrccovcra|ly lost atcr Saladiu's victory at i
.
at
.
t
.
: u ou |uly ovcr
iiug Guy o |crusalcu, |osc orccs |ad |oruc it iuto |attlc.
lrou , iu t|c poutihcatc o Grcgory Xlll, uutil , iu t|at o iius lX, |cs iu
louc crc coupcllcd to attcud au auuual C|ristiau scruou iu t|c c|urc| o S. Augclo
iu icsc|cria, ou t|c cdgc o t|c G|ctto. 1|c iupositiou is uo priucipally rcucu|crcd
iu irouiug's pocu 'ioly-Cross Day', rittcu iu , iuagiuiug |at t|c '|cs rcally
said, ou t|us |ciug drivcu to c|urc|'. lt cuds, iu ords prcscutcd as 'icu L.ra's Soug o
Dcat|'
'iy t|c torturc, prolougcd rou agc to agc,
'iy t|c iuauy, lsracl's |critagc,
'iy t|c G|ctto's plaguc, |y t|c gar|'s disgracc,
'iy t|c |adgc o s|auc, |y t|c clou's placc,
'iy t|c |raudiug-tool, t|c |loody |ip,
'Aud t|c suuuous to C|ristiau cllos|ip,-
'Vc |oast our proo t|at at lcast t|c |c
'Vould rcst C|rist's uauc rou t|c Dcvil's crc.
'1|y acc too| ucvcr so dccp a s|adc
'iut c oug|t t|cu iu it, God our aid.
'A trop|y to |car, as c uarc|, t|y |aud,
'Sout|, Last, aud ou to t|c ilcasaut laud.'
irouiug addcd a uotc, '1|c prcscut iopc iius lX a|olis|cd t|is |ad |usiucss o t|c
Scruou', |ut latcr c|augcd it to 'iopc Grcgory X\l', t|us crcditiug t|c rcoru to t|c
ac|uolcdgcd rcactiouary, rat|cr t|au t|c uau |o |ad hrst arouscd aud t|cu das|cd
li|cral |opcs.
lu , Scptcu|cr ollocd iuucdiatcly atcr t|c ud iu Grcat iritaiu, lrclaud, aud
t|c Aucricau colouics scc il. )
. 1|is day t|c usc o t|c uc Stilc iu uuu|riug t|c days o t|c uout| couucucct| aud
accordiug to t|at couputatiou, t|c last day o Octo|cr ill |c uy iirt|day. Clcgg, -
iopular discoutcut it| t|c rcoru as aircd duriug t|c uotorious Oxords|irc clcc-
tiou o . lu accordaucc it| t|c uorual cig|tccut|-ccutury avoidaucc o coutcstcd
clcctious, V|igs supportcrs o t|c iauovcriau uouarc|y) |ad lct t|c s|irc to t|c
1orics lcd |y t|corctical |aco|itcs |o drau| t|c irctcudcr's |calt| |ut did uot carc
to hg|t or |iu) iu rcturu or goiug uuc|allcugcd iu t|c |oroug|s, |ut iu t|c Du|c
o Marl|oroug| dctcruiucd to orcc a coutcst t|c hrst siucc ) |y puttiug up V|ig
or 'ic lutcrcst') caudidatcs or |ot| couuty scats at t|c ort|couiug gcucral clcctiou
agaiust t|c sittiug 1ory or 'Old lutcrcst') ucu|crs, lord Vcuuau aud Sir |aucs Das|-
ood, atcr Sir Ldard 1urucr a uau it| a c|cqucrcd political |istory) |ad hrst couc
ort|, t|cu it|drau uutil a sccoud caudidatc s|ould ocr, lord iar|cr, sou o lord
Macclcshcld, as put up. A 1ory |alladccr couucutcd
-
Aud as or |is loug-loo|'t-or lricud, ou uy 1rot|,
iis huc uoviug Spccc|cs arc uot|iug |ut lrot|,
Our tiuc |c |as altcr'd aud turu'd it a|out,
So |c li|c | C|r.s:o.s s|all too |c turucd out.
1|o' lords aud grcat ilaccucu do it| |iu cou|iuc,
'1ill siguiy uot|iug, |cu |oucst Mcu joiu,
Driu| h:.o.. aud L.s|.., aud staud to t|c 1ac|,
Vc aut uo .| 1r.:r uor .: J|o....|.
1|: :;.rs|.r: C..::s:,
V|crcas t|c 1orics crc |appy to iucludc calcudar rcoru iu t|cir couplaiuts agaiust
t|c V|igs, aloug it| corruptiou, |ig| taxatiou, aud louud|cad syupat|ics, V|igs
gcucrally lct it alouc, prccrriug to call t|c 1orics a uarro cliquc o |aco|itcs aud
iapists iu all too t|iu disguisc, |ocvcr, ouc soug cou|iucd t|is c|argc it| a dccucc
o t|c calcudar
Say t|cy t|c ic Stilc is a dauua|lc 1|iug,
'1as hrst uadc |y a iopc so uust iopcry |riug,
1|cy straiu at a Guat yct a Caucl gulp dou,
V|o |avc |iss'd t|c iopc's 1oc it is vcry cll |uou.
1|: | .. N: I.::r:s:,
iar|cr |ad to cudurc t|c cry o 'Givc us |ac| t|c clcvcu days c crc ro||cd o.' 1|c
clcctiou as uar|cd |y scaudal |corc, duriug, aud atcr t|c poll, t|c 1orics |ad uorc
votcs, |ut t|c iousc o Couuous scatcd t|c V|igs. 1|c cxccsscs o t|c caupaigu
iuspircd iogart|'s paiutiug 'Au Llcctiou Lutcrtaiuucut' uo iu Sir |o|u Soauc's
Muscuu), iu |ic| t|c V|igs arc portraycd at t|cir potatious V|ig cutcrtaiuucuts
iu Oxords|irc |ad |ccu uorc lavis| t|au 1ory), a roug| |osc |cad as |ro|cu iu a
|attlc it| t|c 1ory uo| outsidc sits it| |is oot ou a capturcd placard it| t|c ords
'Givc us our clcvcu days' lyiug ou t|c noor. lu t|c cugravcd vcrsiou t|c placard lics ucxt
to a uo lcss utilc copy o 'Au Act agaiust iri|cry aud Corruptiou'.
iogart|'s picturc |as givcu risc to t|c uotiou t|at riots |ro|c out agaiust t|c uc
calcudar, iu act, t|c riots o t|c tiuc crc dircctcd at t|c rcccutly cuactcd uaturali.a-
tiou o |cs, |ic| pu|lic opiuiou coupcllcd t|c govcruucut to uudo. Das|ood
|clpcd |ip up t|c protcst, iu |ic| iogart|'s 1orics arc ta|iug part. As iu t|cir
|aco|itisu, t|c uasscs crc to |c carcd uot as rcvolutiouary radicals |ut as rcactiouary
|igots.
lt is |cst uot to gat|cr uuts ou t|is day
1|c Dcvil, as souc icoplc say,
A iuttiug gocs H.|,~.. day.
lct Voucu t|cu t|cir C|ildrcu |ccp
At |ouc t|at day, |cttcr aslccp
1|cy crc, or Cattlc or to tcud
1|au iuttiug go, aud ucct t|c licud,
iut i t|cy'll uot |c rulcd |y t|is,
ilauc uc uot i t|cy do auiss.
..r .|.. )
-
z
-
... XJII I.|:..s .:.|r:s l
z - - - Costa lica ludcpcudcucc Day rou Spaiu,
) uatioual |oliday)
Ll Salvador ludcpcudcucc Day rou Spaiu, ) uatioual |oliday)
Luglaud iattlc o iritaiu Day last daylig|t |ou|iug raid |y Gcruau lutac)
Guatcuala ludcpcudcucc Day rou Spaiu, ) uatioual |oliday)
iouduras ludcpcudcucc Day rou Spaiu, ) uatioual |oliday)
|apau lcspcct or t|c Agcd Day uatioual |oliday)
iicaragua ludcpcudcucc Day rou Spaiu, ) uatioual |oliday)
ili iriucc iarry |oru
z - Cypriau o Cart|agc CY, lC ou t|c t|), Our lady o Sorros
lC)
C,r... .; C.r:|.: d. ), |aviug o|jcctcd to t|c lcuicucy it| |ic| C|ristiaus crc
trcatcd |o |ad lapscd duriug t|c pcrsccutiou o , ouud |iuscl at odds it| cx-
trcuists |o too| t|cir o|jcctious so ar as to sct up t|cir ou popc, iovatiau |old-
iug t|at sacraucuts could uot |c validly aduiuistcrcd outsidc t|c C|urc|, Cypriau
iusistcd, agaiust louau policy, ou rc|apti.iug pcrsous c|ristcucd |y iovatiauists.
icorc t|c disputc |ad |ccu scttlcd |c as cxccutcd iu a uc pcrsccutiou, |ut |is vic
rcuaiucd prcdouiuaut iu Arica, aud uudcrlay t|c Douatist sc|isu iu t|c ourt| ccu-
tury. ic is patrou o iort| Arica, aud o Algcria iu particular. ic as uartyrcd ou
Scptcu|cr , |ut is uot cultcd ou t|at datc siucc it is ioly Cross Day. 1|c C|urc|
o Luglaud, |aviug rccogui.cd t|at |is iCi datc o Scptcu|cr as duc to couu-
siou it| Cypriau o Autioc|, placcd |iu ou t|c t| iu t|c a|ortivc iraycr ioo| o
aud t|c ASi, |ut iu its CY calcudar ou t|c t|. 1|c lC C|urc| cou|iucs |is cast
it| t|at o iopc Coruclius ou t|c t|.
r L., .; `.rr.s, M.::r .|.r.s.. 1|c hrst altar to Mary uudcr t|is titlc as sct up iu
at t|c uouastcry o Sc|uau, |cr spccial |yuu, `:.|.: o.::r .|.r.s., is o lrauciscau
origiu, |ut it as t|c ordcr o Scrvitcs, csta|lis|cd .. to |ouour |cr, t|at iustitutcd
t|c cast ou t|is datc, |ic| as cxtcudcd to t|c |olc lC C|urc| |y iopc iius \ll
iu to givc t|au|s or |is rclcasc rou lrcuc| captivity. icr ot|cr cast, ou iassiou
lriday, uadc uuivcrsal iu , is uo lougcr iu t|c Gcucral Calcudar.
N...o::s lC) scc |uuc.
lu Grcat iritaiu t|is day is rcucu|crcd as iattlc o iritaiu day, rou t|c lAl's t|art-
iug o a uassivc lutac attac| ou Scptcu|cr iutcudcd to clcar t|c ay or au
iuvasiou six days latcr. Sixty Gcruau plaucs crc s|ot dou, t|oug| uultiplc sig|tiugs
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o t|c sauc |ill raiscd t|c auuouuccd hgurc to aud also cxaggcratcd iritis| losscs.
1|c iattlc o iritaiu-t|c counict |ctccu Gcruau |ou|cr squadrous aud lig|tcr
Couuaud-|cgau ou |uly, its cud is ta|cu to |c Octo|cr, |cu iitlcr cauccllcd
|is iuvasiou plaus Opcratiou Scaliou), alt|oug| air raids coutiuucd atcrards.
1|c coujuuctiou o Suu, |upitcr, aud Saturu iu |as |ccu iuvo|cd |y pcrsous is|-
iug to ratiouali.c t|c Star o ict|lc|cu iu Matt. aud sct t|c iativity |corc icrod's
dcat| iu . lt docs uot rcsolvc t|c ot|cr dicultics iu t|is uarrativc scc Dcc.),
ucvcrt|clcss, uuc| jourualistic attcutiou as paid to t|is coujuuctiou ou its ,t| au-
uivcrsary iu .
io to gat|cr applcs
Applcs uust |c gat|crcd |cu t|c uoouc is at t|c ull, iu airc |cat|cr aud a|out t|c htccut|
o Scptcu|cr, aud t|at |y |aud it|out auy polc or pcaliug douc |ccausc ot|crisc t|c ruitc
ould |c uuc| uartrcd ~ t|c youg scicuccs |ro|cu or |ruscd, aud so t|c applc trcc |y t|at
ucaus s|ould |c spoild o |is youg ood |ic| ould causc t|c lossc o t|c trcc. . . .
luhuitc arc t|c sorts aud so t|c uaucs o applcs couuiug as cll o uaturcs ouc accord
it|out t|c |clpc o uau, as o t|c s|ill o uau . . . iu cvcric ouc o |ic| t|crc is ouud souc
spcciall qualitic, |ic| ot|crs |avc uot |ut t|c |cst o all t|c rcst, is t|c s|ort s|au|cd applc,
|ic| is uar|cd it| spottiugs, as tastiug aud suclliug uorc cxccllcutly t|cu auy o all t|c ot|cr
sorts. Aud t|c sucll o it is so cxccllcut, as t|at iu t|c tiuc o t|c plaguc t|crc is uot|iug |ct-
tcr to cast upou t|c coalcs ~ to ua|c scctc pcruucs o t|cu t|c riudc t|crco. . . . Scct applcs
do uuc| good agaiust uclauc|olic| accts aud discascs, |ut cspccially agaiust t|c plcurisic.
Lsticuuc aud lic|ault, - )
z
-
... XJI I.|:..s .:.|r:s G
z - - - Mcxico ludcpcudcucc Day uatioual |oliday)
iapua ic Guiuca ludcpcudcucc Day uatioual |oliday)
LSA, O|la|oua C|cro|cc Strip Day couucuoratiug ruu or O|la|oua laud,
)
z - Coruclius aud Cypriau lC, CY Scpt.), iiuiau CY, lC Aug.)
C.r.:|.s, popc aud uartyr d. ). V|cu appoiutcd |is|op o louc atcr t|c pcrsc-
cutious o Dccius, |c orgavc t|osc C|ristiaus |o |ad lapscd, a rigorist uiuority
clcctcd iovatiau as au autipopc, aud dcpartcd iuto sc|isu. lcucal o pcrsccutiou
orccd Coruclius to ncc, |c dicd iu cxilc at Ccutuuccllac Civitavccc|ia), traditioually
as a uartyr.
L.:| Ladgyt|, -), daug|tcr o iiug Ldgar aud |is coucu|iuc Vult|ryt|, a
uovicc o Viltou, t|oug| givcu au cxccllcut cducatiou to prcparc |cr or |cr statiou iu
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socicty, iusistcd ou rcuaiuiug at Viltou it| |cr uot|cr, uo t|c a||css, ou t|c uur-
dcr o |cr |al-|rot|cr Ldard scc Mar.) s|c rcuscd t|c t|rouc, prccrriug to |uild
au oratory iu |ouour o St Dcuys Oct.), at |osc dcdicatiou St Duustau sup-
poscdly prop|csicd t|at s|c ould soou dic, aud t|at |cr t|uu| ould rcuaiu iucor-
rupt. S|c as rcuoucd or c|arity to t|c poor aud ricuds|ip it| ild auiuals. icr
rclics crc trauslatcd iu , s|c as uuc| rcvcrcd iu ucdicval Luglaud.
Lo.||. or liduila ..-), daug|tcr o a Slav priucc, uarricd t|c C|ristiau cou-
vcrt ior ivoj, du|c o io|cuia, s|c |roug|t up |cr graudsou \clav Vcuccslaus, scc
Scpt.) |ut as strauglcd to cud |cr iunucucc ovcr |iu, pcr|aps |y |cr daug|tcr-iu-
la. S|c as dcclarcd ouc o t|c patrou saiuts o t|c t|cu C.cc|oslova|ia iu .
L..s J||:o.. or Alcuau d. ), crcatcd arc||is|op o Arlcs iu aud cardiual t|rcc
ycars latcr, |c as appoiutcd papal lcgatc aud govcruor o iologua iu to rcplacc
t|c uuc|-loat|cd Ga|riclc Coudulucr, |ut iu as cxpcllcd |y t|c auti-papal ac-
tiou. lu Coudulucr |ccauc iopc, uudcr t|c uauc o Lugcuius l\, |aviug |ccu
o|ligcd to suuuou t|c Couucil o iaslc, |c as drau iuto au iucrcasiugly |ittcr
counict or coutrol o t|c C|urc| t|at culuiuatcd iu , |cu t|c Couucil, uudcr
Allcuaud's prcsidcucy, dcclarcd |iu dcposcd rou t|c papacy aud uouiuatcd Couut
Auadcus \lll o Savoy iu |is stcad, t|c autipopc lclix \, Lugcuius uot ouly strippcd
Allcuaud o |is cardiualatc |ut cxcouuuuicatcd |iu. 1|c rcvolt as a ailurc
Lugcuius' apparcut ac|icvcucut o uuiou it| t|c Grcc| C|urc| iuprcsscd opiuiou ar
uorc t|au t|c outdatcd agcuda o t|c Couciliarists. Ludcr t|c ucxt popc, iic|olas \,
Allcuaud as rciustatcd iu , a ycar |corc |is dcat|, iu |c as |catihcd |y
Clcucut \ll, to t|c o|vious cu|arrassucut o t|c iollaudist c|argcd it| ritiug |is
lic iu t|c J.:. `...:.ro |c darc uot dcuy a |catitudc rcvcalcd |y God iu uiraclcs aud
approvcd |y judgcucut o t|c ioly Scc, |ut uust uo lcss avoid t|c oppositc cxtrcuc
o praisiug all |is actious.
L|:o.. lC) scc |uly.
z
-
... XJ I.|:..s .:.|r:s A
z - - - Augola Day o t|c iatioual icro
LS Coustitutiou sigucd iu , Coustitutiou Day as rcuaucd Citi.cus|ip Day iu
, su|suuiug orucr l Au Au Aucricau Day t|ird Suuday iu May).
z - lau|crt, |is|op o Maastric|t iCi), iildcgard o iiugcu CY),
lo|crt icllaruiuc lC)
L.o|:r: as dcsiguatcd |is|op iu , |ut cxpcllcd |y L|roiu iu t|c civil ars t|at ol-
locd t|c uurdcr o t|c lrau|is| |iug C|ildcric ll. Atcr liviug as a uou| or scvcu
-
ycars, |c rcturucd duriug a pcriod o uucasy pcacc to |is scc, |crc |c rcstorcd ordcr
iu c|urc| aairs aud urt|crcd t|c uissiou o St Villi|rord scc iov.), |ut iu as-
scrtiug t|c rig|ts o |is c|urc| cll oul o a Couut Dodo, |o |ad |iu uurdcrcd iu
ligc atcr to o |is ou ucu |ad |ccu |illcd. ic is portraycd as a |is|op, ou |is
|uccs, |ciug picrccd |y a laucc or a javcliu, or clsc carryiug hcry coals iu |is roc|ct to
t|c altar, |c is patrou o |audagcrs, surgcous, dcutists, aud pcasauts. lu souc placcs |c
is cultcd ou t|c t|.
H.|:.r .; 3..:., a||css o lupcrts|crg -), |uou as 't|c Si|yl o t|c l|iuc'.
1|c tcut| c|ild o uo|lc parcuts, |o prouiscd |cr to t|c C|urc|, s|c |ccauc a uovicc
at t|c agc o aud scvcu ycars latcr too| t|c vcil, iu or s|ortly |corc s|c ouudcd
a couvcut ou t|c lupcrts|crg ucar iiugcu, aud .. a daug|tcr |ousc at Li|iugcu
across t|c l|iuc. Duriug t|c s s|c uudcrtoo| our uissious iu Gcruauy, |cr cor-
rcspoudcuts iucludcd t|c cupcror lrcdcric| iar|arossa aud uorc t|au ouc popc, as
cll as |iugs aud |is|ops. A visiouary rou c|ild|ood, s|c rotc t|rcc uystical or|s,
togct|cr it| saiuts' livcs aud or|s ou uatural |istory aud ucdiciuc, |ut is uorc
auous uo or |cr poctical aud uusical ac|icvcucut |cr uorality play r. .r::o is
t|c oldcst |uou |y ovcr a ccutury, aud |cr lyrical collcctiou `,o|.... .ro...: .:|:s:.o
r::|.:...o, scvcuty-scvcu sougs ull o |rilliaut iuagcry aud apocalyptic lauguagc, is
prcscrvcd it| uusical uotatiou, iu |ic| rou a c uudcrlyiug pattcrus, trcatcd it|
grcat rccdou, rcuar|a|ly varicd aud otcu |ig|ly cla|oratc uclodics rcsult, iu rcccut
ycars scvcral rccordiugs |avc |ccu pu|lis|cd. Miraclcs crc rcportcd rou |cr tou|,
aud auti-papal prop|csics put post|uuously iu |cr uout|, s|c |as uot |ccu cauoui.cd
cvcu t|oug| scvcral popcs ordcrcd a proccss o iuoruatiou, |ut is iucludcd ou t|is day
as a saiut iu t|c louau Martyrology, aud is |ouourcd iu uauy Gcruau c|urc|cs. S|c
is portraycd scudiug a lcttcr to t|c iopc, or it| St icruard cxauiuiug |cr or|s it
as |c |o pcrsuadcd Lugcuius lll to approvc |cr uystical `....s). iildcgard is patrou
o Lspcrautists aud studcuts o liuguistics.
.|:r: 3:||.ro..:, cardiual aud Doctor o t|c C|urc| -). ioru at Moutcpul-
ciauo, |c joiucd t|c |csuits iu . irocssor o Grcc|, ic|rc, aud t|cology at a youug
agc-t|c hrst |csuit to |old a procssors|ip at t|c Luivcrsity o louvaiu-|c |ccauc
a prouiucut hgurc o t|c Couutcr-lcoruatiou. ic as crcatcd cardiual iu aud iu
|ccauc prccct o t|c \aticau li|rary. lu |c as dcclarcd a Doctor o t|c
C|urc|. Aut|or o to catcc|isus, aud |aviug taug|t catcc|isu to c|ildrcu, |c as
uaucd patrou saiut o catcc|ists |y iius Xl iu , togct|cr it| St C|arlcs iorrouco.
lcast-day orucrly May.
luprcssiou o t|c Stiguata upou St lraucis ou Mouut la \crua ).
1|is as t|c day ou |ic| iu icury du|c o icrcord aud 1|ouas Mo|ray du|c
o iorol| crc to scttlc t|cir dicrcuccs iu cou|at
ic rcady, as your livcs s|all auscr it,
At Covcutry upou Saiut lau|crt's day.
-
1|crc s|all your sords aud lauccs ar|itratc
1|c sclliug dicrcucc o your scttlcd |atc.
Siucc c cau uot atouc you, c s|all scc
|usticc dcsigu t|c victor's c|ivalry.
iiug lic|ard, iu ..|.r II, . i. -
lic|ard's uuisc iutcrruptiou o t|c ducl, aud ar|itrary puuis|ucuts o |ot| partici-
pauts, sct iu traiu t|c cvcuts t|at causcd |is ovcrt|ro.
z
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... XIJ I.|:..s .:.|r:s i
z - - - C|ilc Auivcrsario iacioual iudcpcudcucc
rou Spaiu, )
z -
j.s:| .; C:r:... -). ic as |oru to a poor auily at Cupcrtiuo, ucar iriudisi.
ic cxaspcratcd |is idocd uot|cr |y orgcttiug to cat aud audcriug arouud it| |is
uout| opcu, caruiug |iu t|c uic|uauc 3....:r:., 'gapcr'. Lupopular also |ccausc o |is
|ot tcupcr, |c as ucvcrt|clcss cxcuplary iu |is rcligious dcvotiou. iis gits crc uot
rccogui.cd |y t|c lrauciscaus or Capuc|ius, |o rcuscd to aduit |iu, |ut |c hually
ouud succcss or|iug iu t|c sta|lcs as a tcrtiary lrauciscau. 1|oug| a ailurc iu |is
studics, |c uauagcd to |c ordaiucd. Muc| givcu to astiug aud ccstasics aud ot|cr
distur|iug p|cuoucua, |c as largcly |cpt out o pu|lic sig|t, |ciug uovcd rou ouc
rcligious |ousc to auot|cr |cu pilgrius discovcrcd |iu. ic is c|icny |uou or |is
a|ility to lcvitatc, ovcr scvcuty occasious crc rcucu|crcd post|uuously. ic is patrou
saiut o studcuts diligcucc ill iu out iu t|c cud) aud cxauiuatiou or dcgrcc caudi-
datcs. iopularly, |c is t|c patrou saiut o nyiug, iucludiug astrouauts.
`:::o|:r
l |car t|c Scalcs, |crc |aug iu cquipoisc
1|c uig|t aud day, aud |cu uuto uy lips
l put uy truupct, it| its strcss aud uoisc
lly t|c |itc clouds li|c tattcrcd sails o s|ips,
1|c trcc-tops las| t|c air it| souudiug |ips,
Sout|ard t|c clauorous sca-ol iug t|cir nig|t,
1|c |cdgcs arc all rcd it| |as aud |ips,
1|c iuutcr's Moou rcigus cuprcss o t|c uig|t.
icury Vadsort| lougcllo -), 1|: .::`s C.|:..r
-
z
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... XIII I.|:..s .:.|r:s C
z - - - St C|ristop|cr aud icvis ludcpcudcucc Day
rou Grcat iritaiu, ), souctiucs callcd 'St C|ristop|cr's Day'
z - |auuarius lC), 1|codorc o 1arsus CY couucu.)
j...r.s Sau Gcuuaro) is said to |avc |ccu |is|op o icucvcuto aud uartyrcd uudcr
Douitiau, |is rclics crc trauslatcd to iaplcs iu t|c ht| ccutury. ic is c|icny
rcuoucd or t|c uiraculous liqucactiou o |is |lood, hrst rcportcd iu . 1|c su|-
staucc is coutaiucd iu to p|ials uorually |cpt iu t|c cat|cdral, |ut |oruc iu proccssiou
to t|c c|urc| o Sauta C|iara ou t|c hrst Saturday iu May, liqucactiou usually ta|cs
placc ou t|c rcturu o t|c p|ials to t|c cat|cdral |ut souctiucs iu Sauta C|iara), ou
Scptcu|cr, aud ou Dcccu|cr couucuoratiug a t|rcatcucd cruptiou o \csuvius
iu said to |avc |ccu prcvcutcd |y |is iutcrccssiou). 1|c truc cxplauatiou |as uot yct
|ccu ouud, |ut it is ccrtaiu t|at t|c p|cuoucuou |as |ccu ucit|cr couhucd to t|osc
days uor cutircly rcgular iu its occurrcucc. V|cu it ails ou a duc day, grcat is t|c popu-
lar coustcruatiou, it is suspcctcd t|at t|c saiut's apparcut displcasurc is roug|t or
political rcasous |y t|c pricsts, as |cu a Couuuuist as hrst clcctcd uayor. icvcr-
t|clcss, uo suc| supprcssiou too| placc uudcr t|c lrcuc|-spousorcd iart|cuopacau
lcpu|lic |au.-|uuc ), iudccd, t|c hrst liqucactiou, or t|c ucly triuup|aut Gcu-
cral C|aupiouuct, too| lcss tiuc t|au usual, or car it is said) t|at su|stitutc |lood
uig|t |c drau |y a lrcuc| soldicr's sord. Atcr t|c rcpu|lic |ad |ccu ovcrt|rou,
t|c saiut as uudcr a tcuporary cloud it| t|c aut|oritics or |is aut o couutcr-
rcvolutiouary .cal. |auuarius is patrou saiut o |lood |au|s.
1|c liqucactiou as aud still is a grcat tourist attractiou, |cu iu t|c cx-
couuuuist uayor o iaplcs, iu cxpausivc uood, uadc t|c dclig|tul rcuar| 'Sau Gcu-
uaro is t|c uayor o saiuts', a jourualist as |card to uuttcr, 'Morc li|cly t|c saiut o
uayors'. lt as viccd it| cxtrcuc sccpticisu |y irotcstaut visitors, or cxauplc Mar|
1aiu iu
lu t|is city o iaplcs, t|cy |clicvc iu aud support ouc o t|c rctc|cdcst o all t|c rcligious iu-
posturcs ouc cau hud iu ltaly-t|c uiraculous liqucactiou o t|c |lood o St. |auuarius. 1icc
a ycar t|c pricsts asscu|lc all t|c pcoplc at t|c Cat|cdral, aud gct out t|is vial o clottcd |lood
aud lct t|cu scc it sloly dissolvc aud |ccouc liquid-aud cvcry day or cig|t days, t|is disual
arcc is rcpcatcd, |ilc t|c pricsts go auoug t|c crod aud collcct uoucy or t|c cx|i|itiou. 1|c
hrst day, t|c |lood liquchcs iu orty-scvcu uiuutcs-t|c c|urc| is crauucd, t|cu, aud tiuc uust
|c allocd t|c collcctors to gct arouud atcr t|at it liquchcs a littlc quic|cr aud a littlc quic|cr,
cvcry day, as t|c |ouscs gro suallcr, till ou t|c cig|t| day, it| ouly a c do.cus prcscut to
scc t|c uiraclc, it liquchcs iu our uiuutcs. 1|: I....:.:s J|r.., c|.
Au Luglis|uau itucsscs t|c uiraclc o Sau Gcuuaro iu , s|ortly atcr Gari|aldi
cutcrcd iaplcs
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l |avc just rcturucd rou Sau Gcuuaro, |crc l |avc itucsscd t|c ar-aucd uiraclc. l cut
a|out |al-past cig|t aud ouud t|c Cat|cdral partially hllcd, aud a dcusc crod iu aud a|out
t|c c|apcl o Sau Gcuuaro-a spacious octagou ou t|c sout| sidc o t|c uavc. iatioual guards
crc |ccpiug t|c door. At a quartcr |corc uiuc, a loud s|out rosc rou t|c crod it|iu. lt as
a grcctiug to t|c saiut, |osc iuagc iu silvcr gilt |ad just |ccu placcd ou t|c altar. 1|c s|out as
rcuccd as t|c pricst adjustcd t|c uitrc aud copc it| |ic| t|c iuagc as clot|cd, aud agaiu,
as au attcudaut lig|tcd caudlc atcr caudlc |csidc it. Au agcd pricst, staudiug it|iu t|c altar
rails, t|cu raiscd alot t|c vcsscl coutaiuiug t|c sacrcd |lood, aud at oucc a orcst o aviug arus
rosc a|ovc t|c crod, aud t|c |uildiug raug it| rcu.icd cxclauatious. Souc ot|cr pricsts aud
assistauts uo appcarcd iu t|c orgau lot rcady to lcad t|c 1: L:o |cucvcr t|c uiraclc s|ould
|c ac|icvcd, ucau|ilc, t|c old uau coutiuucd to |aud rouud t|c vcsscl to lct all t|c |ystaudcrs
scc t|at t|crc as uo dcccptiou, t|at t|c |lood as rcally solid. . . . lu ordcr to s|o t|at it as
solid, t|c pricst turucd t|c uoustraucc upsidc dou, |oldiug a lig|tcd caudlc |c|iud it, aud
s|ocd it, rouud to t|c spcctators just as a coujuror docs |corc couucuciug |is pcroruaucc.
All t|is tiuc t|c crod |cpt s|ric|iug aud scrcauiug . . .
1|c pricst t|cu turucd |is |ac| ou t|c audicucc, aud t|c agitatiou o t|c crod rcac|cd a
poiut |crc it could uo lougcr |c cxprcsscd iu articulatc crics, or uot|iug as |card |ut so|s
aud groaus. A vcry c uiuutcs |ad clapscd, |cu t|c pricst suddculy turucd rouud aud cx-
|i|itcd t|c |lood llQLlD. A ild |ol o cxultatiou rosc up, nocrs crc t|rou toards t|c
saiut, aud, straugc to say, a uuu|cr o |irds lct loosc, |ic| t|c spcctators |ad |roug|t it|
t|cu or t|c purposc. icvcr |ad t|c uiraclc |ccu pcrorucd so soou. . . . lt as clcar t|at Sau
Gcuuaro as iu t|c |cst o tcupcrs toards |is dcar clicuts, aud uot at all displcascd it| t|cu
or turuiug out t|cir |iug. 1o o Gari|aldi's rcd-s|irtcd soldicrs, |o crc ua|iug t|cir ay
out o t|c c|apcl, crc t|c o|jccts o tcudcrly acctiouatc dcuoustratious, old oucu |cld up
t|cir |auds to |lcss t|cu, ot|crs pattcd t|cu ou t|c |ac| aud suilcd approviugly. Clar|, -
1|:..r: .; 1.rss d. ), appoiutcd arc||is|op o Cautcr|ury iu |cu iopc
\italiau's origiual c|oicc, iadriau |au.), rcuscd, t|c hrst arc||is|op to |c o|cycd
|y t|c cutirc Luglis| C|urc|, |c provcd a |ig|ly ccctivc rulcr o it, suuuouiug its hrst
syuods aud rcoruiug t|c dioccsau structurc. 1ogct|cr it| iadriau |c csta|lis|cd t|c
aduira|lc sc|ool at Cautcr|ury |osc pupils, says icdc, |uc latiu aud Grcc| as t|or-
oug|ly as t|cir uativc lauguagc, 'icvcr at all siucc t|c Auglcs uadc or irittauy crc
t|crc |appicr tiucs or, |aviug vcry valiaut aud C|ristiau |iugs, t|cy crc a tcrror to
all t|c |ar|ariau pcoplcs, aud t|c dcsircs o all crc iucliucd toards t|c joys o t|c
|cavculy |iugdou a|out |ic| t|cy |ad rcccutly |card, aud all t|osc |o is|cd to |c
cducatcd iu ioly Scripturc |ad uastcrs at |aud to tcac| t|cu' L..|:s..s:...| H.s:.r,, iv.
). 1|c lC C|urc| couucuoratcs |iu ou t|is day as cll.
z
-
... XII I.|:..s .:.|r:s D
z - |o|u Colcridgc iattcsou aud Coupauious CY)
j.|. C.|:r.: .:::s.. -), hrst uissiouary |is|op iu Mclaucsia. Atcr au uudistiu-
guis|cd carccr at Oxord, |c dcvclopcd au iutcrcst iu lauguagcs |ilc travclliug iu
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Luropc. A ycar atcr |is ordiuatiou iu |c uct Gcorgc Augustus Sclyu, |is|op o
ic Zcalaud, aud dccidcd upou a uissiouary carccr, dcvotiug |iuscl to t|c sc|ool-
iug o Mclaucsiau |oys. ic |ccauc |is|op iu , aud dccpcucd |is study o Mcla-
ucsiau dialccts, o |ic| |c spo|c tcuty-t|rcc. At hrst supportiug la|our trac as
|cuchcial to t|c Mclaucsiaus, |c cauc to opposc it as slavcry, aud t|c tradc as cvcu-
tually rcgulatcd |y parliaucut. ic dicd at t|c |auds o uativcs as au act o rcvcugc or
au iujusticc t|cy |ad sucrcd rou souc Luglis|ucu.
Ls:..: d. ), a louau gcucral uaucd ilacidus said to |avc |ccu couvcrtcd |ilc
|uutiug |y t|c visiou o a stag it| a crucihx |ctccu |is autlcrs Lastcru datc iov.).
ic as uartyrcd uudcr iadriau it| |is ic 1|copistc aud |is sous Agapctos aud
1|copistos. Ouc o t|c lourtccu ioly iclpcrs scc Aug.), |is idcsprcad cult is uu-
dou|tcdly a rcsult o t|c Goldcu lcgcud's accouut o |is travails |c lost |is ic to a
s|ip's captaiu, ouc sou to a ol, aud t|c ot|cr to a liou. Lvcutually t|cy crc all rc-
uuitcd. lcturuiug iu triuup| to louc, |c rcuscd to sacrihcc to t|c pagau gods, aud
|c aud |is auily crc placcd iu au arcua it| a liou, |ic| provcd ricudly. 1|cy crc
t|cu dispatc|cd |y roastiug iu a |ra.cu |ull, li|c t|c oppoucuts o i|alaris, tyraut o
A|ragas Agrigcuto) iu t|c sixt| ccutury scc May). Lustacc is patrou saiut o
|uutcrs, togct|cr it| iu|crt iov.), aud o t|osc iu dicult situatious.
Ou t|is day iu ltaliau orccs cutcrcd louc atcr to|cu rcsistaucc |y t|c papal aruy,
t|c ucuory o t|c cvcut is prcscrvcd iu t|c strcct uauc \ia XX Scttcu|rc.
z
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... XI I.|:..s .:.|r:s L
`. M.::|:: s|: :|: 3::.
`...: M.::|:
:: ...|:s:..|s .:.
z - - - Arucuia ludcpcudcucc Day rou LSSl, )
icli.c ludcpcudcucc Day rou Li, )
Malta ludcpcudcucc Day uatioual |oliday)
i|ilippiucs 1|au|sgiviug Day
z - - - CoL, lC)
M.::|: hrst ccutury), apostlc aud cvaugclist. ic as a pu|licau, or tax-collcctor, or
t|c louaus, a dicult aud uuc|-|atcd procssiou, |cu |csus callcd |iu, sayiug 'lol-
lo uc' Matt. ). iota|lc auougst t|c dcpictious o t|c cvcut is t|c paiutiug |y
Carpaccio at Sau Giorgio dcgli Sc|iavoui iu \cuicc, |crc |c|iud |iu, uttcrly disdaiu-
-
ul o suc| ..::, stauds a collcaguc it| t|c caturcs o Sc|astiauo Mic|icl d. ),
t|c Graud irior iu \cuicc o t|c iuig|ts o St |o|u, a uau siuglc-uiudcd iu pursuiug
t|c sccts o occ. Alt|oug| St Matt|c is said to |avc prcac|cd iu t|c Last aud |ccu
uartyrcd, uo cvidcucc rcuaius. ic is t|c aut|or o t|c hrst Gospcl, aud |is syu|ol is
t|c augcl, rcad |y C|ristiau traditiou iuto t|c uau's acc o L.c|. , t|is sauc vcrsc
gavc t|c ot|cr t|rcc cvaugclists t|cir cu|lcus, t|c liou, t|c ox, aud t|c caglc. ic is
patrou saiut o accouutauts, tax-collcctors, custous occrs, aud sccurity guards, aud is
otcu portraycd it| a |ag o coius or a uoucy-|ox. iis day as uar|cd iu priucstavcs
it| au axc to siguiy t|at it is tiuc to gat|cr lcavcs or oddcr.
1|c Saruu calcudar iucludcs a rcucu|raucc, souctiucs uscd as a datcuar| iu ucdi-
cval Luglis| docuucuts, o laudus, or lauto, |is|op o Coutauccs -), |osc
auily cstatc |ccauc t|c ioruau tou o Saiut-l. lu ot|cr sourccs |c is assigucd to
t|c ud.
z
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... X I.|:..s .:.|r:s l
z - - - Mali iroclauatiou o t|c lcpu|lic Auuivcr-
sary iudcpcudcucc rou lraucc, )
z -
M.r..: d. ..). ic aud |is coupauious supposcdly |clougcd to a 1|c|au lcgiou o
, C|ristiaus rou t|c 1|c|ais iu Lppcr Lgypt uartyrcd at Agauuuu Saiut-
Mauricc-cu-\alais iu Sit.crlaud) ou t|c ordcrs o t|c cupcror Maxiuiau |cu t|cy
rcuscd to hg|t agaiust cllo-C|ristiaus. 1|c story |as |ccouc provcr|ial, couplcd
it| t|c dcuoustra|lc alsc|ood o t|c '1|uudcriug lcgiou', or |agiograp|ical
a|surdity scc Mar.) 'to o|solctc lcgcuds,' rotc Gi||ou, 't|c lcast a|surd o |ic|
staggcrcd t|c cll-discipliucd crcdulity o a lrauciscau lriar' J.....:..., ). Alt|oug|
C|ristiaus crc purgcd rou t|c aruy at t|at tiuc, aud to lcgious |ad |ccu raiscd iu
t|c 1|c|ais or t|c dccucc o Lppcr Lgypt, t|crc is uo cvidcucc t|at cit|cr o t|cu
as postcd to Gaul. icvcrt|clcss, t|c story gocs |ac| to t|c ht| ccutury, t|c uartyrs'
supposcd rcuaius |aviug |ccu discovcrcd .., scvcral Gcruau aud Siss citics, aud
also 1uriu, claiu to |avc rclics o t|c lcgiouarics, pcr|aps |y post|uuous curolucut o
t|cir local uartyrs. iis laucc ouud its ay to \icuua, |crc it as rctrospcctivcly |c-
stocd ou St lougiuus scc Mar.). Mauricc is patrou saiut o soldicrs, aruics, aud
Alpiuc troops, aud is |ouourcd cspccially iu Austria, iicduout, Savoy, aud Sardiuia. ic
is otcu portraycd as |lac|, cit|cr rou |is placc o origiu or rou |is uauc, |ic| is
coujccturally dcrivcd iu t|c Goldcu lcgcud rou t|c latc Grcc| o.r.s, '|lac|'. icr|aps
|ccausc o t|is |c is also patrou o dycrs aud cavcrs.
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Ou Scptcu|cr , uot as origiually plauucd iu lcius Cat|cdral |ut at au air|asc,
iopc |o|u iaul ll cclc|ratcd a uass to couucuoratc t|c ,t| auuivcrsary o t|c
|aptisu o Clovis, |iug o t|c lrau|s, |y St lcuigius scc Oct.). 1|c lrau|s' |istor-
iau, Grcgory o 1ours, ritiug uot quitc a ccutury atcr t|c cvcut, ua|cs lcuigius ad-
drcss t|c |iug as 'hcrcc Sygau|riau' au iuprcssivcly o|solctc tcru or a Gcruau, |ciug
t|c uauc o a tri|c loug siucc dissolvcd) aud |id |iu ucc|ly |o t|c ucc| 'Vors|ip
|at t|ou |ast |urut, |uru |at t|ou |ast ors|ippcd.' lcuigius' |iograp|cr, iiuc-
uar o lcius, uot ouly iuprovcd t|is sccuc |y iutroduciug a dovc, |itcr t|au suo,
t|at carricd iu its |ca| au aupulla hllcd it| |oly c|risu, |ut claiucd to usc t|c sauc
aupulla it| its uiraculous coutcuts at t|c corouatiou o C|arlcs t|c iald iu . io
uorc is |card o it till , |cu iopc luuoccut ll croucd louis \ll o lraucc, rou
t|cu ou t|c `...:: Jo.|: as a rcgular coupoucut o t|c lrcuc| corouatiou ccrcuouy.
1|c :.s.:.. o Clovis, au ccctivc |ut uurdcrous rulcr, as cclc|ratcd at Saiutc-
Gcucvivc ou latcr ) iovcu|cr, at Saiut-Dcuis |c as couucuoratcd aloug it|
Gcucvicvc ou |auuary. 1|c ycar o |is |aptisu is disputcd, |ut t|c datc is rccordcd
|y |is coutcuporary iis|op Avitus o \icuuc as C|ristuas Day, iustcad, |y a c|oicc
ucit|cr accidcutal uor uucoutrovcrsial, t|c ouudcr o t|c lrcuc| uouarc|y as |ou-
ourcd ou t|c t| auuivcrsary o t|c proclauatiou o t|c lirst lcpu|lic.
z
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... IX I.|:..s .:.|r:s G
z - - - |apau Autuuual Lquiuox
iucrto lico Grito dc larcs
Saudi Ara|ia iiugdou Luihcatiou ) uatioual |oliday)
z iirt|day o t|c cupcror Augustus, cclc|ratcd |y ludi iatalicii
rou . 1|c Gaius Octavius |ou Cacsar uadc |is |cir as |oru, so Suctouius tclls
us, M. 1||.. C..:r..: C. J.:.... ...ss. JIIII I.|. .:.|., .|. ..:: s.|.s ::.r:o, i.c. iu , ou
t|c uiut| |corc t|c ialcuds o Octo|cr, a littlc |corc suurisc. At |is |irt|, t|c uiut|
day rcc|oucd iuclusivcly) |corc t|c ialcuds o Octo|cr as t|c ud o a -day Scp-
tcu|cr, |ut atcr Cacsar's rcoru o t|c calcudar |c coutiuucd to cclc|ratc |is |irt|day
ou t|c sauc uouiual day, t|oug| uo |y orard rcc|ouiug |ic| louaus did uot
usc) t|c rd. As suc|, it as uadc ic Ycar's day iu t|c calcudar dccrccd |y t|c louau
proviucc o Asia iu , it rcuaiucd t|c hrst day o t|c ycar at Coustautiuoplc uutil
t|c uid-ht| ccutury, aud loug atcrards iu ccclcsiastical usagc, |ciug uar|cd 'uc
ycar' iu various Grcc| aud Slavouic liturgical tcxts. iciug ouly a day |corc t|c autuuu
cquiuox, it as adoptcd as t|c Lastcru datc or t|c couccptiou o |o|u t|c iaptist six
uout|s |corc t|at o |csus, lu|c ), |osc |irt| as cclc|ratcd ou t|c suuucr sol-
sticc |uuc).
-
z -
J.o.. ..-), |o |ccauc t|c uiut| a||ot o loua iu , rotc a lic o its
ouudcr, St Coluu|a |is ou cousiu t|ricc rcuovcd), aud also a or| ou t|c ioly
ilaccs. Ou a visit to iort|uu|ria iu t|c s |c as pcrsuadcd t|at t|c louau uodc
o calculatiug Lastcr as supcrior to t|at o t|c Ccltic traditiou, |c as uua|lc to pcr-
suadc |is ou uou|s to adopt it, |ut |ad grcatcr succcss iu t|c uort|cru proviuccs o
lrclaud cxccpt auoug dcpcudcucics o loua, t|oug| lris| sourccs spca| o |attlcs aud
|loods|cd. 1|c sout|cru proviuccs |ad adoptcd it ovcr |al a ccutury |corc.) lu ,
at a syuod iu iirr, Co. Oaly, Adouuu sccurcd acccptaucc o t|c so-callcd la o t|c
luuoccuts or Codc o Adouuu, |ic| puuis|cd acts o violcucc agaiust oucu, c|il-
drcu, aud c|urc|ucu, |ct|cr iu ar or iu pcacc, it| hucs to |c paid iu part to t|c
Coluu|au uouastcrics o |ic|, as a||ot o loua, |c as t|c |cad. 1|c corrcct spcll-
iug o |is uauc is as givcu, |ut pcr|aps cvcu iu |is lictiuc it as corruptcd to
'Adauuu', aud iu Scottis| placc-uaucs c hud 'Lod|uau' or 'Luuau'. ic uay |c t|c
Adauuauus |o rcports iu a couucutary ou \crgil t|at |c could hud uo iuoruatiou
a|out t|c |ad poct Macvius uoc|cd iu t|c t|ird ccloguc o t|c 3..|..s.
1|:.|. .; I....o uo iouya). Accordiug to t|c apocryp|al J.:s .; .| s|c as so ovcr-
couc |y t|c Apostlc's prcac|iug ou c|astity t|at s|c sat |y t|c iudo aud paid uo at-
tcutiou to |cr uot|cr or |cr hauc. 1|c lattcr, it| ot|cr ucu siuilarly c|catcd o t|cir
oucuol|, |roug|t iaul |corc t|c procousul, |o rcuaudcd |iu iu custody, 1|ccla
visitcd |iu. 1|c procousul lct iaul o it| a cautiou iu t|c oru o a noggiug, |ut
1|ccla |c coudcuucd to t|c naucs, |ocvcr, God scut a storu to qucuc| t|c hrc. S|c
soug|t out iaul, aud accoupauicd |iu to Autioc|, |ut atcr rcsistiug t|c advauccs o
a calt|y citi.cu as coudcuucd to hg|t ild |casts. 1|c cualc citi.cus crc out-
ragcd, t|c ido o a clicut c|ictaiu, Quccu 1ryp|acua-|o is a |istorical hgurc-
too| |cr |ouc iu licu o |cr dcccascd daug|tcr lalcouilla. 1|c aut|or rcports at lcugt|,
it| uuc| drauatic dctail, |o 1|ccla rcuaiucd uuscat|cd iu t|c arcua, aud too| t|c
opportuuity to |apti.c |crscl iu a scal-pit, till as curagcd |ulls crc a|out to |c scut
agaiust |cr Quccu 1ryp|acua aiutcd, sccuiugly dcad, siucc s|c as grcat-uiccc to t|c
cupcror Claudius, procccdiugs crc |urricdly tcruiuatcd aud 1|ccla rclcascd. S|c
agaiu soug|t out iaul, |o scut |cr |ac| to lcouiuu to prcac| t|c Vord, s|c atcrards
scttlcd iu a cavc at Sclcuccia uort| o iag|dad), curiug t|c sic| till t|c local p|ysiciaus,
scciug t|cir tradc ruiucd, sct souc youug ucu to ravis| |cr s|c as at t|c tiuc), t|c
roc| opcucd up to sallo |cr. icr cult is attcstcd rou t|c uid-ourt| ccutury.
Accordiug to 1crtulliau t|is uarrativc or possi|ly ouc siuilar) as couposcd |y a prcs-
|ytcr to providc a prcccdcut or oucu's prcac|iug aud |apti.iug, |c as put out o
occ or |is paius.
lu |is 1.r .; h.|:s o 1|ouas icuuaut dcscri|cs t|c curcs ccctcd |y t|c cll
ucar t|c c|urc| at llaudcgla iu Dcu|ig|s|irc, rcputcd to |c vcry |cuchcial to t|osc su-
criug rou t|c alliug sic|ucss, cpilcpsy
A|out to |uudrcd yards rou t|c c|urc|, iu a quillct strip o laud callcd C:r. L:|.
1|ccla's Mars|, riscs a suall spriug, it| t|csc lcttcrs cut ou rcc-stouc A. G C G. 1|c atcr
is uudcr t|c tutclagc o t|c saiut, aud to t|is day |cld to |c cxtrcucly |cuchcial iu t|c C|,; 1:|.,
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St. 1:.|.`s discasc, or t|c alliug-sic|ucss. 1|c paticut as|cs |is liu|s iu t|c cll, ua|cs au ocr-
iug iuto it o our pcucc, al|s rouud it t|rcc tiucs, aud t|ricc rcpcats t|c lord's praycr. 1|csc
ccrcuouics arc ucvcr |cguu till atcr suu-sct, iu ordcr to iuspirc t|c votarics it| grcatcr ac. l
t|c aictcd |c o t|c ualc-scx, li|c `..r.::s, |c ua|cs au ocriug o a coc| to |is .s.|..s, or
rat|cr to 1:.|. H,:.., i o t|c air-scx, a |cu. 1|c ol is carricd iu a |as|ct, hrst rouud t|c cll,
atcr t|at iuto t|c c|urc|-yard, |cu t|c sauc orisous, aud t|c sauc circuu-au|ulatious arc pcr-
orucd rouud t|c c|urc|. 1|c votary t|cu cutcrs t|c c|urc|, gcts uudcr t|c couuuuiou-ta|lc,
lics dou it| t|c ii|lc uudcr |is or |cr |cad, is covcrcd it| t|c carpct or clot|, aud rcsts t|crc
till |rca| o day, dcpartiug atcr ocriug six pcucc, aud lcaviug t|c ol iu t|c c|urc|. l t|c |ird
dics, t|c curc is supposcd to |avc |ccu ccctcd, aud t|c discasc trauscrrcd to t|c dcvotcd vic-
tiu. icuuaut, h.|:s,
C...::... .; `: j.|. :|: 3.:.s: Ort|.), scc a|ovc, aud Scptcu|cr.
z
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... JIII I.|:..s .:.|r:s A
z - - - iolivia Sauta Cru. aud Co|ija) pu|lic |oliday
Douiuicau lcpu|lic lcast o Our lady Mary
G|aua 1|ird lcpu|lic Day assuuptiou o pocr |y llig|t licutcuaut |crry
laliugs)
Guiuca-iissau ludcpcudcucc Day rou iortugal, )
ic Calcdouia 1crritorial Day
icru lcast o Our lady Mary
Sout| Arica iatioual icritagc Day
1riuidad aud 1o|ago lcpu|lic Day ) uatioual day)
\cuc.ucla Day o t|c iu|lic luuctiouary
As a couuou louau datc or t|c autuuual cquiuox, t|is day as assigucd iu t|c Vcst
to t|c couccptiou o |o|u t|c iaptist, uscd |y icdc as t|c |cgiuuiug o t|c iudictiou-
ycar, a rcc|ouiug ouud iu uuc| o Vcstcru Luropc iu t|c cusuiug ccuturics aud callcd
'Cacsarcau' or 'lupcrial' rou its usc |y ioly louau Lupcrors scc ll C|r...|.,.
C,.|:s I...:...).
z -
r L., .; M:r.,, or lausou, patrou o t|c Mcrccdariaus, a lay couratcruity ouudcd
.. to rausou captivcs rou t|c Moors. 1|c ordcr |as its origiu iu a visiou o ictcr
iolasco, iu |ic| |c as rcqucstcd |y t|c i\M to csta|lis| a rcligious ordcr cspccially
dcvotcd to t|c rausou o captivcs. 1|c dcvotiou to Our lady o Mcrcy |ccauc pop-
ular iu Savoua iu ltaly iu , |cu t|c \irgiu appcarcd iu a visiou to auuouucc t|at
t|c iu|a|itauts ould o|taiu ucrcy rat|cr t|au justicc i t|cy rcpcutcd o t|cir sius,
s|c |as also |ccu adoptcd |y Luglis| louau Cat|olics as t|c patrou o t|cir aiu to
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rccapturc Luglaud or t|c louau o|cdicucc. iut t|c iuagc o t|c Madouua s|cltcriug
siuucrs uudcr |cr outsprcad cloa| is uuc| oldcr. Our lady o Mcrcy is patrou saiut o
t|c Douiuicau lcpu|lic aud t|c Argcutiuiau aud Lcuadoriau aruics.
H:ro...s C..:r..:s icruauu t|c Cripplc, H:ro... :r L.|o:), uou| o lcic|cuau,
dicd ou t|is day iu , alt|oug| t|c crou o |is |cad, aud ot|cr rclics, crc claiucd
|y t|c grcat icucdictiuc a||cy o Vciugartcu, |c as ucvcr cauoui.cd, yct uay |c ouud
a uorc iuspiriug hgurc t|au uauy |o crc. ioru iu Sa|ia o t|c |ousc o Alts-
|auscu, |c sucrcd rou a ccrc|ral palsy t|at lct |iu |arcly a|lc to spca| or usc |is
liu|s, yct ovcrcauc t|csc |audicaps to |ccouc au iuspiriug tcac|cr, au iunucutial
uou|, aud ouc o t|c uost lcarucd ucu o |is agc, |ciug t|c aut|or o a loug
uuhuis|cd pocu ou t|c dcadly sius, astrououical trcatiscs, a |oo| o uusic t|cory iu
|ic| au crror o ioct|ius' is corrcctcd, aud scvcral picccs o uusic souc iu a uuiquc
uotatiou), to |ic| traditiou |as addcd t|c autip|ous `.|: :... o |osc origiu
uauy ot|cr talcs arc told) aud J|o. r::o:.r.s o.::r iuspircd accordiug to lcgcud |y t|c
souud o atcr|ccls aloug t|c l|iuc). ic also coupilcd a orld c|rouiclc rou t|c
|irt| o |csus C|rist to t|c ycar o |is ou dcat|, iu |ic| |c rccords t|c datc o |is
|irt| |uly ) aud hrst studics Scpt. ), |ut our uaiu sourcc o |is lic is t|c
hrst cutry iu t|c coutiuuatiou o t|at c|rouiclc |y |is pupil icrt|old. iy auot|cr
accouut o |is lic as currcut iu Luglaud, iu |ic| as a c|ild, |aviug |ccu uaulcd |y
a |car, |c is ocrcd iu a visiou t|c c|oicc |ctccu p|ysical |calt| aud iutcllcctual dis-
tiuctiou, |c c|ooscs t|c lattcr, aud is scut to sc|ool at Augs|urg. 1|is last is rcportcd
clsc|crc, it is a act t|at |c couposcd au occ or t|c city's patrou St Ara, scc
Aug.) 1|c sauc sourcc |as |iu play t|c `.|: :... ou a uouoc|ord |ccausc |is voicc
as too |ad to siug it, t|is as t|c dctail o t|c dcscriptiou s|os) is a couuscd allu-
siou to |is uusical trcatisc. Ot|cr accouuts |avc |iu c|oosc |ctccu groiug up to |c
a |is|op, as |is ucrcilcss sc|ooluastcr iutcuds, aud |ccouiug a huc clcric, or |oru to
t|c |iug aud quccu o 1|racc, |is uot|cr c|oosiug dcoruity aud isdou or |iu iu
advaucc. lar uorc uoviug t|au t|csc stoc| talcs o oudcr is t|c rcport o t|c pupil
|o |ad |uou aud lovcd |iu, t|at it|out auy aduixturc o t|c a|ulous dcscri|cs
t|c uauy saiutly virtucs aud cruditc accouplis|ucuts it| |ic| |c triuup|cd ovcr |is
disa|ility. S|ortly |corc |is dcat| icruauu drcaut |c as rcadiug Ciccro's
H.r::.s.s-t|c cx|ortatiou to p|ilosop|y, lost iu |is day as iu ours, t|at |ad pro-
ouudly iuprcsscd t|c youug Augustiuc-aud ao|c dcsiriug to lcavc t|c prcscut orld
or t|c ucxt, |aviug |iddcu |is cllo uou|s uot to uouru or |iu, 'iu a |appy cou-
suuuatiou-t|c ouc t|iug t|at |c cvcr is|cd or a|ovc all t|iugs-t|at |appy aud
iucoupara|lc uau o God dicd, iu couplctc |appiucss, ou t|c cig|t| |corc t|c
ialcuds o Octo|cr'.
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z
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... JII I.|:..s .:.|r:s i
z - - - Mo.au|iquc Day o t|c Arucd lorccs
lauda iauaraupa|a Day couucuoratiug rccrcuduu)
z - laucclot Audrccs CY)
L...:|.: J.r::s -), lcllo o icu|ro|c iall, Cau|ridgc, polyglot sc|olar
aud outstaudiug prcac|cr, |aviug rcuscd to |is|oprics rou Lli.a|ct| l rat|cr
t|au alicuatc rcvcuucs to |cr, |c rosc uudcr |aucs l to |ccouc |is|op succcssivcly o
C|ic|cstcr, Lly, aud Viuc|cstcr. ic as t|c c|ic trauslator o t|c icutatcuc| aud t|c
|istorical |oo|s iu t|c Aut|ori.cd \crsiou, |c dccudcd |aucs l agaiust attac|s |y
Cardiual icllaruiuc, |ut also playcd a lcadiug part iu t|c rcactiou agaiust Calviuisu.
I..|.rr iarr), |cruit o Gougauc iarra C.. 3.rr.), ouudcr o t|c uouastcry
arouud |ic| t|c city o Cor| arosc, cousccratcd |is|op iu t|c carly scvcut| ccutury.
lt is said t|at |cu |c cut to louc or ordiuatiou as |is|op, t|c iopc said, 'lu uo ay
arc Vc ort|y to ordaiu you. iut it |as |ccu rcvcalcd to Ls t|at you uust rcturu to
Cor|, aud t|crc God |as prcparcd ort|icr uiuistcrs or your ordiuatiou.' So |ouc |c
cauc, aud passcd ou t|c ucssagc to t|c asscu|lcd |rct|rcu iu t|c c|urc|, ou t|c sitc o
|at is uo St liu iarrc's C|urc| o lrclaud Cat|cdral. Lvcu as |c spo|c, |c as litcd
up iu t|c sig|t o t|c ouloo|crs iuto t|c ratcrs |y t|c |oly augcls, |o t|crc ordaiucd
|iu |is|op. Souc o |is disciplcs scttlcd ou a ic|ridcau islaud, uaucd iarra atcr |iu,
iu Martiu Martiu |o calls it iisuul, t|crc is a iicssiuul Castlc ou its sout|-
castcru s|orc) rcportcd t|at
1|c C|urc| iu t|is lslaud is call'd I.||.rr, i.c. St. 3.rr's C|urc|. 1|crc is a littlc C|appcl |y it, iu
|ic| M..|.:.|, aud t|osc dcsccudcd o |is lauily, arc usually iutcrrcd. 1|c iativcs |avc St.
3.rr's oodcu luagc staudiug ou t|c Altar, covcr'd it| liucu iu oru o a S|irt all t|cir grcat-
cst Asscvcratious arc |y t|is Saiut. l cauc vcry carly iu t|c Moruiug it| au iutcutiou to scc t|is
luagc, |ut as disappoiutcd, or t|c iativcs prcvcutcd uc, |y carryiug it aay, lcst l uig|t ta|c
occasiou to ridiculc t|cir Supcrstitiou, as souc irotcstauts |avc douc orucrly aud |cu l as
gouc, it as agaiu cxpos'd ou t|c altar. . . .
All t|c lu|a|itauts o|scrvc t|c Auuivcrsary o St. 3.rr, |ciug t|c t| s.. o `:::o|:r, it is
pcroru'd ridiug ou iorsc|ac|, aud t|c Solcuuity is coucludcd |y t|rcc 1urus rouud St. 3.rr's
C|urc|. 1|is |riugs iuto uy Miud a Story |ic| as told uc couccruiug a orcigu iricst, aud
t|c Lutcrtaiuucut |c uct it| atcr |is Arrival t|crc souc Ycars ago, as ollos t|is iricst |ap-
pcu'd to laud |crc upou t|c vcry Day, aud at t|c particular iour o t|is Solcuuity, |ic| as
t|c uorc acccpta|lc to t|c lu|a|itauts, |o t|cu dcsir'd |iu to prcac| a Couucuoratiou Scr-
uou to t|c iouour o t|cir patrou St. 3.rr, accordiug to t|c auticut Custou o t|c ilacc. At
t|is t|c iricst as surpri.'d, |c ucvcr |aviug |card o St. 3.rr |corc t|at Day, aud t|crcorc
|uoiug uot|iug o |is \irtucs, could say uot|iug couccruiug |iu |ut told t|cu, t|at i a Scr-
uou to t|c iouour o St. .| or St. :::r could plcasc t|cu, t|cy uig|t |avc it iustautly. 1|is
Auscr o |is as so disagrcca|lc to t|cu, t|at t|cy plaiuly told |iu |c could |c uo truc iricst,
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i |c |ad uot |card o St. 3.rr, or t|c iopc |iuscl |ad |card o |iu, |ut t|is ould uot pcr-
suadc t|c iricst, so t|at t|cy partcd uuc| dissatisy'd it| ouc auot|cr.
M. Martiu, , -
3.::|: .; `:.o;.r 3r.: iu Yor|s|irc ). iarold Godiusou, |iug o Luglaud, dc-
catcd iarldr irri iarold iardcouuscl), |iug o ioray, |o it| t|c support
o iarold's |rot|cr 1ostig |ad laid claiu to Luglaud, ou |cariug o t|is dcuaud, t|c
Luglis| |iug is said to |avc rcplicd t|at |c ould allo t|c iuvadcr ouly six cct o Lug-
lis| soil to |c |uricd iu-'or scciug |c is tall, scvcu'. 1|c iuvadcrs crc drivcu |ac|, aud
iiug iarold uadc good |is |oast, it|iu t|rcc cc|s |c as dcad, |aviug uarc|cd
|ac| to acc auot|cr iuvadcr at iastiugs scc Oct.).
z
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... JI I.|:..s .:.|r:s C
z lu |ulius Cacsar dcdicatcd a tcuplc o solid uar|lc iu |is
uc oruu to \cuus Gcuctrix, rou |osc graudsou lulus Acucas' sou, also callcd
Ascauius) t|c |ulii crc supposcdly dcsccudcd, iu ulhlucut o a vo at t|c |attlc o
i|arsalus. 1|c sacrihcc rcuaiucd ou t|is day, |ut t|c cclc|ratory gaucs crc trauscrrcd
t|c ucxt ycar to |uly.
z - Cypriau iCi, CY Scpt.), Cosuas aud Dauiau lC, orucrly
Scpt.), Dcat| o St |o|u t|c Diviuc, Apostlc aud Lvaugclist Ort|.)
C,r..., |is|op o Cart|agc, . As uotcd uudcr Scptcu|cr, Cypriau o Cart|agc is
rccordcd ou t|is day iu t|c iCi |y couusiou it| Cypriau o Autioc|, |osc couvcr-
siou to C|ristiauity |y |is iutcudcd victiu, t|c virgiu |ustiua |ic| causcd |iu to
a|audou |is arts aud |rca| o |is lcaguc it| t|c Dcvil), as cclc|ratcd |y t|c lC
C|urc| till aud iu souc parts t|crcatcr, it as said t|at s|c as scourgcd, |c as
toru it| irou |oo|s, aud t|cy |ot| crc |oilcd iu a cauldrou o pitc| |corc |ciug |c-
|cadcd. |ustiua's dccat o t|c Dcvil aud couvcrsiou o Cypriau, cou|iucd it| t|c
laust t|cuc, is t|c |asis o Caldcru's play L| o... r....s. ).
Grcy Viutcr |at| gouc, li|c a carisouc gucst,
Aud, |c|old, or rcpayucut,
Scptcu|cr coucs iu it| t|c iud o t|c Vcst
Aud t|c Spriug iu |cr raiucut.
1|c ays o t|c rost |avc |ccu hllcd o t|c nocrs,
V|ilc t|c orcst discovcrs
Vild iugs, it| t|c |alo o |yaliuc |ours,
Aud a uusic o lovcrs.
icury icudall -), 'Scptcu|cr iu Australia'
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z
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... J I.|:..s .:.|r:s D
z - - - Lt|iopia lcast o t|c liudiug o t|c 1ruc Cross
corrcspoudiug to t|c t| OS, t|c t| iu t|c ycar |corc a |uliau lcap ycar)
z - \iuccut dc iaul CY, lC)
J...:.: : .| -). ic grc up iu Gascouy, t|c sou o arucrs |o scut |iu to
study it| t|c lrauciscau lccollccts. iaviug studicd at t|c Luivcrsity o 1oulousc aud
|ccu ordaiucd pricst at t|c agc o , |c scttlcd iuto a couorta|lc lic as c|aplaiu to
Quccu Margarct o \alois. iis lic c|augcd |cu, ou a visit to iaris, |c as accuscd |y
a ricud o stcaliug crous rou |iu. Clcarcd atcr six uout|s, |c |ccauc tutor to
t|c c|ildrcu o t|c Couut o |oiguy. At t|cir couutry scat, |c pcrccivcd t|c spiritual
uccds o t|c pcasautry, supportcd |y |is patrou, |c uudcrtoo| a uissiou to t|c cou-
uou pcoplc, |ic| cvcutually |ccauc t|c Cougrcgatiou o t|c Missiou aud t|c Sistcrs
o C|arity. iopc lco Xlll uaucd |iu patrou o all c|arita|lc socictics. 1|c Socicty o
St \iuccut dc iaul as ouudcd iu iaris iu . ic is patrou saiut o |ospitals aud pris-
oucrs, aud also o Madagascar, ouc o t|c hrst placcs |c scut |is uissiouarics. lcast-
day orucrly |uly.
C.so.s .. L.o.... 1|is as t|c traditioual Vcstcru cast-day uo uovcd to t|c t|)
o SS Cosuas aud Dauiau, uartyrs d. ..), tiu |rot|crs |o studicd scicuccs
iu Syria, t|cir uaiu Ort|odox cast is ou |uly, |ut t|cy arc also rcucu|crcd ou
iovcu|cr. 1|cy crc rcuoucd uot ouly or t|cir s|ill iu ucdiciuc |ut also or t|cir
|uuauity t|cy crc callcd Auargyroi, 'uoucylcss oucs', as t|cy acccptcd uo ccs.
Lqually .calous iu prcac|iug, t|cy crc pcrsccutcd aud uartyrcd iu Syria. 1|cir rclics
crc |roug|t to louc, |crc t|c |asilica uaucd atcr t|cu ou t|c cdgc o t|c loruu
as dcdicatcd |y iopc lclix l\ ... Mauy lcgcuds grc up arouud t|cu, uota|ly o
uiraculous |caliugs. 1|cir cult sprcad idcly, |ut as cspccially iuportaut iu llorcucc
rou t|c tiuc o Cosiuo dc' Mcdici -), |osc uauc uay |c trauslatcd 'Cos-
uas o t|c p|ysiciaus'. iis graudsou Giovauui, |o |ccauc iopc lco X, trcatcd t|c
cast-day o SS Cosuas aud Dauiau as i it crc |is |irt|day, souctiucs stagiug cla|-
oratc cutcrtaiuucuts ou a ucdical t|cuc. lu a \cuctiau visitor rcportcd
1|c popc |ad a solcuu Mass cclc|ratcd iu t|c Sistiuc C|apcl, as usual, aud iuvitcd all t|c car-
diuals, or t|irty o |ou |ccausc t|c cldcrly oucs did uot is| to stay) |c |ad prcparcd au
iuprcssivc |auquct, also or uauy ot|cr prclatcs aud gcutlcucu . . . aud atcr diuucr |c prcscutcd
siugiug aud playiug, aud t|c uusic as douc iu t|is uauucr souc hty siugcrs aud playcrs o
various iustruucuts, drcsscd as p|ysiciaus, t|at is it| a loug gou, partly piu| aud partly violct,
aud rcd stolcs, cauc out to |y to, lcd |y Macstro Audrca aud auot|cr |uoou, drcsscd up
li|c Spirouc aud Macstro Arc|augclo, t|c popc's p|ysiciaus. 1|cy iuitatcd t|cu, crac|iug uauy
jo|cs, aud uadc cvcryouc laug|. Aud t|crc |corc t|c popc altcruatcly t|cy saug aud playcd a
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uuu|cr o picccs, aud at t|c cud all, iucludiug t|c hrst, saug souc sougs a|out p|ysiciaus, aud
or t|c hualc cvcryouc saug a uotct or six voiccs.
Marcautouio Mic|icl, quotcd iu ilac||uru,
Cosuas aud Dauiau arc t|c patrou saiuts o p|ysiciaus aud surgcous, c|cuists aud
p|aruacists, |ar|crs aud |airdrcsscrs |ar|crs |aviug |ccu surgcous iu t|c Middlc
Agcs). 1|cy oug|t also to |c t|c patrou saiuts o auputccs. lra Augclico's cyclc o
paiutiugs dcvotcd to t|c saiuts' livcs at Sau Marco iu llorcucc iucludcs a uiraclc rc-
portcd iu t|c Goldcu lcgcud, sct iu t|c louau c|urc| o Sauti Cosua c Dauiauo
lu t|is c|urc| a ccrtaiu uau scrvcd t|c |oly uartyrs, ouc o |is lcgs couplctcly catcu aay |y a
cauccr. ic|old, |ilc |c slcpt, SS Cosuas aud Dauiau appcarcd to t|cir dcvotcc, carryiug salvcs
aud surgical iustruucuts, ouc said to t|c ot|cr 'V|crc s|all c gct ncs| to hll t|c gap atcr cut-
tiug aay t|c rottcd ncs|.' 1|c ot|cr said '|ust today a |lac| uau as |uricd iu t|c ccuctcry o
Sau iictro iu \iucoli. lctc| rou |iu |crcit| to ucud our paticut.' O t|c saiut spcd to t|c
ccuctcry aud ctc|cd t|c Moor's t|ig|, t|cy auputatcd t|c sic| uau's t|ig|, iuscrtcd t|c Moor's
iu its stcad, carcully auoiutcd t|c ouud, aud too| t|c sic| uau's t|ig| to t|c dcad Moor's |ody.
V|cu |c ao|c, t|c paticut discovcrcd |c as rcc o paiu, put |is |aud to |is t|ig|, aud ouud
uo iujury. Ou cxauiuiug |is lcg |y caudlclig|t |c sa uo sigu o discasc, aud startcd oudcr-
iug |ct|cr |c as uot |iuscl |ut souc|ody clsc. Couiug |ac| to |is scuscs, |c lcapt out o
|cd or joy aud told cvcryouc |at |c |ad sccu iu |is drcau aud |o |c |ad |ccu |calcd. iis
|carcrs cxcitcdly scut to t|c Moor's tou|, aud ouud t|at |is t|ig| |ad iudccd |ccu cut o aud
t|c ot|cr's su|stitutcd or it iu t|c tou|. |aco|us dc \oragiuc,
Vc ritc 't|ig|' or ..:. |ccausc t|at is t|c ucdicval scusc iu classical latiu it is t|c
|ip), |ut uo dou|t it as ucaut as ucrc varicty or .rs, 'lcg'. lu lra Augclico's paiutiug
t|c |olc lcg is |lac|.
lor uauy ycars t|c iu|a|itauts o lscruia |cld a t|rcc-day cstival iu |ouour o SS
Cosuas aud Dauiau, at |ic| t|c dcvotccs |roug|t ax hgurcs 'cousistiug o cct, lcgs,
arus, cycs, |cads, |auds, o:o|r. :..:.|., aud cvcu |olc hgurcs, accordiug as a part, or
t|c |olc |ody, is acctcd |y discasc', to |c |lcsscd |y t|c pricst, as rcportcd |y lic|ard
Colt ioarc iu , t|c |ody part so dclicatcly uaucd iu ltaliau put |iu iu uiud o t|c
aucicut louau cstival iu |ouour o iriapus. iocvcr, |cu a uc road |uilt t|roug|
lscruia uadc t|c cstival uorc idcly |uou, 'a ccrtaiu dcgrcc o scaudal as attac|cd
to a part o t|c ccrcuouy, aud a royal ordcr as accordiugly issucd, to pro|i|it t|c
ocriug o a ccrtaiu class o :: .:., aud it is still strictly aud propcrly cuorccd'. ioarc,
|ocvcr, 'procurcd a spcciucu o t|csc votivc ucuorials, |ic|, t|oug| iudclicatc iu
t|cusclvcs, arc yct curious to au autiquary, as proos o t|c dccp |old |ic| t|is ccrc-
uouy, origiually |cat|cu, |ad ta|cu ou t|c pu|lic uiud' C|.ss...| 1.r, -).
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z
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... IJ I.|:..s .:.|r:s L
z - - - Guiuca lccrcuduu Day
1aiau Couucius' iirt|day aud 1cac|crs' Day uatioual |oliday)
LSA Graudparcuts' Day
LSA, Miuucsota lrauccs Villard Day
z - Vcuccslaus lC)
h:..:s|.s \clav) o io|cuia, uartyr -). Lldcst graudsou o ior ivoj, rulcr o
io|cuia, aud St luduilla scc Scpt.), |c as |roug|t up |y t|c lattcr, |o cu-
couragcd |iu to ta|c ovcr t|c rcius o govcruucut rou |is idocd uot|cr. ic as
rcscutcd |y t|c uo|lcs or |is ricudly rclatious it| Gcruauy, |y t|c populacc or t|c
iunucucc o t|c clcrgy, aud |y |is |rot|cr iolcslav or |aviug |ad a ualc |cir. iaviug
iuvitcd |iu to cclc|ratc t|c cast o Cosuas aud Dauiau, iolcslav attac|cd |iu aud
lct |is ucu to huis| |iu o. ic is patrou saiut o t|c C.cc| lcpu|lic aud t|crcorc
o |rccrs t|oug| |c |iuscl produccd iuc or uass rou |is ou viucyards).
lu t|c uort|cru ic|ridcs, |crc St Mic|acl as rcgardcd as t|c patrou saiut o t|c sca,
t|is day, Mic|acluas Lvc, as uar|cd |y t|c |a|iug o a |ugc |auuoc| or s:r.. iu-
corporatiug all t|c varictics o graiu grou ou t|c aru, it ould |c catcu atcr t|c
uoruiug scrvicc togct|cr it| lau|, t|c rcuaius |ciug givcu to t|c poor, atcr |ic| a
uouutcd proccssiou rodc cloc|isc rouud t|c islaud, lcd as t|c casc uig|t |c |y t|c
local irotcstaut uiuistcr or louau Cat|olic pricst, t|c Cat|olics also saug a |yuu to
St Mic|acl |ot| |corc t|c ucal aud duriug t|c proccssiou. iorsc raccs aud ot|cr
sports ollocd, aud iu t|c cvcuiug au cxc|augc o gits aud dauciug to |ircd uusiciaus
at t|c largcst |ousc iu t|c toulaud.
Goct|c hrst scts cycs ou \cuicc ou t|is day
So it as rittcu ou uy pagc iu t|c ioo| o latc t|at iu , ou t|c tcuty-cig|t| o Scptcu-
|cr, at hvc o'cloc| iu t|c cvcuiug |y our rcc|ouiug, l s|ould or t|c hrst tiuc lay cycs ou \cuicc,
sailiug out o t|c ircuta iuto t|c lagoous, aud soou t|crcatcr cutcr aud visit t|is oudcrul
islaud city, t|is |cavcr rcpu|lic. Aud so, God |c t|au|cd, \cuicc too is uo lougcr a ucrc ord to
uc, a |ollo uauc |ic| |as otcu uadc uc uucasy, uc, t|c uortal cucuy o vcr|al souuds.
Goct|c,
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z
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... III I.|:..s .:.|r:s l
`. o.., .,s .| :|: o... .s .. M..|.:|o.s L.,, s. o.., {..s.
Stcvcusou)
`.. M..|.:|
L: o.r:.: . .. ..:|.
a \cuctiau sayiug t|c cud o lido picuics)
L.: |:ss .. r..| |:ss
.. |, . |..;: .: M..|.:|o.s.
z - - - iruuci Coustitutiou Day )
iaraguay iattlc o ioqucru Day
z - - CoL), lC)
M..|.:| .. J|| J.:|s. Scptcu|cr uar|s t|c dcdicatiou o t|c iasilica o St Mic|acl
ou t|c \ia Salaria outsidc louc, |corc t|c scvcut| ccutury. Mic|acl, |osc uauc
ucaus 'V|o is li|c uuto God.', is c|ic auougst t|c scvcu arc|augcls. ic is t|c ar-
rior augcl, t|c |cad o t|c cclcstial aruy. Ga|ricl is t|c ucsscugcr augcl, lap|acl 'God
|cals') t|c augcl |o lcd 1o|ias. 1|c ot|cr arc|augcls arc Lricl, C|auucl, |op|icl, aud
Zad|icl. 1|csc arc t|c ouly uaucd augcls, scrap|iu aud c|cru|iu arc ucutioucd iu t|c
Old 1cstaucut, aud t|roucs, douiuious, priucipalitics, aud pocrs |y St iaul Lp|.
aud Col. ). 1|c |cavculy |ost as iuagiucd |y iscudo-Diouysius iu t|c sixt|
ccutury to |c arraugcd iu a |icrarc|y o uiucold divisiou Scrap|iu, C|cru|iu, aud
1|roucs, Douiuious, \irtucs, aud iocrs, aud iriucipalitics, Arc|augcls, aud Augcls.
Aud at t|at tiuc s|all Mic|acl staud up, t|c grcat priucc |ic| staudct| or t|c c|ildrcu o t|y
pcoplc aud t|crc s|all |c a tiuc o trou|lc, suc| as ucvcr as siucc t|crc as a uatiou cvcu to
t|at sauc tiuc aud at t|at tiuc t|y pcoplc s|all |c dclivcrcd, cvcry ouc t|at s|all |c ouud
rittcu iu t|c |oo|. Dau. )
Aud t|crc as ar iu |cavcu Mic|acl aud |is augcls oug|t agaiust t|c dragou, aud t|c dragou
oug|t aud |is augcls, Aud prcvailcd uot, ucit|cr as t|cir placc ouud auy uorc iu |cavcu. lcv.
-)
Goc M..|.:| o Cclcstial Aruics iriucc,
Aud t|ou iu Military procss ucxt
C.|r.:|, lcad ort| to iattcl t|csc uy Sous
luviuci|lc, lcad ort| uy arucd Saiuts
iy 1|ousauds aud |y Millious raug'd or hg|t.
Miltou, .r..s: L.s:, vi. -
1o apparitious crc prouiucut iu csta|lis|iug t|c cult o St Mic|acl iu t|c Vcst.
1|at ou Moutc Gargauo, iu sout|cru ltaly, too| placc iu t|c s, its couucuoratiou
-
as cclc|ratcd ou May |y t|c lC C|urc| uutil . 1|c ot|cr as rcportcd rou t|c
hrst ycar o Grcgory t|c Grcat's poutihcatc -), duriug a dcvastatiug plaguc.
Grcgory ordcrcd city-idc proccssious to |cg or diviuc ucrcy, passiug ovcr t|c |ridgc
ucar iadriau's 1ou|, |c |ad a visiou o St Mic|acl s|cat|iug |is sord ou t|c suuuit
o t|c tou|, aud t|c plaguc ccascd ort|it|. 1|c Castcl Saut'Augclo ta|cs its uauc
rou a c|apcl |uilt ou top o t|c tou| to couucuoratc t|c apparitiou. Alt|oug| t|c
lcgcud assuucs t|at t|c augcl as Mic|acl, t|c 'pcrsccutiug augcl' iu C|rou. is
uuuaucd 'Aud God scut au augcl uuto |crusalcu to dcstroy it t|roug| pcstilcucc aud
as |c as dcstroyiug, t|c lord |c|cld, aud |c rcpcutcd |iu o t|c cvil, aud said to t|c
augcl t|at dcstroycd, lt is cuoug|, stay uo t|iuc |aud.') Mauy ot|cr s|riucs dcdicatcd
to Mic|acl crc |uilt iu |ig| placcs, t|c uost auous |ciug t|c tcut|-ccutury icuc-
dictiuc a||cy o Mout-Saiut-Mic|cl iu ioruaudy, |ic| iu t|c latcr Middlc Agcs iu-
spircd spoutaucous uass pilgriuagcs iu uort|cru Luropc as louc did iu t|c sout|. iis
cult as hruly rootcd iu Luglaud aud Valcs |y t|c carly Middlc Agcs. St Mic|acl's
Mouut iu Coruall is supposcd to couucuoratc au apparitiou o St Mic|acl iu t|c
cig|t| ccutury.
Mic|acl is patrou saiut o C|ristiaus iu gcucral aud C|ristiau soldicrs iu particular.
iy cxtcusiou, |c is iuvo|cd as patrou saiut |y policcucu, cuccrs, aud cuciug-uastcrs.
Otcu portraycd as a cig|cr o souls at t|c last |udgcucut 't|c lord o t|c Souls'),
|c is also patrou saiut o all procssious usiug scalcs, auoug t|cu groccrs, pastry-coo|s,
aud c|cuists. iius Xll dcclarcd |iu patrou saiut o radiologists. lu icucdict X\
uaucd Ga|ricl t|c cclcstial patrou o tclccouuuuicatious. ic is also patrou saiut o
t|c siguals rcgiucuts o ltaly, lraucc, aud Colou|ia, t|c diplouatic scrviccs o Spaiu
aud Argcutiua, aud postal or|crs. Staup-collcctors too cujoy |is patrouagc. lap|acl,
|o |clpcd 1o|ias curc |is at|cr's |liuducss, is patrou saiut o p|aruacists, o voy-
agcrs ou laud aud sca, aud is protcctor o adolcsccuts.
M..|.:|o.s L.,. Ouc o t|c our quartcr days o t|c Luglis| |usiucss ycar scc Mar.).
1|c autuuu tcru at Oxord aud Cau|ridgc, aud souc ot|cr uuivcrsitics, is dcsiguatcd
Mic|acluas, as as ouc o t|c our lcgal tcrus orucrly o|scrvcd |y t|c iig| Court
o |usticc. Mic|acluas daisics astcrs) aud crocuscs |loou at t|is tiuc o ycar.
Ou Mic|acluas iu a Suuday) a c|agriucd Sauucl icpys uadc t|c olloiug
cutry iu |is diary
|cu at diuucr aud suppcr, l drau|, l |uo uot |o, o uy ouc accord, so uuc| iuc, t|at l
as cvcu aluost oxcd aud uy |cad a|cd all uig|t. So |ouc, aud to |cd it|out praycrs, |ic|
l ucvcr did yct siucc l cauc to t|c |ousc o a Souday uig|t l |ciug uo so out o ordcr t|at l
durst uot rcad praycrs, or car o |ciug pcrccivcd |y uy scrvauts iu |at casc l as.
icpys, ii.
Distrustul o plaiu atcr, |ic| |c ouud too '|cavy' uor as it t|c custou at t|c tiuc
to driu| atcr), icpys too| uuc| dclig|t iu lrcuc| iuc. iocvcr, |c ouud t|at |is
or| sucrcd, aud ou t|c last day o |c vocd to a|staiu rou iuc aud rou au-
ot|cr plcasurc, t|c t|catrc. li|c uauy o |is vos, t|is ouc as |ro|cu rou tiuc to
-
tiuc, |ut ovcrall |c as vcry satishcd to o|scrvc t|c iuprovcucut iu |is couduct o
|usiucss. iy Mic|acluas , t|c tcru o |is vo |aviug cxpircd, |c uotcd iu |is diary
Scpt. M..|.:|o.s L.,. 1|is day uy oat|s or driu|iug o iuc aud goiug to plays arc
out, aud so l do rcsolvc to ta|c a li|crty today aud t|cu to all to t|cu agaiu . . . l scut or souc
diuucr aud t|crc diucd . . . aud t|cu to t|c iiug's 1|catrc, |crc c sa M.soo:rs ..|:s r:.o:,
|ic| l |avc ucvcr sccu |corc, uor s|all cvcr agaiu, or it is t|c uost iusipid ridiculous play t|at
cvcr l sa iu uy lic. icpys, iii. -
1|c custou o scrviug goosc ou Mic|acluas Day, |ic| is uo |ciug rcvivcd iu t|c
aut|ors' |ousc|old, or ouc), gocs |ac| ccuturics. V|ilc iu ot|cr couutrics t|at custou
is couucctcd it| St Martiu's Day iov.), iu Luglaud it as associatcd it| payiug
t|c rcuts ou quartcr day, gccsc |ciug 'iu t|cir pcrcctiou' iu t|at scasou
Aud |cu t|c tcuauutcs couc to payc t|cir quartcrs rcut,
1|cy |riug souc olc at Midsouucr, ~ a dis| o lis| iu lcut,
At C|ristuassc a capou, at Mig|cluassc a goosc
Aud sou|at clsc at icycrcs tidc, or carc t|cir lcasc nic loosc.
Gcorgc Gascoiguc, rou J H.r::| `.r, I|.r:s ), a satirical gloss
ou 't|c lord |at| uccd', cusuriug t|c laudlord's cll-|ciug
Ouc lcgcud |as it t|at catiug goosc ou Mic|acluas ill cusurc huaucial prospcrity iu
t|c couiug ycar
l diucd upou Goosc ycstcrday Old Mic|acluas Day-|ic| l |opc ill sccurc a good Salc o
uy
d
Lditiou. |auc Austcu ),
irovidc agaiust Mi|cluas, |argaiuc to ua|c,
or cruc to givc ovcr, to |ccpc or to ta|c
lu dooiug o cit|cr, lct it |carc a stro|c,
or |uicug or sclliug o pig iu a po|c.
1usscr
Mic|acluas uar|s t|c c|augc iu agricultural scasous
A|out Mic|acluas ta|c oa| applcs aud cut t|cu, aud |y t|cu you uay |uo |o it s|all go
t|at ycar, spidcrs s|c a uaug|ty ycar, nics a ucry ycar, uaggots a good ycar, uot|iug iu t|cu
portcuds grcat dcat|. L.||,`s N: Lrr. .::r, -
lu sout|cru ioray as uauy days as t|crc is |oarrost iu t|c hcld |corc Mic|acluas,
so uauy days it ill rcuaiu atcr .|so:ss: 'Cuc|oouass') ou May.
A particular supcrstitiou associatcd it| Mic|acluas attac|cs to catiug |lac||crrics
rou t|at day ou ouc sourcc says t|at nics dcposit t|cir cggs ou t|c ruit t|cu)
At t|at scasou o t|c ycar callcd Mic|acluas, t|c dcvil is said to touc| it| it |is clu| t|c
|lac|-|crrics, or to 't|ro |is clu| ovcr t|cu', uouc dariug atcr t|at pcriod to cat ouc o t|cu,
or t|c 'orus ill cat t|cir iugaugs'. Mactaggart, )
lt is a popular |clic . . . t|at t|c ...., as |c ridcs ovcr t|c couutry, dchlcs t|c |lac||crrics at
Mic|acluas aud iolly-cvc. V. l. Vildc, u. )
-
z
-
r..: I.|:..s .:.|r:s G
z - - - iotsaua ludcpcudcucc Day , orucrly
iritis| irotcctoratc o icc|uaualaud) uatioual |oliday)
So 1ou aud irucipc iatiouali.atiou Day
z - |crouc CoL, lC)
j:r.o:, Doctor o t|c C|urc| ..-), trauslator o t|c Scripturcs iuto latiu. ic as
a grcat sc|olar aud cvcu grcatcr coutrovcrsialist, it| a licloug capacity or ua|iug cu-
cuics o ricuds, |ut also o iuspiriug t|c dcvotiou o |ig|-|oru ladics. ioru o C|ris-
tiau parcuts at Stridou pcr|aps ucar Aquilcia), |c studicd iu louc uudcr t|c grcat
grauuariau Aclius Douatus, rou |ou |c quotcd t|c catc|p|rasc :r:..: ,. ..:: ..s
..s:r. .::r.: roug|ly, '1o |cll it| t|osc |o said it |corc uc'). iaviug travcllcd to
1ricr, t|c scat o t|c iupcrial court |ut also a ccutrc o uouasticisu, iustcad o
cutcriug t|c pu|lic scrvicc |c dcvotcd |iuscl to God. ic rcturucd to uort|cru ltaly
aud Daluatia, |ut |aviug givcu uortal |ut uuspccihcd ocucc to .calous C|ristiaus, |c
dcpartcd or Autioc|. V|ilc t|crc, iuproviug |is Grcc| |ut still rcadiug |is |clovcd
latiu classics iu prccrcucc to t|c Scripturcs it| t|cir uucout| stylc, |c cll at uid-
lcut-as |c rclatcd iu |is hucst prosc-iuto a cvcris| dcliriuu iu |ic| |c as
arraigucd |corc C|rist. V|cu as|cd |at |c as, |c rcplicd t|at |c as a C|ristiau.
'1|ou licst,' cauc t|c stcru rcspousc '1|ou art a Ciccrouiau or |crc t|y trcasurc is,
t|crc is t|y |cart also.' Mortihcd, |c sorc ucvcr to rcad pagau litcraturc agaiu, ou cou-
iug to |iuscl, |c says uot t|at |c disposcd o |is classical li|rary, |ut t|at |c rcad t|c
sacrcd ritiugs uorc cagcrly t|au cvcr |c |ad rcad t|c ot|crs. lor souc ycars |c appcars
to |avc rclicd ou |is ucuory o t|c classical aut|ors, latcr iu lic |is practicc aud prc-
ccpt |ccauc uorc li|cral.
ic lct Autioc| or t|c Syriau dcscrt, |crc |c iudulgcd iu pcuauccs loviugly dc-
pictcd iu |is ou lcttcrs aud iu latcr paiutiugs, iu t|csc |c is otcu portraycd as au old
uau iu t|c ildcrucss, |is cardiual's ro|cs au auac|rouisu) cast asidc, |catiug |is
ua|cd |rcast it| a stouc as |c prays |corc a crucihx, |csidc |iu t|c liou rou |osc
pa, li|c Audroclcs |corc aud St Gcrasiuus scc Mar.) atcr |iu, |c |ad it|drau
a t|oru. iocvcr, |aviug sct |is cllo-uou|s agaiust |iu, |c a|audoucd t|c dcscrt,
rcturucd to Autioc|, aud uovcd ou to Coustautiuoplc aud t|cucc to louc, |crc |c
scrvcd iopc Dauasus as sccrctary aud arouscd ill ill |y polcuics iu avour o virgiu-
ity, iu |ic| |c dcclarcd t|at t|c '|rot|crs' o |csus crc iu act |is cousius. iis cuc-
uics drovc |iu rou louc, allcgiug uuc|astity it| |is aduircr iaula |au.), ta|iug
|cr it| |iu, |c sct up a uouastcry iu ict|lc|cu ). iis uost iuportaut ritiugs
arc t|c '\ulgatc' latiu ii|lc, iu |ic| t|c Old 1cstaucut is trauslatcd dircctly rou t|c
ic|rc, aud |is trauslatiou aud coutiuuatiou o Lusc|ius' c|rouiclc, or loug t|c |asis
-
o sacrcd aud proauc c|rouology iu t|c C|ristiau Vcst. lu , ou t|c ,t| auui-
vcrsary o |is dcat|, iopc icucdict X\ dcclarcd |iu patrou o all t|osc |o study
Scripturc.
iluc| ruitc to last,
V|cu Mi|cll is past.
lorgct it uot,
ruit |ruiscd ill rot
lig|t laddcr aud loug,
dot| trcc lcast roug.
1usscr
-

Lr, ,.r |.r|:,~|.. .. .:.|:r

.r ,.`|| .|.,s |: s.|:r.
;::. r.| .. s:|.o s.|:r
;.||s |.|: :|: |:.:s .. .:.|:r.
I. .:.|:r . ,.r ;:|
.. ,.r |.. .:s :.|:| s|.|| ,.:|.
z - latiu .:.|:r, lrcuc| ..:.|r:, Spauis| ..:|r:, iortugucsc
:|r., ltaliau .::.|r:, Gcruau |:.|:r, Vcls| H,r:;, Scots Gaclic .. L.o|.r, lris|
L:.r:.| Io|..r
1|c latiu uauc iudicatcs t|at t|is as origiually t|c cig|t| uout| o t|c ycar. 1|c
Vcls| uauc, origiually |,;r:;, dcuotcs t|c loiug o cattlc, t|c Scots Gaclic, dcrivcd
rou .o|, 'ox', 'stag', ucaus 'ruttiug tiuc', t|c lris| is litcrally 'cud o autuuu'.
z - - -
L.s: `.., 1|c cud ou t|is day o iritis| Suuucr 1iuc |as |ccu uar|cd at Mcrtou
Collcgc, Oxord, siucc it| a |ac|ard proccssiou rouud lcllos' Quad |c-
tccu a.u. iS1 t|c uoucut at |ic| Grccuic| Mcau 1iuc is rcstorcd) aud
a.u. GM1. 1|c LSA rcturus to staudard tiuc ou t|is day as cll.
`:... M..., Cauada 1|au|sgiviug Day
LSA Coluu|us Day still Oct. iu Marylaud, iucrto lico)
Ala|aua lratcrual Day
llorida larucrs Day
iaaii Discovcrcrs Day
Sout| Da|ota iativc Aucricaus Day
\irgiu lslauds-iucrto lico lricuds|ip Day
1|.r M..., |auaica iatioual icrocs' Day
\irgiu lslauds iurricauc 1|au|sgiviug Day cud o |urricauc scasou) lcgal |oli-
day)
I.r:| M..., ic Zcalaud la|our ioliday
LSA \ctcraus Day
Zau|ia ludcpcudcucc Day
L.s: M..., lrclaud iau| ioliday
1|.r h:.:s., LSA, Missouri Missouri Day
I.r:| h:.:s., iauru Augau Day
I.rs: 1|rs.,, Ir..,, .. `.:r., iottiug|au Goosc lair siucc )
L.s: 1|rs., ::... iuu|y iig|t at iiutou St Gcorgc iu Soucrsct c|ildrcu carry cau-
dlcs iu 'puu|ics', |ollocd-out uaugcl-ur.cls it| accs or ot|cr dcsigus carvcd
iuto t|c s|cll, t|c caudlcs rcprcscut t|c lautcrus orucrly lit to guidc t|c ucuol|
|ouc rou a air iu a ucig||ouriug villagc to a cstivc clcouc t|at sccucd ar
too good to a|audou |cu t|c air lapscd.
1|cu cauc .:.|:r ull o ucrry glcc
lor, yct |is uoulc as totty o t|c uust,
V|ic| |c as trcadiug iu t|c iuc-ats scc,
Aud o t|c ioyous oylc, |osc gcutlc gust
Madc |iu so rollic| aud so ull o lust
\pou a drcadul Scorpiou |c did ridc,
1|c sauc |ic| |y L....:s doou vuiust
Slc grcat r... aud cc|c |y |is sidc
ic |ad |is ploug|iug s|arc, aud coultcr rcady tydc.
Spcuscr, 1|: I.:r.: ::.:, . vii.
lt is uo Octo|cr, aud t|c loty iudcs ua|c |arc t|c trccs o t|cir lcaucs, |ilc t|c |ogs iu t|c
Voods gro at it| t|c aluc Acorus t|c orard Dccrc |cgiu to goc to rut, aud t|c |arrcu
Doc groct| good ucat t|c ias|ct-ua|crs uo gat|cr t|cir rods, aud t|c hs|crs lay t|cir lcapcs
iu t|c dccpc t|c loadc |orscs goc apacc to t|c Mill, aud t|c Mcal-uar|ct is scldouc it|out
pcoplc t|c iarc ou t|c |ill ua|cs t|c Grcy|ouud a airc coursc, aud t|c loxc iu t|c oods cals
t|c iouuds to a ull cry t|c uultitudc o pcoplc raisct| t|c pricc o arcs, aud t|c suoot|c
touguc ill scll uuc| t|c Saylor uo |cstirrct| |is stuups, |ilc t|c Mcrc|aut liuct| iu carc
o t|c cat|cr t|c grcat casts arc uo at |aud or t|c City, |ut t|c poorc uust uot |cg or carc
o t|c stoc|cs a hrc aud a pairc o Cards |ccpc t|c g|csts iu t|c Ordiuary, aud 1o|acco is |cld
vcry prccious or t|c l|cuc 1|c Coac|cs uo |cgiu to rattlc iu t|c Strcct |ut t|c cry o t|c
poorc is vuplcasiug to t|c ric| Mucs aud Cucs arc uo iu rcqucst, aud t|c s|uttcl-Coc|c it|
t|c iattcl-doorc is a prctty |ousc-cxcrcisc 1cuuis aud ialouuc arc sports o souc c|argc, aud a
quic|c |audy is t|c Court-|ccpcrs couuodity dauciug aud cuciug arc uo iu souc vsc, aud
|iud |carts aud truc loucrs lyc closc, to |ccpc o cold t|c 1ituousc uo |ccpcs iu t|c |ollo
trcc, aud t|c |lac| |ird sits closc iu t|c |ottouc o a |cdgc lu |ricc, or t|c littlc plcasurc l hud
iu it, l t|us coucludc o it l |old it a Mcsscugcr o ill uccs, aud a sccoud scruicc to a cold
diuucr. larccll. irctou )
lu t|is M..::| dot| t|c iody ax r,, aud t|c iraiu o..s:, t|crcorc it |c|ovct| to cat roastcd
ucats otcu iu t|is Mouct|, aud driu| |:.s..: h..:, also driu| .: h..:, aud cat plcasaut ucat
otcu, C..:s uil| is |cld to |c cxccllcut good or t|is Mouct|, |ccausc it r.;::| t|c |lood, aud
clcausct| t|c luugs, its good to cat otcu J|::.r:s prcparcd it| couorta|lc Spiccs aud Sugar,
or t|cy couort grcatly t|c stouac|, |ut as| uot t|c |:. t|is Mouct|, lct ilood aud iurgc
as occasiou rcquircs, |carc o catiug too li|crally o uc lruits, to cat t|c |..s| root is
|olcsouc, aud to cat Ms:.r it| your ucats is vcry couucuda|lc, all .| lols t|is Mouct|

arc |olsouc aud good, aud C|.:s it| C....o.. iu ucats, saucc, driu|s or c|aupcd iu t|c
uout| arc vcry good. Sauudcrs )
1|c Garucuts you put ou last Mout| iu jcst, uo |uttou t|cu closc iu good carucst, to prcvcut
iuscusi|ly ta|iug cold, uauy tiucs ouc log |cgcts a |olc Viutcrs Cold.
I.|:..r.o L..|:s..s:..o )
z

I.|:..: .:.|r:s A
z - - - C|iua louudiug o icoplc's lcpu|lic uatioual
day)
Cyprus ludcpcudcucc Day , rou iritaiu, uatioual |oliday)
iigcria ludcpcudcucc Day , rou iritaiu, uatioual |oliday)
lcpu|lic o ialau ludcpcudcucc Day , rou Li 1rust 1crritory)
1uvalu ludcpcudcucc Day couucuoratiug scparatiou rou Gil|crt lslauds, uo
iiri|ati, )
z - lcuigius CoL), 1|rsc o lisicux lC), irotcctiug \cil o t|c
1|coto|os Ort|.)
:o..s lcui), iis|op o lcius, d. .., 'Apostlc o t|c lrau|s' aud ouudcr o
|is|oprics iu uort|cru lraucc. ic |apti.cd t|c lrau|is| |iug Clovis, supposcdly iu
scc Scpt.). 1|is cast uo lougcr iu t|c Luivcrsal Calcudar) couucuoratcs t|c datc
o t|c trauslatiou o |is rclics iu , |cu iopc lco lX, prcac|iug t|c rcoru o t|c
C|urc|, too| t|cu uot as cxpcctcd to a uc crypt iu t|c a||cy |ut to t|c |ig| altar,
|crc |c iuorucd t|c asscu|lcd lrcuc| clcrgy) t|cy ould rcvcal |ic| clcrics crc
guilty o t|c ocuccs, suc| as siuouy aud uuc|astity, agaiust |ic| t|c rcoru as dir-
cctcd. Souc |astcucd to rcpcut at lco's cct, ot|crs sluu| aay, t|osc |o attcuptcd
to lic t|cir ay out crc c arc told) struc| duu|. At lcius |is day is |auuary.
1|rs: .; L.s.:: 1crcsa o t|c C|ild |csus) -), Caruclitc. S|c dicd at a vcry
youug agc, |aviug proouudly acctcd |cr coutcuporarics. S|c lct |c|iud au auto-
|iograp|y, 1|: `:.r, .; . `.|, a uuu|cr o uiraclcs arc attri|utcd to |cr. S|c as cauou-
i.cd iu aud dcclarcd patrou o uissious iu , |aviug |ccu prcvcutcd |y |cr last
illucss rou |cr dcsirc to |ccouc a uissiouary iu iauoi, it as s|c |o iuspircd
Mot|cr 1crcsa o Calcutta. icr ot|cr patrouagc, o norists aud nocr-grocrs, stcus
rou a rcuar| s|c uadc, 'l ill lct all a s|ocr o roscs' a prouisc o avours or
t|osc |o soug|t |cr iutcrccssiou), rou t|is s|c is also |uou as 't|c littlc llocr o
|csus'. lu s|c as uaucd a patrou saiut o lraucc. Ou Octo|cr iopc |o|u
iaul ll dcclarcd |cr a Doctor o t|c C|urc|, ouly t|c t|ird ouau to |c so |ouourcd,
atcr Cat|criuc o Sicua aud 1crcsa o Avila. lcast-day orucrly Octo|cr.

1|: r.::.:.. J:.| .; :|: 1|:.:.|.s as rcportcdly sccu iu a visiou |y Audrc t|c ioly lool
carly t| c.), sprcad out ovcr t|c cougrcgatiou at ilac|cruac. lt is cspccially cclc|ratcd
iu lussia scc Oct.).
.o...s :|: M:|.: {. ..), t|c C|ristiau iiudar, aut|or o classic |..:.|.. still uscd iu
t|c Ort|odox C|urc|, iu |osc couplcx acccutual strop|cs uudaucutal doctriucs arc
cxpouudcd iu pocrul lauguagc.
z

... JI N...s .:.|r:s i
z - - - Guiuca ludcpcudcucc Day rou lraucc, )
ludia iirt|day o Ma|atua Gaud|i
z lirst day o t|c ludi Augustalcs, cclc|ratiug Augustus' rcturu
rou t|c Last iu , |aviug rccovcrcd |y diplouatic ucaus t|c staudards lost at
Carr|ac.
z - 1|c Guardiau Augcls lC)
C.r... J.:|s. 1|c dcvotiou to a pcrsoual guardiau o |ody aud soul) is prc-
C|ristiau at louc cvcry uau |ad |is :..s, cvcry ouau |cr I... Auoug C|urc|
ritcrs, it as disputcd |ic| pcrsous |ad guardiau augcls, aud |ic| augcls t|cy crc.
lorucrly couucuoratcd togct|cr it| St Mic|acl Scpt.), t|cy |avc |ad t|cir ou
ocial cast siucc . 1|c Guardiau Augcls crc dccrccd patrou saiuts o t|c Spau-
is| arucd policc iu .
L::.r or L::r, uadc |is|op o Autuu iu |y iald|ild scc |au.), |o atcr |cr
orccd rctircucut lcd ot|cr o |cr protgs iu oppositiou to L|roiu, uayor o t|c
palacc to iiug Clot|ar lll o icustria aud iurguudy. V|cu iu Clot|ar dicd,
L|roiu uadc |is youugcr |rot|cr iiug 1|cudcric lll, |ut au aristocratic rcvolt gavc t|c
t|rouc to t|c uiddlc |rot|cr, C|ildcric ll o Austrasia, 1|cudcric aud L|roiu crc
coupcllcd to |ccouc uou|s at Saiut-Dcuis aud luxcuil rcspcctivcly. 1|c lattcr as
soou joiucd |y lcudcgar, |o |ad allcu out it| C|ildcric, soou atcrards t|c |iug
as assassiuatcd, iu , or attcuptiug to ua|c au Austrasiau uayor o t|c palacc or
all t|rcc |iugdous. l, as |as |ccu suggcstcd, t|is as a joiut cutcrprisc |y L|roiu aud
lcudcgar, t|cir coopcratiou did uot last lcudcgar rcstorcd 1|cudcric, aud uadc a uc
Mayor o t|c ialacc, t|c sou o L|roiu's prcdcccssor, L|roiu prouotcd a supposcd sou
o Clot|ar's as Clovis lll, |ad |ot| lcudcgar aud |is uayor put to dcat|, aud govcrucd
icustria aud iurguudy till |is uurdcr iu . luproviug talcs arc told o lcudcgar's

rcpcatcd torturcs aud |is hual cxccutiou t|rcc o t|c our cxccutioucrs |cggcd or
ucrcy, t|c ourt| cut o |is |cad aud as prouptly carricd o |y t|c Dcvil.
Ou St Cat|criuc's iill, ucar Guildord, a air uscd to |c |cld ou t|c Suuday prcccd-
iug t|is day at |ic| auy pcrsou, it| or it|out a liccucc, as pcruittcd to scll
|ccr ou t|c |ill, or, as t|c p|rasc cut, 'to opcu a tap'. lt as t|crcorc callcd '1ap-up
Suuday'.
z

... J N...s .:.|r:s C
z - - - Gcruauy 1ag dcr Dcutsc|cu Liu|cit Day o
Gcruau Luity) uatioual day), cclc|ratiug iucorporatiou iu o t|c hvc
ludcr t|at |ad coupriscd t|c Gcruau Dcuocratic lcpu|lic iuto t|c lcdcral
lcpu|lic o Gcruauy. ircviously t|is |oliday |ad |ccu |cpt ou |uuc, iu |ou-
our o t|c Last icrliu or|crs' rcvolt iu
Sout| iorca iatioual louudatiou Day 1auguu Day, csta|lis|cd |iugdou o
C|osuu iu ) uatioual |oliday)
z Ou Octo|cr , at ioupcii, au aucicut iilroy rotc C. o.~
.s L..|s |:.. ;.: ... J N...s .:.|r:.s M. L:..) . C.:|.) ...)s|.|s), 'Gaius iuui-
dius Dip|ilus as |crc ou t|c ht| day |corc t|c ioucs o Octo|cr |cu Marcus
lcpidus aud Quiutus Catulus crc cousuls.'
z - lorucrly St 1|rsc o lisicux scc Oct.)
1|.o.s : C..:.|: ..-), |is|op o icrcord. ic studicd at Oxord, iaris, aud
Orlaus |corc |ciug uaucd C|auccllor o Oxord iu . A strict discipliuariau,
1|ouas acquircd a siguihcaut aruoury |y couhscatiug rou t|c studcuts capous t|cy
|ad uisuscd. Sidiug it| t|c |arous agaiust iiug icury lll, |c as |ricny C|auccllor
o Luglaud |cu t|c |iug as dccatcd. Disuisscd atcr Siuou dc Moutort's dcat| at
Lvcs|au, |c rcturucd to iaris. lu |c |ccauc |is|op o icrcord, |ut olloiug a
jurisdictioual disputc it| t|c Arc||is|op o Cautcr|ury, |o|u icc|au, 1|ouas as
cxcouuuuicatcd, |aviug appcalcd to t|c iopc, |c dicd ou t|c jourucy to louc. Atcr
rccciviug t|c ccrtihcatc o a|solutiou rou Martiu l\, icc|au allocd 1|ouas's |ody
to |c |uricd iu icrcord cat|cdral, |ic| |ccauc t|c uost rcqucutcd s|riuc iu t|c
cst o Luglaud atcr a proccss iu |ic| uiraclcs crc attcstcd, |c as cauoui.cd
iu dcspitc |aviug dicd cxcouuuuicatc. At t|c lcoruatiou |is |oucs crc dis-
pcrscd, t|cir loss as couhrucd duriug rcstoratiou iu , t|oug| iu coupcusatiou
t|crc as ouud a piccc o slatc iuscri|cd 'gouc to t|c dogs |y t|c tiuc you rcad t|is'
aud datcd . lcast-day orucrly Octo|cr.

z

... IJ N...s .:.|r:s D
z - - - lcsot|o ludcpcudcucc Day rou Grcat irit-
aiu, )
z
I:...o C:r:r.s or last o Ccrcs, iustitutcd iu atcr a scqucucc o alaruiug prod-
igics to tauc oxcu cliu|cd t|c stcps o a pu|lic |uildiug aud rcac|cd t|c roo, rou
ot|cr tous t|crc crc rcports t|at stoucs |ad raiucd dou ou scvcral occasious, t|at a
tcuplc o |upitcr aud souc s|ops |ad |ccu struc| |y lig|tuiug, aud t|at to s|ips, also
struc| |y lig|tuiug, |ad caug|t hrc. lt as to |c |cld ,..:. ,.,: ...., |ic| usually
ucaus, accordiug to Luglis| idiou, uot cvcry ht| |ut cvcry ourt| ycar, |y Augustus'
rcigu it |ad |ccouc auuual. 1|c cclc|rauts crc iustructcd to car garlauds, iu t|c
Grcc| as|iou, t|crc as also Grcc| prcccdcut or |ououriug t|c goddcss o graiu it|
a ast, or t|c sccoud day o t|c At|cuiau 1|csuop|oria |cld iu |ouour o Dcuctcr
ou - iyauopsiou, just |corc t|c ull uoou o Scptcu|cr-Octo|cr-|at iu Lug-
lis| is callcd t|c iarvcst Moou-as |cpt as a ast. iocvcr, siucc iu t|c louau
calcudar as souc our uout|s a|cad o truc scc p. ), uouiual Octo|cr uust
|avc allcu iu latc spriug, t|is suits t|c circuustauccs, or ouc cousul |ad uarc|cd o
to ar aud t|c ot|cr did so latcr.
1|c astrologcr l. 1arutius o liruuu lcruo), iu t|c hrst ccutury , dctcruiucd to
|is ou satisactiou t|at louc |ad |ccu ouudcd at a datc aud tiuc cquivalcut iu uod-
cru rcc|ouiug to a|out a.u. louau tiuc) ou Octo|cr , t|is counictcd it|
t|c uorual ouudatiou-day o April.
z - lraucis o Assisi CY, lC)
Ir....s .; Jss.s. -), ouudcr iu o t|c Ordcr o lriars Miuor lrauciscaus),
aud ouc o t|c uost |clovcd ucdicval saiuts. iis calliug cauc latc, atcr |c |ad |ccu
dccply acctcd |aviug cxc|augcd clot|cs it| a |cggar or ouc day ou a pilgriuagc to
louc. li|c-uiudcd ucu aud soou oucu) joiucd t|c Ordcr, |ic| rcuaiucd it|-
out a orual rulc or uauy ycars, t|c ccclcsiastical |icrarc|y |al|cd at t|c all too o|vi-
ous rcuiudcr t|at C|rist |ad cujoiucd povcrty ou |is ollocrs, ucvcrt|clcss iouorius
lll approvcd t|c rulc iu . lu t|c olloiug ycar lraucis, ou a rctrcat at Moutc la
\crua, rcccivcd t|c stiguata couucuoratcd ou Scpt.). ic rcqucstcd to |c |uricd
iu t|c criuiuals' ccuctcry ou t|c Collc d'lucruo, |ut |is |ody as |roug|t to t|c
c|urc| o St Gcorgc iu Assisi, |crc it rcuaiucd uutil iu it as sccrctly rcuovcd to
t|c grcat |asilica, t|crc it rcuaiucd |iddcu uutil , atcr a -day scarc| ouud it dccp
|cucat| t|c |ig| altar o t|c locr c|urc|. iius Xll dcclarcd |iu patrou saiut o ltaly
iu , aud parliaucut gavc its orual approval ou lc|ruary . iius Xll also

uaucd |iu patrou o ltaliau ucrc|auts iu au iutcrcstiug c|oicc, lraucis's at|cr
|ad |ccu a ric| ucrc|aut). V|cu ccology |ccauc a uajor hcld o study |o|u iaul ll
proclaiucd |iu patrou o ccologists aud ccology ).
1|c t|irtccut|-ccutury c|rouiclcr logcr o Vcudovcr tclls t|c olloiug story o
lraucis's attcupt to gct iopc luuoccut lll to approvc |is Ordcr iu
1|c popc ga.cd hxcdly ou t|c ill-avourcd uicu o t|c aorcsaid |rot|cr, |is uouruul couutcu-
aucc, lcugt|cucd |card, |is uutriuucd |air, aud |is dirty, ovcr|augiug |ro, aud |cu |c |card
|is pctitiou rcad |ic| it as so dicult aud iupractica|lc to carry out, dcspiscd |iu, aud said,
'Go, |rot|cr, go to t|c pigs, to |ou you arc arc uorc ht to |c couparcd t|au to ucu, aud roll
it| t|cu, aud to t|cu prcac| t|c rulcs you |avc so a|ly sct ort|.' lraucis, ou |cariug t|is,
|ocd |is |cad aud cut aay, aud |aviug ouud souc pigs |c rollcd it| t|cu iu t|c uud till
|c |ad covcrcd |is |ody aud clot|cs it| dirt rou |cad to oot, |c t|cu, rcturuiug to t|c cou-
sistory, s|ocd |iuscl to t|c popc, aud said, 'My lord, l |avc douc as you ordcrcd uc, graut uc
uo, l |csccc| you, uy pctitiou.' 1|c popc as astouis|cd |cu |c sa |at |c |ad douc, aud
clt sorry or |aviug trcatcd |iu it| coutcupt, at t|c sauc tiuc giviug ordcrs t|at |c s|ould
as| |iuscl aud couc |ac| to |iu agaiu, |c t|crcorc clcauscd |iuscl rou |is dirt, aud rc-
turucd dircctly to t|c popc. 1|c popc, |ciug uuc| uovcd, t|cu grautcd |is pctitiou, aud, atcr
couhruiug |is occ o prcac|iug as cll as t|c ordcr |c applicd or, |y a privilcgc rou t|c
c|urc| o louc, |c disuisscd |iu it| a |lcssiug. Vcudovcr, ii. uudcr )
::r...s carly t| c.), |is|op o iologua, popular iu t|c Middlc Agcs t|roug| a hcti-
tious lic rittcu soou atcr |is rclics crc discovcrcd iu . ic is patrou saiut o
iologua, |osc iuposiug cat|cdral is uaucd atcr |iu. icguu iu , it as ucvcr
huis|cd, t|c aadc rcuaius |al |ric|. 1|c origiual plau as cvcu graudcr, |ut cou-
structiou as curtailcd |cu t|c cdihcc t|rcatcucd to cxcccd t|c lcugt| o St ictcr's.
lu , |y t|c iull I.::r r..ss.o.s o iopc Grcgory Xlll, t|is day as iuucdiatcly ol-
locd |y t|c t|. 1|c iutcrvcuiug casts crc uovcd, or t|at ycar ouly, to t|c t| aud
t|. iut or t|c rcoru, t|c t| ould |avc |ccu t|c cig|tccut| Suuday atcr icutc-
cost, t|c day rctaiucd t|at quality uudcr its uc dcsiguatiou o Octo|cr or rat|cr
t|c sixtccut| |corc t|c ialcuds o iovcu|cr), t|c Suuday lcttcr or t|c rcuuaut o
t|c ycar |ciug c|augcd rou G to C. lrou St lu|c ou t|c t| ouards, cvcry cast as
|cpt ou t|c sauc datc as |corc t|c rcoru.
Accordiug to Olaus Voru, t|is is t|c tiuc or ua|iug cidcr aud pcrry.
Ou t|is day iu t|c -ycar-old Sauucl 1aylor Colcridgc pullcd a |uic ou |is
|rot|cr lrau|, rau aay, aud spcut t|c uig|t iu t|c storuy opcu, to ycars latcr, |is
at|cr drcaut |c as dyiug. Lvcr atcrards, Colcridgc prccrrcd to pu|lis| ou Octo-
|cr, aud c|osc t|at day or |ot| |is uarriagcs.

z

... III N...s .:.|r:s L
z Muudus patct c. Aug.).
z -
C.||., sistcr-iu-la o ioct|ius, Grcgory t|c Grcat L..|. . ) iuvitcs us to |clicvc t|at,
rat|cr t|au rcuarry atcr |ciug idocd, s|c allocd |cr uatural |ody-|cat to givc |cr
a |card. S|c |ccauc a uuu at St Stcp|cu's uouastcry ucar St ictcr's |uou iu cig|t|-
ccutury dog latiu as ..:. C.||. .:r....), |crc s|c dicd o |rcast cauccr, rcportcdly atcr
a visiou iu |ic| St ictcr told |cr t|at auot|cr uuu ould dic togct|cr it| |cr, s|c
as|cd t|at |cr cspccial ricud Sistcr icucdicta s|ould accoupauy |cr iustcad, |ut St
ictcr rcplicd t|at icucdicta ould dic t|irty days latcr.
.:.|:r
Ayc, t|ou art clcouc, |cavcu's dclicious |rcat|.
V|cu oods |cgiu to car t|c criusou lca,
Aud suus gro ucc|, aud t|c ucc| suus gro |ric,
Aud t|c ycar suilcs as it dras ucar its dcat|.
Viud o t|c suuuy sout|. o|, still dclay
lu t|c gay oods aud iu t|c goldcu air,
li|c to a good old agc rclcascd rou carc,
|ourucyiug, iu loug scrcuity, aay.
lu suc| a |rig|t, latc quict, ould t|at l
Mig|t car out lic li|c t|cc, 'uid |ocrs aud |roo|s,
Aud dcarcr yct, t|c suus|iuc o |iud loo|s,
Aud uusic o |iud voiccs cvcr uig|,
Aud |cu uy last saud tiu|lcd iu t|c glass,
iass silcutly rou ucu, as t|ou dost pass.
Villiau Cullcu iryaut -)
z

r..: N...s .:.|r:s l
z - - - Lgypt Arucd lorccs Day couucuoratiug
crossiug iuto Siuai, )
lrclaud lvy Day auuivcrsary o dcat| o C|arlcs Stcart iarucll, c|aupiou o
iouc lulc or lrclaud) c. |oycc's s|ort story, 'lvy Day iu t|c Couuittcc loou')
Luitcd iatious C|ildrcu's Day

z Ou t|is day iu a disagrccucut ovcr protocol |ctccu
couuaudcrs causcd a disastrous louau dccat at Arausio Oraugc), |cu iu
lucullus, a|out to hg|t 1igrau t|c Grcat o Arucuia, as arucd t|at t|c day as ill-
oucucd, |c prouiscd to c|augc its luc|, aud did so.
z - lait| iCi), Villiau 1yudalc CY), iruuo lC), 1|ouas t|c Apos-
tlc Ort|., scc |uly, Dcc.)
I..:| rd c.), a virgiu uartyr, attcstcd iu t|c Martyrology o |crouc, |ut |cr acts por-
trayiug |cr uartyrdou, |y |ciug roastcd ou a |cd o coals aud t|cu |c|cadcd, arc hcti-
tious. icr rclics iu Couqucs, aloug t|c pilgriuagc routc to Coupostcla, cusurcd |cr
latcr auc, |ic| sprcad as ar as Luglaud, c|apcls crc dcdicatcd to |cr iu Vcstuiu-
stcr A||cy aud St iaul's Cat|cdral. S|c is iuvo|cd |y soldicrs, prisoucrs, aud pilgrius.
1|c lC C|urc| cclc|ratcs |cr ou t|is day as cll.
O good St. lait|, |c |iud to-uig|t,
Aud |riug to uc uy |cart's dclig|t,
lct uc uy uturc |us|aud vic,
Aud |c uy visious c|astc aud truc.
iallicll, )
h.||..o 1,..|: ..-), |i|lical trauslator. iaviug ailcd to iu ccclcsiastical sup-
port at |ouc or |is projcct, |c uovcd to iau|urg aud latcr scttlcd iu Autcrp, ucvcr
rcturuiug to Luglaud. iis ic 1cstaucut, hrst pu|lis|cd iu aud scvcral tiucs rc-
viscd, is a uastcrpiccc o vigorous Luglis|, justly |ccouiug t|c |asis or scvcral su|-
scqucut trauslatious, iucludiug t|c Aut|ori.cd \crsiou, it as ollocd iu |y t|c
icutatcuc| aud iu |y |oua|. lt is to 1yudalc t|at c oc t|c uauc 'iassovcr', |ot|
trauslatiug :s.|
.
,.s.|. aud suggcstiug t|c souud, |c is also auoug t|c hrst ritcrs to
usc t|c adjcctivc '|cautiul'. icsidcs |is trauslatious, |c pu|lis|cd t|cological or|s. ic
arouscd hcrcc oppositiou auoug rcligious couscrvativcs, Sir 1|ouas Morc |ciug par-
ticularly iuplaca|lc, |is ic 1cstaucut as ocially |urut, |ut still ouud its rcadcrs.
1|is as uot to t|c li|iug o icury \lll, cvcu atcr |is |rca| it| louc, 1yudalc
as arrcstcd |y uudcr|aud ucaus, aud |urut at t|c sta|c iu , pro|a|ly ou t|is
day. At |is dcat| |c lct uauuscript vcrsious o t|c |istorical |oo|s rou |os|ua to
C|rouiclcs.
3r.. ..-), ouudcr o t|c Cart|usiau Ordcr. Lducatcd at Cologuc, |c t|cu
taug|t grauuar aud t|cology at t|c cat|cdral sc|ool o lcius, |corc |ciug uaucd
c|auccllor o t|c dioccsc. Counict it| |is arc||is|op lcd |iu to rcsigu aud |ccouc a
|cruit uudcr lo|crt o Molcsucs |o as to |ccouc ouudcr o Ctcaux). Vit| t|c
assistaucc o St iug|, |is|op o Grcuo|lc, |c aud |is coupauious crc grautcd laud
|ig| iu t|c uouutaius ucar|y, uaucd C|artrcusc, rou |ic| |is ordcr ta|cs its uauc.
lcqucstcd to couc to ltaly |y |is orucr pupil iopc Lr|au ll, |c su|scqucutly dccliucd
au arc||is|opric iu Cala|ria aud iustcad ouudcd a uouastcry t|crc, |crc |c dicd. ic
as pcr|aps t|c last grcat saiut uot to |c cauoui.cd orually. iis hrst ouudatiou |as
givcu its uauc to a huc liqucur.

z

N...: .:.|r:s G
z Au opcu s|riuc ou t|c Capitol as dcdicatcd to luppitcr lulgur
|upitcr 1|uudcr|olt), rcspousi|lc or lig|tuiug |y day scc |uuc).
z - Our lady o t|c losary lC), orucrly iridgct o Scdcu scc
|uly)
r L., .; :|: .s.r,. Alt|oug| t|c |a|it o rcpcatiug praycrs, couutcd o ou a striug
o |cads, gocs |ac| to carly C|ristiauity, t|c rosary itscl did uot |ccouc a popular dc-
votiou uutil t|c carly htccut| ccutury, hrst prouotcd |y t|c Cart|usiaus aud t|cu |y
t|c Douiuicaus, |o spousorcd Couratcruitics o t|c losary aud uutil |ad t|c
cxclusivc rig|t to |lcss rosarics. Origiually it cousistcd ouly o rcpctitious o t|c lord's
iraycr |cucc t|c c|aius o |cads crc |uou as 'patcruostcrs'), t|c iail Mary |cgau
to |c addcd iu t|c tclt| ccutury. 1|c rosary uo cousists o t|c lord's iraycr, tcu
iail Marys, aud a Gloria iatri said htccu tiucs, ua|iug up t|c so-callcd Mariau
isaltcr, au aualoguc o t|c isalus or t|osc |o could uot rcad. 1|is is a rclativcly
uc cast, iutroduccd |y iius \ iu , t|c day as c|oscu to couucuoratc t|c vic-
tory ovcr t|c 1ur|s at t|c iattlc o lcpauto ou t|is day iu , aud as t|cu |uou as
t|c cast o Our lady o \ictory t|c \cuctiaus prccrrcd to crcdit |ustiua, |ocvcr, scc
|clo). iis succcssor, Grcgory Xlll, |aviug pcruittcd c|urc|cs it| au altar o t|c
losary to |old a lcast o t|c Sacrcd losary ou t|c hrst Suuday iu Octo|cr, t|is as
cxtcudcd to t|c |olc C|urc| |y Clcucut Xl atcr t|c dccat o t|c 1ur|s at ictro-
varadiu ou August . iius X cou|iucd t|c to iuto a cast o Our lady o t|c
losary ou Octo|cr.
js:..., supposcdly a iaduau virgiu uartyr uudcr Dioclctiau, |ouourcd iu t|c \cucto,
atcr t|c discovcry o |cr allcgcd rclics iu at iadua, a orgcd accouut o |cr passiou
as pu|lis|cd. icr cult nouris|cd all t|c uorc atcr t|c grcat victory o t|c ioly
lcaguc t|c papacy, Spaiu, aud \cuicc) agaiust t|c Ottouau ncct at lcpauto ou t|is
day iu , au ...:. or solcuu statc proccssiou to |cr c|urc| iu \cuicc as addcd to
t|c uauy alrcady prcscri|cd |y t|c \cuctiau calcudar, aud t|c .|. `.r. as rcvcalcd at
sccoud vcspcrs iu S. Marco. lu louc, |ocvcr, iius \ proclaiucd a cast o Our lady
o \ictory scc a|ovc).
s,:|. lorucrly iu t|c Luglis| calcudar t|c cast-day o St Osyt| d. ..), a priuccss
o t|c iicca tri|c, uot|cr o Oa, |iug o t|c Last Saxous. louudcr o a couvcut iu
Lsscx, s|c as t|oug|t to |avc carricd |cr |cad, cut o |y piratcs, to a c|urc| t|rcc
uilcs aay. 1|ouas lullcr, iu |is h.r:|.:s ), couucuts ou t|is auciul talc '1|c
sauc o:.:.s o:...s is said o St Dcuys iu lraucc, St Viuirit| iu Valcs aud ot|crs, suc|
|ciug t|c |arrcuucss o uou|is| iuvcutiou, t|at, uua|lc to uruis| t|cir scvcral saiuts
it| a varicty o hctious, t|cir tircd aucy is aiu to ua|c t|c sauc uiraclc scrvc scvcral

saiuts.' 1|c placc iu Lsscx uaucd atcr |cr, St Osyt|, is locally prououuccd as i
'1oo.cy'.
`:r.s .. 3...|s, said to |avc |ccu louau occrs aud closc ricuds ou t|c classical
Grcc| uodcl, put to dcat| iu uort|cru Syria .. as C|ristiaus. V|cu t|cy rcuscd to
cutcr t|c tcuplc o |upitcr it| t|c cupcror Maxiuiau, |c strippcd t|csc soldicrs o
t|cir uuiorus aud uadc t|cu al| t|c strccts iu oucu's clot|cs, latcr t|cy crc uar-
tyrcd scparatcly, Scrgius |ciug |c|cadcd, iacc|us |ippcd to dcat|. 1|cir cult sprcad
iu t|c Last, cspccially t|at o Scrgius, |cucc t|c popularity o Scrgcy as a uau's uauc
iu lussia.
z

... JIII Is .:.|r:s A
z -
I:,.:, virgiu .t| c.), |o rcuscd uarriagc aud c|osc a solitary lic iu Coruall, t|cu
iu Valcs. S|c is patrou o St icyuc Coruall), |crc a cll, ucar lis|card, is uaucd
atcr |cr.
'St. icyuc,' quot| t|c Coruis|-uau, 'uauy a tiuc
Drau| o t|is crystal cll,
Aud |corc t|c Augcl suuuou'd |cr,
S|c laid ou t|c atcr a spcll.
'l t|c ius|aud o t|is gitcd Vcll
S|all driu| |corc |is Vic,
A |appy uau t|cuccort| is |c,
lor |c s|all |c Mastcr or lic.
'iut i t|c Vic s|ould driu| o it hrst,
God |clp t|c ius|aud t|cu.'
1|c Straugcr stoopt to t|c Vcll o St. icyuc,
Aud drau| o t|c atcr agaiu.
'You drau| o t|c Vcll l arraut |ctiucs.'
ic to t|c Coruis|-uau said
iut t|c Coruis|-uau suilcd as t|c straugcr spa|c,
Aud s|ccpis|ly s|oo| |is |cad.
'l |astcu'd as soou as t|c cddiug as douc,
Aud lct uy ic iu t|c porc|,
iut i' ait| s|c |ad |ccu iscr t|au uc,
lor s|c too| a |ottlc to C|urc|.'
lo|crt Sout|cy -)
Ot|crisc t|is day couucuoratcs to oucu o s|ady pasts, iclagia t|c icuitcut, au
Autioc|cuc actrcss |ic| iu t|c aucicut orld autouatically ucaut 'prostitutc' as cll),
couvcrtcd aud |apti.cd |y St iouuus, atcr |ic| s|c put ou ucu's clot|cs aud cut

to livc as a |cruit |cr lcgcud |ccauc attac|cd to t|c uauc o a gcuuiuc iclagia, scc
May), aud 1|ais, supposcdly au Lgyptiau courtcsau couvcrtcd |y St iap|uutius, s|c
uadc a |ouhrc o |cr vauitics, t|cu allocd iap|uutius to loc| |cr iu a ccll or t|rcc
ycars, ucrcilcssly it| uo provisiou or astc. '1|..s t|c |oor' is ouc o t|c saiuts a|out
|ou Villiau iattcu axcd so iudiguaut scc Scpt.) aud t|c su|jcct o Masscuct's
opcra 1|.s.
`:r.s .; ...:.| luss. Ort|. Scpt. OS), ouudcd togct|cr it| |is |rot|cr
Stcp|cu t|c 1roits|y ioly 1riuity) uouastcry, |ic| |ccauc t|c grcatcst rcligious
|ousc iu Muscovy, |c |cstocd |is |lcssiug ou t|c Graud iriucc Dcuctrius scc
iov.) |corc t|c |attlc o iuli|ovo iu . ic dicd iu . iis trauslatiou-cast is
, |uly.
lu , t|c rcvolutiouary Lrucsto Gucvara, couuouly |uou as 'C|c' i.c. 't|c Argcu-
tiuiau', rou t|c Argcutiuc Spauis| or 'uatc'), as |audcd ovcr to t|c ioliviau aruy
|y t|c pcasauts o la iigucra, auougst |ou |c as prcac|iug a political ucssagc iu
|ic| t|cy too| uo iutcrcst. 1|c Vcstcru couutcr-culturalists |osc postcrs proclaiu
'C|c livcs' uay |c surpriscd to lcaru t|at |c is uo |ouourcd ou t|is day at la iigucra
as Sau Lrucsto, |o ucvcr ails to auscr praycrs or raiu.
z

... JII Is .:.|r:s i
z - - - lcclaud lci Lri|sou Day lcir ir|ssou,
\i|iug discovcrcr o Aucrica)
ioray lci Lri|sou Day
Lgauda ludcpcudcucc Day rou Grcat iritaiu, )
LSA, Viscousiu aud Miuucsota lci Lri|sou Day
z - Dcuys CoL, lC), |o|u lcouardi lC), |aucs sou o Alp|acus
Ort|., scc May)
L:.,s or Diouysius, |is|op o iaris d. .., togct|cr it| lusticus aud Llcut|crius),
ouc o t|c lourtccu Auxiliary Saiuts. Accordiug to Grcgory o 1ours |c as ouc o
iopc la|iau's uissiouary |is|ops Mar.), iu latcr aut|ors |c is uovcd |ac| to t|c
hrst ccutury aud cquatcd it| St iaul's At|cuiau couvcrt Diouysius t|c Arcopagitc, t|c
putativc aut|or o t|cological ritiugs iu act |y au carly t|-c. Mouop|ysitc ico-
platouist) t|at |ccauc t|c ouudatiou o ucdicval uysticisu |o|u lydgatc rccrs to
|iu as 'ilisscd Dcuys, o At|cuys c|cc souuc, | Stcrrc o Grccc, c|ar|ouclc o t|at
coutrc'). Dcuys is patrou saiut o lraucc, aud also o arc|crs. Ovcr |is tou| as |uilt
t|c grcat a||cy o Saiut-Dcuis, |aviug rcputcdly carricd |is |cad t|crc rou Mout-

uartrc, guidcd |y au augcl, |c is iuvo|cd agaiust |cadac|cs. Olaus Voru, ritiug iu t|c
scvcutccut| ccutury, statcs t|at |is day |ad orucrly |ccu t|c start o t|c |crriug-
hs|iug scasou iu Dcuuar|. lu syu|olic calcudars it uay |c uar|cd it| a hs|, crosicr,
or nag.
j.|. L:...r. ..-), ouudcr o t|c Clcr|s lcgular o t|c Mot|cr o God, a cou-
grcgatiou o dioccsau pricsts. lcast-day orucrly Octo|cr.
.:.|:r
My oruaucuts arc ruits, uy garucuts lcavcs,
Vovcu li|c clot| o gold, aud criusou dycd,
l do uot |oast t|c |arvcstiug o s|cavcs,
O'cr orc|ards aud o'cr viucyards l prcsidc.
1|oug| ou t|c rigid Scorpiou l ridc,
1|c drcauy air is ull, aud ovcrnos
Vit| tcudcr ucuorics o t|c suuucr-tidc,
Aud uiuglcd voiccs o t|c dovcs aud cros.
icury Vadsort| lougcllo -), 1|: .::`s C.|:..r
z

... JI Is .:.|r:s C
z - - - liji liji Day iudcpcudcucc rou Grcat iritaiu,
)
|apau icalt|-Sports Day uatioual |oliday)
icuya Moi Day
LSA, O|la|oua O|la|oua iistorical Day hrst |itc scttlcrs iu O|la|oua 1crri-
tory, )
1aiau iatioual Day or Dou|lc 1cut| Day proclauatiou o C|iucsc lcpu|lic,
,,)
z - iauliuus o Yor| CY), orucrly |o|u lcouardi scc Oct.)
.|..s .; 1.r| d. ) as scut |y Grcgory t|c Grcat to Luglaud iu to rciuorcc St
Augustiuc o Cautcr|ury. Lpou t|c uarriagc o iiug Ldiu o iort|uu|ria to t|c
C|ristiau Lt|cl|urg o icut iu , iauliuus as crcatcd |is|op o Yor| aud couvcrtcd
Ldiu aud |is ollocrs, |ut upou Ldiu's dcat| scc Oct.) |c rcturucd it| Lt|cl-
|urg to icut, |crc |c |ccauc |is|op o loc|cstcr. 1|c lC C|urc| couucuoratcs
|iu ou t|is day as cll.
C:r:.. d. ..) aud coupauious, uartyrs o Cologuc. Grcgory o 1ours ua|cs |iu
aud |is coupauious soldicrs o t|c 1|c|au lcgiou, uartyrcd or |ciug C|ristiau. 1|cir

popularity stcus rou a t|irtccut|-ccutury lcgcud, arrior saiuts appcar to |avc |ccu
particularly uscul iu a c|ivalric agc. li|c ot|cr saiuts |o crc |c|cadcd, Gcrcou is iu-
vo|cd |y sucrcrs o |cadac|cs.
Ir....s 3.r.. lraucisco iorja, -). Grcat-graudsou o iopc Alcxaudcr \l, |c suc-
cccdcd |is at|cr as Du|c o Gauda iu , atcr |is ic dicd |c rcsigucd iu avour o
|is cldcst sou aud |ccauc a |csuit. ic rcturucd to Spaiu, as ordaiucd, aud rou
to as |cad o t|c |csuit proviuccs o Spaiu aud iortugal. latcr |c cut |ac| to
louc, |crc |c as Gcucral o t|c Socicty rou till |is dcat| aud did uuc| to
urt|cr |csuit uissious iu t|c ic Vorld. Ludcr |is lcadcrs|ip t|c louau Collcgc
latcr Grcgoriau Luivcrsity) as ouudcd aud t|c c|urc| o t|c Gcs |cguu. ic is a
patrou saiut o iortugal, icucdict Xl\ dcclarcd |iu patrou o iortugucsc cart|qua|cs
iu t|c ycar olloiug t|c dcvastatiou o lis|ou iu .
| M..|.:|o.s -) scvcral Mic|acluas airs arc still cclc|ratcd ou or rou t|is
day, |uou as 'Goosc lairs' or 'Mop lairs', t|c lattcr |ccausc Mic|acluas as t|c tiuc
or |iriug scrvauts aud aru la|ourcrs. lu souc placcs 'luuaay' airs crc |cld iu t|c
olloiug cc|, origiually or t|osc |o disli|cd t|cir uc situatious.
z

... J Is .:.|r:s D
z - - - LSA, ludiaua Gcucral iulas|i Mcuorial Day
lcvolutiouary Var |cro, , Couut ia.iuicr. iuas|i dicd iu rou
ouuds rcccivcd at t|c sicgc o Savauua| ou Scptcu|cr)
z 1|is as t|c Mcditriualia, ou |ic|, atcr a solcuu li|atiou, t|c
uc iuc as tastcd aloug it| t|c old, it as |clicvcd to |avc curativc virtuc, attcstcd
|y t|c vcrscs rccitcd ou t|is occasiou
iovuu vctus viuuu |i|o, l driu| uc aud old iuc,
uovo vctcri uor|o ucdcor. l curc uc aud old discasc.
z - i|ilip, ouc o t|c Scvcu Ort|., lC |uuc), orucrly Mot|cr|ood o
Our lady lC)
|.|. as ouc o t|c scvcu ucu o |oucst rcport appoiutcd to scrvc at t|c couuuual
ta|lc iu Acts -, t|c hrst dcacous, or ..|...s ucaus 'scrvaut', it as also |c |o |ap-
ti.cd Siuou Magus aud t|c cuuuc| trcasurcr o t|c Lt|iopiau quccu Caudacc. ic
prcac|cd aloug t|c coast o t|c ioly laud, aud livcd at Cacsarca Maritiua |crc ii-
latc aud |is succcssors rcsidcd) it| our virgiu daug|tcrs, all prop|cts iu t|c uauucr

o t|c carly c|urc|. lu t|is coutcxt |c is callcd 'i|ilip t|c cvaugclist' Acts ), |c as
su|scqucutly idcutihcd it| t|c yout| |iddcu to lct t|c dcad |ury t|cir dcad aud |iu-
scl prcac| t|c iiugdou o God lu|c ). latcr traditiou ua|cs |iu |is|op o
1rallcs iu lydia.
1.r..|s, r.|s, .. J.r....s, uartyrs at ioupciopolis iu Cilicia ). 1|cy crc
t|rou to ild |casts iu t|c aup|it|catrc, |ut t|c |casts rcuscd to cat t|cu, t|c dis-
appoiutcd spcctators |cgau to lcavc, |ut t|c govcruor |loc|cd t|c cxits aud |ad t|c pris-
oucrs dispatc|cd |y gladiators, |o crc lcss susccpti|lc to sauctity.
N:.:.r.s, arc||is|op o Coustautiuoplc ), a at|cr o a auily |o as uaucd
|is|op iu succcssiou to Grcgory o ia.iau.us |au.) alt|oug| uot |apti.cd, |aviug
rcpaircd t|at ouissiou, |c provcd a popular |is|op, uot lcast or |is lavis| cutcrtaiuiug.
ic as rcucu|crcd t|c uorc oudly ou t|is accouut duriug t|c rcigu o t|c ucxt
|is|op, |o|u C|rysostou, |o |ad ruiucd |is stouac| it| cxccssivc astiug, aud |o
uudcrstood ull cll t|at praisc o |is prcdcccssor as iutcudcd as ccusurc o |iuscl.
z

... IJ Is .:.|r:s L
z - - - Cauada 1|au|sgiviug Day o|scrvcd ou ucarcst
Mouday)
Lquatorial Guiuca ludcpcudcucc Day rou Spaiu, )
Spaiu iatioual Day
z lortuua lcdux, cclc|ratiug Augustus' rc-cutry iuto louc rou
t|c Last, , t|is day as t|c last o t|c ludi Augustalcs. 1|c altar |y t|c iorta
Capcua, iu t|c prcciuct o iouos ct \irtus, as dcdicatcd ou Dcccu|cr.)
z - Vilrid o lipou CY)
h.|;r., a||ot o lipou, |is|op o Yor|, atcr o icx|au, d. . iis is still a pop-
ular uauc iu Yor|s|irc, |crc stroug-uiudcducss is uuc| aduircd, t|is as alrcady
uauicst |cu as a youug uau |c cll out it| |is coupauiou icucdict iiscop scc
|au.) at lyou ou t|c pilgriuagc to louc, |crc |c lcarut Diouysius Lxiguus' rulcs or
hudiug Lastcr. 1|is as ouc o t|c su|jccts o disputc dctcruiucd at t|c syuod o
V|it|y iu , |crc, spca|iug ou |c|al o t|c Vcst Saxou |is|op .t|cl|cr|t, |c
causcd t|c louau usagc to prcvail ovcr Ccltic iu t|c Luglis| C|urc|. V|cu iis|op
Coluau o liudisaruc lc|.) iuvo|cd t|c aut|ority o St Coluu|a, Vilrid
acctcd uot to |uo |ct|cr t|c lord ould rccogui.c Coluu|a aud |is ollocrs ou
t|c Day o |udgcucut, |ut cvcu grautcd t|cy crc |oly ucu |o |ad |cpt t|c roug
Lastcr ouly out o iguoraucc, t|cir succcssors |ad uo suc| cxcusc. lu auy casc St ictcr

as o uorc accouut, siucc t|c lord |ad givcu |iu t|c |cys o |cavcu, at t|at tiuc
'St ictcr' otcu ucaut t|c iopc, |ut Vilrid claiucd to |uo |o t|c apostlc |iuscl
|ad cclc|ratcd Lastcr. iiug Osiu |is |cad uo dou|t siuuiug rou t|c tcc|uical
arguucuts) sci.cd ou t|at poiut, |ic| poor Coluau could uot dcuy, aud dcclarcd t|at,
rat|cr t|au ocud t|c cclcstial gatc|ccpcr, |c ould o|cy t|c louau rulcs.
Soou atcrards Vilrid as uadc |is|op o Yor|, rcusiug to |c cousccratcd |y up-
|oldcrs o t|c Ccltic Lastcr |c travcllcd to Coupiguc. Duriug |is a|scucc St C|ad
Mar.) as clcctcd aud cousccratcd iu |is placc, |c as cvcutually put iu posscssiou
|y 1|codorc Scpt.), |o |ocvcr dividcd |is scc iuto t|rcc parts. 1|c rcst o Vil-
rid's lic is a talc o quarrcls it| |iug aud cllo-|is|ops lcadiug to dcpositiou, iu-
prisouucut, |auis|ucut, aud rciustatcucut. Duriug ouc pcriod o cxilc |c ouudcd t|c
uouastcry o Sclscy, latcr rcuovcd to C|ic|cstcr. iis lic as rittcu |y |is aduiriug
c|autcr, Lddius Stcp|auus, icdc, |osc orld c|rouology |c |ad allocd au iguoraut
uou| to call |crctical, is uoticca|ly coolcr, iu particular ouittiug ucarly all |is uiraclcs,
aud iu |is ar ullcr accouut o V|it|y, t|oug| |iuscl passiouatcly couuittcd to
Vilrid's sidc, puttiug souc o|viously alsc arguucuts iuto |is uout| aptly so, or
Vilrid lics uudcr suspiciou o taupcriug it| docuucuts or Diouysius' sa|c). 1|c
lC C|urc| couucuoratcs |iu ou t|is day as cll.
L.., sou o .lla, |iug o Dcira aud rou o all iort|uu|ria, as couvcrtcd to
C|ristiauity |y iauliuus scc Oct.) aud |apti.cd at Lastcr aloug it| |is couu-
cil, atcr a dc|atc iu |ic| as icdc tclls t|c story) t|c c|ic pricst couplaiucd t|at t|c
|cat|cu gods |ad givcu |iu uot|iug or all |is ycars o scrvicc, aud a lay uo|lc li|cucd
lic ou cart| to t|c nig|t o a |ird t|roug| t|c |iug's |all iu iutcr, a uoucut o calu
|ctccu storus, li|cisc |uuau |ciugs |uc souct|iug a|out t|is lic, |ut uot|iug
a|out |at cauc |corc or atcr it. 'icucc i t|is uc tcac|iug |as |roug|t auy surcr
|uolcdgc, it dcscrvcs to |c ollocd.' Six ycars latcr t|c Vcls| priucc Cadallou, sup-
portcd |y icuda o Mcrcia-Vcls| C|ristiau aud Luglis| |cat|cu-attac|cd aud dc-
catcd |iu at iathcld C|asc ucar Doucastcr ou Octo|cr . iis |cad as ta|cu to
St ictcr's, Yor| Yor| Miustcr), |ic| |c |ad ouudcd, |is |ody, supposcdly rcvcalcd
|y uiraclc, |ccauc t|c ocus o a uartyr's cult at V|it|y.
r L., .; :|: .||.r iucstra Scora dcl iilar). lt is said iu Spaiu t|at |ilc St |aucs
|uly) as prcac|iug at Zarago.a, |c sa a visiou o t|c \irgiu aud C|ild, ollocd
|y augcls carryiug a pillar to siguiy t|at a c|urc| s|ould |c |uilt ou t|c spot. S|c is
patrou saiut o t|c Spauis| Guardia Civil, 'iilar' is a rcqucut ouau's uauc iu Spaiu.
Old Gcorgiau uauuscripts rccord a couucuoratiou o t|c Good 1|ic c. Mar.).
C.|o|s L., uauy couutrics, o|scrvcd ou dicrcut days, iu LSA o|scrvcd ou sccoud
Mouday iu Octo|cr). Ou t|is day iu t|c ltaliau cxplorcr C|ristop|cr Coluu|us,
spousorcd |y lcrdiuaud o Aragou aud lsa|clla o Castilc, uadc laudall ou au islaud
|c uaucd Sau Salvador.
Au lris| uissiouary pricst vics Coluu|us Day iu iostou iu

Oct. . 1|is is t|c auuivcrsary o t|c discovcry o Aucrica |y C|ristop|cr Coluu|us,
aud t|c ltaliau rcsidcuts o iostou |avc cclc|ratcd t|c cvcut it| duc .|.:. At o'cloc|, a.u., a
proccssiou o ltaliaus, uuu|criug a |uudrcd, it| a |aud aud a |auucr-t|c lattcr rcprcscutiug
t|c laudiug o Coluu|us at Sau Salvador-procccdcd t|roug| t|c priucipal strccts, aud stoppcd
at t|c City iall, |crc t|cy paid t|cir rcspccts to t|c uayor, aud uadc |iu a suita|lc addrcss.
iis |ouor rcplicd appropriatcly. Vill l |c accuscd o |ypcrcriticisu i l couucut uuavoura|ly
upou ouc passagc o |is |ouor's spccc|, or rat|cr upou a quotatiou rou au Aucricau poct,
|ic| |c adoptcd.
'l l could |avc uy say', said |is |ouor, 'l ould givc your illustrious couutryuau |is truc
dcscrts, aud call our |clovcd couutry |y its rcal uauc-Coluu|ia. l t|iu| c could all cxclaiu
iu |aruouious ccliugs, iu t|c lauguagc o iarlo, t|c Yau|cc poct-
Coluu|ia, Coluu|ia, to glory arisc,
1|c quccu o t|c orld aud t|c c|ild o t|c s|ics.
l ouly as|, |at is t|c ucauiug o sayiug t|at Coluu|ia is t|c 'c|ild o t|c s|ics'. Vcrc s|c callcd
'c|ild o t|c occau', t|crc ould |c sucicut r..s:o||...: iu t|c idca to divcst t|c |carcrs rou
too rigid au cxauiuatiou o t|c ords, |ut 'c|ild o t|c s|ics' is too a|surd, too iucoucciva|lc,
or, i coucciva|lc, too prosaic to aa|cu a poctic scusatiou. 1|c idca o Aucrica, a largc couti-
ucut, alliug rou t|c |ouudlcss s|ics, aud scttliug iu au occau suall iu couparisou to t|c hrua-
ucut, is au auticliuax auui|ilativc o all poctry.
1|crc as a good dcal o cauuouadiug iu iostou Couuou couucuorativc o t|c grcat
cvcut, aud cstivitics aud couvivialitics croucd t|c joyous cclc|ratiou. iuc|lcy, -
z

... III Is .:.|r:s l
z loutaualia or loutiualia iu |ouour o lous, god o spriugs, ou
t|at day garlauds crc cast iuto spriugs aud placcd ou cll-tops.
z - Ldard t|c Coucssor, trauslatcd CoL, lC Luglaud, scc also
|au.)
1r..s|.:... .; L.r :|: C..;:ss.r, c. |au.). Sou o Lt|clrcd ll aud Luua o ior-
uaudy, |o |ccauc iiug ou t|c cxtiuctiou o Cuut's liuc iu aud rulcd it| souc
s|ill, cxccpt |cu |c tricd to |rca| t|c grcatcst uaguatc o t|c rcalu, |is at|cr-iu-la,
Larl Godiu. A uig|ty |uutsuau, rcucu|crcd iu Scaudiuavia as a |iug o valiaut ar-
riors, |c rc|uilt St ictcr's uouastcry outsidc loudou, |uou as 'Vcstuiustcr' |y cou-
trast it| St iaul's to t|c cast. iuou as a good uau, t|at is uot |loodt|irsty, aud
crcditcd it| |caliug pocrs, |c acquircd a rcputatiou or picty, t|c lcgcud t|at |is uar-
riagc to Godiu's daug|tcr Ldit| as c|astc rou t|c outsct or a li|c talc scc Mar.)
is uot supportcd |y t|c hrst |oo| o t|c J.:. ..r. r:.s, couplctcd just atcr |is dcat|
|y au aut|or iu Ldit|'s couhdcucc, uor |y t|c tcstiuouy o ot|cr pcrsous |o uig|t
|avc |uou t|c trut|, |ut it suitcd Vcstuiustcr sc|cucs or ua|iug a saiut o |iu, aud

assuagcd rcgrct t|at Ldit| |ad uot |oruc a sou to iu|crit t|c |iugdou. Ou |is succcs-
siou |y Godiu's sou iarold, Du|c Villiau o ioruaudy asscrtcd it| |at trut|
is still disputcd) t|at iiug Ldard |ad uadc |iu |is |cir iu , aud t|at iarold |ad
su|scqucutly soru to support |iu, t|c claiu as uadc good at t|c |attlc o iastiugs.
lu Doucsday ioo| prc-Couqucst couditious arc rcgistcrcd as 1L ::o.r: r:.s L.r.,
'iu iiug Ldard's tiuc'), iarold's usurpatiou |ciug iguorcd, |ut t|c Luglis| also
loo|cd |ac| ou |is rcigu as a goldcu agc. iis trauslatiou, ouc day |corc t|c auuivcrsary
o iastiugs, uar|cd a stagc iu t|c uatioual usiou o ioruau aud Saxou.
z

r..: Is .:.|r:s G
z - Callistus l lC)
.: C.||.s:s I uart. ..), |is uauc, t|c Grcc| I.||.s:.s 'iaudsoucst'), as couuouly
corruptcd to Calixtus. As a yout| aud slavc), |c or|cd iu a sort o |au|, aud lost t|c
uoucy dcpositcd it| |iu, atcr uauy advcuturcs |c rcturucd to louc aud as clcctcd
popc, |crcupou |c as attac|cd |y St iippolytus or |clicviug, iutcr alia, t|at cou-
uissiou o uortal siu as uot iu itscl sucicut rcasou or dcposiug a |is|op.
Accordiug to souc, |c dicd atcr |ciug t|rou dou a cll duriug a popular uprisiug.
lu ioray, |crc |is day as t|c |cgiuuiug o iutcr 'Viutcruig|t'), |c is rcprcscutcd
ou priucstavcs it| a lcancss trcc, a papal sta, or a uittcu, t|is last, t|oug| dcrivcd
rou t|c papal glovc, also syu|oli.cs iutcr, or t|c old plural o .::, 'uittcu', is ::::r,
|ic| iu souc dialccts is also t|c ord or iutcr.
3.::|: .; H.s:..s, , iu |ic| iarold Godiusou |iug o Luglaud as |illcd aud t|c
cutirc |iugdou couqucrcd |y Villiau du|c o ioruaudy. |o|u Gi||ou, ilucuautlc
iursuivaut at t|c Collcgc o icralds aud au cruditc ass rougly claiucd as grcat-grcat-
uuclc |y t|c |istoriau, rotc a trcatisc, L.,~I.:.|.:,. .r `.o: |s:r.:...s .. L.,s L.|, ..
b.|.|, loudou, , rcv. cdu. ), dcsigucd to s|o t|at t|is as Luglaud's luc|y
day, as t|c datc o t|c ioruau couqucst, Ldard lll's sac rcturu atcr ta|iug Calais
dcspitc a storu at sca iu , t|c icacc o irtiguy iu , aud t|c |irt| iu o
|aucs du|c o Yor|, atcrards |aucs ll. lu act, Ldard lll rcturucd ou Octo|cr, t|c
t| |ciug |is cutry iuto loudou, t|c trcaty o irtiguy as coucludcd ou May aud
ratihcd Octo|cr, ot|cr actual crrors a|ouud, as t|at Saturday as icury \ll's luc|y
day, |ccausc |c dccatcd lic|ard lll at iosort| ou August aud cutcrcd t|c
City ou t|c t|. 1raditiou |ad it so scc h::|. `.:r.,), |ut |ot| days t|at ycar crc
Moudays. Scarccly lcss rcuar|a|lc arc t|c 1ory scutiucuts aud t|c gcsturcs toards
|aucs's rcligiou t|c aggrcssivc Couutcr-lcorucrs Sixtus \ aud Carlo iorrouco arc
praiscd, icc|ct is callcd a saiut aud uot a traitor. 1|csc vics arc cxprcsscd uot ucrcly

iu t|c sccoud cditiou, |cu |aucs as |iug, |ut cvcu iu t|c hrst, |cu |c as uudcr
couccrtcd attac|, aud arc t|c siuccrc opiuious o t|c aut|or, o |ou c rcad
ic ucvcr rcccivcd urt|cr prouotiou, as |c iujurcd |iuscl |y |is arrogaucc toards |is lcss
lcarucd supcriors iu t|c collcgc, |osc s|ortcouiugs |c |ad au uuplcasaut |a|it o rcgistcriug
iu t|c uargius o t|c li|rary |oo|s, |ic| |c also hllcd it| calculatious o |is ou uativity.
ic hruly |clicvcd |is dcstiuy so hxcd |y t|c stars |ic| prcsidcd at |is |irt| t|at good or ill
|c|aviour could ucvcr altcr it. LN3
At t|c lcvolutiou |c as suspcudcd uutil |c could |riug |iuscl to scar allcgiaucc to
t|c |iug |o |ad upsct uot ouly |is priuciplcs |ut |is prcdictious.
1|c or| is prcaccd p. ) |y a lcttcr rou Sir Viustou C|urc|ill at|cr o Marl-
|oroug|), |o o|scrvcs t|at lriday |ad alays |ccu |is luc|y day, ou |ic| |c as
|oru, c|ristcucd, uarricd, aud |uig|tcd, 'aud, l |clicvc, ill |c t|c Day o uy Dcat|',
alas, |c dicd ou Mouday, Marc| OS.
lu lussia ou t|is day Oct. OS) is cclc|ratcd t|c irotcctiug \cil o t|c 1|coto|os,
t|c so-callcd St iasil's iu Mosco scc Aug.) is propcrly t|c Cat|cdral o t|c iro-
tcctiou .|rs|.. s.|r), to |ic| iu lvau t|c 1crri|lc dcdicatcd a oodcu c|urc|
couucuoratiug |is couqucst o ia.au'. lt stauds to t|c sout| o Irs..,. |s|.|.', so
callcd loug |corc t|c Couuuuist iutcrludc aud ucauiug uot 'lcd Squarc' |ut 'icauti-
ul Squarc', 'lair ilacc'.
z

Is .:.|r:s A
z .:.|:r :,s. 1|c rig|t-|aud |orsc o t|c iuuiug pair iu a racc
or to-|orsc c|ariots as sacrihccd to Mars iu t|c Caupus Martius, its |cad as
oug|t ovcr |y t|c iu|a|itauts o t|c Su|ura |o soug|t to uail it to t|c 1urris
Mauilia) aud t|c \ia Sacra |o iutcudcd it or a all o t|c lcgia), |ut t|c tail as
|is|cd o at top spccd to t|c lcgia so t|at t|c |lood could drip outo t|c |cart|. 1|c
popular cxplauatiou, discouutcd |y t|c cxpcrts, as t|at t|c louaus, as dcsccudauts o
t|c 1rojaus, crc ta|iug vcugcaucc ou t|c Voodcu iorsc, |ut |orsc sacrihccs crc
|uou iu scvcral aucicut citics.
z - 1crcsa o Avila CY, lC)
1:r:s. .; J.|. -), ouudrcss o t|c Discalccd Caruclitcs. S|c joiucd a rat|cr rc-
laxcd Caruclitc |ousc iu , aud ouly iu as couvcrtcd to strictcr o|scrvaucc |ilc
prayiug |corc a statuc o C|rist |ciug scourgcd. lrou t|at poiut s|c |cgau to cxpcri-
cucc ccstasics, vividly portraycd |y icruiui iu |is sculpturc-group o St 1crcsa aud t|c
Spcar-icariug Augcl iu S. Maria dclla \ittoria iu louc. icr dcsirc to ouud a strictcr
Caruclitc |ousc uct it| grcat oppositiou, |ut s|c succccdcd iu , t|c 'Discalccd

Caruclitcs' |o car saudals iustcad o s|ocs), or |ot| ucu aud oucu, rcsultcd. lu
|cr couvcut o St |oscp| iu Avila s|c rotc |cr spiritual auto|iograp|y, a uauual or
|cr uuus, 1|: h., .; :r;:.:..., aud uuucrous ot|cr or|s, iucludiug poctry. lorccul aud
capa|lc as au aduiuistrator, s|c as also a uystic ritcr o t|c hrst iuportaucc.
S|c as dcclarcd a Doctor o t|c C|urc| iu . iaul \l uaucd |cr patrou o Spau-
is| Cat|olic ritcrs iu as a uodcl to |c ollocd. lu s|c |ccauc patrou o t|c
Spauis| Military Couuissariat.
b.. :|: 3..| .. ..:r: .; :|: `:r.|...|| `...: 1:r:s.
O t|ou vudauutcd daug|tcr o dcsircs.
iy all t|y dor o lig|ts ~ lircs,
iy all t|c caglc iu t|cc, all t|c douc,
iy all t|y liucs ~ dcat|s o louc,
iy t|y larg draug|ts o iutcllcctuall day,
Aud |y t|y t|irsts o louc uorc largc t|au t|cy,
iy all t|y |riu-hll'd iolcs o circc dcsirc,
iy t|y last Moruiug's draug|t o liquid hrc,
iy t|c ull |iugdouc o t|at huall |issc
1|at sci.'d t|y partiug Soul, ~ scal'd t|cc |is,
iy all t|c |cav'us t|ou |ast iu |iu
lair sistcr o t|c Scrap|iu.),
iy all o iiu c |auc iu 1|cc,
lcauc uot|iug o uy Scl iu uc.
lct uc so rcad t|y lic, t|at l
\uto all lic o uiuc uay dy.
lic|ard Cras|a ..-), rou 1|: I|.o.. H:.r:
`.o:| Is... j.s:| `.|:r:s.|:s|, -), Lpiscopaliau |is|op o S|aug|ai, a dcdi-
catcd uissiouary |o trauslatcd t|c ii|lc iuto scvcral C|iucsc dialccts, |ic| ovcr
uauy ycars |c typcd it| t|c ouc hugcr t|at |ad uot |ccu paralyscd |y a stro|c. Souc
Auglicau couuuuitics |avc, uuocially, uadc |iu patrou o t|c lutcruct.
Ou t|is day iu t|c ldcs o Octo|cr, Guacus ioupcius aud Marcus liciuius Cras-
sus |ciug cousuls) as |oru t|c poct \crgil.
z

... XJII I.|:..s N.:o|r:s i
z - icdig lC), Margarct Mary Alacoquc lC), lic|ard Gyu lC
Valcs), lougiuus Ort|., scc Mar.)
H:. ..-). S|c as |oru at Audcc|s iavaria) aud as t|c auut o St Lli.a-
|ct| o iuugary scc iov.). Lducatcd |y icucdictiuc uuus, at t|c agc o s|c uar-
ricd t|c du|c o Silcsia aud togct|cr it| |iu |clpcd sprcad C|ristiauity iu t|c

|iugdou o iolaud. icr |irt|placc, |crc souc o |cr rclics arc prcscrvcd, is a placc
o pilgriuagc.
M.r.r:: M.r, J|...,: -). C|ild|ood illucss |cpt |cr couhucd to |cd or ycars,
|ut iu s|c |ccauc a \isitaudiuc at iaray-lc-Mouial, risiug to |ccouc Assistaut
Supcrior. A scrics o visious -) rcvcalcd to |cr t|c oru o dcvotiou to t|c Sacrcd
icart, uot orually rccogui.cd uutil , it |ccauc ouc o t|c uost popular dcvotious
o t|c cig|tccut| aud uiuctccut| ccuturics. lcast-day orucrly t|c t|.
..|.r C,. -), a uativc o llauidlocs, ioys, cducatcd at Cau|ridgc. Lxccutcd
iu , |c is ouc o t|c lorty Martyrs o Luglaud aud Valcs.
C.||s, |. .. iu lrclaud. A uou| at iaugor, |c accoupauicd Coluu|au iov.) to
lraucc .., aud t|cu to prcscut-day Sit.crlaud, atcr uauy advcuturcs it| |ostilc
uativcs, Coluu|au cut ou to ltaly, |ut Gallus, |o |ad allcu ill, ouudcd a |cruitagc
ou t|c Stciuac|, to |ic|, |aviug succcssivcly rcuscd t|c |is|opric o ioustau. aud
t|c a||acy o Coluu|au's ouudatiou at luxcuil, |c rcturucd iu it| tclvc cou-
pauious, govcruiug t|cu iu accordaucc it| Coluu|au's rulc. ic dicd ou Octo|cr
, |is ouudatiou, |ic| .. adoptcd t|c uildcr lulc o St icucdict, |ccauc t|c
grcat uouastcry o Sau|t Gallcu or Saiut-Gall. lcgcud |as it t|at |c caug|t a |car
a|out to cat |is diuucr aud scut it o to ctc| hrcood, |is portraits souctiucs s|o
t|c |car rcturuiug it| its load. 1|c saiut |iuscl is rcprcscutcd it| a pilgriu's sta
aud a loa o |rcad, or as a |cruit it| a siuplc cross. V|crc to |is|ops |ad ailcd,
Gallus rccd a girl rou au cvil spirit t|at dcpartcd iu t|c oru o a |lac| |ird pcr|aps
a cro). ic is patrou o poultry |ccausc .||s is latiu or a coc|, aud o gccsc. Olaus
Voru uar|s |iu it| au axc, 'or t|cu ouc uust |aug up ouc's ucts aud attcud to t|c
slaug|tcr o cattlc'.
L:...:... .; M..:~`...:~M..|:|, couucuoratiug St Mic|acl's apparitiou scc Scpt.).
lu ucdicval calcudars callcd 't|c cast o St Mic|acl iu M..:: 1o|.'.
z

... XJI I.|:..s N.:o|r:s C
z - Lt|cldrcda Audrcy) iCi, propcrly |cr trauslatiou, CY |uuc), lg-
uatius o Autioc| CY, lC siucc ), orucrly Margarct Mary Alacoquc scc
Oct.)
1r..s|.:... .; Jr:,, orucrly cclc|ratcd |y a air at |ic| 'tadry' lacc as sold, or t|c
rcductiou o `...: to its hual cousouaut |corc a vocl, c. 'tautouy' St Autouy, |au.)
aud t|c local prouuuciatiou o St Osyt| scc Oct.). 1|is |ad a ccrtaiu appropriatc-
ucss, siucc s|c |ad rcportcdly acccptcd t|c paiuul sclliug o |cr ucc| iu |cr last illucss

as just puuis|ucut or |aviug iu |cr yout| rivolously cig|cd it dou it| ucc|laccs,
t|oug| t|at is t|c |iud o t|iug t|at saiuts arc cxpcctcd to say.
S|c |at| givcu uauc to a Causcay iu t|c lslc o L|,, |crc t|crc is a lair |cpt, aud uuc| ordi-
uary lacc sold t|crc, |ic| ua|cs t|c Couutry Girls sccu hucr t|au t|cy arc, |cucc t|c ord
1audry cauc. Dovc )
I..:.s, |is|op o Autioc|, couvcycd uudcr guard to louc duriug t|c rcigu o t|c
cupcror 1rajau -). 1|c lcttcrs |c rotc cu routc six to various c|urc|cs, ouc to
St iolycarp o Suyrua, scc lc|.) dcuoustratc |is cxaltcd vic o t|c cpiscopal
occ aud |is ardcut dcsirc or uartyrdou |c urgcs t|c C|urc| at louc uot to iutcr-
ccdc ou |is |c|al), |is is| as grautcd, as traditiou |as it iu t|c Aup|it|catruu
llaviuu as t|c louaus callcd t|c Colosscuu), |is rclics |ciug prcscrvcd at Sau
Clcucutc. ic as also callcd 1|cop|ros, 'God-|carcr', |ic| |ciug uisiutcrprctcd as
1|cp|oros, 'God-|oruc', lcd to |is idcutihcatiou iu pious lcgcud it| t|c c|ild t|at
|csus |cld iu |is arus at Capcruauu Mar| ). iis lcttcrs attcst t|c uouarc|ical
cpiscopacy at au carlicr datc t|au t|c sixtccut|-ccutury lcorucrs carcd to coutcu-
platc, accordiugly irotcstauts dcuicd t|cir aut|cuticity aud louau Cat|olics dccudcd
it, till iu t|c Auglicau iis|op icarsou dchuitivcly distiuguis|cd t|c gcuuiuc aud
t|c spurious uattcr iu t|cu. lcast-day orucrly lc|ruary, siucc t|c lC C|urc|
|as |ouourcd |iu ou t|c traditioual Autioc|cuc datc o Octo|cr, t|c Ort|odox do
so ou Dcccu|cr.
js:s .; 3:...s d. ), supposcdly a -ycar-old |oy uartyr |osc |oucs crc 'rcdis-
covcrcd' iu t|c carly clcvcut| ccutury |y a trac|cr iu |ogus rclics, t|c roguc too| iu
uot ouly t|c ait|ul pcasautry |ut also Llric-Maurcd, uarqucss o 1uriu, |o covctcd
t|cu or a uouastcry |c as t|cu |uildiug Sau Giusto di Susa). lodulus Gla|cr, a
coutcuporary c|rouiclcr, puts t|c story iu |is H.s:.r.:s as a aruiug agaiust raudulcut
rclic-uougcrs. ic placcs t|c trauslatiou ou Octo|cr, |ut |ustus' datc iu t|c J.:. `...~
:.ro is Octo|cr.
At dcad o uig|t, iu |is usual ay, |c dug out t|c |oucs o souc o|scurc uau rou t|cir |uu-
|lc gravc, put t|cu iu a |ox ou a |icr, aud said t|at |y au augclic visiou a |oly uartyr, |ustus |y
uauc, |ad as |c prctcudcd) |ccu rcvcalcd to |iu. Soou t|c vulgar crod aud t|c idlc auougst
t|c rustic populatiou cauc noc|iug togct|cr at t|c ucs, as t|cy arc out to do iu suc| cascs,
cvcu rcgrcttiug i t|cy |ad uo illucss rou |ic| t|cy could as| to |c curcd. 1|cy |roug|t t|c
sic|, gavc uiscra|lc littlc prcscuts, aud |cpt atc| all uig|t cxpcctiug suddcu uiraclcs . . .
Mcau|ilc Maurcd, calt|icst o t|c uarqucsscs, |cariug ucs o t|is |usiucss, scut souc
o |is ucu to sci.c aud |riug |ac| to |iu t|c prctcudcd rclic |ic| pcoplc crc ors|ippiug,
|clicviug it to |c t|at o t|c vcucra|lc uartyr. 1|c uarqucss |ad |cguu t|c coustructiou o a
uouastcry at Susa, t|c oldcst o t|c Alpiuc tous, |ic| as to |c dcdicatcd to God Aluig|ty
aud iis Mot|cr, t|c cvcr-\irgiu Mary, |c autcd t|c supposcd uartyr to |c placcd t|crc aloug
it| t|c rclics o uauy ot|cr saiuts atcr t|c couplctiou o t|c or|. Atcr a |ilc, |cu t|c
or| ou t|c c|urc| as huis|cd aud t|c day o cousccratiou hxcd, |c iuvitcd t|c ucig||ouriug
|is|ops, it| t|cu cauc A||ot Villiau o |ou c |avc so otcu spo|cu) aud souc ot|cr
a||ots. 1|c pcdlar as also prcscut, |c as |cld iu |ig| cstccu |y t|c uarqucss |ccausc |c |ad
prouiscd t|at soou |c ould rcvcal ar uorc prccious rclics o saiuts, |osc acts, uaucs, aud
passious |c uscd to iuvcut just as |c iuvcutcd all t|c rcst. V|cu souc lcarucd cldcrs as|cd |iu

|o |c |ad couc |y suc| |uolcdgc, |c uadc loud protcstatious o au uucouviuciug |iud. io
l as t|crc, |aviug travcllcd iu t|c coupauy o t|c a||ot. 1|c pcdlar said 'Au augcl appcars to
uc at uig|t aud |c tcac|cs aud tclls uc all t|at |c |uos l is| to lcaru. ic stays it| uc uutil
l orcc |iu to go.' V|cu c rcplicd |y as|iug |ct|cr |c sa all t|is |ilc |c as aa|c or
aslccp, |c addcd 'Aluost cvcry uig|t t|c augcl suatc|cs uc rou uy |cd it|out uy ic's |uo-
iug, atcr a loug couvcrsatiou |c lcavcs, salutiug aud cu|raciug uc.' Vc |uc t|is or a polis|cd
aud cuuuiug lic, or t|is crcaturc as uo rcqucutcr o augcls, |ut rat|cr a uiuistcr o trcac|cry
aud cvil.
1|c |is|ops, |ilc cclc|ratiug duly t|c ritc o cousccratiou or |ic| t|cy |ad couc, put t|c
|oucs discovcrcd |y t|at cuuuiug iupostor iu it| t|c ot|cr rclics o saiuts, to t|c grcat joy o
|ot| |iuds o pcoplc clcrgy aud laity |o |ad gat|crcd t|crc iu largc uuu|crs. All t|is |ap-
pcucd ou Octo|cr. 1|is datc as c|oscu |ccausc t|c partisaus o t|is prctcudcd rclic asscrtcd
t|at t|csc crc t|c |oucs o St |ustus, |o sucrcd uartyrdou ou t|at day iu t|c city o icau-
vais iu Gaul. iis |cad as ta|cu to Auxcrrc, |crc |c as |oru aud |rcd, aud is |cpt t|crc. l,
|o |uc t|c trut| o t|c uattcr, trcatcd |at t|cy said as ru||is|. 1|c uorc disccruiug rcc-
ogui.cd t|is as a tric| aud supportcd |at l said. 1|c olloiug uig|t souc o t|c uou|s aud
ot|cr rcligious sa uoustrous visious iu t|c c|urc|, |lac| Lt|iopiaus couiug out o t|c |ox iu
|ic| t|c |oucs crc |cpt aud lcaviug t|c c|urc|. Alt|oug| uauy ucu o souud judgcucut dc-
uouuccd t|c dctcsta|lc iuvcutiou as au a|ouiuatiou, t|c uass o t|c rustic populatiou, cor-
ruptcd |y t|c pcdlar, vcucratiug t|c uauc o t|c uujust or |ustus pcrsistcd or a loug tiuc iu
t|cir crror. Vc |avc rccouutcd all t|is to givc a aruiug agaiust t|c uauy dcccits o dcuous aud
ucu |ic| a|ouud all ovcr t|c orld, cspccially iu spriugs aud trccs t|at arc ras|ly vcucratcd |y
t|c sic|. Gla|cr, -
z

... XJ I.|:..s N.:o|r:s D
. `...: L|:`s .,
:|: .::. |.: |:.: :. |.,.
`.. L.., L| :.. . .. :: |. ...
\cuctiau sayiug 'puup|ius go stalc')
z - - - LSA, Alas|a Alas|a Day trauscr rou lussia
to LSA, )
z lu rcstoratiou or| as couplctcd ou t|c tcuplc o |auus
ucar t|c t|catrc o Marccllus, origiually |uilt duriug t|c lirst iuuic Var, t|c dcdica-
tiou-day, prcviously August, |ccauc Octo|cr.
z - - CoL, lC), rcd-lcttcr day
L|:, 't|c |clovcd p|ysiciau' Col. ), coupauiou o St iaul, aud aut|or o t|c t|ird
Gospcl aud as aluost uuivcrsally agrccd) t|c Acts o t|c Apostlcs. ic as uot ouc o
|csus' origiual ollocrs, |ut a |ig|ly cducatcd Gcutilc couvcrt, ccrtaiuly t|c |cst Grcc|

stylist iu t|c ic 1cstaucut, |c is crcdi|ly said to |avc couc rou Autioc|, t|c Grcc|
city |crc t|c ord C|r.s:...s as hrst coiucd |c is cll iuorucd a|out t|c C|urc|
t|crc). iis procssiou is cvidcut iu |is dcscriptiou o C|rist's |caliug uiraclcs, iu |ic|
|c uscs t|c corrcct ucdical tcruiuology. O all t|c cvaugclists, |c s|os t|c uost
|uuau iusig|t iuto t|c c|aractcrs |ou |c dcscri|cs, aud |as t|c uost to say a|out t|c
\irgiu, iu particular it is |c |o rclatcs t|c \isitatiou, t|c Auuuuciatiou, aud t|c
iurihcatiou. latcr traditiou, |cgiuuiug rou t|c coutrovcrsics ovcr icous iu cig|t|-
ccutury iy.autiuu, uadc |iu a paiutcr, cspccially o C|rist o |ou |c rcputcdly
paiutcd au icou or |is dcdicatcc 1|cop|ilus) aud t|c \irgiu, rou t|c clcvcut| ccutury
cxtaut icous crc attri|utcd to |iu, |cgiuuiug it| t|c iodigtria, t|c \irgiu o t|c
iodigu uouastcry at Coustautiuoplc. ic as also crcditcd it| t|c ric.cs o t|c
iart|cuou, dcdicatcd to Mary siucc t|c sixt| ccutury. 1|c traditiou rcac|cd louc,
|crc scvcral iuagcs crc said to |c |is |audior|, aud sprcad t|cucc to iuportaut
tous aud citics aloug t|c uaiu pilgriu routcs, |c as souctiucs crcditcd it| paiut-
iug C|rist's iuagc or St \crouica scc lc|.). ic is patrou o p|ysiciaus, surgcous,
paiutcrs, aud uotarics. iis syu|ol, t|c ox, |as uadc |iu patrou o |utc|crs, it |as also,
t|roug| t|c post-classical iuplicatiou o |orus, causcd |iu to |c associatcd it| cuc|-
olds, cvcu t|oug| accordiug to |crouc |c ucvcr |ad ic or c|ildrcu.
St lu|c's littlc suuucr a pcriod o aru cat|cr olloiug cold, c. St Martiu's suu-
ucr iov.) aud t|c |alcyou days Dcc.).
St lu|c's Day air, C|arltou, icut, as dcscri|cd |y Dauicl Dcoc
C|.r|:.. is uotcd or t|c lair |cld iu its icig||our|ood ou St. L|:'s Day, .:.|. , callcd H.r.~
;..r, t|c ludcucss o |ic|, iu a civili.cd, cll-govcrucd iatiou, uay cll |c said to |c uusu-
cra|lc. 1|c Mo| at t|at tiuc ta|c all |iuds o li|crtics, aud t|c Voucu arc cuiucutly
iupudcut t|at Day, as i it as a tiuc t|at justihcd t|c giviug t|cusclvcs a loosc to all uauucr
o ludcccucy it|out auy lcproac|, or it|out iucurriug t|c Ccusurc |ic| suc| ic|aviour
ould dcscrvc at auot|cr.
Aud t|is iu a Circuustaucc, |ic| ar rou |ciug to |c gloricd iu) oug|t to |c discouu-
tcuauccd |y t|c Scx, as hxiug t|c iraud o lucoutiucucc ou too uauy o t|cu, |ic| t|cy |avc
littlc lcasou to |c proud o.
A vulgar 1raditiou givcs t|c olloiug Origiu to t|is disordcrly lair, uaucly, 1|at ouc o t|c
iiugs o L.|.., souc say iiug j.|., |o |ad a ialacc iu t|is icig||our|ood, at L|:|.o, |ciug
|uutiug ucar C|.r|:.., t|cu a pitiul iaulct ouly, aud scparatcd rou |is Attcudauts, cutcrcd
iuto a Cottagc, aud ouud t|c Mistrcss o it alouc, aud s|c |ciug |audsouc, t|c iiug too| a
li|iug to |cr, aud, |aviug prcvailcd ovcr |cr Modcsty, just iu t|c critical Moucut |cr ius|aud
cauc iu, aud, t|rcatcuiug to |ill t|cu |ot|, t|c iiug as orccd to discovcr |iuscl, aud to cou-
pouud it| Gold or |is Sacty, giviug t|c Mau uorcovcr all t|c laud rou t|cucc as ar as t|c
ilacc uo callcd C.|.|`s ...:, aud, ua|iug |iu Mastcr o t|c |olc iaulct, csta|lis|cd a lair
iu avour o |is uc Dcucsuc, aud iu Mcuory t|crco, iorus, aud Varcs aud 1oys o all Sorts
uadc o ioru, arc sold at t|is lair. Dcoc, i. -
V|ip-dog day iu Yor|
St. L|:'s day is also |uou iu 1.r| |y t|c uauc o |.~.~.,, rou a straugc custou t|at
sc|ool-|oys usc |crc o |ippiug all t|c dogs t|at arc sccu iu t|c strccts t|at day. V|cucc t|is
uucouuou pcrsccutiou too| its risc is uuccrtaiu yct, t|oug| it is ccrtaiuly vcry old, l au uot o

opiuiou it| souc t|at it is as auticut as t|c .o..s. 1|c traditiou t|at l |avc |card o its ori-
giu sccus vcry pro|a|lc, t|at iu tiucs o popcry, a pricst cclc|ratiug uass at t|is cstival iu souc
c|urc| iu 1.r|, uuortuuatcly droppcd t|c .: atcr cousccratiou, |ic| as suatc|cd up sud-
dculy aud sallocd |y a dog t|at laid uudcr t|c altar ta|lc. 1|c proauatiou o t|is |ig| uys-
tcry occasioucd t|c dcat| o t|c dog, aud a pcrsccutiou |cguu aud |as siucc coutiuucd, ou t|is
day, to |c scvcrcly carricd ou agaiust |is |olc tri|c iu our city. Dra|c,
z

... XIJ I.|:..s N.:o|r:s L
z - iaul o t|c Cross lC), |o|u dc ir|cu aud lsaac |ogucs lC), icury
Martyu CY)
.| .; :|: Cr.ss -), ouudcr o t|c iassiouists, au ordcr dcvotcd to t|c iassiou
o our lord, approvcd iu . ic as auous as a prcac|cr aud uiraclc-or|cr. lcast-
day orucrly April.
j.|. : 3r|:; .. Is... j.:s aud coupauious, also |uou as t|c 'iort| Aucricau
Martyrs'. iaucd t|c patrou saiuts o Cauada iu , t|cy crc |o|u dc ir|cu, lsaac
|ogucs, Autouy Dauicl, Ga|ricl lalcuaud, C|arlcs Garuicr, iocl C|a|aucl, lcu
Goupil, aud |o|u lalaudc, cauoui.cd iu . All crc lrcuc| |csuits, Cauada as a
lrcuc| colouy at t|c tiuc t|cy uudcrtoo| t|cir uissiouary or|, iu t|c scvcutccut| ccu-
tury. 1|c |ards|ips t|cy cudurcd iu t|c Cauadiau ildcrucss, liviug auoug ludiau
tri|cs priucipally t|c iurous), crc uot|iug couparcd it| t|c grucsouc torturcs
t|cy uudcrcut |cu capturcd |y t|c iurous' traditioual cucuics, t|c lroquois.
H:.r, M.r:,. -), Auglicau uissiouary iu ludia aud icrsia. At t|c agc o |c
cut to ludia as c|aplaiu o t|c Last ludia Coupauy. lu t|c rcuaiudcr o |is s|ort lic
|c trauslatcd t|c ic 1cstaucut iuto iiudustaui, icrsiau, aud Ara|ic, t|c iCi iuto
iiudustaui, aud t|c isalus iuto icrsiau.
Ir.:s.:, patrou saiut o t|c city aud Luivcrsity o Oxord, d. . S|c as a Mcrciau
priuccss |o it as said), |aviug vocd pcrpctual c|astity, rcuscd to ua|c a dyuastic
uarriagc |ut ncd to Oxord, |crc s|c ouudcd a uuuucry. 1|c tou grc up arouud
|cr s|riuc, a priory, or uouastcry c|urc|, iu |cr uauc as rcputcdly |urut dou iu
|cu t|c local Daucs too| rcugc t|crc duriug t|c St iricc Day uassacrc scc iov.),
|ciug rc|uilt |y Lt|clrcd ll. lt as origiually occupicd |y sccular clcr|s, a practicc t|at
cll iuto disavour atcr t|c ioruau couqucst, |y it |clougcd to Austiu cauous. St
lridcsidc's supposcd rclics crc trauslatcd ou lc|ruary aud agaiu iu ), |cr
s|riuc |ccauc a placc o pilgriuagc, solcuuly visitcd ticc a ycar |y t|c uuivcrsity,
|osc patroucss s|c as dcclarcd |y Arc||is|op C|ic|clc iu . 1|c uouastcry as
supprcsscd iu |cu Volscy as plauuiug |is uc 'Cardiual's Collcgc', |ic| atcr
|is all as partially rcali.cd as 'iiug's Collcgc' aud iu rcuaucd C|rist C|urc|, t|c

c|urc| too| t|c placc o t|c supprcsscd Osucy A||cy as t|c cat|cdral o t|c Oxord
dioccsc crcatcd our ycars carlicr). 1|c s|riuc |ad |ccu dcspoilcd iu , |ut |cr
purportcd |oucs crc rc|uricd ou t|c sitc. Closc |y, iu , as |uricd Cat|criuc
Dauuartiu, t|c hrst ic o t|c irotcstaut rcorucr aud lcgius irocssor o Diviuity
ictcr Martyr or iictro Martirc \cruigli, uudcr Mary, St lridcsidc's rcuaius crc cx-
|uucd aud placcd iu sil| |ags, Cat|criuc's also cx|uucd |ut cast out ou a duug|ill. lu
, at t|c uort|-cast cud o t|c cat|cdral, Cauou |aucs Cal|ill solcuuly rc|uricd t|c
to scts o rclics so couuiuglcd as ucvcruorc to |c told apart 'icrc lics truc rcligiou
it| supcrstitiou.'
At St Margarct's c|urc| iu iiuscy, ucar Oxord, t|crc is a cll t|at lcgcud associatcd
it| lridcsidc, it is said t|at, pursucd |y |cr suitor .lgar, s|c praycd or dclivcraucc
to St Margarct o Autioc|, |o |liudcd |iu it| a nas| o lig|tuiug aud curcd |iu
o |is lust, |cu lridcsidc praycd agaiu t|at |c s|ould |c |calcd, a spriug |urst ort|,
iu |ic| s|c |at|cd |is cycs. lt is said to |c t|c origiu o lcis Carroll's trcaclc cll.
z

... XIII I.|:..s N.:o|r:s l
z - lorucrly St |o|u Cautius lC, uo Dcc.)
3:r:.||. 3.s..r.. -). Ovcrcouiug t|c lo opiuiou o |cr paris| pricst as to |cr
suita|ility or a rcligious vocatiou, s|c cutcrcd t|c couvcut o t|c Sistcrs o St Dorot|y
at \iccu.a at t|c agc o . iocvcr, s|c as alays assigucd to |itc|cu tas|s, uutil s|c
as allocd to traiu as a uursc iu 1rcviso, cvcu so s|c could uot cscapc t|c pots aud paus
uutil s|c uadc |cr procssiou iu . S|c t|cu dcvotcd |crscl to uursiug sic| c|ildrcu,
aud actcd |croically duriug t|c lirst Vorld Var iu protcctiug |cr paticuts. S|c |crscl
|ccauc scriously ill aud dicd t|rcc days atcr surgcry. Miraclcs crc attcstcd at |cr gravc
iu 1rcviso aud t|cu |cr tou| iu \iccu.a, s|c as cauoui.cd iu .
.:.|:r
icudiug a|ovc t|c spicy oods |ic| |la.c,
Arc| s|ics so |luc t|cy nas|, aud |old t|c suu
luucasura|ly ar, t|c atcrs ruu
1oo slo, so rcig|tcd arc t|c rivcr-ays
Vit| gold o clus aud |irc|cs rou t|c ua.c
O orcsts. C|cstuuts, clic|iug ouc |y ouc,
Lscapc rou satiu |urs, |cr riugcs douc,
1|c gcutiau sprcads t|cu out iu suuuy days,
Aud, li|c latc rcvclcrs at dau, t|c c|aucc
O ouc scct, uad, last |our, all t|iugs assail,
Aud couqucriug, nus| aud spiu, |ilc, to cu|aucc
1|c spcll, |y suusct door, rappcd iu a vcil

O rcd aud purplc uists, t|c suuucr, palc,
Stcals |ac| alouc or ouc uorc soug aud daucc.
iclcu iuut |ac|sou -)
z

... XII I.|:..s N.:o|r:s G
z - - - Mars|all lslauds Coupact Day Coupact o
lrcc Associatiou |ctccu t|c LSA aud t|c lcpu|lic o t|c Mars|all lslauds,
) uatioual day)
z -
H.|.r... ..-). A |cruit o cxtrcuc asccticisu, |c spcut to uout|s it| St
Autouy iu t|c Lgyptiau dcscrt |corc rcturuiug to |is uativc ialcstiuc. iis auc as a
uiraclc-or|cr soou sprcad, orciug |iu to ncc to t|c dcscrt to cscapc t|c crods o
visitors. ic livcd to t|c agc o dcspitc or |ccausc o) |is dict, dctailcd iu Dovc's
aluauac or atcr |crouc's lic o t|c saiut
|is clot|iug as Sac|clot|, aud |ic| |c ucvcr s|itcd i.c. c|augcd, |ut |crouc says 'as|cd'
so loug as it ould last, aud ovcr t|at a s|iu |ic| S. J.:|.., |ad givcu |iu, |is lood, |ic| |c
ucvcr too| till Suu-sct, as dry hgs, aud juicc o |cr|s, or ycars |is dayly ood as ouly a piut
o lcutilcs, sotucd iu cold atcr, t|c ucxt ycars |c cat dry |rcad it| salt aud atcr, t|c ucxt
ycars ild |cr|s, aud t|c roots o youug plauts, t|c ucxt ycars ouuccs o iarlcy-|rcad aud
a littlc Colcort, atcr |c as ycars old, pcrcciviug |iuscl dccay, |c as orccd to add a lit-
tlc Oyl to |is orucr dict, aud so |c coutiuucd till ycars, aud t|cu lct o catiug |rcad. Ludcr
j|... t|cy ould |avc put |iu to dcat|, |ut |c ncd, aud lur|iug up aud dou, at last dicd.
brs|. orucrly St Lrsula aud t|c , \irgius). Arouud t|crc as a c|urc|
iu Cologuc ou t|c sitc o souc virgius' uartyrdou, iu t|c cig|t| ccutury c |car o
scvcral t|ousaud, lcd |y ouc iiuuosa. Su|scqucut accouuts vary |ctccu a c aud a
grcat uauy, ouc calcudar lists clcvcu uaucs, |cadcd |y Lrsula. iy t|c carly tcut| ccu-
tury t|csc clcvcu, iucludiug Lrsula, |ad |ccouc , cxcludiug |cr, t|c uotiou t|at
'Xl M.\.', supposcdly .:..o o.r:,r:s .r..:s, 'clcvcu virgiu uartyrs', as uisiutcrprctcd
as .:..o o.|.. .r..o, 'clcvcu t|ousaud virgius', is as iuplausi|lc as t|c ratiouali.atiou
t|at givcs |cr a coupauiou Ludcciuilla, |ut X
-
l uig|t |avc |ccu ta|cu or ,. lu
auy casc, , quic|ly |ccauc cauouical, |ciug apparcutly couhrucd |y t|c discovcry
o a |urial-grouud iu . Lrsula |ccauc a iritis| priuccss |o, |aviug vocd pcr-
pctual virgiuity, cvadcd a uatc| it| t|c |cat|cu Act|crius |y dcuaudiug |is couvcr-
siou to C|ristiauity aud a t|rcc-ycar ait. O|taiuiug rou |cr at|cr tcu uo|lc
coupauious aud , surcly .) attcudauts cac| or |crscl aud t|cu, s|c sct sail,
atcr scvcral advcuturcs t|c party arrivcd iu louc. iopc Cyriac, t|c uiuctccut| atcr St
ictcr, |aviug |ad a visiou t|at |c ould |c uartyrcd it| t|c virgius, a|dicatcd atcr

rciguiug ouc ycar aud clcvcu cc|s to accoupauy t|cu ou t|cir rcturu, uauiug ouc
Auctos |is succcssor. 1|c disgustcd clcrgy crascd |is uauc rou t|c rccords, to pagau
occrs |ctraycd t|c pilgrius to t|cir |iusuau |ulius, rulcr o t|c iuus currcutly |c-
sicgiug Cologuc. 1|cy slaug|tcrcd t|c , |ut rcscrvcd Lrsula or |ulius, rcusiug |is
couuauds, s|c as slaiu |y au arro, |crcupou , augcls appcarcd aud drovc aay
t|c iuus |ic| uust |c |y uo suc| sicgc is |uou to |istory). 1|c cvcuts crc datcd
, |ic| uot cvcu |aco|us dc \oragiuc could |clicvc, |ut t|crc uay |c a couuscd rcc-
ollcctiou t|at iu iopc ioutiauus scc Aug.) a|dicatcd |corc |is dcportatiou to
t|c uiucs aud as succccdcd |y Autcros, t|c uiuctccut| popc |y t|c iuclusivc couut.
Mar|cd iu priucstavcs it| au arro, or a riug, ta|cu to ucau t|at uo tas| pcrorucd
it| |ccls, suc| as spiuuiug or griudiug, as to |c douc ou |cr day.
1raalgar Day, couucuoratiug iclsou's victory ovcr t|c lrcuc| aud Spauis| nccts iu
, purc|ascd at t|c pricc o |is ou dcat|.
z

... XI I.|:..s N.:o|r:s A
z - - - \aticau City aud ioly Scc Auuivcrsary o t|c
iustallatiou o |o|u iaul ll )
z -
Scvcu ioly C|ildrcu Ort|., scc |uly)
M.r, `.|.o:, ouc o t|c t|rcc Marys, ic o Zc|cdcc, aud uot|cr o St |aucs t|c
Grcatcr aud St |o|u t|c Lvaugclist. S|c as|cd |csus t|at |cr to sous uig|t sit, 't|c ouc
ou t|y rig|t |aud, aud t|c ot|cr ou t|c lct, iu t|y |iugdou' Matt. ), itucsscd
t|c Crucihxiou Matt. ), aud it| t|c ot|cr Marys ouud |is cupty tou| ou
Lastcr uoruiug Mar| -).
|.|., `::rs, Ls:|.s, .. H:ro:s, uartyrcd iu . i|ilip as |is|op o icraclca ou t|c
ilac| Sca, Scvcrus |is dcacou, Lusc|ius aud icrucs crc o t|c iucrior clcrgy.
Arrcstcd uudcr Dioclctiau, t|cy rcuscd to |aud ovcr sacrcd |oo|s aud crc |urut at
Adriauoplc uo Ldiruc). iuolcdgc o t|c casc is dcrivcd, uot rou t|c iuproviug
talcs o a latcr agc, |ut rou a rccord o t|c procccdiugs.
L...:s .; I.:s.|: d. ), au lris| uou| |o |ilc rcturuiug |ouc rou a pilgriuagc
to louc .. |appcucd to pass t|roug| licsolc |ilc t|c pcoplc crc asscu|lcd iu t|c
squarc to clcct a uc |is|op, t|c |clls startiug to riug at |is appcaraucc, |c as c|oscu,
rcuaiuiug as |is|op till |is dcat|. ic as dcvotcd to St irigid, o |ou |c rotc a
lic, aud ouudcd a |ospicc or lris| pilgrius.

C.r|., ouc o St Lrsula's , virgius, |id |ilc t|c rcst crc |ciug uartyrcd, |ut
cucrgcd t|c ucxt day to s|arc t|cir atc. Mauy ycars latcr, s|c appcarcd to a uuu it|
iustructious t|at s|c s|ould |c cultcd t|c day atcr t|c rcst.
Accordiug to |aucs Lss|cr, Arc||is|op o Aruag|, God crcatcd t|c orld ou t|is day
iu at p.u., |y ccclcsiastical rcc|ouiug t|is is t|c |cgiuuiug o Suuday t|c rd.
Ou t|at |asis t|c luuiuarics crc crcatcd ou t|c t|, Adau aud Lvc ou t|c t|. All
t|csc datcs arc Old Stylc.
z

... X I.|:..s N.:o|r:s i
z - - - iuugary Auuivcrsary o Dcclaratiou o ludc-
pcudcucc,
1|ailaud C|ulaloug|oru Day dcat| o iiug C|ulaloug|oru, )
z - |o|u o Capistrauo lC), |aucs t|c |rot|cr o t|c lord Ort|., scc
May), orucrly St Aut|ouy Mary Clarct uo Oct.)
j.|. .; C..s:r... -). V|ilc a lrauciscau riar |c as appoiutcd govcruor o
icrugia |y iiug ladislaus o iaplcs, |c uarricd, |ut atcr |ciug ta|cu prisoucr |y t|c
Malatcsta rccousidcrcd |is lic, as dispcuscd o |is uarriagc, aud rcjoiucd t|c lrau-
ciscaus. Activc iu rcoruiug |is ordcr, |c also uudcrtoo| uissious to couvcrt t|c ius-
sitcs aud cvcu raiscd au aruy agaiust t|c 1ur|s. lu Capistrauo, Calioruia, sallos
traditioually dcpart ou t|is day rou |is uissiou. |o|u iaul ll uaucd |iu patrou saiut
o uilitary c|aplaius iu . lcast-day orucrly Marc|.
J....s M..|.s `::r..s 3.::|.s ..-..) as |oru iuto a scuatorial auily at a tiuc
|cu iupcrial rulc as uo lougcr cxcrciscd ovcr ltaly, |ut t|c uppcr class livcd as cou-
orta|ly as cvcr uudcr Gcruauic |iugs, hrst Odoaccr, aud atcr 1|codcric t|c
Ostrogot|. ioct|ius rosc iu pu|lic lic, |ccouiug cousul iu aud uastcr o t|c occs
iu . lu t|is lattcr post |c lost avour it| 1|codcric or protcctiug |is scuatorial
ricuds agaiust royal ocials, aud as suspcctcd o trcasoua|lc corrcspoudcucc it|
Coustautiuoplc, |c as iuprisoucd, torturcd, aud cxccutcd. A uau o grcat lcaruiug,
|c sct out to prcscrvc iu latiu all t|c |ig|cr discipliucs t|at |ad traditioually |ccu rcad
aud taug|t iu Grcc| |is ritiugs ou logic, arit|uctic, aud uusic |ccauc classics iu t|c
Middlc Agcs, |ut t|c trcatiscs ou gcouctry aud astrououy t|at Gcr|crt o Aurillac t|c
uturc iopc Sylvcstcr ll) claius to |avc sccu at io||io arc lost. ic also rotc t|co-
logical tractatcs, iucludiug ouc t|at prcparcd cvcutual Vcstcru acccptaucc o t|c statc-
ucut t|at C|rist as 'o to uaturcs', |it|crto cousidcrcd Mouop|ysitc, as cll as 'iu
to uaturcs' as laid dou at C|alccdou iu . iis grcatcst aud uost auous or|,

|ocvcr, is t|c C..s.|.:... .; |.|.s.|,, rittcu |ilc |c as iu prisou, t|c a|scucc o cx-
plicit rccrcucc to C|ristiauity |as causcd souc uodcru rcadcrs to rcgard it as a pagau
or|, rcncctiug disillusiou it| |is prcvious rcligiou, |ut ot|crs o|scrvc t|at t|crc is
uot|iug iucoupati|lc it| C|ristiauity, aud C|adic| |as dctcctcd souc |iuts t|at
could |c rccogui.cd |y C|ristiaus it|out ocudiug pagaus. Luli|c t|c tcc|uical rit-
iugs, it still spca|s to uodcru rcadcrs couccrucd it| t|c pro|lcu o accouutiug or
cvil iu a orld govcrucd |y providcucc, aud o rcspoudiug iscly to t|cir ou uu-
dcscrvcd sucriugs.
iaviug dicd a Cat|olic uudcr au Ariau |iug, ioct|ius as rcgardcd as a uartyr, cvcu
t|oug| at uo tiuc as |c iuvitcd, or couuaudcd, to adopt t|c |iug's rcligiou. 1|c rcli-
gious clcucut as, |ocvcr, as C|adic| |as s|ou, iuscpara|lc rou t|c c|argc o
trcasou. Ludcr t|c cupcror |ustiu -), Coustautiuoplc |ad rcturucd rou its
Mouop|ysitc nirtatious to couuuuiou it| louc, t|us providiug t|c Cat|olics o
ltaly it| auot|cr ocus o sccular loyalty t|au t|cir Ariau |iug. lu |ustiu-or rat|cr
|is ucp|c |ustiuiau, t|c pocr |c|iud t|c t|rouc-iustitutcd a pcrsccutiou o Ariaus
dcsigucd to provo|c 1|codcric iuto ta|iug couutcr-ucasurcs, t|csc iu t|cir turu iu-
duccd uorc Cat|olics to scc t|cir protcctor iu t|c cupcror aud uot t|c |iug. l
ioct|ius |ad uot alrcady |ccu cxccutcd, |is dcat| as uo assurcd, |ustiuiau ill |avc
orcsccu it, aud ouud it uscul. lor t|at rcasou |is uartyr's cult at iavia, couhrucd iu
|y iopc lco Xlll, is cll grouudcd, |is day, |ocvcr, is propcrly t|at o Scvcriuus
o Cologuc said to |avc sccu St Martiu's soul |ciug |oruc to |cavcu iu ). iis s|riuc
iu t|c crypt o Sau iictro iu Cicl d'Oro, dircctly |clo St Augustiuc, is ucutioucd |y
Dautc, it as rcstorcd iu , six |uudrcd ycars atcr t|c poct's dcat|.
Accordiug to Olaus Voru, t|is is t|c day or ploug|iug ryc-hclds.
z

... IX I.|:..s N.:o|r:s C
z - - - Luitcd iatious Day C|artcr, )
Zau|ia ludcpcudcucc Day rou lcdcratiou o l|odcsia aud iyasalaud, )
z - Aut|ouy Mary Clarct lC), orucrly lap|acl t|c Arc|augcl scc
Scpt.)
J.:|.., M.r, C|.r:: -). O Catalau origiu, upou ordiuatiou |c uudcrtoo|
uissiouary or|, oruiug t|c Missiouary Sous o t|c luuaculatc icart o Mary
Clarctiaus). latcr |c |ccauc |is|op o Sautiago dc Cu|a, |crc |c uarroly cscapcd
assassiuatiou at t|c |auds o a uau |osc uistrcss |c |ad couvcrtcd. lcturuiug to
Spaiu iu , |c |ccauc coucssor o Quccu lsa|clla ll aud cut iuto cxilc it| |cr
duriug t|c rcvolutiou o . iis coutri|utiou to cducatiou cxtcudcd to csta|lis|iug

a scicucc la|oratory aud uatural |istory uuscuu, as cll as sc|ools o lauguagc aud
uusic. lcast-day orucrly Octo|cr.
L.s: h::| .. .:.|:r
1|c trccs arc uudrcssiug, aud niug iu uauy placcs-
Ou t|c gray road, t|c roo, t|c iudo-sill-
1|cir radiaut ro|cs aud ri||ous aud ycllo laccs,
A lca cac| sccoud so is nuug at ill,
icrc, t|crc, auot|cr aud auot|cr, still aud still.
A spidcr's c| |as caug|t ouc |ilc doucouiug,
1|at stays t|crc daugliug |cu t|c rcst pass ou,
li|c a suspcudcd criuiual |augs |c, uuuuiug
lu goldcu gar|, |ilc ouc yct grccu, |ig| you,
1rcu|lcs, as cariug suc| a atc or |iuscl auou.
1|ouas iardy -)
z

... JIII I.|:..s N.:o|r:s D
z - - - ia.a||stau lcpu|lic Day
1aiau lctroccssiou Day rcstoratiou |y |apaucsc to C|iua, )
\irgiu lslauds 1|au|sgiviug Day cud o t|c |urricauc scasou)
z - Crispiu aud Crispiuiau CoL), lorty Martyrs o Luglaud aud Valcs
lC Luglaud), Six Vcls| Martyrs aud Coupauious lC Valcs)
Cr.s.. .. Cr.s..... d. ..). louau uartyrs, alt|oug| t|c trauslatiou o t|cir rclics
to Soissous uadc t|cu uorc auous iu lraucc, St Lligius rc|uilt t|cir s|riuc. Au Lug-
lis| traditiou |as it t|at t|cy cauc to Luglaud aud or|cd at lavcrs|au iu ircstou
Strcct, a sitc o pilgriuagc as latc as t|c scvcutccut| ccutury. 1|cy arc patrous o s|oc-
ua|crs aud all t|osc |o or| it| lcat|cr.
1|c |attlc o Agiucourt as oug|t ou t|is day iu
1|is day is callcd t|c lcast o Crispiau.
ic t|at outlivcs t|is day aud coucs sac |ouc
Vill staud a-tiptoc |cu t|is day is uaucd
Aud rousc |iu at t|c uauc o Crispiau.
ic t|at s|all scc t|is day aud livc t'old agc
Vill ycarly ou t|c vigil cast |is ucig||ours
Aud say, '1ouorro is Saiut Crispiau.'
1|cu ill |c strip |is slccvc aud s|o |is scars
Aud say, '1|csc ouuds l |ad ou Crispiu's day.'
Old ucu orgct, yct all s|all |c orgot,

iut |c'll rcucu|cr, it| advautagcs,
V|at cats |c did t|at day. 1|cu s|all our uaucs,
lauiliar iu |is uout| as |ousc|old ords-
iarry t|c iiug, icdord aud Lxctcr,
Varic| aud 1al|ot, Salis|ury aud Glouccstcr-
ic iu t|cir noiug cups rcs|ly rcucu|crcd.
1|is story s|all t|c good uau tcac| |is sou,
Aud Crispiu Crispiau s|all uc'cr go |y
lrou t|is day to t|c cudiug o t|c orld
iut c iu it s|all |c rcucu|crd,
Vc c, c |appy c, c |aud o |rot|crs.
iiug iarry, iu H:.r, J, . iii. -
Dr |o|usou couucutcd, iu |is cditiou
lt uay |c o|scrvcd t|at c arc apt to prouisc to oursclvcs a uorc lastiug ucuory t|au t|c
c|augiug statc o |uuau t|iugs aduits. 1|is prcdictiou is uot vcrihcd, t|c cast o Crispiu passcs
|y it|out auy ucutiou o Agiucourt. latc cvcuts o|litcratc t|c orucr t|c civil ars |avc lct
iu t|is uatiou scarccly auy traditiou o uorc aucicut |istory. |o|usou, `|.|:s:.r:, ii.
Alt|oug| t|c uauc Agiucourt is still rccogui.cd, |crcas St Crispiu's day ould |c cu-
tircly orgottcu |ut or t|is spccc|, |o|usou's gcucral statcucut is truc, |ocvcr, t|crc is
ouc uo|lc cxccptiou. 1|c poct ioracc coucludcd |is hrst collcctiou o odcs ||s. -),
pro|a|ly iu , it| t|c prcdictiou t|at |is rcuou auoug postcrity ould |c rc-
uccd so loug as t|c iouticx cliu|cd t|c Capitol it| t|c silcut \cstal \irgiu
usquc cgo postcra
crcscau laudc rcccus, duu Capitoliuu
scaudct cuu tacita virgiuc pouticx.
iouticx aud \irgiu |avc ccascd to cliu|, |ut t|c auc o ioracc livcs.
z

... JII I.|:..s N.:o|r:s L
z - - - Austria iatioual Day uatioual |oliday)
z lirst day o ludi \ictoriac Sullauac, cclc|ratiug Sulla's victory
ovcr t|c Sauuitcs at t|c Colliuc Gatc iu , |ic| savcd louc rou |cr vcugcul al-
lics, turucd cucuics as louau ritcrs do uot couccal) |y loug ycars o ill-usagc, t|cy
coutiuucd till iovcu|cr, t|c auuivcrsary o t|c |attlc. 1|cy crc iustitutcd t|c vcry
ucxt ycar, iu , as ludi \ictoriac, 'Sullauac' as addcd atcr Cacsar |ad ouudcd |is
ou victory gaucs iu .
z - Alrcd t|c Grcat CY), Dcuctrius Ort|.), Ccdd CY couucu.)

J|;r: :|: Cr:.:, ht| aud youugcst sou o .t|clul |iug o Vcsscx, |o, uot cxpcct-
iug t|at |c ould |ccouc |iug, did uot givc |iu au '.t|cl' uauc li|c |is |rot|crs, |ut
callcd |iu .lrcd, 'couuscllcd |y t|c clvcs', |ut uatural uortality aud \i|iug ar |ad
cliuiuatcd t|cu all |y . Aluost iuucdiatcly, Alrcd as coupcllcd to hg|t t|c iu-
vadcrs agaiust ovcr|cluiug odds aud |uy t|cu o, |cu a c ycars latcr, |aviug cou-
qucrcd iort|uu|ria aud Last Auglia aud put a tauc |iug iu c|argc o Mcrcia, t|cy sct
a|out su|jugatiug Vcsscx, Alrcd rallicd |is orccs at At|clucy iu , dccatcd t|c
cucuy at Ldiugtou, |csicgcd t|c \i|iug stroug|old, aud starvcd it iuto surrcudcr. 1|cir
lcadcr, Gut|ruu, |ccauc a C|ristiau, Alrcd |iuscl |ciug |is spousor, Vcsscx rc-
uaiucd uutrou|lcd or ourtccu ycars, duriug |ic| Alrcd strcugt|cucd t|c |iugdou's
dccuccs aud rcorgaui.cd t|c aruy.
lu |c cousolidatcd t|c alliaucc o sout|cru aud ccutral Luglaud |y uarryiug |is
daug|tcr .t|clnad to t|c caldoruau .t|clrcd, |o |ad ta|cu pocr iu Mcrcia.
V|cu auot|cr aruy laudcd iu , it as dccatcd atcr our ycars o ar, uaraudcrs
rou iort|uu|ria aud Last Auglia crc couutcrcd it| lougs|ips o Alrcd's ou dc-
sigu, 'ucit|cr ou t|c lrisiau uodcl uor t|c Dauis|, |ut as |c |iuscl dccucd uig|t |c
uost scrvicca|lc'. lor t|is |c |as |ccu popularly callcd t|c ouudcr o t|c loyal iavy.
iis pcacctiuc aduiuistratiou as uota|lc or |is dccp couccru it| justicc, aud t|c
strict coutrol |c cxcrciscd ovcr |is ocials.
ic dicd ou Octo|cr , lcaviug |c|iud a stroug aud hruly govcrucd |iugdou
capa|lc iu t|c ucxt to gcucratious o uuitiug Luglaud uudcr its ou crou, |c as rc-
ucu|crcd loug atcrards as 'Luglaud's darliug', t|c uodcl |iug aud uodcl patriot. lu
t|c cig|tccut| ccutury, |cu 'patriot' iuplicd ostcutatious oppositiou to t|c govcru-
ucut it as t|is 'patriotisu' t|at Dr |o|usou callcd t|c last rcugc o t|c scouudrcl),
Alrcd as duly curollcd auougst t|c radical |crocs, |c as cspccially aduircd or |av-
iug |augcd orty-our uujust judgcs iu a siuglc ycar, a ucdicval hctiou uo lcss a|surd
t|au t|c talc t|at, ta|iug rcugc at At|clucy iu a pcasaut's |ut, |c as too prcoccupicd
it| plauuiug t|c couiug |attlc to uoticc t|at t|c ca|cs t|c goodic |ad |iddcu |iu
atc| crc |uruiug, or |ic| s|c scoldcd |iu iu latiu vcrsc.
Lqually alsc is t|c uotiou t|at |c ouudcd a collcgc at Oxord scc |uly), |ut |is
dctcruiuatiou to rcvivc t|c C|ristiau lcaruiug iu |ic| Luglaud |ad a|ouudcd |corc
t|c \i|iug iuvasious |as ou |iu as uuc| approval as |is uilitary procss aud politi-
cal ac|icvcucuts |c also uudcrtoo|, |ot| iu pcrsou aud t|roug| ot|crs, Luglis| traus-
latious o csscutial tcxts |c |iuscl trauslatcd Grcgory t|c Grcat's .s:.r.| C.r: Cr.
.s:.r.|.s), Augustiuc's `.|.|.,.:s, ioct|ius' C..s.|.:... .; |.|.s.|,, aud t|c hrst hty
psalus, ot|cr |auds trauslatcd Grcgory's L..|.:s, Orosius' J.:.~... H.s:.r,, aud icdc's
H.s:.r, .; :|: L.|.s| C|r.|. 1|c auous Alrcd |ccl, ouud ucar At|clucy |crc Alrcd
|uilt a ortrcss aud a uouastcry) aud uo |cpt at t|c As|uolcau Muscuu iu Oxord,
iuscri|cd - 'Alrcd ordcrcd uc to |c roug|t'), |as |ccu
idcutihcd as t|c |cad o a poiutcr or uar|iug t|c placc iu a |oo|, Alrcd tclls us t|at,
iu distri|utiug t|c .s:.r.| C.r: to cvcry |is|opric iu |is |iugdou, |c scut suc| a poiutcr
it| cac| copy.

L:o::r.s, uartyrcd at Siruiuu Srcus|a Mitrovica) .., iu t|c ht| ccutury a |asilica
as crcctcd to |iu at 1|cssalouica Saloui|i). Ou |is day t|c Grcc| s|cp|crd drivcs |is
noc|s rou t|cir suuucr pasturcs ou t|c uouutaius to t|cir iutcr olds ou t|c plaiu.
1|c uc iuc is opcucd aud tastcd auid uuc| |ilarity. 'St Dcuctrius' suuucr' is t|c
Grcc| cquivalcut o St Martiu's suuucr iu t|c Vcst. Ou St Dcuctrius' Lvc uasqucr-
adcs crc |cld, cspccially iu 1|racc, to cusurc prospcrity, t|us at 1saudo a uoc| caucl
ould |c paradcd rouud t|c villagc, accoupauicd |y pcasauts it| viuc-lcavcs iu t|cir
|air, is|iug good luc| to cvcry |ousc aud rccciviug gits iu rcturu. lu |is city o
Saloui|i as li|cratcd rou Ottouau rulc.
C: prououuccd C|cdd), |rot|cr o C|ad scc Mar.), |is|op o t|c Last Saxous,
dicd ou t|is day iu . Lducatcd at liudisaruc iu iort|uu|ria, |c cvaugcli.cd t|c
Middlc Auglcs it| t|rcc coupauious at t|c iuvitatiou o t|cir ucly couvcrtcd |iug
icada, sou o t|c Mcrciau |iug icuda, icuda |iuscl as t|c last grcat pagau |iug iu
Luglaud, |ut tolcratcd prcac|iug, rcscrviug |is rat| or uouiual C|ristiaus |o did
uot livc accordiug to t|cir ait|. Ccdd too| |is uissiou to Lsscx, |ic| |ad acccptcd
C|ristiauity aud t|cu rcjcctcd it, |ut its rulcr, iiug Sigc|crt, |ad rcccutly |ccu pcr-
suadcd |y iiug Osiu o iort|uu|ria to |c |apti.cd. Souc tiuc latcr, Sigc|crt as
assassiuatcd |y ucu|crs o |is |iudrcd |o t|oug|t |iu too ucrciul to |is cucuics,
|y uo ucaus all C|ristiau |iugs crc opcu to suc| rcproac|, |ut Sigc|crt cxtcudcd |is
orgivcucss cvcu to ocuccs agaiust God, coutiuuiug to acccpt t|c |ospitality o a uau
|ou Ccdd |ad cxcouuuuicatcd or au uulaul uarriagc. 1|is as quitc auot|cr
uattcr 'l tcll t|cc,' said t|c |is|op, 't|at |ccausc t|ou |ast rcuscd to |ccp aay rou
t|c |ousc o t|at lost aud dauucd uau, iu t|at |ousc t|ou s|alt dic,' aud so it provcd.
z

... JI I.|:..s N.:o|r:s l
z - - - Saiut \iuccut aud t|c Grcuadiucs ludcpcud-
cucc Day rou Grcat iritaiu, )
1ur|ucuistau ludcpcudcucc Day rou t|c LSSl, )
LSA iavy Day
z -
Iro:.:.s d. ..), 1yriau sailor capturcd aloug it| |is |rot|cr Acdcsius iu a lcd Sca
port, t|c rcst o t|c party |ciug slaug|tcrcd, t|cy crc sold as slavcs to t|c |iug o
Axuu iu Lt|iopia, |ccouiug rcspcctivcly |is sccrctary aud |is scucsc|al, |ut rccd
|corc |is dcat|. Acdcsius rcturucd |ouc to |ccouc a pricst, lruucutius |ccauc tutor
to t|c latc |iug's sous, |c iustitutcd C|ristiau colouics, as cousccratcd |is|op |y
At|auasius, aud it| t|c |clp o |is orucr pupil, uo |iug, t|artcd t|c cupcror

Coustautius' attcupt to dcposc |iu iu avour o au Ariau iu . iis cast uscd to |c
cclc|ratcd iu t|c statc o louisiaua, as a gcsturc toards t|c Aricau slavcs.
Mic|acl Scrvctus, p|ysiciau aud sc|olar, |osc t|cological positiou rcjcctiug t|c doc-
triuc o t|c 1riuity as dcuouuccd |y Cat|olics aud irotcstauts ali|c, as |urut as a
|crctic at C|aupcl ucar Gcucva ou t|is day iu |corc |c could couplctc |is rc-
scarc|cs iuto t|c circulatiou o t|c |lood.
`:r::s. .:.|:r :|,
Grcy uoruiug, clcar Octo|cr day,
As rou t|c ccll o our loug cc|s
O dou|t, privatiou, car o dcat|,
1|cy draggcd t|c liviug, dyiug |us|.
Aud |crc t|c crods dchucd |is ay
1|c last lcavcs crc rcccivcd |y cart|.
So t|roug| t|c city strccts |c passcd,
Vca| it| |is car aud cvcr, |ut
1|rou dou |corc t|c City iall
Aud as|cd i |c ould uot rctract,
icld hru, addrcsscd |iuscl to C|rist,
Aud iu t|c hrc at C|aupcl.
..r o.r:.|, o.r:,r: .. :|: ;.||
; s:.s..s, ..:.:s, .:.:r.:s,
H. |.|: ,.r |.||:rs, ...r:
; :|.s ::.: .s |.s:.r,.
L..| o..`s .. o...s:r,, .. .||
1|.: r.::s:, ||.... .. :|.s ;r:.
Aud Calviu, iu |is uarro roou,
Agaiust |is scorucd, spurucd |ody's paiu
Cast all |is acultics ou God
1|oug| still prcsidiug ou t|at sccuc)
Aud rcudcrcd hual praisc to iiu,
1|cu turucd to or| too loug dccrrcd.
Lvau |oucs - )
z

... J I.|:..s N.:o|r:s G
`.o.. .. j:
.|| :|: s|.s .. :|: s:. |.o: :|:, . .r..
z - - - C.cc| lcpu|lic iatioual Day auuivcrsary o
proclauatiou o iudcpcudcucc, )

Grcccc Day o t|c io rcusal o ltaliau ultiuatuu iu , ollocd |y iuvasiou,
t|c Grcc| iriuc Miuistcr louuis Mctaxs quotcd Acsc|ylus' ords rou |is
:rs...s 'io t|c strugglc is or all')
1ur|ucuistau ludcpcudcucc Day sccoud day)
z - -- CoL, lC), rcd-lcttcr day
`.o.. .. j:, Apostlcs. lu t|c ic 1cstaucut Siuou ucvcr appcars outsidc t|c cata-
logucs o apostlcs. Mar| aud Matt|c call |iu a I.......s, iu t|c Aut|ori.cd \crsiou
t|is is uistrauslatcd 'Cauaauitc' iu Grcc| C|.......s), as i |c |ad |ccu a Gcutilc rou
i|ocuicia. lu act it rcprcscuts t|c Arauaic ord ,...., or |ic| St lu|c c|arac-
tcristically su|stitutcs t|c corrcct Grcc| cquivalcut, Z: |. :: s, 'Zcalot', duriug t|c |cis|
rcvolt t|is as to dcuotc au cxtrcuist actiou auoug t|c rc|cls, |ut t|crc is uo cvidcucc
or a political scusc iu |csus' day. Atcr t|c lcsurrcctiou traditiou scuds |iu prcac|iug
to Lgypt, Vcstcru ritcrs ua|c |iu travcl to iart|ia iu t|c coupauy o St |udc to or|
uiraclcs aud |c uartyrcd.
1|c idcutity o |udc is |ardly lcss pro|lcuatic, uo lcss t|au iardy's c|aractcr docs
|c dcscrvc t|c uauc |udc t|c O|scurc. 1|c s|ortcst |oo| iu t|c ic 1cstaucut is t|c
Lpistlc o '|udc, t|c scrvaut o |csus C|rist, |rot|cr o |aucs', t|is |aucs is t|c |rot|cr
o t|c lord scc May). lt is au attac| ou arrogaut |crctics, |ic| ua|cs rccrcuccs
to |cis| apocryp|a, t|c aut|or |ids |is rcadcrs rcucu|cr t|c ords o t|c Apostlcs,
o |ou |c spca|s iu t|c t|ird pcrsou, li|c ouc uot o t|cir uuu|cr. icvcrt|clcss, |c
|as traditioually |ccu idcutihcd, cspccially iu t|c Vcst, it| t|c I..s I.|. |., litcrally
'|udas o |aucs', listcd auoug t|c 1clvc Apostlcs |y St lu|c, |ot| iu |is Gospcl aud
iu Acts, |ut t|is is staudard Grcc| idiou or '|udas sou o |aucs', aud is so trauslatcd
iu uodcru aud souc oldcr) vcrsious, rat|cr t|au '|udas t|c |rot|cr o |aucs', a li|cl
upou t|c lcarucd cvaugclist's pocrs o cxprcssiou. lu|c rcports uo spccc| or actiou ou
t|is Apostlc's part, at |o|u '|udas uot lscariot' as|s |csus |y |c ill rcvcal |iu-
scl atcr dcat| to t|c disciplcs, uot to t|c orld, |ut Mar| aud Matt|c do uot so
uuc| as ucutiou |iu, giviug |is placc to au apostlc variously callcd iu t|c uauuscripts
1|addacus aud lc||acus, o |ou t|cy too |avc uot|iug clsc to say. Souc carly latiu
vcrsious o St Matt|c su|stitutc 'ludas Zclotcs', attcstiug to t|c Vcstcru associatiou
it| Siuou, |ic| is uot ouud iu t|c Last. Mauy C|ristiaus, cspccially iu t|c Vcst,
|avc callcd t|c disciplc |udas 1|addacus, aud idcutihcd |iu it| t|c 1|addacus o t|c
A|gar lcgcud, iu |ic|, |ocvcr, |c is ouc o uot t|c 1clvc |ut t|c Scvcuty scc
|au.), t|c Ort|odox, t|oug| uot rcjcctiug t|c idcutihcatiou out o |aud, |ouour
St |udc aut|or o t|c Lpistlc ou |uuc aud 1|addacus ou August.
As t|c uaucsa|c o t|c traitor, St |udc rcccivcd littlc cult. lor t|at rcasou, |c |as
siucc t|c cig|tccut| ccutury |ccu cousidcrcd t|c saiut uost li|cly to clcouc t|c
praycrs o t|c truly dcspcratc, t|c patrou o lost causcs.
1raditioually it raius ou t|is day

- . 1|c sauc, dost t|ou |uo |cr, t|cu.
. As cll as l |uo 'till raiu upou Siuou aud |udc's day ucxt.
Middlctou, 1|: ..r.. C.r|, . i
. io, a coutiuual Siuou aud |udc's raiu
icat all your cat|crs as nat dou as pauca|cs.
i|id. . i
Au Aucricau iu loudou iu
Aluost t|c hrst t|iug t|at stri|cs au Aucricau, uscd to t|c clcar s|ics aud gloiug suus|iuc o
|is ou couutry, is t|c |uuidity o t|c atuosp|crc, aud t|c rcqucut a|scucc o t|c god o day.
St. Siuou aud |udc's day is aluost cvcry ot|cr day |crc. lt raius or suos a|out ouc |uudrcd aud
hty days iu t|c ycar, aud o t|c rcuaiudcr, |ctccu hty aud sixty arc cloudy. iauldiug, -
lu \cuicc Sau Siuou Squar.avclc 1carsail) is said to |riug it| |iu t|c iutcr iuds.
1|is as t|c origiual clcctiou-day or t|c lord Mayor o loudou, aud dou to rc-
uaiucd t|c day ou |ic| |c as aduittcd to occ, |ciug prcscutcd to t|c iiug or t|c
iarous o t|c Lxc|cqucr or scariug-iu ou t|c t|. lu , atcr t|c rcoru o t|c
calcudar, t|c t|cu lord Mayor coutiuucd iu occ till iovcu|cr Oct. OS), t|crc-
atcr t|c scariug-iu, it| its grcat paradc, too| placc ou iovcu|cr, cxccpt |cu a
Suuday |ad to |c avoidcd. Siucc t|c paradc |as ta|cu placc ou t|c sccoud Satur-
day o t|c uout|, atcr a scariug-iu t|c day |corc. Scc :|:r H.|..,s. L.r M.,.r`s
`|..
z

... IJ I.|:..s N.:o|r:s A
z - - - 1ur|cy lcpu|lic Day auuivcrsary o ouudiug
o lcpu|lic, ) uatioual day)
z - |aucs iauuiugtou CY)
j.o:s H.....:.. -). Atcr uissiouary or| iu Zau.i|ar, |c as uadc |is|op o
Last Lquatorial Arica iu , |c as uurdcrcd iu Octo|cr o t|c olloiug ycar iu
Lgauda.
I. .; L:: carly t| c.). S|c cutcrcd a Cistcrciau couvcut ucar Mcc|clcu at t|c agc o
, aud |ccauc |uou uot ouly or |cr uystic cxpcricuccs |ut also |cr passiou or copy-
iug aud corrcctiug liturgical |oo|s, uudcr |cr lcadcrs|ip a scriptoriuu as csta|lis|cd
iu |cr couvcut.

z

... III I.|:..s N.:o|r:s i
z -
J|;..s. .r:. -). A|audouiug |is carccr as a ucrc|aut atcr t|c dcat| o |is
ic aud c|ildrcu, |c |ccauc a |csuit at t|c agc o , |c spcut uuc| o t|c rcst o |is
lic as door|ccpcr o t|c collcgc o Moutcsiu iu ialua dc Mallorca.
I. |...r .; `:. J||..ss .r.:.
L.,|r.:|:r .; :|: `...::, .; j:ss
iouour is nas|cd o cxploit, so c say,
Aud t|osc stro|cs t|at oucc gas|cd ncs| or gallcd s|icld
S|ould touguc t|at tiuc uo, truupct uo t|at hcld,
Aud, ou t|c hg|tcr, orgc |is glorious day.
Ou C|rist t|cy do aud ou t|c uartyr uay,
iut |c t|c ar it|iu, t|c |raud c icld
Lusccu, t|c |croic |rcast uot outard-stcclcd,
Lart| |cars uo |urtlc t|cu rou hcrccst ray.
Yct God t|at |cs uouutaiu aud coutiucut,
Lart|, all, out, |o, it| tric|liug iucrcucut,
\cius violcts aud tall trccs ua|cs uorc aud uorc)
Could crod carccr it| couqucst |ilc t|crc cut
1|osc ycars aud ycars |y o orld it|out cvcut
1|at iu Majorca Alouso atc|cd t|c door.
Gcrard Maulcy iop|ius -)
z

r..: I.|:..s N.:o|r:s C
H.||.::. |..r.s s:: ;.r.
Sir Valtcr Scott, 1|: M...s::r,
z - - - Gcruauy lcoruatiouscst
1aiau C|iaug iai-s|c| Day |oru )
LSA, icvada Aduissiou Day t| statc, )
z - Martiu lut|cr CY couucu.)
M.r:.. L:|:r -), a uiucr's sou |o atcr a uuivcrsity cducatiou |ccauc au
Augustiuiau uou| at Lrurt, iu |c as appoiutcd procssor o uoral p|ilosop|y
at Vittcu|crg, iu doctor o t|cology aud procssor o |i|lical cxcgcsis, iu vicar

o |is ordcr. A|out t|is tiuc, |c |ccauc couviuccd t|at salvatiou dcpcudcd cutircly ou
ait|, aud uot t|c good or|s cup|asi.cd |y coutcuporary tcac|iug. 1|is uadc all t|c
uorc ocusivc to |iu t|c asscrtiou o |o|auu 1ct.cl, |o as prcac|iug t|c iudulgcucc
or lco X's rc|uildiug o St ictcr's, t|at souls could |c rccd rou iurgatory siuply |y
payucut ou t|cir |c|al cvcu |y pcrsous uot iu a statc o gracc, ou Octo|cr
lut|cr uailcd |is auous uiucty-hvc t|cscs ou iudulgcuccs to t|c c|urc| door. 1|is ac-
tiou as iutcudcd as a c|allcugc to au acadcuic disputatiou, iustcad, it uulcas|cd a Gcr-
uau auti-papalisu origiuatiug iu t|c dcaliugs o popcs it| ioly louau Lupcrors iu
particular t|cir dcstructiou o t|c io|custaucu dyuasty iu t|c t|irtccut| ccutury) aud
|cpt alivc |y currcut gricvauccs. louau attcupts at iuposiug discipliuc ucrcly drovc
|iu iuto cvcr uorc radical rcjcctiou o Cat|olic doctriuc, |cu lco X issucd a iull
agaiust |is ritiugs |c pu|licly |urut it, or |ic| |c as cxcouuuuicatcd iu . ic
cujoycd |road support auougst t|c Gcruau priuccs, to |ou |c addrcsscd au appcal
or rcoru o t|c C|urc|, t|c uort| Luropcau |uuauists, |o t|cusclvcs soug|t rc-
oru aud idcutihcd |is couccrus it| t|cirs, aud t|c uasscs, to |ou as ucvcr |corc
t|c coutrovcrsy as |roug|t |y t|c priutiug-prcss, t|is support iu|i|itcd t|c cupcror
C|arlcs \ iu |is attcupts to silcucc lut|cr, |o ucvcrt|clcss, atcr |ciug put to t|c |au
o Lupirc, judgcd it prudcut to ta|c rcugc it| t|c Llcctor o Saxouy.
lt as uudcr t|c Llcctor's protcctiou, at t|c Vart|urg ucar Liscuac|, t|at lut|cr
|cgau |is trauslatiou o t|c ii|lc, |osc siguihcaucc or Gcruauy is cvcu grcatcr t|au
t|at o t|c Aut|ori.cd \crsiou or Luglis|-spca|iug couutrics, |ut iu May |c |ad
to rcturu to Vittcu|crg, |crc rcligious radicalisu as gcttiug out o |aud. ic iutro-
duccd a uc ritc, aloug it| uauy ot|cr rcorus, laid asidc |is uou|'s |a|it, aud uar-
ricd a orucr Cistcrciau uuu, iat|criua vou iora, iu . iy t|is tiuc ccrtaiu o |is
tcucts, suc| as t|c pricst|ood o all |clicvcrs, |ad |ccu givcu uuclcouc iutcrprctatious
|y political radicals, iu particular |y t|c pcasauts |o rosc agaiust t|cir lords. lut|cr,
|aviug hrst attcuptcd to ucdiatc, |cu orccd to ta|c sidcs c|osc, li|c t|c ot|cr
lcorucrs, to support aut|ority, |ut |ciug a uastcr o vivid prosc, |c cxprcsscd t|is
support iu violcut lauguagc, cucouragiug t|c priuccs to cut dou t|c 'prcdatory aud
uurdcrous |ordcs', as iudccd t|cy crc alrcady doiug. 1|is |as carucd |iu uuc| op-
pro|riuu, uot lcast iu t|c Marxist classics, ucvcrt|clcss, |c as rc|a|ilitatcd |y t|c Last
Gcruau rcgiuc iu tiuc or |is quiuccutcuary.) lu t|c cusuiug ycars, lut|cr aud ot|cr
lcorucrs provcd uua|lc to agrcc ou t|c uaturc o t|c Luc|arist, as iu ot|cr uattcrs,
lut|cr as t|c uorc couscrvativc. As a rcsult, t|c lut|crau C|urc| rcuaiucd scparatc
rou t|c lcorucd c|urc|cs iunucuccd |y suc| ucu as Ziugli, Calviu, aud iuox.
lt as t|c lut|craus |o crc hrst callcd 'irotcstaut', atcr t|cir uiuority protcst at
t|c lupcrial Dict o Spcycr iu , latcr, |cu t|is tcru |ad |ccu cxtcudcd to t|c
lcorucd c|urc|cs aud t|c Luglis| uiddlc ay, t|c prccrrcd cpit|ct as :..:|.s.|.)
icsidcs |is t|cological ritiugs, aud |is |i|lical trauslatiou, lut|cr couposcd |ot|
t|c tcxt aud t|c uusic o uuucrous |yuus, o |ic| t|c uost auous is L.. ;:s:: 3r
.s: .s:r C.:: 'A sac stroug|old our God is still'). iis lovc o uusic savcd t|at art rou
t|c suspiciou it| |ic| it as viccd |y lcorucrs o a uorc |uuauistic staup.

J||~H.||.s L:, t|c cvc |corc All Saiuts Day. lu Scotlaud aud lrclaud ialloc'cu, a
uig|t |cu spirits al| a|road, .|.|: iu uodcru lris| .|: `|.o|.., propcrly 't|c
uig|t o Sau|aiu', i.c. o t|c hrst day o iutcr scc iov.), ta|cu to |cgiu it| uig|t-
all. Origiually t|c cutirc day rou suusct ou Octo|cr till suusct ou iovcu|cr |c-
lougcd to t|c spirits, |ut t|c cup|asis s|itcd to t|c uig|t, iu t|is oru t|c o|scrvaucc
passcd to Valcs aud Coruall, aud to |ordcr arcas o Luglaud, as itucss t|c 'souliug'
or ca|c-|cggiug r|yuc at iuutsord |y t|c Vcls| |ordcr
Soul. soul. or a soul ca|c.
l pray, good uissus, a soul-ca|c.
Au applc or pcar, a pluu or a c|crry,
Auy good t|iug to ua|c us ucrry.
Ouc or ictcr, to or iaul,
1|rcc or iiu t|at uadc us all.
Lp it| t|c |cttlc aud up it| t|c pau.
Givc us good alus aud c'll |c gouc.
ialloc'cu also crosscd t|c occau it| t|c Scots aud lris| to iort| Aucrica, iu t|c
LSA, dcspitc o|jcctious rou C|ristiau clcrgy to its 'dia|olical' c|aractcristics, it |as
|ccouc t|c c|ic uou-scctariau c|ildrcu's cstival, a virtual cast o o|ligatiou or
parcuts, |o couplaiu |cu ot|cr couuitucuts arc sc|cdulcd to counict it| it. C|il-
drcu drcss up as g|osts aud itc|cs or uorc as|ioua|lc c|aractcrs, dcuaudiug sccts,
or rat|cr 'caudy', it| t|c cry 'tric| or trcat', puup|ius arc carvcd it| straugc accs aud
put ou display outsidc t|c |ousc. At Dclta, ia., t|crc is au uudcratcr puup|iu-carviug
coupctitiou. lu uost o Luglaud, |ocvcr, ialloc'cu as cvcu uorc alicu t|au iog-
uauay uutil t|c latc tcutict| ccutury, |cu it |cgau to cucroac| ou Guy la|cs Day
scc iov.) as |ot| sacr or c|ildrcu t|au doucstic hrcor|s aud uorc prohta|lc
t|au t|c collcctiou o ucar-ort|lcss pcuuics.
Mauy o t|c custous practiscd ou t|is cvc crc rccordcd |y lo|crt iurus. 1|cy iu-
cludc
iut-crac| uig|t oraclc o t|c uuts). A lad aud lass cac| placc a uut iu t|c hrc, t|c
coursc o t|cir courts|ip is prcdictcd |y t|c |c|aviour o t|c uuts, |ct|cr t|cy |uru
quictly togct|cr or juup apart
1|c auld Guidic's ccl-|oordct uits
Arc rouud au' rouud dividcd,
Au' uouic lads aud lasscs atcs
Arc t|crc t|at uig|t dccidcd
Souc |iudlc, cout|ic, sidc |y sidc,
Au' |r. t|cgit|cr triuly,
Souc, start aa, i' saucy pridc,
Au' juup out orc t|c c|iulic
lu' |ig| t|at uig|t.
lo|crt iurus -)
Diviuatiou |y ca||agc-pulliug
1|c hrst ccrcuouy o ialloccu is, pulliug cac| a `:..| or plaut o |ail. 1|cy uust go out, |aud
iu |aud, it| cycs s|ut, aud pull t|c hrst t|cy ucct it| its |ciug |ig or littlc, straig|t or

croo|cd, is prop|ctic o t|c si.c aud s|apc o t|c graud o|jcct o all t|cir Spclls-t|c |us|aud
or ic. l auy ,.r, or cart|, stic| to t|c root, t|at is :..|:r, or ortuuc, aud t|c tastc o t|c .s:..,
t|at is, t|c |cart o t|c stcu, is iudicativc o t|c uatural tcupcr aud dispositiou. lastly, t|c
stcus, or, to givc t|cu t|cir ordiuary appcllatiou, t|c r.:s, arc placcd souc|crc a|ovc t|c |cad
o t|c door, aud t|c c|ristiau uaucs o pcoplc |ou c|aucc |riugs iuto t|c |ousc, arc, ac-
cordiug to t|c priority o placiug t|c r.:s, t|c uaucs iu qucstiou. iurus, - u.
Diviuatiou |y |ouhrc
Ou All-Saiuts Lvcu, t|cy sct up |ouhrcs iu cvcry villagc. V|cu t|c |ouhrc is cousuucd, t|c
as|cs arc carcully collcctcd iu t|c oru o a circlc. 1|crc is a stouc put iu, ucar t|c circuucr-
cucc, or cvcry pcrsou o t|c scvcral auilics iutcrcstcd iu t|c |ouhrc, aud |atcvcr stouc is
uovcd out o its placc, or iujurcd |corc ucxt uoruiug, t|c pcrsou rcprcscutcd |y t|at stouc is
dcvotcd, or ;:,, aud is supposcd uot to livc tclvc uout|s rou t|at day.
Siuclair, xi. - Callaudcr, icrt|.)
Diviuatiou it| a suoc| or s|it
1|c last ialloccu l as au|iu .:.|..
My drou|it sar|-slccvc, as yc |cu, ::::
iis li|cucss cau up t|c |ousc stau|iu,
Aud t|c vcry grcy |rcc|s o' 1au Glcu.
iurus, '1au Glcu' )
iallo Lvc iu lrclaud iu
A ast day, t|at is, iallo Lvc, t|at is, t|c Lvc o all Saiuts, t|at is Calcauuou iig|t. . . . 1|crc
arc uauy pouudcrs crus|iug 'coiu||lcid|c' or calcauuau colcauuou, a dis| o potatocs aud ca|-
|agc. Mauy applcs arc |ciug catcu, aud uuts |ciug roastcd as t|c Miduig|t Court |as it.
O'Sullivau, ii. Oct. )

N.:o|:r :.|: {..|:,

L:: s|.s .. o.r: s..|.
I; :|:r:`s ..: .. N.:o|:r :. |:.r . .|
:|:r:`|| |: ..:|.. .;::r |: s|: .. o.|.
z - latiu N.:o|:r, lrcuc| ..:o|r:, Spauis| ...:o|r:, iortu-
gucsc N.:o|r., ltaliau ..:o|r:, Gcruau N.:o|:r, Vcls| 1..|:, Scots Gaclic ..
:~`.o|...., .. :~`.o|.., lris| `.o|...
1|c latiu uauc iudicatcs t|at t|is as origiually t|c uiut| uout| o t|c ycar. 1|c
Vcls| uauc ucaus 'slaug|tcr', siuilarly, t|c Dutc| uscd to call t|is uout| s|..|:o...,
siucc |casts crc slaug|tcrcd iu it, aud Old Luglis| prcscrvcd t|c |cat|cu variaut
||. :o. .., 'sacrihcc uout|'. Auot|cr Vcls| tcru is , o.s , 't|c |lac| uout|', also
rccordcd or Scots Gaclic .o o.s ||). lor t|c Scots Gaclic aud lris| uaucs, scc
iovcu|cr.
z - - -
L.s: `.., LSA, Massac|usctts |o|u l. icuucdy Day
I.rs: M..., iort|cru 1asuauia, Australia lccrcatiou Day
`:... M..., Cayuau lslauds lcucu|raucc Day
1|.r M..., liji iriucc C|arlcs's iirt|day
I.rs: 1:s., .;::r ;rs: M..., LSA Llcctiou Day
I.rs: 1|rs., li|cria 1|au|sgiviug Day
1|.r 1|rs., icaujolais iouvcau is nou rou lraucc iu ordcr to plcasc iuc-|i||crs'
palatcs aud augucut viutucrs' prohts, couuoisscurs ua|c a poiut o disdaiu
I.r:| 1|rs., LSA 1|au|sgiviug scc :|:r H.|..,s)
I.rs: Ir.., Vcstcru Sauoa Ar|or Day
I.rs: `.:r., LSA Sadic ia|ius Day iuvcutcd |y Al Capp iu |is 'li'l A|ucr' couic
strip girls aud oucu uay ta|c t|c iuitiativc iu iuvitiug ucu or a datc)
Scdcu All Saiuts' Day
`:... `.:r.,. Li loudou) lord Mayor's iroccssiou aud S|o. 1|c iucouiug lord
Mayor o loudou, |aviug |ccu soru iu at t|c Guild|all t|c prcvious day, is prc-
scutcd to t|c lord C|ic |usticc at t|c loyal Courts o |usticc to ua|c t|c hual
dcclaratiou o occ, t|c proccssiou is popularly |uou as t|c lord Mayor's S|o
scc :|:r H.|..,s L.r M.,.r`s `|.), rcd-lcttcr day
icxt as N.:o|:r, |c ull grossc aud at,
As cd it| lard, aud t|at rig|t cll uig|t sccuc
lor, |c |ad |ccu a attiug |ogs o latc,
1|at yct |is |rocs it| scat, did rcc| aud stccu,
Aud yct t|c scasou as ull s|arp aud |rccu,
lu plautiug cc|c |c too| uo suall dclig|t
V|crcou |c rodc, uot casic as to dccuc
lor it a drcadull C:.:.r: as iu sig|t,
1|c sccd o `.:r.:, aud airc N..s, C|.r.. |ig|t.
Spcuscr, 1|: I.:r.: ::.:, . vii.
lt is uo ioucu|cr, aud accordiug to t|c old iroucr|c, lct t|c 1|rcs|cr ta|c |is naylc, aud t|c
s|ip uo uorc saylc or t|c |ig| iuds aud t|c roug| scas ill try t|c ri|s o t|c S|ippc, aud t|c
|carts o t|c Sailcrs io couc t|c Couutry pcoplc all ct to t|c Mar|ct, aud t|c toyliug
Carricrs arc pittiully uoylcd 1|c youg icruc aud t|c S|oulcrd arc uo at or t|c grcat lcast,
aud t|c Voodcoc|c |cgius to ua|c toard t|c Coc|cs|oot t|c Varriucrs uo |cgiuuc to plic
t|cir |arucst, aud t|c iutc|cr, atcr a good |argaiuc driu|s a |calt| to t|c Grasicr t|c Coo|c
aud t|c Couhtua|cr, ua|c rcady or C|ristuas, aud t|c Miustrcls iu t|c Couutrcy, |cat t|cir
|oycs or alsc hugriug Sc|ollcrs |corc |rca|cast |auc a cold stouac|c to t|cir |oo|cs, aud a
Mastcr it|out Art is ht or au A. i. C. A rcd |crriug aud a cup o Sac|c, ua|c arrc iu a ca|c
stouac|c, aud t|c poorc uaus ast, is |cttcr t|cu t|c Gluttous surct 1rcuc|crs aud dis|cs arc
uo ucccssary scruauts, aud a loc|c to t|c Cu||oord |ccpcs a |it or a uccdc io |cgiuucs t|c
Gos|au|c to ccdc t|c ood o t|c i|csaut aud t|c Mallard loucs uot to |carc t|c |cllcs o t|c
laulcou 1|c iuds uo arc cold, aud t|c Ayrc c|ill, aud t|c poorc dic t|roug| aut o C|aritic
iuttcr aud C|ccsc |cgiuuc to raysc t|cir priccs, aud iitc|cu stuc is a couuoditic, t|at cucry
uau is uot acquaiutcd it|. lu suuuc, it| a couccit o t|c c|illiug cold o it, l t|us coucludc
iu it l |old it t|c discouort o iaturc, aud lcasous paticucc. larccll. irctou )
lu t|is Mouct| M:|...|.|, uuc| iucrcasct|, aud |lood dccrcasct|, its good to vouit souctiucs,
Lggs aud ioucy uo arc vcry |olsouc, Salt podrcd ucats arc good, t|is is t|c uost pcril-
lous tiuc iu t|c Ycar to iat| iu . . . t|c catiug o H..:, t|is uouct|, Giugcr, iulsc, aud Goats
Mil| arc vcry |olsouc, aud prohta|lc to t|c |ody, or t|at t|cy iucrcasc |lood, aud causc a
good colour, aud Ciuuauou aud Giugcr druu| otcu t|is Mouct| givc |calt|, aud arc cou-
ucuda|lc, aud |carc you do uot go carly ort| o doors t|is Mouct| t|osc t|at cau avoid it)
|ccausc o loggs aud Mists, |ic| grcatly ocud t|c icad aud Stouac|, |ut lct t|c Suu |avc
hrst souc pocr ou t|c iori.ou. Sauudcrs )

z

I.|:..: N.:o|r:s D
J|| `...:s .: |..: ;.r .r|: .. s.s:,
;.r sr.:s .. sr|..s ;.r :|:.r |.s:.
I; .|s . s|.: .: H.||..:.:,
.: C|r.s:o.s :|:, .|| s.o,
.; .|s . s.o .: H.||..:.:,
.: C|r.s:o.s :|:, .|| s|.:.
. .|||.||.~., .: . .|. ;r.o :|: |:..| :r::,
.; .: |: r, :|: ..::r .|| r.: .ro.
z - - - Algcria lcvolutiou Auuivcrsary |cgiuuiug o
t|c strugglc or iudcpcudcucc rou lraucc) uatioual day)
Autigua aud iar|uda ludcpcudcucc Day rou Grcat iritaiu, )
Mcxico hrst o t|c Das dc los Mucrtos or Days o t|c Dcad |cgiuuiug ou uig|t
o Oct.)
z last aud culuiuatiug day o ludi \ictoriac Sullauac scc
Oct.), ou |ic| gaucs too| placc iu t|c Circus Maxiuus.
z - -K CoL, lC), rcd-lcttcr day
J|| `...:s All|allos day, iollautidc, iallouas). Sporadic rccrcuccs to a Suuday o
All Martyrs, latcr o All Saiuts, arc ouud |corc t|c scvcut| ccutury, it as |cpt, as still
iu t|c Ort|odox C|urc|, ou t|c Suuday atcr icutccost uutil iu or iopc ioui-
acc l\ dcdicatcd t|c iaut|cou as t|c c|urc| o `...:. M.r.. . o.r:,r:s ou May,
|ic| or a tiuc |ccauc t|c Vcstcru datc. 1|c prcscut datc as t|c dcdicatiou-datc o
a c|apcl iu St ictcr's dcdicatcd to 'all t|c saiuts' |y iopc Grcgory lll -), it as
uadc uuivcrsal |y Grcgory l\ -). CY pcruits All Saiuts' Day to |c cclc|ratcd
ou t|c Suuday |ctccu Octo|cr aud iovcu|cr.
rou J|| `...:s L.,
Ou C|aupious |lcst, iu |csus' uauc,
S|ort |c your stric, your triuup| ull,
1ill cvcry |cart |avc caug|t your nauc,
Aud lig|tcu'd o t|c orld's uisrulc
Yc soar t|osc cldcr saiuts to ucct,
Gat|cr'd loug siucc at |csus' cct,
io orld o passious to dcstroy,
Your praycrs aud strugglcs o'cr, your tas| all praisc aud joy.
|o|u ic|lc -), 1|: C|r.s:... 1:.r

... .:|:|r.:...s. 1|c st o iovcu|cr is t|c lris| `.o|... aud t|c Scottis| `.o|..,
cclc|ratcd it| |ouhrcs, a cstival o t|c dcad lris| I.|: .. M.r||), uar|iug t|c cud o
t|c |arvcst aud t|c |cgiuuiug o t|c iutcr |al-ycar it| |cig|tcucd activitics |y t|c
airics ..s s|:, uo spclt s ), t|is is t|c origiu o ialloc'cu, |ut cxtcudcd t|roug|out
t|c day. 1|c day is also callcd iu lris| I.|: M...;|...:, t|c cast o t|c dcuoucss
Moiug|iouu V|itc|air).
lcuuauts o pagau custous, curiously aduixcd it| C|ristiauity, cau |c ouud cll
iuto t|c scvcutccut| ccutury, aud |cyoud
1|c lu|a|itauts o t|is lslaud ouc o t|c islauds o lcis |ad au auticut Custou to sacrihcc
to a Sca-God, call'd `|..,, at iallotidc, iu t|c uauucr olloiug 1|c lu|a|itauts rouud t|c ls-
laud cauc to t|c C|urc| o St. M|.,, |aviug cac| Mau |is irovisiou aloug it| |iu, cvcry
lauily uruis|'d a icc| o Malt, aud t|is as |rc'd iuto Alc ouc o t|cir uuu|cr as pic|'d
out to adc iuto t|c Sca up to t|c uiddlc, aud carryiug a Cup o Alc iu |is |aud, staudiug still
iu t|at posturc, cry'd out it| a loud \oicc, sayiug, `|..,, I .: ,. :|.s C .; J|:, |... :|.: ,.`||
|: s. |.. .s :. s:. s |:.:, .; `:.~.r:, ;.r ..r..|.. .r Cr.. :|: :.s.. 1:.r aud so t|rc t|c Cup
o Alc iuto t|c Sca. 1|is as pcroru'd iu t|c iig|t tiuc. At |is lcturu to laud, t|cy all cut
to C|urc|, |crc t|crc as a Caudlc |uruiug upou t|c Altar, aud t|cu staudiug silcut or a lit-
tlc tiuc, ouc o t|cu gavc a Sigual, at |ic| t|c Caudlc as put out, aud iuucdiatcly all o t|cu
cut to t|c liclds, |crc t|cy cll a driu|iug t|cir Alc, aud spcut t|c rcuaiudcr o t|c iig|t iu
Dauciug aud Siugiug, ::..
1|c ucxt Moruiug t|cy all rcturu'd |ouc, |ciug cll satisy'd t|at t|cy |ad puuctually o|-
scrv'd t|is Solcuu Auuivcrsary, |ic| t|cy |clicv'd to |c a pocrul ucaus to procurc a plcuti-
ul Crop. Mr. L...:| aud Mr. I:..::| M.r.s.., Miuistcrs iu L:.s, told uc t|cy spcut scvcral Ycars,
|corc t|cy could pcrsuadc t|c vulgar iativcs to a|audou t|is ridiculous piccc o Supcrstitiou,
|ic| is quitc a|olis|'d or t|csc Ycars past. M. Martiu, - )
lu S|a|cspcarc's tiuc, All Saiuts' Day Old Stylc corrcspoudcd to St Martiu's Day ic
Stylc, aud could appropriatc |is suuucr 'larccll, t|c lattcr spriug, arccll, All-
|allou suuucr' H:.r, IJ, . ii. -). lt as ouc o t|osc casts t|at ouly a couic
|al-it ould uot |uo
- You |avc uot t|c |oo| o riddlcs a|out you, |avc you.
- . ioo| o riddlcs. V|y, did you uot lcud it to Alicc S|ortca|c upou All-
|allouas last, a ortuig|t aorc Mic|acluas. 1|: M:rr, h.:s .; h..s.r, . i. -
z

... IJ N...s N.:o|r:s L
V|y t|cu All-Souls' Day is uy |ody's doousday . . .
1|is, t|is All-Souls' Day to uy carul soul
ls t|c dctcruiucd rcspitc o uy rougs.
1|at |ig| all-sccr |ic| l dallicd it|

iat| turucd uy cigud praycr ou uy |cad,
Aud givcu iu carucst |at l |cggcd iu jcst.
iuc|iug|au, iu ..|.r III, . i. -
z - - - Mauy couutrics All Souls' Day
Mcxico sccoud o t|c Das dc los Mucrtos
LSA, iort| Da|ota Aduissiou Day t| statc, )
LSA, Sout| Da|ota Aduissiou Day t| statc, )
z - - lC),
Couucuoratiou o t|c lait|ul Dcpartcd All Souls' Day) CY)
J|| `.|s` L.,, also |uou as 'Soul-uass Day'. lrou t|c carly uiut| ccutury ouards,
uouastcrics |cgau to couucuoratc t|cir dcad as cll as t|c souls o t|cir |cucactors.
1|is as oruali.cd |y Odilo o Cluuy iu as a day o psalu-siugiug aud alus-
giviug, |ut a|ovc all t|c cclc|ratiou o uasscs iu ucuory o all t|osc |o rcst iu C|rist,
to |c o|scrvcd ou t|c day olloiug All Saiuts. 1|crc as a traditiou at Cluuy t|at a
travcllcr rou sout|cru Gaul |ad |ccu iuorucd |y au Aricau |cruit t|at t|c
uouastcry as cspccially prohcicut at t|c saviug o souls, oiug to t|c rcqucucy it|
|ic| uass as said t|crc, suc| as t|c uultitudc o |rct|rcu t|at uass as said cou-
tiuuously rou dau to diuucr. lu ouc vcrsiou it is t|c travcllcr's rcport t|at uovcd
Odilo to iustitutc t|c cast. lt as urt|cr prouotcd |y a story ouud iu t|c t|irtccut|-
ccutury cauouist Villiau Duraudus . ) 'Ouc uay rcad t|at a ccrtaiu a||ot or|adc
|is uou|s to cclc|ratc uasscs or t|c dcad ou Suudays, |ut t|c dcccascd anictcd |iu
or t|is it| vcry |ard |los, aud t|crcorc |c rcvo|cd |is pro|i|itiou.'
lu Mcxico t|c sccoud Da dc los Mucrtos is a vcry solcuu cstivity corruptcd so
parcuts couplaiu) iu statcs |ordcriug t|c LSA |y ialloc'cu.
Lpou All Souls' Day c|ildrcu cut |cggiug or soul-ca|cs. As carly as t|c dc-
cliuc o t|is custou is laucutcd
Lpou t|c sccoud day o t|is Mouct|, ou |ic| is couucuoratcd 1|c lcast o All SOLlS,
it |at| |ccu a Custou, tiuc out o uiud, or good icoplc to sct ou a 1a|lc-ioard a |ig| |cap
o SOLl-CAiLS, lyiug ouc upou auot|cr, li|c to t|c SiLV-ilLAD iu t|c ii|lc.
1|cy crc iu oru a|out t|c |igucss o a 1.~:.., C.|: Aud cvcry \isitaut too| ouc o
t|cu. Aud, t|crc is au Old l|yuc, or Sayiug, |ic| alludcs to t|is, ...
A SOLl-CAiL.
A SOLl-CAiL.
iavc ucrcy ou all C|ristcu Souls, or
A SOLl-CAiL.
1|is iious Custou, or suc| it is) is still iu usc iu souc iarts o C|:s|.r:, L....s|.r:, ::.. Aud, crc
it, togct|cr it| suudry ot|cr luuoccut Oucs, rcvivcd iu all ilaccs, c s|ould |avc uorc truc
lLllGlOi, aud lcss llALD aud Li\Y iu t|c Vorld. Gad|ury )
o.| luuald, luu|ald, luu|old), a uiraclc o a saiut |o dicd at t|c agc o
t|rcc days, uouct|clcss |c appcars iu t|c J.:. `...:.ro aud |is cult as airly idcsprcad

iu Luglaud iu souc placcs ou iov.). 1|ouas lau|ard, iu |is :r.o||.:...s .; I:.:
), discusscs t|c cuuuiug coutrivaucc o |is statuc iu ioxlcy A||cy aud t|c iuaut
saiut's lcgcud
l you uiudcd to |auc |cucht |y t|c loodc o Gracc, you oug|t hrstc to |c s|ryucu o ouc o
t|c Mou|cs 1|cu |y litiug at t|is ot|cr luagc |ic| as uutruly o t|c couuou sortc callcd
Saiuct Gruu|ald, or Saiuct luuald) you s|ouldc ua|c prooc |ct|cr you crc iu clcauc lic
as t|cy callcd it) or uo aud i you so ouudc your sclc, t|cu as your ayc prcparcd, aud your
ocriug acccpta|lc |corc t|c loodc, i uot, t|cu it |c|oucd you to |c coucsscd o ucc, or
it as to |c t|oug|t, t|at you |ad couccalcd souc|at rou your g|ostly Dad . . .
. . . t|is Saiuct luuald as a prcatic s|ortc picturc o a ioy Saiuct staudiug iu t|c sauc
C|urc|c, o it sclc so suall, |ollo, aud lig|t, t|at a c|ildc o scucu ycarcs o agc uig|t casily
lit it, aud t|crcorc o uo uoucut at all, iu t|c |auds o suc|c pcrsous as |ad ocrcd rau|ly
iut |y ucaus o a pyu o ood, stric|cu t|roug| it iuto a postc |ic|c a alsc |uauc staudiug
|c|iudc, couldc put iu, aud pull out, at |is plcasurc) it as to suc| as ocrcd aiutly, so ast aud
uuuouca|lc, t|at uo orcc o |audc could oucc stirrc it lu so uuc|c, as uauy tiucs, it uoucd
uorc laug|tcr, t|cu dcuotiou, to |c|oldc a grcat lu||cr to lit at t|at iu vayuc, |ic| a youug
|oy or cuc|c |ad casily ta|cu up |corc |iu.
. . . l uy sclc cau uot couiccturc, |at rcasou s|ouldc uouc t|cu, to ua|c t|is Saiuct
luuald t|c 1ouc|stouc o clcauc lic aud iuuoccucic, uulcssc it |c upou occasiou o a uyraclc
t|at |c did, iu ua|iug to |oly iricstcs to lit a grcatc stouc casily, |ic|c |corc diucrs layc
pcrsous couldc uot stirrc, it| all t|cir strcugt| aud a|ilitic . . . as iu t|c or|c callcd N..
L::.. J.|..:, l hudc rcportcd.
A iagau or uuc|ristcucd iiug o iort|uu|crlaud, |ad uarricd a C|ristiau ouau, daug|-
tcr to icuda, t|c iiug o Midlc Luglaudc, |o ould uot |y auy ucaucs) |c |uou carually
o |cr |us|aud, til suc| tiuc as |c |ad coudcsccudcd to orsa|c ldolatric, aud to |ccouc a
C|ristiau it| |cr. 1|c |us|aud it| uuc| to doc) couscutcd to t|c couditiou, aud s|c uot
loug atcr axcd grcat it| c|yldc, aud as upou a tiuc) t|cy crc rydiug toardc t|cir lat|cr
iiug icuda, s|c cll iuto trauaylc o c|yldc |yrt|c, aud as dcliucrcd |y t|c ayc iu a airc
ucdoc) at Suttou o a uau c|ildc, |ic|c so soouc as |c as couc out o |is uot|crs |clly,
cricd it| a loudc voicc, t|rcc scucral tiucs, C|r.s:...s so, C|r.s:...s so, C|r.s:...s so. l au
a C|ristiau, l au a C|ristiau, l au a C|ristiau. Aud uot ccassiug t|us, uadc oort|it| plaiuc
procssiou o |is ait|, dcsircd to |c |aptiscd, c|osc |is Godat|crs, uaucd |iusclc luuald,
aud it| |is hugcr dircctcd t|c staudcrs |y to ctc|c |iu a grcat |olloc stouc, t|at |c ould
|auc to |c vscd or t|c loutc |crcupou soudric o t|c iiugs scruauuts, assaycd to |auc |roug|t
t|c stouc, |ut it as so arrc a|ouc al t|cir strcugt|cs, t|at t|cy could uot oucc uouc it |cu
t|c C|ildc pcrccaucd t|at, |c couuauudcd t|c to iricstcs |is appoiutcd Godat|crs) to goc
aud |riug it, |ic|c t|cy did ort|it| uostc casily. 1|is douc |c as iaptiscd, aud it|iu t|rcc
daycs atcr |auiug iu t|c ucauc |ilc discourscd cuuuiugly suudric uistcrics o iopis|c rcli-
giou, aud |cqucat|iug |is |odic to rcuaiuc at Suttou ouc ycarc, at irac|lcy to, aud at iuc|-
iug|au or cucr atcr) |is Spirit dcpartcd out o |is |odic, ~ as |y t|c |auds o t|c Auugcls
couucicd iuto |caucu. lau|ard, -
Au aluauac o calls t|c sccoud o iovcu|cr a critical day or orccastiug t|c
cat|cr
lt is couuou auoug t|c couutrcy pcoplc, to judgc o t|c olloiug iutcr |y t|c quartcr
|crciu t|c iudc s|all |c ou t|c hrst o N.:o|:r. iut t|at |ic| is uorc o|scrva|lc is t|c scc-
oud o N.:o|:r, |ic| to t|c Ara|iau Astrologcrs as a Critical day, rou |cucc t|cy could
|uo souct|iug iu gcucral couccruiug t|c dispositiou o t|c airc iu raiu, t|uudcr aud lig|tuiug.

lor i j.::r, J:.s, aud M:r.r, crc t|cu Occidcutal, or rctrogradc, t|cy judgcd uuc| raiu to |c
iu t|at ycar. 1|cy also |ad au cyc to `.:r. aud M.rs, |ct|cr o t|cu crc t|c strougcr, as also
|at socicty t|cy |ad it| t|c ot|cr ilaucts, c|icny it| M:r.r,, t|at so t|cy uig|t judgc t|c
|cttcr couccruiug t|c olloiug c|augcs o t|c airc. Dovc )
z

... III N...s N.:o|r:s l
z - - - Douiuica ludcpcudcucc Day rou Grcat
iritaiu, )
|apau Culturc Day uatioual |oliday)
iauaua iatioual Day iudcpcudcucc rou Colou|ia, )
z - lic|ard ioo|cr CY), Martu dc iorrcs lC, CY couucu.),
Viuircd lC Valcs)
..|.r H..|:r ..-), apologist o t|c Auglicau C|urc| aud aut|or o ; :|: L.s
.; L..|:s..s:...| .|.:,, arguiug t|at Scripturc did uot supcrscdc uatural la, |ic| is God's
suprcuc rcasou.
M.r:. : .rr:s -), |oru iu liua, icru, t|c illcgitiuatc sou o a Spauis| |uig|t
aud a iauauauiau uot|cr o ludiau or icgro dcsccut |c dcscri|cd |iuscl as a
'uulatto dog'). 1raiucd as a |ar|cr, |c |ccauc a Douiuicau at t|c agc o , aud dc-
votcd |is lic to cariug or t|c sic| aud poor, cspccially icgro slavcs. ic also too| carc
o a|audoucd cats aud dogs. Au idcal caudidatc or t|c patrou saiut o racial |aruouy,
|c as cauoui.cd iu . lu iaul \l uaucd |iu patrou o pu|lic cducatiou aud
tclcvisiou iu icru. |o|u iaul ll addcd t|c pu|lic |calt| scrvicc o icru to |is patrouagc
iu . ic is also patrou saiut o ltaliau |airdrcsscrs aud |ar|crs.
h...;r: Gcurci) t| c.), supposcdly a ucu|cr o a uo|lc auily rou iort|
Valcs |o, |aviug dcvotcd |crscl to God, as ovcrta|cu aud |c|cadcd |y |cr jiltcd
lovcr, iriucc Caradog o iaardcu, |o as sallocd up |y t|c cart| ou t|c spot,
|crc |cr |cad cll t|crc arosc a strcau it| rcd-strca|cd pc||lcs, rcsuscitatcd |y |cr
uuclc St icuuo scc Apr.), s|c csta|lis|cd t|c couvcut o Gyt|criu iu Clyd, aud
dicd ou t|is day iu .
St Viuircd's Vcll, iolycll, 1rcyuuou, as a placc o pilgriuagc or ccuturics.
1|c iudcatiga|lc travcllcr Cclia licuucs visitcd iolycll iu t|c latc scvcutccut| ccu-
tury aud uotcd t|c olloiug dcscriptiou iu |cr jourual
St. Viurcds Vcll is |uilt ovcr it| stouc ou pillars li|c a tryuup|all arc| or tocr ou t|c gatcs
o a C|urc|, t|crc is a pavcucut o stouc it|iu grouud sidcs o t|c Vcll |ic| is joyu'd ou
t|c ourt| sidc |y a grcat arc| o stouc |ic| lics ovcr t|c atcr t|at ruus o rou t|c Vcll, its
uauy spriugs |ic| |u||lcs up vcry ast aud loo|cs clcauc iu a coupass |ic| is squarc allcd

iu it| stouc, iu t|c |ottou |ic| you scc as clcar as C|rystall arc stoucs layd iu au oval ou
|ic| arc dropps o rcd coullour souc aluost quitc covcriug t|c top o t|c stouc, |ic| is prc-
tcudcd to |c t|c |lood o t|is |oly saiut |osc |cad as struc| o |crc, aud so |crc |cr |ody
laid t|is spriug |urst ort| aud rcuaiucs till uo, a vcry rapid currcut, |ic| ruus o rou t|is
Vcll uudcr a |arrc |y |ic| t|crc arc stouc stcpps or t|c pcrsous to dcsccud |ic| ill |at|c
t|cusclvcs iu t|c Vcll aud so t|cy al|c aloug t|c strcauc to t|c ot|cr cud aud t|cu couc out,
|ut t|crc is uot|iug to s|cltcr t|cu |ut arc cxposcd to all t|c Coupauy t|at arc al|iug a|out
t|c Vcll aud to t|c littlc |ouscs aud part o t|c strcctc |ic| ruus aloug |y it, |ut t|c lcligcusc
arc uot to uiud it, it sccucs t|c Saiut t|cy do |ouour to iu t|is placc uust |carc t|cu out iu all
t|iugs, t|cy tcll o uauy laucucss's aud ac|cs aud distcupcrs |ic| arc curcd |y it, its a cold
atcr aud clcarc aud ruus o vcry quic| so t|at it ould |c a plcasaut rcrcs|ucut iu t|c suu-
ucr to as|c oucs scl iu it, |ut its s|allo uot up to t|c astc so its uot casyc to divc aud as|c
iu, |ut l t|iu|c l could uot |avc |ccu pcrsuadcd to |avc gouc iu uulcss l uig|t |avc |ad curtaius
to |avc drau a|out souc part o it to |avc s|cltcr'd rou t|c strcctc, or t|c ctt garucuts arc
uo covcriug to t|c |ody . . . t|cy couc also to driu|c o t|c atcr |ic| t|cy ta|c up iu t|c hrst
squarc |ic| is allcd rouud aud |crc t|c spriugs risc, aud t|cy say its o oudcr ull opcra-
tiou, t|c tastc to uc as |ut li|c good spriug atcr |ic| it| iuc aud sugar aud lcauous
uig|t ua|c a plcasaut draug|t . . . licuucs,
1|c curc as uot ucccssarily ccacious
lu t|c ycar , l taug|t sir C:.r: :.||.o, iuig|t, astrology, t|at iart |ic| couccrus Sic|ucss,
|crciu |c so prohtcd, t|at iu to or t|rcc Mout|s |c ould givc a vcry truc Discovcry o auy
Discasc . . . |c . . . uuortuuatcly dicd iu at St h...;r:'s Vcll iu h.|:s, iu |ic| Vcll |c cou-
tiuucd so loug uuu|liug |is .::r N.s::rs aud `...:. h...;r.. .r. r. o:, t|at t|c Cold struc| iuto
|is iody, aud, atcr |is couiug ort| o t|at Vcll, ucvcr spo|c uorc. lilly,
H|:r: ..-), rcputcdly t|c sou o t|c du|c o Aquitaiuc aud o Mcroviugiau
|lood, ccrtaiuly |iusuau o iippiu, uayor o t|c palacc, to |ou |c ncd rou L|roiu.
A dcvotcd pupil o St lau|crt Scpt.), |c |ccauc |is|op o Maastric|t |y , |c
trauscrrcd t|c scc iu , to ligc, |crc |c ouudcd St lau|crt's cat|cdral. lrou
t|c ourtccut| ccutury ouards c hud it said t|at |c as a orldly yout| |o as cou-
vcrtcd |ilc |uutiug |y t|c sig|t o a cross |ctccu a stag's autlcrs, t|is |ccauc a
avouritc su|jcct or paiutcrs. Vit| St Lustacc Scpt.) t|c patrou saiut o |uutcrs,
|c is iuvo|cd agaiust ra|ics.
M.|..|, `M.r: -, cauoui.cd ), |is|op o Dou rou , as clcctcd aud
cousccratcd arc||is|op o Aruag| iu , |is iustallatiou as dclaycd till |y op-
poucuts o |is rcorus. 1o ycars latcr |c rcsigucd, |ut iu |c as appoiutcd papal
lcgatc, iu |ic| capacity |c ccctcd t|c dchuitivc su|stitutiou o t|c louau liturgy or
t|c Ccltic. ic |ccauc a ricud o icruard o Clairvaux, |osc Cistcrciau ordcr |c iu-
troduccd iuto lrclaud, aud |o rotc |is lic at souc lcugt|.
St icruard crcditcd |iu it| prop|ctic pocrs, iu prcdictious iu |is uauc crc
pu|lis|cd Viou, i. -), |ricny dcscri|iug uturc popcs iucludiug ccrtaiu auti-
popcs) |cgiuuiug it| Cclcstiuc ll -), 'rou t|c ortrcss o t|c 1i|cr' :: ..s:r.
1.|:r.s), |c cauc rou 1icruuu ou t|c 1i|cr, uo Citt dcl Castcllo. Dou to Lr|au
\ll - Scpt. )-callcd 'rou t|c dc o |cavcu' : r.r: ..:|.) |ccausc |c |ad
|ccu arc||is|op o lossauo iu Cala|ria, '|crc uauua is collcctcd' rou t|c uauua-
as|-t|cy arc auuotatcd |y Alouso C|acu, Oi, |o rclatcs t|c prop|ccics to t|c

auily uauc, |irt|-placc, arus, or ot|cr |uou circuustaucc o t|c pouti iu qucstiou,
t|c ucxt t|rcc popcs dou to t|c rciguiug Clcucut \lll arc idcutihcd it|out cou-
ucut, rou 't|c uau o t|c avcs' ..ss .r) ouards uo auuotatiou is uadc.
Lr|au's iuucdiatc succcssor as Grcgory Xl\, clcctcd atcr a loug aud uucdiyiug
couclavc, |c is dcscri|cd as 'rou t|c autiquity o t|c city' :: ..:.,.:.:: r|.s). 1|at |as
usually |ccu ta|cu as a pu or Girolauo Siuoucclli o Orvicto br|s J::s, 'Old City'),
|ut |c as uot a caudidatc. 1|c prop|ccics arc rcgularly cx|uucd duriug couclavcs, |ut
ua|c ouly raudou uatc|cs it| t|c popcs clcctcd siucc. iius \l, |o iu jourucycd
to \icuua iu ruitlcss protcst agaiust |oscp| ll's Ldict o 1olcratiou, is dcscri|cd as t|c
'apostolic travcllcr' :r:r..s ..s:.|..s), aud t|c iutcllcctual lco Xlll as 'lig|t iu |cavcu'
|o:. .. ..:|.), |ut iius \ll's titlc o 'rapacious caglc' .,.|. r..:) uorc aptly hts |is
autagouist iapolcou, aud t|c \cuctiaus Clcucut Xlll aud Grcgory X\l arc rcspcct-
ivcly t|c 'rosc o Lu|ria' r.s. bo|r..:) aud 'rou t|c |at|s o 1uscauy' : |.|.:.s
L:rr..:), |ic| suggcsts t|at t|c prop|ct |ad ucvcr lcarut gcograp|y. ic did |cttcr it|
|o|u iaul ll, 'rou t|c travail o t|c suu' : |.|.r: s.|.s), or ou t|c day o iarol Vojtya's
|irt|, May , t|crc as a partial solar cclipsc, |ut it as visi|lc ouly iu t|c sout|-
cru |cuisp|crc.
1|c ucxt popc c arc told) ill |c 't|c glory o t|c olivc' |.r.. .|..:), atcr |ic|
'iu t|c ultiuatc pcrsccutiou o t|c ioly louau C|urc| ictcr ll s|all sit |c s|all ccd
|is s|ccp auid uauy tri|ulatious, atcr t|c accouplis|ucut |crco t|c City o t|c
Scvcu iills s|all |c dcstroycd aud t|c aul |udgc s|all judgc iis pcoplc.' lcadcrs dis-
tur|cd |y t|is prospcct uay |c couortcd to |uo t|at iu t|c grcat louau |asilica o
Sau iaolo uori lc Mura, |crc a portrait-ric.c dcpicts cvcry popc rou St ictcr ou-
ards, t|crc arc cig|t rouudcls still vacaut iu t|c uaiu scqucucc aud auot|cr tcuty
availa|lc ou t|c cast aud cst alls o t|c iutcrior c|urc|. 1|c ycars aud days o
t|c last tcuty-cig|t couplctcd rcigus, rou t|c clcctiou o luuoccut X ou Scptcu-
|cr to t|c dcat| o |o|u iaul l ou Scptcu|cr , suggcst t|at auplc tiuc ill
|c availa|lc to ua|c auy urt|cr arraugcucuts.
lu Grcccc, t|c 'druu|cu' cast o St Gcorgc ou S|yros t|c grcat jar |uricd iu t|c grouud
|corc |is c|urc| is uucovcrcd aud hllcd it| iuc, |ic| t|c saiut uiraculously uul-
tiplics.
1|c 1aurids, au auuual uctcor-s|ocr, pca| a|out t|is day.
z

r..: N...s N.:o|r:s G
z - - - Australia, Mcl|ouruc Mcl|ouruc Cup Day
LSA, O|la|oua Vill logcrs Day Aucricau |uuorist, co|oy-p|ilosop|cr, aud
actor, |. )

z ludi ilc|cii |cgau, lastiug till t|c t|, t|cy arc hrst rccordcd or
, |ut uay |avc |ccu ouudcd our ycars carlicr, t|cy crc t|c plc|ciau couutcr-
part to t|c ludi louaui. As usual t|cy grc ovcr tiuc, cvcutually couprisiug uiuc days
o stagc pcroruauccs rou t|c t| to t|c t|, t|c Lpuluu lovis ou t|c t|, t|c Lquo-
ruu iro|atio ou t|c t|, aud t|rcc days o Circus gaucs rou t|c t| to t|c t|.
z - C|arlcs iorrouco lC)
C|.r|:s Carlo) 3.rr.o:. -), arc||is|op o Milau aud patrou saiut o t|c city.
Madc cardiual iu |y |is uuclc iopc iius l\, |c as a lcadiug Couutcr-lcorucr
|osc .cal uct it| cousidcra|lc |ostility |is iusistcucc t|at all clcrgy s|ould |c clcau-
s|avcu duu|ouudcd t|osc |o cousidcrcd a |cardlcss uau to |c dccadcut. ic as
cauoui.cd iu , i t|c ocial C|urc| sa iu |iu a uodcl o t|c rcoruiug c|urc|-
uau, t|c pcoplc lovcd |iu or t|c couragc aud cucrgy it| |ic|, duriug t|c Milaucsc
plaguc o , |c uiuistcrcd to t|c p|ysical aud spiritual uccds o a populatiou a|au-
doucd |y its civil aut|oritics. iius Xl uaucd |iu patrou o catcc|ists aud catcc|uucus
iu . Ou t|is day iu Augclo Giuscppc loucalli, |o rcvcrcd iorrouco aud |ad
pu|lis|cd hvc voluucs o studics a|out |iu, as croucd iopc |o|u XXlll.
icury |aucs rcnccts ou t|c cxpcricucc o viciug t|c rclics iu Milau Cat|cdral
1|is |oly uau lics at |is ctcrual rcst iu a suall |ut gorgcous scpulc|ral c|apcl, |cucat| t|c
|ouudlcss pavcucut aud |corc t|c |ig| altar, aud or a uodcst suu o hvc raucs you uay |avc
|is s|rivcllcd uortality uuvcilcd aud ga.c at it it| |atcvcr rcscrvcs occur to you. . . . 1|c pcr-
oruaucc iu qucstiou, o |ic| t|c good Sau Carlo paid iu t|c hrst iustaucc t|c cost, as iu-
prcssivc ccrtaiuly, |ut as a uoustrous uattcr or a griu coucdy uay still |c. 1|c littlc sacristau,
|aviug sccurcd |is audicucc, |ippcd ou a |itc tuuic ovcr |is roc|, lig|tcd a couplc o cxtra
caudlcs aud procccdcd to rcuovc rou a|ovc t|c altar, |y ucaus o a crau|, a sort o slidiug
s|uttcr, just as you uay scc a s|op-|oy do o a uoruiug at |is uastcr's iudo. lu t|is casc too
a largc s|cct o platc-glass as uucovcrcd, aud to oru au idca o t|c :.|.: you uust iuagiuc
t|at a jccllcr, or rcasous o |is ou, |as struc| au uuuatural partucrs|ip it| au uudcrta|cr.
1|c |lac| uuuuihcd corpsc o t|c saiut is strctc|cd out iu a glass cou, clad iu |is uouldcr-
iug cauouicals, uitrcd, crosicrcd aud glovcd, glittcriug it| votivc jccls. lt is au cxtraordiuary
uixturc o dcat| aud lic, t|c dcsiccatcd clay, t|c as|cu rags, t|c |idcous littlc |lac| uas| aud
s|ull, aud t|c liviug, gloiug, tiu|liug splcudour o diauouds, cucralds aud sapp|ircs. 1|c
collcctiou is rcally huc, aud uauy grcat |istoric uaucs arc attac|cd to t|c dicrcut ocriugs.
V|atcvcr uay |c t|c |cttcr opiuiou as to t|c uturc o t|c C|urc|, l cau't |clp t|iu|iug s|c ill
ua|c a hgurc iu t|c orld so loug as s|c rctaius t|is grcat uud o prccious 'propcrtics', t|is
prccious capital dccorativcly iuvcstcd aud sciutillatiug t|roug|out C|ristcudou at ccctivcly-
scattcrcd poiuts. You scc l au orccd to agrcc atcr all, iu spitc o t|c slidiug s|uttcr aud t|c pro-
auc saggcr o t|c sacristau, t|at a ccrtaiu pastoral uajcsty savcd t|c situatiou, or at lcast uadc
irouy gapc. |aucs, -

z

N...: N.:o|r:s A
z - - - Li Guy la|cs Day
C, I.|:s L.,, or iouhrc iig|t, orucrly |uou as 'Guupodcr 1rcasou Day', cou-
ucuoratiug t|c ailurc o t|c Guupodcr ilot, a couspiracy |y a c louau Cat|olic
dcspcradocs to |lo up |aucs l aud t|c to iouscs o iarliaucut ou t|c occasiou o
t|c Statc Opcuiug iu , |cu a pccr rcportcd a aruiug rou |is ucp|c to a|scut
|iuscl rou t|c ccrcuouy, a scarc| o t|c Couuous ccllars rcvcalcd scvcral |arrcls o
guupodcr, aud a couspirator callcd Guy la|cs. Au Act o iarliaucut passcd t|c ol-
loiug ycar rcquircd t|c laity to attcud c|urc| ou t|c uoruiug o iovcu|cr aud t|c
clcrgy to rcad spccial praycrs aud t|c Act itscl it| justihcatiou o auti-papist uca-
surcs), |y iiug |aucs's dcat| iu t|is day o dclivcraucc, |ic| could |c |cpt ali|c
|y supportcrs o royal prcrogativc aud o parliaucutary rig|ts, |ad |ccouc a popular
cstival. Ludcr C|arlcs l t|is irotcstaut cclc|ratiou too| ou a uc ucauiug, uaucly dis-
li|c o |is uarriagc to t|c louau Cat|olic icurictta Maria, it iucrcascd iu popularity,
attcutiou s|itiug rou t|c uoruiug scruou to t|c cvcuiug |ouhrcs aud hrcor|s.
iouhrcs rccall ialloc'cu aud Midsuuucr, |ut t|crc is uo tracc or suc| usagcs at t|is
tiuc iu Luglaud, outsidc arcas ucig||ouriug t|c Cclts, uutil t|c Guupodcr ilot.)
lu , atcr t|c |iug's dccat iu t|c Civil Var, it as t|c ouly cstival uot a|olis|cd
|y iarliaucut, duriug t|c lutcrrcguuu it as aluost t|c ouly day ou |ic| c|urc| |clls
crc rcgularly ruug. lt uot ouly survivcd t|c lcstoratiou, |ut as |cpt it| still uorc
crvour atcr , |cu t|c |cir prcsuuptivc, |aucs du|c o Yor|, |ccauc a louau
Cat|olic, rou t|is tiuc t|c |uruiug o t|c popc iu cgy, sporadically attcstcd |corc-
|aud, |ccauc a couspicuous part o t|c loudou cclc|ratiou. |o|u Lvclyu rcuar|cd iu
|is diary uudcr iov. '1|is uig|t t|c yout|s o t|c Citty |urut t|c .: iu L.:
atcr t|cy |ad uadc proccssiou it| it iu grcatc triuup|, displcascd at t|c Du|c o
Yor| or altcriug |is lcligiou, ~ uo uarryiug au I:.|... L., ~c.') Duriug aud atcr
t|c Lxclusiou Crisis, |cu V|igs uusucccssully attcuptcd to dc|ar |aucs rou t|c
succcssiou, 1ory corporatious rcactcd |y supprcssiug it, |ut |cu |c cauc to t|c t|rouc
iu , ar uorc paris|cs adoptcd t|au a|audoucd it dcspitc attcupts at govcruucut
rcgulatiou. lt as ou Guupodcr 1rcasou Day iu t|at Villiau o Oraugc laudcd
to ccct auot|cr dclivcraucc, t|c Glorious lcvolutiou t|at ovcrt|rc |aucs uuc|
assistcd |y |is ou coardicc, c. |uly) aud cudcd |ot| royal a|solutisu aud t|c
daugcr o rciuposcd louau Cat|olicisu, t|crcatcr, cstivitics crc iu|i|itcd ouly |ut
uot iuccctivcly) |y t|c dauagc to |c carcd rou uucoutrollcd |ouhrcs aud hrcor|s.
Guy la|cs Day as a statutory |oliday till scc May), aud coutiuucs iu
popular o|scrvaucc it| hrcor|s aud t|c |uruiug o a |uuau cgy, souctiucs rcp-
rcscutiug au uupopular iudividual at Ldcu|ridgc iu icut, iu , Major |aucs icitt,
|o |ad rittcu a |oo| a|out |is auours it| t|c iriuccss o Valcs) aud at lccs iu

Last Susscx still a gcucric popc, |ut uorually au iudctcruiuatc hgurc |uou as a guy.
1|is is usually uadc |y c|ildrcu, it as traditioually cx|i|itcd iu t|c strcct duriug
t|c prcvious cc|s it| t|c rcqucst 'icuuy or t|c Guy' scc il. ), |ut cut iuto dc-
cliuc duriug t|c s |cu iunatiou uadc cvcu t|c dcciual pcuuy cquivalcut to .
prc- pcucc) uo lougcr ort| collcctiug. 1o souc cxtcut it |as |ccu rcplaccd |y
tric|-or-trcatiug at ialloc'cu, uot su|jcct to t|c sauc huaucial cap.) 1|c traditioual
r|yuc associatcd it| t|is day ruus
lcucu|cr, rcucu|cr
1|c ht| o iovcu|cr,
Guupodcr, 1rcasou, aud ilot,
l scc uo rcasou
V|y Guupodcr 1rcasou
S|ould cvcr |c orgot.
A coutcuporary rcport ou t|c Guupodcr ilot, uotcd iu t|c diary o Sir logcr
Vil|ra|au
1|c o N.. t|c lords ~ Couuous attcudcd to cxpcct t|c iiug's couiug t|c |cgyuuiug
o t|is parliaucut t|cu to |c |cld |y prorogatiou A cc| |corc, t|c lord Mouutcglc iupartcd
to t|c iiug ~ Couucil, a lcttcr scut to |is |auds |y ouc uu|uocu ~ ncd |crciu |c as ad-
viscd to |c a|scut rou t|c parliaucut, or t|at uudoutcdlic, souc grcat calauitic old |appcu
soddaiulic |y uu|uocu accidcut, |ic| old |c as soddaiuc as t|c yriug o t|c lcttcr
|crupou t|c |iug atcr ouc scrc| a|out iarliaucut iosc grc so iclousc |c causcd a sccrctt
atc|, ~ discovcrcd ouc |o|usou practi.iug a|out uiduig|t to ua|c a traiuc to yrc |arrcls
podcr, |iddcu uudcr |illctt. iu a vault iust uudcr t|c Lppcr iosc o iarliaucut, coucsscd
|y ouc |o|usou scrvaut to 1|ouas icrcy, a pcutioucr, to |avc |cu prcpariug uouct| to |lo
up t|c iiug, |is Quccu, c|ildrcu, uo|lcs, |is|ops, iudgcs ~ all t|c couuous asscu|lcd, i it |ad
uot |ccu so |appclic discovcrcd. Vil|ra|au, -
lu ic Luglaud, t|is day as callcd 'iopc Day' aud as t|c ouly Luglis| |oliday o|-
scrvcd |y t|c iuritaus cgics o Guy la|cs, t|c popc, aud t|c dcvil crc carricd iu
proccssiou, t|cu |urut aud disucu|crcd. lt as otcu t|c occasiou o violcucc, cvcu-
tually |cyoud t|c a|ility o t|c civil aud rcligious aut|oritics to coutrol. lu t|c
Massac|usctts Gcucral Court, statiug t|at suc| 'practiccs |avc |ccu ouud |y cxpcri-
cucc to cucouragc aud cultivatc a uo||is| 1cupcr aud Spirit iu uauy o t|c iu|a|it-
auts', or|adc t|c cvcuiug proccssious aud |ouhrcs iu t|c strccts. V|cu t|c Staup Act
as passcd iu , protcstors uodcllcd t|cir dcuoustratious ou iopc Day custous,
it| au cgy o t|c staup distri|utor paradcd t|roug| t|c strccts, t|cu |urut, aloug
it| |ouhrcs aud gcucral dcstructiou. 1|c succccdiug iopc Day iu turu iuportcd
clcucuts o t|c protcst agaiust t|c Staup Act, t|c t|rcat to civil disordcr as sucicut
to alaru t|c iritis|, |o rcpcalcd t|c Act lcss t|au hvc uout|s atcr it too| ccct.
lu t|c cig|tccut| ccutury, at t|c iustigatiou o Villiau iogart|, artists cx|i|itcd t|cir
or| ou t|is day at 1|ouas Corau's louudliug iospital, siucc t|c 1|ouas
Corau louudatiou or C|ildrcu ouudcd , |ouscd iu Guildord Strcct -,
siucc t|cu iruusic| Squarc), rou t|csc cx|i|itious as |oru t|c loyal Acadcuy
o Art.

z

... JIII Is N.:o|r:s i
z - - - Scdcu Gustavus Adolp|us Day, t|c OS datc
o |is |croic dcat| at lt.cu iu iov. iS). Spccial ca|cs, toppcd it|
uar.ipau aud t|c Scdis| nag, arc catcu.
z - lcouard o io|lac CoL), llltud lC Valcs), All Saiuts o lrclaud
lC lrclaud)
L:...r .; N.||.. d. ..) as largcly uurcuar|cd uutil |is cult dcvclopcd iu t|c clcvcut|
ccutury, |cu |is lic as rittcu. 1|is ua|cs |iu a lrau|is| uo|lc aud godsou o
Clovis, |o rcuscd a |is|opric to |ccouc a uou| aud t|cu a |cruit at io|lac. iis
patrouagc o oucu iu c|ild|irt| stcus rou t|c talc t|at ouc day as t|c |iug as
|uutiug iu t|c orcst, accoupauicd |y |is ic, s|c suddculy cut iuto la|our, it| uo
ouc to |clp |cr. lcouard cauc out o |is ccll aud praycd or |cr, aud s|c as succcss-
ully dclivcrcd. lu Gcruauy, |crc |is cult is still stroug today, |c is t|c patrou saiut o
aru auiuals. iut |is uost auous patrouagc is o prisoucrs, cspccially t|osc |ouud iu
c|aius, t|c Goldcu lcgcud tclls a uuu|cr o storics iu |ic| t|osc cttcrcd uujustly,
upou prayiug to |iu, ouud t|cir c|aius |ro|cu. 1|c lC C|urc| couucuoratcs |iu
ou t|is day as cll.
iut lcoucrd o t|c prisoucrs dot|, t|c |audcs asuudcr pull,
Aud |rca|cs t|c prisou doorcs aud c|aiucs, |crit| |is C|urc| is ull.
iaogcorgus, o.
Vroxall A||cy iu Varic|s|irc as rcputcdly ouudcd |y iug| dc iattou, tclt|-
ccutury lord o t|c uauor o Vroxall, dclivcrcd rou iuprisouucut upou prayiug to
t|c patrou saiut o |is paris|, St lcouard. 1|c story is told |y Sir Villiau Dugdalc iu
t|c scvcutccut| ccutury, iu tcrus strougly rcuiuisccut o Odysscus' rcturu
1|at ouc ..|.r, s|ortly atcr t|c ioruau Couqucst . . . |ad issuc a sou callcd H|, |o as
a pcrsou o grcat staturc . . . V|ic| H| goiug to ararc iu t|c H.|, L.., as t|crc ta|cu iris-
oucr, aud so coutiuucd iu grcat |ards|ip t|crc or t|c spacc o scvcu ycars iut at lcugt| cou-
sidcriug, t|at S. L:...r as t|c Saiut to |ou |is iaris|-C|urc| |ad |ccu dcdicatcd, aud t|c
uauy uiraclcs t|at God |ad otcu roug|t |y t|c ucrits o t|at |is glorious Coucssor, uadc
|is addrcsscs |y carucst iraycrs to |iu or dclivcraucc. V|crcupou S. L:...r appcarcd to |iu
iu |is slccp, iu t|c |a|it o a |lac| Mou|, |iddiug |iu arisc aud go |ouc, aud ouud at |is
C|urc| a iousc o iuus o S. 3:.::`s Ordcr iut t|c iuig|t aa|cuiug too| t|is or uo ot|cr
t|au a drcau, till t|at t|c sauc Saiut appcarcd to |iu a sccoud tiuc iu li|c uauucr io|cit,
t|cu, it| uuc| spirituall gladucssc rcjoyciug, |c uadc a \o to God aud S. L:...r, t|at |c
ould pcroru |is couuaud. V|ic| \o as uo sooucr uadc, t|au t|at |c |ccauc uiracu-
lously carrycd t|cucc, it| |is lcttcrs, aud sct iu Vrox|all oods, uot ar distaut rou |is ou
iousc, yct |uc uot |crc |c as, uutill a S|cp|crd o |is ou, passiug t|roug| t|osc t|ic|-
cts, accidcutally ouud |iu, aud atcr souc couuuuicatiou t|oug| |c as at hrst uot a littlc

arig|tcd iu rcspcct |c sa a pcrsou so ovcrgrou it| |air) discovcrcd all uuto |iu. V|crc-
upou |is lady aud C|ildrcu, |aviug advcrtiscucut, cauc ort|it| to |iu, |ut |clicvcd uot t|at
|c as |cr |us|aud, till |c s|ccd |cr a piccc o a liug, t|at |ad |ccu |ro|cu |ctixt t|cu,
|ic|, so soou as s|c applicd to t|c ot|cr part iu |cr ou custody, closcd t|crcit|. Aud s|ortly
atcr, |aviug givcu solcuu t|au|s to God, our lady aud St L:...r, aud prayiug or souc diviuc
rcvclatiou |crc |c s|ould crcct t|at Mouastcry, so prouiscd |y |is said vo, |c |ad spcciall
dircctiou |crc to |uild it, |y ccrtaiu stoucs pic|t iu t|c grouud, iu t|c vcry placc |crc t|c
Altar as atcrards sct. Atcr t|c structurc |crco, to o |is daug|tcrs crc uadc iuus
t|crciu, a lady rou t|c iuus o Viltou |ciug ctc|t to dircct t|cu iu t|at t|cir rulc o S. 3:.:~
..:. Dugdalc, uudcr Vroxall)
I||: or llltyd, a||ot, said to |avc |ccu a cousiu o iiug Art|ur souc |avc purportcd
to idcutiy |iu it| Sir Gala|ad), ordaiucd |y St Gcruauus o Auxcrrc, aud rcuoucd
or |is isdou aud lcaruiug. ic is uot ucutioucd iu liturgical tcxts |corc t|c clcvcut|
ccutury, |ut t|c H.s:.r.. 3r.:..o carly t| c.) rclatcs t|at |ilc llltud as prayiug at
llyuart| ou t|c Gocr pcuiusula iu a cavc ovcrloo|iug t|c sca, a s|ip pullcd up it|
to sailors trausportiug t|c corpsc o a |oly uau ovcr |osc acc au altar as sus-
pcudcd iu uid-air, '|cld up |y t|c ill o God', claiuiug to |avc |ccu scut |y God to
|ury t|c corpsc it| llltud's |clp, t|cy c|argcd |iu uot to rcvcal t|c uauc lcst ucu
s|ould scar |y it. 1|cir duty disc|argcd t|cy dcpartcd, St llltud ouudcd a c|urc| ou
t|c spot. 1|c suspcudcd altar says t|c H.s:.r..) 'rcuaius to t|is day', a c|ictaiu |o
tcstcd it |y pulliug it toards |iu it| a stic| dicd it|iu t|c uout|, as did auot|cr
|o pccrcd uudcrucat| it aud as struc| |liud.
C|r.s:..: .; `:.oo:|. d. iov. ), a |cguiuc iu Cologuc, |o |ad visious o C|rist
rou t|c agc o aud sucrcd t|c stiguata. lcgcud |ad |cr |is|cd aay |y dcuous
to distaut uouutaiu-tops, hclds, aud orcsts, or clsc rou tou to tou up to uilcs
a uig|t) to |c displaycd ua|cd iu t|c pu|lic squarc, t|c dcuous also nuug duug at |cr
aud |cr visitors. icr |iograp|cr, ictcr o Dacia, itucsscd uauy iucidcuts aud
rccordcd t|cu it| |orrihcd asciuatiou.
.| :|: C..;:ss.r Ort|., lC |uuc), auti-Ariau |is|op o Alcxaudria d. ), supportcd
|y t|c Vcstcru cupcror Coustaus |ut pcrsccutcd |y t|c Lastcru cupcror Coustautius,
|c dicd iu cxilc. Ou t|c Suuday |corc t|is day t|c story o Divcs aud la.arus is rcad
scc r:|..: C|r.| 1:.r.
z

... JII Is N.:o|r:s C
z - - - lussia Day o Accord aud lccouciliatiou scc
|clo)
z - Villi|rord o Yor| CY)

h.||.|r.r -), arc||is|op o Ltrcc|t aud apostlc o lrisia. ioru iu iort|uu|ria
aud cducatcd at lipou uudcr St Vilrid scc Oct.), |c t|cu cut to lrclaud or
study, |crc |c as ordaiucd. At t|c tiuc o lrau|is| douiuatiou |c as scut to lrisia
|y iippiu ll to csta|lis| C|ristiauity, |ic| |c did it| souc succcss, dcspitc sct|ac|s.
Lpou |ciug cousccratcd |is|op o Ltrcc|t |y Scrgius l iu louc |c vigorously cx-
tcudcd |is dioccsc it| uc c|urc|cs aud iu |c ouudcd a uouastcry at Lc|tcruac|
uo iu luxcu|ourg), |crc |c rctircd, aud |ic| is still a placc o pilgriuagc. A rarc
survival o ucdicval liturgical daucc ta|cs placc at |is tou| ou t|c 1ucsday atcr V|it-
suuday. ic is patrou saiut o Ltrcc|t, also t|c ict|crlauds aud luxcu|ourg. 1|c lC
C|urc| couucuoratcs |iu ou t|is day as cll.
Ou t|is day iu t|c llorcutiuc |uuauist aud p|ilosop|cr Marsilio liciuo |cld a
cclc|ratiou or ilato's |irt|day. V|cu ilato as |oru .. , Grcc|s did uot cclc|ratc
t|cir |irt|days icrodotus t|oug|t it ort| rcuar|iug t|at icrsiaus did), ouly t|osc
o gods aud |crocs, t|csc crc |cpt uout|ly, |ut a particular uout| uig|t |c cou-
sidcrcd t|at o t|c actual |irt|. lu icllcuistic tiucs |iugs aud ot|cr godli|c hgurcs cu-
joycd siuilar |ouours, t|c p|ilosop|cr Lpicurus d. ), dcihcd |y |is ollocrs,
as |ouourcd alivc aud dcad it| a |irt|day sacrihcc ou Gaucliou Dcc.-|au.) aud
a cast ou t|c t| o cvcry uout|. ilatouists dctcruiucd t|at t|cir uastcr too uust
|avc a |irt|day, aud so uust |is ou uastcr Socratcs, assiguiug t|at o Artcuis, god-
dcss o c|ild|irt|, to t|c scl-stylcd uidic Socratcs, aud o Apollo, god o isdou
aud |ig| culturc, to ilato, |ou currcut lcgcud uadc |is sou. lu t|osc dcitics' uativc
Dclos t|cir rcspcctivc |irt|days crc aud 1|argcliou, t|is as t|c ht| uout| o
t|c ycar, iu our calcudar roug|ly latc April to carly May. 1|c corrcspoudiug uout| as
also callcd 1|argcliou at At|cus, |ut occupicd clcvcut| placc, liciuo t|crcorc cquatcd
it it| t|c clcvcut| louau uout|, iovcu|cr.
1|c ic Stylc datc o t|c iols|cvi| coup iu ictrograd uo St ictcrs|urg) ou
Octo|cr OS , orucrly cclc|ratcd iu t|c LSSl as t|c Grcat Octo|cr Socialist
lcvolutiou. lu ircsidcut Ycltsiu proclaiucd it t|c Day o Accord aud lccoucili-
atiou, uot all participauts coucurrcd.
z

... JI Is N.:o|r:s D
z - - - LSA, Moutaua Aduissiou Day st statc,
)
z Muudus patct c. Aug.).
z - Saiuts aud Martyrs o Luglaud CY), All Saiuts o Valcs lC Valcs),
St Mic|acl aud All Augcls Ort|.)

1|c dcdicatiou o t|is day to all saiuts o Luglaud aud o Valcs rcplaccs t|c orucr
Octavc o All Saiuts, dcclarcd |y iopc Sixtus l\ d. ) |ut supprcsscd iu .
1|: I.r Cr..: .:s .::.r C.r...:.), Castor, Syup|oriauus, Claudius, aud iico-
stratus, |ouourcd iu a auous louau c|urc| ou t|c Cocliau iill, t|cir |irt|placc, aud
cvcu t|cir origiual uuu|cr, is disputcd. Oiug to t|c story t|at t|cy crc coudcuucd
to orccd la|our iu t|c stouc-quarrics o iauuouia, t|cy arc patrous o sculptors aud
stoucuasous, |cucc t|c titlc o t|c Luglis| lrccuasous' jourual, Jrs .::.r C.r...~
:.ro.
`,..:.s .; :|: Jr.|.s:r.::.s Suprcuc Couuaudcr M..|.:| .. :|: :|:r I...r.r:.| .:rs.
Mic|acl aud Ga|ricl arc |cld iu particular ac ou t|is day, as |ciug augcls o dcat|, at
Aiuos iu 1|racc it as t|c custou, ou Arc|augcls' Lvc, to |ccp ouc's s|ocs |iddcu iu
t|c |ousc, iu ordcr t|at Mic|acl uig|t ovcrloo| ouc's cxistcucc. Al|auiaus tcll t|c story
t|at Mic|acl oucc yicldcd to a auily's plcas uot to ta|c a soul |c |ad |ccu scut to col-
lcct, God scut |iu to t|c |ottou o t|c sca to ctc| a stouc, iu |ic| crc a oru aud
a lca 'l l carc or a oru, |o uuc| |cttcr s|all l carc or uy c|ildrcu ou cart|.' ic
t|cu dcacucd St Mic|acl it| a t|uudcr|olt, lcst |c s|ould agaiu |c saycd |y praycrs.
lu lussia, t|is is t|c ic Stylc datiug o St Dcuctrius' day scc Oct.), t|c prc-
ccdiug Saturday is |cpt as Lo:r.:s|.,. s||:., 'Dcuctrius' Saturday', couucuoratiug
t|osc |o cll iu t|c victory ovcr t|c 1atars ou at iuli|ovo ou t|c uppcr Dou iu
|y Graud iriucc Dcuctrius o Muscovy |uou as Lo:r.. L..s|. , 'Dcuctrius o t|c
Dou'). 1|c |attlc as iu act oug|t ou Scptcu|cr, |ic| as a Saturday, Dcuctrius
c|osc t|c Saturday ucarcst |is ou uauc-day or t|c couucuoratiou.
1,s.|.. or Suliau t| c..). A||ot o Mciod, |c as orccd to ncc rou a idocd
sistcr-iu-la |o is|cd to uarry |iu, |c cut to irittauy, ucar Saiut-Malo, |crc
|c dicd. lu t|c uiuctccut| ccutury t|c uauc o llauairpllgyugyll '1|c C|urc| o
Mary o V|itc ia.cl iool') iu Auglcscy uo ocially Yuys Mu cvcu iu Luglis|) as
cxtcudcd to lcttcrs, proudly displaycd ou t|c railay platoru
llAilAlliVllGVYiGYllGOGLlYCiVYliDlOiVllllAi1YSlllOGOGOGOCi
1|c addcd itcus ucau 'quitc ucar t|c rapid |irlpool, t|c c|urc| o 1ysilio uudcr a rcd
cavc'. 1|is cat provo|cd iuitatiou a git-s|op iu llaugollcu |cars t|c sigu
YSlOilACiGAlDlALVl1iYiOi1DlOSYlAlOiDDYllDVYYillAiGOllLi
or '1|c littlc card s|op |y t|c |ridgc ovcr t|c rivcr Dcc iu llaugollcu'.


z

... J Is N.:o|r:s L
z - - - Cau|odia ludcpcudcucc Day )
z - - lC), Margcry icupc CY
couucu.)
L:...:... .; :|: L.::r.. 3.s.|.... S. Giovauui iu latcrauo, uot St ictcr's, is t|c cat|cdral
c|urc| o louc, it is orually titlcd 'Arc||asilica o t|c Most ioly Saviour', |ut |as
ta|cu ou t|c uauc o |o|u t|c iaptist rou t|c dcdicatiou o its |aptistcry, aud rou
|ciug scrvcd |y uou|s rou au adjoiuiug uouastcry o |o|u t|c iaptist aud |o|u t|c
Diviuc, |cu t|c c|urc| as rc|uilt atcr t|c cart|qua|c o , iopc Scrgius lll
-) uadc t|c iaptist aud St |o|u t|c Lvaugclist its patrous.
M.r:r, I:o: ..-atcr ). Marricd to a |urgcss o lyuu, iorol|, to |ou s|c
|orc ourtccu c|ildrcu, |cr lic c|augcd drastically atcr a scrics o visious olloiug au
attac| o uaducss, s|c aud |cr |us|aud vocd c|astity, aud s|c cu|ar|cd ou au
astouis|iugly iudcpcudcut lic, pilgriuagiug alouc to t|c ioly laud, louc, Cou-
postcla, aud ot|cr placcs. S|c rccordcd |cr 'rcvclatious' aud |cr lic iu a |oo|, |ic| rc-
latcs iu dctail t|c augcr s|c arouscd or |cr criticisu o t|c laxucss o t|c clcrgy s|c
as orually accuscd o lollardy) aud t|c cxaspcratiou occasioucd |y |cr copious
ccpiug, |cr stcadast uystical couuuuiou it| C|rist up|cld |cr strcugt|, as did |cr
uuucrous supportcrs.
1|:..r: .; L.|..:. lC) scc lc|ruary.
Atcr t|c calcudar rcoru o , t|c lord Mayor's Day as c|augcd rou Octo-
|cr to iovcu|cr. io t|c lord Mayor is soru iu ou t|c sccoud lriday iu iovcu-
|cr, aud |is S|o ollos ou t|c ucxt day. Scc :|:r H.|..,s L.r M.,.r`s `|..
Dcat| o C|arlcs dc Gaullc ), |is gravc is visitcd |y Gaullist politiciaus aud uauy
|uu|lc ol|.
Ou t|is day iu t|c govcruucut o t|c Gcruau Dcuocratic lcpu|lic, |y accidcut
uudcr prcssurc aud uot dcsigu, opcucd t|c icrliu Vall, t|us scttiug iu uotiou t|c col-
lapsc o t|c Last Gcruau statc. A proposal to cclc|ratc t|is as t|c Day o Gcruau
Luity iu placc o |uuc cauc to uaug|t upou t|c rccollcctiou t|at it as also t|c
auuivcrsary o t|c :..|s|r.s:.||...|: pogrou iu , t|c uost scrious couccrtcd p|ysical
attac| ou |cs uudcr t|c 1|ird lcic| |corc t|c out|rca| o ar, iu auy casc, t|c
ac|icvcucut o uuity iu soou aordcd a dchuitivc datc scc Oct.).
z

... IJ Is N.:o|r:s l
I; :|: . ., |: .|.,, .: :.....::s . ::, .; r,, . s|.r ..::r.
Stcvcusou)
z - lco l t|c Grcat CY, lC, orucrly Apr., lc|. Ort|.)
.: L:. I -), t|c hrst iopc to |c |uricd at St ictcr's, carucd |is uauc o 'Grcat'
|y t|c cucrgy it| |ic| |c iuposcd |is jurisdictiou ou all t|c Vcstcru proviuccs, aud
|y t|c '1ouc', a lcttcr scut to llaviau scc lc|.) statiug t|c Vcstcru C|urc|'s to-
uaturc C|ristology it| all t|c clarity aud huality or |ic| latiu is rcuoucd. 1|c
1ouc, |ic| |ad uot |ccu so uuc| as rcad to t|c lo||cr Couucil scc lc|.) at
Lp|csus, as dcclarcd at C|alccdou to accord it| souud doctriuc 'ictcr |as spo|cu
t|roug| lco.' 1|is as lco's vic o all papal prououuccucuts, t|c Lastcru C|ristiaus
ucaut ouly t|at |c |appcucd to |c rig|t.) 1|c Couucil adoptcd a oruulary iu |ic|
t|c 1ouc as quotcd. lco's scruous iucludc au carly rccrcucc to t|c Lu|cr asts, aud
au aduouitiou agaiust suu-ors|ip ou t|c stcps o St ictcr's. lu |c lcd au cu|assy
to dissuadc Attila rou uarc|iug ou louc, Attila uadc pcacc, |ic| siucc ltaly as
stric|cu it| plaguc aud auiuc, aud siucc t|c orccs |c |ad lct uort| o t|c Dauu|c
|ad |ccu routcd, as t|c ouly prudcut coursc.
.:r .; :|: ..| C.r
O coursc, uo|ody |uos
V|at lco said to |iu.
All c could |car as uuttcriug.
1|c uorc pious auoug us,
iis c|aplaius aud so ou,
iclicvc |c put t|c car
O t|c ouc truc God iuto
1|c iar|ariau. icr|aps |c did,
lco's a saiutly uau.
iut s|rcd too. 1|crc's a ruuour
Ouc o us |raudis|cd a sord
Aud t|c iuu visi|ly palcd.
1a|c uy ord, t|at's ru||is|.
Morc li|cly, t|c old uau said
Souct|iug to t|is ccct
'You arc t|c Scourgc o God.
iut God |as ot|cr scourgcs.
iavc you |card, t|crc's plaguc iu louc.
Souc o your ucu l scc
iavc |ad a tastc o it.
Aud ood's |ard to couc |y,

lor all o us, isu't it.'
V|o |uos. iut t|c uuttcriug stoppcd.
So did Attila.
i|ilip Martiu - )
Martiuuas Lvc iu Gcruauy
Ou t|c tcut| o N.:o|:r |ciug t|c cvc o S. M.r:..) t|c C:ro..:s usc to cast t|cusclvcs it|
gccsc, aud as |.s M..s rcportct|, t|c iort|cru pcoplc usc |y t|c |rcast-|ouc t|crco to
proguosticatc o t|c olloiug iutcr. lor i t|c |rcast-|ouc o t|c goosc |c air aud clcar |cu
t|c ncs| is catcu o, t|c iutcr is li|c to |c cold aud rigid, ull o |ard rosts. iut i it |c t|ic|
aud dar|, t|cu is t|c iutcr li|c to |c ull o suo, raiu aud slcct, aud yct aru cuoug|.
Dovc )
lor irotcstauts, t|is day is |cst rcucu|crcd as t|c |irt|day o Martiu lut|cr scc
Oct.).
Ou t|is day iu , at . a.u., dicd t|c ouudcr o uodcru 1ur|cy, Mustaa icual
Atatr|, |is dcat| is couucuoratcd iu 1ur|cy |y a uiuutc's silcucc at t|at tiuc cac|
ycar.
z

... III Is N.:o|r:s G
J: `...: M.r:..`s .,
..::r .s .. |.s .,.
3::::. M.r:..o.s .. 1|:
.::r`s ..: .. ::r, ..|.
H.s M.r:..o.s .|| ..o:, .s .: .:s :. ::r, |.. i.c. t|crc's uo cscapiug dcat|)
z - - - Augola ludcpcudcucc Day rou iortugal,
) uatioual day)
Australia, Cauada lcucu|raucc Day
iclgiuu, lraucc, aud ot|cr couutrics Aruisticc Day
icruuda lcucu|raucc Day
Cauada lcucu|raucc Day
LSA \ctcraus Day, |ououriug all ucu aud oucu |o |avc scrvcd iu t|c arucd
orccs, orucrly Aruisticc Day csta|lis|cd ), couucuoratiug t|c siguiug o
t|c Aruisticc cudiug t|c lirst Vorld Var iu
LSA, Vas|iugtou Aduissiou Day ud statc, )
Scottis| tcru day till .
z - Martiu o 1ours CoL, lC), Mcuas Ort|.)

M.r:.. d. ), |oru to pagau parcuts at Sa|aria iu iauuouia uo S.ou|at|cly iu
iuugary), |is at|cr as a soldicr rou iavia, |o |roug|t |iu up t|crc aud uadc |iu
joiu t|c aruy at t|c agc o . lt as as a soldicr, uot yct |apti.cd, t|at |c pcrorucd
t|c dccd t|at |as uadc |iu a |ousc|old uauc
icucc, at a ccrtaiu tiuc, |cu |c |ad uot|iug |ut |is aruour aud a siuplc uilitary cloa|, iu t|c
uiddlc o a iutcr coldcr aud |ars|cr t|au usual, so t|at uauy pcoplc ro.c to dcat|, at t|c gatc
o Auicus |c uct a poor uau it| uo clot|cs, |c as prayiug to t|c passcrs-|y to |avc pity ou
|iu, |ut t|cy all passcd |y. 1|c God-hllcd uau uudcrstood t|at |c |ad |ccu rcscrvcd or |iu-
scl, siucc t|c ot|crs crc s|oiug uo pity, |ut |at as |c to do. ic |ad uot|iug |ut t|c cloa|
|c as cariug, |aviug alrcady spcut cvcryt|iug clsc ou siuilar actious. ic t|crcorc graspcd t|c
sord at |is sidc aud cut it dou t|c uiddlc, gavc ouc |al to t|c poor uau, aud put t|c ot|cr
|ac| ou. Souc o t|c |ystaudcrs |cgau to laug|, t|iu|iug |c loo|cd grotcsquc it| |is croppcd
cloa|, |ut uauy, |osc judgcucut as souudcr, groaucd dccply t|at t|cy |ad douc uot|iug o
t|c |iud, cspccially siucc, |ciug |cttcr providcd, t|cy could |avc clot|cd t|c poor uau it|out
uuclot|iug t|cusclvcs.
1|at uig|t, |cu |c |ad gouc to slccp, |c sa C|rist cariug t|c |al-cloa| it| |ic| |c
|ad clad t|c poor uau. ic as |iddcu to loo| vcry carcully at t|c lord, aud at t|c garucut |c
|ad givcu, ucxt |c |card |csus sayiug iu a loud voicc to t|c uultitudc o augcls staudiug rouud
'Martiu, still a catcc|uucu, |as clot|cd uc iu t|is cloa|.'
Sulpicius Scvcrus, L.;: .; `: M.r:.., c|.
Atcr |aptisu iu , |c rcuaiucd a soldicr or a |ilc, t|cu visitcd St iilary at ioiticrs,
|c uudcrtoo| au uusucccssul uissiou to lllyricuu prcac|iug agaiust Ariauisu. Atcr a
pcriod o rctrcat, |c ouudcd a uouastcry at ligug ucar ioiticrs, rou |ic| iu |c
as callcd to |c t|c t|ird |is|op o 1ours. ic trauslatcd t|c |ody o t|c hrst |is|op,
St Gatiauus scc Dcc.), to t|c c|urc| |uilt |y t|c iutcrvcuiug |is|op, litorius, t|is
is uo t|c cat|cdral o Saiut-Gaticu. A littlc outsidc t|c city, |c ouudcd a uouastcry
dcdicatcd to SS ictcr aud iaul, latcr to |c t|c grcat icucdictiuc |ousc o Maruouticr
M..s M...s::r.o, 'Grcatcr Mouastcry'). ic dicd ou iovcu|cr , aud as |uricd
ou t|c t|. Ovcr |is tou| |is succcssor iritius scc iov.) |uilt a c|urc|, iu |ic|
|c |iuscl as |uricd, t|is |ccauc t|c |asilica o Saiut-Martiu dc 1ours, o |ic|
ouly ragucuts rcuaiu. Martiu's dcvotcd ollocr Sulpicius Scvcrus rotc a uarrativc
o |is lic, aud dialogucs couccruiug |is ucrits, t|csc |clpcd to sprcad |is cult.
1|crc arc cll ovcr hty cxtaut latiu .:.: aud rclatcd sourccs dcaliug it| St Martiu,
t|c oldcst cxtaut c|urc| iu Luglaud |cars |is uauc. ic is patrou saiut o soldicrs,
|orscs, ridcrs, gccsc, aud iuc-grocrs. iis cloa| ..., ..:||.), t|c pri.cd rclic o t|c
lrau|is| |iugs, as |cpt iu a sauctuary or ..:||. rou |ic| our ord 'c|apcl' is
dcrivcd.
M:..s, a lcgcudary Lgyptiau soldicr uartyrcd iu i|rygia uudcr Dioclctiau, iu Grcccc
said to rcvcal lost or stolcu propcrty, rou t|c ord-play M..s ~ o..., 'iudicatcs'. ic
also protccts s|ccp agaiust t|c ol, ou |is day t|c s|cp|crd's ic ill uot usc |cr scis-
sors, |ut |iud t|c |ladcs togct|cr as i to s|ut olvcs' jas aud gossips' uout|s.
M.r:..o.s or St Martiu's Day. iovcu|cr as t|c uout| |cu cos aud pigs crc
slaug|tcrcd, t|c |cc to |c prcscrvcd |y saltiug, aud t|c gauuou aud |acou suo|cd

io 1cuauts at t|cir laudlords Courts pay duc,
Aud Couutry iusivcs strougcst picccs c|usc,
1o stu t|cir iodriug-1u|s it| cll-cd icc,
lu starviug cat|cr cxccllcut rclic)
1|is t|rit is taug|t us |y t|c icc aud Aut,
V|ic| t|osc t|at slig|t, ill piuc|cd |c it| Vaut.
C..:r, J|o....| )
1|is is a grcat day iu uauy couutrics, iu Cologuc, |crc hgurcs o C|rist, t|c \irgiu a
uau, cxccpt iu t|c ia.i pcriod), aud a icasaut ta|c part iu t|c cstivitics, it is accouutcd
t|c hrst day o caruival. A idcsprcad usagc is t|c catiug o goosc, as iu Luglaud at
Mic|acluas, Olaus Voru ta|cs t|c opportuuity, iu t|c |cst autiquariau spirit, to list
classical rccrcuccs to stucd goosc.
iorcgiau priucstavcs uay uar| t|is day it| crosicr, goosc, driu|iug-|oru, or pig,
ouc cxplauatiou o t|c driu|iug-|oru is t|at, ou |ciug plcdgcd |y t|c cupcror callcd
|y t|c lcgcud Maxiuiuius), atcr driu|iug |c passcd t|c |oru to |is pricst iustcad o
rcturuiug it to t|c sccular priucc. Ou t|c ot|cr |aud St Martiu's Day is also a uc iuc
day, uar|cd iu parts o Ccutral Luropc |y t|c '|aptisu o youug iuc', a colourul aud
ucrry occasiou at |ic| 'iis|op Martiu' aud |is uiuistcrs 'trausoru' uust iuto iuc
iu uuucrous viucyard cottagcs. \cuctiaus say `.o.r:.., L| o.s:. . .. .., iu sixtccut|-
ccutury lraucc `...: M.r:.. |..: |: |.. .., L: |..ss: |`:. ..rr: . o.|.. 'St Martiu driu|s t|c
good iuc aud lcts atcr ruu to t|c uill'). icaujolais iouvcau arrivcs closc to Old
St Martiu's Day.
St Martiu's suuucr 'a scasou o huc uild cat|cr occurriug a|out Martiuuas'
Lxpcct Saiut Martiu's suuucr, |alcyou's days
Siucc l |avc cutcrd iuto t|csc ars.
H:.r, JI, . ii. -
lu parts o ltaly t|is is t|c traditioual datc or uoviug |ousc.
Jro.s:..: L.,, couucuoratiug t|c aruisticc t|at cudcd t|c hg|tiug iu t|c lirst Vorld
Var 'at t|c clcvcut| |our o t|c clcvcut| day o t|c clcvcut| uout|', uutil it as
solcuuly o|scrvcd, all souud aud uovcucut ccasiug or to uiuutcs at a.u. lu
iritaiu, atcr t|c Sccoud Vorld Var, it as rcplaccd |y lcucu|raucc Suuday, ou t|c
Suuday ucarcst t|c t|, t|c Sovcrcigu lays a rcat| at t|c Ccuotap|, t|c Luiou nag is
nou. 1|c to uiuutcs' silcucc is o|scrvcd at t|is aud at local ccrcuouics, |ut |as
largcly ccascd to |c |cpt outsidc t|cu, |ocvcr, siucc t|c origiual silcucc ou
iovcu|cr |as |ccu rcvivcd, it| iucrcasiug succcss, |y t|c loyal iritis| lcgiou, it|
t|c support o politiciaus aud jourualists. lt is t|c custou, ou t|is day aud t|osc prc-
ccdiug, to car a papcr rcplica o a rcd poppy, t|c day itscl is couuouly callcd ioppy
Day.
Douglas Maclcauc rccords t|c hrst auuivcrsary,
Ou t|c lcast last uout| o t|c soldicr-saiut Martiu, or t|c spacc o to uiuutcs, t|crc cll ou
t|c |olc Lupirc, as it crc rou |cavcu, a sacrcd silcucc aud ccssatiou rou actiou. lt as t|c
uoucut at |ic|, a ycar carlicr, t|c roar o cauuou |ad |ccu |us|cd. Mcu aud oucu sccucd
to |c goiug a|out t|cir |usiucss ou t|cir laul occasious, cxpcctiug uot|iug particular, |ut uo

aud t|cu loo|iug up. io cspccial prcparatious |ad |ccu uadc, cxccpt t|at scrviccs |ad |cguu iu
t|c c|urc|cs. Suddculy a c|urc| |cll or to is |card, t|cu t|c dctouatiou o a roc|ct, policcucu's
|auds go up, aud iu a uoucut 'strcauiug loudou's ccutral roar' is |us|cd, aud uyriads staud
it| |ocd |cads, souc |uccl. Soldicrs couc to attcutiou, traius, ouui|uscs, vcsscls, stop. lt is
t|c sauc iu tcu t|ousaud ot|cr citics all t|c glo|c ovcr, ou t|c |ig| scas, aud iu a uilliou vil-
lagcs. lu arc|ousc, s|op, |au|, hcld, uiuc or railay all is stillcd. . . . lt as t|c uau iu t|c
strcct's solcuuity, t|c silcucc as t|c |us| o a uultitudc |ic| uo uau could uuu|cr, a pausc
iu t|c uidst o turuoil aud |u||u|, o |usiucss aud plcasurc. Maclcauc,
I.r :|: I.||:. `:::o|:r )
Vit| proud t|au|sgiviug, a uot|cr or |cr c|ildrcu,
Luglaud uourus or |cr dcad across t|c sca.
llcs| o |cr ncs| t|cy crc, spirit o |cr spirit,
lallcu iu t|c causc o t|c rcc.
Solcuu t|c druus t|rill Dcat| august aud royal
Siugs sorro up iuto iuuortal sp|crcs.
1|crc is uusic iu t|c uidst o dcsolatiou
Aud a glory t|at s|iucs upou our tcars.
1|cy cut it| sougs to t|c |attlc, t|cy crc youug,
Straig|t o liu|, truc o cyc, stcady aud aglo.
1|cy crc stauuc| to t|c cud agaiust odds uucouutcd,
1|cy cll it| t|cir accs to t|c oc.
1|cy s|all gro uot old, as c t|at arc lct gro old
Agc s|all uot cary t|cu, uor t|c ycars coudcuu.
At t|c goiug dou o t|c suu aud iu t|c uoruiug
Vc ill rcucu|cr t|cu.
1|cy uiuglc uot it| t|cir laug|iug couradcs agaiu,
1|cy sit uo uorc at auiliar ta|lcs o |ouc,
1|cy |avc uo lot iu our la|our o t|c day-tiuc,
1|cy slccp |cyoud Luglaud's oau.
iut |crc our dcsircs arc aud our |opcs proouud,
lclt as a cll-spriug t|at is |iddcu rou sig|t,
1o t|c iuucruost |cart o t|cir ou laud t|cy arc |uou
As t|c stars arc |uou to t|c iig|t,
As t|c stars t|at s|all |c |rig|t |cu c arc dust,
Moviug iu uarc|cs upou t|c |cavculy plaiu,
As t|c stars t|at arc starry iu t|c tiuc o our dar|ucss,
1o t|c cud, to t|c cud, t|cy rcuaiu.
laurcucc iiuyou -)

z

r..: Is N.:o|r:s A
z - |osap|at lC), orucrly Martiu l, iopc uo Apr.)
j.s.|.: |.cat iuuccic., ..-), |oru to Ort|odox parcuts iu t|c \ol|yuiau
tou o \ladiuir uo \olodyuyr-\olyus' |y: iu L|raiuc) aud |apti.cd lvau iuutsc-
vic|. \ol|yuia |clougcd to t|c Graud Duc|y o lit|uauia, |ic| iu |ad cutcrcd
iuto ull political uuiou it| iolaud, iu t|c Ort|odox C|urc| iu t|c iolis| Cou-
uoucalt| as ocially uuitcd it| louc. So loug as iolis| rulc lastcd, t|c 'Grcc|
Cat|olic' or Luiatc C|urc| as t|c ally o t|c sccular pocr agaiust Ort|odox rcsistaucc
uudcr lussiau rulc t|c positious crc rcvcrscd), iuutscvic|, iuduccd |y a |csuit cdu-
catiou to |ccouc a uou| uudcr t|c uauc o |osap|at, as a .calous c|aupiou o t|c
Luiou, |uou to its oppoucuts as s|.||:, 'Soul-suatc|cr'. iaviug riscu to |ccouc
arc||is|op o iolots| iu , |c as |illcd iu au auti-Luiou rcvolt at \itc|s| iu .
lu |c as cauoui.cd as t|c hrst lC saiut o t|c Lastcru ritc. lcast-day orucrly
iovcu|cr.
L:|.. iort|uu|riau L:.;...), icucdictiuc uou| rou lipou |o |uilt t|c hrst
c|urc| at Dcvcutcr aud dicd t|crc ... At G|cut |is uauc, corruptcd to liviuus
licvcu, liviu), as appropriatcd or a hctitious scvcut|-ccutury lris| uartyr, iuvcutcd
as part o au aggrcssivc caupaigu |y t|c icucdictiuc a||cy o St iavo to outdo iu sauc-
tity t|c rival icucdictiuc a||cy o St ictcr o ilaudiguy. Allcgcdly |apti.cd aud
ordaiucd |y Augustiuc o Cautcr|ury, liviuus |ccauc |is|op o Du|liu |corc cvau-
gcli.iug ira|aut, |crc |c got |is |cad c|oppcd o at Lsc|cu ucar Alost iu Dutc|
Aalst). icvcrt|clcss, |c |ccauc sucicutly popular to rcccivc our scparatc casts |is
:|:.:.. as cclc|ratcd ou |uuc, |is .:.:.. ou August, |is :r..s|.:.. ou Octo|cr,
t|c uaiu cast, |ocvcr, also |cpt iu irugcs, irusscls, aud 1ouruai, as t|c :.s.:.. or
.ss.. ou iovcu|cr.
iollautidc `..., L.. `..:,) iu t|c lslc o Mau, |ciug t|c ic Stylc couutcrpart o
Old All|allos |ctccu aud , aud uot adjustcd t|crcatcr c. |uly).
Ou t|c ic|ridcau islaud o Scarp ialloc'cu coutiuucd to |c o|scrvcd ou t|is day, it
as strictly rcscrvcd or t|c girls, |o iu turu lct ioguauay to t|c |oys. Vcariug s|ort
piuaorcs aud '|cad-drcsscs' suall |crc|ics), t|cy too| part iu ortuuc-tclliug rituals
rclatiug to t|cir uarriagc prospccts cac| girl dug a |olc to |ic| s|c rcturucd iu t|c
daylig|t, |opiug to hud a oru iu it, cac| dippcd |cr |aud |liudold iuto ouc o our
sauccrs, o |ic| t|rcc coutaiucd oatucal, salt, aud atcr, siguiyiug rcspcctivcly
calt|, ido|ood, aud uarriagc, aud t|c ourt| as cupty, ucauiug t|at s|c ould
stay a spiustcr. 1|crc as uo proccssiou or traditioual r|yuc as t|crc as or iog-
uauay, |ut t|cy castcd aud staycd up all uig|t siugiug sougs aud playiug gaucs.

z

Is N.:o|r:s i
z Ou t|is day louau scuators asscu|lcd or a cast o |upitcr, I..s
:|o, rccd slavcs cclc|ratcd t|c goddcss lcrouia iu t|c Caupus Martius.
z - iritius iCi), C|arlcs Siucou CY), |o|u C|rysostou Ort|., scc
Scpt.)
3r..: lat. iritius), a tur|ulcut pricst, |o dcspitc quarrclliug it| St Martiu succccdcd
|iu as |is|op o 1ours aud rcigucd t|crc rou till |is dcat| iu , dcspitc accus-
atious o various ocuccs iucludiug adultcry. ic is also said to |avc claiucd t|at |is
uastcr as iusauc, cvcutually |c |cggcd Martiu's orgivcucss, |ic| as grautcd it|
t|c ords, 'l C|rist could tolcratc |udas, surcly l cau put up it| iricc.') iis cult as
sprcad to ltaly aud Luglaud. iis day is uotorious iu Luglis| |istory or t|c uassacrc o
all Daucs it|iu t|c |iugdou, ordcrcd iu |y iiug Lt|clrcd ll, ou t|c prctcxt o a
plot agaiust |is lic ucu, oucu, aud c|ildrcu crc slaug|tcrcd it| glccul savagcry
c. Oct.). Auoug t|c victius is said to |avc |ccu t|c sistcr o t|c Dauis| |iug
Svcud 'Sciu lor||card'), |o iuvadcd Vcsscx t|c ucxt ycar |y ay o rcprisal aud iu
- couqucrcd t|c |olc couutry.
C|.r|:s `.o:.. -), vicar o ioly 1riuity, Cau|ridgc, a lcadcr o t|c Lvaugclical
lcvival, aud activc iu t|c Missiouary Movcucut.
H.o.|..s d. ). A dcvout ucrc|aut o Crcuoua, uota|lc or |is c|arity toards t|c
poor, |c as cauoui.cd to ycars atcr |is dcat|. ic is patrou saiut o Crcuoua as cll
as o tailors, ucrc|auts, aud |usiucssucu iu gcucral. iis c|urc| at louc iu \ico lu-
gario |uilt iu , rcdcdicatcd iu ) stauds ovcr rcuaius rou t|c rcgal pcriod scc
|uuc), t|c sitc is |uou as t|c Jr:. s..r. . `..:`o.|....
`:.o;.r |||~r..... 1|ouas lullcr cxplaius t|c ucauiug o t|c provcr| 'As uad as t|c
|aitiug |ull o Stauord'
h.||..o carl h.rr:. lord o t|is 1ou iu t|c tiuc o iiug j.|., staudiug upou t|c C.s:|: h.||s o
`:.o;.r, sa :. 3||s hg|tiug or a C. iu t|c M:.., till all t|c 3:.|:rs L.s, r:.: aud so.||, pcr-
sucd ouc o t|c iulls |ciug uaddcd it| ioysc aud Multitudc) clcau t|roug| t|c 1ou. 1|is
Sig|t so plcascd t|c said Larl, t|at |c gavc all t|osc Mcados callcd t|c C.s:|: M:..s) |crc
hrst t|c 3|| L:| |cgau, or a Couuou to t|c iutc|crs o t|c 1ou atcr t|c hrst Grassc as
catcu) ou couditiou t|at t|cy hud a Mad iull, t|c day Six ::|s |corc C|r.s:o.s .,, or t|c cou-
tiuuaucc o t|at sport cvcry ycar. Souc t|iu| t|at t|c M:. uust |c o. as cll as t|c 3||, |o
cau ta|c dclig|t iu so daugcrous a h.s:~1.o:, |crc|y t|at uo uorc Misc|ci is douc, uot o..s
..r:, |ut C.s r..:..: is to |c praiscd. lullcr, h.r:|.:s, )

lullcr's scutiucuts uotit|staudiug, t|c custou coutiuucd iuto t|c uiuctccut| ccutury
A|out a quartcr to clcvcu o'cloc|, ou t|c cstal-day, t|c |cll o St Mary's couucuccd to toll as
a aruiug or t|c t|oroug|arcs to |c clcarcd o iuhru pcrsous aud c|ildrcu, aud prcciscly at
clcvcu, t|c |ull as turucd iuto a strcct, |loc|cd up at cac| cud |y a |arricadc o carts aud
agous. . . . 1|c |ull, irritatcd |y |ats |ciug t|rou at |iu, aud ot|cr ucaus o auuoyaucc, soou
|ccauc rcady to ruu, aud t|cu, t|c |arricadcs |ciug rcuovcd, t|c |olc crod, |ull, ucu, |oys,
aud dogs, rus|cd |cltcr-s|cltcr t|roug| t|c strccts. Ouc grcat o|jcct |ciug to '|ridgc t|c |ull',
t|c auiual as, i possi|lc, coupcllcd to ruu upou t|c |ridgc t|at spaus t|c Vcllaud. 1|c crod
t|cu closiug iu, it| audacious couragc surrouudcd aud sci.cd t|c auiual, aud, iu spitc o its
si.c aud strcugt|, |y uaiu orcc tuu|lcd it ovcr t|c parapct iuto t|c rivcr. 1|c |ull t|cu siu-
uiug as|orc, ould laud iu t|c ucados, |crc t|c ruu as coutiuucd, t|c uiry, uars|y statc
o t|c hclds at t|at scasou o t|c ycar, aud t|c alls aud ot|cr disastcrs couscqucut t|crcou,
addiug grcatly to t|c auuscucut o t|c uo|. 1|c sport as carricd ou till all crc tircd, t|c
auiual as t|cu |illcd, aud its ncs| sold at a lo ratc to t|c pcoplc, |o huis|cd t|c day's auusc-
ucut it| a suppcr o |ull-|cc. C|au|crs
1|c sport as coutiuucd, agaiust t|c oppositiou hrst o local aut|oritics, t|cu t|c
Socicty or t|c ircvcutiou o Cruclty to Auiuals, aud hually o t|c iouc Sccrctary,
uutil at last, iu , t|c tousol| dccidcd t|at t|c cxpcuscs or t|c policc orcc crc
uot ort| t|c caudlc, aud t|c racc as uot ruu t|crcatcr.
z

... XJIII I.|:..s L:.:o|r:s C
ili t|c iriucc o Valcs |oru , rcd-lcttcr day, t|c Luiou nag is nou
z 1|is day as uar|cd |y a cavalry rcvic or Lquoruu iro|atio.
z - Dyrig lC Valcs), orucrly St |osap|at uo iov.)
L|r...s or Dyrig t| c.), a s|adoy or uorc li|cly lcgcudary hgurc said to |avc |ccu
|is|op o llauda, accordiug to Gcorcy o Mouuout|, |c croucd iiug Art|ur at
Colc|cstcr.
|.|. :|: J.s:|: Ort|., iCi May), so ucar t|c ousct o iutcr, arucrs cauuot aord
to losc a or|iug day, |ut rccouut t|c lcgcud t|at St i|ilip |iuscl as a poor ploug|-
uau, |o or|cd all day aud cauc |ouc tircd aud |uugry, |is ic as coo|iug |caus,
|ut it| t|c ords 'lt's Caruival' alludiug to t|c Ort|odox Advcut ast |cgiuuiug t|c
ucxt day), |c slaug|tcrcd au ox aud s|arcd it it| t|c poor. icxt uoruiug, ou cutcriug
t|c sta|lc, |c ouud t|c ox alivc.

N..
io suu-uo uoou.
io uoru-uo uoou-
io dau-uo dus|-uo propcr tiuc o day-
io s|y-uo cart|ly vic-
io distaucc loo|iug |luc-
io road-uo strcct-uo 't'ot|crsidc t|c ay'-
io cud to auy lo-
io iudicatious |crc t|c crcsccuts go-
io top to auy stccplc-
io rccoguitious o auiliar pcoplc-
io courtcsics or s|oiug 'cu-
io |uoiug 'cu.
io travclliug at all-uo locouotiou,
io iu|liug o t|c ay-uo uotiou-
'io go'-|y laud or occau-
io uail-uo post-
io ucs rou auy orcigu coast-
io iar|-uo liug-uo atcruoou gcutility-
io coupauy-uo uo|ility-
io arut|, uo c|ccrulucss, uo |calt|ul casc,
io couorta|lc ccl iu auy ucu|cr-
io s|adc, uo s|iuc, uo |uttcrnics, uo |ccs,
io ruits, uo nocrs, uo lcavcs, uo |irds,-
iovcu|cr.
1|ouas iood -)
z

... XJII I.|:..s L:.:o|r:s D
z - - - ira.il lcpu|lic Day proclauatiou o t|c
lcpu|lic, )
z - Mac|utus iCi), Al|crt t|c Grcat lC)
M..|:s Maclou, Malo) d. ..), a Vcls| saiut |o travcllcd to irittauy aud ouudcd
ucar Alct a uouastcry t|at |as givcu its uauc to t|c tou o Saiut-Malo, iu turu t|c
lal|laud lslauds, |aviug |ccu o|scrvcd |y sailors rou Saiut-Malo, arc |uou iu
lrcuc| as t|c I|:s M.|...:s, |cucc t|c Spauis| uauc Is|.s M.|...s.
J||:r: :|: Cr:.: Al|crtus Maguus) ..-), Douiuicau t|cologiau |o taug|t
1|ouas Aquiuas iu Cologuc, iu |c |ccauc |is|op o lcgcus|urg, |ut rcsigucd
to ycars latcr. Ouc o t|c uost lcarucd ucu o |is agc, |c is |uou as t|c L..:.r
..:rs.|.s, |c as particularly stroug iu t|c uatural scicuccs, aud playcd |is part iu t|c

iutcgratiou o Aristotlc's ritiugs iuto t|c Vcstcru C|ristiauity o t|c latcr Middlc
Agcs. ic as |catihcd iu , |ut uot cauoui.cd till , tcu ycars latcr iius Xll dc-
clarcd |iu t|c patrou saiut o scicutists.
L:..| III, uargravc o Austria, dicd ou t|is day iu , rcuar|a|lc uot ouly or rcus-
iug t|c iupcrial crou iu , |ut or a picty aud closcucss to t|c C|urc| t|at ou |iu
t|c titlc 'sou o St ictcr' rou t|c iopc. lu |c laid t|c ouudatiou-stouc o
ilostcrucu|urg ucar \icuua, ovcr tcuty ycars latcr |c ouudcd to a||cys iu t|c
Vicucrald, iciligcu|rcu. o t|c Cistcrciau ordcr aud ilciu-Maria.cll o t|c icuc-
dictiuc. lcopold as cauoui.cd iu , iu |c as dcclarcd patrou o Austria |y |is
uaucsa|c, t|c ioly louau Lupcror lcopold l. lu Austria t|is is L:..|s:., also callcd
C.s::., 'Gccsc Day', rou t|c traditioual diuucr o roast goosc, it is t|c ocial |cgiu-
uiug o icurigcu, t|c uc iuc scasou. iilgrius visit lcopold's tou| iu t|c crypt at
t|c Stits|irc|c ilostcrucu|urg aud pcroru t|c I.ss:|r:s.|:., a slidc dou t|c grcat
cas| couplctcd , |olds , litrcs o iuc) iu t|c ccllar, t|c |uupicr ouc's laud-
iug, t|c |cttcr ouc's luc| iu t|c ort|couiug ycar.
Auoug t|c Ort|odox t|is day, t|c ortict| |corc C|ristuas, is t|c |cgiuuiug o 'littlc
lcut' M.|r. 1:ss:r.|.s:: ), a ast t|at coutiuucs dou to C|ristuas Lvc, Saturdays aud
Suudays cxccptcd.
z

... XJI I.|:..s L:.:o|r:s L
z - - - LSA, O|la|oua Aduissiou Day t| statc,
)
z - Margarct o Scotlaud CY, lC), Gcrtrudc lC), Lduuud o A|iug-
dou CY couucu.)
M.r.r:: .; `..:|.. ..-), grauddaug|tcr o Lduuud lrousidc, ic o ouc Scot-
tis| |iug Malcolu lll), uot|cr o to uorc Duucau ll aud Ldgar), aud uot|cr-iu-
la o iiug icury l o Luglaud. Vcll cducatcd iu iuugary, |crc |cr auily as iu
cxilc, s|c as uotcd or |cr pcrsoual picty aud c|arity, aud too| au activc iutcrcst iu rc-
oru o t|c C|urc| iu Scotlaud. lcast-day orucrly |uuc.
C:r:r: :|: Cr:.: ..-), icucdictiuc uuu at icta iu Saxouy. S|c |cgau to |avc
uystical visious o C|rist iu , |ic| coutiuucd t|roug|out |cr lic. 1|roug| |cr
ritiugs, |cguu iu , s|c populari.cd t|c dcvotiou to t|c Sacrcd icart. S|c is
patroucss o t|c Vcst ludics.
Lo. .; J|...., arc||is|op o Cautcr|ury ..-). As a sc|ool|oy iu Oxord,
|c |ad a visiou o t|c |oy |csus, |o told |iu t|at |ocvcr s|ould |corc slccpiug tracc

t|c ords '|csus o ia.arct|' ou |is or |cr orc|cad s|ould |c prcscrvcd t|at uig|t rou
suddcu aud uus|rivcu dcat|, t|is as supposcdly t|c origiu o a custou o traciug t|c
iuitials lill ou t|c orc|cad |ilc prayiug. lu t|c latc s |c as couuissioucd |y
iopc Grcgory lX to prcac| t|c crusadc agaiust t|c Saraccus, latcr, as arc||is|op o
Cautcr|ury, |c |ad uauy trou|lcs it| uou|s o |is dioccsc as cll as it| iiug icury
lll, goiug iuto cxilc iu lraucc, |crc |c staycd it| Cistcrciau uou|s o ioutiguy, |c
as cauoui.cd iu . St Lduuud iall, Oxord, is uaucd atcr |iu. 1|c lC C|urc|
couucuoratcs |iu ou t|is day as cll.
z

... XJ I.|:..s L:.:o|r:s l
z - iug|, iis|op o liucolu CoL), iilda, A||css o V|it|y ASi, CY
ou iov.), Lli.a|ct| o iuugary lC, CY ou t|c t|)
H| ..-), |is|op o liucolu. ioru o uo|lc stoc| iu iurguudy, aud iutcudcd
or au ordcr o Cauous lcgular, |c ouud t|c grcatcr austcrity o t|c Cart|usiau Ordcr
uorc to |is li|iug. ic as uadc t|ird prior t|c hrst to |aviug provcd iucoupctcut)
o t|c Cart|usiau |ousc sct up |y icury ll at Vit|au iu Soucrsct, rou t|cu ou |c
cujoycd closc pcrsoual rclatious it| icury |o iu prcsscd t|c |is|opric o liu-
colu ou |iu) aud it| |is sous lic|ard l aud |o|u, cvcu |cu |c stood up to t|cu
it| a |lcud o hruucss aud |uuour. ic |ad a pct sau t|at guardcd |iu so .calously
t|at uouc could approac| t|c |is|op it|out |ciug attac|cd, so rcports |is c|aplaiu
Adau o Lyus|au, |o also rclatcs t|at iug|, iu ordcr to trauslatc a rclic o Mary
Magdalcuc to liucolu, |it a piccc out o |cr aru. 1|c lC C|urc| couucuoratcs |iu
ou t|is day as cll.
L|...|::| Lrs.|ct) .; H..r, or 1|uriugia) -). icrs as a s|ort |ut vcry cvcut-
ul lic. Daug|tcr o iiug Audrs ll o iuugary, s|c uarricd ludig l\, laudgravc o
1|uriugia, at t|c agc o , |cu |c dicd ou crusadc six ycars latcr, |is |rot|cr |au-
is|cd |cr or uuduc gcucrosity to t|c poor. Ludcr t|c iunucucc o a |ars| coucssor,
Courad o Mar|urg |o noggcd |cr or diso|cdicucc), s|c gavc up |cr c|ildrcu aud
practiscd grcat austcrity, |ilc dcvotiug |crscl to cariug or t|c sic|. S|c dicd ou
iovcu|cr , aud as |uricd iu t|c c|apcl o St lraucis' |ospital, uiraclcs crc soou
rcportcd, aud s|c as cauoui.cd ouly our ycars latcr. Suc| as |cr auc t|at s|c as
ouc o t|c c saiutly oucu o |cr tiuc to |c iucludcd iu t|c Goldcu lcgcud, it| a
ull aud aduiriug accouut. S|c is patrou o t|c lrauciscau 1|ird Ordcr. lu uauy cal-
cudars, aud t|c ..s.....s, |cr day is t|c t|, s|c uust |c distiuguis|cd rou t|c ilcsscd
Lli.a|ct| o iuugary, daug|tcr o Audrs lll, couucuoratcd ou Octo|cr, t|c auui-
vcrsary o |cr dcat| at t|c Douiuicau couvcut o 1ocss ucar Viutcrt|ur iu Sit.cr-
laud.

Acccssiou o Lli.a|ct| l, . icgiuuiug it| t|c tcut| auuivcrsary, iu , |clls crc
ruug iu loudou aud Vorccstcr, aud t|c custou sprcad iu t|c ucxt dccadcs, it as addcd
to t|c list o |oly days iu |ut as uot a day o rcst), it| a spccial sct o praycrs.
lu ot|cr placcs apparcutly at local iuitiativc) t|c day as o|scrvcd it| scruous,
uusic, hrcor|s, |ouhrcs, aud pagcauts.
1|c couucuoratiou o Lli.a|ct|'s acccssiou loug outlivcd t|c uouarc| |crscl,
irotcstauts iu particular c|cris|cd |cr ucuory, aud t|c clcvatiou to saiut|ood iu
o t|c popc |o |ad cxcouuuuicatcd |cr, iius \, occasioucd t|c olloiug scutiucuts
iu J r.::s:..: M:o.r..| ;.r :|: `::.:::.:| .; N.:o|:r, |:.. :|: I..r.:... L., .; ::. L|...~
|::| )
lu a gratcul rcucu|raucc o God's ucrcy iu raisiug up, coutiuuiug, aud prospcriug t|is uost
illustrious |cucactor o Luglaud, t|c good irotcstauts o t|is uatiou t|osc cspccially o
lOiDOi aud VLS1MliS1Ll) |avc auuually ta|cu uoticc aud uot it|out souc dcgrcc
o dcccut aud ordcrly solcuuity) o t|c t| o iovcu|cr, |ciug t|c day ou |ic| |cr Majcsty
Quccu Lli.a|ct| |cgau |cr |appy rcigu. Aud at prcscut suc| dcccut aud ordcrly o|scrvatiou o
it sccus to uc uot ouly arrautcd |y orucr uotivcs, |ut also cuorc'd |y a uc aud cxtraordi-
uary arguucut. lor t|is prcscut iopc, call'd Clcucut Xl., |as t|is vcry ycar cauoui.'d t|c orc-
ucutioucd cucuy o Luglaud, iopc iius t|c lit|, puttiug |iu iuto t|c uuu|cr o |cavculy
saiuts, aud alliug dou aud ors|ippiug t|at iuagc o a dcity, |ic| |c |iuscl |as sct up. io
t|c good irotcstauts o Luglaud, |o cll cousidcr t|at t|is prcscut iopc |as, so ar as iu |iu
lics, cxaltcd t|at iopc |o as so |old aud so iuvctcratc au advcrsary o Quccu Lli.a|ct| aud
all |cr su|jccts, as also t|at |c is au avocd patrou o t|c irctcudcr, ill t|iu| it |c|ovcs t|cu
to cxcrt t|cir .cal uo, aud at all tiucs, t|o' alays iu a ht aud lcgal uauucr,) agaiust t|c cvil
spirit o iopcry |ic| as cast out at t|c lcoruatiou, |ut |as cvcr siucc audcrcd a|out scc|-
iug or a rcuittaucc, |ic| l vcrily |opc t|c good providcucc o God, at lcast or |is trut|'s sa|c,
ill ucvcr pcruit. quotcd iu iraud, i.
1|csc scutiucuts cxplaiu |y it as custouary to |uru t|c iopc aud t|c Dcvil iu cgy
ou t|is day, duriug Quccu Auuc's rcigu, t|c hgurc o t|c irctcudcr as addcd to t|c
|ouhrc.
1|c lcouids, au auuual uctcor-s|ocr, pca| a|out t|is day.
z

... XIJ I.|:..s L:.:o|r:s G
z - - - latvia ludcpcudcucc Day rou Gcruauy aud
lussia, )
Ouau iatioual ioliday
z 1|is day as appoiutcd |y t|c louau cupcror liciuius, collcaguc
aud cucuy o Coustautiuc t|c Grcat, or t|c ors|ip o t|c suu-god, souc sc|olars
iucr t|at, uudcr its Maccdouiau uauc o Dios, it as rcgardcd iu ccrtaiu parts o t|c

louau Last as ic Ycar's Day. Clcucut o Alcxaudria's datc or t|c iativity, ycars
uout| days |corc t|c dcat| o t|c cupcror Couuodus Dcccu|cr ),
or|s out at iovcu|cr , |ut |is calculatious arc too couuscd or auy dcductiou
to |c surc.
z - Lli.a|ct| o iuugary CY, lC ou iov.), Dcdicatiou o t|c iasil-
icas o SS ictcr aud iaul lC)
St ictcr's iasilica, as c scc it today, as cousccratcd |y Lr|au \lll ou iovcu|cr
, t|c uc |asilica o Sau iaolo uori lc Mura, |uilt atcr t|c priuitivc ouc as dc-
stroycd |y hrc, as cousccratcd |y iius lX ou Dcccu|cr , |ut t|c auuual cou-
ucuoratiou as appoiutcd or iovcu|cr.
A talc o to Coruis| saiuts, icvcruc t| c., ou t|is day) aud |ust or Lst Aug., to
|ou a c|urc| is dcdicatcd ucar icu.aucc)
St. |ust it appcars, cut iu a ricudly uauucr to pay a visit to St. icvcruc, iu |osc |ousc |c as
cutcrtaiucd it| t|c grcatcst |ospitality or scvcral days. lt sccus |ocvcr, t|at soou atcr |is dc-
parturc, St. icvcruc |aviug uisscd a piccc o platc, |cgau to suspcct t|c |oucsty o |is gucst,
aud to |riug t|is uattcr to au issuc, |c pursucd |iu, rcsolviug to ua|c |iu rcstorc t|c stolcu
articlc, or to givc proo o |is |oucsty. Auticipatiug a cou|at, ou crossiug Crosa. Dous, |c
too| up t|rcc stoucs, cac| cig|iug ull pouuds, aud put t|cu iuto |is poc|ct, aud |ciug
t|us arucd, pursucd |is |rot|cr saiut, |ou |c ovcrtoo| iu t|c paris| o Gcruoc, aud c|argcd
iuucdiatcly it| t|c ro||cry. St. |ust dcuicd t|c c|argc, aud a coutcst iuucdiatcly cusucd, |ut
St. icvcruc |ciug arucd it| |is t|rcc stoucs, soou o|taiucd a couplctc victory, aud |aviug rc-
covcrcd |is platc, rcturucd. iis stoucs |ocvcr, |ciug uo o uo urt|cr usc, aud |ciug rat|cr
cuu|crsouc, |c suu| triaugularly iuto t|c grouud, iu a littlc uoo| ou t|c rig|t |aud sidc o t|c
road |ctccu ircagc aud Mara.iou, |crc t|cy coutiuuc to t|c prcscut day, as uouuucuts o
|at aucicut saiuts could accouplis|. Mauy tiucs t|cy arc said to |avc |ccu rcuovcd or |uild-
iugs, |ut to |at placc socvcr t|cy |avc |ccu carricd, t|cy |avc alays ouud t|cir ay |ac| agaiu
duriug t|c uig|t. lt is souc|at rcuar|a|lc, t|at t|csc arc actually o t|c sauc grit it| t|c irou
stouc o Crosa. Dous, aud t|at uouc |csidcs o t|is |iud arc to |c ouud iu ircagc or
Gcruoc. iitc|ius, i. - )
z

... XIII I.|:..s L:.:o|r:s A
z - - - Mouaco iatioual Day
z - iilda CY), iarlaau Ort|.), orucrly Lli.a|ct| o iuugary lC,
uo iov.)
H.|., a||css o V|it|y, is said |y icdc to |avc dicd ou iovcu|cr . lguorcd |y
t|c iCi, s|c as couucuoratcd ou t|c t| iu t|c ASi, |ut uovcd to t|c t| iu CY,
as Lli.a|ct| o iuugary as to t|c t|, iu ordcr to scparatc |cr cast rou St iug|'s.

S|c as |cad o a dou|lc uouastcry o uou|s aud uuus at `:r:...:s|.|.|, also |uou as
V|it|y, |crc t|c grcat syuod o as |cld, |cr uauc appcars iu t|c calcudar o St
Villi|rord, rittcu at t|c |cgiuuiug o t|c cig|t| ccutury. 1|c Aucricau iCi puts |cr
ou t|c t|.
3.r|..o, uartyrcd at Autioc| pcr|aps uudcr Dioclctiau, au ill-cducatcd |ut stroug-
uiudcd C|ristiau |o rcsistcd torturcs dcscri|cd iu dctail |y iasil t|c Grcat aud
St |o|u C|rysostou. lu lussia t|is day OS = Dcc.) is associatcd rat|cr it| |is
uaucsa|c, \arlaau o t|c icc|crs|y uouastcry, aud it| iarlaau aud |osap|at scc
iov.).
M:.|:.| o iac|c|oru d. ), a Gcruau uystic |uou or |cr siugiug as a 'uig|tiu-
galc o C|rist', |cr rcvclatious crc rittcu dou |y |cr a||css as t|c 3..| .; `:...|
Cr..:, souc |avc idcutihcd |cr it| t|c Douua Matclda iu Dautc, r.:.r.. -. Au-
ot|cr Mcc|tild, o Magdc|urg, as |cr coutcuporary iu t|c sauc uuuucry aud as
cvcu uorc aucd as a uystic ritcr.
z

... XII I.|:..s L:.:o|r:s i
`:: .r|.|: .. :.s:,
s...: Lo. :. |:.s:.
z - - - Mcxico Auuivcrsary o t|c lcvolutiou o
uatioual |oliday)
Vcddiug-day o iM t|c Quccu , t|c Luiou nag is nou
z - Lduuud t|c Martyr CoL)
Lo., |oru .., as |iug o t|c Last Auglcs |y . lu |c as capturcd |y t|c
\i|iugs, |o ocrcd to sparc |is lic i |c ould s|arc |is |iugdou it| t|cir lcadcr,
lugvarr t|c iouclcss, rcusiug to associatc it| a |cat|cu, |c as sct up as a practicc-
targct or t|c Dauis| arc|crs, till |c rcscu|lcd 'a |cdgc|og |osc s|iu is closcly sct it|
quills, or a t|istlc covcrcd it| t|orus', |c as t|cu |c|cadcd. Aluost at oucc |c as
cultcd as a uartyr, iu t|c tcut| ccutury |is rcuaius crc trauslatcd to iury St Lduuuds.
icorc t|c prouotiou o St Gcorgc |c as rcgardcd as t|c patrou o Luglaud alt|oug|
t|c story t|at t|c rc|cl |arous plcdgcd t|cusclvcs ou |is altar to cxtract a c|artcr rou
iiug |o|u is uot supportcd |y local cvidcucc, it is ccrtaiu t|at iu |is cast as dc-
crccd a |oly day o o|ligatiou or all Luglaud. 1|c lC C|urc| couucuoratcs |iu ou
t|is day as cll.

z

... XI I.|:..s L:.:o|r:s C
z - ircscutatiou o t|c ilcsscd \irgiu Mary lC),
- Ort|.)
1|is cast, origiuatiug it| t|c dcdicatiou o ic St Mary's iu |crusalcu ou t|is day
, is associatcd it| t|c story iu t|c irotcvaugcliuu o |aucs t|at Mary as |roug|t
to t|c 1cuplc |y |cr parcuts, |oac|iu aud Auuc, at t|c agc o . lt is attcstcd at Cou-
stautiuoplc |y t|c cig|t| ccutury, aud as uadc a pu|lic |oliday iu . 1|c carlicst
o|scrvaucc iu t|c Vcst as iu t|c clcvcut| ccutury, Sixtus l\ iutroduccd it iuto louc
iu . iius \ rcuovcd it rou t|c calcudar iu as |ciug |ascd ou lcgcud, |ut iu
Sixtus \ rcstorcd it.
C:|.s.s I, popc -), a .calous c|aupiou o ccclcsiastical pocr, activc dccudcr o
C|alccdouiau C|ristiauity aud oc o |crctics, so iutrausigcut as |is rcsistaucc to
Coustautiuoplc t|at |c alicuatcd t|c Lastcru C|urc|. ic iusistcd t|at couuuuiou |c
ta|cu iu |ot| |iuds iu ordcr to s|o up Mauic|ccs |o rcuscd to driu| iuc. Mod-
cru sc|olars dcuy |iu aut|ors|ip o t|c Gclasiau Sacraucutary au t|-c. lrau|is|
liturgical |oo|) aud t|c L:.r::o C:|.s...o a t|-c. accouut o doctriuc aud c|urc|
govcruucut iucludiug a list o |oo|s to |c rcad, or uot rcad, iu c|urc|), souc |avc rc-
assigucd t|c attac| ou t|c lupcrcalia scc lc|.) to |is prcdcccssor, lclix lll, |ut t|crc
is uo dou|tiug |is lcttcrs or |is t|cological trcatiscs, iucludiug a dccucc o C|alccdou
agaiust its cucuics.
lu Grcccc it is said t|at t|c good arucr |as sou at lcast |al |is hcld |y t|is day,
|cucc t|c uauc 'Our lady ialsocr' M:s.s.r:.ss.) or 'Muc|socr' .|.s.r:.ss.). Ou
|cr day ouc cats a dis| uadc o scvcral |iuds o graiu, callcd 'uauysccd' .|.s:ro.) or
iu souc placcs 'allsccd' ..s:ro.), t|c uauc uscd iu aucicut At|cus or a siuilar dis|
|ououriug t|c coru goddcss Dcuctcr ocrcd ou t|c t|ird day o t|c Aut|cstcria csti-
val t|c t| day o t|c uout| Aut|cstcriou, iu latc lc|ruary or carly Marc|).
z

... X I.|:..s L:.:o|r:s D
z - - - lc|auou ludcpcudcucc Day rou lraucc,
)
z - Cccilia CoL, lC)

C:..|.., lcgcudary virgiu uartyr o patriciau |irt|, |o couvcrtcd |cr |us|aud \alcriau
aud |is |rot|cr 1i|urtius Apr.), uartyrcd uudcr Scvcrus Alcxaudcr iu t|c tiuc o
Lr|au l, .., |y |ciug suocatcd it| t|c stcau o a |ot |at| iu |cr ou uausiou
latcr couvcrtcd iuto a c|urc|). 1|c li|cly causc o dcat| iu suc| iustauccs ould |c
|catstro|c rat|cr t|au suocatiou, |ut t|c lcgcud iusists t|at, alt|oug| s|c as |cpt iu
t|c |at||ousc, it| a grcat hrc uudcr it, or uorc t|au |ours, s|c provcd so iu-
pcrvious to t|c |cat t|at, as C|auccr puts it, 'lt uadc |ir uot a dropc or to sctc'. lu
rustratiou, t|c pcrsccutor ordcrcd |cr to |c |c|cadcd, |ut uot cvcu t|c cxccutioucr's
axc could huis| |cr o-at lcast, uot iuucdiatcly. S|c livcd t|rcc uorc days, it| |cr
|cad |al-scvcrcd, still tcac|iug |cr ollocrs aud cucouragiug t|cu iu t|c ait|.
C|auccr says
1|rc stro|cs iu t|c uc||c |c suoot |irc t|o,
1|c torucutour, |ut or uo uaucr c|auucc
ic uyg|tc uog|t suytc al |ir uc||c ato,
Aud or t|cr as t|at tyuc au ordiuauucc
1|at uo uau s|oldc doou uau sic| pcuauucc
1|c crt|c stroo| to suytcu, sotc or soorc,
1|is torucutour uc dorstc do uauoorc,
iut |al dccd, it| |ir uc||c ycorvcu t|crc,
ic lctc |ir lyc, aud ou |is cy |c cut.
'1|c Sccoud iuu's 1alc', -
At a trauslatiou o |cr supposcd rcuaius iu , |cr |ody as sccu to |c couplctc
aud iucorrupt alt|oug| iu au carlicr trauslatiou, |cr |cad |ad |ccu cus|riucd scpar-
atcly), iu t|c |asilica o Sauta Cccilia iu 1rastcvcrc, uudcr t|c |ig| altar, t|crc is a |cau-
tiul statuc o |cr rccliuiug |ody |y Stcauo Madcruo.
icar t|c sitc o t|c |asilica, louau oucu |ad ors|ippcd t|c ioua Dca Oclata
or lcstitutrix, |o gavc protcctiou agaiust cyc-discasc aud |liuducss ..:..:.s), local
C|ristiaus appcar to |avc trauscrrcd t|is |clic to a Caccilia iu ouc sourcc a ualc
Caccilius), aud t|cu idcutihcd |cr it| t|c Caccilia |uricd iu a crypt |uilt ucxt to t|at
o t|c popcs, iu t|c catacou| o Callistus, atcr t|c pcrsccutious |ad ccascd. |cis|-
C|ristiau iunucucc |as |ccu suggcstcd |y Couuolly t|c c|ic sourcc or t|is paragrap|
aud t|c ucxt), uot ouly |ccausc 1rastcvcrc |ad a largc |cis| populatiou St Cccilia's cult
drc ou t|c ioo| o Lst|cr, |cld iu vcry littlc rcgard |y Gcutilcs, aud carly tcxts rccord
as |cr 'statiou' day-t|at ou |ic| t|c iopc said uass iu |cr c|urc|-t|c Vcducsday
atcr t|c sccoud Suuday iu lcut, |ic| is as uauy days |corc Good lriday as Adar,
t|c last o Lst|cr, |corc t|c |i|lical iassovcr ou iisau. Siucc Lst|cr's ot|cr uauc,
'iadassa|' Lst|. ), ucaus 'Myrtlc', a saiut |o iu souc scusc as Lst|cr |ad |y
|cr prcscucc dchcd t|c pagau |au ou |riugiug uyrtlc, sacrcd to \cuus, to t|c placc o
ioua Dca, |cr c|astc oppositc, ou t|c ot|cr |aud, t|c lcssou attcstcd or |cr statiou
uass is t|c iraycr o Mordcc|ai Lst|. - \ulg.), |ut put iu Lst|cr's uout| iu-
stcad, as i rccalliug t|c cxclusiou o ucu rou t|c cult o ioua Dca.
lu souc placcs Cccilia is a |caliug saiut, |ut s|c is uaiuly |uou as t|c patrou saiut
o uusic. 1|is is couuouly t|oug|t a htccut|-ccutury uisuudcrstaudiug o t|c talc

t|at ou |cr cddiug-day s|c iguorcd t|c playiug iustruucuts |ut saug to God iu |cr
|cart, t|c trut| sccus to |c uorc couplcx. 1|c .ss.., couposcd iu t|c latc ht| ccu-
tury to givc |cr lcgcud a dchuitivc oru, rcprcscuts |cr as posscssiug, t|roug| |cr vir-
giuity, au augclic visiou t|at coutrasts it| t|c spiritual |liuducss o |cr pcrsccutors. lt
is as a virgiu, s|ariug iu t|c .:. ..:|... as a ucu|cr o a cclcstial c|oir, t|at s|c siugs to
God iu |cr |cart, aud |cars t|c uusic o |cavcu, casily idcutihcd it| t|c icoplatouic
uusic o t|c sp|crcs. lu t|is s|c trausccuds Lst|cr, |osc dclivcraucc o |cr pcoplc is
cclc|ratcd at iuriu |y driu|iug till ouc cau uo lougcr tcll t|c dicrcucc |ctccu
'Accurscd |c iauau' aud 'ilcsscd |c Mordcc|ai', |ut at Lp|. - ua|iug uclody
iu ouc's |cart to t|c lord is prccrrcd to |ciug druu| it| iuc. icucc iu t|c latcr
Middlc Agcs Cccilia is syu|olically dcpictcd carryiug uot at hrst playiug) a portativc
orgau, |ocvcr, as t|c icoplatouic orld-vic adcd, aud cart|ly uusic rcgaiucd its iu-
|critaucc rou t|c spiritual iutcrlopcr, t|c uusical Cccilia |ccauc its patrou.
iurccll's odc 'Vclcouc to all t|c plcasurcs' as pu|lis|cd iu |y |o|u ilayord
t|c titlc-pagc proclaiucd 'A Musical Lutcrtaiuucut iLllOlM'D Oi iO\LM-
iLl XXll. . l1 iLliG 1iL lcstival o St. Cccilia, a grcat iatroucss o Music,
ViOSL MLMOlY is AiiLAllY iouour'd |y a iu|lic lcast uadc ou t|at Day
|y t|c MAS1LlS aud lO\LlS o Music, as cll iu Luglaud as iu lorcigu iarts.'
At C|rist C|urc| iu Oxord it is t|c custou, ou St Cccilia's day, or gracc |corc
diuucr to |c suug, so ouc o us |card it iu , aud t|cu ou sittiug dou, lcarut t|at
ircsidcut icuucdy |ad |ccu assassiuatcd.
z

... IX I.|:..s L:.:o|r:s L
C.:::r. .. C|:o:.: ..o:s ,:.r |, ,:.r,
s.o: .; ,.r .|:s .. s.o: .; ,.r |::r.
z - - - |apau la|our 1|au|sgiviug Day or I..r. |..s|.
.. H. uatioual |oliday)
z - Clcucut CoL, lC), Coluu|au lC)
C|:o:.:, apparcutly o |cis| origiu, is traditioually couutcd as t|c t|ird popc ..-
..) atcr St ictcr, |o is said to |avc ordaiucd |iu, |c is c|icny rcucu|crcd or t|c
uuc|-aduircd lcttcr scut .. rou t|c louau to t|c Coriut|iau c|urc|, |ic| as
rivcu |y iutcrual disscusious. Alt|oug| Clcucut's uauc uo|crc appcars iu t|c tcxt,
ot|cr cvidcucc iudicatcs t|at |c rotc it, |ut as corrcspoudiug sccrctary uot as |is|op
louc |ad uot yct adoptcd uouarc|ical |is|ops suc| as cxistcd at Autioc| scc
Oct.), aud t|c tcxt, li|c t|c ic 1cstaucut, ua|cs uo distiuctiou |ctccu |is|ops
iu Grcc| :s|..., 'ovcrsccrs') aud prcs|ytcrs r:s| ,::r.., 'cldcrs'). 1|c |cautiul c|urc|

o Sau Clcucutc iu louc as |uilt .., atcr lo|crt Guiscard's ioruaus |ad rav-
agcd t|c city iu scc May), a|ovc ouc dcdicatcd iu t|c latc ourt| ccutury aud
crcctcd ou t|c sitc o to hrst-ccutury |ouscs o |ic| t|c suallcr coutaiucd a
sccoud-ccutury Mit|racuu or tcuplc o Mit|ras) staudiug ovcr t|c rcuaius o |ouscs
dcstroycd iu t|c hrc o . 1|is sitc as callcd t|c .r:. C|:o:.:.s, it is |uou t|at |y
t|c t|ird ccutury C|ristiau ors|ip |ad |ccu couductcd iu a :.:|s C|:o:.:.s, a |uildiug
oucd or orucrly oucd |y a Clcucus-possi|ly 1. llavius Clcucus scc |uuc),
iu |osc |ousc|old t|c saiut as souctiucs t|oug|t to |avc |ccu a rccduau. 1|is
sccus iupro|a|lc alt|oug| Clcucus as a couuou uauc or slavc aud rcc ali|c-
also |oruc |y St iaul's 'cllo la|ourcr' at i|il. -a slavc ould uot |c callcd |y t|c
sauc uauc as |is uastcr, uor ould |c ta|c |is uastcr's ....o:. |cu rccd, |ut t|is
uotiou uudcrlics |ot| t|c dcdicatiou o t|c c|urc| to t|c |is|op iu t|c latc ourt| ccu-
tury aud t|c |clic t|at |c as a uartyr. iy urt|cr couusiou it| ioutia or iou.a, t|c
islaud iu t|c 1yrr|cuiau Sca to |ic| llavius Clcucus' ic Douitilla |ad |ccu |au-
is|cd, Clcucut as said to |avc |ccu cxilcd to t|c ioutus or ilac| Sca arca, spccihcally
to t|c Criuca, aud t|rou iuto t|c sca it| au auc|or rouud |is ucc|. lu t|c iutcr o
, t|c uissiouary diplouat Coustautiuc latcr Cyril, scc May) ouud |at |c
too| to |c |is rclics, couplctc it| auc|or, aud |roug|t t|cu |ac| to Coustautiuoplc,
|cu |c aud |is |rot|cr Mct|odius crc scut to Moravia, t|cy carricd t|c rclics it|
t|cu, aud iu , |roug|t t|cu |ac| to louc or solcuu iutcrucut iu t|c |asilica.
iis day as loug |cpt iu Luglaud |y proccssious o c|ildrcu uiuic|iug c|urc|ucu
aud |cggiug or uoucy, till t|c cast, aloug it| t|osc o SS Cat|criuc, iic|olas, aud
t|c ioly luuoccuts, as supprcsscd |y proclauatiou ou |uly scc Dcc.).
io Clcucut |ccauc t|c patrou saiut o |attcrs
iattcrs |avc a traditiou t|at |ilc St. Clcucut as ncciug rou |is pcrsccutors |is cct |ccauc
|listcrcd, aud to aord |iu rclic |c as coupcllcd to put ool |ctccu |is saudals aud t|c solcs
o |is cct. Ou coutiuuiug |is jourucy, t|c ool, |y t|c pcrspiratiou, uotiou, aud prcssurc o
t|c cct, assuucd a uuioruly coupact su|staucc, |ic| |as siucc |ccu dcuouiuatcd ;:|:. V|cu
|c atcrards scttlcd at louc, it is said, |c iuprovcd t|c discovcry, aud rou t|is circuustaucc
|as |ccu datcd t|c origiu o ;:|:... iattcrs iu lrclaud, aud ot|cr Cat|olic couutrics, still |old
t|cir cstival ou St. Clcucut's day. iouc, 1:.r,
C.|o|.., a||ot o luxcuil aud io||io, dicd ou t|is day iu . ioru .. iu lciustcr,
|c |ccauc a uou| .. iu iaugor Co. Dou), aud spcut t|irty ycars as a tcac|cr |corc
travclliug it| tclvc coupauious, iucludiug St Gallus scc Oct.), |y ay o Lug-
laud to Austrasia aud iurguudy roug|ly, castcru lraucc aud cstcru Gcruauy), |c
ouudcd uuucrous uouastcrics, iu particular luxcuil, it| a rulc o |is ou, |ascd ou
lris| practiccs, t|at provcd too austcrc or Coutiucutal tastcs aud |ad to |c rcplaccd |y
St icucdict's. iis lris| uodc o rcc|ouiug Lastcr also gavc ocucc, |c dccudcd |iu-
scl iu a lcttcr to iopc Grcgory t|c Grcat, iu |ic| apparcut |uuility pccls o to rc-
vcal a studicd iusolcucc. Lxpcllcd rou iurguudy iu atcr rc|u|iug iiug 1|cudcric
or 1|icrry ll or coucu|iuagc, |c travcllcd up-l|iuc to ircgcu., aud t|cucc to uort|-
cru ltaly, |crc |c ouudcd t|c a||cy o io||io, sout|-cst o iiaccu.a, iu |ic| |c
is |uricd.

z

... JIII I.|:..s L:.:o|r:s l
z - - - Dcuocratic lcpu|lic o Cougo uatioual day)
z - lorucrly St |o|u o t|c Cross uo Dcc.)
C|r,s...s, said to |avc |ccu uartyrcd uudcr Dioclctiau at Aquilcia, |ut patrou o a
louau c|urc| Sau Crisogouo) iu 1rastcvcrc as cll as o a \cuctiau c|urc| Sau
Grisogouo) ucar t|c |ousc o Marco iolo.
lu t|c iy.autiuc Lupirc t|is as t|c |cgiuuiug o t|c uc iuc cstival o iruualia,
|ic| lastcd uutil t|c iutcr solsticc latiu |ro.), |ciug csscutially a pagau cclc|ra-
tiou iu |ouour o Diouysos, it as coudcuucd |y c|urc| couucils, |ut o|scrvcd |y t|c
iy.autiuc court aud popularly uutil at lcast t|c tclt| ccutury. Suall ca|cs crc scut
as prcscuts.
N.:o|:r
Ior:ss...
A ct o lcancss spray
Vovcu huc agaiust t|c gray
O t|c autuuual day,
Aud |lurrcd aloug t|osc g|ostly gardcu tops
Clustcrs o |crrics criusou as t|c drops
1|at uy |cart |lccds |cu l rcucu|cr
io otcu, iu |o uauy a ar iovcu|cr,
O c|ild|ood aud uy c|ildrcu's c|ild|ood l as glad,
Vit| t|c ild rapturc o t|c lall,
O all t|c |cauty, aud o all
1|c ruiu, uo so iutolcra|ly sad.
Villiau Dcau ioclls -)
z

... JII I.|:..s L:.:o|r:s G
z - - - Suriuauc ludcpcudcucc Day rou t|c ict|cr-
lauds, )
z - Cat|criuc o Alcxaudria CoL, lC uutil )

C.:|:r..: .; J|::..r.., iu Grcc| J.|.::r.: , |cucc t|c C|urc| Slavouic L|.::r.., uscd iu
lussiau or t|c to cuprcsscs o t|at uauc. latiu oru I.:|.r... |y alsc ctyuology
rou t|c Grcc| |.:|.rs, 'purc'. S|c as ouc o t|c uajor cualc saiuts iu t|c Middlc
Agcs, alays portraycd it| t|c spi|cd |ccl ou |ic| s|c as to |avc |ccu |ro|cu |ut
|ic| itscl as |ro|cu |y a t|uudcr|olt rou |cavcu-|cucc dcrivcs |cr patrouagc
o |cclrig|ts aud uillcrs. Accordiug to |cr lcgcud, drauatically rctold iu t|c Goldcu
lcgcud |ut uo cousidcrcd purc hctiou, s|c as a ourt|-ccutury virgiu, uo|lc aud o
cxccptioual iutclligcucc, |o |cstcd hty p|ilosop|crs iu a dc|atc ordcrcd |y t|c cu-
pcror Maxcutius, disgustcd, |c |ad t|cu all |urut. 1|c lcgcud also |as |cr |ody traus-
portcd to Mouut Siuai |y augcls slo oucs t|c trip too| tcuty days). Artists otcu
portraycd t|c 'uystic uarriagc' o St Cat|criuc, |crc s|c is s|ou acccptiug a riug
rou t|c C|rist C|ild, atcr a visiou s|c oucc |ad, t|c autip|ou or \irgius, 'Couc,
iridc o C|rist', pcrpctuatcs t|is t|cuc. S|c is ouc o t|c lourtccu Auxiliary Saiuts,
aud patrou o p|ilosop|crs, studcuts, aud li|rariaus
Saiut Cat|cru avours lcarucd ucu, aud givcs t|cu iscdouc |yc
Aud tcac|ct| to rcsolvc t|c dou|tcs, aud alays givct| aydc,
Luto t|c scoldiug Sop|istcr, to ua|c |is rcasou staydc.
iaogcorgus, o.
S|c is also t|c patrou saiut o youug oucu |cr voicc as ouc o t|c |cavculy voiccs
|card |y St |oau), aud cspccially o spiustcrs
St Cat|criuc, St Cat|criuc, O lcud uc t|iuc aid,
Aud graut t|at l ucvcr uay dic au old uaid.
A |us|aud, St Cat|criuc,
A good ouc, St Cat|criuc,
iut aru-a-ouc |cttcr t|au
iaru-a-ouc, St Cat|criuc. ..,, ...:
Scct St Cat|criuc,
A |us|aud, St Cat|criuc,
iaudsouc, St Cat|criuc,
lic|, St Cat|criuc,
`..., St Cat|criuc.
i. icutiu, | L.rs:: ), -
Ou |cr day iu lraucc oucu |avc t|c rig|t to as| ucu iu uarriagc. Luuarricd oucu
iu t|cir tcuty-ht| ycar crc cxpcctcd to givc |cr statuc a uc |ouuct ou |cr day,
|cucc t|cir uauc o ..:|:r..::::s, cspccially applicd to uilliucrs.
M:r.r.s d. ..), a arrior saiut, |o appcarcd iu a visiou it| SS Gcorgc aud
Dcuctrius to |clp t|c C|ristiaus rccapturc Autioc| duriug t|c lirst Crusadc scc
Apr.).
Lvacuatiou Day iu ic Yor| City iu Gcucral iuox aud |is troops cutcrcd t|c city
rou iarlcu, as t|c last iritis| troops crc cu|ar|iug. Govcruor Cliutou |ostcd a diu-
ucr or Gcucral Vas|iugtou aud ot|cr aruy occrs at lrauucc's 1avcru, aud t|c citi.cus

cclc|ratcd it| |ouhrcs aud roc|cts. |o|u iiutard, ouudcr o t|c ic-Yor| iistori-
cal Socicty, as iustruucutal iu sccuriug t|c auuivcrsary cclc|ratiou.
ic Yor|, t| iovcu|cr, . 1|is is t|c t| Auuivcrsary o t|c cvacuatiou o t|is city |y
t|c iritis| orccs |ic| cousuuuatcd t|c Aucricau rcvolutiou, a day t|at rcstorcd our citi.cus
to t|cir dcsolatcd dclliugs atcr a loug ~ tcdious cxilc o ycars, duriug |ic| uauy a patriot
|ad dicd ~ lct t|cir rcuaius iu distaut lauds. . . . 1|is day so dcar to us, |as loug |ccu cclc|ratcd
|y uilitary |ouours, aud l t|iu| t|at l |avc |crctoorc told you t|at t|c cclc|ratiou as oiug
to uy suggcstiou |cu a youug ucu|cr o t|c Corporatiou o t|is city |corc uy goiug to
icar|. iiutard, i.
Auuivcrsary o t|c Grcat llood.
Accordiug to t|c uost cxpcricuccd c|rouologists t|c dclugc couucuccd t|is day ycars |c-
orc C|rist, aud iu t|c ycar o t|c orld. 1.o:`s 1:|:s..: ),
z

... JI I.|:..s L:.:o|r:s A
z -
`.r...s, popc -), t|c hrst to issuc dccrctals orual cdicts o c|urc| la). At a
syuod iu , |c sccurcd t|c coudcuuatiou o t|c uou| |oviuiau, |o |aviug turucd
agaiust asccticisu |ad dcuicd t|at Mary |ad rcuaiucd a virgiu atcr |cariug |csus, latcr,
|c coudcuucd t|c opiuiou cxprcsscd |y iouosus, |is|op o iis , t|at Mary |ad |oruc
c|ildrcu to |oscp|. Alt|oug| |oviuiau |ad |ccu t|c targct o |crouc's I......o, a clas-
sic o uisogyuy, |crouc |ad uo lovc or Siricius, |o |ad pcruittcd |is cxpulsiou rou
louc aud |o s|ocd avour to ucu |ou |c dctcstcd, |is advcrsc couucuts, aud
ot|crs rou iauliuus o iola, |o ouud Siricius |aug|ty, causcd |iu to |c ouittcd
rou t|c louau Martyrology o dcspitc |is carlicr status as a saiut, |c as rc-
storcd iu |y icucdict Xl\, |o rotc a trcatisc iu support o |is sauctity.
L:.:||:..: .; `: C:.:.::. lu au cpidcuic o crgotisu at iaris cudcd atcr t|c popu-
latiou |ad |csoug|t St Gcucvicvc scc |au.) to iutcrccdc, t|c auuual cstival cou-
ucuoratiug t|c uiraclc, iustitutcd |y iopc luuoccut ll iu t|c olloiug ycar, is still
o|scrvcd iu iarisiau c|urc|cs.
lu lussia, t|is day as a sccoud cast o St Gcorgc iar|iusou ) uotcs ou lriday,
Dcccu|cr iS = iov. OS) '1|is |ciug St Gcorgc's Day t|c iuig|ts o t|at
Ordcr diucd it| t|c Luprcss.' 1|c talc as told o a district |osc pcoplc dicd cvcry
ycar ou t|is day, |aviug cxposcd arcs or salc, aud rcvivcd ou April to rcccivc pay-
ucut.

z

... J I.|:..s L:.:o|r:s i
z -
3.r|..o .. j.s.|.:. 1|c ascctic iarlaau couvcrtcd t|c youug priucc |osap|at aud cvcu-
tually |is at|cr, t|c pcrsccutiug iiug A|cuucr, all t|rcc lct t|c orld aud livcd as |cr-
uits. 1|c story |as |ccu a avouritc iu t|c C|ristiau orld or uauy ccuturics, it as
cspccially popular it| t|c Cat|ar |crctics o sout|cru lraucc, aud also causcd 1olstoy,
as |c rclatcs iu J C..;:ss..., to rcuouucc orldly plcasurcs. Yct it is uot origiually C|ris-
tiau at all, |ut iudd|ist. Storics o t|c iod|isattva's t|c uturc iudd|a's) cducatiou
|ccauc vcry popular it| t|c Mauic|ccs o Ccutral Asia, |clicvcrs iu au aualgau o
iudd|isu, C|ristiauity, aud Zoroastriauisu |osc asccticisu is otcu t|oug|t to
uudcrlic Cat|arisu aud rclatcd uovcucuts. O t|c uuucrous Mauic|acau vcrsious
o t|c talc, ouc as trauslatcd iuto Ara|ic aud givcu au lslauic tiugc) as t|c ioo| o
iila|ar aud Yudasa, iila|ar as a uc c|aractcr, |ut Yudasa as a corruptiou o
3.|.s.::. iu Ara|ic script | aud , arc aluost t|c sauc).
lu t|is oru it rcac|cd Gcorgia, |crc it as turucd iuto a C|ristiau rouaucc cu-
titlcd 3.|.|.r...., t|c uaiu c|aractcrs |ciug callcd iala|var aud lodasap, t|is as traus-
latcd iuto Grcc| |y Lut|yuius scc May) aud rcor|cd iuto a |ig|ly polis|cd
uarrativc, latcr ascri|cd to St |o|u Dauasccuc, iu |ic| t|c c|ic c|aractcrs crc
rcuaucd iarlau scc iov.) aud losap|. 1|is as trauslatcd iuto uuucrous C|ris-
tiau lauguagcs, iu t|c latiu vcrsiou, I..s.| |ccauc t|c |i|lical uauc I.s.|.: |c|o-
s|ap|at). Ouc coupoucut is a talc o our cas|cts, to gildcd |ut coutaiuiug dcad ucu's
|oucs, to covcrcd it| pitc| |ut coutaiuiug gcus aud pcruucs, iu t|c ucdicval story-
|oo| |uou as t|c C:s:. .o...ro t|cy |ccauc t|c t|rcc cas|cts, gold, silvcr, aud lcad,
t|at S|a|cspcarc iucorporatcd iu 1|: M:r.|..: .; J:...:.
j.o:s :|: :rs... scrvcd S|a| Y.dcgird l -), |o as cll disposcd toards
C|ristiaus uutil, iu t|c last ycar o |is rcigu, souc o t|cu lauuc|cd violcut attac|s
agaiust t|c icrsiau uatioual rcligiou o Zoroastriau hrc-ors|ip. icrsccutiou as rc-
uccd, |aucs apostasi.cd, |ut as rccouvcrtcd |y |is uot|cr aud |is ic, or t|is t|c
uc s|a|, ia|rau \, ordcrcd |is cxccutiou. lirst |is hugcrs, t|cu |is tocs, t|cu |is arus,
t|cu |is lcgs crc cut o, |is t|ig|s crc rippcd out o |is |ips, all t|c |ilc |aucs
coutiuucd to praisc God. ic is |uou as St |aucs lutcrcisus 'c|oppcd to picccs'). A
|cad said to |c |is rcac|cd Coruarcy iu t|c dioccsc o 1ours iu aud t|c \aticau
...
J.r.|.s or lcrgil o Sal.|urg, t|c Apostlc o Cariut|ia, dicd ou t|is day iu . A |ig|ly
cducatcd lris|uau, |uou at |ouc as t|c Gcouctcr, |c lct |ouc .. aud staycd or
to ycars at Coupiguc, at t|c court o t|c uturc iiug iippiu, |o scut |iu ou to
Du|c Odilo o iavaria. Odilo's tcrritory iucludcd Sal.|urg, |ic| as it|out a
|is|op, \irgilius as appoiutcd to aduiuistcr t|c dioccsc, |ut did so as a||ot o

St ictcr's t|roug| a suragau, a cllo lris|uau callcd Du|| o t|c 1o Couutrics
Du|| d gCroc|). 1|is arraugcucut, uorual iu lrclaud, ocudcd t|c Luglis|uau
St iouiacc, |o also couplaiucd to iopc Zac|arias scc Mar.) t|at \irgilius |ad
acccptcd as valid a |aptisu aduiuistcrcd iu |ad latiu, aud t|at |c taug|t t|c cxistcucc
o auot|cr orld |cucat| t|c cart| it| its ou suu aud uoou, cvidcutly \irgilius or
iouiacc) |lcudcd t|c Autipodcs o aucicut gcograp|y it| |is poctical uaucsa|c's
a|odc o t|c |lcsscd, |o |avc a suu aud stars o t|cir ou. 1|c iopc avoidcd a dcci-
siou ou t|c last qucstiou, up|cld \irgilius ovcr t|c |aptisu, |ut iusistcd t|at |c s|ould
|c propcrly cousccratcd as |is|op. Atcr Odilo's sou aud succcssor 1assilo lll |ad cou-
qucrcd t|c Cariut|iau Slavs \irgilius scut uissiouarics to couvcrt t|cu. iis tou| as
discovcrcd iu , uiraclcs crc rcportcd, lcadiug to cauoui.atiou iu . 1|c lcarucd
|ut touguc-iu-c|cc| cosuograp|y o 'Act|icus lstcr' is couuouly t|oug|t to |c |is
or|.
z

... IJ I.|:..s L:.:o|r:s C
z - - - Al|auia llag Day Dit'c llauurit), cou-
ucuoratiug rcvolt o aud iudcpcudcucc rou 1ur|cy) iu , t|c datc is t|c
ic Stylc cquivalcut o t|c t| uatioual day)
Mauritauia ludcpcudcucc Day rou lraucc, )
Li, Scotlaud Martiuuas 1cru Day siucc , prcviously lcuoval Day
z - Day o lutcrccssiou aud 1|au|sgiviug or t|c Missiouary Vor| o t|c
C|urc| CoL)
`,o:.. M::.|r.s::s Ort|.), |agiograp|cr, nouris|cd .., |o coupilcd a collcctiou o
saiuts' livcs |uou as t|c M:..|...., '1alc o Mout|s', |c is callcd M::.|r.s::s, 'lctcllcr',
or adaptiug uost o t|c livcs to t|c litcrary stylc o t|c agc.
Couc |lca| uovcu|cr iu t|y ilducss couc
1|y uoruiugs clot|d iu riuc t|y cvcuiugs c|ill
Lcu t|cy |avc pocrs to tcupt uc rou uy |ouc
Lcu t|cy |avc |cautys to dclig|t uc still
1|o uaturc liugcrs iu |cr uouruiug ccds
~ ails t|c dyiug ycar iu gusty |last
Still addcd |cauty to |cr cud procccds
~ ilducss triuup|s |cu |cr |loou is past . . .
|o|u Clarc -), '1|c last o Autuuu'

z

... III I.|:..s L:.:o|r:s D
z -
`.:r...s Scruiu), |is|op o 1oulousc, ouc o iopc la|iau's uissiouarics Mar.),
uartyrcd .. |y |ciug ticd to t|c |ccls o a ild |ull, dcscrtcd |y t|c to pricsts |c
|ad |cggcd to staud |y |iu, |c praycd t|at t|c city uig|t ucvcr |avc a |is|op rou its
ou citi.cus. iis day also |clougs |ut siucc ouly iu local calcudars) to a
Cart|agiuiau pricst o t|c sauc uauc uartyrcd at louc ... ...).
`: J.r:`s L:. lu Gcruauy it as Audrc rat|cr t|au St \alcutiuc |o as t|c patrou
saiut o lovcrs, aud c hud siuilar diviuatious ou |is cvc
1o Audrc all t|c lovcrs, aud t|c lustic oocrs couc,
iclccviug t|roug| |is aydc aud ccrtaiuc ccrcuouics douc,
V|ilc as to |iu t|cy prcscutcs |riug, aud couiurc all t|c uig|t)
1o |avc good luc|c, aud to o|taiuc t|cir c|icc aud scctc dclig|t.
iaogcorgus, o.
lut|cr rcports t|at youug uaidcus strippcd t|cusclvcs ua|cd, nuug t|cusclvcs to t|c
grouud, aud praycd
Dcus, Dcus ucus, Du lic|cr Sauct Audrcas, gic| uir cyucu rouucu uau, t.cigc uir |iuttc dcu
au, dcr uir t.utcilt crdcu sol.
O God, uy God, O St Audrc, givc uc a godly |us|aud, s|o uc touig|t |at uauucr o uau
s|all cd uc. 1.s.|r::., uo.
Ouc girl, |c adds, as ucarly ro.cu to dcat|, |ut uo uau cauc.
1|c Li rcsolutiou ou t|c partitiou o ialcstiuc, , acccptcd |y |cs |ut uot |y
Ara|s, lcd to t|c crcatiou o t|c Statc o lsracl May ), it is rcucu|crcd iu ls-
racl as I.;::: |:~N.:o|:r, |crc I.;::: coupriscs t|c uaucs o t|c uuucral lcttcrs or .
ialcstiuiaus couucuoratc a rcsolutiou ou t|cir rig|ts passcd ou t|c sauc day iu .
Aluauacs cauc ou salc iu iovcu|cr
iov. ). l |oug|t V|artou's Aluauac|c |criu arc aua.iug pcrticulars. |osscliu,
z

r..: I.|:..s N.:o|r:s L
z - - - iar|ados ludcpcudcucc Day uatioual |oliday)
icuiu iatioual Day

z - - CoL, lC, Ort|.), rcd-lcttcr day
J.r:, |rot|cr o St ictcr, patrou saiut o Scotlaud, uuli|c t|c Luglis| scc Apr.),
t|c Scots arc cll aarc o t|cir patrou saiut's day, |ic| also rcccivcs ocial rccogui-
tiou iu Scotlaud |y t|c nyiug o t|c Luiou nag. iocvcr, St Audrc is also patrou o
iatras aud lussia, iu t|c Auglicau couuuuity St Audrcstidc is idcly o|scrvcd |y
iutcrccssious or orcigu uissious. lor t|c Ort|odox |c is 'Audrc t|c lirst-Callcd' aud
iu Grcccc 'lryiug-pau-|olcr', rou t|c puuis|ucut iunictcd ou t|osc |o ail to ua|c
pauca|cs ou |is day. ic as uartyrcd aud |uricd at iatras, |ut souc o |is rclics crc
trauslatcd to Coustautiuoplc |ic|, ccliug t|c lac| o au apostolic ouudcr, |al-
|cartcdly tricd to cast |iu iu t|at rolc), aud t|cucc iu to Aualh |y t|c Crusadcrs.
iis |cad, |ocvcr, as t|oug|t to |avc rcuaiucd iu iatras, iu 1|ouas ialacologus
too| it it| |iu iuto cxilc, aud acccdcd to iopc iius ll's rcqucst t|at it s|ould joiu t|c
|odics o ictcr aud iaul iu louc. lu |is Couucutarics iius dcscri|cs iu grcat dctail
t|c arrival o t|c |cad iu April , it| tcars o joy |c praycd t|at 't|roug| |is ucr-
its aud iutcrccssiou t|c iusolcucc o t|c ait|lcss 1ur| uay |c crus|cd' Coustautiuoplc
|ad allcu to t|c 1ur|s ouly uiuc ycars carlicr). 1|c hrst rcprcscutatious o Audrc's
uartyrdou ou au X-s|apcd cross saltirc, .r: :.ss.:.) datc rou t|c tcut| ccutury.
lu orty-hvc gcutlcucu o t|c St Audrcs Socicty o i|iladclp|ia cousuucd iu
|is |ouour |ottlcs o Madcira, o clarct, o port, o portcr, o cidcr, aud
|ols o puuc|. 1|c o|scrvaucc coutiuucd iu latcr ycars, i uorc so|crly, t|cu uot
it|out ccrcuouy diucrs crc lcd iu |y pipcrs, ollocd |y t|c sord o Gcu. iug|
Mcrccr |o cll at t|c |attlc o iriucctou), aud a rau's |cad, t|c top o t|c suu|ox
as oruaucutcd it| a largc cairugoru. irocccdiugs coucludcd it| a loviug-cup.

.r:.: L:.:o|:r
I.r C|r.s:o.s r:o:o|:r.
I.r.:::. o..:| .s:,
L. .. .: :|: |.s:.
1usscr)
z - latiu L:.:o|:r, lrcuc| .:o|r:, Spauis| ...:o|r:, iortu-
gucsc L:.:o|r., ltaliau ..:o|r:, Gcruau L:.:o|:r, Vcls| |.;,r, Scots Gaclic .. L|..|,
.. L|||..|, lris| M .. N.||.
1|c latiu uauc iudicatcs t|at t|is as origiually t|c tcut| uout| o t|c ycar. 1|c
Vcls| uauc ucaus '|corc t|c s|ortcst day', t|c Scots Gaclic 't|c dar|ucss', t|c lris|
'C|ristuas uout|'.
z - - -
`:... `.:r., Massac|usctts Aruy aud iavy Luiou Day
1|.r ::| Mcxico iiuc days o iosada
Aud atcr |iu, cauc ucxt t|c c|ill L:.:o|:r
Yct |c t|roug| ucrry castiug |ic| |c uadc,
Aud grcat |ouhrcs, did uot t|c cold rcucu|cr,
iis Sauiours |irt| |is uiud so uuc| did glad
\pou a s|aggy-|cardcd Goat |c radc,
1|c sauc |crcit| L.. I.: iu tcudcr ycarcs,
1|cy say, as uouris|t |y t|'I... uayd,
Aud iu |is |aud a |road dccpc |oalc |c |carcs,
O |ic|, |c rccly driu|s au |calt| to all |is pccrcs.
Spcuscr, 1|: I.:r.: ::.:, . vii.
io dot| t|c laycr ua|c au cud o |is |arvcst, aud t|c clycut o |is uoucy, aud |c t|at al|s
t|c strccts s|all hud dirt ou |is s|oocs, cxccpt |c al| all iu |oots. io Capous aud icus,
|csidcs 1ur|ycs, Gccsc aud Duc|cs, it| iccc aud Muttou, uust all dyc as a ucuoriall aud
sacrihcc to t|c lcast o t|c sacrcd, t|c grcat aud t|c solc sacrihcc, or iu daycs a uultitudc o
pcoplc ill uot |c cd it| a littlc. 1|c Assc t|at |at| |oruc all t|c ycarc uust uo ta|c a littlc
lcst. 1|c Oxc aud t|c Co, aud t|c iorsc aud t|c Marc s|all |avc t|cir c|ristuassc provaut.
io iluu|cs aud Spicc, Sugar aud ioucy, squarc it auoug iics aud |roat|, aud Gossip l driu|
to you, aud |o doc you, aud you arc |cartily clcouc, l pray |c ucrry, aud l t|au| you. io
arc t|c 1aylors aud t|c 1yrc-ua|crs ull o or| agaiust t|c iollidaycs, aud a jourucy uau carcs
uot a rus| or |is Mastcr, t|oug| |c |cg |is iluu-pottagc all t|c daycs. io or ucvcr uust
t|c Music| |c iu tuuc, or t|c yout| uust daucc aud siug to gct t|cu a |cat, |ilc t|c agcd sct
|y t|c hrc, iaturc |at| uadc it a la, aud rcasou huds uo coutradictiou. 1|c at Oxc uust dyc,
aud t|c lcauc ouc livc till |c |c uorc ort|y t|c slaug|tcr. 1|c lootuau uo s|all |avc uauy a
olc stcp, aud t|c Ostlcr |avc or| cuoug| a|out t|c |ccls o t|c |orscs, |ilc t|c tal|ativc
1apstcr i |c loo|s uot to |is |its) ill lyc druu| iu t|c Ccllar. 1|c Couutry uaid lcavcs |al
|cr Mar|ct, aud uust |c scut agaiuc, i s|c orgcts a pair o cards ou c|ristuassc Lvcu. Grcat is
t|c coutcutiou o iolly aud lvy, |ct|cr Mastcr or Dauc carcs t|c |rccc|cs. 1|c pricc o
ucat risct| apacc, aud t|c Aparrcll o t|c proud ua|cs t|c 1aylors ric|, aud as proud as t|cu-
sclvcs. Dicc aud t|c cards |cucht t|c iutlcr, aud i t|c coo| doc uot lac| it |c ill scctly lic|
|is hugcrs. io Starc|crs aud lauudrcsscs |avc t|cir |auds ull o or|, aud pcriigs, aud
paiutiugs ill uot |c a littlc sct |y, straugc Stus ill |c cll sold, straugc talcs cll told, straugc
sig|ts uuc| soug|t, straugc t|iugs uuc| |oug|t, aud |at clsc as alls out. 1o coucludc, l |old
it t|c costly purvcycr o cxccssc, aud t|c atcr-|rccdcr o ucccssity, t|c practisc o olly, aud t|c
purgatory o lcasou. Stcvcusou, - )
lu L:.:o|:r Mclauc|oly aud i|lcgu uuc| iucrcasc, |ic| arc |cavy, dull, aud cold, aud t|crc-
orc it |c|ovcs all t|at ill cousidcr t|cir |calt|s, to |ccp t|cir |cads aud |odics vcry cll rou
cold, aud to cat suc| t|iugs as |c o a |ot quality. 1|crcorc uo irot| uadc o Colorts aud
Ouious arc good, Ca||agc is vcry good, roastcd Ouious o t|cusclvcs, or iu Saucc, vcry good,
roastcd Applcs or icars atcr Mcats arc grcatly couucudcd t|c llcs| o Vcat|crs, laus aud
Goats, cxccllcut lood Capous, aud all uauucr o laud lol, vcry |olsou, |ut uot Vatcr-
lol. ilccd |ut littlc, aud or ucccssity, or iu uo uout| iu t|c ycar t|c |ody |as lcss |lood t|au
uo. Driu| otcu Viuc t|is uout|, aud ioucy, Ciuuauou, Macc, iutucgs, Giugcr, Graius,
Clovcs, Galiugalc, or suc| otcu druu| or catcu t|is uout|, do c|cris| t|c |lood, t|c |cart, aud
all t|c |ody. Sauudcrs )
io to scc a iluu|-iuddiug as |ig aud as loug as a Ca|lc-ropc o| |o it ould ua|c a |uu-
gric uaus c|aps to atcr at it. 1|c Groccrs |avc scvcral :.s..s or iluu-puddiugs, aud t|crc is
uot a Scctaric, t|oug| |c rail ucvcr so uuc| ou C|r.s:o.s, yct lovcs C|r.s:o.s-iics cll cuoug|.
io as pau ca|cs aud rittcrs arc uost propcr iu I:|r.r,, aud tausics iu Jr.| aud M.,, so Miuc'd-
pics arc uost scasoua|lc iu t|is Mouct|. l tcll you uy ricuds) uuc| good uattcr uay |c
squcc.cd out o a Miuc'd-pic t|cy arc good |ot, aud good cold, aud t|oug| t|cy arc uost sca-
soua|lc at C|r.s:o.s, yct it|out scruplc o Couscicucc, you uay cat t|cu at auy ot|cr tiuc.
..r .|.. )
z

I.|:..: L:.:o|r:s l
z - - - Ccutral Aricau lcpu|lic Auuivcrsary o t|c
iroclauatiou o t|c lcpu|lic ) uatioual day)
louauia iatioual Day
z A|out t|is tiuc, t|oug| uot alays ou t|is day, oucu |ouourcd
ioua Dca c. May), ucu crc strictly cxcludcd rou t|c ritcs, |ic| crc couductcd
|y t|c \cstal \irgius iu t|c |ousc o a lcadiug uagistratc uudcr t|c prcsidcucy o |is

ic. Siucc louau oucu crc uot supposcd iu carlicr ccuturics to driu| iuc, t|c
iuc ta|cu iuto |cr tcuplc |ad to |c callcd uil|, t|c vcsscl as callcd a '|oucy-pot'. lu
t|c irrcspousi|lc youug aristocrat iu|lius Clodius iulc|cr attcudcd iu disguisc,
t|c cusuiug scaudal rcsultcd iu a trial, at |ic| |c as acquittcd t|roug| |lataut |ri|cry.
1|c dccisiou |y Ciccro, |ou |c |ad supportcd iu |is |our o uccd agaiust Catiliuc
scc Dcc.), to givc cvidcucc agaiust |iu lcd to a lastiug |rcac| |ctccu t|c to,
Clodius cu|ar|cd ou a political carccr o ultraradicalisu supportcd |y arucd toug|s
t|at cudcd ouly it| |is assassiuatiou iu .
z -
L|..s lr. loi) o ioyou ..-). iis procssioual s|ill as a goldsuit| lcd to scr-
vicc at t|c court o Clot|ar ll, |o uaucd |iu Mastcr o t|c Miut at Marscillc. Soou
|is aduiuistrativc a|ilitics crc rccogui.cd |y appoiutucut as couuscllor to Clot|ar's
sou Dago|crt l, t|cir ricuds|ip is couucuoratcd |y a ri|ald lrcuc| |allad iu |ic|
'lc |ou roi Dago|crt' puts |is |rccc|cs ou |ac| to rout, ruus aay rou a ra||it, aud
ua|cs |is |cuuscd ay t|roug| lic ouly it| t|c |clp o 'lc graud saiut loi'. lu act
Dago|crt as a |ig|ly ccctivc |iug.) Lligius, |o ouudcd uuucrous c|urc|cs aud
uouastcrics, as uadc |is|op o ioyou iu ou t|c sauc day as |is ricud St Oucu
scc Aug.) as uadc |is|op o loucu. ic is souctiucs callcd 't|c Apostlc o llau-
dcrs' or |is activc rolc iu cvaugcli.iug t|crc. ic is patrou saiut o goldsuit|s, silvcr-
suit|s, aud all or|crs iu uctal, iucludiug jccllcrs, also o |orscs aud vctcriuariaus
|is cu|lcu is a |orscs|oc), |lac|suit|s, aud garagc aud pctrol-statiou attcudauts uu-
dou|tcdly as t|c uodcru succcssors o arricrs). ic is also patrou saiut o collcctors
o coius aud ucdals.
Aud loyc t|c suit| dot| loo|c to |orsc, aud suit|cs o all dcgrcc,
l t|cy it| lrou ucddlc |crc, or i t|cy Goldcsuit|s |cc.
iaogcorgus, o.
1|c 'grcctcstc oot|' o C|auccr's iriorcss as '|y Sciutc loy'.
Lo. C.o... -). V|ilc a cllo at St |o|u's Collcgc, Oxord, |crc |c as
aucd as au orator, |c clcoucd Quccu Lli.a|ct| to t|c Luivcrsity iu . Alt|oug|
|c as ordaiucd iu iu t|c C|urc| o Luglaud, |is iucrcasiug Cat|olic syupat|ics
causcd |iu to uovc to lrclaud, |crc |c |clpcd ouud |at is uo 1riuity Collcgc
Du|liu. lu |c rcturucd claudcstiucly to Luglaud aud t|cu cut to t|c |csuit collcgc
at Douai, |c |ccauc a |csuit iu aud a pricst iu . Atcr a c ycars tcac|iug iu
iraguc |c rcturucd to Luglaud iu , |crc |is cloqucut prcac|iug aud, uorc poiut-
cdly, |is paup|lct c|allcugiug t|c irivy Couucil causcd political alaru, |c as arrcstcd,
rcuscd to rccaut, aud as t|cu c|argcd it| rc|clliou. Dcspitc |is rcutatiou o all t|c
c|argcs |c as ouud guilty |y a jury t|at darcd uot ot|crisc. Vit| to coupauious
|c as |augcd, drau, aud quartcrcd at 1y|uru. ic is ouc o t|c lorty Martyrs o Lug-
laud aud Valcs, cauoui.cd iu .

z

... IJ N...s L:.:o|r:s G
z - - - laos iatioual Day
Luitcd Ara| Luiratcs iatioual Day iudcpcudcucc rou Grcat iritaiu, )
z -
3.|.... a uisspclliug o \i|iaua), louau virgiu uartyr, accordiug to lcgcud, s|c as
|illcd |y |ciug |ippcd it| scourgcs loadcd it| lcad, aud |cr corpsc as lct cxposcd
so t|at dogs ould cat it, |ut t|cy did uot. S|c |as a |asilica ou t|c Lsquiliuc, rclics
crc scut to los Augclcs iu . 1|is is a critical day iu Catalouia i it raius t|cu, it
ill raiu or orty days or cvcu lougcr.
z

... III N...s L:.:o|r:s A
z - - - LSA, llliuois Aduissiou Day st statc, )
z - lraucis Xavicr lC, CY couucu.)
Ir....s X..:r -), ouc o t|c hrst |csuits, 'Apostlc o t|c ludics' as cll as o |apau.
iaviug uct lguatius o loyola |ilc studyiug iu iaris, |c joiucd it| |iu aud hvc li|c-
iucliucd ricuds iu a vo o povcrty aud o|cdicucc to t|c iopc. Accordiugly, |c as
postcd to t|c Last, arriviug iu Goa iu , |crc |c uadc |is |cadquartcrs. iy |c
|ad rcac|cd |apau, aud ouudcd a c|urc| t|crc, dcspitc pcrsccutiou. ic dicd ou a uis-
siou to C|iua. lu iius X uaucd |iu patrou saiut o uissious. ic is patrou saiut
o ludia aud ia|istau, aud a dccrcc o uadc |iu patrou o Mougolia. V|cu it
cauc tiuc to c|oosc a patrou saiut o tourisu, lraucis Xavicr as t|c uatural c|oicc,
|c as so proclaiucd |y iius Xll iu . 1|iu|iug t|at, |ccausc o |is iasquc origiu,
|c uust |avc playcd pclota as a c|ild, t|c Argcutiuiau :|.:.r.s rcqucstcd t|at |c |ccouc
t|cir patrou, iaul \l o|ligcd iu .
L..s, supposcd |iug o iritaiu, sou o Coill |cttcr |uou as 'Old iiug Colc'), said
to |avc rcqucstcd uissiouarics rou t|c L.. Ir.:r:s-t|c |rot|cr cupcrors Marcus
Aurclius Autouiuus -) aud lucius \crus -)-aud rou iopc Llcut|crius
..-). At t|at datc iritaiu as uot a |iugdou, |ut as ar as t|c Autouiuc Vall) a
louau proviucc, t|c story |as souctiucs |ccu ascri|cd to couusiou it| lucius
Aclius Scptiuius A|garus, ot|crisc |uou as iiug A|gar lX o Osr|ocuc ,-
,), otcu said |ut souc hud t|c cvidcucc iuadcquatc) to |avc |ccu a C|ristiau

couvcrt, ucvcrt|clcss, lucius aud Llcut|crius arc dcpictcd iu t|c sout| iudo ovcr t|c
c|oir o Yor| Miustcr. 1|c story is told at lcugt| |y t|at cugagiug raudstcr Gcorcy
o Mouuout|, |o ua|cs lucius dic iu aud |c |uricd at louc. lucius is also crcd-
itcd it| t|c ouudatiou o St ictcr's, Coru|ill.
3.r..s d. ..), scut iu |y iopc iouorius l to coutiuuc t|c couvcrsiou o Lug-
laud, hudiug t|c Gcissc su|scqucutly callcd Vcst Saxous) to |c t|oroug|ly pagau,
|c rcuaiucd auougst t|cu, couvcrtcd t|cir |iug, Cyucgils, aud |apti.cd |iu iu ,
iiug Osald o iort|uu|ria |ciug spousor. ic |ccauc t|cir hrst |is|op, |is scc,
|cstocd ou |iu |y Cyucgils it| t|c support o Osald, as Dorc|cstcr-ou-1|aucs.
1|c uodcru visitor, |o, |ilc aduiriug t|c |cauty aud autiquity o t|is tou, is
aua.cd t|at a placc so suall s|ould |avc |ccu a cat|cdral city, docs uo uorc t|au
cc|o Villiau o Malucs|ury iu t|c tclt| ccutury. CY couucuoratcs |iu ou
Scptcu|cr.
lu t|c carly t|irtccut| ccutury iis|op icury o Avrauc|cs vcrsihcd iiriuus' lic, |c
digrcsscs to dcscri|c Luglaud it| t|c truc lrcuc| distastc as pcrpctually icc-|ouud,
it| oul ood, |cavy air, a sca ull o uoustcrs, stcrilc soil, a ait|lcss pcoplc, a |ar-
|arous lauguagc, |ut a|ovc all a lct|al driu| |cgottcu iu uuuatural cdloc| |ctccu t|c
goddcsscs o atcr aud coru, 1ct|ys aud Ccrcs, it| t|c lury 1isip|ouc or |ridcsuaid
ccrvisiau plcriquc vocaut. iil spissius illa
duu |i|itur, uil clarius cst duu uiugitur, uudc
coustat quod uultas cccs iu ucutrc rcliuquit.
1|c uauy call it |ccr. iaug|t t|ic|cr clsc
1|c |ody cutcrs, clcarcr uaug|t dcparts,
V|at hlt| uust iu t|c |clly t|cu rcuaiu.
1|c jo|c as uot origiual, t|c rclativc ucrits o iuc aud |ccr, as o t|c lrcuc| aud
Luglis| uatious, |ad |ccouc a su|jcct or litcrary polcuic auougst clcrics. iocvcr,
alt|oug| ct|uic slurs crc alrcady a tiuc-|ouourcd traditiou, t|csc dc|atcs crc a |iud
o sportiug coutcst, t|c poiut as uot to |riug t|c ot|cr uatiou iuto |atrcd aud cou-
tcupt, |ut to display supcrior litcrary talcut aud |avc uu.
z

r..: N...s L:.:o|r:s i
3.r|.r. o.|:s |r.:s i.c. o icc)
z - |o|u Dauasccuc lC, CY couucu.), iic|olas lcrrar CY cou-
ucu.), orucrly St ictcr C|rysologus uo |uly)
j.|. L.o.s.:.: ..-..). li|c |is at|cr |corc |iu, |c scrvcd as logot|ctc or o
cial spo|csuau o t|c C|ristiaus to t|c Calip| iu Dauascus, |ocvcr, |c lct |is ric|cs

to t|c poor aud uadc a pilgriuagc to |crusalcu, cvcutually scttliug iu t|c lavra o
St Sa|as scc Dcc.). ic is |uou or |is t|cological trcatiscs so cloqucut as to
iu |iu t|c uic|uauc C|r,s.rr|.s, 'Goldcustrcau' c. |o|u C|rysostou, Scpt.), iu-
cludiug dccucc o iuagcs agaiust t|c icouoclasts. ic as dcclarcd a Doctor o t|c
C|urc| |y iopc lco Xlll. ic as crcditcd till rcccutly it| ritiug t|c rouaucc o
iarlaau aud loasap| |osap|at), scc iovcu|cr. lcast-day orucrly Marc| iu t|c
Vcst.
N..|.|.s I:rr.r -). Atcr study at Cau|ridgc aud hvc ycars travclliug a|road, |c
|cgau |at prouiscd to |c a |rilliaut carccr iu |usiucss aud as au Mi. lu |c gavc
cvcryt|iug up aud ouudcd littlc Giddiug, |crc auilics livcd iu a couuuuity |ascd
ou praycr aud or|. ic as ordaiucd dcacou iu aud practiscd a lic o austcrity.
1|c couuuuity uct iuritau disapproval aud orsc, aud a raid iu dcstroycd uost
o |is uauuscripts aud cudcd t|c couuuuity.
3.r|.r. o iicoucdia l

.uit). Accordiug to |cr lcgcud s|c as a C|ristiau loc|cd iu a

tocr |y |cr pagau at|cr, hrst |ccausc o |cr |cauty aud t|cu |ccausc s|c rcuscd all
suitors. ic t|cu |audcd |cr ovcr to t|c louau aut|oritics uudcr t|c cupcror Maxi-
uiuus aud s|c as uartyrcd iu , |cr at|cr as struc| |y lig|tuiug, agaiust |ic| iu
Spaiu s|c protccts pious C|ristiaus. lu iolaud s|c is patrou o uiucrs. lu Grcccc s|c
protccts agaiust suallpox, |oucy-ca|cs arc lct at cross-roads as iu pagau tiucs t|cy |ad
|ccu lct or iccatc, |||,. |oilcd |cat spriu|lcd it| ciuuauou aud aluouds), or
.rr. Modcru Grcc| prouuuciatiou o 'iar|ara', |oilcd |cat |rot|). As ouc o t|c
lourtccu ioly iclpcrs scc Aug.), s|c is iuvo|cd agaiust lig|tuiug aud hrc, aud is
patrou o guuucrs, uiucrs, arc|itccts, |uildcrs, aud stoucuasous. icorc it as dccidcd
to rcuovc |cr rou t|c calcudar, iu iius Xll couhrucd |cr as t|c patrou o ltal-
iau uariucs, uilitary cugiuccrs, aud hrcucu. icr cu|lcu is t|c tocr.
z

N...: L:.:o|r:s C
z - - - 1|ailaud 1|c iiug's iirt|day aud iatioual
Day
z '1|c luuortal ioucs o Dcccu|cr'. A Scuatc dc|atc iu ou
Catiliuariaus caug|t iu trcasoua|lc couspiracy cudcd it| a uotiou o uoral |ut uot
lcgal orcc) calliug or t|c dcat| pcualty, Ciccro, as cousul, iuucdiatcly cxccutcd t|cu,
auuouuciug t|c act iu a ouc-ord scutcucc, J.::r.:, '1|cy |avc livcd.' Dcpcudiug ou
t|c daugcr t|cy poscd, t|is as cit|cr a salutary cxtiuctiou o pu|lic cucuics or au
uuarrauta|lc slaug|tcr it|out trial o citi.cus, uauy o |ou crc Ciccro's social
supcriors, iu t|c ucxt c ycars, |ot| t|c |ig|cst aud t|c locst iu louc crc suug

toards t|c lattcr opiuiou iu couscqucucc o |ic| |c as tcuporarily cxilcd), uot
ouly |y |is cucuics, |ut also or |is ou iusucra|lc |oastiug o |at Scucca as to
call '|is cousulatc praiscd uot it|out causc |ut it|out cud'.
ioracc :s . ) rccords a rustic cclc|ratiou iu |ouour o t|c god lauuus.
z -
`.|.s -, lC, Ort|.), a Cappadociau uou| |o ouudcd a still-cxtaut lavra or
|cruit-colouy iu ialcstiuc, uo |uou as Mar Sa|a, |aviug |ccu rcluctautly ordaiucd
pricst uot t|cu t|c uoru or uou|s, aud still uot iu t|c Last) iu , to ycars latcr
|c as uadc supcrior o all |cruits iu ialcstiuc. ic is cspccially |ouourcd |y t|c
Ort|odox, |ciug callcd Savvas iu Grcc|, Savva iu lussiau, provcr|s, |ocvcr, uotiug
t|at iar|ara, Sa|as, aud iic|olas occur iu succcssiou at t|c start o iutcr, rcprcscut
t|cu as coucdcratcs iu t|c dcstructiou o huc cat|cr.
St iic|olas' Lvc iu loudou,
1|c v day o Dcscu|cr as saut iccolas cvyu, aud saut iccolas |cut a-|rod iu uost plascs,
aud all Godys pcpull rcccivcd yu to t|cr |oscs aud |ad good c|crc, atcr t|c old custuu.
Mac|yu,
z

... JIII Is L:.:o|r:s D
`: N..|.|.s .. ..::r s:.s :|: |.rs:s :. :|: s:.||:,
`: N..|.|.s .. sr.. May) o.|:s :|:o ;.:.
lussiau provcr|)
z - - - liulaud ludcpcudcucc Day rou lussia, )
Spaiu Coustitutiou Day
z - iic|olas CoL, lC)
N..|.|.s, ourt|-ccutury |is|op o Myra, |is aut|cutic lic is vcry o|scurc |ut |is
lcgcudary lic spcctacular, ua|iug |iu ouc o t|c uost popular patrou saiuts. iis cult
iu t|c Vcst datcs ouly rou t|c clcvcut| ccutury, |cu |is rclics crc carricd o to iari
scc May). As au cxcccdiugly pious |a|y iic|olas dccliucd |is uot|cr's |rcast ou
Vcducsdays aud lridays. lrou t|c lcgcud t|at |c rcsuscitatcd to or t|rcc |oys |ou
a ic|cd iuu|ccpcr |ad c|oppcd iuto suall picccs aud cast iuto a |riuc-tu| to scll as
pic|lcd por|, |c is t|c patrou saiut o c|ildrcu.
Aud t|c Sc|oolc-|oics iu t|c cst o Luglaud still rcligiously o|scrvc S
t
iic|olas day
Dcccu|.
t|
), |c as t|c iatrou o t|c Sc|oolc-|oics. At Curry-Ycovill iu Soucrscts|irc, |crc
t|crc is a iosc|olc or sc|olc) iu t|c C|urc|, t|cy |avc auuually at t|at tiuc a iarrcll o good

Alc |roug|t iuto t|c c|urc|, aud t|at uig|t t|cy |avc t|c privilcdgc to |rca|c opcu t|cir Mas-
tcrs Ccllar-dorc. Au|rcy, -
1|c git-giviug associatcd it| |iu stcus rou auot|cr lcgcud, |crc |c gavc a
sccrct git o t|rcc |ags o gold to a poor uau |osc ouly prospcct o ua|iug cuds
ucct |ad |ccu to put |is t|rcc daug|tcrs to prostitutiou. 1|is lcgcud is also rcspous-
i|lc or |is patrouagc o pau|ro|crs, t|c t|rcc |alls o t|cir traditioual sigu arc
t|oug|t to rcprcscut t|c t|rcc |ags o gold. iaviug a|atcd au occau storu, |c is also
iuvo|cd |y t|osc iu pcril ou t|c sca, iudccd, iu Grcccc |c is t|c protcctor o uariucrs,
|o carry |is icou iu t|cir s|ips aud ua|c aud rcdccu vos to |iu as orucrly to
ioscidou, god o t|c sca. Muc| post|uuously, iic|olas |iuscl uadc a lcugt|y sca
voyagc iu |cu |is |ody as trauslatcd across t|c Adriatic to iari.)
Saiut iicolas |ccpcs t|c Mariucrs, rou dauugcr aud discas
1|at |catcu arc it| |oystrous avcs, aud tost iu drcdull scas.
iaogcorgus, o.
v
1|c Goldcu lcgcud tclls a talc o a |c |o put a statuc o St iic|olas iu |is |ousc
to protcct |is goods agaiust t|ct. icvcrt|clcss, t|icvcs cutcrcd aud stolc cvcryt|iug
cxccpt t|c statuc. Luragcd, t|c |c |cat it |lac| aud |luc, |crcupou St iic|olas ap-
pcarcd to t|c ro||crs, cx|i|itiug |is |ruiscs, aud appcaliug to t|cir syupat|y, urgcd
t|cu to rcturu t|c loot, startlcd at t|is appcaraucc, t|cy quic|ly rcstorcd t|c propcrty.
1|c uoral, o coursc, is t|at t|cy ort|it| rcorucd aud t|c |c couvcrtcd. lrou t|is
story coucs t|c appcllatiou o t|icvcs as 'St iic|olas' clcr|s'
1|ci arc uo C|urc|cucu, t|cy arc uastcrlcssc ucu, or rat|cr S. iiclas Clar|cs t|at lac|c liuyug,
aud goyug iu proccssiou ta|cs t|c C|urc|c to |c au iospitall or aic aircrs.
1. Vilsou, o.
v
)
1|c custou o clcctiug a |oy |is|op ou t|is day as idcsprcad, cspccially iu Lug-
laud, au accouut is givcu |y liu|ault. ic |cld occ uutil ioly luuoccuts' Day
Dcc.), i |c dicd it|iu t|at tcru |c as |uricd iu ull poutihcals. |o|u Au|rcy rcuar|s
ou t|c uouuucut iu Salis|ury cat|cdral o ouc o t|csc s|ort-livcd |oy |is|ops
Ludcr t|c arc|, |ctccu to pillars ou t|c uort| sidc o y
c
uavc o y
c
cat|cdrall c|urc| o
Saruu, is a littlc uouuucut iu iur|cc uar|lc o au Lpiscopus iucroruu, |o dicd, iu |is
|ouour. . . . 1|c traditiou o y
c
C|oristcrs, aud t|osc t|at s|o t|c C|urc| is, y
t
t|is C|ildc-
|is|op |ciug uclauc|oly, t|c C|ildrcu o y
c
C|oirc did tic|lc |iu to ua|c |iu ucrry, |ut t|cy
did so ovcrdoc it t|at t|cy tic|lcd |iu to dcat| aud dyciug iu |is occ aud iouour, |crc as
t|is littlc uouuucut uadc or |iu,
t|
t|c cpiscopal oruaucuts, :.., uitrc, crossc, aud copc.
Au|rcy,
At t|c a||cy o Moutscrrat iu Catalouia t|c |oy |is|op |.s|::) scrvcs ou St iic|olas'
day, assistcd |y a vicar-gcucral, a uastcr o ccrcuouics, a sccrctary, aud to pagcs, aud
issucs a pastoral lcttcr.
1|c laxity o c|urc| ccrcuouial t|at ould allo a |oy |is|op uaturally lcd to ot|cr
irrcgularitics. Duraudus scc iov.) rcports . ) t|at iu ouc c|urc| t|c prior rc-
uscd to lct t|c |rct|rcu siug St iic|olas' uiraclcs 'ic o it| you. l ou't lct suc|
uiustrcls' sougs |c suug iu o, c|urc|.' Ou St iic|olas' cvc, t|c saiut or ouc o t|c

|rct|rcu.) appcarcd to |iu, |alcd |iu out o |cd |y t|c |air, nuug |iu dou ou t|c
nagstoucs, aud saug t|c autip|ou .s:.r .:::r.: rig|t t|roug|, |catiug |iu it| a rod
at cvcry uotc. Atcr t|at, t|c prior gavc iu. icr|aps Duraudus as couplaiuiug a|out
uusical plays o St iic|olas, our o |ic| arc ouud iu t|c llcury ilay|oo| o t|c
tclt| ccutury aud arc t|c carlicst uou-|i|lical liturgical drauas.
icury \lll, uauy ccuturics latcr, as also vcxcd |y custous ou t|is aud ot|cr days,
issuiug a proclauatiou ou |uly t|at t|cy 's|ould |c uoc agaiuc cclc|ratcd aud
|cpt |olic days'
Aud |crcas |crctoorc dyvcrsc aud uauy supcrstitious aud c|ildyss|c o|scrvatious |avc |ccu
usid, aud yct to t|is day arc o|scrvcd aud |cpt iu uauy aud soudry partics o t|is rcalu, as upou
saiutc iicolas, saiutc Cat|cryuc, saiutc Clcucut, t|c |olyc luuoccutcs, aud suc| li|c, c|ildrcu
|c straugclyc dcc|cd aud apparclid to couutcraitc pricstcs, |yss|opps, aud oucu, aud so lcddc
it| sougcs aud dauuccs rou |ousc to |ousc, |lcassiug t|c pcoplc, aud gat|cryugc o uouyc,
aud |oycs doc siugc uassc, aud prcac|c iu t|c pulpitt, it| suc|c ot|cr uuhttiugc aud iucou-
vcuycut usagcs, rat|cr to t|c dcrisiou t|au to auy truc glory o God, or |ouour o |is saiuts, t|c
|yugc's uajcstic t|crcorc uyudiugc uot|iug so uoc|c, as to advauucc t|c truc gloryc o God
it|out vayuc supcrstitiou, illit| aud couuauudct|, t|at rou |cuccort| all suc|c supcr-
stitious |c lostc aud clyrlcyc cxtiuguiss|cd t|roug|otc all t|is |is rcalucs aud douiuious,
orasuoc|c as t|c sauc doc rcscu|lc rat|cr t|c uulaull supcrstitiou o gcutilitic, t|au t|c purc
aud siuccrc rcligiou o C|ristc. Vil|ius,
Au cycitucss rcport ou t|c cast o St iic|olas at iari iu t|c uid-uiuctccut|
ccutury
Ou t|c csta o St iic|olas . . . t|c city is a|solutcly iuvadcd |y au aruy o pilgrius. Vit| stavcs
|ouud it| olivc, it| piuc, or it| palu, cac| |cariug a suspcudcd atcr-|ottlc orucd out o
a gourd, rcqucutly |arcoot, clot|cd iu cvcry varicty o picturcsquc aud aucicut costuuc, dc-
votccs rou cvcry proviucc o t|c |iugdou o iaplcs scc| |calt| or ot|cr |lcssiugs at t|c s|riuc
o t|c grcat St iic|olas. . . . 1|c |oucs o t|c saiut arc dcpositcd iu a scpulc|rc |cucat| t|c
uaguihccut crypt, |ic| is iu itscl a sort o su|tcrraucau c|urc|, o ric| Saraccuic arc|itccturc.
1|roug| t|c uativc roc| |ic| orus t|c tou|, atcr coustautly cxudcs, |ic| is collcctcd |y
t|c cauous ou a spougc attac|cd to a rccd, squcc.cd iuto |ottlcs, aud sold to t|c pilgrius, as a
uiraculous spccihc, uudcr t|c uauc o t|c 'Mauua o St iic|olas'. As a proo o its supcruat-
ural c|aractcr, a largc |ottlc as s|cu to uc, iu |ic|, suspcudcd rou t|c cor|, grc aud
noatcd t|c dclicatc grccu |laddcr o ouc o t|c Adriatic |.:. l supposc t|at its grot| iu rcs|
atcr |ad |ccu cxtrcucly slo, or a pcrsou, |osc ord l did uot dou|t, assurcd uc t|at |c rc-
ucu|crcd t|c |ottlc rou |is c|ild|ood, aud t|at t|c vcgctatiou as t|cu uuc| lcss visi|lc. . . .
l trust t|at all t|c atcr t|at as sold to t|c pilgrius as rcally t|us aordcd |y St iic|olas, i
its ccacy |c suc| as is asscrtcd to |c t|c casc, |ut ou t|is su|jcct t|c purc|ascrs uust rcly iu-
plicitly ou t|c good ait| o t|c cauous, as ucrc |uuau scuscs cauuot distiuguis| it rou t|at
o t|c castlc cll.
1|c pilgrius, ou cutcriug t|c C|urc| o St iic|olas, otcu s|c t|cir dcvotiou |y ua|iug
t|c circuit oucc, or otcucr, ou t|cir |uccs. Souc arc uot coutcut it| t|is uar| o |uuility, |ut
actually uovc arouud t|c aislcs it| t|c orc|cad prcsscd to t|c uar|lc pavcucut, |ciug gcucr-
ally lcd |y a c|ild, |y ucaus o a striug or |aud|crc|ic, o |ic| t|cy |old t|c corucr iu t|c
uout|. lt is iupossi|lc to couccivc auyt|iug uorc calculatcd to stir t|c |cart it| uiuglcd ccl-
iugs o pity, o aduiratiou, o syupat|y, aud o |orror t|au to scc t|csc t|ousauds o |uuau
|ciugs rccalliug, iu t|cir p|ysioguouy, t|cir dialccts, t|cir gcsticulatious, cvcu t|cir drcsscs, t|c
M... Cr.:... o uorc t|au to t|ousaud ycars ago . . .

1|c uariucrs o iari ta|c t|cir ou part . . . Larly iu t|c uoruiug, t|cy cutcr t|c c|urc| iu
proccssiou, aud rcccivc rou t|c cauous t|c oodcu iuagc o t|c saiut, attircd iu t|c ro|cs aud
uitrc o au arc||is|op, |ic| t|cy |car iu triuup| t|roug| t|c city . . . aud carry |iu out to
sca, |crc t|cy |ccp |iu uutil uig|tall. 1|cy t|cu rcturu, discu|ar| uudcr t|c |la.c o illuui-
uatiou, |ouhrcs, aud hrcor|s, aud t|c iutouatiou, |y t|c |olc |caviug uass o t|c popula-
tiou, o a Grcgoriau litauy o St iic|olas, paradc t|c tou, visit |y torc|lig|t, aud agaiu lcavc,
|is ou c|urc|, aud hually, aud latc iu t|c uig|t, rcturu t|c iuagc to t|c rcvcrcud custody o t|c
cauous, |o, iu t|cir purplc ro|cs aud ur capcs turucd up it| satiu, play ouly a su|ordiuatc
part iu t|c solcuuity. . . . C|au|crs
St iic|olas' patrouagc o c|ildrcu uadc |iu a givcr o prcscuts. lu t|c Gcruau
orld |c ua|cs |is rouuds arraycd as a |is|op, distri|utiug sccts aud uuts to good
c|ildrcu, aud accoupauicd |y |is |lac|-accd scrvaut, iucc|t luprcc|t also |uou |y
ot|cr uaucs), |o spau|s |ad oucs. lu llaudcrs aud t|c ict|crlauds, 'Siutcr|laas' pcr-
orus siuilar dutics. Ou t|c cvcuiug o t|c t|, c|ildrcu put t|cir s|oc iu rout o
t|c hrc, or Siutcr|laas, travcrsiug t|c roo ou |is |itc |orsc, uay drop prcscuts dou
t|c c|iuucy. A carrot, turuip, or luups o sugar arc put iu t|c s|oc or t|c |orsc, iu t|c
uoruiug t|c luc|y c|ild huds sccts aud toys. 1|c saiut |as a slavc, Z.r:: .:: ilac|
ictc), |o accoupauics |iu to carry o t|c uaug|ty c|ildrcu, souc couucutators arc
disuaycd, |ut t|c t|rcat is still ouud uscul.
li|c ot|cr iuuigrauts to t|c LSA, Siutcr|laas c|augcd |is uauc to Sauta Claus,
|c also c|augcd |is or|iug day to C|ristuas, aud atcr tryiug a varicty o outhts,
uota|ly |lac| it| cruiuc triuuiugs, couscutcd to car t|c rcd aud |itc Coca-Cola
uuioru |cstocd ou |iu |y t|c coupauy's C|ristuastidc advcrtiscucuts iu t|c
N.:....| C:.r.|... ic |as opcucd a iritis| |rauc| uudcr t|c uauc o lat|cr C|ristuas,
|aviug acquircd t|c goodill o t|c cast's ucdicval pcrsouihcatiou Syr Cristcuas, it
cxpaudcd iuto ira.il, |crc iapai iocl uust car |is t|ic| ur iu tcupcraturcs o
C l).
z

... JII Is L:.:o|r:s L
z - - - lvory Coast lcpu|lic ludcpcudcucc Day rou
lraucc, )
LSA icarl iar|or Day
LSA, Dclaarc Dclaarc Day
z - Au|rosc lC, Ort|., CY, iCi ou Apr., t|c day o |is cousccratiou)
Jo|r.s: or Au|rosius ..-), sou o t|c practoriau prccct civil govcruor) o t|c
Gauls, a |ig|ly cducatcd uau |o |ccauc govcruor ...s|.r.s) o Acuilia aud liguria,
|is scat |ciug at Milau. lu t|c |is|op o t|at city, Auxcutius, a crvcut iouoiau

scc May), dicd atcr uiuctccu ycars iu occ, t|crc |ro|c out a strugglc ovcr t|c clcc-
tiou o |is succcssor |ctccu t|osc |o supportcd t|is positiou aud t|osc |o
avourcd t|c iiccuc |.o..s..s. Luilliug to scc a rcpctitiou o t|c |loods|cd t|at |ad
uarrcd t|c papal clcctiou cig|t ycars carlicr scc Dcc.), t|c practoriau prccct o
lllyricuu, ltaly, aud Arica scut Au|rosc |o as |is protg) to qucll t|c trou|lcs,
|ilc |c as urgiug t|c pcoplc gat|crcd iu t|c c|urc| to |ccp t|c pcacc, voiccs rou
t|c crod iuprovcd |y |is |agiograp|cr to a c|ild) callcd out Jo|r.s.s :.s..s, |crc-
upou, t|oug| uot yct |apti.cd, |c as clcctcd ou t|c spot. ic as cxpcctcd to |c a
couprouisc caudidatc, aud at hrst |c|avcd as suc|, |ut political cvcuts drovc |iu iuto
counict it| t|c iouoiaus, a counict t|at as uot ou till t|c pro-iouoiau iu-
pcrial court at Milau as drivcu out iu , |y Maguus Maxiuus, li|c t|c castcru
cupcror 1|codosius |o hrst rccogui.cd aud t|cu cliuiuatcd |iu) a stauuc| iiccuc.
lu , |cu Syuuac|us, t|c uuc|-aduircd pagau prccct o louc, pctitioucd t|c
Vcstcru court to rcstorc t|c Altar o \ictory iu t|c louau scuatc-|ousc, arguiug t|at
uot |y ouc pat| alouc could t|c grcat sccrct o uuivcrsal trut| |c attaiucd, Au|rosc
succcssully rcplicd t|crc as ouc suc| pat|, t|at o t|c C|ristiaus, latcr |c ould iu-
tiuidatc 1|codosius out o rc|uildiug a syuagoguc dcstroycd |y a C|ristiau uo|, aud
cxcouuuuicatc |iu or a uassacrc |y |is soldicrs. lt as Syuuac|us |o procurcd
Augustiuc t|c post o procssor o r|ctoric at Milau, t|crc |c cucouutcrcd Au|rosc,
|o uadc a grcat iuprcssiou ou |iu, at hrst or |is cloqucucc, t|cu or |is doctriuc.
V|cu couvcrsiou ollocd it as Au|rosc |o |apti.cd |iu.
Au|rosc's ritiugs |avc uadc |iu a Doctor o t|c C|urc| aloug it| Augustiuc,
|crouc, aud Grcgory t|c Grcat, |ut uorc iunucutial t|au |is t|cological or|s crc |is
|yuus, rittcu iu a siuplc uctrc prcviously uargiual iu latiu poctry aud capa|lc as
uauy iuitatious s|o) o |ciug adaptcd to a post-classical lauguagc iu |ic| sylla|ic
quautity as uo lougcr pcrccivcd. Ouc o t|csc, 'Dcus crcator ouuiuu', couortcd
Augustiuc ou |is uot|cr's dcat|.
St Au|rosc is t|c patrou o Milau, aud also o |ccs aud |cc|ccpcrs, |ciug portraycd
it| a |ivc iu to|cu o |is lcaruiug. lu |o|u iaul ll uaucd |iu patrou o t|c
lrcuc| aruy couuissariat, cvidcutly alludiug to |is ccicucy as au aduiuistrator.
icarl iar|or attac|cd, , iuitiatiug t|c cutry o t|c LSA iuto t|c Sccoud Vorld
Var, iu |apau t|c ycar as t|c t| o t|c S|oa or irig|t icacc cra.
z

... JI Is L:.:o|r:s l
z - Couccptiou o t|c ilcsscd \irgiu Mary CoL),
-- lC)

1|c cast, iustitutcd iu t|c Last scc Dcc.) duriug t|c scvcut| ccutury as |ciug uiuc
uout|s |corc t|c \irgiu's uativity, sprcad to ccrtaiu Vcstcru c|urc|cs, iucludiug |y
t|c carly clcvcut| ccutury t|at o Auglo-Saxou Luglaud Viuc|cstcr, Cautcr|ury, aud
Lxctcr), it as popularly associatcd it| t|c |clic uot t|cu acccptcd |y scrious t|c-
ologiaus) t|at s|c as rcc uot ucrcly-as all agrccd-rou actual siu 'iuuaculatc'),
|ut cvcu o origiual siu 'iuuaculatcly couccivcd'). Atcr t|c ioruau Couqucst, t|c
cast as cxpcllcd rou t|c calcudar |y t|c uc arc||is|op o Cautcr|ury, laurauc
May), coutcuptuous o Auglo-Saxou pcculiaritics, |is succcssor, Ausclu
Apr.), t|oug| ar uorc syupat|ctic to Luglis| picty, also rcjcctcd iuuaculatc couccp-
tiou as ucgatiug t|c uccd or t|c lucaruatiou. iocvcr, |is pupil Laducr dccudcd it
accordiug to Ausclu's ou uauucr o rcasouiug, |is trcatisc circulatcd uudcr Ausclu's
uauc aud or t|at rcasou togct|cr it| t|c story o a uiraculous visiou origiually |c-
|cld |y A||ot Llsi o lauscy |ut rcassigucd to t|c uorc couviuciug Ausclu) playcd
a largc part iu sprcadiug t|c doctriuc agaiust t|c oppositiou o uost sc|oolucu, aud
latcr t|c Douiuicaus, its uaiu c|aupious |ciug t|c lrauciscaus.
Ludcr Spauis| prcssurc t|c Couucil o iaslc ou Scptcu|cr dcclarcd t|c doc-
triuc coupulsory ou all Cat|olics, or|adc tcac|iug aud prcac|iug agaiust it, dccrccd
o|ligatory o|scrvaucc o t|c cast, aud prcscri|cd rcadiugs rou t|c trcatisc or Matius,
|ut t|c Couucil as iu sc|isu it| t|c iopc, |o did uot ratiy its acts. lu t|c
Sor|ouuc iuposcd t|c doctriuc ou its caudidatcs, ou lc|ruary t|c lrauciscau
iopc Sixtus l\ approvcd t|c cast it|out quitc usiug t|c tcru 'iuuaculatc couccp-
tiou' |is ords crc : .s.s .oo..|.:.: J.r...s o.r. ....::...:, 'ou t|c oudrous cou-
ccptiou o t|c said iuuaculatc \irgiu'), ou Scptcu|cr |c coudcuucd t|osc t|c
Douiuicaus) |o uaiutaiucd t|at t|c doctriuc as |crctical, 'siucc uo dccisiou |as yct
|ccu ta|cu |y t|c louau C|urc| aud t|c Apostolic Scc'. lu Clcucut Xl iuposcd
t|c Couccptiou as a lcast o O|ligatiou ou t|c uuivcrsal C|urc|, ou Dcccu|cr
iius lX iull 'luca|ilis Dcus') proclaiucd t|c luuaculatc Couccptiou as a dogua.
Scc too April.
1|: J.r..: M.r.:s ....::...
Our sccoud L: puts ou |cr uortall s|roudc,
Lart| |rccds a |cavcu, or Gods uc dclliug placc,
io risct| up L|..s littlc cloudc
1|at groiug, s|all distill t|c s|orc o gracc
icr |ciug uo |cgius, |o crc s|c cud,
S|all |riug t|c good t|at s|all our ill aucud.
iot| Gracc aud iaturc did t|cir orcc uuitc,
1o ua|c t|is |a|c t|c suuuc o all t|cir |cst,
Our uost, |cr lcast, our uilliou, |ut |cr uitc
S|c as at casicst ratc ort| all t|c rcst,
V|at gracc to ucu or Augcls God did part,
Vas all uuitcd iu t|is iuauts |cart.
lour ouly ig|ts |rcd it|out ault arc uaudc
Aud al t|c rcst couccivcd crc iu siuuc,
Vit|out |ot| uau aud ic as J.o raudc,

O uau, |ut uot o ic did L: |cgiuuc,
Vic it|out touc| o uau C|rists uot|cr as,
O uau aud ic t|is |a|c as |rcd iu gracc.
lo|crt Sout|cll .-)
1|c opcra scasou |cgius ou t|is day iu Milau, t|c day atcr St Au|rosc's day.
z

... J Is L:.:o|r:s G
z -
J|:|, sou o Adau aud Lvc scc Dcc.), slaiu |y |is |rot|cr Caiu. ic |as |ccu cou-
sidcrcd uot ouly a prototypc o t|c uartyr |csus uaucs |iu as t|c hrst o t|c prop|cts
|o crc |illcd, Matt. ) |ut also a typc o C|rist, siucc |c as a s|cp|crd aud
sucrcd a violcut dcat|. iis uauc occurs iu t|c Cauou o t|c uass.
3.. or icu.cc, a||ot t| c.), a Ccltic saiut atcr |ou iudoc| aud iudoc \cau iu
Coruall aud St iudcaux iu Dcvou arc uaucd, |c is also vcucratcd iu irittauy, cspc-
cially at ilouriu, |ic| prcscrvcs |is rclics. Souc o t|c uauy uiraclcs rclatcd iu |is
\ita dcal it| |is uot|cr, A.cuor, daug|tcr o t|c |iug o ircst, iu ordcr to distract a
sua|c t|at as |itiug |cr at|cr, s|c sucarcd |cr |rcast it| uil| aud arouatic oil, t|c
sua|c |it |cr |rcast aud ould uot lct go, so s|c |ad to cut |cr |rcast o, God, iu rccog-
uitiou o |cr picty, gavc |cr |ac| a |rcast o gold cvidcutly t|is appcalcd to t|c ritcr
o t|c lcgcud, A.cuor cauuot |avc ouud it vcry uscul or couorta|lc). S|c as sup-
poscd to |avc givcu |irt| to iudoc iu a |arrcl iu t|c Luglis| C|auucl, |crc |cr ic|cd
stcpuot|cr |ad t|rou |cr ou suspiciou o iuhdclity, visious o St irigid cusurcd t|at
s|c rcac|cd lrclaud, aud |ccauc a as|crouau ucar Vatcrord, |crc iudoc as
raiscd. 1|is is |is cast-day at \auucs, clsc|crc |is day is t|c t|, |ut at Dol ou
iovcu|cr.
lu t|c Ort|odox C|urc| t|is is t|c Couccptiou o St Auuc, ucauiug t|c day ou |ic|
s|c couccivcd t|c Mot|cr o God. lt as orucrly sacrcd to |cr iu Scaudiuavia Olaus
Voru uar|cd it it| a pitc|cr, 'or t|c pcasauts say it is tiuc to pour atcr ou t|c |ar-
lcy iu ordcr to |rc t|c |ccr or C|ristuas c|ccr'.
z

... IJ Is L:.:o|r:s A
z - - - Luitcd iatious iuuau lig|ts Day
LSA, Mississippi Aduissiou Day t| statc, )

z 1|is as t|c day ou |ic| louau tri|uucs o t|c plc|s assuucd
occ.
z - |o|u lo|crts lC Valcs)
j.|. .|:r:s -), a uativc o 1rasyuydd, atcr study at Oxord |c cut to iaris,
|crc |c couvcrtcd to Cat|olicisu, su|scqucutly |ccouiug a |csuit aud t|cu a icuc-
dictiuc. lu |c arrivcd as a uissiouary iu Luglaud, iuplicatcd iu t|c Guupodcr
ilot, |c as acquittcd aud |auis|cd, |ccouiug prior iu Douay. lcturuiug to Luglaud,
|c as arrcstcd iu , tricd or |ig| trcasou or uuctiouiug as a pricst, aud cxccutcd
ou Dcccu|cr.
1r..s|.:... .; :|: `..:. C.s. . L.r::.. icvcr sauctioucd iu t|c Luivcrsal Calcudar, aud uo
strougly dou|tcd, cvcu |y t|c uost pious Cat|olics, t|c story o t|c uiraculous at-
iug |y augcls to lorcto o t|c |ousc iu |ic| t|c \irgiu rcccivcd t|c Auuuuciatiou |ad
a hru |old ou t|c iuagiuatiou o |clicvcrs rou t|c latc htccut| ccutury ou, alt|oug|
t|c hrst trauslatiou as supposcd to |avc ta|cu placc iu , t|c carlicst rccord datcs
rou ... lt as a auous placc o pilgriuagc, to|cus o |ic| crc uot ouly |uug
up |y t|c |uu|lc) |ut displaycd |y t|c uaguihccut).
A scvcutccut|-ccutury travcllcr rccouuts t|c pcrcgriuatious o t|is |ousc it| a
uiud o its ou, aud t|c ccacious iutcrvcutiou o t|c Madouua o lorcto at t|c plca
o |aucs ll's quccu, Mary o Modcua
1|cy prctcud, t|at t|is iousc as trausportcd |y Augcls, rou N...r::| to L.|o.:.., aud t|crc
plac'd ou a littlc Mouutaiu callcd 1:rs.::., M., . . lt |ad rcuaiu'd t|crc |ut t|rcc Ycars aud
scvcu Mout|s, |cu t|c Augcls too| it aay agaiu, aud |roug|t it to t|c Middlc o a lorcst, iu
t|c 1crritory o :....:., |ic| is iu t|c M.r.|: o J...... 1|c cclcstial Mclody aa|cucd t|c lu-
|a|itauts o t|c icig||our|ood, |o noc|'d togct|cr rou all iarts, aud sa t|c Miraclc, |y
t|c avour o a grcat lig|t, it| |ic| t|c littlc iousc as surrouudcd. . . . Atcr t|is iousc
|ad coutiuu'd t|crc Lig|t |olc Mout|s, it cou'd uot cudurc t|c 1|icvcrics aud Murdcrs t|at
crc coutiuually couuittcd a|out t|at ilacc, so t|at it as ta|cu up a t|ird tiuc, aud carricd a
Milc urt|cr to t|c sauc iill, ou |ic| it stauds at prcscut iut it as uo sooucr couc t|it|cr,
t|au a Coutrovcrsic arosc |ctccu to irot|crs, to |ou t|c laud |clougcd, cac| dcsiriug to
|avc it iu |is S|arc. 1|is as t|c Causc, t|at our Mout|s atcr t|c Augcls litcd it up a ourt|
1iuc, aud sct it dou souc iaccs rou t|cucc, iu t|c Midst o t|c iig|-ay, rou |cucc it
|as ucvcr stirrcd siucc. '1is truc, to prcvcut t|c lucouvcuicucics to |ic| t|is ilacc, as cll as
t|c ot|crs cxposcd it, aud pcr|aps also to prcvcut t|c Misortuuc o a uc C|augc, t|cy |uilt
iu t|c sauc ilacc a uaguihccut C|urc|, iu t|c Midst o |ic| rcuaius t|c `..:. C.s., rcc rou
all uauucr o lusults or lujury. . . .
1|c last ric| Ocriug is alays lct or souc tiuc, iu a ilacc rau'd ou purposc, |corc t|c
Lycs o our lady. 1|at |ic| at prcscut occupics t|at |ououra|lc ilacc, is au Augcl o Gold,
|oldiug a icart |iggcr t|au au Lgg, all covcrcd ovcr it| Diauouds o grcat \aluc. 1|c L.|.s|
|csuitc |o couductcd us, told us, it as a ircscut o t|c Quccu o L.|... 1|is lcvcrcud lat|cr
iuoru'd us also o a grcat iiccc o ics, o |ic|, you oug|t, iu uy Opiuiou, to |avc givcu
us souc Advicc. ic assurcd us, t|at t|at iriuccss as |ig it| C|ild, aud addcd, t|at uudou|t-
cdly it as |y a Miraclc, siucc t|cy |ad calculatcd, t|at t|c vcry Moucut iu |ic| t|c ircscut
cutrcd, as t|c |appy Miuutc iu |ic| s|c Couccivcd.
Missou, I:.|,, i. -, - iu lorcto, iu lcttcr datcd lc|. )

A postscript, iu a lcttcr o |uuc , couhrus t|c |irt|
|ust as l as goiug to scal uy lcttcr, l |card a grcat ioisc iu t|c iousc, occasiou'd |y t|c lc-
joiciug o t|c icoplc upou t|c Advicc o t|c iirt| o a iriucc o h.|:s. . . . 1|at prccious luaut
|ciug a ircscut rou icavcu, aud a rcc Git o t|c ioly \irgiu o L.r:::., rou |ou t|c iiug
aud t|c Quccu |ad |cgg'd a Sou it| grcat Zcal aud Dcvotiou, t|crc as uo grcat lcasou to car
t|at s|c ou'd put 'cu o it| a Girl, cspccially siucc t|c j:s.:s, |o arc t|c priucipal lavouritcs
o t|at Quccu o iaradisc, |ad vcry carucstly iutcrccdcd iu t|cir |c|al. i|id. ii.
Lp till t|cu, loyal Auglicau 1orics |osc ou priuciplcs o passivc o|cdicucc aud uou-
rcsistaucc |ad |ccu turucd agaiust t|cu could cousolc t|cusclvcs t|at, i t|cy cudurcd
t|c rcigu o t|is popis| |iug, |c ould |c succccdcd |y |is daug|tcr Mary, |o as
dcvotcd to t|c C|urc| o Luglaud, t|c |irt|, |y dcpriviug t|cu o t|at couort, uadc
t|cu rcadicr to rccousidcr t|cir positiou. Ou t|c ot|cr |aud |aucs, cxultiug iu t|c pros-
pcct o Cat|olic succcssiou, |ad lct ouly |is ou supportcrs itucss t|c cvcut, iu cou-
scqucucc, it as allcgcd |y |is cucuics aud idcly, t|oug| rougly, |clicvcd t|at t|c
c|ild as uot |is or t|c Quccu's at all, |ut |ad |ccu suugglcd iuto t|c |cdc|au|cr iu
a aruiug-pau. A c uout|s latcr, |aucs prcparcd ou t|is day to ncc t|c couutry, t|c
|oy grc up to |c t|c Old irctcudcr, or as |c put it, iiug |aucs lll aud \lll.
lu April Mic|cl dc Moutaiguc visitcd t|c Sauta Casa aud |uug up |is :: .:.
1|is is t|c spot o t|c |ig|cst sauctity. 1|crc uay |c sccu ou t|c uppcr part o t|c all t|c
iuagc o Our lady, uadc, so t|c story gocs, o ood. All t|c rcsiduc o t|c s|riuc is so t|ic|ly
covcrcd it| ric| :: .:.s givcu |y divcrs citics aud priuccs t|at, rig|t dou to t|c grouud, t|crc
is uot au iuc| o spacc |ic| is uot covcrcd it| souc dcvicc o gold or silvcr. Vit| grcat di
culty aud as a |ig| avour douc to uc, l as a|lc to hud a placc |crcou l could hx a ucuorial
dcvicc, iu |ic| crc sct our silvcr hgurcs, t|at o Our lady, uy ou, uy ic's, aud uy daug|-
tcr's. Ou t|c |asc o uiuc as cugravcd ou t|c silvcr t|c iuscriptiou, 'Mic|acl Moutauus Gallus
\asco, Lqucs lcgii Ordiuis, .' Ou uy ic's, 'lraucisca Cassauiaua, uxor,' aud ou uy daug|-
tcr's, 'lcouora Moutaua, hlia uuica.' 1|csc t|rcc arc all |uccliug iu a ro |corc Our lady, |o
is sct souc|at |ig|cr. 1|c c|apcl |as auot|cr cutraucc |csidcs t|c to o |ic| l |avc spo|cu,
aud auy ouc cutcriug it t|crc|y ill hud uy ta|lct ou t|c lct-|aud sidc, oppositc t|c door iu
t|c corucr, t|c sauc |aviug |ccu vcry carcully hxcd aud uailcd to t|c all. l |ad causcd a c|aiu
aud riug o silvcr to |c httcd t|crcto, so as to lct it |aug rou a uail, |ut t|c c|apcl ocials prc-
crrcd to astcu it to t|c all itscl. Moutaiguc, j.r..|, ii.
1|c s|riuc as pillagcd |y t|c lrcuc|-Moutaiguc's :: .:. is uot ucutioucd iu t|c
cataloguc o -aud |y cvcryt|iug as gouc.
L|.|.. o Mrida iu louau tiucs callcd Lucrita), uartyrcd iu , accordiug to t|c
Spauis| poct irudcutius a ccutury latcr, |aviug as a |a|y rcuscd |cr rattlc, at t|c agc
o s|c rau aay rou |ouc, |urst iu upou t|c govcruor's tri|uual at Lucrita, dcclarcd
|crscl a C|ristiau, iusultcd t|c gods aud t|c cupcror, aud c|allcugcd t|c aut|oritics
to uartyr |cr, upou t|cir coupliaucc, as t|c pyrc crac|lcd s|c struc| car iuto t|c trcu-
|liug cxccutioucrs |y hudiug |cr torturc scct. irudcutius' pocu airly |ouuccs aloug
iu its dactylic uctrc, as |cu Lulalia dcclarcs
lsis Apollo \cuus ui|il cst, lsis, Apollo, aud \cuus arc uaug|t,
Maxiuiauus ct ipsc ui|il ior is Maxiuiau auyt|iug uorc,

illa ui|il, quia actu uauu, iot|iug arc :|:,, or |y |auds t|cy crc roug|t,
|ic, uauuuu quia acta colit. H:, or o |auds |c t|c or| dot| adorc.
1|c io|cl iri.c aard ccrcuouy is |cld ou t|is day, t|c |irt|day o Alrcd icru|ard
io|cl.
z

... III Is L:.:o|r:s i
z - - - iur|iua laso iatioual ioliday iudcpcudcut
it|iu lrcuc| couuuuity, )
Luitcd iatious LilCLl Auuivcrsary Day
LSA, ludiaua Aduissiou Day t| statc, )
z Agouia scc |au.) iu |ouour o Sol ludigcs scc Aug.), also
Scptiuoutiuu, rccordcd ouly iu latc calcudars |ut clcarly vcry aucicut, |ciug cclc|ratcd
|y t|c iu|a|itauts o t|c origiual Scvcu iills.
z - Dauasus l lC), Dauicl t|c Stylitc Ort|.)
L.o.ss I ..-), popc -. Lpou t|c dcat| o iopc li|crius, duriug |osc
tcuporary cxilc |c |ad supportcd t|c iupcrially spousorcd autipopc lclix ll, clcrgy
loyal to t|c latc popc clcctcd aud cousccratcd |is orucr dcacou Lrsiuus, |ut t|c auti-
popc's ucu clcctcd Dauasus, t|c lattcr |ircd a gaug o t|ugs aud ou t|c uout|-loug
strugglc, |ic| culuiuatcd iu a uassacrc o Lrsiuiaus so a pagau |istoriau rcports,
a C|ristiau sourcc says ) iu t|c c|urc| t|at ould |ccouc Sauta Maria Maggiorc.
1|crcatcr Dauasus, t|oug| |arricd |y |is cucuics, provcd a vigorous lcadcr iu t|c
Vcst, al|cit too douiuccriug aud uusu|tlc or t|c Last, rcali.iug t|at apostolic povcrty
as uo ay to iu t|c uppcr class to C|ristiauity, |c sct out to s|o it| graud |au-
qucts t|at t|c uc rcligiou as ht or gcutlcucu. ic as particularly succcssul iu
s|oiug t|at it as ht or ladics iu uauy scuatorial auilics |osc ualc ucu|crs |cld
to t|c old ays, t|c oucuol| turucd C|ristiau, aud Dauasus |ccauc uotorious or
cujoyiug t|cir coupauy.) lu a siuilar spirit, |c rcstorcd t|c catacou|s, aud dcviscd cpi-
tap|s or uartyrs aud prcvious popcs, iu ordcr to claiu t|at louc's truc glorics crc
its C|ristiau, uot its pagau autiquitics. ic |uilt scvcral c|urc|cs, iucludiug Sau lorcu.o
iu Dauaso, to |ic| |is rcuaius crc trauslatcd.
L...:| :|: `:,|.:: -). Ouc o t|c grcatcst pillar-saiuts, |c as |uricd at t|c oot o
t|c pillar |c |ad |ccu ordaiucd ou aud |ad livcd upou or t|irty-t|rcc ycars, it| ouc
|ric iutcrval, |cu |c t|oug|t it ucccssary to gct dou aud protcst agaiust t|c cupcror
iasiliscus' support o Mouop|ysitisu.

z

r..: N...s L:.:o|r:s C
z - - - icuya |au|uri Day ludcpcudcucc rou Grcat
iritaiu, ) uatioual day)
Mcxico Our lady o Guadalupc Day patrou saiut o Mcxico)
z - |auc lrauccs dc C|autal lC), Spyridou Ort|.)
j..: Ir...:s : C|..:.| -) it| St lraucis dc Salcs ouudcd t|c Ordcr o t|c
\isitatiou ), or t|osc uuus |o is|cd a lcss ascctic lic. lcast-day orucrly
August.
`,r... {. ), s|cp|crd aud |is|op o 1riuit|us iu Cyprus, participatcd iu t|c
Couucil o iicaca, |c as uuc| rcvcrcd iu t|c Grcc| orld, |crc uauy associatious
arc uaucd atcr |iu aud |is day is uuc| cclc|ratcd, iu particular it| proccssious.
r L., .; C..|:, iucstra Scora dc Guadalupc, is t|c patrou o Mcxico orually
couhrucd iu ) as cll as o Ccutral aud Sout| Aucrica. 1|crc arc to t|c \irgiu
|o appcarcd to a s|cp|crd iu Guadalupc Lstrcuadura, Spaiu) aud t|c uorc auous
apparitiou ou t|c |ill o 1cpcyac just uort| o Mcxico City iu to au ludiau uaucd
|uau Dicgo, iustructiug |iu to |avc a c|urc| |uilt ou t|c spot, |ic| as t|c cult-sitc
o t|c A.tcc uot|cr-goddcss 1ouaut.iu. 1|c |is|op dis|clicvcd |iu, uutil t|c \irgiu
appcarcd or t|c t|ird tiuc aud uiraculously produccd souc roscs, |ic| |uau Dicgo
prcscutcd to |iu, as |c did so, |cr portrait as rcvcalcd ou t|c ludiau's cloa|-|lac|,
uuli|c t|c iuagcs |roug|t rou Spaiu. 1|c s|riuc is a auous placc o pilgriuagc.
Old S|ortcst Day, |cucc iu souc parts o ioray callcd s,rso:ss.:., 't|c uagpic's
uass-day' iu ot|crs t|c rd), uot cvcu t|c uagpic cau tcll t|c dicrcucc |ctccu day
aud uig|t, |ut ovcrslccps, |ocvcr a|cs |cr ill |c o|cu |y |cr cvcry uoruiug t|crc-
atcr.
z

Is L:.:o|r:s D
L., L.|:,
:|: s|.r::s: ., .. :|: |..:s: ..|:.
z - - - |apau Sosu|arai or Soot Sccpiug Day

Malta lcpu|lic Day ) uatioual |oliday)
St lucia St lucia Day
Scdcu St lucia Day
z 1|is day as uar|cd |y t|c ors|ip o 1cllus iu Cariuac a dis-
trict at t|c sout|-cst o t|c Lsquiliuc) aud a |:.:.s::r..o, or sprcadiug o a ta|lc it|
ood aud driu| iu rout o a diuiug-couc|, iu |ouour o Ccrcs.
z - lucy CoL, lC)
L.,, virgiu uartyr iu Syracusc iu , accordiug to dou|tul) acts s|c dchautly pro-
claiucd |cr C|ristiauity aud gavc aay |cr goods, rcusiug t|c suitor c|oscu |y |cr
parcuts, |cr cycs crc toru out |ut uiraculously rcstorcd iu rcprcscutatious s|c otcu
|cars t|cu ou a platc) |corc s|c as put to dcat|. icr cult as iuportaut rou carly
tiucs. lu Syracusc |cr uartyrdou is cclc|ratcd auuually it| a grcat proccssiou iu
|ic| |cr |icr is carricd t|roug| t|c strccts. icr rcputcd corpsc, ta|cu to Coustauti-
uoplc iu , sci.cd |y t|c \cuctiaus iu t|c lourt| Crusadc, aud rc|uricd iu S. Giorgio
Maggiorc, uo lics iu t|c c|urc| o S. Gcrcuia at t|c juuctiou o t|c Graud Caual it|
Cauarcggio t|c ucar|y railay statiou is callcd Sauta lucia), |ocvcr, s|c |as auot|cr,
rcportcdly trauslatcd to Corhuiuu iu t|c icscara vallcy, ucar icutiua) iu t|c cig|t|
ccutury aud t|cucc to Mct. iu .
Ludcr t|c old calcudar |crs |ccauc t|c lougcst uig|t, c. t|c \cuctiau sayiug `..:.
L..., L. ..:: . |... .|: |: s.., also `..:. L..., L| ;r:. .rss.. 't|c cold torucuts'), iu
Dcuuar|, accordiug to Voru, cattlc arc said to |c so |uugry duriug |cr uig|t t|at i
t|cy could t|cy ould cat t|cir ou |oovcs. 1|is rccalls t|c aucicut Grcc| |clic t|at
t|c octopus cats its tcutaclcs iu iutcr.) iccausc lig|t, iu latiu |:, rcturus atcr |cr day,
iu Scdcu s|c is patroucss o |arvcst aud o lig|t, all t|rcs|iug, spiuuiug, aud caviug
or t|c ycar uust |c douc |y |cr day. ludccd, alt|oug| Scdis| calcudars, alouc auoug
t|c lut|crau c|urc|cs, still rctaiu a daily saiut, ouly s|c is still cclc|ratcd, aud it| grcat
cut|usiasu, cspccially |y c|ildrcu. 1|c c|urc|cs arc ull, aud L...: 'lucy pro-
ccssious') arc |cld iu |ic| all participauts drcss iu |itc aud siug iu |cr |ouour ouc
girl is appoiutcd to |c St lucy, it| a rcd sas| aud a crou o lig|tcd caudlcs, t|c
ot|crs cariug silvcr sas|cs aud silvcr crous, t|c |oys car poiutcd |itc caps aud
carry stars iu t|cir |auds. 1|c girls |riug ood to t|c ta|lc, typically sarou |uus, giu-
gcr |iscuits, aud |, a |ot spiccd iuc it| aquavit. icr cast-day uar|s t|c |cgiu-
uiug o t|c tclvc days |corc C|ristuas, |ic| iu souc couutrics arc uorc iuportaut
t|au t|c tclvc t|at ollo. S|c is patrou o t|c |liud aud o gla.icrs.
1is t|c ycarcs uiduig|t, aud it is t|c daycs,
L..:s, |o scarcc scavcu |ourcs |crscl uuuas|cs,
1|c Suuuc is spcut, aud uo |is nas|s
Scud ort| lig|t squi|s, uo coustaut raycs,
1|c orlds |olc sap is suu|c
1|c gcucrall |aluc t|'|ydroptiquc cart| |at| druu|,
V|it|cr, as to t|c |cds-cct, lic is s|ruu|c,

Dcad aud cutcrr'd, yct all t|csc sccuc to laug|,
Coupar'd it| ucc, |o au t|cir Lpitap|. . . .
|o|u Douuc .-), 'A uocturuall upou S. lucics day, iciug t|c s|ortcst day'
j.. |ossc) d. ..). Sou o a |iug o irittauy, |c rcuouuccd |is iu|critaucc aud
|ccauc a pricst, uadc a pilgriuagc to louc, t|cu livcd as a |cruit iu iout|icu at t|c
uodcru Saiut-|ossc-sur-Mcr. lu C|arlcuaguc's tiuc |is dclliug-placc |ccauc a gucst-
|ousc or Luglis| travcllcrs, a ccutury latcr souc o |is rclics crc |roug|t to Viu-
c|cstcr. ic is t|c uauc-saiut o t|c couposcr |osquiu 'littlc |ossc') lc|loittc d. ),
|cttcr |uou as |osquiu dcs irc., aud t|c priutcr |ossc iadc -), |cttcr |uou
as lodocus iadius Asccusius. 1|c Dutc| oru is '|oost', a uauc |oruc |y t|c grcatcst
Dutc| poct |oost vau dcu \oudcl -), aud classici.cd to '|ustus' |y t|c |uuau-
ist |oost lips or |ustus lipsius -).
1|c Gcuiuids, au auuual uctcor-s|ocr, pca| a|out t|is day.
z

... XIX I.|:..s I...r..s L
z - - - LSA, Ala|aua Aduissiou Day ud statc,
)
z - |o|u o t|c Cross CY, lC), 1|yrsus aud |is Coupauious Ort|.)
j.|. .; :|: Cr.ss |uau dc la Cru., -), ouudcr it| 1crcsa o Avila o t|c Discalccd
Caruclitcs aud a uystical ritcr. 1|c uovcucut or rcoru it|iu t|c Caruclitc Ordcr
uct cousidcra|lc oppositiou, aud |o|u, t|c Coucssor o St 1crcsa's Couvcut o t|c
lucaruatiou at Avila, as iuprisoucd iu 1olcdo iu - |y t|c \isitor Gcucral,
cscapiug atcr uiuc uout|s o |ars| trcatucut, iu - t|c Discalccd scparatcd rou
t|c Calccd Caruclitcs. Atcr scrviug as prior iu Grauada aud Scgovia, |c cauc iuto
counict it| t|c \icar-Gcucral o t|c Discalccd Caruclitcs, aud as |auis|cd to
Audalusia iu . Scvcral o |is uystical ritiugs ta|c t|c oru o pocus it| cou-
ucutarics ou t|c progrcss o t|c soul toards God, t|c |cst-|uou arc t|c `.r.:.|
C..:..|:, t|c Js.:.: .; M..: C.ro:|, aud t|c L.r| N.|: .; :|: `.|. ic as dcclarcd a Doc-
tor o t|c C|urc| iu . lcast-day orucrly iovcu|cr.
1|,rss aud |is coupauious L..s iu Grcc| lcu|ios) aud C.||....s, uartyrcd iu iit|y-
uia. 'Sau 1irso' as sucicutly popular iu Spaiu to |avc |asilicas dcdicatcd to |iu at
Mrida aud 1olcdo, '1irso dc Moliua' as t|c pcu-uauc adoptcd |y lray Ga|ricl 1llc.
-), t|c aut|or o t|c hrst iuportaut play ou t|c Dou |uau t|cuc L| |r|..r
: `:.||. , ...... : .:r., '1|c iractical |o|cr o Scvillc aud t|c Stouc Gucst'), aud

pro|a|ly o L| ...:... .r :s...;.., 'Dauucd or Dcspair', iu |ic| a |cruit is
dauucd or t|c tragic na o uot |clicviug t|at |c cau |c savcd-a play t|at disprovcs
t|c cauard t|at C|ristiauity is iucoupati|lc it| tragcdy, oucc it is rccogui.cd t|at or
t|c C|ristiau t|c ultiuatc cvil is uot dcat| |ut dauuatiou.
J:...:.s I.r:..:s ..-..). A uativc o 1rcviso cducatcd at lavcuua, |c uadc a pil-
griuagc to 1ours .. to t|au| St Martiu or curiug |iu o au cyc-discasc, ou t|c ay
|c stoppcd or souc tiuc at t|c court o Sigc|crt, |iug o Austrasia. latcr |c scrvcd as
c|aplaiu to t|c couuuuity csta|lis|cd |y t|c orucr Quccu ladcguudc scc Aug.),
|c |ccauc a ricud o Grcgory o 1ours aud su|scqucutly |is|op o ioiticrs. ic as
a prolihc aut|or iu |ot| prosc aud vcrsc, |cst |uou or |is |yuus 'iaugc liugua
gloriosi procliuu ccrtauiuis' 'Siug, uy touguc, t|c glorious |attlc') aud '\cxilla rcgis
prodcuut' '1|c royal |auucrs orard go').
Accordiug to a Mcditcrraucau ol| |clic, scvcu days |corc t|c iutcr solsticc t|c
|alcyou-a uyt|ical |ird it| t|c |ody o a |iughs|cr, also aud uorc corrcctly spclt
'alcyou'-|cgius to |uild |cr ucst, t|is ta|cs |cr scvcu days, atcr |ic| or auot|cr
scvcu s|c lays aud |atc|cs |cr cggs. Duriug t|is pcriod, |uou as 't|c |alcyou days',
t|c sca is calu aud cau |c sailcd, aluost alays o Sicily aud rcqucutly clsc|crc.
Aristotlc quotcs t|c lyric poct Siuouidcs o Ccos '|cu iu t|c iutcr uout| Zcus
|riugs calu to ourtccu days t|at cart|liugs call t|c tiuc |cu t|c iud is orgottcu,
t|c |oly |rccdiug-scasou o t|c uauy-colourcd alcyou'.
z

... XJIII I.|:..s I...r..s l
z - - - Luitcd Statcs iill o lig|ts Day couucuor-
atiug ratihcatiou iu o hrst tcu aucuducuts to t|c LS Coustitutiou)
z At louc t|is as auot|cr day o Cousualia scc |uly, Aug.).
z -
h..|.| -), sou o lic|ard o Luglaud lc|.). Atcr scrviug as a uissiouary
iu t|c Lppcr ialatiuatc aud spcudiug our ycars disc|argiug t|c curc o souls iu Maiu.,
|c joiucd |is |rot|cr Villi|ald |uly), it| |ou |c ouudcd t|c a||cy o icidcu-
|ciu, |c |ccauc its hrst a||ot, |is sistcr Val|urg |ciug hrst a||css lc|.). Villi|ald
is said to |avc raiscd |is iucorrupt |ody iu .
1|is uout|, couuouly callcd t|c ilac| Mout|, is su|jcct to cvcry sort o cat|cr |ic| is atal
to plauts o a tcudcr iaturc. All \cgcta|lcs o our cliuatc sccu uo to slccp, t|c Days arc s|ort,

aud cvcry littlc arut| rou t|c Suu ua|cs cvcry Curious lovcr o Gardcus is| or t|c Spriug,
t|oug| iudccd 'tis uo au iugcuious Gardcucr ill s|o |is s|ill iu |clpiug iaturc |y Artihcc.
1|: C:.:|:o..`s .. C.r:.:r`s I.|:..r )
z

... XJII I.|:..s I...r..s G
z - - - ia|raiu ludcpcudcucc Day uatioual |oliday)
Sout| Arica Day o iatioual lccouciliatiou. 1|is |oliday, proclaiucd iu , rc-
placcs t|c uost divisivc o t|c old Sout| Aricau |olidays, t|c C:|.;::. Day o
t|c Covcuaut) or L.....s., ou |ic| Ari|aucrs, iu ulhlucut o a solcuu vo,
couucuoratcd t|c dccat |y iocr \oortrc||crs o t|c cucircliug Zulu aruy
uudcr Diugaau at t|c |attlc o ilood livcr,
z - O Sapicutia iCi, CY ou t|c t|), orucrly St Lusc|ius uo
Aug.)
`..:.:... 1|c hrst o t|c 'O' autip|ous prcccdiug C|ristuas, t|cy |cgau ou t|is day
iu t|c Saruu calcudar aud t|c iCi, t|oug| t|cy crc droppcd |ctccu aud ),
ou Dcccu|cr iu ot|cr calcudars. Scc h:s::r. C|r.| 1:.r.
J:|..:, t|c cuprcss Adcl|cid, ic o Otto t|c Grcat, aud croucd it| |iu ou lc|-
ruary |y iopc |o|u Xll a vicious yout| |ou Otto as latcr o|ligcd to dcposc),
|aviug |ccu ou |ad tcrus it| |cr sou Otto ll aud |is iy.autiuc cuprcss, 1|cop|auo,
s|c as rcgcut or |cr graudsou Otto lll rou to , s|c ouudcd uouastcrics,
supportcd t|c Cluuiac rcorus, aud dicd iu |cr ou ouudatiou o Scl. iu .
H... Ort|.) lussiaus say t|at i t|crc is a scvcrc rost ou t|is day OS Dcc. iS)
it ill last till Lpip|auy.
Vit| C|ristuas ouly uiuc days aay, prcparatious or t|c cstal scasou |ccouc uorc
iutcusc. iut uiuccucat aud pluu puddiugs s|ould alrcady |avc |ccu uadc |y uo, t|c
traditioual day iu Luglaud is 'Stir-up Suuday' t|c last Suuday |corc Advcut).
1oday Sistcr prcparcs |cr uiucc ucat. 'S|all auld acquaiutaucc |c orgot.' iccp up uy |clovcd
daug|tcr t|csc littlc auuivcrsary ucuorials o t|c oldcu tiucs, |ic| scrvc to rcvivc auily cus-
tous ~ t|c ucuory o dcpartcd ricuds, aud uorcovcr provc t|at c arc uot o ycstcrday aud
t|at |ad |ospita|lc good livcrs |corc us. V|cu cvcry t|iug as c|cap ~ plcuty, ~ lcss glittcr ~
uorc su|staucc, good c|ccr as t|c uuivcrsal ordcr o t|c day, ~ all vicd, uot so uuc| iu t|c rc-
duudaut varicty as iu t|c supcrior cxccllcucc o t|c dis|cs. Lvcry cualc as iustructcd iu t|c art
o coo|iug prcscrvcs, ~ pastry, as cll as t|c uorc ordiuary dutics o |ousc |ccpiug. . . . Music
as couhucd to t|c voicc accoupauicd, uo ~ t|cu |y t|c llutc. io |olc |ours, days, cc|s
~ ycars, astcd iu hugcriug a |arpsic|ord. iiutard, ii. Dcc. )

z

... XJI I.|:..s I...r..s A
z - - - i|utau iatioual Day
LSA Vrig|t irot|crs Day, couucuoratiug t|c hrst succcssul nig|t |y Orvillc aud
Vil|ur Vrig|t,
z l uauy o t|c louau cstivals rccordcd |crc crc littlc rcgardcd
cvcu |y louaus, t|is as cup|atically uot t|c casc it| t|c Saturualia, t|c uost
|clovcd o t|cu all. 1|c cclc|ratious origiuatcd as t|c dcdicatiou-day o a tcuplc to
`.:r.s, possi|ly a god o sccd or soiug, |ut cquatcd it| t|c Grcc| irouos, at|cr
o Zcus aud suprcuc god iu t|c agc o t|c Goldcu lacc, Saturu, it as said, |ad |ccu
|iug o ltaly iu a tiuc o cquality aud plcuty. Sacrihcc as couductcd iu t|c Grcc|
as|iou, it| |arc |cad, uot covcrcd as as louau practicc.) lu t|is tcuplc |ic| also
scrvcd as statc trcasury), t|crc as a statuc o t|c god, |osc cct crc |ouud iu ool
cxccpt ou t|is day. irocccdiugs |cgau it| a sacrihcc, at |ic| t|c uppcr classcs orc
t|c toga, rou ouards a grcat |auquct or all coucrs as |cld, at |ic| iuorual
clot|cs crc oru, cudiug it| t|c cry o I. `.:r..|... Courts, s|ops, aud sc|ools crc
closcd, gau|liug as pcruittcd, aud jollihcatiou rcigucd, cxtcudcd |y t|c cud o t|c
lcpu|lic or scvcu days dou to t|c rd. ircscuts crc cxc|augcd, |cu Catullus'
ricud, t|c |ig|-|oru politiciau, poct, aud orator Calvus, gavc |iu as a |oo|y-prcscut
au aut|ology o pocts |osc old-as|ioucd stylc t|cy |ot| dcspiscd, Catullus rosc to
t|c occasiou it| a dclig|tul pocu o uoc| iudiguatiou at rccciviug suc| stu'ou Sat-
urualia, |cst o days'. At |ouc, uastcrs aitcd ou t|cir slavcs, |o crc pcruittcd to
spca| t|cir uiuds, ioracc rcprcscuts |is slavc Davus as availiug |iuscl o t|is
rccdou to addrcss |ouc trut|s to |iu aud t|roug| |iu to |is rcadcrs). A '|iug' or
uastcr o t|c rcvcls as appoiutcd |y lot, as latcr at 1clt| iig|t, accs uig|t |c
|lac|cucd |y soot aud lcd dauccs pcrorucd.
iaturally, souc straitlaccd pcrsous disapprovcd Scucca |as uo dcsirc to joiu t|c
druu|cu crods iu t|cir party |ats, t|c youugcr iliuy |id |iuscl aay iu |is study
|ilc t|c |ousc|old rolic|cd. Ot|crs pcruittcd t|cusclvcs to |c c|ccrul |ilc rc-
uaiuiug iutcllcctual t|c louau studcuts at At|cus o |ou Aulus Gcllius as ouc iu
t|c uid-sccoud ccutury uct iu t|c |at|s duriug t|c day or a gauc o orcits iu
|ic| cac| iu turu propouudcd a logical allacy, rcquiriug a couradc to poiut out t|c
catc|, i |c succccdcd |c ou a suall suu o uoucy, i uot |c coutri|utcd it to t|c
diuucr-uud. At diuucr t|cy poscd cac| ot|cr pro|lcus couccruiug dicult |ut uot
too dicult) passagcs iu aucicut pocts, or p|ilosop|ical doctriucs rcqucutly uis-
uudcrstood, or uuusual ords aud idious, t|c pri.c or solutiou as a garlaud, |ic|
i uo ouc succccdcd as dcdicatcd to Saturu. iut t|c suprcuc litcrary cclc|ratiou o
t|c cstival is t|at |y Macro|ius iu t|c ht| ccutury , |o loviugly rccrcatcs au iu-
agiuary discussiou auougst t|c grcat pagau iutcllcctuals o louc ou t|c uig|t |corc

Saturualia, pro|a|ly iu , aud t|c hrst t|rcc days o t|c cstival t|c daytiuc as givcu
to scrious topics aud t|c cvcuiug to lig|tcr, iucludiug ood aud driu|. lu t|c hrst |oo|,
sct ou t|c Saturualia propcr, uuc| iuoruatiou is givcu ou t|c day itscl aud ou t|c
louau calcudar.
z - O Sapicutia CY, iCi ou t| Dcc.)
L...rs. 1|crc arc to ucu uaucd 'la.arus' iu t|c ic 1cstaucut. Ouc is t|c su|jcct
o t|c para|lc o t|c ric| uau aud t|c |cggar Divcs aud la.arus, lu|c -), a
lcpcr 'ull o sorcs' |o gavc |is uauc to t|c |....r:::. or lcpcrs' |ospital. 1|c ot|cr
la.arus is t|c |rot|cr o Mary aud Mart|a, raiscd rou t|c dcad |o|u -), t|c
ccct ou pu|lic opiuiou couviuccd t|c c|ic pricsts t|at |csus uust |c disposcd o. A
latc lcgcud ua|cs |iu |is|op o Marscillc, it| rclics t|crc aud at Audlau iu locr
Alsacc, |y couusiou it| a ht|-ccutury |is|op o Aix scc |uly). iis cast as
uovcd to t|is day iu t|c louau Martyrology rou t|c ht| Suuday iu lcut Milau aud
Spaiu) aud ialu Suuday Gaul). lu t|c Ort|odox C|urc| |c is cultcd ou t|c Saturday
|corc ialu Suuday a proccssiou rou |crusalcu to ict|auy ou t|at day is attcstcd iu
t|c ourt| ccutury).
1,:.|. t| c.), Vcls| saiut, |rot|cr o St Cadau. 1|ouas icuuaut visitcd a c|urc|
dcdicatcd to |iu
Atcr ridiug souc tiuc aloug t|c |ottou o t|c valc o Moddy, pass |y t|c villagc aud
c|urc| o L|.. , M.,, t|c last is dcdicatcd to `:. 1,:.|., ouc o our uost capital saiuts. iis
lcgcud is rittcu iu vcrsc, |y L.;, L|, . L|::|,. . Cr,,, lord o M.:|.;.r., a pcrsou |o
|ad a grcat |aud iu |riugiug iu H:.r, \ll. |y ccdiug |is couutryucu it| prop|ccics, t|at ouc
o t|cu as to dclivcr h.|:s rou t|c L.|.s| yo|c, |y |ic| ucaus t|ousauds o t|cu crc iu-
duccd to risc, uudcr Sir |,s . 1|.o.s, aud joiu H:.r,, t|cu carl o ..|o.., at M.|;.r.
1|is illustrious |ard iuorus us, t|at 1,:.|. |ad |ccu au a||ot iu Jro.r..., aud cauc ovcr
|crc iu t|c tiuc o |iug Jr:|r, |ut atcr t|c dcat| o t|at |cro, |cu t|c `.:..s ovcr-rau uost
o t|c |iugdou, t|c saiut rctircd, aud lcd |crc a uost austcrc lic, lyiug ou t|c |arc stoucs, aud
cariug a s|irt o |air yct |c cuploycd |is tiuc uscully, as a tillcr o t|c grouud, aud |cpt
|ospitality. M.|,. C,.:, t|cu a yout|, too| ocucc at t|c saiut, aud sci.cd |is oxcu, |ut ild
stags crc sccu t|c ucxt day, pcroruiug t|cir occ, aud a grcy ol |arroiug atcr t|cu. M.|~
,., curagcd at t|is, |roug|t |is uil|-|itc dogs to c|acc t|c dccr, |ilc |c sat ou t|c |luc
stouc, to cujoy t|c divcrsiou, |ut |cu |c attcuptcd to risc, |c ouud |is |rccc| iuuovca|ly
hxcd to t|c roc|, so t|at |c as o|ligcd to |cg pardou o t|c saiut, |o, ou propcr rcparatiou,
as so |iud as to rcc |iu rou |is au|ard paiu. icuuaut, `...., - )
lu c|urc|cs t|at cclc|ratcd Lpip|auy |ut uot C|ristuas, iucludiug t|at o ourt|-
ccutury Spaiu, t|is as t|c hrst day o a ast, t|c placiug o t|c autip|ou `..:.:.. ou
t|is day uay |c a rclic o t|is practicc, |ic| iu carly C|ristiau tiucs |ad uadc a ast
o t|c louau Saturualia.
So Day iu Or|ucy, |cu a so as alays |illcd, t|is uig|t |c a survival o sacrihcc
|corc Yulc.

z

... XJ I.|:..s I...r..s i
z - - - iigcr lcpu|lic Day autououous rcpu|lic
it|iu t|c lrcuc| Couuuuity, , iudcpcudcucc Aug. )
z -
C.:...s or Gaticu d. ..), scut as uissiouary to Gaul |y iopc la|iau scc |au.),
hrst |is|op o 1ours. lt is to |iu, uot to St Martiu, t|at t|c cat|cdral is dcdicatcd.
M.:s:.s d. or ), patrou o arucrs Grcccc). lt is said t|at |cu au cvil spirit
scut a sua|c to lur| iu atcr t|at |casts crc to driu| iu ordcr to poisou t|cu, t|c saiut
rcvivcd t|c auiuals, |illcd t|c sua|c, aud coujurcd t|c dcuou ucvcr to appcar |cu |is
ou uauc as iuvo|cd.
lu Spaiu, up to t|c clcvcut| ccutury, t|is day, uot Marc|, as |cpt as Auuuuciatiou.
lt as o|scrvcd t|at t|is savcd t|c cast rou alliug iu lcut, |ocvcr, |cu iu
Odilo o Cluuy pcruittcd visitiug uou|s rou Spaiu to cclc|ratc t|c Auuuuciatiou ou
Dcccu|cr, to cldcrly Cluuiacs rcportcd a drcau iu |ic| ouc o t|c Spauiards,
hudiug a |oy ou t|c altar, cast |iu it| a pitc|or| iuto a pau o |ot coals. 1|cy addcd,
or t|c |cucht o slocr its, t|at t|c |oy cricd out 'lat|cr, lat|cr, |at t|ou gavcst
t|csc ta|c aay', |crcupou all syupat|y or t|c Spauis| custou cudcd. iocvcr, iu
Spaiu t|c cast pcrsistcd as t|c Lxpcctatiou o t|c Couhucucut o t|c \irgiu Mary.
Ir.o:.:. L:.:o|:r ,
Ot t|roug| t|c silcut air dcsccud t|c cat|cry suo-na|cs,
V|itc arc t|c distaut |ills, |itc arc t|c ucig||oriug hclds,
Ouly t|c uars|cs arc |rou, aud t|c rivcr rolliug auoug t|cu
Vcarct| t|c lcadcu |uc sccu iu t|c cycs o t|c |liud.
icury Vadsort| lougcllo -)
z

... XIJ I.|:..s I...r..s C
z Opalia, a cast at a s|riuc iu t|c loruu iu |ouour o Ops c.
Aug.), t|c ludi luvcutatis uay |avc |ccu |cld iu |ouour o luvcutas or Yout| |y youug
ucu |o |ad couc o agc, |ut t|c t|cory dcpcuds ou t|c rcstoratiou o a ragucutary
iuscriptiou.

z - 1|crc is uo St Muuditia |osc uauc ucaus 'clcauliucss' or 'clcgaucc
o tastc'), |ut t|c pocu iu |cr |ouour |y iatc |cuuiugs is too good to lcavc out, so c
assigu |cr to t|is day.
`...: M..:..
Saiut Muuditia t|c patrou saiut
o loucly oucu) is a rclic |ouud
to iuspirc acctiou. icr |oucs
arc |aruaclcd it| gold aud jccls.
icr s|ull is stuc| iu a pcrpctual griuacc.
Cat-ycllo cycs start out o soc|cts.
Aud iu |cr rig|t |aud, hxcd at t|c rcady, a ritiug quill.
icr cla|oratc |idcousucss uadc uc laug|,
aud, iu uy uiud, |cr iuagc prospcrcd.
Souctiucs l pctitiou |cr.
Saiut Muuditia,
t|cy |ro|c your lcgs to ht you iu your s|ocasc,
aud l au |ro|cu, too.
1|crc's uo|ody to |ou cit|cr o us cau addrcss a lcttcr.
My |uuour is as |rittlc as you.
Saiut Muuditia,
|y dou't c scll your jccls
aud go scc t|c orld, livc it up |ig.
Vc ould ua|c a stri|iug couplc.
icoplc arc surc to |cricud us
or our uoucy aud our cut|usiasu or lic.
Saiut Muuditia,
dauu t|is loucliucss. Dauu uy sccdy guilt,
uy la.iucss, uy cars. Dauu uy crac|cd uiud.
1cll uc |y it s|ould |c so.
Saiut Muuditia, couort uc.
iatc |cuuiugs - )
z

... XIII I.|:..s I...r..s D
z - lguatius o Autioc| Ort|., scc Oct.)
L.o... : `.|.s lC). A |crdsuau's sou |o cutcrcd t|c icucdictiuc a||cy o Sau
Millu dc la Cogalla iu logroo, |aviug rcstorcd to nouris|iug uouastic lic a dc-
caycd |ousc to |ic| |c |ad |ccu scut, |c rcturucd to |ccouc prior o Sau Millu uutil
iiug Garca l\ o iavarrc -) drovc |iu out or rcusiug |is huaucial dcuauds.
Ou urt|cr pursuit |y t|c |iug |c ncd to Castilc, |crc it| t|c |clp o iiug lcruaudo
t|c Grcat -) |c cutcrcd t|c aucicut uouastcry o Sau Sc|astiu dc Silos aud

turucd it iuto a grcat rcligious aud cultural ccutrc, |c also |cgau t|c coustructiou o its
louaucsquc cloistcr. Ou |is dcat| iu |c as at oucc rccogui.cd as a saiut, |aviug
o|taiucd t|c rclcasc o uuucrous C|ristiaus rou Mooris| captivity, |c is portraycd
|oldiug cttcrs. iis sta is givcu to Spauis| quccus at couhucucut, it as atcr |iu t|at
t|c uo|lcouau |uaua dc A.a, |aviug praycd or |is iutcrccssiou duriug a dicult prcg-
uaucy, uaucd |cr sou, St Douiuic scc Aug.). iis uouastcry as su|scqucutly
rcuaucd Sauto Douiugo dc Silos, atcr scculari.atiou iu it as rcscttlcd iu |y
uou|s rou Solcsucs, |ic| is |y its |cst-sclliug rccords arc o Grcgoriau c|aut aud
uot t|c Mo.ara|ic liturgy it |ad prcviously rctaiucd.
L:.:o|:r
lidiug upou t|c Goat, it| suo-|itc |air,
l couc, t|c last o all. 1|is crou o uiuc
ls o t|c |olly, iu uy |aud l |car
1|c t|yrsus, tippcd it| ragraut coucs o piuc.
l cclc|ratc t|c |irt| o t|c Diviuc,
Aud t|c rcturu o t|c Saturuiau rcigu,-
My sougs arc carols suug at cvcry s|riuc,
iroclaiuiug icacc ou cart|, good ill to ucu.
icury Vadsort| lougcllo -), 1|: .::`s C.|:..r
z

... XII I.|:..s I...r..s L
`: 1|.o.s r:,, `: 1|.o.s r:,,
1|: |..:s: ..|: .. :|: s|.r::s: .,.
`...: 1|.o.s ...:,
|r:.., |.|.., .. s|.||.. .; ;.: s..:.
z - - - LSA, ic Luglaud lorcat|crs' Day, cou-
ucuoratiug t|c laudiug at ilyuout| Dcccu|cr OS)
z Divalia or Augcroualia, to Diva Augcroua, allcgcdly so callcd or
prcscri|iug rcucdics agaiust augiua. S|c as rcprcscutcd it| scalcd lips, as a aruiug
t|at t|c sccrct or ta|oo uauc o louc, uscd iu ccrtaiu sccrct ccrcuouics, s|ould uot
|c divulgcd, a latc autiquariau allcgcs t|at it as Jo.r, i.c. .o. |ac|ards. 1|crc as
also a sacrihcc to icrculcs aud Ccrcs o a prcguaut co, |a|cd goods, aud |oucycd
iuc.
z - 1|ouas, Apostlc iCi) scc also trauslatiou ou |uly, uo also lC
aud CY datc), ictcr Cauisius lC)

1|.o.s :|: J.s:|:. 1|ouas aud Didyuus |ciug rcspcctivcly Arauaic aud Grcc| or
'tiu', |c as popularly supposcd to |avc |ccu |csus' tiu |rot|cr. ic is |uou as
'Dou|tiug 1|ouas' |ccausc |c rcuscd to |clicvc iu t|c lcsurrcctiou 'Lxccpt l s|all scc
iu |is |auds t|c priut o t|c uails, aud put uy hugcr iuto t|c priut o t|c uails, aud
t|rust uy |aud iuto |is sidc' |o|u ). lu t|c A|gar lcgcud scc Oct.) |c is
'|udas, also callcd 1|ouas', it is a ucat touc| t|at |c |o |ad rcuscd to ta|c t|c
lcsurrcctiou ou trust s|ould scud A|gar a lcttcr |cgiuuiug 'ilcsscd art t|ou |o |ast
|clicvcd iu uc t|oug| t|ou |ast uot sccu uc.' 1raditiou ua|cs |iu t|c Apostlc |o
sprcad t|c Gospcl to iart|ia aud t|cu to ludia, atcr couvcrtiug t|c uuuisuatically
attcstcd iiug Guudap|ar |c as uartyrcd at 'Calauiua', pcr|aps-as t|c 'C|ristiaus o
St 1|ouas' ou t|c Mala|ar coast uaiutaiu-Mailapur ucar C|cuuai orucrly Mad-
ras), |crc t|c iortugucsc claiucd to |avc ouud |is tou| iu , a c|urc| as |uilt
iu , ou |osc altar stauds a cross discovcrcd iu it| au iuscriptiou iu ia|lavi
script. Accordiug to t|c apocryp|al Acts o 1|ouas, iiug 'Guudap|orus' couuis-
sioucd |iu to |uild a palacc, siucc 1|ouas as a carpcutcr, aud rou t|is dcrivcs |is
status as patrou saiut o arc|itccts, |c is souctiucs portraycd it| a 1-squarc. Accord-
iug to t|c Acts, 1|ouas grcatly iuprcsscd t|c |iug it| |is arc|itcctural draiugs,
uoucy as givcu |iu aud |c ostcusi|ly sct a|out coustructiug t|c palacc. iocvcr, |c
distri|utcd t|c uoucy to t|c poor iustcad, aud |cu t|c |iug is|cd to scc t|c cou-
plctcd palacc, |c as told t|at |c ould hud it iu |cavcu, uiraculously, t|c |iug's dcad
|rot|cr rcturucd t|cucc to dcscri|c it to |iu. 1|ouas is also iuvo|cd |y t|c |liud
|ccausc o |is spiritual |liuducss iu rcusiug to rccogui.c C|rist it|out proo. 1|c
Ort|odox datc is Octo|cr.
:::r C...s.s -), |csuit t|cologiau activc iu Gcruauy, \icuua, aud iraguc, |cst
|uou or |is catcc|isus, t|c Grcat Catcc|isu as hrst pu|lis|cd iu , it| uauy
latcr cditious. ic |ccauc iroviucial o Lppcr Gcruauy iu , ouudiug |csuit col-
lcgcs at Augs|urg, Muuic|, aud luus|ruc|, aud |clpcd sprcad t|c iunucucc o t|c
|csuits iu iolaud. Lxccptioually, |c as cauoui.cd aud dcclarcd a Doctor o t|c C|urc|
at t|c sauc tiuc ). lcast-day orucrly April.
`: 1|.o.s L.,. Giviug to t|c poor as a custou associatcd it| t|is day
lri. Dcc. ). A|out . c arosc to pcroru our tas|, ..., souc o t|c auccstors o t|c
icl|au auily |avc ordcrcd t|at ou t|is day orcvcr) t|crc s|ould |c givcu to cvcry poor uau
or ouau t|at s|all couc to dcuaud it . aud also to cac| a draug|t o |ccr aud a vcry good
piccc o |rcad. My |usiucss as to ta|c dou t|cir uaucs |ilc Mr. Cotcs paid t|cu, aud l |c-
licvc t|crc crc |ctccu aud |uudrcd pcoplc rclicvcd, o all agcs aud scxcs, aud ucar dis-
tri|utcd, |csidcs a sac| o |cat uadc iuto good |rcad aud ucar a |ogs|cad aud a |al o vcry
good |ccr. l cauc |ouc a|out ., |aviug rcccivcd uy groat auougst t|c rcst. . . . lclicvcd
poor pcrsous today it| . cac| aud a draug|t o |ccr. 1. 1urucr, -
lrou t|is custou St 1|ouas Day as also |uou as 'Dolciug Day' or 'Muupiug
|cggiug) Day' aud c|ildrcu crc said to 'go 1|ouasiug', 'go a coruiug', or 'go a good-
iug'.

1|c auuual stag |uut iu Oxords|irc gocs ary iu
Ou 1ucsday t|c st. ult. St. 1|ouas's Day), as usual a stag as turucd out rou ilcu|ciu iar|,
t|c propcrty o t|c Du|c o Marl|oroug|. lt dircctcd its coursc toards Vic||au, aud rou
t|cucc it too| t|c |ig| road aud procccdcd to Oxord, aud t|cu orucd ouc o t|c uost |cau-
tiul aud picturcsquc sig|ts t|at cau |c iuagiucd. 1|c stag aud dogs, iu closc pursuit, ollocd
|y a grcat uuu|cr o cll-|uou aud cxpcricuccd sportsucu, procccdcd up t|c iig| Strcct, as
ar as irascuosc Collcgc, |cu, to t|c uo suall astouis|ucut o |uudrcds o spcctators, t|c stag
too| rcugc iu t|c c|apcl, duriug diviuc scrvicc, |crc it as |illcd, saus ccrcuouic, |y t|c cagcr
dogs. C..:, C|r....|: Oxou.) |au. ), quotcd iu Morslcy,
Auuivcrsary o t|c laudiug o t|c M.,{.:r ou ilyuout| loc|, . Villiau irad-
ord, latcr Govcruor o Massac|usctts, as ou |oard aud dcscri|cd t|c pcrilous last
stagcs o t|c jourucy aud t|c laudiug o t|c s|allop party ou Dcccu|cr OS Dcc.
iS)
Atcr souc |ourcs sailiug, it |cgauc to suo aud raiuc, aud a|out t|c uidlc o t|c atcruoouc,
t|c iud iucrcascd, aud t|c sca |ccauc vcry roug|, aud t|cy |roa|c t|cir ruddcr, aud it as as
uuc| as . ucu could doc to stccrc |cr it| a cupplc o oarcs. iut t|cir pillott |ad t|cu |c o
good c|ccrc, or |c sa t|c |ar|or, |ut t|c storuc iucrcasiug, aud uig|t draiug ou, t|cy |orc
|at sailc t|cy could to gctt iu, |ilc t|cy could scc. iut |crit| t|cy |roa|c t|cir uast iu .
pccccs, aud t|cir saill cll ovcr |ord, iu a vcry grou sca, so as t|cy |ad li|c to |avc |ccu cast
aay, yct |y God's ucrcic t|cy rccovcrcd t|cu sclvcs, aud |aviug t|c noud it| t|cu, struc| iuto
t|c |ar|orc. . . . Aud t|oug| it as vcry dar|c, aud raiucd sorc, yct iu t|c cud t|cy gott uudcr
t|c lcc o a suallc ilaud, aud rcuaiucd t|crc all t|at uig|t iu satic. iut t|cy |uc uot t|is to |c
au ilaud till uoruiug . . . t|c ucxt day as a airc suus|iuiug day, aud t|cy ouud t|cu scllvs to
|c ou au ilaud sccurc rou t|c ludcaus, |cr t|cy uig|t dric t|cir stuc, hxc t|cir pccccs, aud
rcst t|cu sclvcs, aud gavc God t|au|s or |is ucrcics, iu t|cir uauiould dclivcrauccs. Aud t|is
|ciug t|c last day o t|c cc|c, t|cy prcparcd t|cr to |ccpc t|c Sa|at|. Ou Muuday t|cy
souudcd t|c |ar|or, aud ouudc it htt or s|ippiug, aud uarc|cd iuto t|c laud, aud ouud di-
vcrsc corucilds, aud litlc ruuiug |roo|s, a placc as t|cy supposcd) htt or situatiou, at lcast it
as t|c |cst t|cy could hud, aud t|c scasou, aud t|cir prcscutc ucccssitic, uadc t|cu glad to ac-
ccptc o it. So t|cy rcturucd to t|cir s|ipp agaiuc it| t|is ucs to t|c rcst o t|cir pcoplc |ic|
did uuc| couortc t|cir |arts. iradord, -
z

... XI I.|:..s I...r..s l
z - - - |apau 1oji or Viutcr Solsticc
z -
Ir...:s X..:r C.|r... -), ouudcr o t|c Missiouary Sistcrs o t|c Sacrcd icart.
S|c as t|c youugcst o t|irtccu c|ildrcu, |oru to a arucr ucar lodi, t|c auily as
dcvout, aud t|oug|t t|at t|c Auuals o t|c iropagatiou o t|c lait| uadc appropriatc
rcadiug or t|cir c|ildrcu. lt iuspircd t|c youug Maria lrauccsca to |ccouc a orcigu

uissiouary, |ut it as uauy ycars |corc s|c ac|icvcd t|is goal. S|c qualihcd as a sc|ool-
tcac|cr, t|cu as put iu c|argc o au orp|auagc it| t|c iustructiou to turu it iuto a
rcligious couuuuity, a tas| uadc all t|c uorc dicult |y t|c o|structiou o t|c
ouudrcss.
1|c |is|op hually gavc |cr lcavc to ulhl |cr c|ild|ood drcau, uot |uoiug auy
iustitutiou o uissiouary sistcrs, |c gavc |cr lcavc to ouud ouc |crscl. S|c |cgau it|
a |ousc at Codoguo, aud soou cxpaudcd, cvcutually to louc, |crc a c|ildrcu's |ouc
aud a sc|ool crc ouudcd. lu , it| t|c iopc's iustructiou t|at s|c s|ould go cst
rat|cr t|au cast, aud ovcrcouiug |cr car o atcr, s|c aud scvcral sistcrs sailcd to ic
Yor| to ouud au orp|auagc or ltaliau c|ildrcu. 1|c |cgiuuiug as dicult t|crc crc
c|ildrcu |ut uo |ousiug, oiug to a alliug-out |ctccu Arc||is|op Corrigau aud t|c
|cucactrcss. 1|c Arc||is|op is|cd |cr to rcturu to ltaly, |ut Mot|cr Ca|riui as dc-
tcruiucd to stay, aud it|iu a s|ort tiuc |ad uadc all t|c ucccssary arraugcucuts.
Ludcr |cr cucrgctic dircctiou t|c Missiouary Sistcrs sprcad to Ccutral aud Sout|
Aucrica, |cu t|c coustitutious o t|c Ordcr crc hually approvcd iu t|crc crc
ovcr , ucu|crs, iu cig|t couutrics. S|c as t|c hrst Aucricau citi.cu to |c cauou-
i.cd, iu . At t|c rcqucst o |is|ops iu t|c Luitcd Statcs aud Cauada iius Xll dc-
clarcd |cr patrou o cuigrauts.
z

... X I.|:..s I...r..s G
z - - - |apau 1|c Lupcror's iirt|day uatioual day)
z larcutalia or larcutiualia, uucral ritcs at t|c tou| o Acca
larcutia, said |y souc to |avc |ccu t|c ic o t|c |crdsuau laustulus, aud to |avc
uurscd louulus aud lcuus, |y ot|crs to |avc |ccu a |ig|ly succcssul courtcsau |o
uadc louulus, or t|c louau pcoplc, |cr |cir. 1|c storics arc uot iu uudaucutal
coutradictiou cit|cr it| cac| ot|cr or cvcu it| t|c lcgcud o t|c s|c-ol |o
suc|lcd louulus aud lcuus, or iu t|c latiu o t|c latc lcpu|lic |. ucaus 'prosti-
tutc', au aut|or o t|at pcriod rccrriug to t|c s|c-ol ill ritc |s ;:o..., uot, as
au Augustau docs, |..
z - |o|u Cautius lC)
j.|. C..:.s |au iauty, |. icty |uuc , d. Dcc. ), procssor o t|cology at
ira|, |c rcputcdly uadc our pilgriuagcs to louc aud ouc to |crusalcu. ic as a
uau o uauy c|arita|lc or|s, it is said t|at |c sa a |cggar go |y |ilc |c as catiug,
rus|cd out to givc |iu |is ood, aud ou rcturuiug to |is ta|lc |c ouud |is platc agaiu
ull, t|is as couucuoratcd or uauy ycars iu t|c uuivcrsity |y a ritual iuvolviug t|c
ccdiug o a poor uau. lt as also said t|at, ou |ciug ro||cd |y |ig|ayucu aud as|cd

i |c |ad auyt|iug clsc, |c said uo, t|cu rcucu|crcd souc gold coius scu iu |is cloa|
aud rau atcr t|c ro||crs it| t|cu, iu s|ccr aua.cucut t|cy rcturucd t|cir |ooty. io
suc| talcs arc told o uodcru uuggcrs. ic as cauoui.cd iu . lcast-day orucrly
Octo|cr.
1|.r|.. sou o 1|or|all -), iu lcclaudic rl|r |clgi r|alssou, patrou saiut o
lcclaud. Ordaiucd pricst at t|c agc o , |c studicd at iaris aud liucolu |corc rc-
turuiug to lcclaud as |is|op o S|l|olt. 1|c accouut o tclt|-ccutury lcclaudic
|is|ops |uou as H.r.|. 'iuugcratc|') cuds |y sayiug o |iu 'ic uay truly |c
callcd t|c apostlc o lcclaud cvcu as t|c |oly |is|op iatric| is callcd t|c apostlc o lrc-
laud, or t|cy pcrorucd t|c or| o vcrita|lc apostlcs iu t|cir prcac|iugs aud paticucc
toards |ot| t|c diso|cdicut aud t|c uurig|tcous.' lu t|c Alt|iug dcclarcd |iu a
saiut, clsc|crc iu t|c Vcst t|c papacy as rcstiug coutrol o cauoui.atiou rou pop-
ular dcvotiou, |ut iu lcclaud t|c uattcr as dccidcd li|c t|c adoptiou o C|ristiauity
itscl) |y dcuocratic votc. lu iopc |o|u iaul ll ac|uolcdgcd |is patrouagc o
lcclaud iu au Apostolic lcttcr. lu ioray t|is day also |uou as 'littlc C|ristuas
Lvc') is callcd :.||:so:ss:, |ut iu t|c couuty o logalaud '1orla|' |as turucd iuto a go|-
liu to rig|tcu c|ildrcu.
z

... IX I.|:..s I...r..s A
z - C|ristuas Lvc
J.o .. L:. Adau, patrou o gardcucrs aud tailors, is placcd ou t|c day |corc t|c
iativity as t|c orcruuucr o C|rist, t|c 'sccoud Adau'. Siuilarly, Mary is rcgardcd as
t|c 'sccoud Lvc', |cr rolc iu t|c lcdcuptiou rcvcrsiug Lvc's iu t|c lall, |aviug catcu t|c
or|iddcu ruit o t|c trcc o t|c |uolcdgc o good aud cvil, iu t|c latiu orld
Ga|ricl's J:, 'iail', as uudcrstood as t|c paliudrouc o L..
Ouc o Adau's uaiu tas|s as t|c uauiug o t|c auiuals iu t|c Gardcu o Ldcu
Gcu. -)
N.o.. :|: J..o.|s
iaviug couuaudcd Adau to |csto
iaucs upou all t|c crcaturcs, God it|drc
1o cupyrcau palaccs o |luc
1|at aru aud iudlcss uoruiug loug ago,
Aud sccucd to ta|c uo uoticc o t|c vcxcd
loo| ou t|c youug uau's acc as |c too| t|oug|t
O all t|c uiraclcs t|c lord |ad roug|t,
io to |c la|cllcd, du||cd, yclcpt, iudcxcd.
icorc au addlcd uiud aud puddlcd |ro,
1|c cat|crcd uatiou aud t|c huuy prcy

iasscd |y, t|crc cut |ipcd aud quadrupcd.
Adau loo|cd ort| it| |ottoulcss disuay
luto t|c tragic cycs o |is hrst co,
Aud s|yly vcuturcd, '1|ou s|alt |c callcd lrcd. '
Aut|ouy icc|t - )
luucdiatcly atcrards, God huds a |clpucct or Adau. lu t|c dialoguc L.:s .. .:r
-), iaupcr cxplaius |y God crcatcd Lvc out o Adau's ri| rat|cr t|au auot|cr
|ouc
lor t|c ry||c is ucxst t|c |crtc, iu to|cuc t|at God uadc |yr to |cu uauuys clac iu louc ~
|is |clpcrc. Aud as t|c ry||c is ucxst t|c |crtc o allc |ouys, so sc|uldc t|c y |cu ucxst iu
louc o allc oucu ~ o allc ucu. God uadc uout ouau o t|c oot to |cu uauuys t|ral uc
|c uadc |yr uout o t|c |cd to |cu |ys uaystir |ut o |is sydc ~ o |is ry||c to |cu |is clac
iu louc ~ |clpcr at ucdc. iut |au Luc syuuyd, t|au as ouau uaad sogct to uau, t|at t|c
y sc|uldc |cu rclyd |c |yr |ousc|oudc ~ drcdyu |yu ~ scruyu |yu as cla iu louc ~ |clpcr
at ucdc ~ as ucst solas iu sorc, uout as t|ral ~ |oudc iu vylcyu scruagc, or t|c |ousc|oudc
oyt| to |au |is y iu rcucrcucc ~ orc|cpc iu t|at t|cy |cu |ot|iu ou ncsc| ~ ou |lood.
L.:s .. .:r . ii. -)
Mar| 1aiu, uo straugcr to orcigu lauds aud custous, purports to |avc discovcrcd
Adau's diary, |ic| |c 'trauslatcd rou t|c origiual MS.' lu t|is cxccrpt Adau cou-
plaius a|out |is uc coupauiou
M...,
1|is uc crcaturc it| t|c loug |air is a good dcal iu t|c ay. lt is alays |augiug arouud aud
olloiug uc a|out. l dou't li|c t|is, l au uot uscd to coupauy. l is| it ould stay it| t|c
ot|cr auiuals. . . . Cloudy to-day, iud iu t|c cast, t|iu| c s|all |avc raiu. . . . h:. V|crc did
l gct t|at ord. . . . l rcucu|cr uo-t|c uc crcaturc uscs it.
Mar| 1aiu, 1|: L..r.:s .; J.o .. L: ),
A Gcruau priutcr's ic is said to |avc crcpt iuto |is or|s|op at uig|t aud corrcctcd
God's prououuccucut to Lvc at Gcu. , . :r s.|| :.. H:rr s:.., 'aud |c s|all |c t|y
lord', |y altcriug H:rr to N.rr, ucauiug 'ool', s|c as put to dcat|, aud t|c c copics
t|at rcac|cd t|c uar|ct ctc|cd cxtravagaut priccs.
C|r.s:o.s L:. 1|c uig|t o - Dcccu|cr is |uou as 'C|ristuas Lvc' or 'C|ristuas
iig|t', as iu t|c carol 'Ou C|ristuas uig|t all C|ristiaus siug | 1o |car t|c ucs t|c
augcls |riug', aud iu Gcruau as .: |:.|.: N..|:, t|c ioly iig|t `:.||: N..|:. H:.|.: N..|:.,
auiliar iu Luglis| as 'Silcut uig|t. ioly uig|t.'
1|c uaiu C|ristuas cstivitics iu uauy couutrics ta|c placc ou t|c Lvc. lu lraucc,
t|c uiduig|t cast or r:.||.. uay |cgiu it| oystcrs aud c|aupaguc, auoug t|c
avourcd uaiu courscs arc roast por|, p|casaut, or ild |oar. lt cuds it| a c|ocolatc
log-ca|c callcd |.|: : N.|. C|ildrcu hud prcscuts placcd |y t|c C|ristuas cri|,
|roug|t |y |`L.;..: jss iu pcrsou. lu uort|cru Gcruauy, t|c traditioual dis| is |luc carp
t|c colour coucs rou |ot viucgar pourcd ovcr it |corc coo|iug), it| a saucc o sour
crcau, |orscradis|, aud applcs. lrou t|c |cgiuuiug o Advcut, t|crc arc C|ristuas
uar|cts, sclliug a idc raugc o ood aud oruaucuts, aloug it| Gl|ciu, li|c t|c

placiug o colourcd lig|ts iu iudos, t|csc arc scorucd |y souc as vulgar iuuovatious.
lu Aucrica, c|ildrcu |aug up t|cir stoc|iugs |y t|c hrcplacc iu prcparatiou or Sauta's
visit, iuuortali.cd iu Clcucut Moorc's pocu 'A \isit rou St. iic|olas'. lu souc
auilics t|c c|ildrcu lcavc a glass o uil| aud a coo|ic or Sauta. l t|c C|ristuas trcc
|as uot alrcady |ccu dccoratcd, parcuts do it atcr t|c c|ildcu |avc gouc to |cd.
V|crc t|c sccular spirit |as uot cutircly prc-cuptcd C|ristuas Lvc, it is custouary
to go to c|urc|. lu t|c lC C|urc| t|c hrst o t|c t|rcc uasscs o C|ristuas Day is
cclc|ratcd at uiduig|t. irotcstaut c|urc|cs otcu |avc carol scrviccs.
1|c carol as origiually a sccular rouud daucc. iy t|c htccut| ccutury it |ad |c-
couc associatcd it| popular rcligious poctry, aud uusical scttiugs |ccauc uorc cla|-
oratc. Carols arc suug, otcu |y groups staudiug iu t|c strcct, t|roug|out t|c tclvc
days o C|ristuas, a to|cu o apprcciatiou is cxpcctcd. 1|is is a rcuuaut o t|c |cg-
giug custous associatcd it| uauy days, cspccially iu Advcut. 1|c lcvd Villiau Morc,
irior o Vorccstcr, cutcrcd t|c olloiug cxpcuscs iu |is jourual iu
ltcu rcardcd to syugars o carralls at cristuas day at uyt .
ltcu rcardcd or carralls . . . . . . . V. Morc,
Mauy ill ccl syupat|y it| t|is rcport o carolliug iu
lu t|c day-tiuc our cars arc salutcd it| t|c dissouaut scrcauiug o C|ristuas Carols, |ic|
t|c uiscra|lc crcaturcs siug |o travcl rou |ousc to |ousc it| t|c :ss:| .. 1|is is a suall
c|cst, |ic| iucloscs au iuagc, iutcudcd to rcprcscut t|c sacrcd pcrsou o our Saviour |csus
C|rist . . . lt is rcputcd uuluc|y to disuiss t|c siugcr it|out a prcscut. 1|is custou is rapidly
alliug iuto disusc. C:.:|:o..`s M.....:, ), pt. ,
lo|crt iurtou, iu 1|: J..:.o, .; M:|...|.|,, rcuar|s ou coutcuporary aud aucicut pro|-
lcus o pcrsuadiug youug pcoplc |o prccr sccular carolliug to couc to c|urc| ou
C|ristuas Lvc
1|cy ill |c still siugiug auorous sougs aud dittics i youug cspccially) aud cauuot a|staiuc
t|oug| it |c |cu t|cy goc to, or s|ould |cc at C|urc|. Vc |avc a prctty story to t|is purposc
iu h:s:o...s::r.:.s.s, au old ritcr o ours i you ill |clccvc it) J.. L.o. . .: C.|:.. .. `.:~
..,, ou C|ristuas Lvc a coupauy o youug ucu aud uaids, |ilst t|c iricst as at Massc iu t|c
C|urc|, crc siugiug catc|cs aud lovc sougs iu t|c C|urc|yard, |cc scut to t|cu to ua|c lcssc
uoysc, |ut t|cy suug ou still, aud i you ill, you s|all |avc t|c vcry soug it sclc,
L,.:.|.: |.o. :r s,|.o ;r...s.o,
L.:|.:,: s:.o M:s..:. ;.ro.s.o,
. s:.os, .r ... .os.
A cllo rid |y t|c grccucood sidc,
Aud airc M:s..: as |is |ridc,
V|y staud c so, aud doc uot goc.
1|is t|cy suug, |c c|at, till at lcugt| iupaticut as |c as, |cc praycd to S
t
M..s patrou o t|c
C|urc|, t|cy uig|t all t|crc siug aud daucc 'till t|at tiuc tclvcuout|, aud so t|cy did, it|-
out ucat aud driu|c, carisouucssc or giviug ovcr, till at ycarcs cud t|cy ccascd siugiug, aud crc
a|solvcd |y H:r:|:r:s Arc||is|op o C.|:. Cologuc. lll. . iii.
1|c story is alrcady ouud iu Villiau o Malucs|ury, C:s:. r:o J.|.ro, ii. , |o
docs uot uauc t|c villagc or quotc t|c soug, or icri|crt, scc Marc|. iurtou also

spca|s o 'Cr.o.,.o..:.. s.. or Cr.oo., a |iud o Diviuatiou it| ouious laid ou t|c
altar ou C|ristuas Lvc', iuscri|cd it| t|c uaucs o potcutial |us|auds. lut|cr rcports
t|at uaidscrvauts ould |aug ou t|c door o t|c pigsty, i a largc pig gruutcd, t|c girl
ould uarry au old uau, i a suall pig, |cr |us|aud ould |c youug.
Ou C|ristuas Lvc t|c oxcu arc said to |uccl iu t|cir stall scc also |au.)
A supcrstitious uotiou prcvails iu t|c cstcru parts o Dcvous|irc, t|at at tclvc o'cloc| at uig|t
ou C|ristuas Lvc t|c Oxcu iu t|cir stalls arc alays ouud ou t|cir |uccs, as iu au attitudc o
dcvotiou, aud t|at |ic| is still uorc siugular) siucc t|c altcratiou o t|c stylc t|cy coutiuuc to
do t|is ouly ou t|c Lvc o old C|ristuas Day. Au |oucst couutry-uau, liviug ou t|c cdgc o
St. Stcp|cu's Dou, ucar lauuccstou, Coruall, iuorucd uc, Octo|cr t|, , t|at |c oucc,
it| souc ot|crs, uadc a trial o t|c trut| o t|c a|ovc, aud atc|iug scvcral oxcu iu t|cir stalls
at t|c a|ovc tiuc, at tclvc o'cloc| at uig|t, t|cy o|scrvcd t|c to oldcst oxcu ouly all upou
t|cir |uccs, aud as |c cxprcsscd it iu t|c idiou o t|c couutry, ua|c 'a crucl uoau li|c C|rist-
iau crcaturcs'. l could uot |ut it| grcat diculty |ccp uy couutcuaucc |c sa, aud sccucd
augry t|at l gavc so littlc crcdit to |is talc, aud al|iug o iu a pcttis| |uuour, sccucd to 'uarvcl
at uy uu|clic '. 1|crc is au old priut o t|c iativity, iu |ic| t|c oxcu iu t|c sta|lc, ucar t|c
\irgiu aud C|ild, arc rcprcscutcd upou t|cir |uccs, as iu a suppliaut posturc. 1|is grap|ic rcp-
rcscutatiou |as pro|a|ly givcu risc to t|c a|ovc supcrstitious uotiou ou t|is |cad.
iraud, i.
Lspccially iu uort|cru couutrics a Yulc log as |urut. lu souc placcs it as uot a log
|ut a |uudlc o as| |rauc|cs, as cac| |oop |iudiug t|c aggot as |ro|cu a rouud o
cidcr as duc. 1|c cstivitics otcu accoupauicd a |all, t|c As|cu laggot iall at 1auu-
tou, still |cld iu t|c uiuctccut| ccutury, supposcdly couucuoratcd t|c plcasaut dis-
covcry |y iiug Alrcd's ucu, cold aud |uugry ou caupaigu, t|at as| trccs ould |uru
cvcu t|oug| grccu.
1|y clcouc L:, lov'd CillS1MAS, uo arriv'd,
1|c paris| |clls t|cir tuucul pcals rcsouud,
Aud uirt| aud gladucss, cv'ry |rcast pcrvadc.
1|c poud'rous ASiLi lAGGO1, rou t|c yard,
1|c jolly I.ro:r, to |is crodcd |.||
Couvcys, it| spccd, |crc, ou t|c risiug naucs
Alrcady cd it| storc o uassy |rauds)
lt |la.cs soou,-uiuc |audagcs it |cars,
Aud, as t|cy cac| disjoiu so Custou ills),
A uig|ty jug o spar|liug .,:r`s |roug|t,
Vit| |r.., uix'd, to clcvatc t|c gucsts.
louaiuc |oscp| 1|oru, C|r.s:o.s, . .:o )
Siucc pagau tiucs it |ad |ccu custouary to dccoratc it| grccucry ou cstivals, cspc-
cially |olly, ivy, aud uistlctoc, atcr souc dc|atc, t|c c|urc| aut|oritics pcruittcd it to
|c douc ou C|ristiau cstivals, at lcast rou t|c carly scvcut| ccutury iu Luglaud. iolly
aud ivy, auiliar rou t|c C|ristuas carols '1|c |olly aud t|c ivy' aud 'Dcc| t|c |alls
it| |oug|s o |olly', crc associatcd it| good aud cvil, or ualc aud cualc, aud so
crc otcu cou|iucd. Souctiucs t|c proportiou |ctccu |olly aud ivy dcuotcd
|ct|cr t|c uastcr or uistrcss as douiuaut iu t|c |ousc|old

Grcat is t|c Coutcutiou o iolly aud lvy, |ct|cr Mastcr or Dauc carcs t|c |rccc|cs.
Stcvcusou,
Ot|crs judgcd t|c |alaucc o pocr |y t|c typc o |olly uscd
lt dcpcuds upou t|c |iud o |olly t|at coucs iuto a |ousc at C|ristuas |ic| s|all |c uastcr
duriug t|c couiug ycar, t|c ic or t|c |us|aud. l t|c |olly is suoot|, t|c ic ill |c t|c uas-
tcr, i t|c |olly is pric|ly, t|c |us|aud ill |c t|c uastcr. N c , t| scr., viii ),
Mistlctoc iu particular |as pagau associatious t|c druids o Gaul rcgardcd uistlctoc
groiug ou oa|-trccs as scut rou |cavcu, ou t|c rarc occasious |cu t|cy ouud it,
t|cy uscd uuucrous ccrcuouics iu cuttiug it. 1|cy crc rcspousi|lc or |clic iu its
curativc propcrtics, |ut uot or t|c custou apparcutly o cig|tccut|-ccutury origiu)
t|at s|oc|cd iat|auicl iat|oruc, |cu Aucricau cousul at livcrpool iu
Ou C|ristuas cvc, aud ycstcrday, t|crc crc littlc |rauc|cs o uistlctoc |augiug iu scvcral parts
o our |ousc, iu t|c |itc|cu, t|c cutrics, t|c parlor, aud t|c suo|iug roou-suspcudcd rou
t|c gas-httiugs. 1|c uaids o t|c |ousc did t|cir utuost to cutrap t|c gcutlcucu-|oardcrs, old
aud youug, uudcr t|csc privilcgcd placcs, aud t|crc to |iss t|cu, atcr |ic| t|cy crc cxpcctcd
to pay a s|illiug. lt is vcry quccr, |ciug custouarily so rcspcctul, t|at t|cy s|ould assuuc t|is
liccusc uo, a|solutcly tryiug to pull t|c gcutlcucu iuto t|c |itc|cu |y uaiu orcc, aud |issiug
t|c |ardcr aud uorc a|uudautly, t|c uorc t|cy crc rcsistcd. A littlc rosy-c|cc|cd Scotc| lass-
at ot|cr tiucs vcry uodcst-as t|c uost activc iu t|is |usiucss. l dou|t |ct|cr auy gcutlc-
ucu |ut uyscl cscapcd. l |card old Mr. Suit| parlcyiug it| t|c uaids last cvcuiug, aud
plcadiug |is agc, |ut |c sccus to |avc uct it| uo ucrcy, or t|crc as a souud o prodigious
suac|iug, iuucdiatcly atcrards. |uliau |is youug sou as assaultcd, aud oug|t uost vigor-
ously, |ut as outragcously |isscd-rccciviug souc scratc|cs, uorcovcr, iu t|c counict.
iat|oruc, L.|.s| N.::|..|s,
As it| t|c cvcs o uajor saiuts' days, |crc astiug as cujoiucd, C|ristuas Lvc |as
its s|arc o supcrstitious. lt |as |ccu rcportcd t|at it is uuluc|y to suu t|c Yulc caudlc
|corc t|c ucal is huis|cd, to ail to tip uuuucrs or assailcrs, to al| ucar a cross-
roads, to |c hrst is|cd a 'Mcrry C|ristuas' or a 'iappy ic Ycar' |y a rcd- or air-
|aircd uau scc lirst-ootiug, |au.), aud or spiuucrs to lcavc yaru ou t|cir
spiuuiug-|ccls 'roc|s'). Accordiug to a idcsprcad Gcruau supcrstitiou a uau as
rcudcrcd iuvulucra|lc, aud a ouau iu la|our assurcd o casy c|ild|irt|, |y a N.:|:o
or 's|irt o travail', spuu, ovcu, aud scu ou t|is uig|t |y au uusullicd virgiu |o iu-
vo|cd t|c iucrual pocrs as s|c or|cd aud dcdicatcd t|c s|irt to t|cu, ou t|c |rcast
o t|c aist-lcugt| garucut crc to |cads, t|at ou t|c rig|t |aviug a loug |card aud
cariug a |cluct, t|at ou t|c lct |aviug a dcuouic acc aud cariug a crou, ou cit|cr
sidc t|c sigu o t|c cross as dcpictcd. As au iudiguaut sixtccut|-ccutury o|scrvcr
couucutcd, ucu |o couutcd t|cusclvcs good C|ristiaus |oastcd o cariug t|is dia-
|olical auulct, siucc t|c criuc |ad |ccu couuittcd uot |y t|cu |ut |y t|c girl |o
|ad ovcu it, ucvcrt|clcss, t|c N.:|:o as |ig|ly popular duriug t|c 1|irty Ycars Var,
aud cvcu atcrards as uot uu|uou, |ciug souctiucs t|oug|t to procurc victory iu
lasuits. l t|c girl as uot a virgiu, t|c protcctiou ailcd, iu ludig L|laud's |allad
L.s N.:|:o t|c du|c |ids |is daug|tcr ua|c |iu suc| a s|irt, |ut iu t|c |attlc |c is
c|allcugcd |y a youug uau |o hg|ts |iu till |ot| arc uortally ouudcd. iis daug|-
tcr, visitiug t|c |attlchcld, scrcaus or gric, it as |cr lovcr |o |ad slaiu |cr at|cr.

1|ouas iardy loo|s |ac|
1|::.: .. . 1..:r h.r|
Vc |clicvcd iu |ig|days t|cu,
Aud could gliupsc at uig|t
Ou C|ristuas Lvc
luuiucut oucouiugs o radiaut rcvcl-
Doiugs o dclig|t-
io c |avc uo suc| sig|t.
Vc |ad cycs or p|autous t|cu,
Aud at |ridgc or stilc
Ou C|ristuas Lvc
Clcar |c|cld t|osc couutlcss oucs |o |ad crosscd it
Cross agaiu iu hlc-
Suc| |as ccascd loug|ilc.
Vc li|cd diviuatiou t|cu,
Aud, as t|cy |oucard ouud
Ou C|ristuas Lvc,
Vc could rcad ucu's drcaus it|iu t|cu spiuuiug
Lvcu as |ccls spiu rouud-
io c arc |liu|cr-|ouud.
Vc |card still suall voiccs t|cu,
Aud, iu t|c diu scrcuc
O C|ristuas Lvc,
Caug|t t|c ar-tiuc toucs o hrc-hllcd prop|cts
loug ou cart| uusccu. . . .
-Cau suc| cvcr |avc |ccu.
z

... JIII I.|:..s I...r..s i
I; C|r.s:o.s ., |: |r.|: .. .|:.r
:|:r:`|| |: :. ..::rs .. :|: ,:.r.
1|.s: |. .r: |.r. .. C|r.s:o.s ., .....: s:: s.r.:s.
z - - - Li cxccpt Scotlaud) Quartcr Day
C|ristuas
z Atcr |ulius Cacsar's rcoru o t|c calcudar, t|is as t|c couvcu-
tioual datc o t|c iutcr solsticc, aud could t|crcorc |c rcgardcd as t|c |irt|day o t|c
Suu. iy t|c t|ird ccutury uauy pcoplc cousidcrcd t|c Suu to |c t|c truc god|cad,
o |ic| ot|cr gods crc ucrc accts, aud t|c aut|cutic guarautor o t|c Lupirc, iu

t|c cupcror Aurcliau gavc t|c day ocial rccoguitiou as N.:.|.s `.|.s I...:., 't|c
iirt|day o t|c Lucouqucra|lc Suu'.
z - -- CoL), lC, Ort|.)
lu t|c hrst t|rcc C|ristiau ccuturics |csus' |irt| |ad |ccu spcculativcly assigucd to vari-
ous datcs scc ll C|r.s:... C|r...|., C|r.s:... Lr.), |ut uot cclc|ratcd as a cstival, cx-
ccpt as su|ordiuatc, iu t|c Lastcru c|urc|cs, to iis |aptisu, or |irt| iu t|c spirit, ou
|auuary. 1|c louau C|urc|, |ocvcr, |aviug prcviously dcspiscd t|c diviuc |irt|days
auiliar iu t|c pagau orld, rcspoudcd to t|c Ariaus o t|c Last, |o uadc t|c Sou iu-
crior to t|c lat|cr, |y adoptiug t|c solar cast o Dcccu|cr as C|rist's iativity, ou
|ic| t|c Suu o lig|tcousucss Mal. ) as |oru, iu au agc |cu t|c cupcror Cou-
stautiuc could couc to C|ristiauity t|roug| t|c solar cult, t|is as |ot| a uatural aud
a prohta|lc idcutihcatiou. lrou louc t|c uc cast sprcad t|roug|out t|c Vcstcru
c|urc|, aud t|cu to Lgypt |crc t|crc is souc cvidcucc t|at, as C|oia|, it as cclc-
|ratcd loug |corc Aurcliau as t|c |irt|day o t|c Suu), iu t|c latc ourt| ccutury it as
csta|lis|cd at Coustautiuoplc aud Autioc|. iy coutrast, t|c c|urc| at |crusalcu loug
rcsistcd t|c uc cstival, |ic| is still uot o|scrvcd |y t|c Arucuiaus.
Alt|oug| t|cologically t|c uost iuportaut C|ristiau cstival is Lastcr, iu uuc| o
C|ristcudou C|ristuas |as loug ta|cu ovcr rou it auougst t|c laity. 1|c liucs iu 'God
rcst you ucrry, gcutlcucu'
1|is |oly tidc o C|ristuas
All ot|cr dot| dcacc
arc uo uorc t|au t|c trut| iu Luglaud aud ot|cr uort| Luropcau couutrics, t|oug| uot
iu Mcditcrraucau couutrics or auoug t|c Ort|odox.
lor uauy ccuturics a cast o t|c C|urc|, C|ristuas is uo cll ou its ay to |c-
couiug a glo|al sccular |oliday |osc uaiu cu|odiucut is Sauta Claus or lat|cr
C|ristuas. Lvcu culturcs littlc iunucuccd |y C|ristiauity |avc a|sor|cd uauy o t|c
custous aud parap|crualia associatcd it| t|is |oliday. lts couucrciali.atiou |as loug
|ccu dcplorcd, as |as its cclipsc o oldcr traditious, |ut C|ristuas rcuaius iupcrvious.
Our covcragc o t|is day is ucccssarily rcstrictcd to |ig|lig|ts o t|c Auglo-Aucricau
|oliday aud t|c traditious t|at coutri|utcd to it.
1|crc arc o coursc t|osc |o disli|c C|ristuas cstivitics. L|cuc.cr Scroogc, |av-
iug uttcrcd |is auous ia|. iuu|ug., is |iddcu |y |is ucp|c uot to |c cross
'V|at clsc cau l |c', rcturucd t|c uuclc, '|cu l livc iu suc| a orld o ools as t|is. Mcrry
C|ristuas. Out upou ucrry C|ristuas. V|at's C|ristuas tiuc to you |ut a tiuc or payiug |ills
it|out uoucy, a tiuc or hudiug yourscl a ycar oldcr, |ut uot au |our ric|cr, a tiuc or |al-
auciug your |oo|s aud |aviug cvcry itcu iu 'cu t|roug| a rouud do.cu o uout|s prcscutcd
dcad agaiust you. l l could or| uy ill,' said Scroogc iudiguautly, 'cvcry idiot |o gocs a|out
it| Mcrry C|ristuas ou |is lips, s|ould |c |oilcd it| |is ou puddiug, aud |uricd it| a
sta|c o |olly t|roug| |is |cart. ic s|ould.' Dic|cus, J C|r.s:o.s C.r.| ), Stavc
lt is a stoc| t|cuc o |uuorous ritcrs aud dc|atcrs to uaiutaiu t|at Scroogc as
rig|t. iut all to uo avail, as Scroogc |iuscl rccogui.cs

At lcugt| t|c |our o s|uttiug up t|c couutiug-|ousc arrivcd. Vit| au ill-ill Scroogc dis-
uouutcd rou |is stool, aud tacitly aduittcd t|c act to t|c cxpcctaut clcr| iu t|c 1au| |is 'dis-
ual littlc ccll', |o iustautly suucd |is caudlc out, aud put ou |is |at.
'You'll aut all day to-uorro, l supposc.' said Scroogc.
'l quitc couvcuicut, sir.'
'lt's uot couvcuicut,' said Scroogc, 'aud it's uot air. l l as to stop |al-a-crou or it, you'd
t|iu| yourscl ill-uscd, l'll |c |ouud.'
1|c clcr| suilcd aiutly.
'Aud yct', said Scroogc, 'you dou't t|iu| o: ill-uscd, |cu l pay a day's agcs or uo or|.'
1|c clcr| o|scrvcd t|at it as ouly oucc a ycar.
'A poor cxcusc or pic|iug a uau's poc|ct cvcry tcuty-ht| o Dcccu|cr.' said Scroogc,
|uttouiug |is grcat-coat to t|c c|iu. 'iut l supposc you uust |avc t|c |olc day. ic |crc all t|c
carlicr ucxt uoruiug.'
Dcspitc |is logic, aud |is rcscutucut, Scroogc uot ouly allos |is clcr| t|c day o,
|ut sparcs |iu t|c cu|arrassucut o raisiug t|c su|jcct, iu Luglaud t|oug| uot Scot-
laud) C|ristuas Day lcavc as a couuou-la rig|t t|at cvcu a |cartlcss uiscr uust
acccpt.
M...::r, 1|:, M.:|:rs` N.|:. icorc t|c ioruau Couqucst t|is day as uorually
callcd 'Midiutcr' iu Old Luglis|, it as uot callcd 'Yulc', |ic| rcprcscuts iorsc ,|
c. t|c Scaudiuaviau 'Mcrry C|ristuas' grcctiug, . ,|) aud is uorc Scots t|au Lug-
lis|, savc iu t|c tcru 'Yulc-log' or a largc log placcd ou t|c hrc at t|is tiuc coutrast
t|c cdi|lc lrcuc| |.|: : N.|, scc Dcc.). icdc statcs t|at t|c |cat|cu Luglis| |ad
callcd it, or rat|cr t|c iutcr solsticc, o.r..:.:, i.c. M. r...|:, 't|c Mot|crs' iig|t', 'prc-
suua|ly |ccausc o t|c ccrcuouics t|cy staycd up all uig|t to pcroru iu it', iu louau
tiucs t|crc crc iu Sicily, Gcruauy, aud iritaiu goddcsscs callcd 't|c Mot|crs', |o iu-
spircd a |air-raisiug sccuc iu Goct|c's I.s: II. icvcrt|clcss, 1illc -) supposcs a
uisuudcrstaudiug o ol| rituals iu |ic| oucu |a|cd ca|cs iu |ouour o t|c \irgiu,
suc| 'carc-ca|cs', to |c catcu iu |cd, crc prcparcd ou C|ristuas uoruiug iu Scotlaud
... C|ristuas ca|c, t|oug| |a|cd aud catcu at a uorc rcgular tiuc, is still uorual
arc iu Luglaud.
h:.:|:r r...s:...:...s. Siucc C|ristuas as supposcd to coiucidc it| t|c S|ortcst Day
aud t|c rc|irt| o t|c suu, it as |cld t|at t|c cat|cr ou t|is aud t|c ucxt clcvcu days
ould dctcruiuc t|at or cac| uout| iu t|c couiug ycar t|c cat|cr ou Dcccu|cr
orctold t|at o |auuary, ou t|c t|, o lc|ruary, ou t|c t|, o Marc|, aud so dou
to |auuary, critical or Dcccu|cr. Voru uotcd t|at Dauis| arucrs ould rccord t|c
cat|cr ou cac| o t|csc days it| a c|al| circlc, lct |lau| ou a huc day, hllcd iu ou a
cloudy ouc, aud part-hllcd ou a uixcd ouc, |ut t|cy couplaiucd t|at t|is Yulc uar|
,|:o.r|:) uo lougcr or|cd, siucc C|ristuas did uot all ou t|c solsticc. Auot|cr |c-
lic, rccordcd |y iuc|lcr, as t|at a axiug uoou at C|ristuas orctold a good ycar, a
auiug uoou a |ad ouc.
Ot|cr proguosticatious, uot ouly o t|c cat|cr, crc |ascd ou t|c day o t|c cc|
ou |ic| C|ristuas cll

Suuday
l t|c uatiuity o our lordc couc ou Suuday, Viutcr s|all |c good, t|c spriug iudy, scct, ~
|ot, \iutagc nouris|iug, Oxcu, aud S|ccpc uultiplicd iouy ~ uil|c plcutiull, pcacc, aud ac-
cord iu t|c laud, yca, all t|c Suudaycs iu t|c yccrc olloiug prohta|lc 1|cy t|at |cc |oruc s|all
|c stroug, grcat, aud s|iuiug aud |c t|at nict| s|all |c ouud.
Mouday
l it all ou t|c Mouday, Viutcr s|all |cc iudicrcut, Souucr dry, or clcauc coutrary, so t|at i
it |c raiuy aud tcupcstuous, viutagc s|all |c dou|tull iu cac| Muuday o t|c said yccrc, to
cutcrprisc auy t|iug it s|all |cc prospcrous aud stroug. V|o t|at nict| s|all soouc |c ouud
t|ct douc s|all |c proucd, aud |cc t|at allct| iuto |is |cd, soouc rccoucr.
1ucsday
l it couc ou t|c 1ucsday, Viutcr s|all |c good, t|c spriug iudy, Suuucr ruitull, \iutagc
la|oursouc, Vcoucu dic, aud s|ippcs pcris| ou t|c Scas. lu cac| 1ucsday o t|is sauc yccrc, to
|cgiuuc a or|c, it ill prospcr |cc t|at is |oruc s|all |c stroug aud couctous, drcaucs pcrtaiuc
to agc. icc t|at nict| s|all soouc |cc ouud, t|ct douc s|all |c proucd.
Vcducsday
l it couc ou t|c Vcducsday, Viutcr s|all |c s|arpc aud |ard, t|c Spriug iudy aud cuill, suu-
ucr good, \iutagc plcutiull, good it casily ouud, youug ucu dic, |ouy spariug, ucu dcsirc to
traucll, aud s|ip-ucu sailc it| grcat |a.ard t|at yccrc. lu cac| Vcducsday to |cgiu a or|c is
good.
1|ursday
l it couc ou t|c 1|ursday, Viutcr s|all |cc good, t|c Spriug iudy, Suuucr ruitull, \iutagc
plcutiull. iiugs aud iriuccs iu |a.ard. Aud iu cac| 1|ursday to |cgiuuc a uc or|c, prospcr-
ous. icc t|at is |oruc s|all |c o airc spccc| aud ors|ipull, |cc t|at nict| s|all soouc |c
ouud t|ct douc |y coucu s|all |c proucd. icc t|at allct| iu |is |cd s|all soouc rccoucr.
lriday
l it couc ou t|c lriday, iutcr s|all |c uarucllous, t|c Spriug iudy aud good, Suuucr dry,
\iutagc plcutcous 1|crc s|all |c trou|lc o t|c airc, S|ccpc aud iccs pcris|, Oatcs dcarc. lu
cac| lriday to |cgiu a or|c it s|all prospcr, |cc t|at is |oruc s|all |c prohta|lc aud lcc|crous.
icc t|at nict| s|all soouc |c ouud, t|ct douc |y a C|ildc s|all |cc proucd.
Saturday
l it couc ou t|c Saturday, Viutcr s|all |c dar|, suo grcat, ruit plcutious, t|c spriug iudy,
Suuucr cuill, \iutagc spariug iu uauy placcs Oatcs s|all |c dcarc, Mcu axc sic|c, aud iccs
dic. lu uo Saturday to |cgiu a or|c s|all |c good, cxccpt t|c coursc o t|c Moouc altcr it 1|ct
douc s|all |c ouud, |cc t|at nict| s|all turuc agaiuc to |is ouc, t|osc t|at arc sic|c, s|all loug
ailc, aud vuucat| t|cy s|all cscapc dcat|. 'Godridus', 1|: |..|:: .; :|..s .|...:, -
1|crc is a siuilar tcxt, alscly ascri|cd to icdc, |uou as t|c r...s:... ::o.ro, |ic|
liu|s t|c prcdictious to |auuary alays ou t|c sauc day o t|c cc| as t|c prcccdiug
C|ristuas). lt also cxists iu au Old Luglis| trauslatiou, |ic| souctiucs varics t|c dc-
tails uost drastically iu rcspcct o 1ucsday, |ic| prouiscs a dry suuucr iu latiu aud
a raiuy ouc iu Luglis|.
C|r.s:o.s .. L.|... 1|c auouyuous poct o `.r C.... .. :|: Cr::. I..|:, a coutcu-
porary o C|auccr, iuagiucs C|ristuas at iiug Art|ur's court
1|is |iug |cld C|ristuas court iu Cauclot
Vit| uauy lovcly lords, all li|cly lads,
1|c louud 1a|lc's |aud o uo|lc |rot|crs,

|oiucd iu carcrcc joy aud jolly play.
At tiucs t|c |crocs |auucrcd at cac| ot|cr,
|oustiug as suc| gcutlcucu arc out,
1|cu cauc iuto t|c court to do t|c carol.
lor rouud t|cu rcigucd t|c rcvcls htccu days
Vit| all t|c ucat aud uirt| t|at ucu could t|iu| o,
Suc| giddy uoisc, suc| glorious-souudiug laug|tcr,
Dclig|tul diu |y day, all uig|t t|c daucc,
1|at |appiucss rosc |ig| iu |all aud c|au|cr,
Du|cs aud daucs iudulgiug t|cir dcsircs.
Vit| orldly cal couplctc t|cy dclt togct|cr,
1|c uost accouplis|cd |uig|ts, savc C|rist |iuscl,
1|c lovclicst ladics |o |avc cvcr livcd,
1|c couclicst |iug |o cvcr callcd a court.
lor t|cy crc air iu all t|c nus| o lovcly yout|'s hrst agc,
lortuuc's avorcd |iud,
1|cir sovcrcigu iu huc ragc.
lu c courts uo you hud
A |aud o li|c couragc.
traus. 1|codorc Silvcrstciu
|o|u Sto dcscri|cs loudou's C|ristuas pastiucs iu t|c sixtccut| ccutury, cspccially
t|c lord o Misrulc, |o |cld say ovcr t|c |olc C|ristuas scasou
lu t|c cast o C|ristuas, t|crc as iu t|c |iug's |ousc, |crcsocvcr |c as lodgcd, a lord o uis-
rulc, or uastcr o ucrry disports, aud t|c li|c |ad yc iu t|c |ousc o cvcry uo|lcuau o |ou-
our or good ors|ip, crc |c spiritual or tcuporal. Auougst t|c |ic| t|c uayor o loudou,
aud cit|cr o t|c s|cris, |ad t|cir scvcral lords o uisrulc, cvcr coutcudiug, it|out quarrcl or
ocucc, |o s|ould ua|c t|c rarcst pastiucs to dclig|t t|c |c|oldcrs. 1|csc lords |cgiuuiug
t|cir rulc ou Al|ollou cvc, coutiuucd t|c sauc till t|c uorro atcr t|c lcast o t|c iurihcatiou,
couuouly callcd Caudlcuas Day. lu all |ic| spacc t|crc crc huc aud su|tlc disguisiugs,
uas|s, aud uuuucrics, it| playiug at cards or couutcrs, uails, aud poiuts, iu cvcry |ousc, uorc
or pastiuc t|au or gaiu.
Agaiust t|c cast o C|ristuas cvcry uau's |ousc, as also t|c paris| c|urc|cs, crc dcc|cd it|
|olu, ivy, |ays, aud |atsocvcr t|c scasou o t|c ycar aordcd to |c grccu. 1|c couduits aud
staudards iu t|c strccts crc li|cisc garuis|cd . . . Sto, - )
C|ristuas at court iu , |crc t|c uaiu caturc as uasqucs, allcgorical plays it|
siugiug aud dauciug put ou |y aud or t|c uo|ility
1|c hrst C|r.s:o.s o ort|y |iug |aucs as at |is court at iauptou, A
o
|cr t|c lrcuc|,
Spauis| ~ iolouiau Au|assadors crc scvcrallic solcuplic castcd uauic plaics ~ dauuccs it|
sordcs ouc uas| |y Luglis| ~ Scottis| lords auot|cr |y t|c Quccu's Maicstic ~ clcvcu uorc
ladics o |cr c|au|cr prcscutiug gitcs as goddcsscs. 1|csc uas|cs, cspccialli t|c lastc, costcs
or
l
, t|c aparclls rarc uusic|, huc sougcs ~ iu iccls uost ric|c
l
, t|c last to uy
iudgucut ~ |cr uaicstic
l
atcr C|ristuas as ruuuiug at liug |y t|c iiug ~ or
lords or t|c |ouour o t|osc goddcsscs ~ t|cu t|cy all castcd togct|cr privatclic.
Vil|ra|au,
Atcr t|c lcoruatiou, C|ristuas as opcu to attac| as autiug scriptural aut|or-
ity, iu Scotlaud aud ic Luglaud t|is o|jcctiou as ar uorc ccctivc t|au iu Luglaud,

|crc uauy o t|c godly coutiuucd to |ccp t|c day, t|oug| or tcudcr couscicucc' sa|c
t|cy uig|t call it 'C|rist-tidc' to avoid t|c |atcd 'uass', rccords iu |ousc|old accouuts
o payucuts to uiustrcls at C|rist-tidc syu|oli.c t|c c|aractcristic rcluctaucc to ta|c
t|iugs to cxtrcucs. icvcrt|clcss, duriug t|c Civil Var iarliaucut pro|i|itcd t|c cclc-
|ratiou, iu |o|u 1aylor's C.o|...: .; C|r.s:o.s o t|c pcrsouihcd cast laucuts
Atcr l |ad al|'d t|roug| cvcry Strcctc, lauc, aud Allcy it| ot|cr |y placcs) t|c cat|cr
|ciug cold, aud uy cutcrtaiuucut coldcr, l cut to a Co||lcrs stall, aud dcuaudcd o |iu |at
|aruc old C|r.s:o.s |ad douc t|cu, aud |crcorc |c as |auis|cd so suddaiuly. t|c Co|lcr
rcplicd, t|at it as pitty t|at cvcr C|ristuas as |oruc, aud t|at l as a iapist, aud au ldola-
trous irat o t|c icast, au old lcvcllcr scut rou .o: iuto L.|.., aud t|at t|c lattcr or last
sylla|lc o uy uauc) as iopis|, as ot|cr supcrstitious daics crc.
|o|u Lvclyu, it| ot|cr couuuuicauts, as arrcstcd iu c|urc| ou C|ristuas Day iu
aud iutcrrogatcd
V|cu l cauc |corc t|cu t|cy too|c uy uauc ~ a|oad, cxauiud uc, |y coutraric to au
Ordiuaucc uadc t|at uouc s|ould auy lougcr o|scrvc t|c supcrstitious tiuc o t|c N.:..:, so
cstccu'd |y t|cu) l durst ocud, ~ particularly |c at C.oo.. r.,:rs, |ic| t|cy told uc as |ut
t|c M.ss: iu L.|.s|, ~ particularly pray or C|.r|:s s:.r, or |ic| c |ad uo Scripturc l told
t|cu c did uot pray or C|.. `::.r |ut or all C|r.s:... I..s, r...:s c C.:r..rs 1|cy rcplicd,
iu so doiug c praicd or t|c i. o `...: too, |o as t|cir Lucuic, ~ a ..s:, it| ot|cr riv-
olous ~ iusuariug qucstious, it| uuc| t|rcatuiug, ~ hudiug uo colour to dctaiuc uc lougcr,
it| uuc| pitty o uy lguoraucc, t|cy disuiss'd uc. . . . 1|csc rctc|cd uiscrcauts, |cld t|cir
uus|cts agaiust us as c cauc up to rcccivc t|c Sacrcd Llcucuts, as i t|cy ould |avc s|ot us
at t|c Altar . . . Lvclyu, L..r,, iii.
Vit| t|c lcstoratiou iu , C|ristuas rcturucd as |corc. Sauucl icpys rccords
various C|ristuas custous
Dcc. . C|r.s:o.s .,. Lp prctty carly, lcaviug uy ic uot cll iu |cd . . . iy aud |y dou
to t|c C|appcll agaiu, |crc iis|op Morly prcac|cd upou t|c Soug o t|c Augcls-'Glory to
God ou |ig|-ou cart| pcacc, aud good ill toards ucu.' Mct|oug|t |c uadc |ut a poor scr-
uou, |ut loug aud rcprc|cudiug t|c uista|cu jollity o t|c Court or t|c truc joy t|at s|all aud
oug|t to |c ou t|csc days. icrticulari.cd couccruiug t|cir cxccss iu playcs aud gauciug, sayiug
t|at |c |osc occ it is to |ccp t|c Gaucstcrs iu ordcr aud it|iu |ouuds scrvcs |ut or a scc-
oud rat|cr iu a Ducll, ucauiug t|c Groouc portcr |o supcrviscd t|c gauiug duriug t|c
days o C|ristuas. Lpou |ic|, it as ort| o|scrviug |o ar t|cy arc couc rou ta|iug t|c
lcprc|cusious o a iis|op scriously, t|at t|cy all laug| iu t|c c|apcl |cu |c rcncctcd ou t|cir
ill actious aud courscs. . . . l al|cd |ouc agaiu it| grcat plcasurc, aud t|crc diucd |y uy ic's
|cdsidc it| grcat coutcut, |aviug a ucss o |ravc pluu-porridgc aud a roastcd iullctt or diu-
ucr, aud l scut or a uiucc-pic a|road, uy ic uot |ciug cll to ua|c auy |crscl yct.
icpys, iii. -
At t|c C|ristuas scasou loudoucrs |o |ad couutry |oucs couuouly cut |ac| to
t|cu, it as t|c custou to iuvitc ouc's ucig||ours or diuucr aud providc uusical cutcr-
taiuucut. 1|ouas ls|au o lauport, ritiug iu |is diary iu , ua|cs it clcar t|at
t|cy crc iuvitcd accordiug to t|cir social class, it| t|c poorcst hrst, lcst t|cy s|ould
cxpcct to |c givcu ouly lctovcrs
1|c poor o lauport aud ioug|tou cauc to diuucr. 1|c Davcutry uusiciaus cauc,
|ciug |ircd to practisc t|cir s|ill. . . . 1|c la|ourcrs o lauport aud ioug|tou crc as|cd to

diuucr. 1|c uorc su|stautial iu|a|itauts crc as|cd to diuucr. 1|c Davcutry uusiciaus
cut aay. ls|au, ,
A lrcuc|uau o|scrvcs Luglis| C|ristuas custous iu
lrou C|r.s:o.ss-Day 'till atcr 1clt|-Day, is a 1iuc o C|ristiau lcjoyciug, a Mixturc o Dc-
votiou aud ilcasurc 1|cy is| ouc auot|cr iappiucss, t|cy givc 1rcats, aud ua|c it t|cir |olc
iusiucss to drivc aay Mclauc|oly. V|crcas littlc ircscuts rou ouc auot|cr arc uadc ouly t|c
hrst Day o t|c Ycar iu Ir...:, t|cy |cgiu |crc at C|r.s:o.ss, aud t|cy arc uot so uuc| ircscuts
rou lricud to lricud, or rou Lqual to Lqual, |ic| is lcss practis'd iu L.|.. uo t|au or-
ucrly) as rou Supcrior to lucrior. lu t|c 1avcrus t|c laudlord givcs iart o |at is catcu aud
drau| iu |is iousc t|at aud t|c to ucxt Days, or lustaucc, t|cy rcc|ou you or t|c Viuc, aud
tcll you t|crc is uot|iug to pay or ircad, uor your Slicc o h:s:|.|... Lvcry lauily agaiust C|r.s:~
o.ss ua|cs a auous iyc, |ic| t|cy call C|r.s:o.ss iyc lt is a grcat iostruu t|c Coupositiou
o t|is iasty, it is a uost lcarucd Mixturc o icatstougucs, C|ic|cu, Lggs, Sugar, laisius,
lcuou aud Oraugc iccl, various iiuds o Spiccry, ~c. 1|cy also ua|c a Sort o Soup it|
iluus, |ic| is uot at all iucrior to t|c iyc, |ic| is iu t|cir lauguagc call'd iluu-porridgc.
Missou dc \al|ourg, -
ioracc Valpolc dcscri|cs |is C|ristuas at Stra|crry iill iu a lcttcr o Dcccu|cr
to Sir ioracc Mauu
Did you cvcr |uo a uorc a|solutc couutry-gcutlcuau. icrc au l couc dou to |at you call
|ccp uy C|ristuas. iudccd it is uot iu all t|c orus, l |avc stuc| uo laurcl aud |olly iu uy
iudos, l cat uo tur|cy aud c|iuc, l |avc uo tcuaut to iuvitc, l |avc uot |roug|t a siuglc soul
it| uc. Valpolc,
iy t|c sccoud |al o t|c cig|tccut| ccutury C|ristuas as |ccouiug uori|uud, souc
ritcrs |laucd t|c calcudar rcoru o , ot|crs t|c popular rcsistaucc to it. Lu-
cducatcd pcrsous, says our hrst aut|or, couplaiu t|at it is popis|, ou t|c coutrary, it is
t|cy |o arc scrviug papal su|vcrsiou |y civil diso|cdicucc
1|c latc csta|lis|'d C|r.s:o.s dou't rcusc,
'1is |at t|c aucicut C|urc| did strictly usc,
1|cu \irtuc nouris|'d, ioliucss as lauc,
1o sccu aud |c a C|ristiau as t|c sauc
S|all Suit|s, Molc-Catc|crs, t|'uulcarucd la||lc,
1ruc 1iuc opposc it| iucousistcut ia||lc.
Ccasc idlc iratc, |o act iu iop'ry's Causc,
1|osc t|at o|cy or |rca| our Sov'rcigu's las.
As t|c iou-o|scrvcrs o uc 1iuc do.
Scasou )
Sat. Dcc. . At |ouc all day. io c|urc|iug |crc t|c |olc day. |aucs Marc|aut aud t|c
ido Caiuc diucd it| us ou a sirloiu o |cc roastcd iu t|c ovcu it| a |attcr puddiug uudcr
it, a pluu suct puddiug, |oilcd potatocs aud souc |ullacc ild pluu pics. 1. 1urucr,
1|c Aucricau Sauucl Curcu vics C|ristuas iu Lxctcr iu
Dcccu|cr
io s|ops ully opcucd uor |usiucss pu|licly aud gcucrally carricd ou, appcaraucc iu souc
ucasurc savcd t|oug| t|c day ot|crisc ucgligcutly cuoug| o|scrvcd, uor iudccd cau uorc |c

cxpcctcd cousidcriug t|c lo c|| o rcligiou |crc. iasscd Lvc at |ouc. Lat uiuccd pyc at
diuucr. Curcu, i.
Villiau Gladstouc rcnccts ou C|ristuas
Mouday-C|ristuas day
Our C|ristuas tiucs arc uot uo |at t|cy uscd to |c. Sic visuu supcro 'So Ouc a|ovc or-
daius'. Gladstouc,
C|ristuas could |c a trial to couutry parsous, cspccially t|osc |o did uot cujoy |cll-
riugiug. icrc is t|c Soucrsct parsou |o|u S|iuucr, ritiug iu |is diary ou C|ristuas
Day
l as aa|cucd carly |y t|c riugiug o t|c |clls, aud could uot |clp t|iu|iug |o uuc| souud
ovcrpocrs couuou scusc iu all c |avc to do iu t|c prcscut day. l lay aa|c last uig|t t|iu|iug
o t|csc t|iugs, aud soou atcr l |ad closcd uy cycs t|cy crc agaiu opcucd |y t|c loud pcals
t|csc t|oug|tlcss pcoplc auoug |ou l dcll c|osc to riug, iu |ouour o t|c day. 1|cy |ad |ct-
tcr rctirc it|iu t|cusclvcs, aud couuuuc it| t|cir |carts, aud |c still. S|iuucr,
1|c traditioual cstivitics o C|ristuas |cgau to |c rcvivcd iu t|c carly uiuctccut|
ccutury, t|is proccss as grcatly urt|crcd |y C|arlcs Dic|cus, cspccially |ut uot cx-
clusivcly iu J C|r.s:o.s C.r.|, |ic| as uot ouly rcad |ut drauati.cd.
iat|auicl iat|oruc, Aucricau cousul iu livcrpool, turus a jauudiccd cyc ou Lug-
lis| C|ristuas prcparatious iu
C|ristuas-tiuc |as |ccu uar|cd |y c c|aractcristics. lor a cc| or so, prcvious to C|ristuas
day, t|c ucspapcrs coutaiucd ric| dctails rcspcctiug uar|ct-stalls aud |utc|crs' s|ops, |at
uaguihccut carcasscs o pri.c oxcu aud s|ccp t|cy displaycd, or Luglis|ucu rcally li|c to t|iu|
aud tal| o |utc|cr's ucat, aud ga.c at it it| artistic dclig|t, aud t|cy crod t|roug| t|c
avcuucs o t|c uar|ct-|ouscs, aud staud curapturcd arouud a dcad ox. 1|cy arc vcry cart|y
pcoplc. 1|cy lovc to cat, aud to auticipatc good arc, aud cvcu to |car t|c dctails o ot|cr
pcoplc's good diuucrs.
1|c C|ristuas Vaits uusiciaus cauc to us ou C|ristuas cvc, aud ou t|c day itscl, iu t|c
s|apc o littlc partics o |oys or girls, siugiug rctc|cd doggrcl, r|yucs, aud goiug aay cll-
plcascd it| t|c gucrdou o a pcuuy or to. last cvcuiug cauc to or t|rcc cldcr c|oristcrs, at
prctty ucar |cdtiuc, aud saug souc carols t|cy crc psalu-tuucs, |ocvcr) at our door. Lvcry-
|ody, it| |ou c |avc |ad to do, iu auy uauucr o scrvicc, cxpccts a C|ristuas-|ox, |ut, iu
uost cascs, a s|illiug sccus to |c quitc a satisactory auouut.
iat|oruc, L.|.s| N.::|..|s,
.r::r L.,. iocvcr, c s|ould uot orgct, auidst all t|csc cstivitics, t|at C|ristuas
is also Quartcr Day, |cu rcuts arc duc. lu a clcric o Vcll, ucar lic|uoud iu
Yor|s|irc, did so it| disastrous rcsults, as lic|ard o Dur|au |o, siucc |c rcc|ous
t|c ycar rou C|ristuas, ua|cs t|c cvcut |is hrst cutry or ) rccords |ot| or uu
..s. |.) aud as illustratiug t|c old provcr| t|at gau|lcrs aud lcc|crs alays losc t|cir
calt|. 1|c rcctor o t|c paris| as a royal clcr|, |o livcd at court aud lct t|c ric|
cstatcs iu t|c |auds o t|c clcric, a souud uau o |usiucss |ut uuc|astc r:.s s: .o~
..s), |o |ad iuduccd a local ido's daug|tcr to livc iu t|c rcctory, 'siucc t|crc as
uo ouc to stop |iu', t|c |cd as sct up iu t|c grcat solcr or uppcr c|au|cr. Suddculy
|is uastcr's scucsc|al arrivcd to collcct t|c rcuts o t|c local c|urc|cs, cxpcctiug to stay

ovcruig|t aud trausact |is |usiucss t|c ucxt day. lt as ouc t|iug to uovc t|c |cd, |ut
t|crc as uo suita|lc placc or t|c clcric to |idc |is lady-ricud |:..:r..:o s.o). ic
|astily s|ovcd |cr iuto t|c stroug-roou, |ic| as ull o uoucy, rccogui.iug t|c
opportuuity o a lictiuc, s|c stuc| a pursc coutaiuiug uar|s . s. .) dou |cr
ro|c aud, oucc t|c visitor as out o cars|ot, |cggcd to |c lct out ou t|c prctcxt t|at
s|c uccdcd to rclicvc |crscl. 'ic, suspcctiug uo cvil, pcruittcd t|c daug|tcr o raud
to dcpart, aud ucxt day, |cu |c as suuuarily coupcllcd to rcudcr accouut aud pay
iu |is rcccipts, |c discovcrcd |c |ad |ccu c|catcd |y t|c |arlot, or |ic| |c at oucc
lost |is cuployucut' C|r...... : L..:r..s:, ).
C|r.s:o.s .. `..:|... lu Scotlaud, |crc t|c irotcstaut o|jcctiou to uuscriptural cstiv-
itics struc| dccp root, C|ristuas as loug a or|iug day li|c auy ot|cr. Ou Dcccu-
|cr t|c ucgotiatious |ctccu t|c Scottis| couuissioucrs aud t|cir couutcrparts
rou t|c Luglis| parliaucut crc suspcudcd or a day so t|at t|c Luglis| uig|t cclc-
|ratc |at t|c irritatcd Scots callcd 't|cir C|ristuas'. 1|is rcjcctiou as uot to pass uu-
c|allcugcd iu a paup|lct ar |ro|c out ovcr a scruou prcac|cd ou t|c Suuday
|corc C|ristuas |y 1|ouas ilac|cll scuior, procssor o diviuity aud priucipal o
Marisc|al Collcgc, 'to dissadc your icarcrs rou t|c O|scrvatiou o t|at |ig| aud
|oly lcstival as uulaull', |ut A|crdccu as uot a ircs|ytcriau stroug|old. Lvcu atcr
t|c Sccoud Vorld Var C|ristuas as idcly rcgardcd as a c|ildrcu's cclc|ratiou, al-
t|oug| it |ad |ccu uadc a iau| ioliday iu .
C|r.s:o.s .. h.|:s. 1|ouas icuuaut rcports t|c iort| Vcls| custou o |,..., siugiug
|y caudlclig|t |corc dau ou C|ristuas Day, iu t|c latc cig|tccut| ccutury
Lpou C|r.s:o.s-day, a|out t|rcc o'cloc| iu t|c uoruiug, uost o t|c paris|ioucrs asscu|lcd iu
c|urc|, aud atcr praycrs aud a scruou, coutiuucd t|crc siugiug psalus aud |yuus it| grcat
dcvotiou till |road day, aud i, t|roug| agc or iuhruity, auy crc disa|lcd rou attcudiug, t|cy
ucvcr ailcd |aviug praycrs at |ouc, aud carols ou our SA\lOLl's uativity. 1|c orucr part o
t|c custou is still prcscrvcd, |ut too otcu pcrvcrtcd iuto iutcupcraucc. 1|is act o dcvotiou is
callcd |,.., or t|c Cr... .; :|: C..|. lt |as |ccu a gcucral |clic auoug t|c supcrstitious, t|at
iustautly,
at |is aruiug,
V|ct|cr iu sca or hrc, iu cart| or air,
1|' cxtravagaut aud crriug spirit |ics
1o |is couhuc.
icuuaut, `...., -
C|ristuas iu Valcs iu uodcru tiucs ould uot |c couplctc it|out Dylau 1|ouas's
J C|.|`s C|r.s:o.s .. h.|:s. icrc is au cxtract, |aviug audcrcd aay rou t|c all-
iuportaut dcscriptiou o t|c prcscuts |cu |c starts rcuiuisciug a|out t|c postuau,
t|c uarrator is iutcrruptcd |y t|c c|ild
'Gct |ac| to t|c ircscuts.'
'1|crc crc t|c Lscul ircscuts cugulhug uucrs
o t|c old coac| days, aud uittcus uadc or giaut
slot|s, .c|ra scars o a su|staucc li|c sil|y guu
t|at could |c tug-o'-arrcd dou to t|c galos|cs,

|liudiug tau-o'-s|autcrs li|c patc|or| tca cosics
aud |uuuy-suitcd |us|ics aud |alaclavas or victius
o |cad-s|riu|iug tri|cs, rou auuts |o alays
orc ool ucxt to t|c s|iu t|crc crc uoustac|cd aud
raspiug vcsts t|at uadc you oudcr |y t|c auuts
|ad auy s|iu lct at all, aud oucc l |ad a littlc
croc|ctcd uosc |ag rou au auut uo, alas,
uo lougcr |iuuyiug it| us. Aud picturclcss |oo|s
iu |ic| suall |oys, t|oug| arucd it| quotatious
uot to, .| s|atc ou larucr Gilcs' poud
aud did aud droucd, aud |oo|s t|at told uc
cvcryt|iug a|out t|c asp, cxccpt |y.'
'Go ou to t|c Lsclcss ircscuts.'
'iags o uoist aud uauy-colourcd jclly |a|ics
aud a oldcd nag aud a alsc uosc aud a trau-
couductor's cap aud a uac|iuc t|at puuc|cd tic|cts
aud raug a |cll, ucvcr a catapult, oucc, |y uista|c
t|at uo ouc could cxplaiu, a littlc |atc|ct,
aud a cclluloid duc| t|at uadc, |cu you prcsscd it,
a uost uuduc|li|c souud, a uciug uoo t|at au
au|itious cat uig|t ua|c |o is|cd to |c a co,
aud a paiutiug |oo| iu |ic| l could ua|c t|c grass,
t|c trccs, t|c sca aud t|c auiuals auy colour
l plcascd, aud still t|c da..liug s|y-|luc s|ccp
arc gra.iug iu t|c rcd hcld uudcr t|c
raiu|o-|illcd aud pca-grccu |irds.
iard|oilcds, tocc, udgc aud allsorts, cruuc|cs,
crac|ucls, |uu|ugs, glacicrs, uar.ipau, aud
|uttcrcls| or t|c Vcls|. Aud troops o
|rig|t tiu soldicrs |o, i t|cy could uot hg|t,
could alays ruu. Aud Sua|cs-aud-lauilics
aud iappy laddcrs. Aud Lasy io||i-Gaucs
or littlc Lugiuccrs, couplctc it| iustructious.
O|, casy or lcouardo. . . .'
C|r.s:o.s .. r.:.. 3.s:... |udgc Sauucl Scall, a iuritau, rcports ou a dc|atc iu
|ct|cr |usiucss s|ould |c trausactcd at C|ristuas
lriday, Dcc
r
. p. u. 1|c Gov
r
. . . spa|c to uc agaiu a|out adjouruiug t|c Court to ucxt
Vcducsday. l spa|c agaiust it, aud propouudcd t|at t|c Gov
r
ould ta|c a \otc or it, t|at |c
ould |old t|c ialaucc cvcu |ctccu t|c C|urc| aud us. iis Lxccllcucy cut to t|c ioard agaiu,
aud said uuc| or t|is adjouruiug, All |cpt C|ristuas |ut c, l suggcstcd i. |aucs t|c hrst to
Mr. Dudlcy, |o |c |oastcd |at a purc c|urc| |c |ad, aud t|cy did uot |ccp Yulc uor iasc|.
Mr. Dudlcy as|'d i t|c Scots |cpt C|ristuas. iis Lxccllcucy protcstcd, |c |clicv'd t|cy did
uot. Gov
r
said t|cy adjourucd or t|c Couucuccucut aud Artillcry. iut t|cu 'tis |y Agrccucut.
Col. 1aylor spa|c so loud aud |oistcrously or Adjouruiug, t|at 'tas |ard or auy to put iu a
ord, Col. 1ouscud sccoudcd uc, aud Col. iartridgc, |ccausc t|is ould proloug t|c Scssious.
. . . l said t|c Disscutcrs cauc a grcat ay or t|cir li|crtics aud uo t|c C|urc| |ad t|cirs, yct
t|cy could uot |c coutcutcd, cxccpt t|cy uig|t 1rcad all ot|crs dou. Gov
r
said |c as o t|c
C|urc| o Luglaud. Scall, -

C|r.s:o.s .. N: 1.r| iu t|c s, |y |ic| tiuc t|c good |is|op St iic|olas o
Dcccu|cr |ad |ccouc Sauta Claus o t|c t|. |o|u iiutard, a ouudcr o t|c ic-
Yor| iistorical Socicty, as a hru |clicvcr iu |oldiug ou to old custous, |ic| iu ic
Yor|'s casc crc o Dutc| origiu
Vcducsday Dcc. t| . Mot|cr ~ Sistcr arc prcpariug or S
t
Claas' arrival touig|t. iiu-
tards cycs spar|lcd, at |rca|ast, |cu l told |iu t|at t|cir C: H:,|. M.. as cxpcctcd. ic is
to providc souc iay to ccd t|c iorscs. . . . lu orucr days |cu t|c c|ildrcu cac| |roug|t t|cir
stoc|iugs to |c suspcudcd ovcr t|cir Mot|crs hrcplacc, t|cy also |roug|t a littlc parccl o iay,
or t|c iorscs ~ rcpcatcd a Dutc| iyuu iu praisc o S
t
Claas. l t|iu| l scut you a picturc o
t|is |cucvolcut Saiut |ic| l |ad cut at uy ou cxpcusc, coutaiuiug t|c iyuu at t|c |ottou
o t|c picturc. lt as dicult to o|taiu t|c ords at t|c tiuc it as cxccutcd, souc ycars ago,
aud ould |c aluost iupossi|lc uo. |udgc icusou procurcd t|cu rou Mrs iardcu|roo|, au
aucicut lady ycars o agc. Scvcral, graudua iras|cr ~ ot|crs |uc souc liucs, |ut uouc cx-
ccpt Mrs i. rcucu|crcd t|c |olc.
lriday, Dcc. t|. . . . Gudc icylig Mau . . . cauc accordiugly, duriug t|c uig|t, it| uost
clcgaut 1oys, iou |ous, Oraugcs, ~ca, all |ic| atcr hlliug t|c stoc|iugs suspcudcd at t|c sidcs
o Mot|crs C|iuucy, crc displaycd iu goodly ordcr ou t|c uautlc to t|c cxtatic joy o iiutard
~ ioudy iu t|c uoruiug, |osc cxultatious rcsouudcd t|ro' t|c |ousc. . . . 1|c 1oys arc arraugcd
ou t|c |ac| o t|c sidc|oard ~ ua|c quitc a display. 1|c uost acccpta|lc git as a Druu, |ic|
iiutard prouiscs to |cat ouly iu t|c uurscry, uot to distur| poor graudua. iiutard, iii. -
C|r.s:o.s .. . s|.: |..:.:..., as rccallcd |y iarrict |aco|s iu
Lvcry c|ild riscs carly ou C|ristuas uoruiug to scc t|c |o|u|auuaus. Vit|out t|cu, C|ristuas
ould |c s|oru o its grcatcst attractiou. 1|cy cousist o coupauics o slavcs rou t|c plauta-
tious, gcucrally o t|c locr class. 1o at|lctic ucu, iu calico rappcrs, |avc a uct t|rou ovcr
t|cu, covcrcd it| all uauucr o |rig|t-colorcd stripcs. Cos' tails arc astcucd to t|cir |ac|s,
aud t|cir |cads arc dccoratcd it| |orus. A |ox, covcrcd it| s|ccps|iu, is callcd t|c guu|o
|ox. A do.cu |cat ou t|is, |ilc ot|crs stri|c triauglcs aud ja|oucs, to |ic| |auds o dauccrs
|ccp tiuc. lor a uout| prcvious t|cy arc couposiug sougs, |ic| arc suug ou t|is occasiou.
1|csc coupauics, o a |uudrcd cac|, turu out carly iu t|c uoruiug, aud arc allocd to go rouud
till tclvc o'cloc|, |cggiug or coutri|utious. iot a door is lct uuvisitcd |crc t|crc is t|c lcast
c|aucc o o|taiuiug a pcuuy or a glass o ruu. 1|cy do uot driu| |ilc t|cy arc out, |ut carry
t|c ruu |ouc iu jugs, to |avc a carousal. 1|csc C|ristuas douatious rcqucutly auouut to
tcuty or t|irty dollars. lt is scldou t|at auy |itc uau or c|ild rcuscs to givc t|cu a trinc. l
|c docs, t|cy rcgalc |is cars it| t|c olloiug soug-
'ioor uassa, so dcy say,
Dou iu dc |ccl, so dcy say,
Got uo uoucy, so dcy say,
iot ouc s|illiu, so dcy say,
God A'uig|ty |rcss you, so dcy say.'
C|ristuas is a day o castiug, |ot| it| |itc aud colorcd pcoplc. Slavcs, |o arc luc|y cuoug|
to |avc a c s|illiugs, arc surc to spcud t|cu or good catiug, aud uauy a tur|cy aud pig is cap-
turcd, it|out sayiug, 'iy your lcavc, sir.' 1|osc |o cauuot o|taiu t|csc, coo| a 'possuu, or a
raccoou, rou |ic| savory dis|cs cau |c uadc. i. |aco|s, -
C|r.s:o.s :r::s. 1|c scttiug-up aud dccoratiou o a C|ristuas trcc as a Gcruau cus-
tou |uou to scvcral gcucratious o t|c loyal lauily, aud sporadically ucutioucd iu

Luglaud duriug t|c s, |corc t|c iriucc Cousort attractcd pu|lic attcutiou iu
or coutiuuiug it.
1|c youug Qua|cr iarclay lox dcscri|cs t|c oudcr o t|c uc custou, o|scrvcd
iu laluout| Coruall), iu , |ut docs uot ucglcct t|c quartcrly accouutiug
. C|ristuas cvc cstivitics. Vc crc auougst a sclcct c iuvitcd |y Stcrliug's littlc pcoplc to
itucss t|c uuoldiug o a uig|ty uystcry |ic| |as occupicd t|cir suall |raius or t|c last
cc|. 1|c oldiug doors o t|c draiug roou |ciug t|rou opcu, t|c iuucr roou appcarcd li|c
a |la.c o lig|t ~ luxury. lu t|c ccutrc stood a hr trcc rcac|iug ucarly to t|c cciliug, covcrcd iu
all dircctious it| lig|tcd tapcrs ~ various gay ~ glittcriug syu|ols, |ilc pcudaut rou t|c
locr |rauc|cs crc uuucrous prcscuts or c|ildrcu aud gucsts. iapa's iugcuious irouy |ad
placcd a oolscap ou t|c top, iuucdiatcly ovcrs|adoiug t|c uau iu t|c uoou ~ t|c iopc o
louc, crous ~ |clucts, papcr nags ~ ucc|laccs spar|lcd auougst t|c oliagc ~ c all, old c|il-
drcu aud youug, gavc oursclvcs up to t|c cut|usiasu o t|c uoucut. My prcscut as a |cauti-
ul ivory pcu tippcd it| silvcr ~ rcat|cd it| laurcl, a uost clcgaut coupliucut. A.M. ~ C.
crc givcu souc vcry huc cugraviugs. 1|c cxcitcucut |aviug souc|at su|sidcd l put o a vol-
cauo iu t|c gardcu. 1|c a|audou o t|c c|ildrcu to t|cir suprcuc dclig|t as |cautiul.
. V|ct|cr t|is rcally as t|c day o C|rist's |irt| is vcry dou|tul yct l ould uot givc up
t|c auuual cstival or souct|iug. As uy custou is l joiucd t|c Lvauscs at a good Luglis| roast-
|cc ~ pluu puddiug diuucr at uy cottagc. ictscy as a|lc to joiu us. 1ou ~ l ouud up t|c
ycar's accouuts ~ crc uutually plcascd at t|c prohta|lc rcsult. lox,
1|c Luglis| ritcr aud social o|scrvcr iarrict Martiucau itucsscs t|c iutroductiou
o t|c C|ristuas trcc iu ic Luglaud iu iu act a Gcruau procssor at iarvard
|ad put ouc up iu )
l as prcscut at t|c iutroductiou iuto t|c uc couutry o t|c spcctaclc o t|c Gcruau C|rist-
uas-trcc. My littlc ricud C|arlcy, aud t|rcc coupauious, |ad |ccu loug prcpariug or t|is prctty
s|o. 1|c coo| |ad |ro|cu |cr cggs carcully iu t|c uiddlc or souc cc|s past, t|at C|arlcy
uig|t |avc t|c s|clls or cups, aud t|csc cups crc gildcd aud colourcd vcry prcttily. l rat|cr
t|iu| it as, gcucrally spca|iug, a sccrct out o t|c |ousc, |ut l |uc |at to cxpcct. . . . Vc crc
scut or |corc diuucr, aud c too| up to rouud-accd |oys |y t|c ay. Larly as it as, c crc
all so |usy t|at c could scarccly sparc a rcspcctul attcutiou to our pluu-puddiug. lt as dc-
sira|lc t|at our prcparatious s|ould |c couplctcd |corc t|c littlc ol|s s|ould |cgiu to arrivc,
aud c crc all cugagcd iu stic|iug ou t|c last o t|c scvcu do.cu o ax-tapcrs, aud iu hlliug
t|c gilt cgg-cups, aud gay papcr coruucopia it| couhts, lo.cugcs, aud |arlcy-sugar. 1|c trcc
as t|c top o a youug hr, plautcd iu a tu|, |ic| as oruaucutcd it| uoss. Suart dolls, aud
ot|cr |iusics, glittcrcd iu t|c cvcrgrccu, aud t|crc as uot a tig |ic| |ad uot souct|iug
spar|liug upou it. . . .
lt rcally loo|cd |cautiul, t|c roou sccucd iu a |la.c, aud t|c oruaucuts crc so cll |uug
ou t|at uo accidcut |appcucd, cxccpt t|at ouc doll's pctticoat caug|t hrc. 1|crc as a spougc
ticd to t|c cud o a stic| to put out auy supcruuucrary |la.c, aud uo |aru cusucd. l uouutcd
t|c stcps |c|iud t|c trcc to scc t|c ccct o opcuiug t|c doors. lt as dclig|tul. 1|c c|ildrcu
pourcd iu, |ut iu a uoucut, cvcry voicc as |us|cd. 1|cir accs crc upturucd to t|c |la.c, all
cycs idc opcu, all lips partcd, all stcps arrcstcd. . . . At last, a quic| pair o cycs discovcrcd t|at
it |orc souct|iug cata|lc, aud rou t|at uoucut t|c |a||lc |cgau agaiu. 1|cy crc told t|at
t|cy uig|t gct |at t|cy could it|out |uruiug t|cusclvcs, aud c tall pcoplc |cpt atc|, aud
|clpcd t|cu it| good t|iugs rou t|c |ig|cr |rauc|cs. V|cu all |ad |ad cuoug|, c rcturucd
to t|c largcr roou, aud huis|cd t|c cvcuiug it| dauciug. iy tcu o'cloc|, all crc cll arucd
or t|c ridc |ouc it| stcauiug uullcd iuc, aud t|c prospcrous cvcuiug closcd it| s|outs o

uirt|. . . . l |avc littlc dou|t t|c C|ristuas-trcc ill |ccouc ouc o t|c uost nouris|iug cxotics
o ic Luglaud. Martiucau, iii. -
C.;:~.... lu carlicr tiucs, gits crc couuouly givcu at t|c ic Ycar scc |au.). iut
Gilcs Moorc, rcctor o iorstcad icyucs iu Susscx, uotcs scvcral gits cxc|augcd ou
C|ristuas Day
t| Dcc.
r
. l scut to Mr. icly a ri|sparc aud |oggs puddiugs, or |ic| |cc rcturucd ucc
a |oxc o pills aud scruous. Moorc,
iocvcr, iu ic Yor|, a orucr Dutc| colouy, St iic|olas, |aviug |ccu trausorucd
iuto Sauta Claus, |roug|t toys or c|ildrcu at C|ristuas. |o|u iiutard, iu , says t|at
uauy o t|cu crc iuportcd rou t|c Old Vorld
lriday t| Dcccu|cr . lt is auusiug, as l pass aloug, to loo| at t|c 1oy S|op iudos
~ scc t|c cudlcss varicty o Luropcau 1oys t|at attract t|c aduiratiou ~ cupty t|c poc|cts o
parcuts ricuds ~ c|ildrcu. . . .
Mouday t| Dcccu|cr. lt ould |avc dclig|tcd you ou lriday cvcuiug to |avc itucsscd t|c
joy t|at |caucd iu iiutard's cycs |cu l rcad iu t|c papcr t|c rcport o 't|c arrival o t|c Dutc|
S|ip, aldcr licvcrt |cst |clovcd) vro, Capt. Voutcr \au 1illcr, rcig|tcd as dccp as s|c could
siu it| all sorts o 1oys, Ca|cs, ruits ~ |oo|s, or S
t
Claas to |csto |is auuual prcscuts to
t|c good c|ildrcu o t|c auticut city o ic Austcrdau, uo callcd i. Yor|'. Vit| |at cc-
stacy did t|cy cx|i|it ucxt uoruiug, C|ristuas, t|c prousiou o 1oys, Oraugcs, ~ |ou |ous lct
|y S
t
Claas or our c|ildrcu, displaycd ou Mot|crs 1a|lc or t|cir stoc|iug crauucd it| ca|cs
could uot coutaiu t|c splcudid articlcs lct |y S
t
Claas. lor good c|ildrcu, C|ristuas uoru is a
pcrcct |u|ilcc iu t|is city. iiutard, iii.
C|r.s:o.s ..rs. 1|c traditiou o scudiug cards at C|ristuas gocs |ac| ouly as ar as
, |cu, upou t|c suggcstiou o Sir icury Colc, t|c loudou artist |oscp| Cuudall
lit|ograp|cd a draiug |y |. C. iorslcy, colourcd it, aud sold souc , copics. Vit|iu
tcuty ycars t|c custou o scudiug cards |ad |ccouc idcsprcad. lu t|c Luitcd Statcs,
cards hrst |cgau to |c iuportcd rou Luglaud iu t|c s, t|cy provcd so popular t|at
a iostou coupauy startcd |oldiug coupctitious or dcsigus, it| su|stautial pri.cs.
1oday C|ristuas cards arc sold iu t|c uillious.
C|r.s:o.s .r..|:rs. 1|csc too arc a uiuctccut|-ccutury iuvcutiou, aud ouc t|at |as uot
caug|t ou iu t|c LSA, |crc crac|crs caturc ouly at c|ildrcu's |irt|day partics. 1|cy
crc iuvcutcd |y 1ou Suit| o ioric| iu aud uodcllcd ou iarisiau sccts
rappcd iu papcr, to |ic| |c addcd lovc vcrscs. 1|cu |c as iuspircd to producc a
uiuiaturc aud rclativcly sac iuitatiou o t|c hrccrac|cr, usiug a strip o card|oard it|
guupodcr t|at suappcd |cu pullcd, t|c scct as rcplaccd it| a suall git aud
uo) |orri|lc jo|cs. Larlicr, |ocvcr, t|cy crc vcry topical, draiug ou t|c cvcuts aud
scaudals o t|c day. 1|c olloiug r|yuc as cucloscd iu a 'Suragcttc Crac|crcttc' o

1|o' uau uay |aul| us uo iu our cudcavour

1o gaiu t|c rauc|isc, c iguorc |is |au.
Vc'll go ou plcadiug till c provc orcvcr
1|at c arc ort|y MA1LS or auy uau.

J. . C|r.s:o.s .s:.o. Goosc-dauciug iu t|c lslcs o Scilly, as rcportcd iu
At C|r.s:o.s 1iuc, t|c youug icoplc cxcrcisc a Sort o C.||..:r, auoug t|cu callcd C..s:~.....,
|cu t|c Maidcus arc drcsscd up or youug Mcu, aud t|c youug Mcu or Maidcus. 1|cy visit
t|cir icig||ours iu Coupauics, |crc t|cy daucc, aud ua|c t|cir |o|cs upou |at |as |ap-
pcucd iu t|c lslauds, |cu cvcry icrsou is |uuorously told o t|cir ou, it|out Ocucc |ciug
ta|cu. iy t|is sort o Sport accordiug to ycarly Custou aud 1olcratiou, t|crc is a spirit o h.:
aud Lr.||:r, |cpt up auoug t|c icoplc. 1|c Maidcus, |o arc souctiucs drcsscd up or `:.~
C.:...s aud ot|cr Occrs, display t|cir alluriug Graccs to t|c L..:s, |o arc youug Mcu
cquippcd or t|at iurposc, aud t|c L..:s cxcrt t|cir 1alcuts to t|cu iu courtly aud auorous Ad-
drcsscs 1|cir iaugcrs arc souctiucs drau, ~c. atcr |ic|, aud ot|cr iicccs o Drollcry, t|c
Sccuc s|its to Music aud Dauciug, |ic| |ciug ovcr t|cy arc trcatcd it| liquor, aud t|cu go
to t|c ucxt iousc o Lutcrtaiuucut.
1|c Custou o C..s:~..... as orucrly cucouragcd |y t|c Military Occrs liviug iu t|csc
lslauds, |o distiuguis|cd t|cusclvcs |y it auoug t|c ladics. 1|cy uscd to go iu party-colourcd
Drcsscs, |al o ouc Colour to t|c lig|t aud lct, or a|ovc aud |clo, cxcrcisiug drau Sords,
iu t|cir Dauciug, at t|c iouscs, |crc t|cy cutcrcd aud rctircd |y iroccssiou o to aud to.
1|crc as a `:r,:..: I.:: |o actcd |is iart iu Coupauy, |ic| as rcpcatiug \crscs iu iraisc o
a uilitary lic, aud laug|iug icoplc out o t|cir Moucy. At t|is 1iuc Scrcuadcs iu t|c iig|t
crc iu iracticc uudcr t|c Viudos o t|c air lslaudcrs, |ic| at t|is Day arc uot quitc orgot.
icat|, -
..:.o.o:s. C|ristuas iu Luglaud |riugs t|c auuual rouud o pautouiucs, |ic| |avc
loug outgrou t|cir origiu iu uarrativc daucc iu t|c carly cig|tccut| ccutury, couic aud
autastic clcucuts soou prcdouiuatcd, aud suug aud spo|cu ords |clic t|c uauc 'pau-
touiuc'. David Garric| dcplorcd t|cir popularity at t|c cxpcusc o scrious draua
1|cy iu t|c draua hud uo joys,
iut doat ou uiuicry aud toys.
1|us, |cu a daucc is iu uy |ill,
io|ility uy |oxcs hll,
Or scud t|rcc days |corc t|c tiuc,
1o crod a uc-uadc pautouiuc.
C|au|crs, iu t|c uid-uiuctccut| ccutury, viccd it| disdaiu 't|c grotcsquc pcroru-
auccs associatcd it| our Luglis| C|ristuas', |ut t|c pautouiuc s|os uo sigu o
auiug iu popularity. 1oday's pautouiuc |as lost t|c |arlcquiu aud pautaloou aspccts
t|at c|aractcri.cd it origiually, aud uo is uorc otcu |ascd ou airy talcs. Stoc| c|ar-
actcrs arc t|c 'dauc' playcd |y a uau), t|c lcadiug |oy playcd |y a ouau), aud all
sorts o auiuals.
1r..:....| C|r.s:o.s ;..s. loods traditioual at C|ristuas |avc c|augcd ovcr t|c agcs, aud
dicr rou couutry to couutry, |ut t|cy arc alays plcutiul, just as Lastcr |rca|s t|c
lcutcu ast, C|ristuas |rca|s t|c Advcut ast. lu carlicr tiucs it as custouary or
laudoucrs to cast t|cir tcuauts. 1|c cll-|uou custou o scrviug a |oar's |cad datcs
rou as carly as , |cu it is rccordcd iu t|c cxpcuscs o t|c |is|op o icrcord.
|o|u Au|rcy ucutious t|c ccrcuouy at Quccu's Collcgc, Oxord |ic| still coutiuucs,
t|oug| uo it is |cld ou a Saturday |corc C|ristuas), aud rcpriuts t|c soug

1|is soug is suug ou C|ristuas-day iu t|c iall at Quccu's Coll. iu Oxord, |y ouc o t|c
1a|crdcrs |ut iu t|c c|orus all t|c Coupauy dot| assist.
1|c ioars icad iu |aud |car l
icdcc|t
t|
iays aud loscuary,
Aud pray uy Mastcrs ucrry |c
Quot cstis iu couvivio. J|| ,. |. .r: .: :|: ;:.s:
CiOlLS.-Caput apri dccro, I |r.. :|: |..r`s |:.
lcddcus laudcs Douiuo. C... : r..s:s :. :|: L.r
1|c ioars |cad as l uudcrstaud
ls t|c |ravcst dis| iu all our laud,
Aud t|us |cdcc|t
t|
a gay Garlaud
lct us scrvirc cautico. s:: :. :|: s..
CiOl.-Caput apri, ~c.
Our Stcard |at| providcd t|is
lu |ouour o t|c iiug o iliss,
V|ic| ou t|is day to |c scrvcd is
lu lcgiucusi atrio. .. ::.`s |.||
CiOl.-Caput apri, ~c.
Au|rcy,
A c|aruiug lcgcud |as grou up to cxplaiu t|c iustitutiou o t|c ccrcuouy. lu ucdicval
tiucs, a studcut o t|c collcgc, al|iug ucar S|otovcr iill aud iuucrscd iu rcadiug
Aristotlc, as attac|cd |y a ild |oar. iot |aviug auy ot|cr ucaus o dccucc, |c t|rust
t|c |oo| dou t|c auiual's t|roat, cryiug 'Graccuu cst.' 'lt's Grcc|.'). 1|is did or t|c
|oar, aud its |cad as |roug|t |ac| as a trop|y.
ioar's |cad uot |ciug casily attaiua|lc, a |cast still cxotic iu t|c sixtccut| ccutury, aud
cousidcra|ly uorc cdi|lc, cauc iuto avour-t|c tur|cy
1|is |iud o ioultry c |avc uot loug |ad auougst us or |corc t|c yccrc o our lord
t|cy crc uot sccuc it| us, uor l |clccvc |uocu to t|c oldc rytcrs. . . . iut |ccausc t|is |iudc
o loulc, |ot| or t|c rarcucssc, aud also t|c grcatucssc o t|cyr |ody, is at t|is day |cpt iu grcat
noc|cs, it s|all uot |c uuc| auissc to spca|c o t|cu or iu daiutyucssc aud gooducssc o
ucatc, t|c icuucs uay couparc it| cyt|cr t|c Goosc, or t|c ic|cuuc, aud t|c Coc|c arrc cx-
ccll t|cu. Googc, os.
v
- )
iuritaus ould |avc uouc o t|c traditioual C|ristuas castiug
Vc |avc ucvcr |ccu itucsscs o auiuositics cxcitcd |y t|c usc o uiuccd pics aud pluu| por-
ridgc, uor sccu it| |at a||orrcucc t|osc |o could cat t|cu at all ot|cr tiucs o t|c ycar
ould s|riu| rou t|cu iu Dcccu|cr. Au old iuritau, |o as alivc iu uy c|ild|ood, |ciug at
ouc o t|c casts o t|c c|urc| iuvitcd |y a ucig||our to parta|c |is c|ccr, told |iu t|at i |c
ould trcat |iu at au alc|ousc it| |ccr, |rccd or all tiucs aud scasous, |c s|ould acccpt |is
|iuducss, |ut ould |avc uouc o |is supcrstitious ucats or driu|s.
|o|usou, 'lic o Sauucl iutlcr', L.:s,
lu Sir icury Grcy, cvidcutly tircd o t|c sauc old C|ristuas diuucr, couccivcd
aud |ad cxccutcd a graudiosc C|ristuas pic
Mouday last as |roug|t rou ioic| to icric|, to |c s|ipp'd or loudou, or sir icu. Grcy,
|art., a pic, t|c coutcuts |crco arc as ollos vi.. |us|cls o nour, l|s. o |uttcr, gccsc,

tur|ics, ra||its, ild duc|s, oodcoc|s, suipcs, aud partridgcs, ucats' tougucs,
curlcs, |lac||irds, aud pigcous it is supposcd a vcry grcat curiosity, as uadc |y Mrs.
Dorot|y iattcrsou, |ousc|ccpcr at ioic|. lt as ucar uiuc cct iu circuucrcucc at |ottou,
cig|s a|out tclvc stoucs, ill ta|c to ucu to prcscut it to ta|lc, it is ucatly httcd it| a casc,
aud our suall |ccls to acilitatc its usc to cvcry gucst t|at iucliucs to parta|c o its coutcuts
at ta|lc. N:..s:|: C|r....|:, |au. , quotcd iu iouc, 1.||: 3..|,
iut |y ar t|c uorc couuou pic at C|ristuas-iudccd, duriug t|c |olc C|ristuas
scasou-is uiucc pic
As uauy o...: .:s as you tastc at C|ristuas, so uauy |appy uout|s ill you |avc.
Dcu|au,
Miucc-pics graut Vis|cs lct cac| uauc |is iri.c,
iut as or us, c is| or uorc Miucc-iics.
G. i. C|cstcrtou, 'Souc Vis|cs at Xuas', N: .:os )
lu Scotlaud, |crc oats arc uot to |c uisscd out cvcu at C|ristuas, Yulc |rosc as a
dclicacy
Auot|cr prcludc to t|c approac| o C|ristuas, as t|c appcaraucc o noc|s o gccsc, drivcu
rou t|c sout| to |c uassacrcd aud catcu ou t|is day. 1|csc, |ocvcr, crc c|icny dcstiucd or
t|c solacc o gcutlc stouac|s, t|c prcvailiug C|ristuas dis| auoug t|c couuou pcoplc aud
pcasautry, |ciug t|c uatioual ouc o ;.: |r.s:, ot|crisc dcuouiuatcd 1|: |r.s:. 1|c largc pot iu
aluost cvcry auily o t|is dcscriptiou, cll providcd it| |utc|cr ucat i |ulloc|s' |cads or
|ucc |oucs uay |c so callcd) as put ou t|c hrc t|c prcvious cvcuiug, to it|dra t|c uutritivc
juiccs aud auiual oil rou t|c said iugrcdicuts. icxt day atcr |rca|ast, or at diuucr, t|c |rosc
as uadc, gcucrally iu a largc puuc|-|ol, t|c uistrcss o t|c ccrcuouics droppiug a gold riug
auoug t|c oatucal upou |ic| t|c oily soup as pourcd. 1|c auily, or party, or ou t|csc
occasious t|crc as gcucrally a party o youug pcoplc asscu|lcd) providcd it| spoous aud
scatcd rouud t|c |ol, uo |cgau to parta|c o t|c |al-|oiliug |rosc, ou t|c uudcrstaudiug
t|at t|c pcrsou |o as so ortuuatc as to gct t|c riug as to |c hrst uarricd.
3|..|..`s L..|r| M.....: Dcc. ),
Au cig|tccut|-ccutury lris| C|ristuas dis|
1o roast a iouud o iuttcr or uorc t|c lris| Vay.-1a|c a iouud o iuttcr, scasou it cll it|
Salt, aud put it ou a oodcu Spit, placc it at a good Distaucc rou t|c lirc, lct it turu rouud, aud
as t|c iuttcr uoistcus or |cgius to drip, drudgc it cll it| huc Oatucal, coutiuuiug so to do
till t|crc is auy Moisturc rcady to drip, t|cu |astc it, aud it ill soou |c cuoug|. A ccrtaiu Ir.s|
Vouau told uc t|is cats vcrc uiccly, iusouuc| t|at s|c |as douc ou a C|r.s:o.s Lvc tcuty-scvcu
dicrcut iouuds so, at a larucr's iousc iu |cr Couutry, |crc it |as |ccu |cpt all t|c iolidays,
to accouuodatc a lricud it| a Slicc or to, as c do Ca|cs or uiuccd iics |crc.
Lllis, -
C|ristuas diuucr ucuus
. 1iuot|y iurrcll, |arristcr-at-la, o Oc|cudcu iousc, Cuc|hcld, iuvitcd |is
ucig||ours or C|ristuas diuucr ou aud |auuary . ic listcd t|c olloiug ucuus
iu |is diary a clod is t|c coarsc part o au ox ucc| ucarcst t|c s|ouldcr)

st |auuary gucsts) d |auuary gucsts)
iluuu pottagc, iluuu pottagc,
Calvcs' |cad aud |acou, ioilcd lcg o uuttou,
Goosc, Goosc,
iig, iig,
iluu pottagc, iluuu pottagc,
loast |cc, sirloiu, loast |cc,
\calc, a loiu, \cal, lcg, roastcd,
Goosc, iig,
iluuu pottagc, iluuu pottagc,
ioilcd |cc, a clod. ioilcd |cc, a ruup.
-- --
1o |a|cd puddiugs, 1o |a|cd puddiugs,
1|rcc dis|cs o uiuccd pics. 1|rcc dis|cs o uiuccd pics.
-- --
1o capous, 1o capous,
1o dis|cs o tarts, 1o dis|cs o tarts,
1o pullcts. 1o pullcts. ilcucoc,
. iarsou Voodordc's C|ristuas Day diuucr at ic Collcgc, Oxord, |cu |c
as Su|-Vardcu aud ordcrcd t|c ucals
Vc |ad or diuucr, to huc Codds |oilcd it| rycd Soals rouud t|cu ~ Oystcr Saucc, a huc
Surloiu o icc rostcd, Souc icas Soup ~ au Oraugc iuddiug or t|c hrst Coursc, or t|c Scc-
oud c |ad a lcasc o Vild Duc|s rostcd, a orc Q
r
o lau| ~ Sallad ~ Miucc iics. . . . Atcr
t|c sccoud Coursc t|crc as a huc iluu| Ca|c |roug|t to t|c Scu
r
1a|lc as is usual ou t|is Day,
|ic| also gocs to t|c iatc|clors atcr. iargrcavcs-Madslcy, -
1|c Vassail |ol as |roug|t out cvcry C|risuastidc, custous associatcd it| it cou-
tiuuc to 1clt| uig|t.
1|c driu|iug t|c Vassail iol or Cup as iu all pro|a|ility oiug to |ccpiug C|ristuas iu t|c
sauc uauucr t|cy |ad |corc t|c lcast o Yulc. 1|crc as uot|iug t|c uort|cru uatious so uuc|
dclig|tcd iu as carousiug alc, cspccially at t|is scasou, |cu hg|tiug as ovcr. lt as li|cisc t|c
custou at all t|cir casts or t|c uastcr o t|c |ousc to hll a largc |ol or pitc|cr, aud driu| out
o it hrst |iuscl, aud t|cu givc it to |iu t|at sat ucxt, aud so it cut rouud. Ouc custou uorc
s|ould |c rcucu|crcd, aud t|is is, it as usual souc ycars ago iu C|risuas tiuc or t|c poorcr
pcoplc to go rou door to door it| a assail cup adorucd it| ri||ous aud a goldcu applc at
t|c top, siugiug aud |cggiug uoucy or it, t|c origiual o |ic| as, t|at t|cy also uig|t pro-
curc lau|'s ool to hll it, aud rcgalc t|cusclvcs as cll as t|c ric|.
C:.:|:o..`s M.....:, May ),
A rccipc or a Vassail |ol is givcu uudcr |auuary. lau|'s ool, auot|cr scasoual |ot
puuc|, is a coucoctiou o |rou alc aud iuc, t|c 'ool' is produccd |y t|c pulp o
roastcd applcs.
L.o|`s h..|
largc catiug applcs tcaspoou uutucg
piuts . l) |rou alc tcaspoou giugcr
piut ul) scct |itc iuc t|iu strip o lcuou riud
iu . cu) ciuuauou stic| sot dar| |rou sugar to tastc

Slit s|iu arouud t|c ccutrc o cac| applc. A coupara|lc auouut o cra|applcs cau also |c uscd.)
ia|c iu ovcu at l C) uutil sot aud pulpy.
icat |rou alc, iuc, spiccs, aud lcuou riud iu a largc sauccpau gcutly, do uot allo to |oil.
lcuovc applc ncs| rou s|ius aud uas|. Stir iuto liquid. lcuovc ciuuauou stic| aud lcuou
riud, t|cu pass t|c uixturc t|roug| a sicvc, prcssiug dou cll. lc|cat, addiug |rou sugar to
tastc.
Scrvc stcauiug rou a puuc| |ol, iuto cart|cuarc uugs or glass tau|ards.
atcr 1|: N.:....| 1rs: 3..| .; C|r.s:o.s .. I:s:..| L., :..:s
lor t|osc a|road, C|ristuas is alays a tiuc o uostalgia, aud t|c attcupt is otcu uadc
to rccrcatc t|c cast it| local iugrcdicuts. Au Luglis| aduiral iu Cdi. iu dccidcd
t|at |c could uot do it|out a Vassail |ol ou C|ristuas Day. Au cycitucss rccords
Aduiral lusscl's 'io|lc 1rcat'
1|crc as iu t|c uiddlc o a Gardcu o lcuous aud Oraugcs |ic| Gardcu |clougcd to L..
:r. J.|.s.., Govcruor o C.|:s) a louutaiu |ic| as sct it| L:.| 1ilcs iu t|c iottou aud
Sidcs, aud as uadc as clcau as a |apau iuuc|-iol.
lu t|is louutaiu, ou C|r.s:o.s~.,, as pour'd six iutts o Vatcr, |al a iogs|cad o Stroug
Mouutaiu Malaga Viuc, 1o |uudrcd Gallous o iraudy, Six |uudrcd cig|t o Sugar, 1clvc
t|ousaud lcuous, aud iutucgs aud Sugar iu iroportiou. 1|c Aduiral |ircd t|c Govcruor's
iousc |clougiug to t|c Gardcu, aud lcsidcd t|crc all t|c Viutcr.
ic iuvitcd all t|c L.|.s| aud L:.| Mcrc|auts aud Occrs |clougiug to t|c llcct to Diuc it|
|iu, 1|crc as Ouc |uudrcd Dis|cs o llcs|-Mcat, |csidcs uauy ot|cr Dis|cs o laritics, |ut
suc| a llcs|-lcast as ucvcr sccu iu `... |corc, |c also loastcd au Ox or t|c Lutcrtaiuucut
o t|c Coupauy.
Diuucr |ciug cudcd, t|cy uarc|cd iu Ordcr to t|c louutaiu or iuuc|-iol, |crc ou t|c
iuuc| as noatiug a littlc ioat it| a ioy iu it, aud Cups to scrvc it out to t|c Coupauy. 1|c
Aduiral |cgau t|c Allics icalt|s, aud |aviug drau| |at t|cy t|oug|t ht, t|cy drc o, aud iu
cut t|c Mo|, it| t|cir S|ocs aud Stoc|ius aud all ou, aud |ad li|c to |avc turucd t|c ioat
it| t|c ioy ovcr, aud so |c uig|t |avc |ccu droucd iu iuuc| |ut, to prcvcut urt|cr daugcr,
t|cy suc|t it up, aud lct t|c iuuc|-iol |c|iud. 1|is is a Couical, |ut a vcry truc lclatiou,
aud ort| uotiug, ctc. l. Moorc )
C|r.s:o.s :rs:
1|cr is uo rosc o syc| vcrtu
As is t|c rosc t|at |arc ||csu,
Allcluya.
lor iu t|is rosc coutcyuyd as
icucu aud crt|c iu lytyl spacc,
lcs uirauda. J ..r.s :|..
ic t|at rosc c uay ccl scc
1|at |c is God iu pcrsouys t|rc,
iari orua. h.:| :|: s.o: ;.ro
1|c auugclys suugyu t|c s|cpcrdcs to
'Gloria iu cxcclcis Dco.'
Gaudcauus. L:: s r:,...:
lcuc c al t|is orldly ucrt|c,
Aud olc c t|is joyul |crt|c,
1rauscauus. L:: s .ss .:r
htccut|-ccutury carol rou 1riuity Collcgc, Cau|ridgc, MS O. .

1|: |r... 3.|:
As l iu |oaric Viutcrs uig|t stoodc s|ivcriug iu t|c suo,
Surpris'd l as it| sodaiuc |catc, |ic| uadc uy |art to glo,
Aud litiug up a carcull cyc, to vic |at hrc as ucarc,
A prctty ia|c all |uruiug |rig|t did iu t|c ayrc appcarc,
V|o scorc|cd it| cxccssivc |catc, suc| noods o tcarcs did s|cd,
As t|oug| |is noods s|ould qucuc| |is naucs, |ic| it| |is tcarcs crc cd
Alas quot| |c) |ut ucly |oruc, iu hcric |catcs l ric,
Yct uouc approac| to aruc t|cir |arts, or cclc uy hrc, |ut l,
My aultlcssc |rcast t|c uruacc is, t|c ucll ouudiug t|orucs,
lovc is t|c hrc, aud sig|s t|c suoa|c, t|c as|cs, s|auc aud scorucs,
1|c ccll |usticc layct| ou, aud Mcrcic |locs t|c coalcs,
1|c uctall iu t|is uruacc roug|t, arc ucus dchlcd soulcs
lor |ic|, as uo ou hrc l au to or|c t|cu to t|cir good,
So ill l uclt iuto a |at|, to as| t|cu iu uy |lood.
Vit| t|is |c vauis|t out o sig|t, aud sitly s|ruu| aay,
Aud straig|t l callcd uuto uiudc, t|at it as C|ristuassc day.
lo|crt Sout|cll .-)
z

... JII I.|:..s I...r..s C
3|:ss: |: `...: `::|:.,
:|:r:`s .. ;.s: .: |.s L:..
z - - - Sout| Arica Day o Goodill
Li, Australia, ic Zcalaud ioxiug Day
z - - CoL, lC, Ort|. Dcc.)
`::|:. d. ..), t|c hrst uartyr r.:.o.r:,r), also couutcd t|c hrst dcacou, siucc |is
uauc |cads t|c list at Acts scc Oct.). ic as stoucd |y t|c |cs or prcac|iug
t|at C|rist as t|c Mcssia|, |arauguiug t|cu as 'stiucc|cd aud uucircuuciscd iu |cart
aud cars' Acts ). 1|c discovcry o |is |ody, supposcdly |y t|c pricst luciau iu ,
gavc |iu iu oldcr calcudars auot|cr cast, t|c luvcutiou, ou August. Stcp|cu uay |c
rccogui.cd iu paiutiugs |y t|c stouc pcrc|cd ou |is |cad or carricd iu |is |auds, t|c
stoucs arc souctiucs callcd 'St Stcp|cu's loavcs'. ic is t|c patrou saiut o |ric|laycrs
aud all t|osc iu t|c |uildiug tradc, as cll as o dcacous, |c is also iuvo|cd agaiust
|cadac|c.
lu souc c|urc|cs it as t|c custou, atcr vcspcrs ou C|ristuas Day, or t|c dcacous
to siug au autip|ou iu |ouour o St Stcp|cu, |osc day, iu cauouical tcrus, |cgau at
t|at uoucut, iu turu, at vcspcrs ou St Stcp|cu's day pricsts ould pay t|c li|c |ouour
to St |o|u t|c Diviuc, aud at vcspcrs ou |is day t|c |oys ould |ouour t|c ioly

luuoccuts. Su|dcacous, |osc ordcr |ad uot |ccu dchucd iu apostolic tiucs, cclc|ratcd
variously at Circuucisiou, Lpip|auy, aud t|c octavc o t|c lattcr, '|ic| is callcd t|c
lcast o lools' Duraudus . ).
Syuaxis o 1|coto|os Ort|.). Scc r:|..: C|r.| 1:.r.
`: `::|:.`s L.,. 1|is as t|c traditioual day or |lccdiug |orscs
1|cu olloct| Saiut Stcp|cus day, |crcou dot| cvcry uau,
iis |orscs iauut aud coursc a|rodc, as sitly as |c cau.
Lutill t|cy doc cxtrccucly scatc, aud t|au t|cy lct t|cu |lood,
lor t|is |ciug douc upou t|is day, t|cy say dot| do t|cu good,
Aud |ccpcs t|cu rou all ualadics aud sic|ucssc t|roug| t|c ycarc,
As i t|at Stcvcu auy tiuc too|c c|argc o |orscs |carc.
iaogcorgus, o.
lu souc Cariut|iau villagcs, youug ucu ould ridc uusaddlcd rouud t|c paris| c|urc|,
iu ioray aud Scdcu ouc 'rodc Stcp|cu', coupctiug iu a racc to au opcu spriug to
atcr t|c |orscs.
'Good iiug Vcuccslas loo|cd out ou t|c cast o Stcp|cu.' Did |c. lt is a prctty
story, |ut t|c iiug scc Scpt.) as uot |uou or |is c|arity. 1|c tuuc, |ic| datcs
|ac| to t|c ourtccut| ccutury, as priutcd iu ..: ...:...:s o it| t|c latiu tcxt
o a spriug soug, '1cupus adcst noriduu', |ut t|c ords crc rittcu iu t|c uiuctccut|
ccutury |y t|c liturgist |. M. icalc, pro|a|ly to illustratc |at ouc oug|t to do ou iox-
iug Day 'Yc |o uo ill |lcss t|c poor | S|all yoursclvcs hud |lcssiug').
hr:. L.,. St Stcp|cu's Day iu lrclaud is callcd Vrcu Day aud as a day |cu c|ildrcu
cut |cggiug, accordiug to lcgcud, St Stcp|cu's |idiug placc as t|oug|t to |avc |ccu
rcvcalcd |y t|c c|attcriug o rcus. O'Sullivau calls it t|c day o t|c rcu iu t|c |olly
|rauc| | .. |r:.|. s.. r...|| ..|...) aud |c did uot approvc t|c practicc
St. Stcp|cu's Day. . . . 1|c ra||lc o t|c tou goiug rou door to door, it| a rcu iu a |olly
|us|, as|iug or uoucy, iu ordcr to |c druu| latc t|is cvcuiug. lt is a |ad custou to givc it to
t|cu. O'Sullivau, ii. Dcc. )
iart o t|c rcu-|oys' soug ruus
1|c rcu, t|c rcu, t|c |iug o all |irds,
St. Stcp|cu's Day as caug|t iu t|c ur.c,
Alt|oug| |c is littlc, |is auily's grcat,
l pray you, good lady, givc us a trcat.
My |ox ould spca| i it |ad |ut a touguc,
Aud to or t|rcc s|illiugs ould do it uo roug,
Siug |olly, siug ivy-siug ivy, siug |olly,
A drop just to driu|, it ould drou uclauc|oly.
Aud i you dra it o t|c |cst,
l |opc iu icavcu your soul uay rcst,
iut i you dra it o t|c suall,
lt ou't agrcc it| t|c rcu-|oys at all.
Cro|cr,

Luglaud too |uc t|c sauc |cggiug custou, |ut it as callcd 'Stcp|cuiug'.
3.:.. L.,. Ludcr t|c iau| iolidays Act 't|c day atcr C|ristuas Day', dcscri|cd
iu t|c sc|cdulc as 't|c tcuty-sixt| day o Dcccu|cr, i a cc| day' i.c. uot Suuday),
as uadc a |au| |oliday iu Luglaud iu t|c usagc o t|c tiuc iucludiug Valcs) aud lrc-
laud, iu t|c sc|cdulc to t|c iau|iug aud liuaucial Scrviccs Act t|c |oliday is as-
sigucd to 't| Dcccu|cr, i it |c uot a Suuday', |ut to 't| Dcccu|cr iu a ycar iu
|ic| t| or t| Dcccu|cr is a Suuday'. Morcovcr, siucc uost pcoplc uo or| a
hvc-day cc|, i ioxiug Day is a Saturday, t|c t| is proclaiucd a |au| |oliday, i
C|ristuas Day is a Saturday aud ioxiug Day a Suuday, |ot| t|c t| aud t|c t| arc
|au| |olidays. 1|c ..o:, |ocvcr, s|ould uot |c trauscrrcd to call Mouday t|c
t|-lct alouc t|c t|-'ioxiug Day' is as a|surd as to call it 'C|ristuas', s|ould t|c
t| |c a Saturday.)
ioxiug Day is cclc|ratcd iu ic Sout| Valcs it| a picuic ou ioudi icac|. lt is uu-
|uou iu t|c LSA, alt|oug| a c statcs trcat t|c t| as a |oliday.
1|c carlicst rccrcucc to t|c tcru ioxiug Day iu t|c LL datcs |ac| ouly to .
irady ii. -) proposcs t|c olloiug cxplauatiou o t|c origiu o giviug C|ristuas
|oxcs, a custou |c dccucd iu as 'ucarly orgottcu' togct|cr it| t|c 'uo aluost
cxplodcd practicc o ua|iug ic Ycar's Gits')
. . . iu t|c uiddlc aud uorc supcrstitious agcs, t|c t|cu pronigatc uiuistcrs o rcligiou too| ad-
vautagc o t|is spirit o li|crality, to hll t|cir ou cocrs.-Masscs, or iraycrs, as |at| alrcady
|ccu cxplaiucd, crc appropriatcd to cvcry purposc t|at could |cst auscr t|c cuds o rcligious
avaricc, aud it |ccauc, auoug ot|cr practiccs o t|c Mou|s, custouary to ocr uasscs or t|c
sacty o all s|ips t|at uudcrtoo| loug voyagcs. 1o quic|cu t|c pious gratitudc, t|crcorc, o
t|osc |o cu|ar|cd iu suc| s|ips, or crc couucctcd it| t|cir sacty, a iox as rcgularly ap-
propriatcd to cac| s|ip, aud |cpt iu t|c custody o t|c pricst, iuto |ic|, uoucy, or ot|cr valu-
a|lc cousidcratious uig|t |c put, to sccurc ccacy to t|c praycrs o t|c C|urc|.-1|csc |oxcs
crc opcucd at C|r.s:o.s, iu cac| ycar, aud t|cucc got t|cir uaucs o C|r.s:o.s~3.::s, |ic| rcad-
ily cauc to |c uudcrstood as t|c titlc also o t|c prcscuts t|cusclvcs, aud t|at uo pcrsou iutcr-
cstcd iu t|c scvcral vcsscls, |ocvcr poor, uig|t ucglcct t|csc o|latious, t|cy crc cucouragcd to
|cg o t|cir ric|cr ucig||ours 3.: M..:,, or, iu ot|cr ords, M..:, :. :..||: :|:o :. s|, :|: r.:s:`s
3.:, t|at t|cy uig|t |c cutitlcd to parta|c o t|c virtuc aud ccacy o t|c praycrs, |ic| .:|:r~
.s: t|cy could uot rcasoua|ly cxpcct.
Auot|cr cxplauatiou
C|r.s:o.s 3.::s .r r:s:.:s.-1|c custou o auuual douatious at C|ristuas aud ou ic Ycar's
Day is vcry auticut, |ciug copicd |y t|c C|ristiaus rou t|c iolyt|cists o louc, at t|c tiuc t|c
pu|lic rcligiou as c|augcd . . . 1|csc prcscuts, uoadays, arc uorc couuouly uadc ou t|c uor-
ro o C|ristuas. lrou t|is circuustaucc t|c cstival o St. Stcp|cu |as got t|c uic|uauc o
C|ristuas ioxiug Day, aud |y corruptiou ioxiug Day. lorstcr, )
Alt|oug| iu carly tiucs aud latcr C|ristuas |oxcs crc givcu rccly, iu t|c cig|tccut|
ccutury 'vails', or tips to scrvauts-aud uot so uuc| ouc's ou as t|osc o ot|crs-
could |ccouc cxtortiouatc. A Siss visitor to Luglaud o|scrvcd iu lc|ruary
icsidcs t|csc iucs i.c. vails, you arc cxpcctcd to givc C|ristuas |oxcs at t|c cud o t|c ycar.
Au acquaiutaucc o uiuc, ouc o Mr. lo|crt Valpolc's uost iutiuatc ricuds, assurcd uc t|at
t|c lattcr's portcr rcccivcs ucar ou as C|ristuas |oxcs. 1ruly t|is is a prodigious suu, |ut i

you cousidcr t|at |is uastcr is hrst uiuistcr, it is uot iucrcdi|lc, or souc pcrsous go to |is |ousc
so otcu aud pay |iu so uuc| court t|at t|cy arc o|ligcd to givc |is portcr at lcast a guiuca.
Saussurc,
A ootuau's vic rou t|c ot|cr sidc, iu
t| Dcc. . 1|is is |at is callcd a|out |crc loudou ioxiug Day. lt's t|c day t|c pcoplc
goc rou |ousc to |ousc gat|criug t|cir C|ristuas |oxcs. Vc |avc |ad uuu|crs |crc today-
sccps, |cadlcs, lauplig|tcrs, atcruau, dustucu, scavcugcrs t|at is t|c ucu |o clcau t|c
uud out o t|c strccts), ucspapcr |oy, gcucral postucu, topcuuy postucu aud aits. 1|csc
arc a sct o ucu t|at goc a|out t|c strccts playiug uusic| iu t|c uig|t atcr pcoplc arc iu |cd
aud a slccpc. Souc pcoplc arc vcry oud o |cariug t|cu, |ut or uy ou part, l dou't aduirc
|ciug rouscd rou a souud slccp |y a |olc |aud o uusic| aud pcr|aps uot gct to slccp agaiu
or au |ourc or to. All t|csc pcoplc cxpcct to |avc a s|illiug or |al a crou cac|. . . . Miss i.
gavc uc |al a sovcriug or a C|ristuas |ox, ouc o t|c tradcs pcoplc gavc uc |al a crou, au-
ot|cr gavc uc a s|illiug. l uitc gct uddlcd to or t|rcc tiucs a day i l |ad a uiud, as all t|c
tradcs pcoplc t|at scrvc t|is |ousc arc vcry prcssiug it| t|cir glass o souct|iug to driu| t|cir
|calt| t|is C|ristuas tiuc. 1aylcr, -
I...... iau.aa Sa|ili or 'hrst'), |cgius ou t|is day aud lasts till ic Ycar's.
icit|cr a rcligious cclc|ratiou uor a rcplaccucut o sccular) C|ristuas, it is au
Aro-Aucricau cstival iuvcutcd iu |y Maulaua iarcuga, t|cu c|airuau o ilac|
Studics at Calioruia Statc Luivcrsity iu loug icac|. ic dcviscd it arouud clcucuts
o Aricau |arvcst cstivals as a cclc|ratiou o t|c Aricau |critagc. Duriug t|c scvcu
days scvcu priuciplcs arc discusscd Luity, Scl-dctcruiuatiou, Collcctivc Vor| aud
lcspousi|ility, Coopcrativc Lcououics, iurposc, Crcativity, aud lait|. lulhlliug au
o|vious lac|, aud iucrcasiugly succcssul, it cou|iucs syu|olisu it| ritual as a auily
aud couuuuity cstival, t|crc is a cast iau.aa iarauu) ou t|c pcuultiuatc day,
Dcccu|cr.
z

... JI I.|:..s I...r..s D
N::r r: :|: o..
:|.: |.. .. |.s ;:| |:;.r: `:. j.|..
z - - - CoL, lC, Scpt. Ort|.), Stcp|cu
Ort|., scc Dcc.)
j.|. as t|c sou o Zc|cdcc, t|c |rot|cr o St |aucs t|c Grcatcr, t|c to crc closc,
.calous cuoug| or |csus to call t|cu 'Sous o 1|uudcr', aud it| a |ig| vic o t|cir
ou ucrits, as|iug to sit ou cit|cr sidc o |csus iu iis iiugdou. icvcrt|clcss, t|cy, to-
gct|cr it| St ictcr, crc pcruittcd to vic t|c 1raushguratiou Aug.), aud |o|u is
gcucrally idcutihcd it| t|c iclovcd Disciplc |o lcaut agaiust |csus' |osou at t|c last

Suppcr, aud iuto |osc carc ic gavc iis uot|cr Mary at t|c Crucihxiou. Accordiug
to traditiou |c scttlcd iu Lp|csus, |ut uudcr Douitiau as cxilcd to iatuos, |crc |c
rotc t|c Apocalypsc or lcvclatiou, ou t|c cupcror's dcat| |c rcturucd to Lp|csus,
aud t|crc rotc t|c lourt| Gospcl aud t|c t|rcc Lpistlcs t|at |car |is uauc. 1|c Last-
cru C|urc| as slo to acccpt |is aut|ors|ip o lcvclatiou, rittcu iu t|c orst Grcc|
o t|c cutirc ic 1cstaucut, t|c sccoud aud t|ird Lpistlcs spca| iu t|c uauc o 't|c
Lldcr', |ou souc supposc to |c a dicrcut pcrsou, ouly t|c uost couscrvativc sc|ol-
ars uo ascri|c auy |i|lical |oo| to t|c Apostlc. icvcrt|clcss, t|csc ritiugs |avc ou
|iu t|c uauc o '|o|u t|c Diviuc' t|at is, t|c 1|cologiau), t|c lourt| Gospcl iu par-
ticular, largcly givcu to loug discourscs |y |csus, is doctriually ar iu advaucc o t|c ot|cr
t|rcc Gospcls callcd Syuoptic |ccausc iu csscutials t|cy s|arc a couuou poiut o
vic). |o|u is patrou o ritcrs, t|cologiaus, aud pu|lis|crs, aud also auoug C|ris-
tiaus) o 1ur|cy. ic is iuvo|cd agaiust poisou, or accordiug to lcgcud t|c |ig| pricst
o Artcuis at Lp|csus 'Diaua o t|c Lp|csiaus'), Aristodcuus |y uauc, uudcrtoo| to
|ccouc a C|ristiau i |o|u survivcd a draug|t rou a poisoucd c|alicc |osc dcadli-
ucss as dcuoustratcd upou to couvicts, |c did so, aud |cu Aristodcuus iuposcd
a sccoud tcst o raisiug t|c dcad, gavc |iu |is tuuic to put ou t|c corpscs o t|c cou-
victs, |o prouptly rosc. Artists add a vipcr curliug rouud t|c cdgc o t|c cup, iu Gcr-
uauy it |ccauc t|c custou to driu| a loviug-cup iu |is |ouour. |o|u's cu|lcu is t|c
caglc, iu iy.autiuc art |c is a |cardcd cldcr, iu t|c Vcst a |cardlcss yout|.
z

... J I.|:..s I...r..s L
z - - - icpal 1|c iiug's iirt|day uatioual day)
LSA, loa Aduissiou Day t| statc, )
z - -K iCi), - lC, CY)
H.|, I....:.:s` L., or C|ildcruas couucuoratcs t|c Massacrc o t|c luuoccuts. Ac-
cordiug to St Matt|c, it|iu to ycars o |csus' |irt| t|c appcaraucc o a uc star
drc souc Magi 'isc ucu') to |crusalcu scc |au.), dcsirous o ors|ippiug t|c
iiug o t|c |cs |osc |irt| t|cy too| it to uar|, au alarucd iiug icrod, |aviug as-
ccrtaiucd rou t|c Sau|cdriu t|at ou a litcral iutcrprctatiou o Mica| ) t|c Mcs-
sia| ould |c |oru at ict|lc|cu, scut t|cu t|crc it| iustructious to rcport |ac| so
t|at |c too uig|t ors|ip |iu. iaviug ouud t|c |ousc, aud prcscutcd gold, rau|iu-
ccusc, aud uyrr|, t|cy crc arucd |y au augcl to go |ouc |y auot|cr ay it|out
tclliug icrod, |o ucaut uot to ors|ip |ut to |ill t|c |oy, |c, augry at t|cir |ctrayal,
|ad all |oys o or uudcr iu t|c ict|lc|cu arca put to dcat|. 1|c luuoccuts arc pat-
rou saiuts o ouudliugs.

1|c star |as |ccu associatcd it| astrououical p|cuoucua suc| as t|c uauicsta-
tiou o iallcy's Couct iu aud t|c plauctary coujuuctiou o scc Scpt.),
siucc |cis| culturc at t|c tiuc as uot altogct|cr |ostilc to astrology, C|ristiau |cs
uig|t rctrospcctivcly iutcrprct au cvcut o t|at uaturc as portcudiug t|c |irt| o t|c
Mcssia| aud claiu or it ccrtihcatiou |y t|c ac|uolcdgcd cxpcrts. Sccptics as| |y
Magi s|ould rclatc cclcstial p|cuoucua to t|c louau clicut-|iugdou o |udaca rat|cr
t|au to t|c iart|iau cupirc iu |ic| t|cy livcd, |y icrod did uot put t|cu uudcr
uilitary cscort ou t|c prctcxt o |ouour aud protcctiou, aud |y |cis| ritcrs, littlc
as t|cy lovc iiug icrod, ucutiou ucit|cr suc| a uassacrc uor t|c uurcst t|at uust |avc
ollocd, |ut |y t|c carly ht| ccutury t|c story as so cll csta|lis|cd t|at t|c pagau
Macro|ius too| it or grautcd, ritiug iu a rcvic o t|c cupcror Augustus' itticisus
V|cu |c |card t|at auoug t|c |oys uudcr to |ou icrod |iug o t|c |cs ordcrcd to |c
|illcd iu Syria, icrod's sou as slaiu too, |c said 'lt's |cttcr to |c icrod's pig t|au |is sou'.
`.:r..|.. . .
1|is jo|c uust origiually |avc |ccu told iu Grcc| |crc 'pig', |s, aud 'sou', |..s, arc
siuilar), a|out t|c cxccutiou o icrod's disloyal sou Autipatcr.
M.r:,rs .; N...o:.. Ort|.). iicoucdia

l.uit), t|c cupcror Dioclctiau's rcsidcucc, as

t|c |asc rou |ic| t|c Grcat icrsccutiou as lauuc|cd ou lc|ruary , |cu a c
uout|s latcr t|c cupcror's palacc caug|t hrc ticc it|iu a ortuig|t, or |ic| t|c
C|ristiaus crc |laucd, t|c attcupt to dividc t|c uorc .calous rou t|c rcst gavc ay
to iudiscriuiuatc rcprcssiou, cuorccd |y t|c torturcs o t|c agc.
3., |.s|.s. Ou ioly luuoccuts' Day iu t|c Middlc Agcs it as custouary iu a uuu|cr
o c|urc|cs, aud cspccially Luglis| c|urc|cs, or ouc o t|c c|oir|oys to rcprcscut a
|is|op, carryiug out uauy o |is uuctious t|oug| uot, o coursc, t|c Cauou o t|c
Mass). lu souc placcs |c as clcctcd ou St iic|olas' Day scc Dcc.) aud rulcd till
t|is day. ic |lcsscd t|c pcoplc, prcac|cd, aud souctiucs couductcd a visitatiou. 1o
Luglis| scruous o |oy |is|ops |avc survivcd, ouc rou t|c carly s at St iaul's
priutcd |y Vyu|yu dc Vordc, t|c ot|cr rou at Glouccstcr, 'prouousyd |y |o|u
Stu|s, Qucrcstcr', t|cy cxprcss t|c uost lauda|lc .cal or virtuc aud lcaruiug. ioy
|is|ops crc or|iddcu |y icury \lll iu scc Dcc.) |ut rcvivcd uudcr Mary.
C|.|:ro.s L.,. C|ildcruas Day as cousidcrcd au uuluc|y day Ldard l\'s coroua-
tiou as postpoucd to t|c ucxt day, ), |ic| iuccts t|c day o t|c cc| ou |ic|
it alls it| its ou ill-ortuuc t|roug|out t|c couiug ycar
lriday, quot| a, a disuall day, C|ildcruassc day t|is ycarc as riday.
Aut|ouy Muuday, `.r j.|. |..s:|: ), pt.
1|c sauc |cld truc iu lraucc
You |avc |card o t|c Luglis| ucus grcat c|ccrc iu Auicus, |ut ouc cucuiug Mouscur dc 1orcy
cauc to t|c iiug aud told |iu, t|at so grcat a uuu|cr o t|cu crc iu t|c touc, t|at it stood
iu souc daugcr. iut t|c iiug as displcascd it| |is ucssagc |crcorc cucry uau or|arc
to |riug |iu auy uorc suc| uccs. 1|c ucxt uorro as ouc o t|c daics t|at rcprcscutcd

C|ildcruas day t|at yccrc, ou t|c |ic| t|c iiug vscd uot to dc|atc auy uattcr, |ut accouutcd
it a siguc o souc grcat uisortuuc toards |iu, i auy uau couuuucd it| |iu o |is aaircs,
aud ould |c uarucllously displcascd it| t|osc t|at crc uccrc a|out |iu aud acquaiutcd it|
|is |uuor, i t|cy trou|lcd |iu it| auy uattcr |atsocucr.
Couuyucs, H.s:.r.:, ||. , c|. traus. Dauctt, )
icvcrt|clcss Couuyucs |ad to iuoru louis Xl t|at , Luglis|ucu crc roistcr-
iug iu t|c city, t|c |iug listcucd, aud gavc t|c appropriatc ordcrs. 1|c cvcut as ou
Vcducsday, August , t|c sauc cc|day as t|c prcvious C|ildcruas.
lt as cousidcrcd uuluc|y to couucucc a uc uudcrta|iug ou C|ildcruas Day
lt is uot good to put ou a uc sutc, parc oucs uailcs, or |cgiu auy t|iug ou a C|ildcruas day.
Mcltou, )
A littlc ioy at t|c locr cud o t|c 1a|lc told |cr, t|at |c as to go iuto |oiu-|aud cursivc |aud-
ritiug ou 1|rs., 1|ursday. says s|c N., C|.|, .; .: |:.s: C., ,. s|.|| ..: |:.. .. C|ildcruas-
day, ::|| ,.r hr.:..~M.s::r :|.: lriday .|| |: s... :..|.
`:.:.:.r, Mar. Dcc. OS |ad |ccu a 1|ursday)
1|is as a |ad-luc| day iu Scotlaud iu , |cu t|c 1ay railay |ridgc collapscd
|ilc a traiu rou Ldiu|urg| as passiug ovcr it, all livcs crc lost
lt coutiuucd its ay ouards, cutcrcd t|c |ig| girdcrs iu t|c uiddlc o t|c iridgc, aud |cu just
a|out to cucrgc rou t|cu at t|c uort| cud, a carul |last, it| a uoisc li|c t|uudcr, scpt
dou t|c rivcr. At t|at uoucut to iutcuscly |rilliaut s|ccts o nauc aud s|ocrs o spar|s
crc sccu to risc rou t|c |ig| girdcrs, cvidcutly rcsultiug rou t|c rictiou o t|c poudcrous
irouor| as it cras|cd aud tuu|lcd iuto t|c rivcr |clo rou t|c |orri|lc |cig|t o a|out
cct. Siuultaucously it| t|c disappcaraucc o t|c spar|s aud nas|cs o lig|t t|c traiu also dis-
appcarcd, aud |corc t|cy |ad tiuc to rcalisc t|cir carul positiou, t|c |olc o t|c pas-
scugcrs crc us|crcd iuto ctcruity.
L.:: C.r.:r .. Jrs, Dcc. , quotcd iu Murisou,
1|c cvcut is couucuoratcd iu a uotorious pocu |y Villiau McGouagall, aud a |cau-
tiul |allad |y 1|codor loutauc, iu |ic| S|a|cspcarc's t|rcc itc|cs iuducc t|c storu.
z

... IJ I.|:..s I...r..s l
z - - - LSA, 1cxas Aduissiou Day t| statc, )
z - 1|ouas icc|ct CY, lC) scc also trauslatiou, |uly), ioly luuo-
ccuts Ort|., scc Dcc.)
1|.o.s 3:.|:: .-), t|c oru ' icc|ct' is crroucous. ioru to a ioruau auily iu
loudou, icc|ct scrvcd Arc||is|op 1|co|ald o Cautcr|ury |corc |ccouiug c|au-
ccllor to icury ll, iu |ic| positiou |is lovc o poup as uo lcss rcuar|a|lc t|au |is

.cal iu |is uastcr's iutcrcst, otcu dircctcd agaiust t|c C|urc|. 1|cir ricuds|ip iuduccd
icury iu to prcss au uuilliug icc|ct to |ccouc Arc||is|op o Cautcr|ury, t|is
as a gravc uiscalculatiou ou t|c |iug's part, or icc|ct uo displaycd t|c sauc cou-
uitucut iu t|c scrvicc o t|c C|urc|, asscrtiug rig|ts aud privilcgcs t|at it did uot
cujoy iu practicc, a|ovc all jurisdictiou ovcr all tousurcd pcrsous c|argcd it| auy
ocucc 'criuiuous clcr|s'). lac|iug support auougst t|c |is|ops, |c su|uittcd iu
to t|c 'aucicut custous o t|c rcalu' as codihcd iu t|c Coustitutious o Clarcudou, |ut
soou rcpcutcd, callcd to accouut or uoucys rcccivcd as C|auccllor, |c ncd to lraucc
aud appcalcd to iopc Alcxaudcr lll, |o as t|cu at Scus. 1|crcatcr |ot| louis \ll
o lraucc aud iopc Alcxaudcr, t|oug| disuaycd |y |is cxtrcuisu, gavc |iu t|cir sup-
port |ilc attcuptiug to |riug a|out a rccouciliatiou, iu t|cir corts appcarcd to
|c succcssul, |ut t|c scttlcucut |ro|c dou |cu icc|ct rcuscd to a|solvc t|c
|is|ops |o |ad assistcd iu t|c corouatiou o icury's sou icury 't|c Youug iiug')
|y t|c arc||is|op o Yor|, iu |rcac|, as icc|ct sa it, o Cautcr|ury's privilcgcs.
icury's augry out|urst, 'Vill uo uau rid uc o t|is tur|ulcut pricst.', iuduccd our
|uig|ts to |ill icc|ct iu |is ou cat|cdral. 1|c criuc causcd iudiguatiou t|roug|out
Luropc, littlc ovcr to ycars latcr Alcxaudcr cauoui.cd icc|ct, aud iu icury did
pu|lic pcuaucc at |is s|riuc.
iaviug |ccu t|c '|ooly |lisul uartir' o t|c Middlc Agcs, 1|ouas icc|ct |ccauc a
traitor uudcr icury \lll aud rcuaiucd so |ut scc Oct.) so loug as Luglaud cou-
sidcrcd itscl irotcstaut. ioadays |c is popularly uisrcprcscutcd as t|c c|aupiou o
rcc couscicucc, a |crcsy o |ic| uot cvcu icury ll accuscd |iu.
1r.|.os .; Jr|:s, ouc o iopc la|iau's uissiouarics Mar.), |ut idcutihcd iu lcgcud
it| St iaul's Lp|csiau coupauiou o t|at uauc Acts , ).
z

... III I.|:..s I...r..s G
z -
.: I:|.: I ..-..), o |ou aluost uot|iug is |uou, t|c traditiou t|at |c as a
uartyr rcsts ou couusiou it| gcuuiuc uartyrs o t|c sauc uauc, or duriug |is rcigu
C|ristiaus still cujoycd t|c tolcratiou proclaiucd |y t|c cupcror Gallicuus ...
iis iuportaucc iu c|urc| |istory dcrivcs rou a disputc couccruiug t|c |is|opric o
Autioc|. iaul o Sauosata, dcposcd or |crcsy aud gcucral uiscouduct |c supprcsscd
|yuus to |csus, |ut cucouragcd praiscs o |iuscl), coutiuucd to occupy t|c c|urc|
|uildiug, iu ordcr to rcgaiu t|cir propcrty, t|c local C|ristiaus soug|t justicc rou its
cart|ly ouut, t|c cupcror Aurcliau, |o aardcd t|c |uildiug to t|osc |ou t|c |is|-
ops iu ltaly aud louc s|ould addrcss iu ritiug. 1|us t|c pagau cupcror |o uuit-
tiugly iuvcutcd t|c Vcstcru C|ristuas also rccogui.cd t|c uuity o t|c C|ristiau
C|urc| it| its |cad at louc.

L.. Lcgiuc), |is|op o Vorccstcr, ouudcr o Lvcs|au a||cy, d. , |c is por-
traycd it| hs| aud |cys iu allusiou to t|c lcgcud t|at |c viudicatcd |iuscl agaiust
slaudcr |y cttcriug |is cct aud t|roiug t|c |cy iuto t|c livcr Avou, a hs| sallocd
it aud carricd it to louc, |crc Lgiu |oug|t it iu t|c uar|ct |ad |c rclcascd |iu-
scl it| t|c duplicatc.). Atcr t|c ioruau Couqucst, Arc||is|op laurauc, cou-
tcuptuous o Auglo-Saxou saiuts |c |ad ucvcr |card o, |ad t|c ot|cr rclics at Lvcs|au
|urut, |ut St Lgiu's crc ta|cu ou tour. Miraclcs uultiplicd aud coutri|utious cusurcd
t|c |uildiug o t|cir uc c|urc|. Scc too |auuary.
lor souc Ort|odox t|is is t|c day o t|c Magi, olloiug t|c ioly luuoccuts iu t|cir
nig|t rou icrod, or t|c uajority it is t|c t|. lu t|is casc it is t|c Vcst t|at |as |cpt
t|c oldcr day, |auuary, |ut allocd it to |ccouc t|c day o t|cir Adoratiou to t|c cx-
clusiou o all clsc.
l auy ood |c cut ou cit|cr o t|c to last days o t|is uout|, or ou t|c hrst o |auuary, it
s|all uot rot, or |c ull o orus, |ut alays ax |ardcr t|c lougcr it is |cpt.
L.||,`s N: Lrr. .::r,
z

r..: I.|:..s I...r..s A
I; N: 1:.r`s :: ..|: .. ||.s `.:|,
.: |::.|:.::| .ro:| .. r.:|,
.; h:s:, o.| o.|| .. ;s| .. :|: s:.,
.; N.r:|, o.| ..| .. s:.ros :|:r: .|| |:,
.; L.s:, :|: :r::s .|| |:.r o.| ;r.:,
.; N.r:|~:.s:, {:: .:, o.. .. |r::.
z - - - |apau O

uiso|a or Graud last Day

Scotlaud ioguauay
z - Sylvcstcr l iCi, lC, |au. Ort|.), |o|u Vycli CY couucu.)
`,|:s::r I, |is|op o louc -, |o csta|lis|cd t|c latcrau as t|c cat|cdral o
louc. iciug popc iu t|c tiuc o Coustautiuc t|c Grcat, |c as alscly crcditcd |y latcr
Vcstcru ritcrs it| |apti.iug t|c cupcror scc May), lcgcud iuprovcd t|c talc |y
ua|iug Sylvcstcr curc t|c cupcror o lcprosy. lar uorc siguihcaut as t|c hctiou
rccordcd iu t|c cig|t|-ccutury docuucut |uou as t|c Douatiou o Coustautiuc, t|at
Coustautiuc |ad coucrrcd ou Sylvcstcr, |is clcrgy, aud t|cir succcssors priuacy ovcr all
ot|cr c|urc|cs, uadc t|c iopc suprcuc judgc o t|c clcrgy, aud grautcd |iu tcuporal
douiuiou ovcr louc aud t|c Vcst cvcu ocriug |iu t|c iupcrial crou, |ic| |c |ad

rcuscd). 1|is orgcry as uscd |y ucdicval popcs agaiust t|c iy.autiuc C|urc| aud t|c
ioly louau Lupirc, iu t|c Vcst, cvcu stout G|i|clliucs, as t|c iupcrial party crc
|uou, acccptcd its trut|, uuc| as t|cy dcplorcd Coustautiuc's uisjudgcucut, it too|
t|c grot| o |istorical criticisu iu t|c htccut| ccutury to dcuoustratc t|at t|c tcxt
could uot |c gcuuiuc.
j.|. h,.|.; ..-), pro|a|ly rou t|c iort| lidiug o Yor|s|irc, |ccauc a lcadiug
p|ilosop|cr aud t|cologiau at Oxord, |ciug succcssivcly a cllo o Mcrtou, Mastcr
o ialliol, aud Vardcu o Cautcr|ury iall uo iucorporatcd iu C|rist C|urc|) uutil
iu |c as cxpcllcd to ua|c ay or a uouastic csta|lis|ucut. lc|clliug agaiust
|ot| sc|olastic sccpticisu aud t|c currcut statc o t|c C|urc|, |c |cgau to dcuy t|c
lattcr auy rig|t or aut|ority t|at as uot ouudcd iu t|c ii|lc, attac|iug t|c rcligious
ordcrs, t|c claius o t|c iopc, aud t|c doctriuc o trausu|stautiatiou, |c callcd ou t|c
|iug's govcruucut to rcoru t|c cutirc c|urc| iu Luglaud. iis tcac|iugs crc cou-
dcuucd |y t|c iopc aud t|c Luivcrsity o Oxord, |c as |laucd or t|c icasauts'
lcvolt o , as iutcllcctuals otcu arc or disordcrs auoug t|osc |o |avc ucvcr rcad
t|cu. lu t|c ucxt ycar, uauy o |is tcac|iugs crc coudcuucd at t|c ilac|riars Couu-
cil, also |uou as t|c Lart|qua|c Syuod rou a trcuor t|at iutcrruptcd it, |ut Vycli
coutiuucd to dccud |is vics iu |ot| latiu aud Luglis| uutil |is dcat| iu . iis
c|ic ricud at Court as |o|u o Gauut, |c also |ad souc loyal supportcrs auoug
sc|olars, |o iucrcasiugly prcac|cd auoug t|c lcss cducatcd. Vycli 's Luglis| ollo-
crs, rat|cr t|au |iuscl, appcar to |c rcspousi|lc or t|c Luglis| trauslatious o Scrip-
turc ascri|cd to |iu, t|cy crc coutcuptuously |uou as 'lollards' apparcutly
'uuu|lcrs'), a tcru cxtcudcd as suc| t|iugs arc to auy critic o t|c C|urc|, |ut iu t|c
sixtccut| ccutury t|cy crc claiucd as orcruuucrs |y irotcstauts. Vycli 's ritiugs
crc cspccially iunucutial iu io|cuia atcr iiug \clav l\'s sistcr Auua 'Auuc o
io|cuia') uarricd lic|ard ll iu , t|cy grcatly iunucuccd t|c uatioual rcorucr
|au ius.
A coutcuporary, icury iuig|tou, rcports iu |is c|rouiclc uudcr t|c ycar
1|c Gospcl, |ic| C|rist gavc to t|c clcrgy aud t|c doctors o t|c c|urc|, t|at t|cy uig|t ad-
uiuistcr it to t|c laity aud to ca|cr |rct|rcu, accordiug to t|c dcuauds o t|c tiuc aud t|c
uccds o t|c iudividual, as a scct ood or t|c uiud, t|at Mastcr |o|u Vycli trauslatcd rou
latiu iuto t|c lauguagc uot o augcls |ut o Luglis|ucu, so t|at |c uadc t|at couuou aud
opcu to t|c laity, aud to oucu |o crc a|lc to rcad, |ic| uscd to |c or litcratc aud pcr-
ccptivc clcr|s, aud sprcad t|c Lvaugclists' pcarls to |c trauplcd |y siuc. Aud t|us t|at |ic|
as dcar to t|c clcrgy aud t|c laity ali|c |ccauc as it crc a jcst couuou to |ot|, aud t|c clcr|s'
jccls |ccauc t|c playt|iugs o layucu, t|at t|c laity uig|t cujoy uo orcvcr |at |ad oucc
|ccu t|c clcrgy's talcut rou ou |ig|. iuig|tou, -
H.o...,. lu Scotlaud, aud |y Scots iu cxilc, ic Ycar's Lvc is cclc|ratcd it| uuc|
driu|iug aud rcvclry as ioguauay, a ord origiually uscd |y c|ildrcu |cggiug rou
door to door or oatucal ca|cs aud rcputcdly dcrivcd rou au Old lrcuc| cry o . .
|`.. .:;. 1|c t|cory t|at t|c lrcuc| cry pcrpctuatcs t|c Ccltic cult o uistlctoc iu
lrcuc| .) is uo lougcr |clicvcd, or . or is au cxclauatiou iu |allads. 1|c

cstivitics coutiuuc atcr uiduig|t it| t|c hrst-ootiug ou |auuary, aud otcu or
loug atcrards, ioguauay traditioually lasts or a day or uorc iuto t|c ic Ycar, |ut
t|c Scottis| iau| ioliday ou |auuary |as uo |ccu a|olis|cd. 1|c Gaclic uauc is
.|.|: C|.||...., 't|c Lvc o t|c ialcuds'.
Sauucl |o|usou lcarus o ioguauay iu t|c ic|ridcs iu
Mr. Maclcau iuorucd us o au odd gauc, o |ic| |c did uot tcll t|c origiual, |ut |ic| uay
pcr|aps |c uscd iu ot|cr placcs, |crc t|c rcasou o it is uot yct orgot. At ic-ycar's Lvc, iu
t|c |all or castlc o t|c laird, |crc, at cstal scasous, t|crc uay |c supposcd a vcry uuucrous
coupauy, ouc uau drcsscs |iuscl iu a co's |idc, upou |ic| ot|cr ucu |cat it| stic|s. ic
ruus it| all t|is uoisc rouud t|c |ousc, |ic| all t|c coupauy quits iu a couutcrcitcd rig|t
t|c door is t|cu s|ut. At ic-ycar's Lvc t|crc is uo grcat plcasurc to |c |ad out o doors iu t|c
ic|ridcs. 1|cy arc surc soou to rccovcr rou t|cir tcrrour cuoug| to solicit or rcaduissiou,
|ic|, or t|c |ouour o poctry, is uot to |c o|taiucd |ut |y rcpcatiug a vcrsc, it| |ic| t|osc
t|at arc |uoiug aud providcut ta|c carc to |c uruis|cd. |o|usou, j.r.:,,
N: 1:.r`s L:. 1|c cud o t|c ycar |riugs rcncctiou ou t|c past, |opc or t|c uturc,
uauy pcoplc ua|c ic Ycar's rcsolutious
Dcc. . l |avc ucly ta|cu a solcuuc oat| a|out a|staiuiug rou plays aud iuc, |ic| l
au rcsolvcd to |ccp accordiug to t|c lcttcr o t|c oat|, |ic| l |ccpc |y uc. icpys, ii.
lt is traditioual to stay up aud scc t|c old ycar out. lts cxit is usually uoisy, |ct|cr
t|roug| riugiug o c|urc| |clls, scttiug o o hrcor|s, c|ccriug iu 1raalgar Squarc or
1iucs Squarc, or t|c rcvclry o a ic Ycar's party. C|arlcs Lsticuuc givcs advicc ou |o
to driu| it|out |ccouiug druu| partly dcrivcd rou Marcus Cato, L: .r..|:r.,
. )
1o driu|c grcat storc o iuc aud uot to |c druu|c, you uust catc o t|c rostcd luugs o a goatc
or ot|crisc, catc sixc or scucu |ittcr aluouds astiug Or ot|crisc, catc ra colcoorts |corc
you driu|c, aud you s|all uot |ccouc druu|c. Souc say t|at a grcat driu|cr s|all ucucr |ccouc
druu|c, i |c cavc a rcat| o I. o.s..:. a|out |is |cad Or, i at |is hrst draug|t |c rcpcatc
t|is vcrsc o H.o:rs. I.::r |.s .|:. s...: .|:o:.::r .| I. |ic| is to say. I.::r as |card spca|iug
iu a sot aud gcutlc uauucr rou t|c |ig| uouut o lda.
Morc uorually, t|c couuou rcsult ou ic Ycar's Day is a |augovcr, |ic| uay lcad
to a uc rcsolutiou. icrc arc souc o Lsticuuc's suggcstious o |o to curc druu|ards
1o provo|c |atrcd o iuc, you uust ta|c t|c t|iu licour |ic| droppct| rou t|c |rauc|cs atcr
t|cy |c cut, aud put it iu t|c druu|cu uaus glassc agaiust suc| tiuc as |c s|all driu|c, |ut so as
t|at |c |uo uot auy t|iug o it, aud t|crcupou |is appctitc aud lust to driu| iuc ill dcpart
quitc aay rou |iu or clsc, causc |iu to driu|c it| |itc iuc t|c |lossoucs o ric, gat|crcd
at suc| tiuc as t|c ric |loouct| or clsc, ta|c t|rcc or ocr cclcs alivc, aud lct t|cu lic iu iuc
till t|cy dic, aud atcrard causc t|is iuc to |c druu|c o |y suc| as arc givcu to |c druu|c Or
clsc, ta|c a grccuc rog, |ic| is ordiuarily ouud iu rcs| spriugs, aud lct t|c sauc lic iu iuc
till |c dic. Ot|crisc, uar|c diligcutly |crc t|c olc |auutct|, t|at so you uay gct souc o |cr
cgs ric t|cu aud givc t|cu t|c druu|cu gallaut to catc. Lsticuuc aud lic|ault, )
Morc driu| t|au ood is associatcd it| ic Ycar's Lvc, |ut iu ltaly ouc uust cat lcutils
at uiduig|t, to cusurc calt| iu t|c couiug ycar.
iat|auicl iat|oruc, |ilc t|c Aucricau cousul iu livcrpool, clcoucs ic Ycar
iu |ut uot t|c old ycar out iu

last uig|t, at Mrs. ilodgctt's, c sat up till
o
cloc|, to opcu t|c rout-door, aud lct t|c ic
Ycar iu. Atcr t|c couiug gucst as airly iu t|c |ousc, t|c |ac|-door as to |c opcucd, to lct
t|c Old Ycar out, |ut l as tircd, aud did uot ait or t|is lattcr ccrcuouy. V|cu t|c ic Ycar
uadc its cutraucc, t|crc as a gcucral s|a|iug o |auds, aud ouc o t|c s|ipuastcrs said t|at it
as custouary to |iss t|c ladics all rouud, |ut, to uy cousidcra|lc satisactiou, c did uot pro-
cccd to suc| cxtrcuity. 1|crc as siugiug iu t|c strccts, aud uauy voiccs o pcoplc passiug, aud
|cu tclvc |ad struc|, all t|c |clls o t|c tou, l |clicvc, raug out togct|cr, l cut up to |cd,
sad aud loucly. iat|oruc, L.|.s| N.::|..|s, -
ic Ycar's Lvc supcrstitious
Ou ic Ycar's Lvc, iu uauy o t|c uplaud cottagcs, it is yct custouary or t|c |ouscic, atcr
ra|iug t|c hrc or t|c uig|t, aud just |corc stcppiug iuto |cd, to sprcad t|c as|cs suoot| ovcr
t|c noor it| t|c tougs iu t|c |opc o hudiug iu it, ucxt uoruiug, t|c trac| o a oot, s|ould
t|c tocs o t|is ouiuous priut poiut toards t|c door, t|cu it is |clicvcd a ucu|cr o t|c auily
ill dic iu t|c coursc o t|at ycar, |ut s|ould t|c |ccl o t|c airy oot poiut iu t|at dircctiou,
t|cu, it is hruly |clicvcd, t|at t|c auily ill |c augucutcd it|iu t|c sauc pcriod.
|. 1raiu, ii. -
littlc C|ristuas Lvc iu lrclaud
. . . |ouscivcs say ou 'littlc C|ristuas' Lvc 'Scc starvatiou goiug out rou touig|t till a ycar
rou touig|t, touig|t iucludcd', as t|cy t|ro a loa o |rcad at t|c door.
O'Sullivau, ii. )
1|is is t|c day ou |ic| Scottis| iig|laudcrs |cgiu to proguosticatc cat|cr or t|c
couiug ycar, accordiug to 1|ouas icuuaut's rcport o scc Dcc. or a siuilar
rcc|ouiug)
1|c iig|laudcrs oru a sort o .|o....| or prcsagc o t|c cat|cr o t|c cusuiug ycar iu t|c
olloiug uauucr 1|cy ua|c o|scrvatiou ou tclvc days, |cgiuuiug at t|c last o L:.:o|:r, aud
|old as au iualli|lc rulc, t|at |atsocvcr cat|cr |appcus ou cac| o t|osc days, t|c sauc ill
provc to agrcc iu t|c corrcspoudcut uout|s. 1|us, j...r, is to auscr to t|c cat|cr o L:.:o~
|:r t|c st. I:|r.r, to t|at o j...r, st, aud so it| t|c rcst. Old pcoplc still pay grcat attcu-
tiou to t|is augury. icuuaut, `..:|.. ,
liugiug out t|c old ycar aud riugiug iu t|c uc
O all souud o all |clls-|clls, t|c uusic uig|cst |ordcriug upou |cavcu)-uost solcuu aud
touc|iug is t|c pcal |ic| riugs out t|c Old Ycar. l ucvcr |car it it|out a gat|criug-up o uy
uiud to a couccutratiou o all t|c iuagcs t|at |avc |ccu diuscd ovcr t|c past tclvcuout|, all
l |avc douc or sucrcd, pcrorucd or ucglcctcd-iu t|at rcgrcttcd tiuc. l |cgiu to |uo its
ort|, as |cu a pcrsou dics. lau|, 'ic Ycar's Lvc' rittcu iu )
liug out, ild |clls, to t|c ild s|y,
1|c nyiug cloud, t|c rosty lig|t
1|c ycar is dyiug iu t|c uig|t,
liug out, ild |clls, aud lct |iu dic.
liug out t|c old, riug iu t|c uc,
liug, |appy |clls, across t|c suo
1|c ycar is goiug, lct |iu go,
liug out t|c alsc, riug iu t|c truc.

liug out t|c gric t|at saps t|c uiud,
lor t|osc t|at |crc c scc uo uorc,
liug out t|c cud o ric| aud poor,
liug iu rcdrcss to all uau|iud.
liug out a sloly dyiug causc,
Aud aucicut orus o party stric,
liug iu t|c uo|lcr uodcs o lic,
Vit| scctcr uauucrs, purcr las.
liug out t|c aut, t|c carc, t|c siu,
1|c ait|lcss colducss o t|c tiucs,
liug out, riug out t|y uouruul r|yucs,
iut riug t|c ullcr uiustrcl iu.
liug out alsc pridc iu placc aud |lood,
1|c civic slaudcr aud t|c spitc,
liug iu t|c lovc o trut| aud rig|t,
liug iu t|c couuou lovc o good.
liug out old s|apcs o oul discasc,
liug out t|c uarroiug lust o gold,
liug out t|c t|ousaud ars o old,
liug iu t|c t|ousaud ycars o pcacc.
liug iu t|c valiaut uau aud rcc,
1|c largcr |cart, t|c |iudlicr |aud,
liug out t|c dar|ucss o t|c laud,
liug iu t|c C|rist t|at is to |c.
Alrcd, lord 1cuuysou -)

---
Vc arc accustoucd to dividiug t|c ycar iuto our scasous, t|is, li|c uuc| clsc, is au iu-
|critaucc rou t|c louaus, |osc :r, .:s:.s, .:o.s, aud |.:os c cortlcssly trauslatc
as 'spriug', 'suuucr', 'autuuu', aud 'iutcr', t|c sauc is truc or spca|crs o ot|cr
uodcru Luropcau lauguagcs. 1|c C|iucsc ta|c t|c sauc vic, |ut uot all ot|cr culturcs
do. ludia |uos o six scasous, classical Grcc| ritcrs otcu assuuc t|rcc, trcatiug
autuuu as latc suuucr, |ut our arc ouud iu Alcuau t| c. ) aud latcr |ccauc stau-
dard. 1|ucydidcs, iu |is accouut o t|c iclopouucsiau Var, rccogui.cs to scasous, a
caupaiguiug scasou callcd 'suuucr' aud a quict tiuc callcd 'iutcr', t|c Gcruauic
pcoplcs origiually rcc|oucd ouly it| t|csc to, a systcu pcrpctuatcd iu t|c iordic
calcudars aud also uudcrlyiug t|c ucdicval Luglis| usc o ioc|day aud Mic|acluas
as tcru days scc L.,s. .r::r L.,s, 1:ro L.,s, :o..| L.,s). ludccd, |crcas t|c
ords 'suuucr' aud 'iutcr' arc ouud iu all t|c Gcruauic lauguagcs, t|c tcrus or
'spriug' aud 'autuuu' vary rou lauguagc to lauguagc, aud souctiucs cvcu it|iu t|c
sauc lauguagc iritis| 'autuuu' is LS 'all', iu Gcruau t|c Ir||.. o castcru ccutral
dialccts coupctcs iu t|c litcrary lauguagc it| t|c Ir|,.|r o uost ot|cr rcgious. lu
poctry ouc also huds L:.., t|is is t|c sauc ord as Luglis| 'lcut', |ic| is uo couhucd
to t|c C|ristiau ast.
Dicrcut priuciplcs |avc |ccu adoptcd or dchuiug t|c scasous, aud uot ouly |ccausc
o dicrcuccs iu cliuatc cvcu it|iu a particular culturc or couutry t|crc uccd |c uo
agrccucut ou |cu scasous |cgiu aud cud, uulcss a particular day |as |ccu sct asidc |y
couvcutiou, as iu Scaudiuavia, |crc suuucr as ta|cu to start ou April St 1i|ur-
tius) aud iutcr ou Octo|cr St Callistus). Ouc uct|od is to couut rou cquiuox to
solsticc, aud rou solsticc to cquiuox, rou t|c louau datcs or t|csc cardiual poiuts
couc t|c datcs o t|c Auuuuciatiou, t|c iativity o |o|u t|c iaptist, |is Couccptiou,
aud C|ristuas. Astrououical usagc avours t|is priuciplc, |ut it| currcut datcs, so
t|at spriug usually |cgius ou Marc|, suuucr |uuc, autuuu Scptcu|cr, aud iu-
tcr Dcccu|cr.
iocvcr, as t|c \cucra|lc icdc o|scrvcd, ritcrs disagrcc 'divcrsc pouuut divcrsi').
1|c Lldcr iliuy |cgau t|c scasous a|out |alay |ctccu t|c cardiual poiuts, ou
lc|ruary, May, August, aud iovcu|cr. Siuilar datcs arc ouud iu post-classical
tcxts, |ut lsidorc o Scvillc givcs lc|ruary, May, August, aud iovcu|cr.
icdc asscrts t|at 't|c Grcc|s aud louaus' couut rou JII Is, lc|ruary, May,
August, aud iovcu|cr, uauy calcudars uar| it| uiuor variatious) |ot| icdc's
datc, as t|c |cgiuuiug ...:.o) o cac| scasou, aud lsidorc's, as t|at ou |ic| it ariscs
.r.:r, scc il. uudcr ... |). iut lris| traditiou rcc|oucd rou t|c ialcuds o lc|ruary,
May, August, aud iovcu|cr, aud uauy c|urc|ucu cut |y t|c Lu|cr asts.
Mucuouics usiug saiuts' days s|o corrcspoudiug disagrccucuts. Ouc ollos
lsidorc
Dat Clcucus |icucu, dat ictrus ucr cat|cdratus,
acstuat \r|auus, autuuuat iart|olouacus.
St Clcucut iov. givcs iutcr, ictcr iu |is C|air lc|. spriug, Lr|au May scats iu
suuucr, iart|olouc Aug. is autuuual.
|ut auot|cr ollos t|c astrououical rcc|ouiug
\cr icucdictc ti|i coucs, Al|auo datur acstas,
Matt|aco autuuuus iuuctus, |icusquc 1|ouac.
Spriug is givcu or coupauiou to you, icucdict Mar., suuucr to Al|au |uuc, autuuu
is attac|cd to Matt|c Scpt., aud iutcr to 1|ouas Dcc..
1|c Mctcorological Occ iu t|c Li |cgius t|c scasous it| Marc|, |uuc, Scptcu-
|cr, aud Dcccu|cr, yct t|c :;.r L.|.s| L..:....r, coutrasts t|is 'iort| Aucricau'
sc|cuc it| a 'iritis|' sc|cuc t|at |cgius t|cu lris| as|iou it| lc|ruary, May, Au-
gust, aud iovcu|cr. lu practicc, |ocvcr, uost pcoplc cit|cr ollo t|c astrououical
rulc or rclatc t|c scasous to t|c cat|cr, or to plaut or auiual |c|aviour.
lu t|c sout|cru |cuisp|crc, spriug, suuucr, autuuu, aud iutcr corrcspoud rc-
spcctivcly to t|c uort|cru autuuu, iutcr, spriug, aud suuucr. icvcrt|clcss, uauy cus-
tous aud couccptious iuportcd rou t|c uort| arc iucougruously uaiutaiucd, suc| as
t|c associatiou o C|ristuas it| suo, aud o St |o|u t|c iaptist's Day it| uid-
suuucr.
Ovid rcprcscuts iyt|agoras cxpouudiug t|c siuilarity |ctccu t|c scasous o t|c
ycar aud t|c Agcs o Mau
Quid. uou iu spccics succcdcrc quattuor auuuu
adspicis, actatis pcragcutcu iuitauiua uostrac.
uau tcucr ct lactcus pucriquc siuilliuus acvo
vcrc uovo cst, tuuc |cr|a rcccus ct ro|oris cxpcrs
turgct ct iusolida cst ct spc dclcctat agrcstcs.
ouuia tuuc norcut, noruuquc colori|us aluus
ludit agcr, ucquc ad|uc virtus iu roudi|us ulla cst.
trausit iu acstatcu post vcr ro|ustior auuus
htquc valcus iuvcuis, ucquc cuiu ro|ustior actas
ulla ucc u|crior ucc quac uagis ardcat ulla cst.
cxcipit autuuuus posito crvorc iuvcutac
uaturus uitisquc iutcr iuvcucuquc scucuquc
tcupcric ucdius, sparsus quoquc tcupora cauis.
uudc scuilis |icus trcuulo ucuit |orrida passu
aut spoliata suos aut quos |a|ct al|a capillos.
Ovid, M::.o.r|.s:s . -
icrcciv'st t|ou uot t|c proccss o t|c Ycar,
io t|c our Scasous iu our lorus appcar,
---
lcscu|liug |uuau lic iu cv'ry S|apc t|cy car.
Spriug hrst, li|c luaucy, s|oots out |cr icad,
Vit| uil|y |uicc rcquiriug to |c cd
iclplcss, t|o' rcs|, aud autiug to |c lcd.
1|c grccu Stcu gros iu Staturc aud iu Si.c,
iut ouly ccds it| |opc t|c larucr's Lycs,
1|cu laug|s t|c c|ildis| Ycar it| llourcts crou'd,
Aud lavis|ly pcruucs t|c liclds arouud,
iut uo su|stautial iouris|ucut rcccivcs,
luhru t|c Stal|s, uusolid arc t|c lcavcs.
irocccdiug ouard |cucc t|c Ycar |cgau
1|c Suuucr gros adult, aud ripcus iuto Mau.
1|is scasou, as iu Mcu, is uost rcplcat,
Vit| |iudly Moisturc, aud prolihc| icat.
Autuuu succccds, a so|cr tcpid Agc,
iot ro.c it| lcar, uor |oiliug iuto lagc,
Morc t|au uaturc, aud tcudiug to dccay,
V|cu our |rou loc|s rcpiuc to uix it| odious Grcy.
last Viutcr crccps aloug it| tardy pacc,
Sour is |is lrout, aud urro'd is |is lacc,
iis Scalp i uot dis|ouour'd quitc o iair,
1|c raggcd llcccc is t|iu, aud t|iu is orsc t|au |arc.
traus. |o|u Drydcu -),
'O t|c iyt|agorcau i|ilosop|y', ll. -
Au Aucricau, visitiug Luglaud iu |auuary aud |aviug |ccu suocd iu or our days
'|y suc| a Suo as as uot rcucu|crcd |y t|c oldcst Mau', couparcs t|c Luglis| aud
Aucricau scasous
1|c icoplc iu Luglaud scldou ucctiug it| t|is |iud o iuclcucucy arc uot prcparcd to cu-
couutcr it aud o coursc sucr uuc| uorc t|au c do iu Aucrica. iut Luglaud iu t|c Viutcr
Scasou |as grcatly t|c advautagc o us or |ilc c arc |uricd iu Suo aud a lrost so scvcrc aud
or uauy cc|s togct|cr t|at our S|ccp Cattlc aud |orscs uust |c cd it|iu doors, |ilc |crc
t|c \crdurc is so huc iu gcucral) aud t|c Air so tcupcratc t|at t|cy uay gra.c uu|urt aud uu-
attcudcd.
ior arc t|c Advautagcs t|cy rcap iu Suuucr ovcr us iucrior to t|csc. V|ilc c arc all
parc|cd aud |urut it| cxccssivc |cat our Mcados drcsscd iu lussct |rou aud our iasturcs
iu Mouruiug, t|cir rcpcatcd raius c|car aud culivcu t|c |olc vcgctativc Class aud all iaturc
|loous arcs|. iut our lall aud Spriug |y uo ucaus yicld to t|cu. Vc |avc uuc| uorc S|y, lcss
raiu aud og aud Mist aud atcr a loug cold Viutcr |cu t|c |olc lacc o t|c Lart| |as |ccu
covcrcd it| Suo aud all \cgctatiou disro|cd o its icauty, tis iupossi|lc to say |o plcasiug
aud acccpta|lc is t|c Spriug. Aud iu t|c lall |ilc t|cy |avc uot|iug |ut laiu aud Mists . . . Vc
|avc a purc scrcuc S|y aud rcqucutly Vcc|s togct|cr it|out a Drop o laiu, t|c Dc yicld-
iug sucicut Moisturc to paiut t|c liclds.
Aud t|oug| ou t|c |olc it uust |c grautcd t|c Advautagcs o Viutcr |crc ovcr us arc cou-
sidcra|lc yct ours arc uorc |calt|y. 1|oug| c |avc it |ccu aud picrciug, t|cy |avc it ra aud
daup aud . . . scldou cau scc t|c Suu. ic |idcs |c|iud t|c Clouds, or s|ul|s |cucat| t|c uist
as|aucd o |iuscl. lis|cr, -
---
z
-
1|.: .::| ||.ss.o: .. :|: sr.. .|| |r.. ;.r:|: ;r.: .. :|: .:o..
h|:. :|:r: .s . sr.. .. ..::r .. . ..::r .. sr.. :|: ,:.r .s .::r ...
I: ...`: `r.. :.|| ,. ... |..: ,.r ;..: .. ::|: ..s.:s.
ioud's J|o....| o dcscri|cs spriug, t|c 'vcrual quartcr', accordiug to t|c old
calcudrical rcc|ouiug, t|cu tcu days |c|iud t|c ic Stylc, aud rcpcats au aucicut |ut
auciul ctyuology
1|c J:r..| quartcr dcrivcs |is uauc .r:.., rou nouris|iug, ,.. :.. .o... .r:.: c {.r:.:,
|ccausc all t|iugs t|cu nouris| t|is |ciug t|c hrst quartcr iu t|c ycar, as appcarct| |y t|c old
distic|.
o... .o .r:..:, :.. :s: ... ::o.r.s .::.s.
`.. ...s :r J:r .....:.s :r.:.
Siucc all t|iugs nouris|, t|cu t|c scasou's uc,
A spriug |cgiuuiug givcs t|c ycar |is duc.
1|is quartcr |cgiuuct| M.r.| t|c , t|c Suu t|cu cutriug iuto t|c hrst dcgrcc o Jr.:s, produ-
ciug t|c hrst L,...:, aud coutiuuct| till j.: t|c iu |ic| tiuc t|c Suu ruuuct| t|roug| Jr.:s,
1.rs, ~ C:o.... lt is a Quartcr uaturally t|oug| accidcutally it souctiuc provc ot|crisc) |ot
aud uoist, rcscu|lcd to t|c Mcridiau-rcgiou o t|c orld, t|c Sout|-iud, t|c Air, t|c Sau-
guiuc couplcctiou, aud to iuaucy. 1|c ordiuary discascs accordiug to t|c couuou coursc) o
t|is quartcr |c lcprosics, lcd-spots, lcavcrs o |loud, suall pox, it| ot|cr iuhruitics pro-
cccdiug o |loud.
Spcuscr aud irctou dcscri|c t|c scasou iu uorc poctic tcrus
So, ort| issc'd t|c Scasous o t|c ycarc,
lirst, lusty `r.., all dig|t iu lcaucs o norcs
1|at rcs|ly |uddcd aud uc |loosucs did |carc
lu |ic| a t|ousaud |irds |ad |uilt t|cir |orcs
1|at scctly suug, to call ort| iarauours)
Aud iu |is |aud a iaucliu |c did |carc,
Aud ou |is |cad as ht or arli|c stourcs)
A guilt cugraucu uoriou |c did carc,
1|at as souc did |iu louc, so ot|crs did |iu carc.
Spcuscr, 1|: I.:r.: ::.:, . vii.
lt is uo Spriug a 1iuc |lcst o t|c icaucus or t|c couort o t|c Lart|, uo |cgius t|c
Suuuc to giuc lig|t vuto t|c Ayrc, aud it| t|c rcplcxiou o |is |caucs to aruc t|c cold cart|
t|c icasts o t|c oods loo|c out iuto t|c plaiucs, aud t|c hs|cs out o t|c dccpc ruu vp iuto
t|c s|allo atcrs, t|c |rccdiug olcs all to |uildiug o t|cir ucsts, aud t|c scusclcssc crcaturcs
gat|cr lic iuto t|cir |odics, t|c iirds tuuc t|cir t|roats to cutcrtaiuc t|c Suuuc risiug, aud t|c
littlc nics |cgiu to noc|c iu t|c ayrc uo Cupid |cgius to uoc|c |is Arrocs aud s|arpc t|cir
|cads aud \cuus, i s|c |c, ill |c |uouc |at s|c is io iallas aud |cr Muscs try t|c iocts
iu t|cir iaup|lcts, aud Diaua, i s|cc |cc to |cc sccuc, is a gracc to |cr ayrcst iyup| 1iuc is
---
uo gracious iu iaturc, aud iaturc iu tiuc t|c Ayrc |olcsouc, aud t|c cart| plcasaut, aud
t|c sca uot vucouorta|lc t|c Agcd cclc a |iud o yout|, aud Yout|, t|c Spirit ul o lic it is
t|c ucsscugcr o uauy plcasurcs t|c Courticrs progrcssc, aud t|c larucrs proht t|c la|our-
crs iarucst, aud t|c icggcrs iilgriuagc. lu suuuc, t|crc is uuc| good to |c spo|cu o t|is
tiuc |ut to auoyd tcdiousucs, l ill t|us coucludc o it l |old it iu all t|at l cau scc iu it, t|c
|ccll o tiuc, aud t|c |oy o iaturc. larccll. irctou )
Spriug vcrsc
Spriug, t|c scctc spriug, is t|c ycrcs plcasaut iiug,
1|cu |looucs cc|c t|iug, t|cu uaydcs dauucc iu a riug,
Cold doct| uot stiug, t|c prctty |irds doc siug,
Cuc|o, iuggc, iuggc, pu c, to itta oo.
1|c ialu aud May ua|c couutrcy |ouscs gay,
lau|s ris|c aud play, t|c S|cp|crds pypc all day,
Aud c |carc ayc |irds tuuc t|is ucrry lay,
Cuc|o, iuggc, iuggc, pu c, to itta oo.
1|c hclds |rcat|c scctc, t|c day.ics |issc our cctc,
Youug loucrs ucctc, old iucs a suuuiug sit,
lu cucry strcctc, t|csc tuucs our carcs doc grcctc,
Cuc|o, iuggc, iuggc, pu c, to itta oo.
Spriug, t|c scctc spriug.
1|ouas ias|c -), 'Suuucr's last Vill aud 1cstaucut'
Spriug is t|c icriod
Lxprcss rou God.
Auoug t|c ot|cr scasous
iiuscl a|idc,
iut duriug Marc| aud April
iouc stir a|road
Vit|out a cordial iutcrvic
Vit| God.
Luily Dic|iusou -)
`r.. `..
l |uo |y t|c ycllo orsyt|ia
iolds its |rcat| aud ill uot |loou,
Aud t|c ro|iu t|rusts |is |ca| iu |is iug.
Vaut uc to tcll you. 1|iu| you cau |car it.
Covcr your cycs it| your |aud aud |car it.
You |uo |o cold t|c days arc still.
Aud cvcry|ody sayiug |o latc t|c Spriug is.
Vcll-covcr your cycs it| your |aud-t|c t|iug is,
1|crc isu't goiug to |c auy Spriug.
N. .r|.. |:r:. N. .r|.. |:r:.
1|:, s.. :. `r... N. .r|.. |:r:.
Spriug cauc ou as s|c alays docs,
laid |cr |aud ou t|c ycllo orsyt|ia,-
littlc |oys turucd iu t|cir slccp aud suilcd,
-
Drcauiug o uar|lcs, drcauiug o agatcs,
littlc girls lcapt rou t|cir |cds to scc
Spriug couc |y it| |cr paiutcd agous,
Colourcd agous crca|iug it| oudcr-
laid |cr |aud ou t|c ro|iu's t|roat,
V|cu up coucs you-|uo-|o, uy dcar,
You-|uo-|o iu a huc |luc coat,
Aud says to Spriug io par|iug |crc.
N. .r|.. |:r:. N. .r|.. |:r:.
M.: ... M.: ... N. .r|.. |:r:.
Couc al| it| uc iu t|c city gardcus.
icttcr |ccp au cyc out or you-|uo-|o)
Did you cvcr scc suc| a sic|ly s|oiug.-
Middlc o |uuc, aud uot|iug groiug,
1|c gardcucrs pccr aud scratc| t|cir |cads
Aud drop t|cir scat ou t|c tulip-|cds,
iut uot a |ladc t|rusts t|roug|.
C.o:, o.: ... L..`: ,. |.. |. :. .||.
N. .r|.. |:r:. J. .. |..|~:.||.
O|, cll,-|cll, it's all or t|c |cst.
S|c ccrtaiuly uadc a lot o cluttcr,
Droppiug pctals uudcr t|c trccs,
1a|iug your uiud o your |rcad aud |uttcr.
Auy|o, it's uot|iug to uc.
l cau rcucu|cr, aud so cau you.
1|oug| c'd |cttcr atc| out or you-|uo-|o,
V|cu c sit arouud rcucu|criug Spriug).
Vc s|all |ardly uoticc iu a ycar or to.
You cau gct accustoucd to auyt|iug.
Ldua St. \iuccut Millay -)
z
-
`. |.. .s :|: .~r.s: .:.rs |:;.r: M.soo:r,
s. |.. |:;.r: M..|.:|o.s :|: |.r:s: .|| ..oo:..:.
J. L.|.s| soo:r. :|r:: ;.: .,s .. . :|.:rs:.ro.
: . {...:| .. M.soo:r ..|: .. : .: .. .... .::: o.r....
ioud's ctyuology o 'suuucr' is uorc uodcru, |ut uo uorc accuratc t|au t|at o :r
rou .r:..
1|c .s:..| quartcr is ucxt. lt |cgiuuct| j.: t|c , t|c Suu t|cu cutriug iuto t|c hrst dcgrcc o
C...:r aud coutiuuct| till `:::o|:r t|c duriug |ic| tiuc t|c Suu ruuuct| t|roug| t|csc
---
t|rcc cclcstial coustcllatious, vi.. C...:r, L:. aud J.r.. lt dcrivct| t|c uauc .| .s:, rou t|c cx-
cccdiug |cat |ic| usct| to |c uo, as also t|c Luglis| ord Suuucr dot| or it is callcd Suu-
ucr, ,.s. suuuc uc|r, as t|c Gcruaius spca|, t|at is, |s s.|.s, |ccausc c |avc uorc o t|c suu
t|cu, t|cu at auy ot|cr tiuc.
1|is quartcr is uaturally |ot aud dry, rcscu|lcd to t|c Oricutal rcgiou o t|c Vorld, to t|c
Last, to C|olcr, to Yout|. 1|c sic|ucsscs agrcciug |crcuuto |c Stouac|-a|iug, Apost|uucs,
pcstilcut lcavcrs, |auudisc, it| ot|cr iuhruitics procccdiug o c|olcr. Accordiug to t|c Jr.|...s
t|is is t|c hrst quartcr o t|c ycar, |o |old t|at t|c Suu as uadc iu L:. aud t|cir rcasou is,
|ccausc t|c L... is t|c |ousc o t|c `.. M:r..:.r iu |is C|rouologic is o t|c sauc uiudc, |ut
|ac|s |is opiuiou vcry ca|ly.
1|cu cauc t|c iolly `.oo:r, |ciug dig|t
lu a t|iu sil|cu cassoc| colourcd grccuc,
1|at as vulyucd all, to |c uorc lig|t
Aud ou |is |cad a girloud cll |csccuc
ic orc, rou |ic| as |c |ad c|aucd |ccu
1|c scat did drop, aud iu |is |aud |c |orc
A |oac aud s|atcs, as |c iu orrcst grccuc
iad |uutcd latc t|c li||ard or t|c iorc,
Aud uo ould |at|c |is liu|cs, it| la|or |catcd sorc.
Spcuscr, 1|: I.:r.: ::.:, . vii.
lt is uo Suuucr, aud Zcp|irus it| |is scct |rcat| coolcs t|c parc|iug |caucs o 1itau t|c
lcaucs o t|c trccs arc iu |ispcr tal|cs o t|c |lcssiugs o t|c airc, |ilc t|c iig|tiugalc is tuu-
iug |cr t|roat to rcrcs| t|c cary spirit o t|c 1rauaylcr llora uo |riugs out |cr Vardrop, aud
ric|ly cu|roydrct| |cr grccuc Aprou t|c iyup|cs o t|c Voodcs iu cousort it| t|c Muscs
siug au J: to t|c Moruiug, aud a J.|: to t|c Suuucs scttiug t|c lau|cs aud t|c la||cttcs ruu
at |asc iu t|c saudy Varrcus, aud t|c ilo laudcs arc coucrcd it| coruc t|c statcly iart is at
layrc iu t|c |ig| ood, |ilc t|c iarc iu a urro sits as|iug o |cr acc 1|c iull ua|cs |is
al|c li|c a Mastcr o t|c hcld, aud t|c |road-|cadcd Oxc |carcs t|c Garlaud o t|c uar|ct
t|c Auglcr it| a ny ta|cs |is plcasurc it| t|c hs|, |ilc t|c littlc Mcrliuc |at| t|c iartridgc
iu t|c oot t|c iouy-dccs pcruuc t|c Ayrc, aud t|c Suuuy-s|ocrs arc t|c cart|s couort
t|c Grcy|ouud ou t|c plaiuc ua|cs t|c airc coursc aud t|c cl-uout|cd iouud ua|cs t|c
Music|c o t|c oods t|c iattailc o t|c hcld is uo stoutly oug|t, aud t|c proud lyc uust
stoupc to t|c Sic|lc 1|c Cartcrs |istlc c|ccrcs |is orc|orsc, aud driu|c aud scat is t|c lic
o t|c la|ourcr ldlc spirits arc |auis|cd t|c liuits o iouour, |ilc t|c studious |raiuc |riugs
ort| |is oudcr t|c A.urc S|y s|ccs t|c icaucu is gracious, aud t|c glorious Suuuc glads
t|c spirit o iaturc 1|c ripcucd ruits s|c t|c |cauty o t|c cart|, aud t|c |rig|tucssc o t|c
airc t|c glory o t|c |caucus lu suuuc, or t|c orld o ort| l hud iu it, l t|us coucludc o
it l |old it a uost scct scasou, t|c varicty o plcasurcs, aud t|c iaradisc o louc. larccll.
irctou
Dcspitc t|c pocts, Luglis| suuucrs arc otcu cold, aud it is uot ouly orcigucrs |o
uoticc t|is
1|crc crc our vcry |ot days at t|c cud o last uout| |uly, |ic| you |uo it| us iort|-
cru pcoplc couposc a suuucr.
ioracc Valpolc, lcttcr to t|c Larl o Straord, August rou iaris
1|c Luglis| iutcr-cudiug iu |uly,
1o rccouucucc iu August-uo as douc.
iyrou, L.. j.., xiii.
-
1|c oldcr to-scasou calcudar ua|cs suuucr |cgiu dircctly atcr iutcr, as iu t|c
'rouudcl' suug |y C|auccr's |irds to lrcuc| uusic, or t|c roudcau, |clovcd o lrcuc|
couposcrs, ucvcr caug|t ou iu Luglaud)
io clcouc, soucr, it| t|y souuc sotc,
1|at |ast t|cs iutrcs cdrcs ovcrs|a|c,
Aud drivcu aay t|c lougc uyg|tcs |la|c.
Sayut \alcutyuc, t|at art ul |y ou-lotc,
1|us suugcu sualc oulcs or t|y sa|c
io clcouc, soucr, it| t|y souuc sotc,
1|at |ast t|cs iutrcs cdrcs ovcrs|a|c.
Vcll |au t|cy causc or to gladcu otc,
Sit| cc| o |cu rccovcrcd |at| |ys ua|c,
lul |lissul uoc t|cy syugc |cu t|cy a|c
io clcouc, souucr, it| t|y souuc sotc,
1|at |as t|cs iutrcs cdrcs ovcrs|a|c,
Aud drivcu aay t|c lougc uyg|tcs |la|c.
1|: .r|..o:.: .; I.|s, -
Suuucr vcrsc
C|car'd |y t|c uildcr icau, t|c sprig|tly Yout|
Spccds to t|c cll-|uou iool, |osc crystal Dcpt|
A saudy iottou s|cs. A |ilc |c stauds
Ga.iug t|' iuvcrtcd lauds|ip, |al araid
1o ucditatc t|c |luc iroouud |clo,
1|cu pluugcs |cadloug dou t|c circliug llood.
iis c|ou 1rcsscs, aud |is rosy C|cc|
lustaut cucrgc, aud t|ro' t|' o|cdicut Vavc,
At cac| s|ort ircat|iug |y |is lip rcpcll'd,
Vit| Arus aud lcgs accordiug cll, |c ua|cs,
As iuuour lcads, au casy-iudiug iat|,
V|ilc, rou |is polis|'d Sidcs, a dcy lig|t
Luscs ou t|c plcas'd Spcctators rouud.
|aucs 1|ousou -), 1|: `:.s..s, 'Suuucr', -
A souct|iug iu a suuucr's Day
As slo |cr nau|caux |uru aay
V|ic| solcuui.cs uc.
A souct|iug iu a suuucr's uoou -
A dcpt| - au A.urc - a pcruuc -
1rausccudiug ccstasy.
Aud still it|iu a suuucr's uig|t
A souct|iug so trausportiug |rig|t
l clap uy |auds to scc -
1|cu vcil uy too iuspcctiug acc
lcst suc| a su|tlc - s|iuucriug gracc
lluttcr too ar or uc -
1|c i.ard hugcrs ucvcr rcst -
1|c purplc |roo| it|iu t|c |rcast
Still c|acs its uarro |cd -
---
Still rcars t|c Last |cr au|cr llag -
Guidcs still t|c Suu aloug t|c Crag
iis Caravau o lcd -
So loo|iug ou - t|c uig|t - t|c uoru
Coucludc t|c oudcr gay -
Aud l ucct, couiug t|ro' t|c dcs
Auot|cr suuucr's Day.
Luily Dic|iusou -)
z

I; .. :|: :r::s :|: |:.:s s:.|| |.|,

:|: ..::r ..o.. .|| |: ..|.
ioud calculatcs t|c |cis| ic Ycar |y t|c civil rcc|ouiug
1|c J:o..| quartcr |cgiuuct| `:::o|:r t|c , t|c Suu cutriug iuto t|c hrst dcgrcc o L.|r., pro-
duciug t|c sccoud L,...:, aud coutiuuct| till t|c o L:.:o|:r iu |ic| tiuc t|c Suu ruuuct|
t|roug| L.|r., `..r.., aud `..::.r.s.
1|is quartcr t|c j:s ou or t|c hrst quartcr o t|c ycar aud t|cir rcasou is, ,.. ::os :s:
;r.:.so, |ccausc it is a tiuc o ruit, accordiug to t|at iu t|c Scripturc, L: r.:|.: ::rr. |:r|.o
.r:.::o ;...:.::o ;r.:o ,::. :.s so, Aud t|c cart| |roug|t ort| t|c grccu |cr| yicldiug ruit
accordiug to its |iud. lt is a quartcr uaturally cold aud dry, rcscu|lcd to t|c Scptcutrioual-rcgiou
o t|c orld, to t|c iort| iud, to t|c Lart|, to Mclauc|oly, aud to t|c dccliuiug agc o uau.
iippocratcs callct| t|is Quartcr t|c Mot|cr aud iursc o dcadly discascs, |ccausc o t|c lu-
tcupcraturc aud varia|lc Coustitutiou o t|c Vcat|cr Aud Galcu sait| it is t|c uost pcstilcu-
tial aud daugcrous 1iuc o all t|c Ycar. io t|c iorcs o t|c iody arc opcucd |y a alsc Spriug
icat, t|cu suddculy closcd agaiu |y Autuuual Colds, so t|at uauy daugcrous Distcupcrs arc
uo iugcudcr'd, suc| as s|arp lcvcrs, \crtigocs, Apoplcxics, lct|argics, ialsics, luuatious Mad-
ucss, iudy Distcupcrs, O|structious, aud t|c li|c. V|ic| to prccvcut, propcr Lvacuatious uust
|c uscd, also couorta|lc aud |olsouc Dict. Avoid Lxccss o liquors o auy iiud, aud |c-
arc o ta|iug cold. Sauudcrs )
1|us c scc |o lall o t|' lca
Adds to cac| couditiou gric,
Ouly to t|crc |c |osc it
Ma|c |crco a |cucht.
1|csc couclusious try ou uau
Surgcou aud i|ysiciau,
V|ilc it |appcus uo aud t|au :|:.
iill t|au curc t|cy sooucr cau.
lic|ard irat|ait -), '1|c lall o t|c lca ' :s)
1|cu cauc t|c J:o.: all iu ycllo clad,
As t|oug| |c ioycd iu |is plcutious storc,

ladcu it| ruits t|at uadc |iu laug|, ull glad
1|at |c |ad |auis|t |uugcr, |ic| to-orc
iad |y t|c |clly ot |iu piuc|cd sorc.
\pou |is |cad a rcat| t|at as curold
Vit| carcs o coruc, o cucry sort |c |orc
Aud iu |is |aud a sic|lc |c did |oldc,
1o rcapc t|c ripcucd ruits t|c |ic| t|c cart| |ad yold.
Spcuscr, 1|: I.:r.: ::.:, . vii.
1o s|arply coutrastiug vics o autuuu
lt is uo iarucst, aud t|c lar|c uust lcad |cr youg out o t|c ucst or t|c Sit|c aud t|c Sic|lc
ill dou it| t|c grassc aud t|c coruc io arc t|c |cdgcs ul o icrrics, aud t|c |ig|aycs
ull o logucs, aud t|c la.y liuucs uust slccpc out t|cir diuucr 1|c Aut aud t|c icc or|c
or t|cir iutcr prouisiou, aud atcr a rost, t|c Gras|oppcr is uot sccuc iuttcr, uil|c, aud
c|ccsc, arc t|c la|ourcrs dyct, aud a pot o good iccrc, quic|cus |is spirit. l t|crc |c uo plaguc,
t|c pcoplc arc |calt|y, or coutiuuaucc o uotiou is a prcscruatiou o uaturc 1|c rcs| o t|c
uoruiug, aud t|c coolc o t|c Lucuiug arc t|c tiucs o Court al|cs, |ut t|c poorc traucllcr
trcads out t|c |olc day Malt is uo a|ouc |cat it| a uuu|cr o uad pcoplc, aud a huc
s|irt is |cttcr t|cu a lri.c |cr|iu icarcs aud iluuucs uo ripcu apacc, aud |ciug o a atry
su|staucc, arc causc o uuc| sic|ucssc 1|c pipc aud t|c ta|cr uo ollo t|c layrcs, aud t|cy
t|at |auc auy uoucy, ua|c a gaiuc o t|cir uar|cts. iuc|s uo arc iu scasou, aud iartridgcs arc
locu-taild, aud a good lctriucr is a Spauicll ort| t|c |ccpiug. lu suu, it is a tiuc o uuc|
ort|, |cu, i God |cc cll plcascd, t|c orld ill t|riuc t|c |cttcr. Aud to coucludc, t|is is
all t|at l ill say o it l |old it t|c icaucus iouuty, t|c Lart|s icauty, aud t|c Vorlds icucht.
larccll. irctou
; J:o.: .r :|: ;.|| .; :|: |:.;:
Autuuuc, t|c iar|cr o t|c ycarc, t|at s|avcs |us|cs |cdgcs aud trccs, t|c raggcd prodigall t|at
cousuucs al aud lcavcs |iusclc uot|iug, t|c arrautcst |cggar auougst al t|c ourc quartcrs, aud
t|c uost discascd, as |cciug alaics trou|lcd it| t|c alliug sic|ucssc, aud li|c a rcuc|uau)
uot suriug a |air to stay ou |is |cad t|is uurdcrcr o t|c spriug, t|is t|cc to suuucr, aud
|ad coupauiou o Viutcr, scorucs to couc iu accordiug to |is old custouc, |cu t|c Suu sits
li|c |usticc it| a pair o scalcs iu |is |aud, cyiug uo uorc |ourcs to t|c day t|cu |c docs to
t|c uig|t, as |c did |corc iu |is \cruall progrcssc, |cu |c rodc ou a lau, |ut t|is |aldpatc
Autuuuus, il |c sccu al|iug up aud dou grovcs, ucdos, hclds, oods, par|s aud pasturcs,
|lastiug o ruitcs, aud |catiug lcavcs rou t|cir trccs, |cu couuou |ig|aycs s|all |c strccd
it| |oug|cs iu uoc|cry o Suuucr, aud iu triuup| o |cr dcat|, aud |cu t|c dorcs o
usurcrs s|all |c strccd it| grccuc |car|s, to doc |ouour to poor |ridcs t|at |avc uo doric
|ut t|cir |oucstic) to t|cir uarriagc, |cu t|c orld loo|cs li|c t|c oldc C|aos, aud t|at
plcutic is turucd iuto pcuuric, aud |cautic iuto ugliucssc |cu Mcu ridc t|c sccoud tiuc) to
iat|c . . . aud |cu uut|rits ny auougst |cu sparrocs, yct |riug |ouc all t|c cat|crs t|cy
carricd out. 1|cu say t|at Autuuuc raigucs, t|cu is t|c truc all o t|c lcac, |ccausc t|c orld
aud t|c ycarc turuc ovcr a uc lcac. Dc||cr, sig. D )
---
Autuuu vcrsc
`r.. .. I.||
:. . ,.. .|.|
Mrgart, rc you gricviug
Ovcr Goldcugrovc uulcaviug.
lcvcs, l|c t|c t|iugs o uau, you
Vit| your rcs| t|oug|ts carc or, cau you.
A|. s t|c |cart gros oldcr
lt ill couc to suc| sig|ts coldcr
iy aud |y, uor sparc a sig|
1|oug| orlds o auood lcaucal lic,
Aud yct you .|| ccp aud |uo |y.
io uo uattcr, c|ild, t|c uauc
Srro's sprugs rc t|c sauc.
ior uout| |ad, uo uor uiud, cxprcsscd
V|at |cart |card o, g|ost gucsscd
lt s t|c |lig|t uau as |oru or,
lt is Margarct you uouru or.
Gcrard Maulcy iop|ius -)
J:o. :;r...
1|c s|rca| aud s|rittcr o cvcuiug gouc
Aud grac|lcs gouc aud sorros o t|c suu,
1|c sorros o suu, too, gouc . . . t|c uoou aud uoou,
1|c ycllo uoou o ords a|out t|c uig|tiugalc
lu ucasurclcss ucasurcs, uot a |ird or uc
iut t|c uauc o a |ird aud t|c uauc o a uauclcss air
l |avc ucvcr-s|all ucvcr |car. Aud yct |cucat|
1|c stillucss o cvcryt|iug gouc, aud |ciug still,
iciug aud sittiug still, souct|iug rcsidcs,
Souc s|rca|iug aud s|rittcriug rcsiduuu,
Aud gratcs t|csc cvasious o t|c uig|tiugalc
1|oug| l |avc ucvcr-s|all ucvcr |car t|at |ird.
Aud t|c stillucss is iu t|c |cy, all o it is,
1|c stillucss is all iu t|c |cy o t|at dcsolatc souud.
Vallacc Stcvcus -)
`.. .: :|: 3:..... .; J:o.
io atc| t|is autuuu t|at arrivcs
lu suclls. All loo|s li|c suuucr still,
Colours arc quitc uuc|augcd, t|c air
Ou grccu aud |itc scrcucly t|rivcs.
icavy t|c trccs it| grot| aud ull
1|c hclds. llocrs nouris| cvcry|crc.
iroust |o collcctcd tiuc it|iu
A c|ild's ca|c ould uudcrstaud
1|c au|iguity o t|is-
Suuucr still ragiug |ilc a t|iu
Coluuu o suo|c stirs rou t|c laud
iroviug t|at autuuu gropcs or us.

iut cvcry scasou is a |iud
O ric| uostalgia. Vc givc uaucs-
Autuuu aud suuucr, iutcr, spriug-
As t|oug| to uuastcu rou t|c uiud
Our uoods aud givc t|cu outard orus.
Vc aut t|c ccrtaiu, solid t|iug.
iut l au carricd |ac| agaiust
My ill iuto a c|ild|ood |crc
Autuuu is |ouhrcs, uar|lcs, suo|c,
l lcau agaiust uy iudo cuccd
lrou cvocatious iu t|c air.
V|cu l said autuuu, autuuu |ro|c.
Lli.a|ct| |cuuiugs - )
z

J r::. ..::r o.|:s . ;.: .|r.|,.r.

I; :|: ||..||.r s..s |:;.r: C|r.s:o.s |: .|| .r, |:;.r: C..|:o.s.
J o.| ..::r o.|:s . ..| soo:r,
J |.. ..::r o.|::| . ;|| :.r.
....`s s|.. :r, :|..,
o.| ..::r ..o.. ..,
.....`s s|.. :|..| .. :.|,
..o.. ..::r ..| .. r.|.
lastly, cauc h..::r cloat|cd all iu ri.c,
C|attcriug |is tcct| or cold t|at did |iu c|ill,
V|il'st ou |is |oary |card |is |rcat| did rccsc,
Aud t|c dull drops t|at rou |is purplcd |ill
As rou a liu|cc| did adou distill.
lu |is rig|t |aud a tippcd stac |c |cld,
Vit| |ic| |is cc|lc stcps |c staycd still
lor, |c as aiut it| cold, aud ca| it| cld,
1|at scarsc |is looscd liu|cs |c |a|lc as to cld.
Spcuscr, 1|: I.:r.: ::.:, . vii.
lt is uo Viutcr, aud iorcas |cgiuucs to hll |is c|cc|cs it| |rcat|, s|a|ct| t|c tops o t|c |ig|
Ccdars, aud |oysct| t|c aucs o t|c Sca, to t|c daugcr o t|c Saylcrs couort io is t|c Lart|
uipt at t|c |cart it| a cold, aud |cr 1rccs arc disro|cd o t|cir ric| apparcll t|crc is a glassc
sct vpou t|c acc o t|c Vatcrs, aud t|c lis|cs arc driucu to t|c |ottoucs o t|c dccpc 1|c
Lsurcr uo sits lapt iu |is urrcs, aud t|c poorc ua|cs |is |rcat|, a hrc to |is hugcrs cuds icau-
tic is uas|t or carc o t|c ayrc, aud yout| ruuucs to i|ysic|c or lcstoratiucs o iaturc 1|c
---
Staggc roarcs or lossc o |is strcugt|, aud t|c llca ua|cs |is Castlc iu t|c ooll o a |lau|ct
Cards aud Dicc uo |cgiu t|cir |arucst, aud good Alc aud Sac| arc t|c causc o ciuill arrcs
Mac|iauil aud t|c Dcuill arc iu couuscll vpou dcstructiou, aud t|c ic|cd o t|c orld ua|c
|ast to |cll Moucy is suc| a Mouopoly, t|at |cc is uot to |c spo|cu o, aud t|c dclay o suits
is t|c dcat| o |opc. lu it sclc it is a oull Scasou, t|c puuis|ucut o uaturcs pridc, aud t|c
play o uiscry. larccll. irctou
Viutcr, li|c au augry | o.., oru out it| Carcs, pcrplcx'd it| Gric, aud iupaticut iu
Sucriug, it| a aspis|, rctul aud p|lcguatic| Couutcuaucc, loo|s upou t|c lacc o t|c
Lart| lor uo t|c |lustriug h..s |rca| ort|, t|c iillos o t|c .:.. uouut alot, t|rcatcu-
iug to sallo up t|c Sca-tost Mariucr. I|..s arc up, aud t|c cold J.r ta|ct| aay t|c Strcugt|
aud \igour o all Cr:.:r:s. 1|c .r:s o t|c Lart| arc s|ut |y t|c cxtrcau C.|.:ss o t|c J.r. 3:.s:s
aud C.:::| scc| or S|cltcr. I.|s |cta|c t|cusclvcs to .ro:r :...s, aud I.s|:s to t|c :::s: h.::rs.
So t|at |atsocvcr t|c c|carul Spriug, aud Suuucr . |r.. ;.r:| .. ..r.s|, t|is Quartcr dot|
:s:r., aud ...s|. Cr:.: 3r.:...`s L..r,. .r, :|: b....~J|o....| I.r :|: 1:.r .; .r L.r
Viutcr t|uudcr
1|uudcr aud lig|tuiug iu Viutcr . . . iu t|csc iort|cru Cliuatcs it is |cld ouiuous, portcud-
iug actious, tuuults, aud |loody ars, aud a t|iug scldouc sccu, accordiug to t|c old Adigy,
Viutcrs t|uudcr, is t|c Souucrs oudcr. Villsord, )
Dcccu|cr , Souuday. 1|is day, a|out at uyc|t, t|air cs a grct t|uudcr, qu|il| cs
t|ouc|t prodigious, |ciug iu yutcr. iopc,
Viutcr vcrsc
ilo, |lo, t|ou iutcr iud,
1|ou art uot so uu|iud
As uau's iugratitudc.
1|y toot| is uot so |ccu,
iccausc t|ou art uot sccu,
Alt|oug| t|y |rcat| |c rudc.
icy-|o, siug |cy-|o, uuto t|c grccu |olly.
Most ricuds|ip is ciguiug, uost loviug, ucrc olly.
1|cu |cy-|o, t|c |olly,
1|is lic is uost jolly.
lrcc.c, rcc.c, t|ou |ittcr s|y,
1|at dost uot |itc so uig|
As |cuchts orgot.
1|oug| t|ou t|c atcrs arp,
1|y stiug is uot so s|arp
As ricud rcucu|crcd uot.
icy-|o, siug |cy-|o, uuto t|c grccu |olly.
Most ricuds|ip is ciguiug, uost loviug, ucrc olly.
1|cu, |cy-|o, t|c |olly,
1|is lic is uost jolly.
Js 1. L.|: I:, . vii. -
O Viutcr. rulcr o t|'iuvcrtcd ycar,
1|y scattcr'd |air it| slcct li|c as|cs hll'd,
1|y |rcat| cougcal'd upou t|y lips, t|y c|cc|s

lriug'd it| a |card uadc |itc it| ot|cr suos
1|au t|osc o agc, t|y orc|cad rapt iu clouds,
A lcancss |rauc| t|y sccptrc, aud t|y t|rouc
A slidiug car, iudc|tcd to uo |ccls,
iut urgcd |y storus aloug its slipp'ry ay,
l lovc t|cc, all uulovcly as t|ou sccu'st,
Aud drcadcd as t|ou art. 1|ou |old'st t|c suu
A pris'ucr iu t|c yct uudauiug Last,
S|ort'uiug |is jourucy |ctccu uoru aud uoou,
Aud |urryiug |iu iupaticut o |is stay
Dou to t|c rosy Vcst. . . .
l crou t|cc iiug o iutiuatc dclig|ts,
lircsidc cujoyucuts, |ouc-|oru |appiucss,
Aud all t|c couorts t|at t|c loly roo
O uudistur|'d rctircucut, aud t|c |ours
O loug uuiutcrruptcd cvcuiug, |uo.
Villiau Copcr -), '1|c Viutcr Lvcuiug', ll. -
1. L:..s...s
l uust go |ac| to Viutcr,
1|c dar|, couhdiug trcc,
1|c suunocr's catcu ccutrc
1|at avcd so tcudcrly,
Go |ac|, |rca| cllos|ip
Vit| |ud aud lca,
irca| t|c loud |rauc| aud strip
1|c still|oru gric.
l uust rcstorc t|c t|oru,
1|c ua|cd scutiucl,
Call las| o |ail, iud-scoru
1o laug|tcr's liutcl,
Lud arguucut iu a ay
Suddcu aud sit,
lcavc stillucss, go aay
icyoud t|is lca-drit,
lcavc t|c tcu-iudocd |ousc
Aud ucrcly rcuar|,
1|c ivy grc too closc
1|at |ousc as dar|.
1|cu l loo| out
lut, road aud |ill l scc.
1rac|s turu a|out.
Viutcr uust couc to uc.
l s|all uot go.
l s|all ait |crc
Lutil t|c suo
iury t|c old ycar,
Lutil t|c sallos arc gouc
Aud t|c liutcls ct
---
1cll t|at t|c raiu t|at |as |lou
ls |loiug yct.
lct uc |c uo|crc
A uclodrauatic gucst
Siucc |crc as auy|crc
1|c lig|t is |cst.
1|oug| distaut t|iugs cutrcat
1|c araid, t|c auciul,
1|c ucar is ait|ul
Do uot dcuy it.
\cruou Vat|ius -)

-
)
N.::. 1|roug|out t|is scctiou, all datcs arc iuclusivc.
z
- -
At Oxord aud Cau|ridgc, t|c t|rcc pcriods duriug |ic| iustructiou is givcu arc cou-
uouly |uou as 'tcrus', aud t|c iutcrval |ctccu t|cu as 'vacatious'. lu strict usagc,
|ocvcr, 'tcru' dcuotcs a lougcr pcriod duriug |ic| t|c uuivcrsity is activc, t|c 'tcru'
o cvcryday spccc| |ciug corrcctly lull 1cru. 1|c datcs o t|c lattcr arc appoiutcd a
c ycars iu advaucc, t|c datcs o tcru, iu t|c propcr scusc, arc laid dou |y uuivcrsity
cuactucuts.
At Oxord, t|c statutory tcrus arc currcutly dchucd as ollos
Mic|acluas 1cru Octo|cr to Dcccu|cr
iilary 1cru |auuary to Marc| or t|c Suuday |corc ialu Suuday, |ic|cvcr is
t|c carlicr
1riuity 1cru April or t|c Vcducsday atcr Lastcr, |ic|cvcr is t|c latcr, to |uly
Vit|iu cac| tcru, cig|t cc|s, ruuuiug rou a Suuday to a Saturday, arc appoiutcd as
lull 1cru. lu ccrtaiu su|jccts t|crc arc cxtcudcd tcrus, |ic| uay |cgiu |corc, or cud
atcr, Statutory 1cru.
At Cau|ridgc, t|crc arc to tcrus o cig|ty days ollocd |y ouc o scvcuty, dchucd
|y t|c civil calcudar it|out rcgard to t|c datc o Lastcr
Mic|acluas 1cru Octo|cr to Dcccu|cr
lcut 1cru |auuary to Marc| Marc| iu lcap ycar)
Lastcr 1cru April to |uuc, |ut i lull 1cru |cgius ou or atcr April, tcru
is April to |uuc
lull 1cru is rcquircd to occupy t|rcc-quartcrs o cac| tcru, cousistiug rcspcctivcly o
sixty, sixty, aud hty-t|rcc days, |cgiuuiug ou a 1ucsday aud cudiug ou a lriday.
Alt|oug| 'tcru' |as uot|iug to do it| 't|rcc', t|c t|rccold divisiou o t|c acadcuic
ycar causcd t|c ord to |c adoptcd or t|c t|irds iuto |ic|, a|out , t|c Luglis|
sc|ool ycar as dividcd iustcad o t|c prcvious |alvcs, |ocvcr, t|c uauc '|al ' rc-
uaiucd it is iu usc at Ltou), giviug risc to t|c auccdotc t|at a |oy trauslatcd t|c opcu-
iug ords o Cacsar's C.||.. h.r as 'All Gaul is quartcrcd iuto t|rcc |alvcs.'
z
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Lutil t|c rcigu o Quccu \ictoria t|c courts o iiug's or Quccu's) icuc|, Couuou
ilcas, aud Lxc|cqucr could sit .. |.... i.c. to dctcruiuc qucstious o la) ouly duriug
our |ric pcriods |uou as 'tcrus', t|cy crc uodihcd rou tiuc to tiuc |y statutc,
|ut at t|c tiuc o t|cir a|olitiou crc iilary, - |auuary, Lastcr, April- May,
1riuity, May- |uuc, Mic|acluas, - iovcu|cr. Succcssivc acts o aud
aut|ori.cd sittiugs at ot|cr tiucs, |ut t|c |udicaturc Acts o -, |ic| rcorucd
t|c cutirc Luglis| systcu o |ig|cr courts, a|olis|cd t|c tcrus, aud su|stitutcd uuc|
lougcr sittiugs souctiucs looscly callcd 'tcrus'). 1|csc arc currcutly
iilary |auuary to Vcducsday |corc Lastcr
Lastcr 1ucsday atcr Lastcr cc| to lriday |corc V|it Suuday
1riuity 1ucsday atcr V|itsuu cc| i.c. atcr 1riuity Suuday) to |uly
Mic|acluas Octo|cr to Dcccu|cr
1|c luus o Court |avc rctaiucd t|c old tcrus or couputiug t|c tiuc rcquircd or call
to t|c iar, aud cuorcc 'diuiug tcrus' duriug |ic| studcuts arc rcquircd to cat a prc-
scri|cd uuu|cr o diuucrs.
1|c listiug o tcrus is a rcgular caturc o Luglis| aluauacs. ..r .|.. gcucrally adds
vcrscs, t|c olloiug arc or
H.|.r, 1:ro
Auuoiut t|y laycr, grcasc |iu iu t|c hst,
Aud |c ill plcad or t|cc cvcu |at t|ou list,
icc'l ua|c t|y causc stroug t|oug| t|c sauc crc ca|,
iut i t|y pursc |c duu|, |is touguc cau't spca|.
L.s::r 1:ro
1|c 1cru's t|c laycrs lair, 'tis |uou ull cll,
At Vcstuiustcr 'tis |cpt, aud |rcat| t|cy scll,
1|cu, Clycut, siucc t|ou |uo'st t|c tiuc o' t|c lair,
iriug uouy i t|ou ouldst |uy laycrs arc.
1r...:, 1:ro
Vcstuiustcr is a uill t|at griudcs ucus causcs,
iut griudc |is causc or uc t|crc |o t|at list,
lor otcutiucs |at it| dcuurs aud clauscs
1|c tolc is uadc ar grcatcr t|cu t|c grist.
-
M..|.:|o.s 1:ro
1o huds au Oystcr, |ic| t|cy ill uot part,
iot| ill |avc all or uouc, t|c laycrs art
Must cud t|c stric, |c htts t|cir |uuour cll,
Lats up t|c hs|, aud givcs t|cu cac| a s|cll.
-
-
1|c uaiu uuit o tiuc iutcrucdiatc |ctccu a ycar aud a day is couuouly |uou
cit|cr |y a ord ucauiug 'uoou', as iu old-as|ioucd Luglis|, or |y ouc dcrivcd rou
suc| a tcru, suc| as Luglis| 'uout|', |ct|cr or uot t|c uout| as dctcruiucd |y t|c
calcudar |ccps pacc it| t|c rcal uoou cvcu t|c tcuty-day scqucuccs o t|c
Mcsoaucricau calcudars arc callcd |y uaucs o t|is typc iu t|c local lauguagcs. lu luuar
aud luuisolar calcudars, uout|s arc o cit|cr t|irty days ull) or tcuty-uiuc days |ol-
lo), approxiuatiug t|c ucau lcugt| o t|c luuatiou or syuodic uout|, t|c uoou's
or|ital pcriod rou uc uoou to uc uoou . d. d. |. u. . s.
Astrououcrs also rccogui.c ot|cr typcs o uout|, auoualistic, dracouic, sidcrcal, aud
tropical, it| |ic| c arc uot couccrucd)
icorc t|c adoptiou o orual calcudars, portious o t|c ycar crc couuouly
|uou |y t|c uatural p|cuoucua, or t|c |uuau activitics, it| |ic| t|cy crc asso-
ciatcd, as |cu c spca| o '|arvcst tiuc'. Suc| 'arucr's ycar' uaucs uig|t |c applicd
to a particular ull uoou, as iu Luglis| '|arvcst uoou' aud '|uutcr's uoou', rcspcctivcly
t|c ull uoou o Scptcu|cr aud Octo|cr, or a particular luuatiou, as |cu Grcc| pocts
spca| o t|c 'lca-s|cddiug uout|', t|c Octo|cr-iovcu|cr luuatiou. V|cu t|c solar
calcudar as iutroduccd, c|urc|ucu ould uaturally usc t|c latiu uout| uaucs, |ut
t|c laity otcu applicd suc| 'arucr's ycar' uaucs to t|c uc uout|s, iu t|c latc tcut|
ccutury, t|c lcarucd A||ot .lric spca|s o 't|c uout| t|at c clcrgy call Marc|,
|ic| you layol| call H|, .', t|c lattcr uauc pro|a|ly ucauiug 'roarcr', rou t|c
Marc| iuds) survivcd or uauy ccuturics as 'lidc'. lu souc couutrics t|csc uaucs |c-
cauc idcsprcad ucdicval docuucuts rou t|c lo Couutrics, |cu t|cy givc t|c datc
iu Dutc| aud uot iu latiu, usc vcruacular uaucs t|at uay still |c ouud iu uodcru dic-
tiouarics, t|oug| uot iu uodcru usc. Suc| uaucs uaturally varicd rou placc to placc,
iudccd, t|c sauc uauc uig|t |c applicd to dicrcut uout|s. lu Dutc| |:r;s:o..., '|ar-
vcst uout|', ucaut Scptcu|cr, |ic| as H:r|s:o...: iu Gcruau aluauacs, C|arlc-
uaguc, |ocvcr, is said to |avc uscd |:r|.s:o...:| or iovcu|cr, aud oldcr Lstouiau tcxts
givc t|c corrcspoudiug uauc |.|s| to August.
Alt|oug| iu souc lauguagcs suc| local tcrus |avc givcu ay to t|c iutcruatioual
latiu uaucs, t|is is uot uuivcrsally t|c casc, iu particular, souc or all uout|s arc |uou
|y vcruacular uaucs iu t|c Ccltic lauguagcs aud souc Slavouic oucs. 1|c particular
uaucs vary rou lauguagc to lauguagc, aud iu Slavouic uay apply to dicrcut uout|s
|.s:.. 'lca-all') is Octo|cr iu Croatiau, |ut iovcu|cr iu C.cc| aud iolis|, April iu
Croatiau is :r...,, rou :r.. 'grass' c. Dutc| r.so...), aud May iu C.cc| is |:::.,
rou |:: 'nocr' c. Dutc| ||.:.o..., 'nocriug uout|'), |ut iu L|raiuiau :r.:.' is
May, aud |.::.', li|c iolis| |.:..:., is April. iy coutrast, lussiaus, Scr|iaus, aud iul-
gariaus, li|c t|cir cllo Ort|odox iu Grcccc aud louauia, usc ouly t|c latiu uaucs.
At couuou la a uout| as traditioually uudcrstood as our cc|s uulcss ot|cr-
isc iudicatcd, |ut iu t|c Luitcd iiugdou it |as |ccu ta|cu to |c a calcudar uout| iu
statutcs siucc , iu dccds siucc , t|is is t|c rcgular usc iu couucrcial rclatious,
aud also iu t|c Luitcd Statcs.
1|c r|yuc or rcucu|criug t|c uuu|cr o days iu cac| uout| gocs |ac| to t|c
Middlc Agcs
1|irti daycs |at| iovcu|ir,
April, |uuc, aud Scptcu|ir,
O xxviii
ti
is |ut oou,
Aud all t|c rcucuauut xxx
ti
aud .i.
iarlcy MS
Mcdicval uau as couhrucd |y uauy calcudar illustratious iu uauuscripts aud priutcd
|oo|s) rcucu|crcd t|c uout|s |y t|cir typical occupatious, t|c so-callcd 'la|ours o
t|c uout|'. A vcrsihcd oru appcars iu a htccut|-ccutury uauuscript iu t|c iodlciau
li|rary Dig|y )
|auuar iy t|ys yrc l aruc uy |audys,
lc|ruar Aud it| uy spadc l dclc uy laudys.
Marc|c icrc l scttc uy t|yugc to spryugc,
Aprilc Aud |crc l |crc t|c olis syugc.
Maii l au as lyg|t as |yrdc iu |oc,
|uuii Aud l cdc uy coruc cll iuo.
|ulii Vit| uy syt|c uy ucdc l uoc,
Augustc Aud |crc l s|crc uy coruc ull loc,
Scptcu|cr Vit| uy nayll l cruc uy |rcdc,
Octo|cr Aud |crc l sac uy |ctc so rcdc.
iovcu|cr At Martyucsuassc l |yllc uy syuc,
Dcccu|cr Aud at Cristcsuassc l dryu|c rcddc yuc.
Ot|cr dcscriptious o t|c uout|s ill |c ouud at t|c |cgiuuiug o cac| uout| iu t|c
scctiou ou t|c calcudrical ycar.
1|c agcs o uau arc otcu cali|ratcd iu uuits o scvcu ycars, iu t|is cxauplc rou
t|c I.|:..r o `|:::|.rs o .. t|c spau o lic is dividcd |y tclvc aud li|cucd to
t|c uout|s o t|c ycar-uot |cgiuuiug iu spriug |ut it| |auuary
1|c yrstc uouct| is |auuaryc, t|c c|ildc is it|out uig|t tyll |cc |cc vi. yccrc oldc, |c cau uot
|clpc |iu sclc.
1|c vi. yccrc t|at is t|c hrst tiuc o t|c spriugiugc o all norcs, aud so t|c c|ildc till xii. yccrc
groct| iu |uolcdgc aud lcaruiug, aud to doo as |c is taug|t.
Marc|c is t|c |uddiugc tiuc, aud iu t|at vi. yccrc o Marc|c t|c C|ildc axct| |yggc aud aptc
to doo scruicc, aud lcaruc scycucc rou xii. to xviii. suc| as is s|ccd |yu.
Aprill is t|c spriugiug tyuc o norcs, aud iu t|at vi yccrc |c groct| to uaus statc iu |cyg|t
aud |rcdt|c, aud axct| isc aud |oldc, |ut t|cu |carc o scusualitic, or |c is xxiiii.
-
Mayc is t|c scasou t|at nocrs |yu sprcadc, aud |cc t|cu iu t|cyr vcrtuc it| scct odours. lu
t|csc vi. yccrcs |c is iu |is uost strcugt|, |ut t|cu lct |iu gcat|cr good uaucrs |ctyuc, or i
|c tary past t|at agc it is au |ap i cucr |c ta|c t|cu, or t|cu |c is xxx. ycarc.
lu |uuc |c |cgiuuct| to closc |is uyudc, aud t|cu |cc axct| rypc, or t|cu |c is xxxvi. yccrc.
lu |uly |c is xlii, aud |c |cgyuuct| a lyttlc to dcclyuc, aud cclct| |yu uot so prospcrous as |c
as.
lu August |c is |y t|at vi. yccrc xlviii. yccrc aud t|cu |c goct| uot so lustcly as |c dyd, |ut studi-
ct| |oc to gcat|cr to yudc |iu iu |is oldc agc to liuc uorc cascly.
lu Scptcu|cr |c is liiii. yccrc |c t|cu purucyct|c agaiust t|c iutcr to c|cris| |iusclc it|all
aud |ccpc uccrc togct|cr t|c goods y
t
|c gat iu |is yout|.
1|cu is a uau iu Octo|cr lx. yccrc ull, i |c |auc oug|t |c gladdct|, aud i |c |auc uoug|t |c
ccpct|.
1|cu is uau lxvi. iu ioucu|cr, |c stoupct| aud goct| sotly, aud lccsct| all |is |cauty aud ayr-
ucssc.
lu Dcccu|cr is uau lxxii. yccrcs, t|cu |ad |c lcucr |auc a aruc hrc t|cu a ayrc lady, aud atcr
t|is agc |c goct| iuto dccrcpitic to axc a c|ildc agaiu, aud cau uot cldc |iu sclc, aud t|cu
youug ol|cs |c cry o |is coupauy |ut i t|cy |auc uuc| good t|cy |ccuc ull lytcll ta|cu
|ccdc o. I.|:..r, cap. xlvi
-

1|c cc| is t|c oldcst |uou |uuau iustitutiou still uuctiouiug it|out a |rca|, cou-
|iuiug t|c |cis| cyclc o six or|iug days aud a rcst-day or Sa||at| adoptcd |y t|c
C|ristiau C|urc| it| t|c plauctary doctriucs o t|c astrologcrs. lt |as survivcd at-
tcuptcd a|olitiou |y lrcuc| lcpu|licaus scc ll :|:r C.|:..rs. Ir:..| :||....) aud
Sovict iols|cvi|s scc ll M.:r. C.|:..r. 1:.:.::|~C:.:r, :;.ros `..:: b....), aud
proposcd dilutiou |y calcudar rcorucrs scc ll M.:r. C.|:..r. b.s..:ss;| r..s.|s).
z
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1|c |cis| cc| rcvolvcs arouud t|c Sa||at| scc ll j:.s| C.|:..r), iu ic|rc t|c
six or|iug days arc callcd 'hrst day' to 'sixt| day', |ut iu t|c Arauaic iucrcasiugly
spo|cu |y t|c |cs atcr t|cir rcturu rou ia|ylouiau cxilc t|cy arc couuouly callcd
ouc to six 'iu t|c Sa||at|', aud lriday uay also |c 'Sa||at| cvc' or 't|c day o prcpara-
tiou'. 1|is rcnccts t|c iuportaucc o t|c Sa||at|, aud also t|c siuilarity o its uauc
s|.||.: to s|.||. 'cc|' lit. 'group o scvcu'), pcriods o tiuc uay |c dcscri|cd iu |i|-
lical ic|rc as so uauy Sa||at|s iustcad o cc|s. lu ic 1cstaucut Grcc| 't|c hrst
day o t|c cc|', t|at ou |ic| |csus riscs, is 'day) ouc o t|c Sa||at|s)', |ut |cu
t|c C|urc| adaptcd t|c |cis| cc| or its ou purposcs, t|c hrst day |ccauc 't|c
lord's day' lcv. ), aud coustitutcd a cc|ly cclc|ratiou o t|c lcsurrcctiou. lu
lussiau it is .s|r:s:.':, a lussiaui.cd aud t|crcorc uorc popular oru o .s|r:s..:,
'lcsurrcctiou', |ic| rctaius its lcarucd C|urc| Slavouic guisc.) 1|c Sa||at| rctaiucd
its uauc, t|oug| uot its uaturc, t|c ot|cr days crc iu Grcc| callcd 'sccoud' to 'ht|',
ollocd |y .r.s|:: 'ircparatiou', uo prououuccd .r.s|:), |ut iu latiu 'sccoud' to
'sixt|' ;:r.., a uc siugular crcatcd out o classical ;:r..: '|oliday'.
z

1|c astrologcrs o itolcuaic Lgypt, |osc discipliuc sprcad all ovcr t|c Grcc| aud
louau orld, |cld t|at cac| |our as su|jcct to a plauct iu dcsccudiug ordcr o dis-
taucc rou t|c Lart|, uaucly Saturu, |upitcr, Mars, Suu, \cuus, Mcrcury, Moou, aud
cac| day to t|c plauct coutrolliug its hrst daytiuc |our, siucc t|c day cousists o l
|ours, cac| day as govcrucd |y t|c t|ird plauct rou t|at |ic| govcrucd t|c day
|corc, giviug t|c cyclc Saturu, Suu, Moou, Mars, Mcrcury, |upitcr, \cuus. 1|is is cx-
plaiucd iu uauy sourccs, rou t|c |istoriau Cassius Dio rd c. ) to C|auccr's 1r:.:.s:
.. :|: Js:r.|.|:, t|c astrououy aud tiuc-rcc|ouiug ou |ic| it is |ascd arc Grcc|.
lu t|c rcigu o Augustus - ) t|c cc| is attcstcd |ot| iu au iuscriptiou scc
ll `.., L::::rs) aud iu a pocu |y 1i|ullus d. ), |o adopts t|c |clic t|at Satur-
day, |clougiug to t|c uost ualcvolcut o t|c plaucts, as a day o ill oucu, ou |ic|
it as |cst to |c iuactivc. 1|c coiucidcucc o uuluc|y Saturday it| rcstul Sa||at| did
uot go uuo|scrvcd, Grcc| aud louau ritcrs uisrcprcscut t|c Sa||at| as a ast, aud
trcat a|stcutiou rou activity ou Saturday as a sigu o |cis| syupat|ics. Morcovcr, t|c
iucrcasiug iuportaucc o solar cults causcd pagaus suc| as t|c astrologcr \cttius \alcus
iu t|c sccoud ccutury to rcc|ou t|c plauctary cc| rou Suuday iustcad o Satur-
day, t|oug| a rccrcucc to Sa||at|s iu |is tcxt is clcarly au iutcrpolatiou.
1|c |udaco-C|ristiau systcu as pittcd agaiust t|c astrological |cu iu t|c
C|ristiau cupcror Coustautiuc dccrccd t|at lasuits crc uot to |c |card ou Suuday,
|c callcd it uot t|c 'lord's Day' |ut 't|c day ou |ic| its suu is vcucratcd' .:o s.|.s
:.:r.:...: s. .:|:|r:o). ic |as rcqucutly |ccu suspcctcd o ta|iug C|ristiauity or a
oru o suu-ors|ip, |ut las o latcr rcigus souctiucs usc t|c pagau uauc, or couplc
t|c to 'Ou t|c lord's Day, couuouly callcd Suuday'), ou t|c ot|cr |aud, iu a
papyrus o , t|c rccord o a trial |cld iu a pagau tcuplc, t|c court is adjourucd
at uig|tall |ccausc t|c 'lord's Day' |as |cguu.
Lvcutually, iu t|c Grcc|-spca|iug |al o t|c Lupirc t|c C|ristiau tcrus prcvailcd,
|ut iu t|c latiu |al t|c pagau uaucs provcd uorc tcuacious. Alt|oug| iortugucsc
couorus iu ull to t|c C|ristiau stylc .o..., s:..~;:.r., ::r.~;:.r., ,.r:.~;:.r., ,..:.~
~;:.r., s:::.~;:.r., s|..), iu ot|cr louaucc lauguagcs ouly 'lord's Day' .o...|:,.o...,
.o:....) aud 'Sa||at|' s.o:.,s|..,s.|.:.) |avc oustcd t|c plauctary uaucs, t|oug|
|:.r. .:.. r., alludiug to t|c last Suppcr) is attcstcd or t|c dialcct o logoduro
iu Sardiuia. Spca|crs o ot|cr lauguagcs provcd cvcu uorc rcsistaut, a|ovc all iu iritaiu,
|crc |ot| Vcls| aud Luglis| |avc prcscrvcd t|c pagau uaucs iutact, Vcls| dircctly
, `|, , L|., , M.r:|, , M:r.|:r, , I., , C:.:r, , `.r., siuilar
orus iu Coruis| aud irctou), Luglis| it| t|c Gcruauic dcitics 1i, Vodcu t|c god
o cloqucucc aud isdou), 1|uuor, aud lrig su|stitutcd rcspcctivcly or Mars, Mcr-
cury, |upitcr, aud \cuus, |ut Saturu, or |ou uo couutcrpart as rccogui.cd, lct uu-
c|augcd. Dutc| siuilarly |as Z.::r., 1ucsday is L..s., rou a god o t|c Gcruauic
arrior-asscu|ly or :|.. |uou rou latiu iuscriptious as Mars 1|iucsus. Gcruau too
|as L.:.s:., |ut dcviatcs rou t|c pagau pattcru iu calliug Vcducsday M.::..| 'uid-
cc|') aud Saturday `....|:. 'Suudaycvc') or `.os:. 'sa||at|-day'), iavariau aud
Austriau dialccts, uorc cxposcd to Grcc| iunucucc, turucd t|c pagau Jr:. s, 'Arcs's day'
i.c. 1ucsday) iuto Lr:. aud t|c C|ristiau :o:: , 'lit| day' 1|ursday) iuto ;..:..
lu t|c iordic lauguagcs Saturday is '|at|-day' c.g. Dauis| |.r.), lcclaudic |as gouc
souc ay to acccptiug t|c c|urc| uaucs scc ll :|:r C.|:..rs. I.:|....).

|ust as C|ristiauity adoptcd t|c |cis| cc|, it| its uuu|crcd days aud Sa||at|,
so did lslau. icrc it is uot t|c hrst day |ut t|c sixt| t|at as rcuaucd, |ccouiug ,o.,
rou t|c Ara|ic root ucauiug 'gat|cr', lriday is t|c Muslius' day o praycr aud as-
scu|ly, |ut uot o rcst, cxccpt uudcr Vcstcru iunucucc. 1|c ord is also uscd to ucau
'cc|'.) 1|c plauctary cc|, ucau|ilc, |ad ta|cu root iu t|c culturcs o ludia aud
C|iua loug |corc t|c Luropcaus cauc.
S|ort cyclcs, otcu o uar|cts, arc ouud iu ot|cr culturcs, c.g. t|c louau cig|t-day
....o, aud various Aricau uar|ct-cc|s.
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As t|c start o t|c plauctary cc| as uovcd duriug classical autiquity rou Saturday
to Suuday, so t|c start o t|c C|ristiau cc| |as souctiucs |ccu uovcd to Mouday.
lu lit|uauiau t|c days o t|c cc| arc callcd 'hrst day' to 'scvcut| day', ruuuiug rou
Mouday to Suuday, t|c sauc is truc o latviau, cxccpt t|at Suuday is '|oly day'. 1|c
Slavouic lauguagcs dcsiguatc 1ucsday, 1|ursday, aud lriday |y dcrivativcs o 'to',
'our', aud 'hvc', |ocvcr, Suuday is 'uot-or|' |ut iu lussiau t|is uo ucaus 'cc|',
aud Suuday is 'lcsurrcctiou'), Mouday 'atcr uot-or|', aud Vcducsday 'uiddlc', Satur-
day |ciug 'Sa||at|'. 1|c Ort|odox liturgical cc| |cgius it| Mouday cxccpt |ctccu
Lastcr aud icutccost. lu t|c Vcst, |ocvcr, t|c Mouday start is a purcly sccular uotiou,
as A||ot .lric couplaiucd
Mauy pcoplc too arc cusuarcd iu suc| grcat crror t|at t|cy govcru t|cir jourucyiug |y t|c agc
o t|c uoou, aud t|cir actious |y spccihc days, t|cy ill uot part it| auyt|iug .:||. |:.r.
.. ..... ou Mouday, as |ciug t|c start o t|c cc|, |ut Mouday is uot t|c hrst day o t|c
cc|, |ut t|c sccoud. Suuday is hrst iu crcatiou, scqucucc, aud diguity.
C.:|.|.. H.o.|.:s, uo. vi, p.
icvcrt|clcss, t|c Old Luglis| trauslatiou o iscudo-icdc, r...s:... ::o.ro scc
Dcc.), altcrs t|c ordcr o its origiual to start rou Mouday, t|is is also t|c hrst day
iu r|yucs o t|c 'Mouday's c|ild' typc. lu suc| coutcxts, Suuday is postpoucd to oru
a cliuax, |ut iu t|c uodcru sccular orld, |ic| privilcgcs or| ovcr ors|ip, Mou-
day is otcu couutcd as t|c hrst day. lt so appcars iu souc diarics aud calcudars, t|c
lutcruatioual Orgaui.atiou or Staudardi.atiou uuu|crs t|c Mouday-Suuday cc|s
t|roug|out t|c ycar rou t|at iu |ic| |auuary alls. Mouday is also t|c hrst day o
t|c cyclc or t|c uct|odical |rca|cr o |carts iu a Spauis| ditty
Ll luucs uc cuauoro Ou Mouday l all iu lovc,
uartcs lo digo, Ou 1ucsday l say so.
uircolcs uc dcclaro, Ou Vcducsday l ua|c uy dcclaratiou,
jucvcs cousigo, Ou 1|ursday l succccd.
vicrucs doy cclos Ou lriday l ua|c |cr jcalous,
y s|ado y douiugo Aud ou Saturday aud Suuday
|usco auor uucvo. l loo| or uc lovc.

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l |avc |ad t|c cxpcricucc, |ic| dou|tlcss you |avc |ad also, |cu t|c day aud datc did uot
agrcc iu t|c iuvitatiou. Vcducsday, April , as uot corrcct, aud c oudcrcd |ct|cr Vcducs-
day, April , or 1|ursday, April , as ucaut. lt is |uuorously said t|at a ouau ill alays dc-
cidc ou t|c cc|day aud t|c uau ou t|c uout|-datc iu suc| a dilcuua.
Ac|clis, h.r| C.|:..r,
Vc couucud cxpcriucuts it| cross-datcd iuvitatious to social scicutists it| cuoug|
ricuds aud cuoug| uoucy to |old partics ou |ot| days, |ut it is uot iucrcdi|lc t|at t|c
uau |o gocs to or| cvcry day aud trausacts |usiucss s|ould |c uorc aarc o datcs,
|ut t|c |ouscic s|ould t|iu| o t|iugs t|at |appcu ou givcu days o t|c cc|. l t|c
|uuorists arc rig|t, t|c oucu |avc t|c |cttcr o it, or t|c cuiucut |istoriau C. l.
C|cucy dcclarcs 'V|cu c arc prcscutcd it| a datc iu |ic| t|c day o t|c cc| aud
t|c day o t|c uout| do uot |aruoui.c, it is gcucrally t|c day o t|c cc| |ic| is
rig|t' H..|..| .; L.::s, p. ix). 1|is applics cvcu uorc to couvcrsious rou t|c Musliu
to t|c Vcstcru calcudar scc ll Ms|.o C.|:..r).
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Mauy ill |c auiliar it| t|c r|yucs liu|iug pcrsouality traits it| t|c day o t|c
cc| ou |ic| ouc is |oru. 1|csc cxist iu scvcral aud otcu coutradictory) vcrsious,
ouc sct is givcu |clo uudcr t|c iudividual days all |cgiu it| Mouday, uot Suuday),
aud uay |c couparcd it| t|c proguosticatious o t|c ia|ylouiau 1aluud couplctcd
|y t|c t| c.), accordiug to |ic|
.: |.r. .. .|| |: |:..s: .. :|.: .,
Suuday cit|cr couplctcly virtuous lig|t aud dar|ucss crc crcatcd
or couplctcly ic|cd
Mouday |ad-tcupcrcd t|c atcrs crc dividcd
1ucsday calt|y aud uuc|astc |cr|s dividcd t|cy gro
rapidly aud iutcruiuglc)
Vcducsday isc aud o rctcutivc t|c luuiuarics crc suspcudcd
ucuory
1|ursday |cucvolcut hs| aud |irds crcatcd, |ic| arc
cd |y God's loviug-|iuducss
lriday a scc|cr ouc scc|s to couplctc t|iugs
ucccssary or o|scrvaucc o
t|c Sa||at|
A pcrsou |oru ou t|c Sa||at| ill dic ou t|c Sa||at| |ut ouly, said ouc aut|ority, i
vcry |oly), |ccausc it as dcsccratcd ou |is accouut |y |is |ciug |oru.
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lu additiou to orccastiug t|c ycar's cat|cr rou t|c tclvc cc|days |cgiuuiug ou
C|ristuas or ic Ycar's Day scc Dcc., Dcc.), ouc could also prcdict uturc
cvcuts rou t|uudcr ou a particular cc|day-a sac cuoug| prcdictiou iu auy casc,
siucc t|c tiuiug o t|c rcsult is uot spccihcd, |ut ouc |ic| iudicatcs t|at t|uudcr as
uot all t|at rcqucut as is t|c casc iu Luglaud). Viutcr t|uudcr as t|oug|t to |c par-
ticularly ouiuous scc `:.s..s).
Souuc rytc t|cyr grouudc l scc uot) t|at Souucdaycs t|uudrc, s|oldc |ryugc t|c dcat|c o
lcarucd ucu, |udgcs, aud ot|crs Muudaycs t|uudrc, t|c dcat|c o oucu 1ucsdaycs t|uudrc,
plcutic o grayuc Vcdcusdaycs t|uudrc, t|c dcat|c o |arlottcs, aud ot|cr |lods|cdc 1|urs-
daycs t|uudrc, plcutic o s|cpc, aud coruc lrydaycs t|uudrc t|c slaug|tcr o a grcat uau, aud
ot|cr |orri|lc uurdcrs Satcrdaycs t|uudrc a gcucrall pcstilcut plagc aud grcat dcat|c.
Diggcs, o. i
r-v
)
Vcc|-r|yucs cxist ou succ.iug, cuttiug uails, aud as|iug lauudry. A uiut|-ccutury
lris| |oo| o triads, t|c 1r:.|:. 3r::| I.., dcsiguatcs Mouday, 1ucsday, aud Vcducsday
as days or oucu 'l oucu go to ucu ou t|osc days, t|c ucu ill lovc t|cu |cttcr
t|au t|cy t|c ucu, aud t|c oucu ill survivc t|c ucu.' Ou 1|ursday, lriday, aud Suu-
day it is t|c ot|cr ay a|out t|c |us|auds ill uot lovc t|cir ivcs, aud ill survivc
t|cu. Saturday is cqually ortuuatc or |ot| scxcs. lt is also uotcd t|at Mouday is a
good day to uudcrta|c auy |usiucss, as c s|all scc, t|is as a pcculiarly lris| vic.)
Oucc agaiu c ocr couparisou it| ot|cr culturcs.
1|c louau c|rouological coupcudiuu o , iu |ic| pagau aud C|ristiau clc-
ucuts sit uupro|lcuatically sidc |y sidc, lists uudcr t|c scvcu plaucts t|c quality o t|c
days aud |ours ovcr |ic| t|cy prcsidcd, groupcd accordiug as t|cy crc |aruul
i or ..:.s Saturu, Mars), ucutral C or ..oo..s Mcrcury, Moou, Suu), or good
i or |..s |upitcr, \cuus). Ou Saturday, aud iu Saturu's |our |y uig|t or day, all t|iugs
|ccouc dar| aud dicult uc|oru |a|ics |avc a poor c|aucc o lic, a|scoudcrs ill
uot |c ouud, t|osc |o ta|c to t|cir |cd ill |c iu daugcr, t|ct ill uot |c discovcrcd.
1ucsday, aud Mars's |our, is a good day or curolliug iu t|c aruy aud purc|asiug
capous, |ut ot|cr prospccts arc uo |cttcr. Vcducsday, aud Mcrcury's |our, is good or
iustalliug |ailis, agcuts, aud s|op|ccpcrs, uorcovcr, ou t|is aud t|c rcuaiuiug days
aud |ours, |a|ics ill livc, a|scoudcrs |c caug|t, t|c sic| soou rccovcr, aud t|ct ill
couc to lig|t. Mouday, aud t|c Moou's |our, is good or uauuriug t|c aru, aud ua|-
iug clls aud atcr-tau|s, Suuday, aud t|c Suu's |our, or |cgiuuiug a jourucy or voy-
agc aud lauuc|iug a s|ip, 1|ursday, aud |upitcr's |our, or scc|iug a avour, couvcrsiug
it| t|c pocrul, aud rcudcriug accouut, lriday, aud \cuus' |our, or |ctrot|als, aud
scudiug |oys aud girls to sc|ool.
iiuctccut|-ccutury aluauacs statc t|at iu Cairo
Suuday is gcucrally cousidcrcd au uuortuuatc day, as prcccdiug t|at ou |ic| t|c
irop|ct dicd.

Mouday is cousidcrcd |y souc uuortuuatc, |y ot|crs ortuuatc.
1ucsday is iuauspicious, callcd 't|c day o |lood', rou t|c dcat| o uauy uartyrs,
|ut is a avoura|lc day or |ciug |lcd.
Vcducsday is gcucrally cousidcrcd a good day or travclliug, |ut souc auoug t|c
uppcr classcs dccu it uuortuuatc. 1|is is t|c day or startiug to rcad |oo|s,
|oo|s |cguu ou auy ot|cr day arc uot li|cly to |c huis|cd. Mil| s|ould uot |c
druu|.
1|ursday is au auspicious day, avoura|lc or all uudcrta|iugs.
lriday is t|c uost auspicious o days. Ouc s|ould ta|c a |at|, put ou pcruucs, aud
car clcau clot|cs, |ut uo sccpiug aud uo sciug s|ould |c douc.
Saturday is t|c uost iuauspicious day, |ct|cr or voyagcs or aluost auy uudcr-
ta|iugs. lis| uust uot |c catcu, uor uil| druu|. io |at|s s|ould |c ta|cu.
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-
1|: .|.| :|.: .s |.r. .. :|: `.||.:| .,
.s r:.:, .. .., .. ;..r, .. .,.
`.::.: .. . `..,, ,.r s.;::, s::|.
1|: :.| .|| |.: ,. :|: |.|: .; :|: ::|.
C: ,.r ...|s .. . `..,, ,. .: :|:o ;.r :.|,
I.r .|| :|: .::: ::| ,.`|| |: r|: |, :|: :.|.
Suuday is au uuluc|y day to
.r: ..:`s ...|s
iut alas. |o cau loo| iuto latc's |oo| o las.
Mr. loc ould |avc uarricd Miss Cuudy,
ic lost |cr. |c lost |cr. aud ouly |ccausc,
ic cut |is toc uails ou a Suuday.
1|ouas iudsou, C.o.. `..s ),
- --. ia. t|ou'rt uclauc|oly, old iroguosticatiou, As uclauc|oly as i t|ou
|adst spilt t|c Salt, or par'd t|y iails o a Suuday. Cougrcvc, L.: ;.r L.:, . i
Suuday is a luc|y day to
:: o.rr.:
. Aud to coucludc, c |avc 'grccd so cll togct|cr
1|at upou Suuday is t|c cddiug day.
. l'll scc t|cc |augcd ou Suuday hrst. 1|: 1.o.. .; :|: `|r:, . i. -
-
. :. s:.
icc ill ucvcr sct to Sca |ut ou a Suuday, ucit|cr cvcr gocs it|out au Lrr. .::r iu |is poc|ct.
|. iall ),
Alt|oug| C|ristiaus rctaiucd t|c |cis| uauc o 'Sa||at|' or t|c scvcut| day o t|c
cc|, t|cy rcgardcd t|c |cis| o|scrvaucc o t|at day, li|c ot|cr poiuts o t|c Mosaic
la, as supcrscdcd, |csus, atcr all, |ad curcd ou t|c Sa||at| aud dccudcd iis disciplcs
or pluc|iug cars o coru ou it, uaiutaiuiug t|at '1|c sa||at| as uadc or uau, aud
uot uau or t|c sa||at|' Mar| ). 1|cy uct to |rca| |rcad ou t|c hrst day o t|c
cc|, |ic| as a cast to cclc|ratc t|c lcsurrcctiou, aud as a cast as iu priuciplc uot
a day or or|. lrou t|c ourt| ccutury t|is a|stiucucc rou or| as iucrcasiugly prc-
scri|cd |y C|urc| aud Statc, |ut it as ucit|cr callcd 'Sa||at|' t|is |ciug Saturday)
uor rcgulatcd |y |cis| la. 1|c cquatiou o Suuday it| t|c Sa||at| is a pcculiarity
o sixtccut|-ccutury irotcstautisu iu t|c iritis| lslcs Calviu |iuscl |ad iusistcd t|cy
crc uot t|c sauc), |ic| as ta|cu |y iuritaus to t|c ic Vorld. icuccort|, iu
Luglis| as spo|cu |y strict irotcstauts, 'Sa||at|' ould ucau Suuday alt|oug|
Scvcut|-Day Advcutists rctaiu t|c origiual ucauiug).
Sa||atariauisu, t|c strict o|scrvaucc o t|c Sa||at| t|us dchucd, soou uadc its
uar| as iuritau iunucucc cxtcudcd. V|cu |aucs l, it| |is 3..| .; `.r:s o , allocd
ccrtaiu rccrcatious as laul ou Suuday, t|c |ccpiug o t|c Sa||at| |ccauc a political
qucstiou. Ludcr t|c Couuoucalt| various acts crc pu|lis|cd cujoiuiug strict o|-
scrvaucc o rcst, aud alt|oug| souc rclaxatiou ollocd it| t|c lcstoratiou, t|c Lug-
lis| Suuday loug rcuaiucd su|jcct to lcgal aud social rcstrictious |cyoud t|osc o|scrvcd
ou t|c Coutiucut. lt as uuc| rcuar|cd upou |y orcigu visitors, as our cxccrpts s|o,
t|c Luglis|, or t|cir part, rcgardcd t|c 'Coutiucutal Suuday' as t|c last ord iu iu-
uorality aud irrcligiou. Duriug t|c tcutict| ccutury, aud cspccially iu its last quartcr,
uorc li|cral uotious sprcad, |ut ouly iu , atcr a Govcruucut-a|cttcd caupaigu o
diso|cdicucc, crc t|c Suuday tradiug las |ic| cut |ac| to Saxou tiucs) rcpcalcd.
lu ot|cr parts o t|c Luitcd iiugdou, Sa||atariauisu as cvcu strougcr-so uuc| so
t|at t|c Scottis| Suuday did uot uccd to |c cuorccd |y las, iu Valcs, local couuu-
uitics votcd cvcry tcu ycars |ct|cr to pcruit t|c pu|lic |ouscs to opcu ou Suudays.
Strict Sa||atariauisu as also a caturc o iuritau ic Luglaud.
icrc a iuritau rails agaiust t|c a|usc o t|c Sa||at| iu Luglaud iu t|oug| |c,
or |is priutcr, couuscd Sa||at| it| `.|..:|, 'o iosts')
1|c Sa|aot| day, o souc is cll sauctihcd, uaucly iu |cariug t|c Vord o GOD rcad, prcac|cd
aud iutcrprctcd, iu privat aud pu|liquc iraycrs, iu siugiug o Godly isalucs, iu cclc|ratiug t|c
sacraucuts, ~ iu collcctiug or yc porc ~ iudigcut, |ic| arc t|c truc uscs aud cuds |crto t|c
sa|aot| as ordaiucd. iut ot|cr souc spcud t|c Sa|aot| day or t|c uost part) iu rcqucutiug
o |audic Stagc-playcs aud cutcrludcs, iu uaiutaiuiug lords o uis-rulc or so t|cy call a ccr-
taiuc |iudc o play |ic| t|cy usc) May-gaucs, C|urc|-alcs, casts aud a|csscs iu pypiug,
dauuciug, diciug, cardiug, |oliug, tcuuissc playiug iu icarc-|aytiug, coc|-hg|tiug, |a|iug,
|uutiug, aud suc| li|c. lu |ccpiug o laircs, aud uar|cts ou t|c sa|aot|. lu |ccpiug Courts aud
lccts lu oot-|all playiug, aud suc| ot|cr dcvilis| pastiucs rcadiug o lacivious aud autou
|oo|cs, aud au iuhuit uuu|cr o suc| li|c practiscs aud prop|auc cxcrciscs vscd uppou t|at day,
|cr|y t|c lord God is dis|ouourcd, |is Sa|aot| violatcd, |is Vord ucglcctcd, |is sacraucuts

coutcuucd aud |is icoplc ucrvclously corruptcd, aud carycd aay rou truc vcrtuc aud god-
lyucs. Stu||cs, sig. l
r-v
ic iavcu, Couuccticut, as scttlcd |y strict aud viudictivc iuritaus iu . 1|c 'iluc
las' t|cy iuposcd |avc |ccouc lcgcudary, t|cy crc iu act ucvcr pu|lis|cd as suc|,
aud arc |uou ouly rou t|c rcport o t|c Couuccticut |istoriau Sauucl ictcrs iu .
Vit| rcspcct to t|c Sa||at|
io ouc s|all ruu ou t|c Sa||at|-day, or al| iu |is gardcu or clsc|crc, cxccpt rcvcrcutly to aud
rou ucctiug. io ouc s|all travcl, coo| victuals, ua|c |cds, sccp |ousc, cut |air, or s|avc, ou
t|c Sa||at|-day. io ouau s|all |iss |cr c|ild ou t|c Sa||at| or astiug-day. . . . io ouc s|all
rcad Couuou-iraycr, |ccp C|ristuas or Saiuts-days, ua|c uiuccd pics, daucc, play cards, or
play ou auy iustruucut o uusic, cxccpt t|c druu, truupct, aud jcs-|arp. . . . ictcrs, -
A tyt|iuguau, appoiutcd to cusurc strict o|scrvaucc o t|c Sa||at| iu c|urc| 'ucct-
iug'), docs |is or| iu lyuu, Massac|usctts, iu
Allcu iridgcs |at| |iu c|osc to a|c yc slccpcrs iu ucctiug. Aud |ciug uuc| proudc o |is placc,
uust uccds |avc a ox tailc hxcd to yc cudc o a loug sta |crcit| |c uay |rus| yc accs o
t|cu yt ill |avc uapps iu tiuc o discoursc, li|cisc a s|arpc t|oruc |crc|y |c uay pric|c
suc| as |c uost souud. Ou yc last lord |is day, as |cc struttcd a|out yc ucctiug-|ousc, |c did
spy Mr. 1oulius slccpiug it| uuc| couort, |ys |cad |cpt stcadic |y |ciug iu yc corucr, aud
|is |aud graspiug yc rail. Aud soc spyiug, Allcu did quic|ly t|rust |is sta |c|iud Dauc ial-
lard aud givc |iu a gricvous pric| upou yc |aud. V|crcupou Mr. 1oulius did spriug upp uuc|
a|ovc yc noorc, aud it| tcrri|lc orcc stri|c |ys |aud agaiust yc all, aud also, to yc grcat ou-
dcr o all, prop|aulic cxclaiu iu a loud voicc, cursc yc oodc|uc|, |c drcauiug so it sccucd yt
a oodc|uc| |ad sci.cd aud |it |is |aud. iut ou couiug to |uo |crc |c as, aud yc grcatc
scaudall |c |ad couuittcd, |c sccucd uuc| a|as|cd, |ut did uot spca|. Aud l t|iu| |c ill uot
soou agaiu goc to slccpc iu ucctiug.
A. 1raiu, sourcc |ourual o O|adia| 1urucr, |uuc )
A lrcuc|uau o|scrvcs Luglis| Suuday custous iu
1|c L.|.s| o all Sccts, |ut particularly t|c ircs|ytcriaus, ua|c irocssiou o |ciug vcry strict
O|scrvcrs o t|c Sa||at| Day.
l |clicvc t|cir Doctriuc upou t|is icad docs uot dicr rou ours, |ut uost assurcdly our
Scruplcs arc uuc| lcss grcat t|au t|cirs. 1|is appcars upou a |uudrcd Occasious, |ut l |avc
o|scrv'd it particularly iu t|c priutcd Coucssious o icrsous t|at arc |aug'd, Sa||at|-|rca|iug
is t|c Criuc t|c poor Vrctc|cs alays |cgiu it|. l t|cy |ad |ill'd lat|cr aud Mot|cr, t|cy
ould uot ucutiou t|at Articlc, till atcr |aviug procss'd |o otcu t|cy |ad |ro|c t|c Sa||at|.
Ouc o t|c good L.|.s| Custous ou t|c Sa||at|-day, is to cast as uo|ly as possi|lc, aud cspc-
cially uot to orgct t|c iuddiug. lt is a couuou iracticc, cvcu auoug icoplc o good Su|staucc,
to |avc a |ugc iiccc o loast-icc ou `..,s, o |ic| t|cy stu till t|cy cau sallo uo uorc,
aud cat t|c rcst cold, it|out auy ot|cr \ictuals, t|c ot|cr six Days o t|c Vcc|.
Missou dc \al|ourg, -
A Gcruau dcscri|cs Suuday iu loudou iu |uuc
lu t|c atcruoou c cut to St. |aucs iar| to o|scrvc t|c prodigious crods o pcoplc |o al|
up aud dou t|crc o a Suuday, ou t|is day uo gcutccl pcrsous couc t|crc, |ut ouly t|osc |o
cauuot gct t|crc iu t|c cc| or |o livc too ar rou Vcstuiustcr |avc uuc| plcasurc to go t|crc
ou Suudays. Morcovcr uo ouc cau auusc |iuscl |crc ou Suudays, |ic| arc o|scrvcd as strictly
-
as iu auy placc iu t|c orld, so t|at, uot ouly is all play aud rcqucutiug o iuus or|iddcu, |ut
also ouly a c |oats aud |ac|ucy-coac|cs arc allocd to ply. 1|us ouc is orccd to stay at |ouc,
aud our |ostcss ould uot cvcu pcruit |cr orcigu gucsts to play to t|cusclvcs ou t|c viol dc
gau|a or nutc, so t|at s|c s|ould ruu uo ris| o puuis|ucut. All t|is iudccd is t|c ouly sigu
t|at t|c Luglis| arc a C|ristiau pcoplc, or it is uot vcry apparcut rou t|c rcst o t|cir dcaliugs.
Lcu|ac|,
Au Luglis|uau uuittiugly |rca|s t|c colouial ic Luglaud Sa||at|, sucrs t|c cou-
scqucuccs, aud dcviscs au cxquisitc rcvcugc
Souc ycars ago, a couuaudcr o ouc o |is uajcsty's s|ips o ar |ciug statioucd at t|is placc
Massac|usctts iay, |ad ordcrs to cruisc rou tiuc to tiuc, iu ordcr to protcct our tradc, aud
distrcss t|c cucuy. lt |appcucd uuluc|ily t|at |c rcturucd rou ouc o |is cruiscs ou a Suuday,
aud as |c |ad lct |is lady at iostou, t|c uoucut s|c |card o t|c s|ip's arrival, s|c |astcd dou
to t|c atcrs sidc, iu ordcr to rcccivc |iu. 1|c captaiu, ou laudiug, cu|raccd |cr it| tcudcr-
ucss aud acctiou t|is, as t|crc crc uauy spcctators |y, gavc grcat ocucc, aud as cousidcrcd
as au act o iudcccucy, aud a nagraut proauatiou o t|c Sa||at|. 1|c ucxt day, t|crcorc, |c as
suuuoucd |corc t|c uagistratcs, |o, it| uauy scvcrc rc|u|cs aud pious cx|ortatious,
ordcrcd |iu to |c pu|licly |ippcd. 1|c captaiu stincd |is iudiguatiou aud rcscutucut as uuc|
as possi|lc, aud as t|c puuis|ucut, rou t|c rcqucucy o it, as uot attcudcd it| auy grcat
dcgrcc o iguouiuy or disgracc, |c uixcd it| t|c |cst coupauy, as cll rcccivcd |y t|cu, aud
t|cy crc apparcutly good ricuds. -At lcugt| t|c tiuc o t|c statiou cxpircd, aud |c as
rccallcd |c cut, t|crcorc, it| sccuiug couccru to ta|c lcavc o |is ort|y ricuds, aud t|at
t|cy uig|t spcud ouc uorc |appy day togct|cr |corc t|cir hual scparatiou, |c iuvitcd t|c priu-
cipal uagistratcs aud sclcct ucu to diuc it| |iu ou |oard |is s|ip, upou t|c day o |is dc-
parturc. 1|cy acccptcd t|c iuvitatiou, aud uot|iug could |c uorc joyous aud couvivial t|au t|c
cutcrtaiuucut |ic| |c gavc t|cu. At lcugt| t|c atal uoucut arrivcd t|at as to scparatc t|cu
t|c auc|or as apca|, t|c sails crc uuurlcd aud uot|iug as autiug |ut t|c sigual to gct uudcr
ay. 1|c captaiu, atcr ta|iug au acctiouatc lcavc o |is ort|y ricuds, accoupauicd t|cu
upou dcc|, |crc t|c |oatsaiu aud crc crc iu rcadiucss to rcccivc t|cu. ic t|crc t|au|cd
t|cu arcs| or t|c civilitics t|cy |ad s|ou |iu, o |ic|, |c said, |c s|ould rctaiu au ctcrual
rcucu|raucc, aud to |ic| |c is|cd it |ad |ccu iu |is pocr to |avc uadc a uorc adcquatc
rcturu. Ouc poiut o civility ouly rcuaiucd to |c adjustcd |ctccu t|cu, |ic|, as it as iu |is
pocr, so |c ucaut uost justly to rccoupcusc to t|cu. ic t|cu rcuiudcd t|cu o |at |ad
passcd, aud ordcriug t|c crc to piuiou t|cu, |ad t|cu |roug|t ouc |y ouc to t|c gaug-ay,
|crc t|c |oatsaiu strippcd o t|cir s|irts, aud it| a cat o uiuc tails laid ou t|c |ac| o cac|
orty stripcs savc ouc. 1|cy crc t|cu, auidst t|c s|outs aud acclauatious o t|c crc, s|ovcd
iuto t|cir |oats aud t|c captaiu iuucdiatcly gcttiug uudcr ay, sailcd or Luglaud.
A. iurua|y, -
Carliug Suuday iassiou Suuday
lig Suuday ialu Suuday
Grccu-ood Suuday ialu Suuday
littlc-Lastcr Suuday lo Suuday
Mot|criug Suuday Mid-lcut Suuday, t|c ourt| Suuday iu lcut
Saiut Suuday St Douiuic| Sauctus Douiuicus, couuscd it| .:s .o....., t|c latiu
or Suuday, t|c lord's Day)
Yc Suuday ialu Suuday

z

M...,`s .|.| .s ;..r .; ;..:.

I; ,. s.::.: .. M..., ,. s.::.: ;.r ..:r.
C: ,.r ...|s .. . M...,, .: :|:o ;.r .:s.
Mouday is au uuluc|y day to
o.: |.s: .r .|..: :o|.,o:.:
1|cy ill dcpart rou t|cir oldc scrviccs, auy day iu t|c cc|c, |ut t|circ dcsirc |crca|outcs
Yor|s|irc, ) is to goc to t|circ ucc uastcrs cyt|cr ou a 1csday, or ou a 1|ursday, or ou
a Suuday t|cy ill scldouc rcuoovc, aud as or Muuday, t|cy accouut it ouiuous, or t|cy say-
Muuday nittc, icavcr sittc. icst,
.: o..:, ..,
Souc, |o uig|t cll |c supposcd uorc culig|tcucd, ill uot givc aay uoucy ou t|is day o
t|c cc|, or ou t|c hrst day o t|c Moou. |auicsou, Supplcucut, s.v. 'Mououday'
.:
. S|cc dicd ou uouday t|cu.
. Aud t|ats t|c uost villaiuous day o all t|c cc|c to dic iu aud s|c as cl, aud
catc a ucssc o atcr-grcl ou uouday uoruiug.
1|ouas Dc||cr, 1|: H..:s: h|.r: ), i.
lu '1|c Millcr's 1alc', C|auccr ua|cs t|c ily clcr| iic|olas |au|oo.lc t|c iguoraut
aud supcrstitious carpcutcr |osc ic |c is|cs to scducc iuto cxpcctiug a nood
grcatcr t|au ioa|'s agaiust God's cxprcss prouisc, Gcu. ) ou t|c olloiug Mou-
day, a day |c alrcady distrusts or its ill luc|. iic|olas iu turu coucs to gric at t|c
|auds o t|c clcr| A|solou, |o |as gouc a-ooiug |y t|c lig|t o t|c uoou, Mou-
day, as t|c uoou's day, s|arcs iu its hc|lcucss, |ic| uay accouut or its cvil rcputatiou.
1|oug| all Moudays crc dou|tul, t|rcc duriug t|c ycar crc t|oug|t to |c par-
ticularly uuluc|y. Mcdicval latiu aud Old Luglis| tcxts spcciy t|c hrst Mouday iu
April, t|c hrst iu August, aud t|c last iu Dcccu|cr auyouc |o lcts |lood o uau or
|cast ou t|cu ill uot last t|c cc|, auyouc |o acccpts a driu|, or cats goosc, ill dic
it|iu t|c ortuig|t, aud auy c|ild, ualc or cualc, |oru ou t|cu ill couc to a |ad
cud. lu tiuc rcasous crc iuvcutcd
1|oug| l t|iu|c uo day auissc to uudcrta|c auy good cutcrprisc, or |usiucssc iu |audc, yct |avc
l o|scrvcd souc, aud uo ucauc Clcr|s, vcry Cautiouaric, to or|carc t|csc t|rcc Muudaycs iu
t|c ycarc, |ic| l lcavc to t|iuc ouc cousidcratiou, cit|cr to usc or rcusc, ... . 1|c hrst Muu-
day iu April, |ic| day C...: as |oru, aud |is |rot|cr J|:| slaiuc. . 1|c sccoud Muuday iu
August, |ic| day `..o: aud C.o.rr.| crc dcstroycd. . last Mouday iu Dcccu|cr, |ic| day
I.s as |oru, t|at |ctraycd our `...r C|r.s:.
Villiau Cccil, lord iurlcig| -), to |is sou

1|c sccoud day |as |ccu s|itcd a cc|, |ut variatious arc uorual iu ritiugs o t|is
|iud, t|c iodlciau li|rary MS As|uolc o.
r
) givcs '1|c yrst Muuday o
lcvcrrcr aud c last Muuday o May aud t|c last Muuday o Dcccu|r'. Souc tcxts
couusc t|csc Moudays it| t|c Lgyptiau days.
Mouday is a |ad day or startiug t|iugs iu Valcs or| |cguu ou Mouday ill ucvcr
|c a cc| old. Ouc s|ould avoid uarriagcs aud loaus. iut Mouday is a luc|y day to
couucucc au cutcrprisc iu lrclaud
io grcat uudcrta|iug cau |c auspiciously couucuccd iu lrclaud ou auy uoruiug |ut M...,
o.r.... 'O|, plcasc God c livc till Mouday uoruiug, c'll sct t|c slatcr to ucud t|c roo o
t|c |ousc. Ou Mouday uoruiug c'll all to, aud cut t|c tur. Ou Mouday uoruiug c'll scc
aud |cgiu uoiug. Ou Mouday uoruiug, plcasc your |ouour, c'll |cgiu aud dig t|c potatocs,'
ctc. Ldgcort|, cditorial glossary)
Ogdcu ias| -) ou Mouday
L:r, L., .s M...,
Mouday is t|c day t|at cvcryt|iug starts all ovcr agaiu,
Mouday is t|c day |cu just as you arc |cgiuuiug to ccl pcaccul you |avc to gct up aud
gct drcsscd aud put ou your old gray |ouuct aud drivc dou to Dovcr agaiu,
lt is t|c day |cu lic |ccoucs grotcsquc agaiu,
iccausc it is t|c day |cu you |avc to acc your dcs| agaiu,
V|cu t|c tclcp|ouc riugs ou Saturday or Suuday you arc plcascd |ccausc it pro|a|ly ucaus
souct|iug plcasiug aud you ta|c t|c call it| agility,
iut |cu it riugs ou auy ot|cr day it just usually ucaus souc additioual rcspousi|ility,
Aud |cu iu dou|t,
V|y t|c |cst t|iug to do is to auscr it iu a orcigu acccut or i you arc a orcigucr auscr it
iu a uativc acccut aud say you arc out.
O|, t|crc is uot a cc|-day uoucut t|at cau't riug a sig| rou you,
iccausc you arc alays |ciug couroutcd it| pcoplc |o aut to scll you souct|iug, or i
t|cy dou't aut to scll you souct|iug, t|crc is souct|iug t|cy aut to |uy rou you,
Aud cvcry s|iuiug |our saggcrs arrogautly up to you dcuaudiug to |c iuprovcd,
Aud apparcutly uot ouly to iuprovc it, |ut also to s|iuc it, is |at you arc |c|oovcd.
O| or a rcucdy, o| or a pauacca, o| or a souct|iug, o| ycs, o| or a coua or soou,
Ycs iudccd, o| or a coua t|at ould last rou uiuc A.M. ou Mouday uutil Saturday uoou.
ilac| Mouday Lastcr Mouday, or t|c day ou |ic| sc|ool|oys rcturucd to sc|ool
also callcd iloody Mouday)
Collop Mouday t|c day |corc S|rovc 1ucsday
lat Mouday t|c day |corc S|rovc 1ucsday
iaudscl Mouday t|c hrst Mouday iu t|c ic Ycar
ioc| Mouday t|c sccoud Mouday atcr Lastcr
iloug| Mouday t|c Mouday atcr Lpip|auy
lopc Mouday ioc| Mouday
Saiut Mouday idlcucss at or| ou Mouday oiug to driu|iug t|c prcvious day

z
-
1:s.,`s .|.| .s ;|| .; r..:.
`.::.: .. . 1:s.,, |.ss . s:r..:r.
C: ,.r ...|s .. . 1:s.,, . .: ..r .; s|.:s.
1ucsday is au uuluc|y day to
o:::
S|ir or |ir-|audcd pcoplc, ..:. lct-|audcd oucs, arc uot sac or a travcllcr to ucct ou a 1ucsday
uoruiug. Ou ot|cr days it is ortuuatc to ucct t|cu. icudcrsou,
1ucsday is a luc|y day to
s. ..r.
lu t|c lslaud o Mull . . . 1ucsday is t|c uost luc|y day or soiug t|cir coru.
iaupsou, i.
lu uodcru Grcccc 1ucsday is uuluc|y it is t|c day ou |ic| Coustautiuoplc cll, t|c
day ou |ic| a |allad tclls us t|at t|c |cro Digcuis A|ritas as |oru aud ill dic. lt
as also t|oug|t uuluc|y iu Spaiu, particularly or uarriagcs, |ut iu |cis| traditiou it
is luc|y, siucc t|c ords 'Aud God sa t|at it as good' occur ticc iu t|c Crcatiou
accouut or t|at day Gcu. , ). lu Valcs too it is luc|y, good or jourucys aud uar-
riagc.
A traditiou at Cautcr|ury |cld t|at 1ucsday playcd a rcuar|a|lc part iu aud atcr t|c
lic o 1|ouas icc|ct |c as |oru ou St 1|ouas's Day Dcc.) |cu t|at as a 1ucs-
day i so, t|c ycar as ), t|c Couucil o iort|auptou, at |ic| |c as citcd to
auscr t|c c|argc o dcuyiug justicc to |o|u ht.Gil|crt, as suuuoucd or 1ucsday,
Octo|cr , |c ncd t|c Couucil, uudcr iudictucut or trcasou aud pcrjury, ou 1ucs-
day t|c t|, |c |ad a visiou at ioutiguy iu |ic| God said to |iu '1|oua, 1|oua,
ccclcsia uca glorihca|itur iu tc' ou a 1ucsday, |c rcturucd to Luglaud ou 1ucsday,
Dcccu|cr , |c as assassiuatcd ou 1ucsday t|c t|, aud |c as trauslatcd ou
1ucsday, |uly . lt as also ou a 1ucsday, |uuc , t|at |c as post|uuously
coudcuucd to dcat| as a traitor.
ioc| 1ucsday t|c sccoud 1ucsday atcr Lastcr
-
z
-
h:.:s.,`s .|.| .s ;|| .; .:.
`.::.: .. . h:.:s.,, s.::.: ;.r . |::::r.
C: ,.r ...|s .. . h:.:s.,, .: :|:o ;.r |:.|:|.
Vcducsday is t|c day ou |ic| t|c luuiuarics crc crcatcd, aud |cucc t|c hrst day o
t|c |cis| scctariau calcudar scc ll j:.s| C.|:..r), it is t|c startiug-poiut o t|c
Alcxaudriau astrologcrs' cc|day couut scc ll L,:... C.|:..r), aud also t|c day pro-
poscd |y souc carly C|ristiau ritcrs or t|c |irt| o C|rist scc ll C|r.s:... C|r...|~
.,), t|c Suu o lig|tcousucss Mal. ). lt as a ast-day rou carly tiucs |cucc
its lris| uauc o C..... 'hrst ast'), aud is so still iu t|c Ort|odox C|urc|, t|c Vcst
su|stitutcd Saturday, |ut latcr coutcutcd itscl it| astiug ou lriday.
Vcducsday is a itc| day iu Valcs, uc cutcrpriscs s|ould |c avoidcd.
Spy-Vcducsday Vcducsday |corc Lastcr
z
-
1|rs.,`s .|.| |.s ;.r :. ..
`.::.: .. . 1|rs., s.o::|.. |::::r.
C: ,.r ...|s .. . 1|rs.,, .: :|:o ;.r :.|:|.
Lvidcucc rou louau Lgypt suggcsts t|at pu|lic occs crc closcd ou 1|ursdays. 1|c
|ccpiug o 1|ursday as a |oliday loug pcrsistcd iu Gaul, to t|c auuoyaucc o t|c
C|urc| Cacsarius o Arlcs carly t| c.) couplaius t|at ucu aud oucu |c spccihcs
|ot| scxcs) arc trauscrriug to |upitcr t|c |ouour t|cy s|ould |c giviug to God, 'uor do
l dou|t t|at t|cy arc uot as|aucd or araid to or| ou t|c lord's day'. Morc pro|a|ly,
i c uay trust t|c aualogy o t|c s iu lraucc aud t|c s iu t|c Sovict Luiou,
souc ol| |cpt |ot| days |oly, ucvcrt|clcss St Lligius iu t|c uid-scvcut| ccutury is rc-
portcd |y |is ricud aud coutcuporary St Oucu or Audocuus to |avc urgcd 'lct uo
C|ristiau) o|scrvc 1|ursday at lcisurc, ucit|cr iu May uor at auy tiuc, cxccpt ou |oly
casts.' 1|c 1|ursday |oliday as rcvivcd iu t|c statc sc|ools o t|c lrcuc| lcpu|lic,
t|oug| it |as rcccutly |ccu c|augcd to Vcducsday.
1|c Coruis| tou o Mara.iou, |ic| prospcrcd grcatly |corc t|c risc o icu.aucc
iu t|c scvcutccut| ccutury, ocs its uauc to a uisrcadiug o a latc Coruis| oru M.r.~
,.. or M.r|. j. rou au carlicr M.r|.s L:|~1. Mar|asdcyt|yo, Marg|asycc),
'1|ursday Mar|ct', iu latiu I.ro I..s, grautcd auoug ot|cr li|crtics to St Mic|acl's

Mouut |y lo|crt, Couut o Mortaiu. 1|c uauc also survivcs iu Mar|ct |c Strcct,
|ic| ruus |ctccu Mara.iou aud icu.aucc, it |as uot|iug to do it| |cis| tradcrs.
1|c custou o astiug ou Vcducsdays aud lridays givcs t|is day its lris| uauc o
L.r.... 'day |ctccu to asts' .. :..r ....).
lu Valcs 1|ursday is uot good or uoviug |ousc, siucc |irds ucvcr carricd auyt|iug
to t|cir ucsts ou t|at day, |ut is good or c|ristcuiugs.
iouuds 1|ursday Asccusiou Day rou t|c custou o |catiug t|c paris| |ouud-
arics)
Caruival 1|ursday or lat 1|ursday t|c 1|ursday |corc lcut
Graud 1|ursday Corpus C|risti
Grcat 1|ursday Mauudy 1|ursday
Grccu 1|ursday Mauudy 1|ursday
ioly 1|ursday Asccusiou Day or Mauudy 1|ursday
Mauudy 1|ursday t|c 1|ursday |corc Good lriday
S|ccr 1|ursday Mauudy 1|ursday
z

Ir..,`s .|.| .s |... .. ....
`.::.: .. . Ir..,, s.::.: ;.r s.rr..
C: ,.r ...|s .. . Ir..,, .: :|:o ;.r .:.
lriday is au uuluc|y day to
.r: ..:`s ...|s
--- . V|at a curscd rctc| as l to parc uy uails to-day. a lri-
day too, l loo|cd or souc uisc|ic.
Middlctou, J., 1|.. ;.r . .:: L.;: ), . ii.
|: |.r.
l |c |c |oru ou lriday or its uig|t, |c s|all |c accurscd o ucu, silly, aud craty, aud loat|souc
to all ucu, aud s|all cvcr |c t|iu|iug cvil iu |is |cart, aud s|all |c a t|ic aud a grcat coard,
aud s|all uot livc lougcr t|au to uid agc.
iodlciau li|rary, MS iattou t| c.), o.
r
, traus. Coc|ayuc, iii.
.:r:.|: ..,:|.. .:
io lriday cauc, your old ivcs say,
O all t|c cc|'s t|c uuluc|icst day,
|ourucy to ta|c, or or| to do,
Aud l or uy part ouud it truc,

iciug day, ou |ic|'t uig|t cll |c scd
io |uttcr'd stic| upou uy |rcad.
llcc|uoc ), . |oruada
l |uc auot|cr poor ouau, |o lost |al |cr tiuc iu aitiug or |.|, days, aud uadc it a rulc
ucvcr to |cgiu auy or|, ritc a lcttcr ou |usiucss, or sct out ou a jourucy ou a lriday-so |cr
|usiucss as ucvcr douc, aud |cr ortuuc sucrcd accordiugly. C. Suit|, )
Auoug t|c supcrstitious iu |ic| |c iyrou c|osc to iudulgc, t|c supposcd uuluc|iucss o lri-
day, as a day or t|c couucuccucut o auy or|, as ouc |y |ic| |c, aluost alays, allocd
|iuscl to |c iunucuccd. Soou atcr |is arrival at iisa, a lady o |is acquaiutaucc |appcuiug to
ucct |iu, ou t|c road rou |cr |ousc as s|c as |crscl rcturuiug t|it|cr, aud supposiug t|at
|c |ad |ccu to ua|c |cr a visit, rcqucstcd t|at |c ould go |ac| it| |cr. 'l |avc uot |ccu to
your |ousc,' |c auscrcd, 'or, just |corc l got to t|c door, l rcucu|crcd t|at it as lriday, aud
uot li|iug to ua|c uy hrst visit ou a lriday, l turucd |ac|.' lt is cvcu rclatcd o |iu t|at |c oucc
scut aay a Gcuocsc tailor, |o |roug|t |iu |ouc a uc coat ou t|c sauc ouiuous day. Vit|
all t|is, straugc to say, |c sct sail or Grcccc ou a lriday. 1. Moorc, ii.
. ..r:..
lu Last laucas|irc lriday cvcuiug is uot cousidcrcd a corrcct or suita|lc tiuc or courts|ip. 1|c
hrst pcrsou spyiug a couplc so cugagcd cutcrs t|c |ousc, sci.cs t|c ryiug-pau, aud |cats ou it a
tattoo. 1|is arouscs t|c ucig||ours, |o givc a aru rcccptiou to t|c ocudiug couplc i t|cy
do uot it|dra |urricdly. Ditc|hcld,
o.: |.s:
A c days ago Mr i. Maci|crsou, luspcctor o ioor, visitcd A|araclc iu ordcr to supcriutcud
t|c rcuoval o t|c tcu sclcctcd cualc paupcrs to t|c uc cottagcs. 1|cy all occupicd |ouscs
|ic| crc iu a rctc|cd statc o disrcpair, yct cac| o t|cu rcsolutcly . . . rcuscd to 'nit' . . .
1|c agcd daucs crc iuviuci|ly proo agaiust all arguucut . . . t|rcats . . . aud . . . arrauts . . .
At lcugt| it as clicitcd t|at t|c disiucliuatiou to rcuovc as |ascd siuply ou supcrstitiou. 1|c
day o t|c cc| |appcucd to |c lriday.
`..:so.., Scptcu|cr quotcd iu Opic aud 1atcu, )
lriday is a luc|y day to
:: o.rr.: .. `..:|..
iiuc-tcut|s o t|c uarriagcs iu Glasgo arc cclc|ratcd ou lriday. N c , . xii.
.:|:r `: j.|.`s .r:
S. |o|us ort gat|crcd ou a riday iu t|c |ourc o |upitcr . . . |uug a|out t|c ucc|c, it uig|tily
|clpcs t|is acctiou uclauc|oly, aud drivcs aay all p|autasticall spirits.
l. iurtou, ll. . i.
lriday as C|arlcs Dic|cus's luc|y day
l as |oru ou a lriday, aud it is a uost astouis|iug coiucidcucc t|at l |avc ucvcr iu uy lic-
|atcvcr projccts l uay |avc dctcruiucd ou, ot|crisc-ucvcr |cguu a |oo|, or |cguu auyt|iug
o iutcrcst to uc, or douc auyt|iug o iuportaucc to uc, |ut it as ou a lriday.
Scptcu|cr L::::rs, )
lll luc| ar outcig|s good luc| ou lriday, |ic| is a |ad day iu gcucral. lt is ouc o t|c
'disual' days iu t|c |roadcr scusc) |ccausc t|c Crucihxiou occurrcd ou a lriday. iut

it as also said to |c t|c day ou |ic| Adau aud Lvc atc t|c or|iddcu ruit t|c sauc
day ou |ic| t|cy crc crcatcd).
. A plaguc o lriday uoruiugs, t|c uuortuuatc day iu t|c |olc cc|c.
Villiau lolcy, J M.:.| .: M...|: ), . i
lriday drcaus
icr drcaucs arc so c|astc, t|at s|cc darc tcll t|cu, ouly a lridaics drcau is all |cr s:rs:.:...
t|at s|c couccals or carc o augcr. 'A airc aud |appy Mil|-uayd', iu Ovcr|ury, C|.r..::rs
V|cu hrst s|c sa |iu, o. Quot| s|c,
1|is is t|c Mau.-1|c Mau or uc.
1|c Sagc dcscri|'d |iu to a 1-
l astcd Ir..,, |ad uy Drcau,
Aud drcaut o uouc |ut pcrcct |iu.
'irogrcss o Matriuouy', iu 1|: .|..: M.s.:||.., ),
lriday's cast ast
. Doc you straiuc curtcsics. iad l it iu hugcriug
l'd ua|c you |ot| ua|c |ut a lridaycs cast,
O| |o t|c stcauc pcruucs uy iostrils.
lo|crt Davcuport, J N: 1r..|: :. C|:.: :|: L.:|| ), . i
Accordiug to MS As|uolc o.
v
), t|crc arc t|rcc lridays iu t|c ycar ou |ic|
auyouc |o asts dcvoutly, |ciug out o uortal siu aud ully s|rivcu, ill |c savcd
|corc God aud ucvcr go to icll t|cy arc t|c hrst lriday iu Marc|, t|c last iu |uuc, aud
t|c last iu iovcu|cr, |ciug rccrrcd to t|c Crucihxious o |csus C|rist, St ictcr, aud
St Audrc.
lriday is t|c orst day iu Valcs, |ccausc Adau aud Lvc crc cxpcllcd rou iaradisc.
lruit-trccs pruucd ou it ould uot |lossou or t|rcc ycars, t|c airics coutrollcd la|cs,
strcaus, aud rivcrs.
ilac| lriday t|c lriday atcr 1|au|sgiviug, at ouc tiuc t|c start o t|c C|ristuas
s|oppiug scasou
Good lriday t|c lriday |corc Lastcr Day
z
-
`.:r.,`s .|.| .r|s |.r ;.r |.s |....
`.::.: .. . `.:r.,, s:: ,.r s:::|:.r: :.~o.rr..
C: ,.r ...|s .. . `.:r.,, . ,.r.:, :. ..
Saturday is t|c hrst day o t|c astrological cc|, t|c last o t|c |udaco-C|ristiau. lt is
trcatcd |y t|c Lastcru C|urc| as a cstival, |ut |y latius as a day o a|stiucucc.
-
Saturday is au uuluc|y day to
|.r: . s:r..:
Saturday's scrvauts ucvcr stay,
Suuday's scrvauts ruu aay. iort|auptou)
o.: |.s:
1o nit ou Saturday |cto|cus a s|ort tcru o rcsidcucc iu t|c placc to |ic| ouc rcuovcs.
|auicsou, Supplcucut, ii.
|:.. .. :.::rr.s: .r ,.r.:,
iot|cr cau t|ai cxcusc t|auc scl ra trausgrcssiou o t|c hrst couuaud, yat supcrstitiously
o|scruis auc day uair t|au auc ot|cr, as ccrtauc cratis ucu qu|il| ill uoc|t |cgiu t|air ar|c
ou t|c satcrday, ccrtauc sc|ipucu or uariuars ill uoc|t |cgiu to sail ou t|c sattcrday, ccrtauc
trauclars ill uoc|t |cgiu t|air ioruay ou yc sattcrday, qu|il| is plauc supcrstitiou, |c causc t|at
God aluyc|ty uadc t|c sattcrday as cll as |c uadc all ot|cr dayis o t|c ou|c.
iauiltou ), pt. , o.
v
Saturday is a luc|y day to
.|..s: . .;:
V|o ill |avc a |audsouc ic lct |iu c|oosc |cr upou Saturday aud uot upou Suuday. Spau-
is| provcr|)
Saturday as supposcdly icury \ll's luc|y day |ut scc Oct.)
. lct diuucr c|ccrcully
ic scrv'd iu, t|is day o t|c cc|c is ours,
Our day o providcucc, or Saturday
Yct ucvcr ayl'd iu all uy vudcrta|iugs,
1o yccld uc rcst at uig|t. . . .
|o|u lord, :r|.. h.r|:.| ), . i
icc cutrcd t|c Citic upou a `.:r.,, as |cc |ad also o|tayucd t|c \ictoric at iosort| upou
a `.:r.,, |ic| day o t|c Vcc|c, hrst upou au O|scrvatiou, aud atcr upou Mcuoric aud lau-
cic, |cc accouutcd aud c|osc as a day prospcrous uuto |iu. iacou ),
Saturday is a ortuuatc day iu Valcs, cspccially or t|c uar|ct iu poultry, |uttcr, c|ccsc,
aud ucat, ucly-cds' propcrty as alays couvcycd to t|cir uc |ousc ou t|is day, |ut
t|c uarriagc itscl as ucvcr coutractcd ou a Saturday lcst t|c couplc uot livc out t|c
ycar.
Lgg Saturday t|c Saturday |corc lcut
ioly Saturday t|c Saturday |corc Lastcr Day

-
lu t|is scctiou c ocr gcucral cousidcratious rcgardiug t|c o|scrvatious o days it|iu
t|c calcudar, or t|c day as a uuit o tiuc-ucasurcucut, scc ll L.,s .. 1.o:s.
z
- - --
Most rcligious attac| particular siguihcaucc to ccrtaiu days, t|csc uay |c auspicious or
iuauspicious, |ut arc iu cit|cr casc |oly. lu uauy cascs or| is uot pcruittcd, aud at
lcast t|c auspicious days or 'casts' arc uar|cd it| rcvclry, it is or t|is rcasou t|at, iu
Luglis|, t|c tcru '|oliday', a coupouud o |.|, aud .,, |as acquircd t|c scusc o a tiuc
|cu or| givcs ay to plcasurc, so t|at t|c origiual scusc |as to |c cxprcsscd |y
scparatiug t|c coupoucuts iuto '|oly day'.
iot all |oly days arc o cqual status. lor C|ristiaus ot|cr t|au t|osc |o rcjcct all
cxccpt Suuday as uuscriptural) t|c grcatcst casts arc Lastcr, |ic| couucuoratcs t|c
lcsurrcctiou as do all t|c Suudays iu t|c ycar), ollocd |y icutccost or V|it Suuday
aud casts uar|iug t|c uajor cvcuts iu t|c lic o C|rist, a|ovc all C|ristuas, aud out-
sidc strict irotcstautisu) o t|c \irgiu Mary. lu t|c C|urc| o Luglaud, t|c ioo| o
Couuou iraycr iucludcs a ta|lc o 'all t|c casts t|at arc to |c o|scrvcd iu t|c C|urc|
o Luglaud t|roug|out t|c ycar' t|cy couprisc all Suudays, t|c Mouday aud 1ucsday
iu Lastcr aud V|itsuu cc|, aud
Circuucisiou |auuary
Lpip|auy |auuary
Couvcrsiou o St iaul |auuary
iurihcatiou lc|ruary
St Matt|ias lc|ruary
Auuuuciatiou Marc|
St Mar| April
SS i|ilip aud |aucs May
Asccusiou t| 1|ursday atcr Lastcr
St iarua|as |uuc
St |o|u t|c iaptist |uuc
St ictcr |uuc
St |aucs |uly
St iart|olouc August
St Matt|c Scptcu|cr
St Mic|acl aud all Augcls Scptcu|cr
St lu|c Octo|cr
SS Siuou aud |udc Octo|cr
All Saiuts iovcu|cr
St Audrc iovcu|cr
St 1|ouas Dcccu|cr
1|c iativity o Our lord Dcccu|cr
St Stcp|cu Dcccu|cr
St |o|u t|c Lvaugclist Dcccu|cr
1|c ioly luuoccuts Dcccu|cr
1|csc casts, providcd it| t|cir ou collcct, Gospcl, aud Lpistlc, crc orucrly
priutcd iu rcd lcttcrs, aud callcd 'rcd-lcttcr days', iu gcucral t|cy couucuoratcd pcr-
sous or cvcuts ucutioucd iu t|c ii|lc, t|oug| t|cy iucludc All Saiuts aud uot t|c
1raushguratiou or t|c ic|cadiug o St |o|u t|c iaptist. Ot|cr casts crc priutcd iu
|lac|, or t|at rcasou |ciug |uou as '|lac|-lcttcr days'. Morc rcccut cditious o t|c
iCi usc italic or t|c rcd-lcttcr days aud rouau or t|c rcst. 1|crc as also a ta|lc o
'\igils, lasts, aud Days o A|stiucucc'.
1|c ASi iuposcd a t|rccold divisiou o 'iriucipal ioly Days' Lastcr, Asccusiou,
icutccost, C|ristuas, Lpip|auy, Mauudy 1|ursday, Good lriday, aud cvcry Suuday iu
t|c ycar), 'lcstivals aud Grcatcr ioly Days' t|c ot|cr iCi rcd-lcttcr days, it| souc
c|augcs), aud 'lcsscr lcstivals aud Couucuoratious' iucludiug a c o t|c iCi
|lac|-lcttcr days). 1|crc crc also 'Spccial Days o iraycr aud 1|au|sgiviug' aud 'Days
o Discipliuc aud Scl-Dcuial'.
lu CY t|c usc o rcd iu| as rcvivcd or 'iriucipal lcasts aud ot|cr iriucipal ioly
Days', priutcd iu capitals t|c ot|cr iriucipal ioly Days |ciug As| Vcducsday,
Mauudy 1|ursday, aud Good lriday) aud 'lcstivals', priutcd iu locr casc, |lac| is uscd
or lcsscr cstivals it| a spccial collcct, psalu, aud rcadiugs), priutcd iu rouau, aud
couucuoratious it| ucutiou iu praycrs o iutcrccssiou aud t|au|sgiviug), iu
italic-t|c sauc acc |ciug t|us uscd or t|c |ig|cr cstivals iu iCi aud t|c locst iu
CY. 1|c iriucipal lcasts aud ioly Days arc
C|ristuas Day
1|c Lpip|auy
1|c ircscutatiou o C|rist iu t|c 1cuplc
1|c Auuuuciatiou o our lord to t|c ilcsscd \irgiu Mary
Lastcr Day
Asccusiou Day
icutccost V|it Suuday)
1riuity Suuday
All Saiuts' Day
As| Vcducsday
-
Mauudy 1|ursday
Good lriday
all Suudays o t|c ycar
lcstivals agrcc it| t|c iCi's list o casts, it| t|c olloiug cxccptious
J.:...s t|osc uar|cd crc |lac|-lcttcr days iu t|c iCi)
St |oscp| o ia.arct| Marc|
St Gcorgc April
\isit o t|c ilcsscd \irgiu to Lli.a|ct| May or |uly)
St Mary Magdalcuc |uly
1raushguratiou August
ilcsscd \irgiu Mary August or Scpt.)
ioly Cross Day Scptcu|cr
C|rist t|c iiug Suuday ucxt |corc Advcut
o.ss...s
Mouday aud 1ucsday o Lastcr aud V|it cc|
1r..s;:rr: :. .:|:r .,s |: 3C .::s :ro.:::)
St Matt|ias May
St 1|ouas |uly
:..o:
iurihcatiou uo callcd ircscutatiou o C|rist iu t|c 1cuplc
St ictcr, uo SS ictcr aud iaul
:....|
Day o 1|au|sgiviug or t|c ioly Couuuuiou 1|ursday atcr 1riuity
Suuday lC Corpus
C|risti)
1|c lC C|urc|, |corc t|c liturgical rcoru o , |ouourcd at lcast ouc saiut ou
ucarly cvcry day, aud dividcd t|c casts iuto Duplcx o t|c hrst aud sccoud class, Scui-
duplcx, aud Siuplcx. lu t|cy crc rcclassihcd as l, ll, lll, aud Couucuoratious,
siucc t|cy |avc |ccu rau|cd as Solcuuitics, lcasts, aud Mcuorials souc o t|c
lattcr arc optioual). 1|csc uay dicr |ctccu couutrics aud dioccscs. 1|c Gcucral
louau Calcudar lists t|c olloiug Solcuuitics, iu additiou to all Suudays o t|c ycar
Solcuuity o Mary, Mot|cr o God |auuary
Lpip|auy |auuary iu souc couutrics ou a
Suuday)
St |oscp|, ius|aud o t|c i\M Marc|
Auuuuciatiou o t|c lord Marc|
iirt| o St |o|u t|c iaptist |uuc
SS ictcr aud iaul |uuc
Assuuptiou o t|c i\M August
- - --
All Saiuts iovcu|cr
luuaculatc Couccptiou o t|c i\M Dcccu|cr
iativity o Our lord Dcccu|cr
Asccusiou t| 1|ursday days) atcr Lastcr
ioly 1riuity lirst Suuday atcr icutccost
iody aud ilood o C|rist 1|ursday atcr ioly 1riuity iu souc
Corpus C|risti) couutrics ou a Suuday)
Sacrcd icart o |csus Saturday olloiug Sccoud Suuday
atcr icutccost
C|rist t|c iiug last Suuday iu Ordiuary 1iuc
lu additiou, St David Mar.), St iatric| Mar.), aud St Audrc iov.) arc Solcu-
uitics iu Valcs, lrclaud, aud Scotlaud rcspcctivcly.
1|c lcasts arc as ollos
iaptisu o t|c lord Suuday atcr |auuary
Couvcrsiou o St iaul |auuary
ircscutatiou o t|c lord lc|ruary
C|air o St ictcr lc|ruary
St Mar| April
SS i|ilip aud |aucs May
St Matt|ias May
\isitatiou o t|c i\M May
St 1|ouas |uly
St |aucs |uly
1raushguratiou o t|c lord August
St larcucc August
St iart|olouc August
iirt|day o t|c i\M Scptcu|cr
1riuup| o t|c Cross Scptcu|cr
St Matt|c Scptcu|cr
SS Mic|acl, Ga|ricl, aud lap|acl Scptcu|cr
St lu|c Octo|cr
SS Siuou aud |udc Octo|cr
Dcdicatiou o t|c latcrau iasilica iovcu|cr
St Audrc iovcu|cr
St Stcp|cu Dcccu|cr
St |o|u Dcccu|cr
ioly luuoccuts Dcccu|cr
ioly lauily o |csus, Mary, aud |oscp| Suuday it|iu t|c octavc o
C|ristuas or Dcccu|cr
lu additiou, t|c uatioual calcudars o Luglaud, Valcs, Scotlaud, aud lrclaud |avc t|c
olloiug lcasts
-
L.|..
St David Marc|
St iatric| Marc|
St Gcorgc April
icatihcd Martyrs o Luglaud aud Valcs May
St Augustiuc o Cautcr|ury May
SS |o|u lis|cr aud 1|ouas Morc |uuc
St Grcgory t|c Grcat Scptcu|cr
lorty Martyrs o Luglaud aud Valcs Octo|cr
1|ouas icc|ct Dcccu|cr
h.|:s
St iatric| Marc|
St Gcorgc April
Six Vcls| Martyrs aud Coupauious Octo|cr
All Saiuts o Valcs iovcu|cr
`..:|..
St |o|u Ogilvic Marc|
St iatric| Marc|
St Margarct o Scotlaud iovcu|cr
Ir:|..
St irigid lc|ruary
St Coluu|a |uuc
St Olivcr iluu|ctt |uly
All Saiuts o lrclaud iovcu|cr
St Coluu|au iovcu|cr
1|c Cat|olic C|urc| iu Aucrica |as ouc additioual lcast
Our lady o Guadalupc Dcccu|cr
z
- )
lu Grcat iritaiu, ou ccrtaiu days o ccclcsiastical or civil siguihcaucc, s|ould t|cy occur
it|iu t|c la sittiugs, t|c judgcs o t|c Quccu's icuc| Divisiou car scarlct ro|cs. 1|c
ccclcsiastical days arc t|c iCi rcd-lcttcr days |ut it| SS Matt|ias aud 1|ouas traus-
crrcd to t|cir ASi aud CY days), togct|cr it| St David's Day still ouly a |lac|-lcttcr
day or t|c C|urc| o Luglaud), t|c civil days, apart rou lord Mayor's Day, arc cou-
ucctcd it| t|c Sovcrcigu aud t|c loyal lauily. 1|c ull list is
Couvcrsiou o St iaul |auuary
iurihcatiou lc|ruary
Acccssiou o iM t|c Quccu lc|ruary
- )
As| Vcducsday
St David's Day Marc|
Auuuuciatiou Marc|
iirt|day o iM t|c Quccu April
St Mar| April
SS i|ilip aud |aucs May
St Matt|ias May siucc )
Asccusiou
Corouatiou o iM t|c Quccu |uuc
iirt|day o ili t|c Du|c o Ldiu|urg| |uuc
St iarua|as |uuc
Ocial iirt|day o iM t|c Quccu As appoiutcd
St |o|u t|c iaptist |uuc
St ictcr |uuc
St 1|ouas |uly siucc )
St |aucs |uly
iirt|day o Quccu Lli.a|ct| t|c Quccu Mot|cr August
St lu|c Octo|cr
SS Siuou aud |udc Octo|cr
All Saiuts iovcu|cr
lord Mayor's Day ud Saturday iu iovcu-
|cr
iirt|day o ili t|c iriucc o Valcs iovcu|cr
St Audrc's Day iovcu|cr
z
- - -
V|cu rcuts, iutcrcst, or ot|cr c|argcs arc paid quartcrly, custou iu Luglaud |as dccrccd
t|at t|cy s|all all duc ou lady Day Mar.), Midsuuucr Day |uuc), Mic|acl-
uas Scpt.), aud C|ristuas Dcc.). 1|c datc o lady Day is uot acctcd |y t|c
rcccut practicc iu t|c C|urc| o Luglaud o cclc|ratiug t|c Auuuuciatiou ou a dicr-
cut day |cu Marc| alls iu ioly Vcc| or Lastcr Vcc|.
V|cu uost |ousiug as rcutcd, t|csc Quartcr Days crc also t|c uorual tiuc or
uoviug
V|at is it quartcr daic t|at you rcuouc
Aud carric |ag aud |aggagc too.
1|: .,.: .; I.. L.r :|: :|.r, sig. L
r
1|csc days uay also |c spccihcd or |al-ycarly |ut scc ioc|tidc, uudcr h:s::r. C|r.|
1:.r) or auuual payucuts
-
xij. d. o rcutc ycrcly . . . to |c rcsccivcd o la Marc|auutc aud |is |circs at ij. tcrucs o t|c
ycrc, t|at is to say, vj. d. at t|c cst o ourc lady iu Marc|c aud vj. d. at t|c cst o scyut Mic|cll.
Godsto lcgistcr, ..) citcd iu LL, s.v. 'tcru')
lt as, iu act, t|c tcuty-ht| o Marc|, |ic|, as uost pcoplc |uo to t|cir cost, is, aud |as
|ccu tiuc out o uiud, ouc o t|osc uuplcasaut cpoc|s callcd quartcr-days. Ou t|is tcuty-ht|
o Marc|, it as |o|u Villct's pridc auuually to scttlc, iu |ard cas|, |is accouut it| a ccrtaiu
viutucr aud distillcr iu t|c city o loudou, to givc iuto |osc |auds a cauvas |ag coutaiuiug its
cxact auouut, aud uot a pcuuy uorc or lcss, as t|c cud aud o|jcct o a jourucy or |oc, so surcly
as t|c ycar aud day cauc rouud. Dic|cus, 3.r..|, :, c|.
|oc is |o|u Villct's sou, |o attcupts to cou|iuc |is crraud it| a ooiug.) C|rist-
uas as t|c occasiou or a ucrricr oru o payucut, till it as couuutcd iu t|c iutcr-
csts o propricty aud t|c Lxc|cqucr to a uoucy rcut
lolaud lc Sarccrc, |cld ouc |uudrcd aud tcu Acrcs o laud iu icuiugstou iu Cou. Suol|,
|y Scrgcauty, or |ic| ou C|ristuas day, cvcry ycar |corc our Sovcrcigu lord t|c iiug o Lug-
laud |c s|ould pcroru siuul ~ scucl, uuuu Saltuu, uuuu Suuu, ~ uuuu iou|uluu, or as
c rcad clsc|crc iu lrcuc|, uu saut, uu pct, ~ uu Synct, siuul ~ scucl, t|at is, |c s|ould daucc,
pu up |is C|cc|s, ua|iug t|crcit| a souud, aud lct a Crac|, Lt quia iudcccus scrvitiuu, idco
arrcutatur, saycs t|c lccord) ad xxvi. s. viij d. pcr auuuu ad Scaccariuu lcgis.
ilouut ), -
lu Scotlaud t|c cquivalcut days, usually callcd 'tcru days', crc hxcd |y Acts o
aud as Caudlcuas lc|.), V|itsuuday May, alays), lauuas Aug.), aud
Martiuuas iov.), |ocvcr, atcr t|cy coutiuucd, iu uost parts o t|c couutry,
to |c o|scrvcd accordiug to t|c Old Stylc, clcvcu days latcr. lu lcuoval tcrus or
c|augc o |ouscs crc hxcd ou May aud iovcu|cr, rcut aud iutcrcst coutiuucd
to |c duc ou t|c old tcru days till , |cu t|cy crc trauscrrcd, it|out c|augc o
uauc, to t|c t| o t|cir rcspcctivc uout|s.
1|c t| o May, as t|c V|itsuuday tcru old stylc), is a grcat day iu Scotlaud, |ciug t|at ou
|ic|, or t|c uost part, pcoplc c|augc t|cir rcsidcuccs. lor souc uucxplaiucd rcasou t|c Scotc|
'rcuovc' otcucr t|au t|cir sout|cru ucig||ours. 1|cy vcry gcucrally lcasc t|cir |ouscs |y t|c
ycar, aud arc t|us at cvcry tclvc-uout|'s cud a|lc to s|it t|cir placc o a|odc. V|ct|cr t|c
rcstlcss dispositiou |as ariscu rou t|c s|ort lcascs, or t|c s|ort lcascs |avc |ccu a rcsult o
t|c rcstlcss dispositiou, is iuuatcrial. 1|at t|c rcstlcssucss is a act, is |at c |avc uaiuly to
dcal it|.
lt |aps, accordiugly, t|at at cvcry Caudlcuas a Scotc| auily gcts au opportuuity o cou-
sidcriug |ct|cr it ill, iu t|c lauguagc o t|c couutry, sit or nit. 1|c laudlord or |is agcut calls
to lcaru t|c dccisiou ou t|is poiut, aud i 'nit' is t|c rcsolutiou, |c ta|cs ucasurcs |y advcrtisiug
to o|taiu a uc tcuaut. 1|c to or t|rcc days olloiug upou t|c iurihcatiou, t|crcorc, |ccouc
distiuguis|cd |y a cat|criug o t|c strccts it| |oards projcctcd rou t|c iudos, iutiuatiug
'A iousc to lct'. 1|cu coucs ou a uost livcly cxcitcucut or iudividuals proposiug to rcuovc,
you scc t|cu goiug a|out or cc|s, iuspcctiug t|c uuucrous |ouscs ocrcd to t|cu. Cousid-
cratious o positiou, accouuodatiou, aud rcut, aord scopc or cudlcss spcculatiou. 1|c gcu-
tlcuau dcli|cratcs a|out t|c rcut-|ct|cr it ill suit |is ucaus. 1|c lady |as |cr ou auxious
t|oug|ts a|out uc uruiturc t|at uay |c rcquircd, aud |o ar old carpcts cau |c uadc to suit
t|c uc prcuiscs. iot| |avc t|cir rcncctious as to |at t|c 1|ousous aud t|c |ac|sous ill say
ou |cariug t|at t|cy arc goiug iuto a |ousc so uuc| |audsoucr, uorc au|itiously situatcd, aud
- - -
dcarcr t|au t|cir last. At lcugt| t|c plcasiug drcau is ovcr-t|cy |avc ta|cu t|c |ousc, aud t|c
ouly t|iug t|at rcuaius to |c douc is to 'nit'. C|au|crs May)
z
' ' - -
lu t|c aucicut Lgyptiau calcudar, uauy days crc cousidcrcd auspicious or iuauspi-
cious, or uyt|ological rcasous, iu t|c Middlc iiugdou souc t|ird o t|c ycar as
dccucd uuluc|y. Suc| |clics pcrsistcd t|c Lldcr iliuy N.:r.| H.s:.r, . ) rccords
t|c |clic t|at i ouc auoiuts oucscl iu t|c uoruiug o 1|ot| it| t|c juicc o
uyosotis, |corc ouc |as said a ord, ouc ill |c rcc o cyc-discasc all ycar rouud.
ludccd, t|cy |avc outlastcd t|c uyt|ology ou |ic| t|cy crc |ascd accordiug to a
Coptic calcudar pu|lis|cd iu , ou 1|ot| ouc s|ould avoid ucdiciucs altogct|cr,
uuluc|y days o t|c Musliu luuar uout| arc attcstcd, t|oug| t|c dctails vary.
Luluc|y days arc also ouud iu ia|ylouia, or cxauplc t|c t|, t|, st, aud t|
o t|c luuar uout| t|c tcru as s|.|.::o, to |ic| spcculativc ritcrs |avc rccrrcd
t|c |cis| sa||at|), agaiu it| uyt|ological cxplauatious t|us t|c t| o t|c uout|
is uadc siuistcr |y t|c 'rat| o Gula'). lu Grcccc too, icsiod's h.r|s .. L.,s rou t|c
scvcut| ccutury iuvo|c uyt|ology, iy.autiuc s:|: ..r.o.. 'uoou-courscs') coutiuuc
t|c traditiou, souctiucs addiug Old 1cstaucut justihcatious. Auot|cr traditiou,
uota|ly rcprcscutcd |y ilutarc|, rclatcs t|c c|aractcr o days to t|c |istorical cvcuts
said to |avc allcu ou t|cu, souc uauipulatiou o t|c cvidcucc cau |c dctcctcd, uorc
suspcctcd. 1|c louaus traditioually |clicvcd scc |uly) t|at ccrtaiu days iu t|cir
ou calcudar crc uusuita|lc or pu|lic |usiucss, |ccausc t|c gods ould uot acccpt
t|c prcliuiuary sacrihccs rcquircd |corc |attlcs or ot|cr actious o statc, suc| days
crc callcd r:|...s. or .:r.. lu particular t|c days atcr t|c ialcuds, ioucs, aud ldcs crc
dccucd uuluc|y, uot ouly or aairs o statc |ut also or privatc travcl.
lrou t|c ourt| to at lcast t|c scvcutccut| ccuturics ccrtaiu days, or at lcast a
spccihcd |our iu t|cu, crc cousidcrcd iuauspicious or auy cutcrprisc, aud a|ovc all
|lood-lcttiug. 1|csc days crc uar|cd iu calcudars hrst iu t|at o ) as .:s J:,:....,
uot |ccausc t|cy coiucidcd it| t|c uauy days |cld to |c uuluc|y iu t|c Lgyptiau cal-
cudar, |ut |ccausc t|c Lgyptiaus crc cousidcrcd cxpcrts iu suc| uattcrs. 1|c lists vary
|ot| iu t|c uuu|cr o suc| days aud iu t|cir idcutihcatiou, |ut t|c uorual ucdicval
|clic as t|at t|crc crc to iu cac| uout|, aud t|c uost couuou accouut uadc
t|cu aud |auuary, aud lc|ruary, aud Marc|, aud April, aud May,
aud |uuc, aud |uly, aud August, aud Scptcu|cr, aud Octo|cr,
aud iovcu|cr, aud Dcccu|cr. Souc lists vary iu a c particulars, ot|crs
uorc radically, ouly a uiuority rccord t|c uuluc|y |ours, aud t|osc do uot agrcc, as i
it crc iscr to play sac |y a|staiuiug rou actiou all day. lt as cspccially iuportaut
t|at doctors s|ould uot lct |lood ou au Lgyptiau day siucc t|c uoou, iu its risiug aud
scttiug, as su|jcct to t|c iunucucc o a ualigu plauct. Souctiucs t|c Lgyptiau days
arc couuscd it| t|c t|rcc uuluc|y Moudays iu t|c ycar scc h::|. M...,).
-
1|c lat|crs o t|c C|urc| coudcuucd t|is supcrstitiou all days crc good, |ccausc
God |ad uadc t|cu all. icvcrt|clcss, t|cy crc rcgistcrcd |y ucdicval c|urc|ucu iu
t|cir calcudars, souctiucs |y 'dics Lgipt.' or t|c li|c agaiust t|c day, souctiucs |y
uucuouic vcrscs rittcu a|ovc t|c rcspcctivc uout|s. lu t|csc, t|c hrst day is couutcd
rou t|c |cgiuuiug, |ut t|c sccoud rou t|c cud, accordiug to t|c stylc couuouly
callcd ...s::. 3.....:.s.s |ccausc iu ot|cr coutcxts it as uaiuly uscd |y uotarics
traiucd iu t|c la sc|ool o iologua. Morc t|au ouc sct o suc| vcrscs cxistcd, |ut t|c
uost idcsprcad rau as ollos it| uiuor variatious)
laui priua dics ct scptiua huc tiuctur,
Ast lc|rui quarta cst, pracccdit tcrtia hucu.
Martis priua uccat, cuius su| cuspidc quarta cst.
Aprilis dcciua cst, uudcua ct huc uiuatur.
1crtius iu Maio lupus cst ct scptiuus auguis.
luuius iu dcciuo quiudcuuu a huc salutat.
1rcdcciuus lulii dcciuo iuuuit autc |alcudas.
Augusti ucpa priua ugat dc huc sccuudau.
1crtia Scptcu|ris uulpis crit a pcdc dcuau.
1crtius Octo|ris pullus dcciuuu ordiuc ucctit.
Quiuta ioucu|ris acus, uix tcrtia uausit iu urua.
Dat duodcua co|ors scptcu iudc dcccuquc Dcccu|ris.
1|c hrst day o |auus aud t|c scvcut| rou t|c cud arc carcd,
|ut it is t|c ourt| o lc|ruus, t|c t|ird prcccdcs t|c cud.
Mars' hrst |ills, t|c ourt| is uudcr |is spcar-poiut.
O April it is t|c tcut|, aud t|c clcvcut| rou t|c cud t|rcatcus.
1|c t|ird iu May is a ol aud t|c scvcut| a sua|c.
|uuc iu t|c tcut| salutcs t|c htccut| rou t|c cud.
1|c t|irtccut| o |uly uods to t|c tcut| |corc t|c ialcuds.
1|c hrst scorpiou o August c|ascs t|c sccoud rou t|c cud.
1|c t|ird ol o Scptcu|cr suitcs t|c tcut| rou t|c oot.
1|c t|ird c|ic|cu o Octo|cr attac|cs t|c tcut| iu ordcr.
1|c ht| o iovcu|cr is a uccdlc, t|c t|ird |as |arcly rcuaiucd iu t|c uru.
1|c tclt| coupauy t|cu givcs scvcu aud tcu o Dcccu|cr.
Ludcr |uly, 'dcciuo autc ialcudas' docs uot ucau X I.|. J., |uly, |ut t|c ud, t|c
vcrsc or Dcccu|cr as otcu uisuudcrstood as ucauiug t|c t| rou t|c |cgiuuiug
aud t|c t| rou t|c cud, i.c. t|c t| o t|c uout|. iut ot|cr vcrscs ill |c ouud, iu-
cludiug a sct pu|lis|cd rou 'au Old .o.s| M``. iraycr-ioo|' |y |o|u Gi||ou scc
Oct.), |o huds political applicatious or t|cu, uuortuuatcly it|out |uoiug
auyt|iug o t|c ...s::. 3.....:.s.s, so t|at |c couuts t|c sccoud day iu cac| liuc or-
ards iustcad o |ac|ards. Corrcctly iutcrprctcd, t|cy agrcc it| t|osc givcu a|ovc.
Yct auot|cr sct o vcrscs, partly latiu |ut uaiuly uouscusc, rccordcd |y |o|u o
ioliood dc Sacro|osco) iu t|c t|irtccut| ccutury, cucodcd uot ouly t|c Lgyptiau
days |ut t|c daugcrous |ours, it| t|c olloiug rcsults a c|augc o spclliug ould
rcstorc t|c uorual lc|.)
' ' - -
M..:| L., H.r L., H.r M..:| L., H.r L., H.r
|auuary |uly
lc|ruary .) August
Marc| Scptcu|cr
April Octo|cr
May iovcu|cr
|uuc Dcccu|cr
L.so.| .,
A syuouyu or 'Lgyptiau day', also ouud iu calcudars, as 'cvil day', .:s o.|.. 1|c ltiu-
crary o lic|ard l uotcs t|at |is corouatiou ou Scptcu|cr causcd spcculatiou |c-
causc it as so uar|cd, Villiau o ic|urg|, dcscri|iug t|c pogrou t|at |ro|c out
ou t|at occasiou, uotcs t|at t|c day as 'rou au aucicut |cat|cu supcrstitiou callcd cvil
or Lgyptiau', aud provcd so or t|c |cs. logcr o iovcdou rccords t|at iu t|c
arc||is|ops o Maiu. aud Cologuc |audcd lic|ard ovcr to |is uot|cr Llcauor atcr
payucut o |is rausou ou lriday, lc|ruary, 'au Lgyptiau day, |ic| t|c uodcrus call
au cvil day, aud t|us t|c lord dclivcrcd |iu iu t|c cvil day' \ulgatc is. A\ is.
'iu tiuc o trou|lc'). 1|is tcru is t|c origiu o Luglis| 'disual', origiually a uouu,
it is so uscd |y C|auccr, |ut rciutcrprctcd as i Old lrcuc| |. .s o.|, 't|c tcu cvils', ucau-
iug t|c tcu plagucs o Lgypt
Aud c|c, as |clpc uc God it|al,
l troc |yt as iu t|c disual,
1|at as t|c tcu ouudcs o Lgiptc.
1|: 3..| .; :|: L.|:ss, ll. -
'Vouudcs' rcprcscuts latiu |..:, lrcuc| |..:s.) 1|c uauc as urt|cr corruptcd to
'disuold', cvcu a St Discuorc as iuvcutcd
ls't uot a oudcr, ..:.s s|ould so drcad,
1o scc a iarc ruuuc crossiug |is ay,
1|c Salt all t'ards |iu, or |is iosc to |lccd,
icgiuuc a iourucy vpou L.s:o.r:s day,
Yct carcs uot t|iugs uorc ouiuous t|au t|csc . . .
1|ouas lrccuau, ||: .. . Cr:.: C.s: ), pt. ii, cp.
iocvcr, to uuluc|y days iu t|c uout| crc uot cuoug| or souc ritcrs c uay citc
Maistcrs o Astrououic aud i|isic|c t|at t|is crat hrst ouud, tcllct| t|c uost pcrillous aud
t|c uost daugcrous daycs iu t|c ycarc. lu |ic| i auy uau or ouau |c lct |lood o ouud or
vciuc, t|cy s|all dyc t|c xxi. daycs olloiug. Or |o so allct| iuto sic|ucssc ou auy o t|csc
daycs, t|cy s|all ucvcr cscapc it till t|cy |c dcad. Aud |o so ta|ct| auy grcat iourucy iu auy o
t|csc daycs, to goc rou |ouc |cc s|all |c iu daugcr to dyc crc |c couc agaiuc. Aud |o so cd-
dct| a ic iu auy o t|csc daycs t|cy s|al soouc |c partcd, or clsc s|all liuc togct|cr it| uuc|
sorro. Aud |o so |cgiuuct| iu auy o t|csc daycs auy grcat or|c, it s|all ucucr couc to good
cud aud t|csc arc t|c daycs olloiug Lrra iatcr, sig. A
v
-
v
1|c days arc , , , , , , , |auuary, , , lc|ruary, , , Marc|, ,
April, , , May, , |uuc, , |uly, , August, , Scptcu|cr, Octo|cr, ,
iovcu|cr, , , Dcccu|cr 'Lt alij dicuut, t|c xv. aud t|c xvi.'
-
1|c list as still |ciug pu|lis|cd, it| uiuor variatious, iu t|c cig|tccut| ccutury.
lt |cars souc rcscu|laucc to ouc ouud iu a htccut|-ccutury uauuscript iu t|c iod-
lciau li|rary, MS As|uolc o.
v
), said to |c t|c or| o 'uota|lc clcr|cs' |o uct
togct|cr |corc t|c |irt| o C|rist. Olaus Voru givcs to dicrcut lists o uuluc|y
days iu Dauis| ol|lorc.
Accordiug to t|c |uuauist lodovico licc|icri o lovigo, |cttcr |uou as Caclius
l|odigiuus
Sailors too |avc t|cir suspcct days , , , , , Marc|, , , , April, , , , , ,
lc|ruary. 1|cy o|scrvc t|cu it|out ail, cxplaiuiug t|at it is gcucrally ou t|csc days t|at t|c
sca is su|jcct to cxtrcuc c|augc, cit|cr or calu or or storu, |cucc, iu so couplcx aud uttcrly
uuccrtaiu a uattcr, t|cy t|iu| it sacr uot to sail. L:.:...:s ..:.,.: ), .
iocvcr, uouc o t|csc tcxts |as au aut|ority to uatc| t|at claiucd iu lraucc or
t|c parallcl lists o luc|y aud uuluc|y days allcgcdly 'rcvcalcd |y t|c augcl to good
St |o|' May) |ou|crt P)
L.|, b.|.|, L.|, b.|.|,
|auuary , , , , , , |uly , , ,
lc|ruary , , , August ,
Marc| , , , , , Scptcu|cr , , , ,
April , , , Octo|cr ,
May , , , iovcu|cr , ,
|uuc , Dcccu|cr , , ,
L.|, .. .|.|, |.:s
lu additiou to t|csc days o t|c calcudar uout|, days o t|c uoou crc cousidcrcd
luc|y or uuluc|y, suc| |clics, attcstcd iu louau |..r.. aud |ricny touc|cd ou iu
\crgil's C:.r..s, survivcd iuto aud |cyoud t|c Middlc Agcs, |ciug ouud iu Luglaud till
t|c cig|tccut| ccutury. Souc cxpositious arc vcry loug aud dctailcd, a siuplcr iustaucc
is a pocu iu a iodlciau li|rary uauuscript Dig|y , o.
r-v
)
God uadc Adau t|c yrst day o y
c
uoouc
Aud t|c sccuudc day Lvc good dcdis to doou
1|c iij. day t|cu as Cayu |oruc
icgyuuc uot ou t|at day till ovcr y
c
uoruc
1|c iiij.t| day as l you say ys rig|t good or uau
lor A|cl iu ccrtayu |c as |oruc t|auuc.
1|c v. day ys rig|t good aud scllc ||:ss:
Aud ou t|c vj. day as |oruc dauycl.
1|c vij. day Cayu A|cl sloc y
t
day ys good l uoc :|.: ., .s .. :..|
1|c viij. day aud t|c ix.
t|
good dcdis uay |c doo.
1|c x. day goo uoo pilgrcuagc
iut t|c xj. day do t|y vyagc
1|c xij. day goo uppou uoo noodc
Aud t|c xiij. ys yct uot so good
' ' - -
1|c xiiij. ys good to cary
Aud t|c xv. yt ys coutrary
1|c xvj. day
t
otcu stryvc .:|.: ...::s:
Aud t|c xvij. sau|c cytcis v ..:.:s ;:
1|c xviij. ys good all t|yugc to do
Aud t|c xix. ys uot soo
1|c xx. day as l you say
Aud t|c xxj. good dcdcs do y
u
uay
1|c xxij. aud xxiij. as l rcdc
t
otc drcdc ..s: .:|.: ;:.r
lu all good cr|c uay ucu spcdc
1|c xxiiij. aud xxv. day
1|o uaystc cll ta|c t|y |ouruay
1|c xxvj. day o y
c
uoouc
Good dcdys uay |c doou
1|c xxvij. day aud xxviij. |ygyuuc uoo t|yugc
iut lo|c y
u
a |ydc a |cttcr tyuyugc
1|c xxix. truc it ys
1|at t|y or|c s|all tcud to |lyssc
Aud t|c xxx. day or to spcdc
icgyuuc uoo cr|c as l t|c rcdc. ..s: :|::
Souc proguostics rclatc to t|c rclia|ility o drcaus t|us c rcad t|at a drcau ou t|c
t| or t| luuc ill |c ulhllcd it|iu t|rcc days, |ut ouc ou t|c t| ill couc to
uaug|t. Ot|crs rclatc to t|c c|aractcr o a pcrsou |oru ou a particular luuc t|c t|
luuc's c|ild ill |c |ouourcd iu all rcspccts .. :.||o ..o r;||), |ut ouc |oru ou
t|c rd ill |c a t|icviug scouudrcl :.;s.:..). Yct ot|crs couccru t|c paticut's
prospccts or rccovcry, it| distur|iug disagrccucuts, ouc old tcxt assurcs us t|at a pcr-
sou |o alls sic| ou t|c t| luuc ill livc, auot|cr iu |ot| latiu aud Luglis| t|at |c
ill uot cscapc.
b.|.|, |.:s .. ..|:..r o..:|s
1o ua|c uattcrs orsc, it as souctiucs said t|at particular luucs crc uuluc|y it|iu
cac| calcudar uout|, t|us accordiug to au Old Luglis| tcxt uo iu t|c iritis| li|rary,
1|crc arc to days iu t|c uout| suc| t|at |atcvcr ouc |cgius ou t|osc days ill ucvcr |c
accouplis|cd iu |auuary, |cu t|c uoou is uig|ts old aud , iu lc|ruary aud , iu Marc|
aud , iu April aud , iu May aud , iu |uuc aud , iu |uly aud , iu August aud , iu
Scptcu|cr aud , iu Octo|cr aud , iu iovcu|cr aud , iu Dcccu|cr aud , aud so ta|c
|ccd |o ill.
J r:.ssr...:
lt ill |c clcar cvcu rou t|c tcxts citcd t|at t|osc |o uaiutaiucd t|c cxistcucc o uu-
luc|y days crc uot agrccd ou |ic| days t|cy crc, uorcovcr, t|c usual carclcssucss o
scri|cs aud priutcrs, cspccially |crc uuu|crs arc couccrucd, su|jcct auy givcu list to
uuiutcudcd variatious. lt ould t|crcorc |c uuisc to |c dctcrrcd rou auy |usiucss
-
|y proguosticatiou, urt|cruorc, as |o|u Au|rcy o|scrvcs, t|c dicrcuccs |ctccu
calcudars ua|c uouscusc o supcrstitious couccruiug uuluc|y days
io, t|c Calcudars o t|csc couputcrs arc vcry dicrcut, y
c
Grcc|cs disscutiug rou t|c latius,
~ t|c latius rou cac| ot|cr, y
t
ouc o|scrviug y
c
|uliau, t|c ot|cr y
c
Grcgoriau accouut, uo t|is
lattcr accouut |y tcu daycs at lcast auticipatct| t|c ot|crs yct iu t|c scvcral calculatious y
c
sauc
cvcuts sccuc truc, aud ucu it| cqual opiuiou o vcrity, cxpcct, aud coucssc a couhruatiou
rou t|cu all. V|crc|y is cvidcut t|c oraculous aut|ority o traditiou, aud t|c casic scductiou
o Mcu, ucit|cr cuquiriug iuto y
c
vcrity o t|c su|staucc, uor rcoruiug upou rcpuguaucc o cir-
cuustaucc. Aud t|us uay divcrs |c uista|cu |o supcrstitiously o|scrvc ccrtaiu tiucs, or sct
dou uuto t|cusclvcs au o|scrvatiou o uuortuuatc uout|s, or daics, or |ourcs, as did t|c
.gyptiaus, to iu cvcry uout|, aud t|c louaus t|c days atcr t|c ioucs, ldcs, aud Calcuds.
Aud t|us t|c lulcs o iavigators uust otcu ail, scttiug dou, as l|odigiuus o|scrvct|, sus-
pcctcd aud ouiuous daics iu cvcry Mout|, as t|c hrst aud scvcut| o Marc|, t|c ht| aud sixt|
o April, t|c tclt| aud htccut| o lc|ruary. lor t|c accouuts |crco iu t|csc uout|s arc vcry
dicrcut iu our daics, aud crc dicrcut it| scvcral uatious iu agcs past. Au|rcy,
Vc s|all do |cttcr to ollo Villiau ioruau, J|.r.. ), o.
r
, 'l sct uat a |uttou
|y disuoldc daycs', aud rcc|ou all days to |c luc|y, aud t|c luc|icst tiuc o all to |c
puddiug-tiuc
1|c .. is a Dis| vcry dicult to |c dcscri|'d, |ccausc o t|c scvcral Sorts t|crc arc o it,
llocr, Mil|, Lggs, iuttcr, Sugar, Suct, Marro, laisius, ~c. ~c. arc t|c uost couuou lugrc-
dicuts o a ... 1|cy |a|c t|cu iu au Ovcu, t|cy |oil t|cu it| Mcat, t|cy ua|c t|cu hty
scvcral Vays ilLSSLD iL iL 1iA1 li\Li1LD bLLINC, or it is a Mauua t|at |its
t|c ialatcs o all Sorts o icoplc, a Mauua, |cttcr t|au t|at o t|c Vildcrucss, |ccausc t|c
icoplc arc ucvcr cary o it. A|, |at au cxccllcut 1|iug is au L.|.s| ... 1. ..o: .. ..~
:.o:, is as uuc| as to say, to couc iu t|c uost luc|y Moucut iu t|c Vorld. Givc au L.|.s| Mau
a .., aud |c s|all t|iu| it a uo|lc 1rcat iu auy iart o t|c Vorld.
Missou dc \al|ourg, )
V|cu Gcorgc iu puddiug-tiuc cauc o'cr.
'1|c \icar o iray', st. , l.
z
-
1|csc days crc uota|lc as t|c |ottcst days o t|c ycar, |cu dogs crc 'uost rcady to
ruu uad' i|ilcuou iollaud, trauslatiug t|c Lldcr iliuy). 1|crc is uo agrccd accouut,
aucicut or uodcru, o t|cir |cgiuuiug or cudiug iliuy iu ouc placc spca|s o Sirius
cutcriug lco ou August, iu auot|cr o its risiug ou |uly iu Lgypt, aud t|c t| iu
ltaly, souctiucs t|cy arc rcc|oucd rou t|c |cliacal, souctiucs rou t|c cosuical
risiug scc |uly), aud souctiucs t|c star uscd is uot Sirius |ut irocyou. icvcrt|clcss,
t|c uauc is rcgularly uscd or t|c |ottcst tiuc o t|c ycar
Also t|crc arc hty Cauicular or dog daics, t|at is to say, rou t|c htccut| ialcudcr s.. o
August, to t|c iouas o Scptcu|cr, iu t|c |ic| daics it is or|iddcu |y Astrououy to all uau-
ucr o ol|cs to lct |lood, or ta|c p|ysic|c, yca, it is good to a|staiuc rou oucu or |y, all
-
t|at tiuc raiguct| a starrc, t|at is callcd Cauiculacauis s.. iu latiu, a iouud iu Luglis| uo
o t|c orcsaid starrc Cauicula, t|c orcsaid hty daycs arc callcd Cauicular daycs, aud |itiug as
a iitc| or t|c |iud o t|c star Cauicula is |oyliug, aud |rcuuiug as hcr, aud |itiug as a |itc|
|clpc t|at tiuc t|c |catc o t|c Suuuc, aud o t|c Starrc is so crucut aud violcut, t|at ucus
|odics at uiduig|t scat as at uid-day, aud scllct| lig|tly, gloct| aud |rcuuct| aud i t|cy
t|cu |c |urt, t|cy |c uorc sic|c t|au at auy ot|cr tiuc, vcry uccrc dcad. lu t|csc daics all vcuiu-
ous scrpcuts crccpc, nic, aud gcudcr, aud so t|cy oucrsct |ugcly t|c airc iu sccdiug o t|cir |iud,
so t|at uauy ucu arc dcad t|crc|y. lu t|csc daycs a hcr is good, uig|t aud day, aud |olsouc
scct| your ucatcs, aud ta|c |ccd o ccdiug violcutly.
'Godridus', 1|: |..|:: .; :|..s .|...:,
ius|aud givc uc uy duc, t|c ouau saics,
1|c uau rcplics, '1is uaug|t Vic t|csc Dog daics,
iut s|c rcjoyus, lct oucu |avc t|cir rig|ts,
1|oug| t|crc |c Dog daics, t|crc arc uo Dog uig|ts.
..r .|.. )
Vritiug iu , lo|crt C|au|crs vics t|c dog days it| sccpticisu, cspccially siucc
at t|at tiuc t|c ucau tcupcraturc duriug |uly as l C)
1|c grcat |cat o t|c uout| lcd to a supcrstitiou auoug t|c louaus t|cy couccivcd t|at t|is
prc-cuiucut arut|, aud t|c discascs aud ot|cr calauitics noiug rou it, crc souc|o cou-
ucctcd it| t|c risiug aud scttiug o t|c star Cauicula-t|c littlc Dog-iu coiucidcucc it|
t|c suu. 1|cy accordiugly coucrrcd t|c uauc o DOG-DAYS upou t|c pcriod |ctccu t|c d
o |uly aud t|c t| o August. . . . 1|c uttcr |asclcssucss o t|c louau supcrstitiou |as |ccu
cll s|cu |y t|c ordiuary proccsscs o uaturc, or Cauicula docs uot uo risc iu coiucidcucc
it| t|c suu till t|c lattcr cud o August, |ilc, o coursc, t|c days |ctccu d |uly aud t|
August arc |at t|cy |avc cvcr |ccu. Dr iuttou, rcuar|iug |o t|c |cliacal risiug o Cauicula
is gcttiug latcr aud latcr cvcry ycar iu all latitudcs, says t|at, ou t|c louau priuciplc, t|c star uay
iu tiuc couc to |c c|argcd it| |riugiug rost aud suo. Yct t|c L.~.,s coutiuucs to |c a popu-
lar p|rasc, aud pro|a|ly ill loug coutiuuc so. lt is uudou|tcdly uudcr souc liugcriug rcgard or
t|c old uotiou, as uuc| as rou a cousidcratiou o t|c ccct o cxtrcuc |cat upou cauiuc ncs|
aud |lood, t|at uagistratcs o tous so otcu ordcr dogs to |c uu..lcd a|out t|c |cgiuuiug o
|uly. C|au|crs |uly)
-
-
--
1|c Vcstcru c|urc| ycar |cgius it| Advcut Suuday aud ocuscs ou to uajor casts
C|ristuas, |ascd ou t|c solar calcudar, aud Lastcr, |ascd ou t|c luuar calcudar. Al-
t|oug| t|c datc o C|ristuas is hxcd, t|c |cgiuuiug o Advcut varics, accordiug to t|c
day o t|c cc|, or 'cria', ou |ic| C|ristuas alls. Siuilarly, t|c uuu|cr o Suudays
t|at ollo t|c last cast |ascd ou t|c Lastcr cyclc, 1riuity Suuday, is varia|lc. Vc iu-
cludc iu t|is scctiou all cvcuts iu t|c C|urc| Ycar t|at cauuot |c hxcd to au cxact day,
aud also sccular cvcuts, suc| as iloug| Mouday aud Caruival, t|at dcpcud ou t|c datc
o C|urc| casts.
1|c liturgical ycar prcscri|cd iu t|c ioo| o Couuou iraycr is a siuplihcd oru
o t|c Luglis| ucdicval ritc, dcvclopcd at Salis|ury Cat|cdral aud |uou as t|c Lsc o
Saruu Suudays t|at arc uot t|cusclvcs casts arc uuu|crcd it|iu t|cir pcriod, as 'iu
Advcut', 'atcr C|ristuas', 'atcr t|c Lpip|auy', 'iu lcut', 'atcr Lastcr', aud 'atcr 1riu-
ity'. lu t|c Middlc Agcs t|cy crc rcqucutly idcutihcd |y t|cir iutroits at uass scc also
App. C). Morcovcr, t|c day alliug ouc cc| atcr uost iuportaut casts t|oug| uot
1riuity) as callcd t|c 'Octavc' i.c. cig|t| day, couutiug iuclusivcly) o t|c cast, auy
day alliug |ctccu cast aud Octavc, |ct|cr a Suuday or uot, as |uou as 'day o
t|c cc| it|iu t|c Octavc o cast'. 1|c ucxt scvcu days arc rccrrcd to as t|c 'quiu-
dcuc', |ocvcr, t|c quiudcuc o Lastcr is souctiucs t|c ortuig|t couprisiug ioly
Vcc| aud Lastcr Vcc|.) icorc t|c rcoru o , t|c lC C|urc| rctaiucd t|c
ucdicval louau ritc as uodihcd atcr t|c Couucil o 1rcut, t|c uaiu dicrcucc rou
Saruu practicc as t|at, cxccpt iu souc Ordcrs, Suudays crc uuu|crcd atcr icutc-
cost rat|cr t|au 1riuity, a cast uot uadc uuivcrsal till . Siucc , |ocvcr, it |as
dcsiguatcd t|c pcriods rou t|c hrst Suuday atcr Lpip|auy to lcut, aud rou icutc-
cost to Advcut, as 'Ordiuary 1iuc', t|osc Suudays alliug it|iu Ordiuary 1iuc aud
uot |ciug casts iu t|cir ou rig|t t|c hrst Suuday, or cxauplc, is t|c iaptisu o Our
lord) arc callcd t|c so-uauyct| Suuday iu Ordiuary 1iuc, or 'o t|c Ycar' scc also
|clo, 1|: r:~L:.::. `:.s.., `..,s .;::r 1r...:, .r .;::r :.::..s:). lu additiou, t|c
Suudays atcr Lastcr |avc uo |ccouc Suudays 'o Lastcr', aud arc t|crcorc uuu|crcd
rou sccoud to scvcut|, CY ollos suit.
1|c ASi iutroduccd a uc systcu |cgiuuiug at t|c ht| Suuday |corc Advcut, t|is
aud t|c olloiug our Suudays crc stylcd t|c uiut| to ht| '|corc C|ristuas'. 1|is
|as uot |ccu rctaiucd iu CY. Ot|cr pcculiaritics o t|osc |oo|s arc uotcd iu t|c ap-
propriatc placc.
1|c lut|crau c|urc| ycar is siuilar to t|at o t|c iCi, |ut dcsiguatcs Suudays rou
Ls:.o.|. Quiuquagcsiua) to L:.. t|c Suuday atcr Asccusiou) |y latiu uaucs. 1|csc
arc uostly t|c sauc as t|c uass iutroits, dicrcuccs ill |c poiutcd out |clo.
z

Advcut rou J:.:s, 'couiug') is t|c |cgiuuiug o t|c Vcstcru C|urc| ycar. lorucrly
a ast scasou, it is a pcriod o pcuitcucc lcadiug up to C|ristuas, aud is souctiucs
callcd 'St Martiu's lcut'. lt |cgius ou t|c Suuday ucarcst iovcu|cr t|c cast o St
Audrc), at t|c carlicst iovcu|cr, at t|c latcst Dcccu|cr, aud cuds it| C|rist-
uas. lu t|c Au|rosiau ritc, Advcut |cgius t|c Suuday atcr iovcu|cr.) Au old rulc
or hudiug t|c hrst Suuday iu Advcut ruus
Saiut Audrc t|c |iug,
1|rcc cc|s aud t|rcc days |corc C|ristuas coucs iu,
1|rcc days atcr, or t|rcc days |corc,
Advcut Suuday |uoc|s at t|c door.
Morc prcciscly, t|c datc o Advcut iu t|c louau ritc rctaiucd |y t|c CoL) dcpcuds
ou t|c cria o |auuary
j...r, J:.:
C.oo.. ,:.r L:. ,:.r
Suuday Dcccu|cr Dcccu|cr
Mouday Dcccu|cr Dcccu|cr
1ucsday Dcccu|cr iovcu|cr
Vcducsday iovcu|cr iovcu|cr
1|ursday iovcu|cr iovcu|cr
lriday iovcu|cr iovcu|cr
Saturday iovcu|cr Dcccu|cr
lu Gcruauy, accordiug to iaogcorgus, t|c 1|ursdays iu Advcut crc cousidcrcd
uuluc|y days. C|ildrcu cut carolliug aud girls uudcrtoo| diviuatious to lcaru t|cir
uturc |us|auds c. iov.)
1|rcc cc|cs |corc t|c day |crcou as |oruc t|c lordc o gracc,
Aud ou t|c 1|ursday ioycs aud Girlcs do ruuuc iu cvcry placc,
Aud |ouucc aud |catc at cvcry doorc, it| |locs aud lustic suaps,
Aud cric, t|c advcut o t|c lordc uot |oruc as yct pcr|aps.
Aud is|iug to t|c ucig||ours all, t|at iu t|c |ouscs dcll,
A |appic ycarc, aud cvcry t|iug to spriug aud prospcr cll
icrc |avc t|cy pcarcs, aud pluu|s, aud pcucc, cc| uau givcs illiuglcc,
lor t|csc t|rcc uig|tcs arc alaycs t|oug|t, uuortuuatc to |cc
- --
V|crciu t|cy arc araydc o spritcs, aud cau|rcd itc|cs spig|t,
Aud drcadull dcvils |lac|c aud griu, t|at t|cu |avc c|iccst uig|t.
lu t|csc sauc daycs youug autou Gyrlcs t|at ucctc or uariagc |cc,
Doc scarc| to |uo t|c uaucs o t|cu t|at s|all t|cir |us|audcs |cc.
lourc Ouyous, hvc, or cig|t, t|cy ta|c aud ua|c iu cvcry ouc,
Suc| uaucs as t|cy do ausic uost, aud |cst do t|iu|c upou.
1|us uccrc t|c C|iuucy t|cu t|cy sct, aud t|at sauc Ouyou t|au,
1|at hrst dot| sproutc, dot| surcly |carc t|c uauc o t|cir good uau.
1|cir |us|audcs uaturc c|c t|cy scc|c to |uo, aud all |is guisc,
V|cu as t|c Suuuc |at| |id |iusclc, aud lct t|c starricd s|ics,
Luto souc oodstac|c do t|cy go, aud |ilc t|cy t|crc do staudc,
Lc|c ouc dracs out a aggot stic|c, t|c ucxt t|at couucs to |audc,
V|ic| i it strcig|t aud cvcu |c, aud |avc uo |uots at all,
A gcutlc |us|aud t|cu t|cy t|iu|c s|all surcly to t|cu all.
iut i it olc aud croo|cd |c, aud |uottic |crc aud t|carc
A cra||cd c|urlis| |us|aud t|cu, t|cy carucstly do carc.
iaogcorgus, o.
v
3.||: `..,. 1|c iCi collcct or t|c sccoud Suuday iu Advcut is a praycr so to |car all
|oly Scripturcs, 'rcad, uar|, lcaru, aud iuardly digcst', as to 'cu|racc aud cvcr |old ast
t|c |lcsscd |opc o cvcrlastiug lic', t|c Lpistlc as iu t|c louau scrvicc) is ou t|c sauc
t|cuc, rou lou. -. 1|is |as carucd it t|c uauc o 'ii|lc Suuday'. 1|c collcct
is rctaiucd iu ASi, |ut CY rccouucuds t|at ii|lc Suuday |c |cpt ou souc ot|cr day,
suc| as t|c last Suuday atcr 1riuity.
1|: Cr:.::r .r ` J.:.|..s. Ou Dcccu|cr Dcc. iu t|c Saruu ritc, Dcc. iu ucdi-
cval iaris aud 1ours) t|c Grcatcr or 'O' Autip|ous |cgiu, ouc is suug cac| cvcuiug
|corc aud atcr t|c Maguihcat at vcspcrs iu t|c scvcu days prcccdiug C|ristuas Lvc
cig|t days iu t|c Saruu ritc, uiuc iu t|c iarisiau). Lac| o t|c autip|ous |cgius it|
t|c ord 'O'
.o.. `.ro .r.s... 1.rs 3.||. M..,
M` , 3r:..r,
, c.)
O Sapicutia O Sapicutia
O Sapicutia O Adouai O Adouai
O Sapicutia O Adouai O ladix |cssc O ladix |cssc
O Adouai O ladix |cssc O Clavis David O Clavis David
O ladix |cssc O Clavis David O Oricus O Oricus
O Clavis David O Oricus O lcx gcutiuu uot|iug
O Oricus O lcx gcutiuu O Sauctc sauctoruu O lcx gcutiuu
O lcx gcutiuu O Luuauucl O Luuauucl O Luuauucl
O Luuauucl O \irgo virgiuuu O Douiuc ac uira|ilia O \irgo virgiuuu
lcadiug t|c sccoud lcttcrs o t|c origiual scvcu autip|ous |ac|ards yiclds t|c acros-
tic LlO ClAS 'l s|all |c it| you touorro.'

Lo|:r h::| .; J:.:. 1|rcc days o astiug crc sct dou or Lu|cr Vcc| o Advcut
t|c Vcducsday, lriday, aud Saturday atcr St lucy Dcc.). 1|csc oru t|c hrst group
o Lu|cr Days, o |ic| t|crc arc our iu t|c ycar, uar|iug t|c .::.r 1:o.r. or lour
Scasous t|csc crc ordaiucd |y iopc Callistus l ..), aud t|c datcs dchucd |y t|c
Couucil o iiaccu.a iu , aud iu iCi, as t|c Vcducsday, lriday, aud Saturday
iu iutcr) ou or atcr St lucy Dcc.)
iu spriug) atcr t|c hrst Suuday iu lcut
iu suuucr) atcr V|it Suuday
iu autuuu) ou or atcr ioly Cross Day Scpt.)
1|cy crc ast-days, |cucc t|c couposcr |osquiu dcs irc.'s iuscriptiou J.s ,:.:r:. |:s
,.:r: ::os, dcuotiug a rcst o our |rcvcs ::o.r.) |corc t|c cauouic voicc cutcrs iu |is
M.ss. : 3:.:. J.r..:. 1|c Lu|cr Days, li|c t|c logatiou Days, arc iucludcd auoug t|c
'Days o lastiug, or A|stiucucc' iu iCi, |ut uot auoug t|c 'Days o Discipliuc aud
Scl-Dcuial' iu ASi or CY, iu t|c lC C|urc| rcplaccd t|cu it| days o praycr
at tiucs aud purposcs to |c dctcruiucd rcgioually. lastiug apart, Lu|crtidc |as |ccu
t|c traditioual scasou or ordiuatious, |ic| iu lC traditiou crc couductcd ou Lu|cr
Saturdays, aud iu t|c C|urc| o Luglaud ou t|c olloiug Suudays. Oiug to c|augcs
iu ordiuatiou practicc t|c ASi rcallocatcd t|c iutcr, suuucr, aud autuuu Lu|cr
Days to t|c cc|s rcspcctivcly prcccdiug t|c t|ird Suuday iu Advcut, t|c Suuday ucar-
cst SS ictcr aud iaul |uuc), aud t|c Suuday ucarcst Mic|acluas, CY dcsiguatcs
t|csc as t|c traditioual datcs, |ut 'cucouragcs' t|c dioccsau |is|op to sct t|cu iu t|c
cc| |corc ordiuatiou.
Alt|oug| astiug at hrst ucaut a|staiuiug rou ood t|roug|out t|c day, iu latcr
tiucs it as satishcd i ouc atc uo uorc t|au ouc uaiu ucal a day aud a|staiucd rou
ncs|. lu t|c lC C|urc| astiug, uo o|ligatory ouly ou As| Vcducsday aud Good lri-
day, as distiuguis|cd rou a|stiucucc uot catiug ucat) iu . iot cvcryouc rcgardcd
asts as au uuplcasaut o|ligatiou. lor Moutaiguc it as uorc o a pcuaucc to cat ucat
l au a grcat lovcr o lis|, aud couscqucutly ua|c uy I.s:s I:.s:s, aud uy I:.s:s I.s:s, aud l |clicvc
|at souc icoplc say, t|at it is uorc casic o digcstiou t|au llcs|. As l ua|c a Couscicucc o
catiug llcs| upou lis|-days, so docs uy 1astc ua|c a Couscicucc o uixiug lis| aud llcs|, t|c
dicrcucc |ctixt t|cu sccus to uc to |c too grcat to do so. lrou uy Yout| l |avc us'd souc-
tiucs to |c out o t|c ay at Suppcr, cit|cr to s|arpcu uy Appctitc agaiust t|c ucxt Moruiug,
or as L..rs astcd aud uadc lcau Mcals to accustou |is ilcasurc to ua|c s|it it|out a|uu-
daucc, l ou t|c coutrary do it to prcparc uy ilcasurc to ua|c |cttcr aud uorc c|carul usc o
a|uudaucc) or clsc l astcd to prcscrvc uy \igour or t|c Scrvicc o souc Actiou o iody or
Miud or to curc uy sic| Stouac|, aud or aut o ht Coupauy. lor l say as t|c sauc L..rs
did, t|at a Mau is uot so uuc| to rcgard |at |c cats, as it| |ou, aud couucud C|.|., t|at
|c ould uot cugagc |iuscl to |c at :r...:r's lcast, till |c hrst as iuoru'd |o crc to |c
t|c ot|cr C:s:s. Moutaiguc, Lss.,s, . iii. -)
- --
z
-- --
1|c olloiug casts arc discusscd uudcr t|c Calcudar Ycar
Dcccu|cr C|ristuas Day
Dcccu|cr St Stcp|cu's Day
Dcccu|cr St |o|u t|c Lvaugclist's Day
Dcccu|cr ioly luuoccuts' Day
|auuary Circuucisiou lC siucc Solcuuity o Mary, Mot|cr o God)
|auuary Lpip|auy
`..,s .;::r C|r.s:o.s CY 'o C|ristuas'). V|cu C|ristuas alls ou auy day |ut Suu-
day, t|crc is a Suuday atcr C|ristuas, |ctccu it aud |auuary, |cu it alls ou auy day
rou Vcducsday to Saturday t|crc is a sccoud prcccdiug Lpip|auy. Siucc t|c Suu-
day |ctccu C|ristuas aud |auuary |as |ccu dcdicatcd iu t|c lC C|urc| to t|c ioly
lauily, a cast origiually iustitutcd |y icucdict X\ iu or t|c Suuday atcr Lpip|auy,
|cu C|ristuas alls ou Suuday, t|c ioly lauily is castcd ou lriday, Dcccu|cr.
M..., .;::r L.|.., 'iloug| Mouday'). 1clt| iig|t uar|cd t|c cud o t|c C|rist-
uas scasou or arucrs, t|c all-iuportaut tas| o ploug|iug t|c laud |cgau iuucdi-
atcly atcrards. lu t|c t|irtccut| ccutury t|c rcturu to or| as otcu |cguu it| a
ploug| racc, or-rcuiuisccut o pagau custous-draiug a ploug| arouud a hrc. iy
t|c uid-htccut| ccutury t|c |oliday scasou did uot cud uutil t|c Suuday atcr
Lpip|auy, aud t|c olloiug Mouday |ccauc 'iloug| Mouday'. lt dcvclopcd iuto au
occasiou or raisiug uoucy aud or touoolcry, aud too| t|c spccihc oru o uuu-
uiug, souctiucs accoupauicd |y a sord-daucc. Ouc ploug|uau drcsscd as a ouau
'icssy') aud as accoupauicd |y iccl.c|u| or a ool, various localitics |ad t|cir ou
c|aractcrs, aud tcxts o uauy o t|c plays |avc |ccu rccordcd. A collcctiou |ox as
passcd, i uo apprcciatiou as s|ou, iu coiu or rcrcs|ucut, t|c ploug| ccascd |ciug
a prop aud as prcsscd iuto actiou.
iloug| Mouday as vigorously cclc|ratcd iuto t|c uiuctccut| ccutury aud |as cx-
pcricuccd rcvivals iu t|c tcutict|. C|au|crs rccords t|c rcuiuisccuccs o a liucolu-
s|irc uau iu
ludc t|oug| it as, t|c iloug| proccssiou t|rc a lic iuto t|c drcary sccucry o iutcr, as it
cauc iudiug aloug t|c quict ruttcd laucs, ou its ay rou ouc villagc to auot|cr, or t|c
ploug|ucu rou uauy a surrouudiug t|orpc, |aulct, aud loucly aru-|ousc uuitcd iu t|c cclc-
|ratiou o iloug| Mouday. lt as uot|iug uuusual or at lcast a scorc o t|c 'sous o t|c soil'
to yo|c t|cusclvcs it| ropcs to t|c ploug|, |aviug put ou clcau suoc|-roc|s iu |ouour o t|c
day. 1|crc as uo liuit to t|c uuu|cr |o joiucd iu t|c uorris-daucc, aud crc partucrs it|
'icssy', |o carricd t|c uoucy-|ox, aud all t|csc |ad ri||ous iu t|cir |ats aud piuucd a|out
t|cu |crcvcr t|crc as roou to display a |uuc|. . . . 1|c ru||is|y vcrscs t|cy rccitcd arc uot
ort| prcscrviug |cyoud t|c liuc |ic| graccs uauy a pu|lic-|ousc sigu o 'God spccd t|c
ploug|'. At t|c largc aru-|ousc, |csidcs uoucy t|cy o|taiucd rcrcs|ucut, aud t|roug| t|c
quautity o alc t|cy t|us drau| duriug t|c day, uauagcd to gct |at t|cy callcd 't|cir load' |y
uig|t. Lvcu t|c poorcst cottagcrs droppcd a c pcucc iuto icssy's |ox.
-- --
iut t|c grcat cvcut o t|c day as |cu t|cy cauc |corc souc |ousc |ic| |orc sigus t|at
t|c oucr as cll-to-do iu t|c orld, aud uot|iug as givcu to t|cu. icssy rattlcd |is |ox aud
t|c ploug|ucu dauccd, |ilc t|c couutry lads |lc t|cir |ulloc|s' |orus, or s|outcd it| all
t|cir uig|t, |ut i t|crc as still uo sigu, uo couiug ort| o cit|cr |rcad-aud-c|ccsc or alc, t|cu
t|c ord as givcu, t|c ploug|s|arc drivcu iuto t|c grouud |corc t|c door or iudo, t|c
|olc tcuty ucu yo|cd pulliug li|c ouc, aud iu a uiuutc or to t|c grouud |corc t|c |ousc
as as |rou, |arrcu, aud ridgy as a ucly-ploug|cd hcld. . . . Vc arc uot aarc t|at t|c ploug|-
ucu crc cvcr suuuoucd to auscr or suc| a |rcac| o t|c la, or t|cy |clicvc, to usc t|cir
ou cxprcssivc lauguagc, 't|cy cau staud |y it, aud uo la iu t|c orld cau touc| 'cu, 'causc it's
au old c|artcr', aud c arc surc it ould spoil t|cir 'olly to |c isc'. C|au|crs |au.)
z
--
`..,s .;::r L.|..,. 1|c Suudays |ctccu Lpip|auy aud Scptuagcsiua arc uuu|crcd
iu t|c C|urc| o Luglaud aud |y lut|craus as Suudays atcr Lpip|auy, dcpcudiug ou
t|c datc o Lastcr, t|crc arc |ctccu to aud six Suudays i |auuary alls ou Suuday,
Mouday, lriday, Saturday, or iu lcap ycar also ou 1|ursday, |ctccu ouc aud hvc i it
alls ou 1ucsday, Vcducsday, or, iu a couuou ycar, 1|ursday. icorc t|c lC
C|urc| uscd a siuilar rcc|ouiug, t|oug| t|c hrst Suuday as callcd t|c 'Octavc o
Lpip|auy' |cu it cll ou |auuary, aud ot|crisc 'Suuday it|iu t|c octavc o Lpi-
p|auy'. Siucc t|c Suudays 'iu Ordiuary 1iuc' |cgiu it| t|c Suuday atcr Lpi-
p|auy, or iaptisu o Our lord, aud coutiuuc to t|c last Suuday |corc lcut, orucrly
callcd 'Quiuquagcsiua'. Dcpcudiug ou t|c datc o Lastcr, t|c uuu|cr o Suudays iu
Ordiuary 1iuc raugcs rou hvc to uiuc i |auuary alls ou Suuday, Mouday, lriday,
Saturday, or iu lcap ycar also ou 1|ursday, our to cig|t i it alls ou 1ucsday, Vcducs-
day, or, iu a couuou ycar, 1|ursday.
CY dividcs t|c prc-lcutcu pcriod iuto to at t|c ircscutatiou lc|.). icorc
t|at datc Suudays arc couutcd 'o ', uot 'atcr', so t|at |cu |auuary is a Suuday, t|c
t| is 't|c sccoud Suuday o Lpip|auy', t|crc arc t|rcc suc| Suudays |cu Lpip|auy
alls ou a Mouday, ot|crisc our. Atcr t|c ircscutatiou, Ordiuary 1iuc is said to
|cgiu, aud last till As| Vcducsday |corc rcsuuiug ou t|c Mouday atcr icutccost, prc-
lcutcu Ordiuary 1iuc uay |c as littlc as ouc day, |cu Lastcr alls ou Marc| aud
couscqucutly As| Vcducsday is ou lc|ruary. iocvcr, t|c tcru is uot uscd or
dcsiguatiug Suudays, |ic| arc couutcd '|corc lcut', t|c uuu|cr raugcs rou uouc to
hvc.
`::.:s.o., t|c t|ird Suuday |corc lcut, souctiucs |uou rou t|c uass iutroit as
C.r.o::r.:. 1|c ord is latiu or 'scvcutict| day)', li|c Scxagcsiua 'sixtict|') it is
arit|uctically alsc, |ut as iuposcd to ua|c a scrics it| Quiuquagcsiua aud Quadra-
gcsiua. li|c t|csc tcrus, it is uo lougcr ocially uscd iu t|c lC C|urc|, |ic| siuply
rcc|ous t|cu as Suudays iu Ordiuary 1iuc, t|c ASi rcc|oucd t|is as t|c uiut| Suuday
|corc Lastcr, Scxagcsiua aud Quiuquagcsiua |ciug rcspcctivcly t|c cig|t| aud scvcut|.
lu CY t|csc days |avc uo sct uauc.
- --
`::.:s.o., t|c sccoud Suuday |corc lcut iutroit L:sr: L.o..: or C.oo..s:. L.o..:
::rr.o).
C.r...| is cclc|ratcd iu t|c days |corc lcut, t|oug| a uorc cxtcudcd caruival scasou
|cgius or |as |cguu carlicr, cspccially iu ltaly ou St Autouy A||ot's day |au.) or iu
t|c t|catrc) ou St Stcp|cu's day Dcc.), iu Cologuc ou St Martiu's day iov.). lt
is uaiuly a sout|cru Luropcau iustitutiou, spcctacularly cxportcd to 1riuidad aud lio
dc |auciro. 1|c ltaliau uauc ..r.:.|: is s|ortcucd rou ..r.:|:.|:, a corruptiou o ltal-
iau ..r.: |:.r:, 'to ta|c aay ucat', iu t|c sauc scusc latiu |as ..r..r..o, Spauis|
..r.:s:.|:..s or 'S|rovctidc', rou latiu . ..r.:s :.||:..s. A syuouyu ..r..s...|:, rou
..r.: |.s...r:, 'to lcavc o ucat', gavc its uauc to t|c ...:. ..r..s...|:s.|. or caruival sougs
o htccut|-ccutury llorcucc. 1|c liccuscd uisrulc as assistcd |y uas|s, aud |y au cti-
qucttc t|at or|adc rccoguitiou o t|c carcrs, cla|oratc caruival uas|s arc still sccu iu
\cuicc. lu Cologuc, I.r.:.| |ccauc associatcd it| political satirc agaiust t|c uu-
clcouc irussiau rulcrs, urt|cr sout|, iu Alcuauuic tcrritory, it is au cxpulsiou o
iutcr. 1|c corrcspoudiug tcru iu iavaria aud Austria is I.s.|.., rou I.s:s.|..|,
'pouriug) o t|c ast-tidc driu|)'. lt ucvcr rcac|cd Luglaud or uort|cru lraucc cvcu
|corc t|c lcoruatiou, |ut t|c scvcu days rou Vcducsday atcr Scxagcsiua to S|rovc
1ucsday crc callcd .:|s::| iu llcuis|. iccausc t|c cxpcricucc o caruival ou t|c
Coutiucut as so dicrcut rou S|rovctidc iu Luglaud aud uort|cru couutrics, visitors
to ltaly otcu rcuar| ou it iu dctail.
As o|scrvcd |y t|c iarou dc iolluit. iu louc iu
1|au|s to God, t|c Caruival is cudcd, l say, 1|au|s to God, |ccausc it as to uc vcry tircsou,
t|o' it lastcd |crc, accordiug to au csta|lis|'d Custou, |ut a Vcc|. Duriug all t|at 1iuc, rou
1o o'Cloc| iu t|c Atcruoou till Suu-sct, all t|c Strccts crc ull o Masqucrs, souc ou loot,
aud souc iu opcu C|aiscs 1|c orucr say a t|ousaud silly 1|iugs, aud t|c lattcr t|ro Mcsliu
iu ouc auot|cr's Lycs |y iauduls, |ut t|c |cst ou't is, t|at cit|cr |y t|cir Cloat|s, or t|cir
Lquipagc, cvcry |ody is |uou. icsidcs, t|c iagcautry o t|c .o..s is alays t|c sauc, cvcu iu
Masqucradcs, t|cy drcss up t|cir Doucstics li|c iarlcquius, aud ua|c t|cu ollo t|cu it|
t|cir laccs |arc. 1|cy t|us ta|c t|c Air gravcly iu opcu C|ariots uadc li|c Goudolas. 1|cir
iorscs arc adoru'd it| iluucs o lcat|crs, aud loadcd it| littlc iclls li|c ours iu t|c Slcd
laccs. lu t|c Lvcuiug t|c Coac|cs raugc t|cusclvcs iu to los iu t|c Strcct :| C.rs., |ic| is
|csidcs prctty uarro, aud t|crc t|cy scc t|c lacc o iar|s, |ic| arc hvc or six iorscs, t|at arc
sucr'd to ruu loosc it|out a lidcr, rou t|c Gatc :| ..|. to a ilacc |cyoud t|c J:.::... ialacc.
1|c poor icasts gallop t|ro' t|c S|outs aud Crics o t|c iopulacc, aud arc otcu cripplcd |y
stri|iug t|cusclvcs agaiust t|c Coac|cs. 1|c hrst o t|csc iorscs t|at rcac|cs t|c Goal ius a
iri.c or |is Mastcr, |ic| gcucrally cousists o a iiccc o Clot| o Gold, aud at Suu-sct cvcry
|ody rctircs. Mcau tiuc a .o.. ill tcll you, t|at t|c Caruival o louc is t|c hucst iu t|c
Vorld. iolluit., ii. -
As o|scrvcd |y ioracc Valpolc iu llorcucc iu
llorcucc, lc|ruary , , i.S.
l |avc ouud a littlc uuuasqucd uoucut to ritc to you, |ut or t|is cc| past l |avc |ccu so
uucd up iu uy douiuo, t|at l |avc uot |ad t|c couuaud o uy cl|os. iut |at |avc you
|ccu doiug all t|c uoruiugs. Could you uot ritc t|cu.-io, t|cu l as uasqucd too, l |avc
douc uot|iug |ut slip out o uy douiuo iuto |cd, aud out o |cd iuto uy douiuo. 1|c cud o
--
t|c Caruival is rautic, |acc|aualiau, all t|c uoru ouc ua|cs partics iu uasquc to t|c s|ops aud
cocc-|ouscs, aud all t|c cvcuiug to t|c opcras aud |alls. 1|:. |.: I ...:, .. .s. |. |.: I
...:. 1|c ltaliaus arc oud to a dcgrcc o our couutry dauccs C.| .. r. t|cy ouly |uo |y
t|c tuuc, 3|..,|:||. is aluost ltaliau, aud 3:::r: :.s is ..:||. .| |r.. 1|crc arc |ut t|rcc days
uorc, |ut t|c to last arc to |avc |alls all t|c uoruiug at t|c huc uuhuis|cd palacc o t|c
Stro..i, aud t|c 1ucsday uig|t a uasqucradc atcr suppcr t|cy sup hrst, to cat r.s, aud uot cu-
croac| upou As|-Vcducsday. V|at ua|cs uasqucradiug uorc agrcca|lc |crc t|au iu Luglaud,
is t|c grcat dccrcucc t|at is s|ocd to t|c disguiscd. icrc t|cy do uot catc| at t|osc littlc dirty
opportuuitics o sayiug auy ill-uaturcd t|iug t|cy |uo o you, do uot a|usc you |ccausc t|cy
uay, or tal| gross |ady to a ouau o quality. l ouud t|c ot|cr day, |y a play o Lt|cridgc's,
t|at c |avc |ad a sort o Caruival cvcu siucc t|c lcoruatiou, 'tis iu '`|: .| .; `|: ..|,' t|cy
tal| o goiug a-uuuuiug iu S|rovc-tidc. ioracc Valpolc to lic|ard Vcst Valpolc, -)
Caruival iu louc iu , as sccu |y a youug Luglis| Qua|cr
1|c atcruoou ~ cvcuiug as dcvotcd to t|c uaguihccut ooliug o t|c Caruival. iciug t|c last
day it as at its ildcst pitc| o cxcitcucut, auidst all, |ocvcr, l sa uo |lac|guardisu, uo
druu|cuucss, uo quarrclliug. All as a|audou ~ rcvclry. Garoaliui's |iuducss procurcd uc au
cxccllcut placc iu a |alcouy ou t|c Corso at t|c |ousc o Sigur. Cccci, a iau|cr. S|au sugar
pluus, cousistiug o graius o coru it| a coatiug o nour |a|cd |ard, crc nyiug iu s|ocrs
rou t|c iudos ou t|c uuluc|y carriagc loads o Luglis| aristocracy ~ ltaliau hgurautcs.
ioscgays crc t|rou to t|c douuas, |o |ouourcd t|c cavalicrs it| t|c sauc attcutiou. Dcvils
al|cd t|c strcct, aru iu aru, |arlcquius it| |lou |laddcrs |augcd passcugcrs |ctccu t|c
s|ouldcrs iudiscriuiuatcly. Ouc hgurc as iu scalc aruour o laurcl lcavcs, auot|cr as icrculcs
iu a ncs| colourcd lig|t suit, apparcutly quitc ua|cd it| a clu| ~ a garlaud o nocrs, ~ au
ludiau c|ic. All crc uiugliug togct|cr iu t|c sauc spirit o uurcstraiucd |ilarity. . . . 1|c
iuagiuativc c|aractcr o t|c ltaliaus pcculiarly hts t|cu or a t|iug o t|is sort. l lcaucd agaiust
a coluuu ~ atc|cd t|c uotlcy uovcucut, ~ t|oug|t l could |avc sustaiucd a c|aractcr |cttcr
t|au souc |uugliug Luglis|ucu l sa t|crc. At all as quict. 1|c Caruival as ovcr.
lox, -
lu souc placcs iu sout|cru lraucc, ou As| Vcducsday t|c trial aud coudcuuatiou o
Caruival a stucd hgurc, aloug t|c liucs o t|c Guy) too| placc
iis advcut |as |ccu cclc|ratcd |y sougs, aud crics o joy, |ut, oul cxauplc o t|c nuctuatious
o popular avour, |c is uo cxposcd to t|c |atrcd o t|c sauc pcrsous |o cxaltcd |iu to t|c
s|ics a c days ago. ic is a allcu uouarc|, aud |is rcigu is cudcd. At a hxcd |our, |ic| |as
|ccu loudly auuouuccd |corc|aud, a crod o uas|s t|roug iuto a t|catrc prcparcd t|c prcvi-
ous day. 1|c judgcs ta|c t|cir scats, t|c advocatcs arc at t|cir posts. 1|c uu|appy C.r...| arrivcs
ou a cart drau |y au ass, aud surrouudcd |y :..ro:s, aud uost grotcsqucly drcsscd. ic is litcd
iuto |is placc-t|c accusatiou is uadc-t|c itucsscs agaiust |iu cxauiucd, |c is dccudcd |y
|is laycrs, |ut iu vaiu. ic is coudcuucd to au iguouiuious dcat|-usually to t|c dou|lc
torturc o hrc aud atcr. Souc o t|c |y-staudcrs addrcss |iu iu uoc|iug sougs, ot|crs dcplorc
|is atc. lu t|is uauucr |c is couductcd to t|c |ridgc, |cu, atcr a |arauguc suitcd to t|c grav-
ity o |is uuctiou, t|c prcsidcut o t|c court cxccutcs t|c scutcucc |c |as |iuscl prououuccd,
|y scttiug hrc to t|c accuscd's clot|cs, aud prccipitatiug |iu t|us nauiug iuto t|c rivcr.
Lyrc, - rou l. livars, C|..s..s :: ..rs .|..r:s : 3.r.)
- --
z
-
S|rovctidc is t|c pcriod iuucdiatcly prcccdiug lcut, couuouly S|rovc 1ucsday aud
t|c to prcccdiug days, alt|oug| iu souc placcs it cxtcuds |ac| to t|c prcvious 1|urs-
day. 'S|rovc' coucs rou 's|riviug'-coucssiou aud a|solutiou-t|at too| placc |corc
As| Vcducsday. Dicrcut days iu dicrcut placcs crc rcgardcd as t|c appropriatc day
ou |ic| to cat up uou-lcutcu ood. Souc o t|c uaucs givcu to t|c days prcccdiug
As| Vcducsday arc t|c olloiug
I.: 1|rs., lrcuc| ,:. r.s). 1|c lris| diarist iuup|rcy O'Sullivau rccords lat
1|ursday o S|rovctidc, L.r.... o|.:| .. |I..:, I.. rou latiu ...:.o origiually dc-
uotcd t|c |cgiuuiug o lcut scc |clo), |ut as latcr cxtcudcd to S|rovctidc. At
Cologuc it is h:.|:r;.s:...|:, |cu oucu arc allocd to iudulgc iu |orscplay, a avouritc
activity is cuttiug ucu's tics.
L~`.:r.,, orucrly at Oxord t|c Saturday |corc Quiuquagcsiua, aud still rccordcd
iu t|c Oxord Aluauac| as t|c I:s:o .ro.
..,.:s.o., t|c Suuday |corc lcut iutroit Ls:. o.|., aud still callcd Ls:.o.|. |y
lut|craus), t|c htict| lat. ,..,.:s.o.) day |corc Lastcr, couutcd iuclusivcly
accordiug to t|c aucicut custou. 1|c day as orucrly |uou as ..r..r..o .|:r...ro,
'Clcrics' Caruival', iu ucdicval Gcruau :r |:rr:. .ss...|:, |ccausc t|c clcrgy iudulgcd
t|cusclvcs |corc |cgiuuiug lcutcu ast to days carlicr t|au t|c laity, lris| uaucs arc
'V|ispcriug Suuday' L.o|...| .. C..r..), rou t|c uatc|ua|iug t|at too| placc at
t|is tiuc, or '1ippliug Suuday' L.o|...| .. L...r:..|:., lit. 'Suuday o draiuiug to t|c
last drop'). Arouud t|is tiuc t|c louau cstival ou Moutc 1cstaccio too| placc. 1|c
Luglis| clcric Adau Ls|, |o as iu louc iu , dcscri|cs t|c |ar|arous custou
it| souc distastc
Arouud Quiuquagcsiua Suuday t|c louaus asscu|lc or t|cir gaucs, drau up iu arucd |od-
ics uudcr t|c |cads o t|c districts, all cagcrly coupctiug to iu t|c pri.c-or, as St iaul said,
't|cy |ic| ruu iu a racc ruu all,' ctc. 1|rcc largc silvcr riugs arc astcucd to a ropc |ig| o t|c
grouud, aud t|cy c|argc t|cir |orscs at t|cu tryiug to ruu t|cir lauccs t|roug| t|c riugs aud
t|us iu t|cu. 1|c scuator, t|c to couscrvators, aud t|c scvcu rcgcuts o t|c city arc also prcs-
cut at t|c gaucs, attcudcd |y uuc| poup, staudiug |c|iud t|c |loc| aud axc uscd or |c|cad-
iug t|osc guilty o scditiou. Duriug t|csc gaucs t|c louaus iudulgc, li|c t|c sous o iclial aud
iclp|cgor, iu iuccssaut driu|iug aud |cstial liccutiousucss, so t|at it is iu trut| au orgy o uis-
cry. 1|cu ou t|c Suuday itscl, at t|c |cs' cxpcusc, our carts, covcrcd it| scarlct clot| aud cou-
taiuiug cig|t livc |oars, arc yo|cd to cig|t ild |ulls aud ta|cu to t|c top o 't|c uouutaiu o
all cart|'-so-callcd |ccausc it is uadc o cart| |roug|t rou cvcry part o t|c orld, as a sigu
o uuivcrsal lords|ip-aud |cu t|c carts couc dou t|c |ill t|cy |rca| up, aud t|c auiuals
arc sct rcc, |crcupou it all |ccoucs spoil or t|c louaus to hg|t ovcr, aud cvcryouc rus|cs
a|out uadly attac|iug t|c |casts it| |atcvcr capou |c |as. Auy|ody |o ails to |riug |ouc
a piccc o t|c spoil or |is ic is rcgardcd as a ailurc aud a ool, aud is uot allocd to lic it|
|cr uutil t|c cast o St iaucras May. Aud all t|is couuotiou is accoupauicd |y a grcat
dcal o |illiug aud |catiug, cspccially o t|c courticrs, |ou t|c louaus |atc |ccausc o |at
-
t|cy do to t|cir ivcs aud daug|tcrs. lolloiug t|is t|rcc clot|s arc astcucd to t|c poiuts o
lauccs, t|c hrst uadc o gold or t|c |cst |orscs, t|c sccoud o silvcr or t|c sccoud |cst, aud
t|c t|ird o sil| or t|c astcst uarcs, aud |ic|cvcr ridcr gcts to cac| o t|cu hrst carrics it
aay as |is pri.c. Aud t|cu cvcutually t|cy all lcavc o attac|iug t|c auiuals aud saggcr o
prctcutiously to scc t|cir ivcs, souc it| littlc |its o auiual, aud ot|crs it| iuuards or duug,
ou t|c cuds o t|cir sords. Ls|, -
C.||. M..., .r I.: M...,, t|c Mouday |corc lcut collop |acou aud cggs 'rou t|c
priuitivc custou o rcgaliug it| cggs ou ..||.s or .:.:s .; |r:., |ic| t|c lcss scrupu-
lous, aud uorc luxurious uodcrus, |avc cxtcudcd to ..||.s .; o:.:' irady, i. -), also
callcd L M...,, .s:.o..:. 'losc Mouday').
`|r.: 1:s.,, M.r. Cr.s, J:.|.|:..:.s:. \iolct 1ucsday), t|c 1ucsday |corc Vcstcru
lcut. Au old uauc is 'Gut-tidc', rou 'good tidc', |ut popularly associatcd it| t|c guts,
t|is |ciug t|c last c|aucc to cat cll till Lastcr
Aud t|is uruis|yug o our |cllics it| dclicatcs, t|at c vsc ou astiug|au tuicsday, |at tyuc
souc catc tyl t|cy |c cuorscd to or|carc all agaiu, sproug o iacc|us castcs, t|at crc cclc-
|ratcd iu louc it| grcat ioy aud dcliciousc arc. iolydorc \crgil, ii )
lu lris| callcd M.r: .. `o:, 'Sul|y 1ucsday', rou t|c discoutcut o girls |o |ad
ailcd to hud a |us|aud |corc lcut, a closcd scasou or uarriagc c. uudcr ..,.~
:s.o. aud .r.:s.o.).
S|rovc 1ucsday as orucrly cclc|ratcd it| coc|-hg|tiug aud coc|-t|roiug,
agaiust |ic| crucltics, alrcady iu dccliuc, irady uluiuatcs at lcugt| i. -), siui-
lar atrocitics appcar to |avc occurrcd iu t|c Spauis| caruival, at |ic| a r:, : .||.s as
appoiutcd to ridc iu rout o t|c rcvcllcrs. Coc|-hg|tiug as otcu carricd out surrcp-
titiously
A Coc|-iit is t|c vcry Modcl o au Jo|.~1|:.:r: o t|c Auticuts, t|c Coc|s hg|t iu t|c Jr:. as
t|c icasts did orucrly auougst t|c .o..s, aud rouud t|c Circlc a|ovc, sit t|c Spcctators iu
t|cir scvcral los. lt's oudcrul to scc t|c Couragc o t|csc littlc Crcaturcs, |o alays |old
hg|tiug ou 'till ouc o t|cu drops, aud dics ou t|c Spot. . . .
1|crc is alays a coutiuucd ioisc auougst t|c Spcctators, iu layiug Vagcrs upou cvcry ilo
cac| Coc| givcs, |o, |y t|c ay, l uust tcll you, car `:::| `rs, callcd, l t|iu|, C.::s) or t|cir
surcr Lxccutiou. Aud t|is ioisc ruus nuctuatiug |ac|ards aud orards duriug cac| iattcl,
|ic| is a grcat Auuscucut, aud, l |clicvc, a|uudaucc o icoplc gct Moucy |y ta|iug, aud lay-
iug Odds ou cac| Stro|c, aud hud t|cir Accouut iu t|c cud o t|c iattcl, |ut t|csc arc icoplc
t|at uust uiccly uudcrstaud it. rou a lcttcr datcd Octo|cr , iu Mac|y, i. -
S|rovc 1ucsday as also t|c day |cu traditioually t|c apprcuticcs rau ild t|roug|
t|c city, raidiug |rot|cls aud t|catrcs
You doc a|usc t|c 1.o:. 1|csc arc ht rccdoucs
lor lalcss ircuticcs, ou a S|rovc tucsday,
V|cu t|cy coupcll t|c 1.o: to scrvc t|cir riot
lor druu|cu Va|cs, aud struttiug icarc-|aytiugs,
1|at savour ouly o t|cir ouc a|uscs.
icu |ousou, 1.o: J.....::, -
- --
V|cu S|rovc 1ucsday as still a tiuc or s|riviug, or coucssiug, a |cll as ruug to
suuuou all to c|urc|. Vit| t|c passagc o tiuc t|is as trausuutcd iuto t|c 'pauca|c
|cll', t|c sigual to |cgiu ua|iug pauca|cs, to usc up cggs aud uil| |corc t|c loug
lcutcu ast.
. 1|c iauca|c |cll riugs, t|c pauca|c |cl, tri-lill uy |carts . . .
. O uusical |cl stil. O iodgc, O uy |rct|rcu. t|crcs c|ccrc or t|c |cavcus, vcui-
sou pastics al|c up aud douc pipiug |otc, li|c scrgcauts, |ccc aud |rccssc coucs
uarc|iug iu dric attcs, rittcrs aud pauca|cs couc troliug iu |cclc |auroc,
|cuucs aud orcugcs |oppiug iu portcrs |as|cts, colloppcs aud cggcs iu scuttlcs, aud
tartcs aud custardcs coucs quavcriug iu iu uault s|ovcls.
1|ouas Dc||cr, 1|: `|..o.|:rs H.|,~., ), . ii
iauca|c raccs still ta|c placc iu scvcral tous. Most arc o rcccut origiu, |ut t|at iu
Olucy ucar Miltou icyucs iu iuc|iug|aus|irc) traccs its origius |ac| to .
Voucu, |o uust |avc livcd iu t|c tou or at lcast t|rcc uout|s, car aprous aud
|ouucts, aud uust toss t|cir pauca|cs at lcast t|rcc tiucs duriug t|c das| rou Mar|ct
Squarc to t|c c|urc|. 1|c pri.c is a uc praycr-|oo|, aud t|c racc is ollocd |y a
c|urc| scrvicc.
1|c iauca|c Grca.c at Vcstuiustcr Sc|ool, rcportcd iu t|c C:.:|:o..`s M.....:,
, as still goiug stroug uorc t|au scvcuty ycars latcr, aud iudccd coutiuucs today iu
uuc| t|c sauc oru |ut t|c pauca|c is iucdi|lc)
At Vcstuiustcr Sc|ool, t|c olloiug custou is o|scrvcd to t|is day -At o'cloc| a.u.
a vcrgcr o t|c A||cy, iu |is gou, |cariug a silvcr |tou, cucrgcs rou t|c collcgc |itc|cu, ol-
locd |y t|c coo| o t|c sc|ool, iu |is |itc aprou, jac|ct, aud cap, aud carryiug a pauca|c. Ou
arriviug at t|c sc|ool-roou door, |c auuouuccs |iuscl, '1|c coo|', aud |aviug cutcrcd t|c
sc|ool-roou, |c advauccs to t|c |ar |ic| scparatcs t|c uppcr sc|ool rou t|c locr ouc, tirls
t|c pauca|c iu t|c pau, aud t|cu tosscs it ovcr t|c |ar iuto t|c uppcr sc|ool, auoug a crod o
|oys, |o scrau|lc or t|c pauca|c, aud |c |o gcts it uu|ro|cu, aud carrics it to t|c dcaucry,
dcuauds t|c |ouorariuu o a guiuca souctiucs to guiucas) rou t|c A||cy uuds, t|oug|
t|c custou is uot ucutioucd iu t|c A||cy statutcs t|c coo| also rcccivcs to guiucas or |is
pcroruaucc. C|au|crs lc|.)
lu t|c lslcs o Scilly iu t|c uid-cig|tccut| ccutury all t|rcc custous crc cou|iucd
Ou a `|r.: 1:s., cac| Ycar atcr t|c t|roiug at C..|s is ovcr, t|c ioys o t|is lslaud |avc a Cus-
tou o t|roiug Stoucs, iu t|c Lvcuiug, agaiust t|c Doors o t|c Dcllcrs iouscs, a irivilcgc
t|cy claiu 1iuc iuucuorial, aud put iu iracticc it|out Coutroul, or huis|iug t|c Day's
Sport. l could ucvcr lcaru rou |cucc t|is Custou too| its lisc, |ut au iuorucd t|at t|c
sauc Custou is uo uscd iu scvcral iroviuccs o `..., as cll as iu souc parts o C.r..||. 1|c
1crus dcuaudcd, |y t|c ioys, arc ....|:s, or M..:,, to capitulatc. Souc o t|c oldcr Sort,
cxcccdiug t|c iouuds o t|is |iusical 1olcratiou, iu t|c Dus| o t|c Lvcuiug, sct a |oltcd
Door, or Viudo-s|uttcr at li|crty, |y |attcriug iu ircac| it| largc iicccs o ..| `:..:s, |ic|
souctiucs ua|cs a |o| or t|c `r:.., as cll as or t|c `o.:|, C|...:r, aud C.r:.::r. Aud t|c Vay
o ua|iug :r.s.|, iu suc| Cascs, is |y a .: drau cross t|c Vay o t|csc uisc|icvous aud
uas|cd iattcrics, |y |ic| t|cy disuouut t|cir |cavy Artillcry, ua|iug t|cu asccud o t|cir
Carriagcs, iuto t|c Air, to rcturu it| t|cir ou Vcig|t. icat|, - )
-
S|ippiug is ouc o t|c oddcr S|rovctidc custous t|at survivc. lu Scar|oroug|, ou
S|rovc 1ucsday, rcsidcuts noc| to t|c orcs|orc |cariug ropcs. S|ippiug, |ic| uscd to
ta|c placc ou t|c |cac|, uo occupics t|c |olc road, aud uotorists uust |c paticut.
Auot|cr loug-staudiug custou is t|c S|rovc 1ucsday |all gauc iu Scdgchcld Co.
Dur|au), |crc rival tcaus strugglc or coutrol o a cric|ct |all, |ic| uust |c 'allcycd'
iu ouc o t|c villagc spriugs |corc p.u., t|c |oldcr o t|c |all is t|cu cutitlcd to rcc
|ccr iu cvcry pu|. 1|c 'Gotcddcssc Day' c. 'Gut-tidc's Day') oot|all uatc| iu C|cstcr
as couvcrtcd to a ruuucrs' racc atcr cxccssivc violcucc.
Caruival to uost Aucricaus ucaus Mardi Gras, a cstival it| a graud paradc o
noats, cla|oratc costuucs, aud dauciug iu t|c strccts. ic Orlcaus is t|c uost auous
vcuuc, rcncctiug t|c lrcuc| iu|critaucc o louisiaua. A siuilar aud uuc|-lovcd cclc-
|ratiou ta|cs placc iu 1riuidad. lio dc |auciro's caruival is cvcu uorc spcctacular, aud
attracts visitors rou arouud t|c orld iu scarc| o cxoticisu aud cxccss.
z

lcut t|c Old Luglis| |:..::., 'spriug', Gcruau I.s::..:.:, lrcuc| ..ro:, ctc. Quadra-
gcsiua, 'ortict|', c. Grcc| M:.|: 1:ss:r.|.s:: , a uauc couucuoratiug t|c orty days or
|ic| Moscs, Llija|, aud |csus arc said to |avc astcd. 'lorty', |ocvcr, as origiually
iutcudcd as au iudchuitc tcru or 'uauy', corrcspoudiugly, t|c uauc as alrcady iu usc
|y t|c ourt| ccutury or t|c prc-pasc|al ast, |ic|, t|oug| lougcr t|au t|c ouc or to
days attcstcd or t|c sccoud ccutury, uig|t last ouly a ortuig|t or t|rcc cc|s. iy latc
autiquity t|c prcvailiug Vcstcru custou as to |ccp six cc|s o ast cxccptiug Suu-
days) |ctccu Quadragcsiua aud Lastcr, auouutiug to t|irty-six days t|c tit|c o t|c
ycar), t|c lusular Lastcr calcudar or latcrcus scc App. |) placcd t|c ...:.o or |cgiu-
uiug o lcut to days latcr, ou t|c Vcducsday orty days iuclusivcly) |corc Lastcr,
|ut |cu t|c louau calculatiou as acccptcd it as uovcd |ac| to Quadragcsiua.
1|is six-cc| ast rcuaiucd t|c Mo.ara|ic practicc, aud also survivcd iu t|c Au|rosiau
ritc o Milau t|c our cxtra days o caruival |ciug |uou as .| C.r.:.|..:), |ut iu t|c
cig|t|-ccutury 'Gclasiau Sacraucutary' scc iov.) t|c orty days crc uadc up |y
|cgiuuiug ou As| Vcducsday a cc| |corc t|c origiual Ccltic ...:.o). lt is t|is prac-
ticc t|at |ccauc t|c uoru.
A Spauis| provcr| ruus
la crccl y la cuarcsua irisou aud lcut
para los po|rcs cs |cc|a. arc uadc or t|c poor.
1|c origiual rulc as to cat ouly ouc ucal a day, atcr vcspcrs, aud t|at it|out hs|,
ucat, cggs, or uil| products |..:......, also callcd '|itcucats' iu Luglis|) suc| as |ut-
tcr aud c|ccsc. lu t|c Vcst uauy o t|csc rcstrictious crc sct asidc, cspccially t|c pro-
|i|itiou ou hs|, |y t|c cud o t|c Middlc Agcs ood as ta|cu at uoou vcspcrs |aviug
|ccu cclc|ratcd iu t|c uoruiug) aud uil| products crc gcucrally pcruittcd |ut scc
- --
|clo uudcr Js| h:.:s.,). Lli.a|ct|au parliaucuts iu Luglaud attcuptcd siuultau-
cously to supprcss t|c doctriuc o a|stcutiou as a popis| supcrstitiou aud to cuorcc
t|c practicc iu |c|al o t|c hs|iug-ncct, t|cy crc uorc succcssul iu t|c orucr t|au
t|c lattcr. icvcrt|clcss lcut survivcs iu iCi, ASi, aud CY.
A scvcutccut|-ccutury ritcr vics lcut
lt is uo lcut, aud t|c poorc Stoc|hs| is sorc |catcu or |is stu||orucssc t|c icrriug
douiuicrs li|c a lord o grcat Scruicc, aud t|c ruit o t|c Dairy ua|cs a |uugry lcast lastiug
aud uouruiug is t|c lic o t|c poorc, aud t|c Doggcs gro lcauc, it| t|c lac|c o |oucs, |ilc
t|c irisoucrs |cart is uipt it| pcuury t|c icasts o t|c lorcsts |auc a |arc ccd, aud t|c |ard
crusts try t|c tcct| o t|c icggcr 1|c iyrd |at| a littlc s|cltcr iu t|c ius|, aud a |ittcr rost
ua|cs a |ac|ard Spriug 1|c Suuuc giucs |ut littlc arut|, aud t|c Marc| iud ua|cs t|c
Ayrc cold 1|c lis|crucu uo arc t|c la|crs o t|c Sca, aud t|c Oystcr gapcs, to catc| |old o
t|c Cra| Solitariucssc aud Mclauc|oly |rccd t|c |urt o iaturc, aud t|c ua|cducssc o t|c
Lart| is t|c cycs discouort ldlc pcoplc sit pic|iug o Sallcts, aud ucccssity o cxcrcisc is au
cucuy to study t|c iuds gro daugcrous to t|c Saylcr, aud t|c loc|cs arc t|c ruiuc o t|c
Mcrc|aut t|c Scutiucll uo |ccps a cold atc|, aud t|c Scoucc is uot|iug couorta|lc to t|c
Souldicr t|c s|cp|card |at| littlc plcasurc iu |is iipc, aud Agc |at| |ut a dcad ccliug iu louc
t|c Colt |at| a raggcd coat, aud t|c |alc uccd |cad disgracct| t|c Dccrc t|c laulcous iug
is |ut youug cat|crcd, aud t|c dccpc allo carics t|c iuutsuau t|crc is uot|iug plcasiug |ut
|opc, t|at t|c daycs ill lcugt|cu aud tiuc ill |c uorc couorta|lc. l coucludc, iu it sclc, it is
au vucouorta|lc scasou, t|c icaucus rou, aud t|c Lart|s puuis|ucut. larccll.
irctou )
lcutcu arc, as suggcstcd |y lo|crt May )
J 3.|| .; I.r: ;.ro:r|, s: .. I.s:.. L.,:s .. .. L:.:
1|: ;rs: C.rs: J s:... C.rs:
Oystcrs i iu scasou lricd Solcs
iuttcr aud cggs Stccd oystcrs iu Scollop
iarlcy iottagc, or licc pottagc s|clls
Stccd oystcrs lricd suclts
iuttcrcd cggs ou toasts Cougcrs |cad |roild
Spiuagc sallct |oild ia|cd dis| o potatocs,
ioild loc|ct, or guruct or oystcr pic
A jolc o liug jol o liug, a hs| siuilar to cod A spitc|-coc| o ccls
Stccd Carp Quiucc pic, or tarts royal
Oystcr C|cits iuttcrcd cra|s
ioild pi|c lricd nouudcrs
loast ccls |olc o rcs| saluou
iadduc|s, rcs| Cod, or |itiugs lricd tur|ut
Lcl or carp pic Cold saluou pic
Madc dis| o spiuagc lricd s|irrcts
Salt ccls Souc't cougcr
Souc't tur|ut lo|stcrs
Sturgcou
Js| h:.:s.,, t|c hrst day o Vcstcru lcut. lor t|c lris| iu O'Sullivau's tiuc, 'As| Vcd-
ucsday it is a grcat orry to driu| uil|' C..... .. L..:|r: .s or .. |..|r:.| |....:
`|) or trou|lcd couscicucc, ouc a|staiucd cvcu rou |itcucats |..||..|).

lu Luglaud t|c ccrcuouy o uar|iug a cross o as|cs ou t|c cougrcgauts' orc|cads,
it| t|c ords M:o:.:. |.o. ,.. |.s :s, :: .. |:r:o r::r::r.s 'lcucu|cr uau, or dust
t|ou art, aud to dust s|alt t|ou rcturu', Gcu. ), as rcplaccd at t|c lcoruatiou
it| t|c Couuiuatiou, iu |ic| curscs ou various |iuds o siuucr crc prououuccd
t|at pcr|aps |ccausc t|cy did uot provc ccctivc) uodcru clcrgy do uot carc to uttcr
or uodcru siuucrs to |car.
|aucs iocll's story is surcly iuvcutcd, |ut it is uot |ard to iuagiuc |o straugc t|c
custou o goiug arouud it| suudgcd accs ou As| Vcducsday uig|t appcar to a uou-
C|ristiau
1|c C|ristiau C|urc| |at| a lougcr aud uorc solcuu Vay o astiug t|au auy ot|cr lcligiou,
ta|c L:.: aud Lo|:r~::|s togct|cr. lu souc C|urc|cs t|c C|ristiau usct| t|c old Vay o
Mortihcatiou, |y Sac|clot| aud As|cs, to t|is Day, |ic| ua|cs uc t|iu| ou a acctious talc o
a 1r|.s| Au|assador iu J:...:, |o |ciug rcturucd to C..s:..:...|:, aud as|cd |at |c |ad o|-
scrvcd uost rcuar|a|lc iu t|at so rarc a City. ic auscrcd, t|at auoug ot|cr 1|iugs, t|c C|ris-
tiau |at| a iiud o Js|:s, |ic| t|rou upou t|c icad dot| prcscutly curc Maducss, or iu J:...:
l sa t|c icoplc go up aud dou t|c Strccts said |c) iu ugly autic straugc Disguiscs, as |ciug
iu t|c Lyc o |uuau lcasou star| uad, |ut t|c ucxt Day ucauiug Js|~h:.:s.,) t|cy arc sud-
dculy curcd o t|at Maducss |y a Sort o As|cs |ic| t|cy cast upou t|cir icads.
lcttcr to lic|ard ia|cr, , iu iocll,
Lutil it as t|c custou duriug lcut or au occr dcsiguatcd t|c iiug's Coc|
Crocr or Coc|crcl to auuouucc t|c |our it|iu t|c palacc |y iuitatiug a coc|cro, iu
couucuoratiou o St ictcr, |ut iu t|at ycar, |cu t|c crocr cutcrcd t|c apartucut
|crc t|c iriucc o Valcs, atcrards Gcorgc ll, as sittiug dou to suppcr, aud au-
uouuccd t|at it as past tcu o'cloc|
1a|cu |y surpri.c, aud iupcrcctly acquaiutcd it| t|c Luglis| lauguagc, t|c astouis|cd priucc
uaturally uistoo| t|c trcuulatiou o t|c assuucd cro, as souc uoc|cry iutcudcd to iusult |iu,
aud iustautly rosc to rcscut t|c arout uor as it it|out diculty t|at t|c iutcrprctcr cxplaiucd
t|c uaturc o t|c custou, aud satishcd |iu, t|at a coupliucut as dcsigucd, accordiug to t|c
court ctiqucttc o t|c tiuc. lrou t|at pcriod c hud uo urt|cr accouut o t|c cxcrtiou o t|c
iuitativc pocrs o t|is iuportaut occr, |ut t|c court |as |ccu lct to t|c voicc o rcasou aud
couscicucc, to rcuiud t|cu o t|cir crrors, aud uot to t|at o t|c coc|, |osc clariou callcd |ac|
:::r to rcpcutaucc, |ic| t|is autastical aud silly ccrcuouy as ucaut to typiy.
irady, i.
iot all touoolcry as ovcr it| t|c |cgiuuiug o lcut. 1|c |ac| o lcut, a puppct
it| hs| cu|lcus, as uscd as a targct duriug lcut aud dcstroycd ou ialu Suuday
V|cu |a||c a' lcut coucs justlyugc iu,
Vit| t|c |cdpcccc o a |cryugc,
Aud sayt|c, rcpcut yoc o yocr syu,
lor s|auc, syrs, lcvc yorc scryugc
Aud to ialuc Souday doct|c |c rydc,
Vit| sprots aud |crryugs |y |is sydc,
Aud ua|cs au cud o lcutou tydc.
1|c ccrcuouy o t|c Duuuo |acou nitc|, |ic| still ta|cs placc o aud ou, is at-
tcstcd as carly as C|auccr
- --
1|c |acou as uat ct or |cu, l troc, ..: ;::.|: ;.r :|:o
1|at sou ucu |au iu Lsscx at Duuuoc.
'1|c Vic o iat|'s irologuc,' D) -
1|c prior o Duuuo as rcquircd, i a uarricd couplc cauc to |iu aud sorc t|c
olloiug oat|, to givc t|cu a gauuou or nitc| o |acou
You s|all scar |y t|c Custou o our Coucssiou,
1|at you ucvcr uadc auy iuptial 1rausgrcssiou
Siucc you crc uarri'd Mau ~ Vic
iy iousc|old irals or Coutcutious Stric
Or ot|crisc iu icd or at ioard
Ocudcd cac| ot|cr iu Dccd or iu Vord
Or siucc t|c iaris| Clcr| said Aucu
Vis|'d yoursclvcs uuuarri'd agcu
Or iu a 1clvc Mouct| ~ a day
lcpcutcd uot iu t|oug|t auy ay
iut Coutiuucd truc ~ iu dcsirc
As |cu you joiu'd |auds iu ioly Quirc
l to t|csc Couditious it|out all car
O your ou Accord you ill rccly Scar
A Gauuou o iacou you s|all rcccivc
Aud |car it |cucc it| lovc ~ good lcavc
lor t|is is our Custou at Duuuo cll |uou
1|oug| t|c Sport |c ours, t|c iacou's your ou.
Au Aucricau visitor duly rccordcd t|c oat| aud story ou |is visit to Duuuo iu Marc|
, it| t|c olloiug couucut
1|c ords o t|is placc ucutiou uo lcss t|au t|rcc Matriuouial icrocs |o iu t|c Spacc o
|uudrcd Ycars laid Claiu aud carricd o t|c iri.c. 1raditiou says scvcral |uudrcds did iutcud
to gct posscssiou o it, |ut disqualihcd t|cusclvcs |y souc act iu t|c prcparatiou. Ouc good
Mau |osc ic as couiug it| |iu too| it iuto |cad t|at S|c |uc t|c ay |cttcr t|au |cr
|us|aud, |ic| |roug|t ou suc| a Coutcutiou, as did pcruit t|cir i.c. Duuuo saviug t|cir
|acou. lis|cr,
A siuilar ccrcuouy is rcportcd iu V|ic|uour Stas.), |ot| dcscriptious arc ouud iu
1|ouas ilouut, Ir.o:.:. J.:.,.:.:.s. J.:.:.: 1:.r:s .; L.., .. j..|.r Cs:.os .; s.o: M..~
..rs M.: ||..| ;.r :|: .:rs... .; s.o:, .. ..s:r.:... .; .:|:rs loudou, ).
lcut as also ouc o t|c uuucrous occasious or c|ildrcu to go |cggiug. |o|u
Au|rcy rcports au cxauplc iu Oxords|irc
lt is t|c custou or t|c ioys aud Girls iu Couutry Sc|ools iu scvcral parts o Oxords|irc as
ilcc|iugdou, Vcstou, C|arltou, ~c.) at t|cir |rca|iug-up iu t|c cc| |corc Lastcr to goc iu a
gaug rou |ousc to |ousc it| littlc clac|s o ood aud |cu t|cy couc to auy door t|cy all
a |catiug t|cir clac|s, aud siugiug t|c olloiug soug, aud cxpcct rou cvcry |ousc souc cggs
or a piccc o |acou,
c|
t|cy carry |as|cts to rcccivc, aud cast upou t|cu at t|c cc|'s cud.
At hrst couiug to y
c
door t|cy all stri|c up, vcry loud,
iariugs iariugs |itc aud rcd
1cu a pcuuy lcut's dcad
lisc dauc aud givc a icgg

Or clsc a pcicc o iacou
Ouc or ictcr to or iaul
1|rcc or |ac| a lcuts all
Aay lcut aay
otcu rcpcatcd.
As soou as t|cy rccicvc auy largcss, t|cy |cgiu t|c c|orus,
icrc sits a good ic
iray God savc |cr lic
Sct |cr upou a |od
Aud drivc |cr to God.
iut i t|cy loosc t|cir cxpcctatiou, aud uust goc aay cupty, t|cu
t|
a ull cry,
icrc sits a |ad ic
1|c dcvil ta|c |cr lic
Sct |cr upou a sivcll
Aud scud |cr to y
c
Dcvill.
Aud, iu art|cr iudiguatiou, t|cy couuouly cut t|c latc| o y
c
door, or stop t|c |cy|olc
t|
dirt, or lcavc souc uorc uasty to|cu o displcasurc. V. i. V. i. V|itc icuuctt, |o rotc
uotcs iuto t|c MS o Au|rcy's |oo| Au|rcy, -
.r.:s.o., t|c hrst Suuday iu lcut iutroit I.....:), origiually uscd or lcut itscl
c. lrcuc| ..ro:), rou latiu ,.r.:s.o., 'ortict|'. lu ucdicval Gcruauy callcd '|itc
Suuday', a uauc uo applicd to lo Suuday. iouhrcs crc lit iu t|c Ardcuucs, c|ildrcu
collcctcd ood aud sucarcd t|c accs o t|osc |o did uot providc it. Ot|cr activitics
iucludcd dauciug rouud hrcs, juupiug ovcr cu|crs, it| is|cs or good crops, or-
tuuatc uarriagc, aud rccdou rou colic. Scciug scvcu lcutcu hrcs protccts agaiust
itc|cs, c|ildrcu uay |c prouiscd as uauy Lastcr cggs as t|cy cau couut hrcs. 1|osc
|o ail to lig|t a hrc hud God |as douc it |iuscl, it| t|c |ousc as ucl. lu lris| it
is souctiucs |uou as 'C|al| Suuday', L.o|...| .. C..|.:, rou t|c uisc|icvous prac-
ticc o ua|iug c|al| uar|s ou t|c clot|cs o uuuarricd ucu aud oucu, it also |orc
scvcral ot|cr uaucs rccrriug to t|csc uu|appy pcoplc's scols aud tcars.
1|c spriug Lu|cr Days scc a|ovc) Vcducsday, 1|ursday, aud Saturday atcr Quadra-
gcsiua.
`:... `.., .. L:.: iutroit :o...s.:r:). At Scvillc, iu t|c sixtccut| ccutury, paris|
c|urc|cs crc closcd to cucouragc attcudaucc at t|c cat|cdral, |crc t|c luquisitiou at-
tcudcd uass aud dclivcrcd au :..:. : ;:, dcuouuciug t|c latcst |crcsy aud giviug t|c cou-
grcgatiou a pcriod o gracc to rcpcut, t|c Gospcl as Matt. -, couccruiug t|c
Cauaauitc Syrop|ocuiciau) ouau |o pcrsuadcd |csus to curc |cr daug|tcr, siucc
Spaiu aduittcd polyp|ouy cvcu duriug lcut, |ut it| tcxts |ascd ou t|c rcspcctivc
Gospcls, c |avc scvcral scttiugs o C|.o.|.: .::o o|.:r.
1|.r `.., .. L:.: iutroit .|.).
M.~L:.:, :;r:s|o:.:, .r M.:|:r.. `..,, t|c ourt| Suuday iu lcut iutroit L.::.r:), otcu
trcatcd as a c|ccrul day L.::.r: ucaus 'lcjoicc') |rca|iug up t|c ast iu llaudcrs, dc
- --
Graa vau ialvastcu 't|c Couut o Mid-lcut') givcs good c|ildrcu prcscuts. 1|is is
rcncctcd iu t|c uauc 'lcrcs|ucut Suuday' L.o..... :;:.:....s), |ic| also alludcs to
t|c Gospcl rcad at Mass |corc aud iu t|c iCi Couuuuiou scrvicc), |o|u
-, ou t|c lccdiug o t|c livc 1|ousaud, atcr t|c scrvicc t|c pricst |lcsscd loavcs o
|rcad |cucc t|c Gcruau uauc 3r.:s...:.), |ic| crc distri|utcd to t|c poor aud sold
|y t|cu to pcrsous it| ucaus. 1|c Lpistlc iucludcd t|c ords '|crusalcu . . . |ic| is
t|c uot|cr o us all' Gal. ), it as t|crcorc a day or visitiug t|c cat|cdral or
uot|cr c|urc| o t|c dioccsc iu proccssiou aud ocriug :..r.. ,.r.:s.o.|:s. Suc| pro-
ccssious uig|t lcad to quarrcls ovcr prcccdcucc, aud cvcu |loods|cd, as lo|crt Gros-
sctcstc, iis|op o liucolu, couplaiucd iu L.s:.|.:, uo. , p. ), iu tiuc t|cy crc
discoutiuucd, t|c uoucy couuutcd to t|c Lastcr ocriugs, aud t|c visits crc paid aud
prcscuts givcu iustcad to ouc's |uuau uot|cr.
Lpou uidlcut Suuday, Lvcry good c|ild is said to diuc it| |is at|cr ~ uot|cr.
Croshcld, Mar. )
Mot|criug Suuday as cxpcricuccd |y au Aucricau, Marc|
Atcr c|urc| Mct Miss L., dccliucd |cr iuvitatiou to tca, |ciug prccugagcd to parta|c o
Mrs. icarpac|cr's uot|criug ca|c. lt is a custou |crc iu uidlcut Suuday or a ca|c or ca|cs to
|c |roug|t to Mot|crs aud diuc it| |cr iu couoruity it| |ic| custou, souc pcrsous,
ucauiug lcualcs ua|c a largc ouc aud prcscut to t|cir ricuds aud acquaiutaucc. 1|is custou
still coutiuucs iu Glouccstcr, aud is said to |c dcrivcd rou |oscp| ua|iug |iuscl |uou to |is
|rct|rcu. Curcu, ii.
1|c traditioual ood ou Mot|criug Suuday as t|c siuucl ca|c, |roug|t to t|c uot|cr
as a git
l'lc to t|cc a Siuucl |riug,
'Gaiust t|ou go'st a o.:|:r..,
So t|at, |cu s|c |lcssct| t|cc,
ial t|at |lcssiug t|ou'lt givc uc.
lo|crt icrric| -), '1o Diaucuc'
lt is au old custou iu S|rops|irc aud icrcords|irc, aud cspccially at S|rcs|ury, to ua|c dur-
iug lcut aud Lastcr, aud also at C|ristuas, a sort o ric| aud cxpcusivc ca|cs, |ic| arc callcd
`.o.:| C.|:s. 1|cy arc raiscd ca|cs, t|c crust o |ic| is uadc o huc nour aud atcr, it| su
cicut sarou to givc it a dccp ycllo colour, aud t|c iutcrior is hllcd it| t|c uatcrials o a vcry
ric| pluu-ca|c, it| plcuty o caudicd lcuou pccl, aud ot|cr good t|iugs. 1|cy arc uadc up
vcry sti, ticd up iu a clot|, aud |oilcd or scvcral |ours, atcr |ic| t|cy arc |rus|cd ovcr it|
cgg, aud t|cu |a|cd. V|cu rcady or salc t|c crust is as |ard as i uadc o ood, a circuustaucc
|ic| |as givcu risc to various storics o t|c uauucr iu |ic| t|cy |avc at tiucs |ccu trcatcd |y
pcrsous to |ou t|cy crc scut as prcscuts, aud |o |ad ucvcr sccu ouc |corc, ouc ordcriug
|is siuucl to |c |oilcd to sotcu it, aud a lady ta|iug |crs or a ootstool. 1|cy arc uadc o
dicrcut si.cs, aud, as uay |c supposcd rou t|c iugrcdicuts, arc rat|cr cxpcusivc, souc largc
oucs sclliug or as uuc| as |al-a-guiuca, or cvcu, c |clicvc, a guiuca, |ilc suallcr oucs uay
|c |ad or |al-a-crou. C|au|crs Mar.)

A uodcru rccipc or siuucl ca|c
`.o.:| C.|:
3r.:.s| Jo:r....
o.. g) uusaltcd |uttcr, sotcucd stic|s uusaltcd |uttcr, sotcucd
o.. g) castcr sugar c. grauulatcd sugar
gratcd .cst aud juicc o to lcuous gratcd .cst aud juicc o to lcuous
cggs aud ouc cxtra yol| cggs aud ouc cxtra yol|
o.. g) plaiu nour c. all-purposc nour
tsp. salt tsp. salt
tsp. grouud uixcd spicc tsp. grouud uixcd spiccs
tsp. |a|iug podcr tsp. |a|iug podcr
o.. g) dricd ruits apricots, uaugocs, c. dricd ruits apricots, uaugocs,
ctc.), c|oppcd ctc.), c|oppcd
o.. g) c|oppcd uixcd pccl c. c|oppcd uixcd pccl
o.. g) raisius c. raisius
o.. g) sultauas c. goldcu raisius
J|o.. .s::
o.. g) grouud |lauc|cd aluouds c. grouud |lauc|cd aluouds
o.. g) castcr sugar c. hucly grauulatcd sugar
o.. g) iciug sugar c. coucctioucr's sugar
gratcd .cst o lcuou gratcd .cst o lcuou
tsp. lcuou juicc tsp. lcuou juicc
cgg |itc, lig|tly |catcu cgg |itc, lig|tly |catcu
C|..:
cgg, |catcu cgg, |catcu
. Ma|c t|c aluoud pastc hrst. Mix all t|c iugrcdicuts togct|cr t|oroug|ly, usiug
ouly as uuc| cgg |itc as is uccdcd to |iud t|c uixturc. iucad lig|tly aud put to ouc
sidc, looscly covcrcd.
. irc|cat t|c ovcu to C, l,gas uar| . Grcasc aud liuc au iu. . cu)
ca|c tiu it| parc|ucut papcr. Crcau t|c |uttcr aud sugar togct|cr uutil lig|t, add t|c
lcuou .cst, t|cu |cat iu t|c cggs, ouc at a tiuc. Sit t|c dry iugrcdicuts togct|cr aud old
iuto t|c uixturc. Stir iu t|c dricd ruit aud lcuou juicc, uixiug t|oroug|ly |ut gcutly.
. 1rauscr t|c uixturc to t|c prcparcd ca|c tiu aud suoot| t|c top o t|c ca|c, pus|-
iug dou slig|tly iu t|c ccutrc. ia|c iu t|c ccutrc o t|c ovcu or |our to |our uiu.
lougcr |a|iug givcs a uorc ca|cli|c tcxturc). Allo t|c ca|c to cool iu t|c tiu |corc
rcuoviug it.
. irc|cat t|c grill,|roilcr to |ig|. loll out to-t|irds o t|c aluoud pastc aud
covcr t|c suracc o t|c ca|c it| it so t|at it ovcrlaps t|c cdgc |y a|out iu. cu).
irus| it| |catcu cgg. loll t|c rcuaiuiug aluoud pastc iuto |alls to rcprcscut t|c
Apostlcs, ouittiug |udas) aud arraugc iu a circlc ou top. irus| agaiu it| |catcu cgg.
ilacc uudcr t|c grill uutil goldcu |rou.
Storc t|c ca|c at roou tcupcraturc, tig|tly covcrcd. li|c all ruitca|cs, it iuprovcs
it| agciug.
iot cvcryouc li|cs siuucl ca|c, |ic| cau |c souc|at |cavy aud dry uot t|c a|ovc
rccipc, |ocvcr). Villiau Guutcr, a uiuctccut|-ccutury procssioual coucctioucr aud
- --
aut|or o C.::r`s C..;:.:...:r`s r..|: ), |cgau |is |oo| |y laucutiug t|at t|c art o
coucctioucry as so arcauc t|at 'au Auatcur |o s|ould |opc to satisy a dclicatc
toot| |y |is calorihc cxpcriucuts, or iustaucc, ould iualli|ly scc |is la|ours cud iu
|aviug rcduccd good uatcrials to a uass rcscu|liug .|.||, aud quitc as digcstivc', ap-
pcudiug t|c ootuotc
Or |cariug a rcscu|laucc to a ca|c uuc| iu voguc at S|rcs|ury, callcd a s.o.:|~..|:, |ic| it-
scl rcscu|lcs, uorc cxactly t|au auy t|iug clsc l cau iuagiuc, t|c o.r:.r o souc autiquc r.s..,
uixcd up it| giugcr|rcad. lt is r.:.. iu t|c cxtrcuc,-at lcast to a loudou palatc,-|ut t|c
iu|a|itauts o t|c Vcls| |ordcrs uay rcquirc it as a digcstcr, iu t|c sauc ay t|at ra||its do
saud. Guutcr, p. iv
lu rcccut tiucs Mot|criug Suuday |as, iu |ot| iritaiu aud lrclaud, ta|cu ou t|c uauc
aud c|aractcr o t|c LS Mot|cr's Day, |ic| is cclc|ratcd ou t|c sccoud Suuday iu
May as proposcd |y Auua |arvis o i|iladclp|ia iu ).
Mid-lcut Suuday is souctiucs callcd :r .s:.:. iu Gcruauy, stcuuiug rou t|c papal
git o t|c Goldcu losc ou t|is day to avourcd pcrsous or couuuuitics, au iustitutiou
alrcady callcd aucicut |y iopc lco lX iu . Adau Ls| sa t|c ccrcuouy iu louc
iu
Ou t|c Suuday iu uid-lcut ou |ic| 'lactarc lcrusalcu' is suug-or souc rclic, uo t|at it
is |al ay t|roug| lcut-t|c popc duriug uass |olds up iu |is |auds a vcry valua|lc aud as-
touis|iugly oruatc gold aud silvcr rosc, |ic| |as |ccu ru||cd it| rcs| uyrr| actually uus|
aud |alsau so t|at it hlls t|c air it| a ragraucc o t|c utuost scctucss, aud |cu t|c uass is
ovcr |c ua|cs a git o it to t|c uost uo|lc |uig|t |o |as |ccu prcscut at uass, t|cu latcr t|at
sauc day t|is |uig|t, accoupauicd |y |is ricuds, t|crc to |ouour |iu, ridcs a|out iu grcat statc
carryiug it iu |is |aud. Ls|,
I.;:| `.., .. L:.:, aud sccoud |corc Lastcr iutroit j...), also callcd 'iassiou Suuday'
|ut atcr t|is |as |ccu t|c lC uauc or ialu Suuday, aud is idcutihcd it| it
iu CY). lt is also callcd 'Carliug Suuday' csp. iort|uu|crlaud), rou pcas catcu
it| ucals t|at day also 'Carc Suuday', 'Cariug Suuday'), at icar|-ou-1rcut, Cariug
lair as |cld t|c prcvious lriday. Sot |caus crc orucrly distri|utcd upou t|is
Suuday.
z

ioly Vcc| is t|c cc| |corc Lastcr, couucuoratiug cvcuts iu t|c last days o C|rist's
lic. Siucc t|csc crc vcry drauatic, t|c custou arosc o rc-cuactiug t|cu iu t|catrical
oru, at hrst as cu|auccucuts o t|c liturgy, |crc |i|lical rcadiugs iu dialoguc oru
crc distri|utcd auoug t|c clcrics, aud latcr as ully stagcd plays. 1|csc crc cspccially
avourcd iu t|c ourtccut| aud htccut| ccuturics, t|c uost auous uodcru cxauplc is
t|c iassiou ilay pcrorucd at O|crauucrgau iu Lppcr iavaria, to disc|argc a vo
uadc iu tiuc o plaguc iu . 1|c hrst pcroruaucc as iu , it as agaiu stagcd

cvcry tcu ycars up to , t|crcatcr it| a c cxccptious) iu t|c dcccuuial ycars rou
ouards it| occasioual ot|cr pcroruauccs, suc| as t|at to cclc|ratc t|c t|
auuivcrsary iu . 1|c tcxt is rcviscd or cac| pcroruaucc, coutrovcrsy as arouscd
atcr t|c Sccoud Vorld Var |y auti-|cis| cup|ascs iutroduccd duriug t|c uiuctccut|
ccutury aud uuc| rclis|cd |y iitlcr.
.|o `.., lC uo iassiou Suuday, lut|crau .|o.ro or .|os...:.), t|c Suuday
|corc Lastcr. 1|c uauc rccalls |csus' triuup|al cutry iuto |crusalcu 'ot|crs cut dou
|rauc|cs rou t|c trccs, aud stracd t|cu iu t|c ay', Matt. ) |cu |c cut to
cclc|ratc iassovcr iu t|c ioly City, palus crc |lcsscd ou t|is day aud carricd iu pro-
ccssiou. lu Luglaud, |crc palus crc uot to |c |ad, yc, illo, or siuilar grccus crc
su|stitutcd, |cucc t|c altcruativc uaucs 'irauc|' c. lrcuc| |:s .o:.:), 'Sallo',
'Villo', 'Yc', aud 'lig Suuday', illo is couuouly uscd iu ot|cr Luropcau couu-
trics, aud souctiucs placcd iu t|c hclds to cusurc good crops. 1|c custou gavc risc to
t|c latiu uauc .s.|. I|.r.o, 'llocry Lastcr', iu lrcuc| ,:s {:r.:s, iu Spauis| .s..
{.r... 1|c laud sig|tcd ou ialu Suuday, Marc| |y t|c cxpcditiou o ioucc dc
lcu as givcu t|c uauc 'llorida', |ic| iu Spauis| is strcsscd ou t|c ., |ut as rciu-
tcrprctcd |y Luglis|-spca|crs as latiu, it| strcss ou t|c ., aud uudcrstood o t|c local
vcgctatiou. lu Vcls| t|is day is `| , 3|.., 'Suuday o t|c llocrs', |cu t|c lcor-
uatiou cudcd t|c carryiug o oliagc to c|urc|, it |ccauc t|c custou to placc nocrs
ou auily gravcs. Ot|cr latiu uaucs arc L.o..... C.o:::.:.o, 'Caudidatcs' Suuday', o
t|c catcc|uucus scc|iug lcavc o t|c |is|op to |c |apti.cd at Lastcr, aud C..:.|.o,
'icadas|iug', siucc t|osc succcssul iu t|is plca as|cd t|cir |cads. Au lris| uauc is
L.o|...| .. |Ioso: 'lidiug Suuday').
lu Spaiu, aud cspccially iu Scvillc, duriug ioly Vcc| splcudid proccssious ta|c placc,
it| lic-si.c statucs carricd ou platorus portrayiug cpisodcs rou t|c iassiou. 1|c
uost auous ioly Vcc| ccrcuouics, |ocvcr, arc t|osc iu louc, dcscri|cd iu scvcral
cxtracts |clo.
1:.:|r.:. 1|c last t|rcc days o ioly Vcc| arc otcu callcd '1cuc|rac' 'dar|ucss'), atcr
t|c particular scrviccs t|at orucrly too| placc ou t|c cvcs, |crc t|c caudlcs |corc t|c
altar crc cxtiuguis|cd ouc |y ouc, at t|c cud o cac| psalu.
lt as duriug t|csc scrviccs t|at Allcgri's auous M.s:r:r: as suug. Datiug rou t|c
scvcutccut| ccutury aud cuc|autiug uodcru listcucrs), it did uot plcasc souc
uiuctccut|-ccutury cars. lady Morgau rcports ou t|c hrst scrvicc o 1cuc|rac, ou t|c
Vcducsday prcccdiug Lastcr, iu t|c papal c|apcl
. . . t|c Sistiuc c|apcl is uucqual to accouuodatc t|c uuu|crs |o applicd or aduittaucc ou
t|c Vcducsday, to |car t|c hrst pcroruaucc o t|c M.s:r:r:. 1|c scrvicc o t|c day, callcd |y t|c
lrcuc|, 1.|r:s, |as alays |ccu cclc|ratcd or t|c uaguihccucc o its uusic, |ciug o t|c uost
solcuu aud soot|iug cast, aud suug |y t|c |olc o t|c iopc's c|oir, uuaccoupauicd |y iu-
struucuts. Ou t|is occasiou t|c utuost ccct o vocal uusic |as |ccu supposcd to |c attaiucd.
1|crc crc parts iu |ic| t|c straius rcscu|lcd t|c dccp-toucd uclloucss o t|c diapasou
stop o t|c orgau, aud t|cy cll upou t|c car, aud dicd aay, li|c t|c sig|iug o t|c iuds ou
t|c .oliau lyrc. As t|c uusic procccds iu solcuuity aud saducss, lig|t atcr lig|t is cxtiu-
guis|cd, aud t|c scrvicc huis|cs iu t|c dccp tilig|t gloou, as t|c last caudlc gocs out. lu t|c
- --
cou|iuatiou o t|csc circuustauccs, aud o t|c aul uystcry to |ic| t|cy alludc, t|crc is
uuc| to captivatc t|c iuagiuatiou, aud uislcad t|c judgucut, |ut cit|cr t|c cxccutiou o t|c
uusic is grcatly allcu o, or t|c accouuts givcu |y aut|ors o its cccts arc cxaggcratcd. 1|oug|
a cousidcra|lc portiou o it |as all t|c su|liuity o cxtrcuc siuplicity, souc o t|c picccs arc
cxccssivcly rudc, aud as t|c voicc dclls upou t|c protractcd |rcvcs aud scui|rcvcs, uusustaiucd
|y au iustruucutal accoupauiucut, it alls |y a p|ysical ucccssity, aud c passagcs huis|
accuratcly iu tuuc. Souc o t|c voiccs also arc o a coarsc aud disagrcca|lc quality. 1|crc arc c
good tcuors, aud t|c |oys scrcau uost disagrcca|ly iu |oldiug uotcs iu t|c alto parts. 1|c
ccct li|cisc is too artihcial aud t|catric, aud |cu t|c rcs|ucss aud susccpti|ility o iu-
cxpcricucc |avc passcd o, t|c uiud rcjccts, as au attcuptcd iupositiou, suc| studicd cou-
trivauccs, still, |ocvcr, i t|cy do uot cdiy, t|cy attract, aud t|c opportuuitics arc so c o
|cariug t|c uusic o |ouclli, o icrgolcsc, aud o t|c old uastcrs iu ltaly, t|at t|c Sistiuc C|apcl
is visitcd it| curiosity aud pcrscvcraucc ou all t|c t|rcc uig|ts o pcroruaucc.
Morgau, iii. - )
V|atcvcr liuitatiou o tastc t|c lovcr o t|is uusic uay disccru, t|c |lauc uust lic
uaiuly it| t|c cxccutiou t|c staudard o t|c c|oir t|oug| uot its scl-cstccu) |ad
dccliucd drauatically iu t|c latc sixtccut| ccutury aud uot rccovcrcd.
M.., 1|rs.,. 1|c 1|ursday |corc Lastcr, rou M...:o ..o . .|.s |o|u ),
t|c |cgiuuiug o t|c hrst autip|ou iu t|c ccrcuouy o oot-as|iug. lu Luglaud, as or-
ucrly iu uauy couutrics, t|c sovcrcigu distri|utcs Mauudy uoucy ouc silvcr pcuuy to
ouc poor uau aud ouc poor ouau or cac| ycar o t|c sovcrcigu's agc. lt is also |uou
as 'S|ccr', 'C|ar', 'S|rit', aud 'S|arp' 1|ursday said |y |o|u Mir| iu t|c ourtccut|
ccutury to dcrivc rou cuttiug o |air or |cards |corc Lastcr), iu Gcruauy it is Cr.~
...:rs:., 'Grccu 1|ursday', atcr grccu |rauc|cs givcu pcuitcuts |o |ad coucsscd ou
As| Vcducsday. Mauudy 1|ursday is souctiucs callcd 'ioly 1|ursday', |ut t|is uauc
is also givcu to Asccusiou Day.
1|c custou o uouarc|s' as|iug poor pcoplc's cct datcs rou as carly as t|c carly
t|irtccut| ccutury icdc says t|at c|urc|ucu |ad douc it |corc iu liudisaruc),
lrcuc| |iugs pcrorucd it rou t|c carly clcvcut| ccutury. 1|c hrst Luglis| |iug to do
it as |o|u, atcr |is cxcouuuuicatiou, t|c uuu|cr o paupcrs as t|irtccu uutil
Ldard lll, |o uadc it t|c uuu|cr o ycars |c |ad rcigucd. Atcr |aucs ll t|c uou-
arc|s s|ocd littlc cut|usiasu or oot-as|iug, |ut t|c git o ood aud uoucy rc-
uaiucd. 1|c Quccu uo distri|utcs suall coius spccially uiutcd or t|c occasiou.
Mauudy 1|ursday ccrcuouics at t|c Luglis| court, as rcportcd |y a lrcuc|uau iu

Ou M.., 1|rs., t|c iiug givcs Alus to as uauy poor icoplc as |c is Ycars old. 1|csc poor
icoplc arc carry'd iuto t|c iauqucttiug-iousc, |crc t|cy hud a 1a|lc sprcad or t|cu 1|crc
is upou cac| ilatc t|rcc grcat iicccs o lis|, a Six-pcuuy loa, a iottlc o Viuc, a grcat |ugg o
iccr, to Llls o Clot|, liuucu or to S|irts, Stoc|iugs, S|ocs, as uauy S|illiugs aud as uauy
Silvcr icucc as t|c iiug is Ycars old. 1|is 1rcat as orucrly givcu atcr t|at t|c iiug, out o a
ridiculous Acctatiou o iuuility, |ad as|'d aud ip'd t|c lcct o t|osc poor icoplc it| |is
ou iauds. Missou dc \al|ourg,
lu t|c uid-uiuctccut| ccutury iu louc it as t|c louau uo|ility |o as|cd t|c cct.
Mary Craord lrascr |. ) rccalls viciug t|c ccrcuouy iu louc iu |cr c|ild|ood

iy ioly 1|ursday uauy t|ousauds o pilgrius rou all parts o ltaly, |ut uorc cspccially rou
t|c Sout|, |ad arrivcd iu louc, orcigucrs rou all ovcr t|c orld noc|cd to t|c |otcls, |ut lit-
tlc uoticc as ta|cu o t|cu. 1|c |ousiug aud cariug or t|c poor pcasauts, souc o |ou |ad
al|cd to |uudrcd uilcs or uorc, iu grcat coupauics, prayiug aud siugiug |yuus all t|c ay,
occupicd all t|c attcutiou o t|c aut|oritics. 1|cy crc t|c pcrsoual gucsts o t|c ioly lat|cr,
aud crc uadc to ccl t|at t|cy crc |is vcry |clovcd c|ildrcu. 1|c vast |uildiug o t|c 'Sauto
Spirito', |ic| rau all t|c ay rou t|c Castcl' Saut' Augclo to t|c iia..a o St. ictcr's, as por-
tioucd out iuto doruitorics aud rccctorics |crc ood aud lodgiug as providcd or all |o |ad
|roug|t t|c ucccssary rccouucudatiou rou t|cir iaris| iricst. . . .
1|c grcatcst ladics iu t|c orld, iu Court drcss o |lac| vclvct aud a loug |lac| vcil, aud car-
iug t|cir uost uaguihccut auily jccls, cauc to do |ouour to t|c iopc's gucsts. 1|cy rcccivcd
t|c coutadiuc aud t|cir |a|ics aud lcd t|cu to t|c ta|lcs loadcd it| good t|iugs |ic| rau
dou t|c |all, guidiug t|cu to t|cir placcs, |crc cac| ouud |cr suppcr scparatcly laid out. iut
|corc cujoyiug t|is, t|c poor dusty cct t|at |ad travcllcd so ar uust |c as|cd, aud t|c
iriuccsscs, olloiug C|rist's cxauplc, cut rouud rou ouc to auot|cr ou t|cir |uccs to pcr-
oru t|is |iudly act. 1|c hrst tiuc l itucsscd it l ouud uyscl |csidc t|c group uudcr iriuccss
Massiuo's carc, aud l s|all ucvcr orgct uy aua.cucut |cu l sa t|at dcar aud |oly lady staggcr
orard it| a tu| o stcauiug |ot atcr, aud t|cu |uccl dou aud gcutly rcuovc t|c saudals
aud stoc|iugs o a youug ouau |o carricd a tiuy |a|y iu |cr arus aud |o, as l |uc |y |cr
costuuc, uust |avc couc rou t|c urt|cr astucsscs o t|c Apcuuiucs. 1|c iriuccss as car-
iug t|c auous Massiuo pcarls, striug atcr striug o cuoruous s|iuucriug glo|cs, |ic| |uug
so ar |clo |cr aist t|at t|cy |cpt gcttiug |opclcssly uixcd up it| t|c |ot atcr aud soap-
suds. 1al|iug |iudly to t|c da..lcd coutadiua, s|c uadc a vcry t|oroug| jo| o |cr distastcul
tas|, aud |cu it as accouplis|cd carricd aay |cr tu| li|c auy |ospital uursc aud prcparcd to
attcud to t|c ucxt ou t|c |cuc|. lor t|rcc uig|ts, rou ioly 1|ursday to Lastcr Lvc, s|c aud
|cr pccrs rcudcrcd t|is tri|utc to povcrty aud ait|, |ilc t|cir |us|auds aud sous did t|c sauc
or t|c ucu ou t|c ot|cr sidc o t|c |uildiug. lrascr, i.
C.. Ir..,. 1|c lriday |corc Lastcr, couucuoratiug t|c Crucihxiou. lu t|c latiu ritc
t|c altars arc strippcd |arc or covcrcd it| a |lac| clot|, uass is uot said, aud t|c ccr-
cuouics iucludc t|c iassiou o St |o|u, t|c Ior.:r.. or lcproac|cs, t|c \cucratiou o
t|c Cross, aud Couuuuiou usiug a acr prcsauctihcd ou t|c day |corc. lu ucdicval
Luglaud t|is scrvicc iucludcd t|c Crccpiug to t|c Cross, |crc t|c clcrgy aud laity crcpt
|arcoot to t|c crucihx, placcd ou a stcp o t|c altar, aud |isscd it. 1|is ccrcuouy dis-
appcarcd at t|c lcoruatiou, togct|cr it| t|c iupositiou o as|cs ou As| Vcducsday
aud t|c |lcssiug o palu or ot|cr |rauc|cs ou ialu Suuday, |ocvcr, t|csc aud ot|cr
ucdicval usagcs, souctiucs iu uodcratcd oru, |avc |ccu rcvivcd iu rcccut tiucs, uot
ouly auoug Auglo-Cat|olics.
1|c lovcly Corpus C|risti Carol, dcspitc its |uig|tly iuagcry, uay rccr to t|c
Crucihxiou
L||,, |||:,, |||,, |||:,
1|: ;.... |.:| |.r. o, o.| ..,. o.::, |.:
ic |arc |yu up, |c |arc |yu dou,
ic |arc |yu iuto au orc|ard |rou.
lu t|at orc|ard t|cr as au |all,
1|at as |augid it| pu rpill aud pall. r..| .|.:|
- --
Aud iu t|at |all t|cr as a |cdc
iit as |augid it| gold so rcdc.
Aud yu t|at |cd t|cr lyt|c a |uyg|t,
iis oudcs |lcdyug day aud uyg|t.
iy t|at |cdcs sidc t|cr |uclct| a uay, o..
Aud s|c cpct| |ot| uyg|t aud day.
Aud |y t|at |cddcs sidc t|cr stoudit| a stou,
'C.rs C|r.s:.' rctyu t|crou.
lu louc, pilgrius crccp up t|c ioly Stairs `..|. `..:.), ucar St |o|u latcrau, tradi-
tioually idcutihcd it| t|osc uouutcd |y C|rist |cu suuuoucd |y iilatc iu
|crusalcu. Captaiu |o|u Suit|, spca|iug o |iuscl iu t|c t|ird pcrsou, o|scrvcd iu

|c cauc to .o:, |crc it as |is c|aucc to scc iopc C|:o:.: t|c cig|t, it| uauy Cardiualls,
crccpc up t|c |oly Stayrcs, |ic| t|cy say arc t|osc our Saviour C|rist cut up to ..:.s .|.::,
|crc |loud alliug rou |is |cad, |ciug pric|cd it| |is crouc o t|orucs, t|c drops arc
uar|cd it| uailcs o stcclc, upou t|cu uouc darc goc |ut iu t|at uauucr, sayiug so uauy J:~
M.r.:s aud .::r ..s::rs, as is t|cir dcvotiou, aud to |issc t|c uailcs o stcclc iut ou cac| sidc is a
pairc o suc| li|c staircs, up |ic| you uay goc, staud, or |ucclc, |ut dividcd rou t|c |oly
Staircs |y to alls rig|t agaiust t|cu is a C|appcll, |crc |augs a grcat silvcr laupc, |ic|
|uruct| coutiuually, yct t|cy say t|c oylc ucit|cr iucrcasct| uor diuiuis|ct|. |. Suit|, -
Good lriday |as its air s|arc o supcrstitious. ircad |a|cd ou t|is day as cousidcrcd
a curativc, cspccially or c|ildrcu. 1|c custou o catiug |ot-cross |uus, |ocvcr, is uot
attcstcd |corc t|c cig|tccut| ccutury.
Good lriday coucs t|is Mout|, t|c old Vouau ruus
Vit| ouc or to a icuuy, |ot cross iuuus,
V|osc \irtuc is, i you |clicvc |at's said,
1|cy'll uot gro uouldy li|c t|c couuou ircad.
..r .|.. )
lor Good lriday, |ot |uus uar|cd it| a cross or |rca|ast . . . 1|csc |uus ill |ccp or cvcr
it|out |ccouiug uouldy, |y virtuc o t|c |oly sigu iuprcsscd upou t|cu . . . iu t|c proviucc
o icrcords|irc a pious ouau auuually ua|cs to upou t|is day, t|c cruu|s o |ic| arc a
sovcrcigu rcucdy or diarr|oa. Sout|cy, L::::rs ;r.o L.|.., xx
Good-luc| supcrstitious
1|c Luglis| aud lris| t|iu| it good to plaut auyt|iug ou t|is day, |ccausc it as t|c day |cu
our Savior lay iu t|c gravc. Sccds, t|crcorc, arc ccrtaiu to risc agaiu.
iat|oruc, L.|.s| N.::|..|s,
1o cau c|ildrcu ou t|is day is dccucd vcry luc|y. Mauy pcoplc t|cu |cgiu to till t|cir gardcus,
as t|cy |clicvc, to usc t|cir ou ords, t|at all t|iugs put iu t|c cart| ou a good lriday ill gro
..,, aud rcturu to t|cu it| grcat iucrcasc. iray, ii. )
l uscd to sucr vcry uuc| rou toot|ac|c uauy ycars ago, till a ucig||our told uc |o to curc
it. l got up ou Good lriday |corc t|c suu rosc, aud cut all t|c uails ou uy |auds aud uy cct,

aud rappcd it all up iu a |it o ritiug papcr, aud put it iu uy poc|ct, aud l'vc ucvcr |ad t|c
toot|ac|c siucc. N c , rd scr., xi ), Glouccstcrs|irc)
lll-luc| supcrstitious, souc quitc coutrary to t|c good-luc| oucs
l lcaru rou a clcrgyuau auiliar it| t|c iort| lidiug o Yor|s|irc, t|at grcat carc is t|crc
ta|cu uot to distur| t|c cart| iu auy ay, it crc iupious to usc spadc, ploug|, or |arro. ic
rcucu|crs, |cu a |oy, |cariug o a villagcr |o s|oc|cd |is ucig||ours |y plautiug potatocs
ou Good lriday, |ut t|cy ucvcr cauc up. icudcrsou, - )
1o |a|c or |rc ou Good lriday. 1|c |ousc ill |c |urut dou duriug ycar.
1o as| clot|cs ou Good lriday lu Clcvclaud, it is said, clot|cs so as|cd aud |uug out to dry
ill |ccouc spottcd it| |lood.
io irou ou t|at day uust |c put iuto t|c hrc. lor t|c po|cr, a piccc o as|ood is uscd. Maux)
Sauucl icpys rarcly o|scrvcs astiug, |ut docs so ou Good lriday
Apr. . Our diuucr, it |ciug Goodriday, as ouly sugar sopps aud hs|, t|c ouly tiuc t|at
c |avc |ad a lcutcu diuucr all t|is lcut. icpys, iv.
Apr. . So |ouc to diuucr, aud |ad au cxccllcut Good riday diuucr o pcasc porridgc-
aud applc pic. i|id., v.
lcutcu asts couc to au cud, |ocvcr, aud t|c victuallcrs |avc alrcady startcd t|cir
prcparatious
lt is uo Good lriday, aud a gcucral last uust |c |cpt auoug all C|ristiaus, iu rcucu|raucc o
C|rists iassiou llcs| aud lis| uust |cc vauis|cd all stouac|cs, stroug or ca|c io |cgiuucs
t|c larccll to t|iu arc, aud t|c lis|uougcrs uay s|ut vp t|cir s|ops till t|c ioly-daycs |c
past t|c iutc|crs uo uust as| t|cir ioords, ua|c clcauc t|cir Aprous, s|arpcu t|cir |uiucs,
aud sort t|cir pric|cs, aud cut out t|cir ucat or Lastcr Luc uar|ct io uust t|c ioultcrs ua|c
rcady t|cir la||cts aud t|cir lolc, t|c Coo|cs |auc t|cir Oucus clcauc, aud all or iics aud
1arts agaiust t|c ucrry lcast io t|c Maids |cstir t|cu a|out t|cir |ouscs, t|c lauudcrs
a|out t|cir liucu, t|c 1aylors a|out Apparcll, aud all or t|is |oly tiuc io youug lau|s,
youug la||cts, aud youug C|ic|cus dyc or huc appctitcs, aud uo t|c Miustrcll tuucs |is lu-
struucuts, to |auc t|cu rcady or t|c youg pcoplc |ut it| t|c agcd aud t|c rcligious, t|crc is
uot|iug |ut sorro aud uouruiug, coucssiou, coutritiou, aud a|solutiou, aud l |uo uot |at
c t|at arc ucrry, |ut c|ildrcu t|at |rca|c vp sc|oolc, aud cuc|cs t|at arc vpou t|c uariagc.
lu suuuc, it is suc| au oddc day |y it sclc, t|at l ill oucly ua|c t|is couclusiou o it it is t|c
iridlc o iaturc, aud t|c Lxauiucr o lcasou. larccll. irctou )
H.|, `.:r.,. Lastcr Lvc, ioly Saturday, t|c Saturday |corc Lastcr, callcd 'Lastcr
Saturday' |y t|c uuc|urc|cd, couucuoratiug t|c day t|at C|rist lay iu t|c tou|. lt is
|udas Day iu Mcxico |c is |augcd aud |urucd iu cgy. lu Grcccc, t|c pricst aud cou-
grcgatiou ua|c loud uoiscs duriug t|c scrvicc to drivc aay dcuous, a C.cc| custou
ou 3| s.|.:. 'V|itc Saturday') is to rattlc |cys, aud also to |uru out |udas |y |uruiug
t|c last o t|c |oly oil |corc t|c c|urc| door.
1|c iasc|al \igil Scrvicc iuauguratcs t|c Lastcr cclc|ratious. 1|c ccrcuouics arc
cla|oratc, iaogcorgus ouc uust alays |ccp iu uiud |is auti-Cat|olic |ias) rcports
t|c ritual iu t|c sixtccut| ccutury
- --
Ou Lastcr cvc t|c hrc all, is qucuc|t iu cvcry placc,
Aud rcs| agaiuc rou out t|c niut, is ctc|t it| solcuuc gracc
1|c iricst dot| |alo t|is agaiust grcat dauugcrs uauy ouc,
A |raudc |crco dot| cvcry uau it| grccdic uiudc ta|c |ouc,
1|at |cu t|c carcull storuc appcarcs, or tcupcst |lac|c arisc,
iy lig|tiug t|is |c sac uay |c, rou stro|c o |urtull s|ics
A 1apcr grcat, t|c pasc|all uaudc, it| uusic|c t|cu t|cy |lcssc,
Aud rauc|cuscucc |crciu t|cy pric|c, or grcatcr |olyucssc
1|is |uruct| uig|t aud day as siguc, o C|rist t|at couqucrdc |cll,
As i so |c t|is oolis| toyc, susct| t|is to tcll.
1|cu dot| t|c iis|op or t|c iricst, t|c atcr |alo straig|t,
1|at or t|cir |aptisuc is rcscrvdc or uo uo uorc o aig|t
ls t|at t|cy usdc t|c ycarc |corc, uor cau t|cy auy uorc,
Youg c|ildrcu c|ristcu it| t|c sauc, as t|cy |avc douc |corc.
Vit| ooudrous poupc aud uruiturc, auid t|c C|urc| t|cy go,
Vit| caudlcs, crosscs, |auucrs, C|risuc, aud oylc appoyutcd t|o
iiuc tiucs a|out t|c out t|cy uarc|c, aud ou t|c saiutcs doc call,
1|cu still at lcugt| t|cy staudc, aud straig|t t|c iricst |cgius it|all,
Aud t|risc t|c atcr dot| |c touc|c, aud crosscs t|crcou ua|c,
icrc |iggc aud |ar|rous ordcs |c spca|cs, to ua|c t|c dcvill qua|c . . .
1|c pcoplc stariug |crcat staudc, aua.cd cvcry ouc
iclccviug t|at grcat porc is givcu to t|is atcr |crc,
iy gapiug o t|csc lcarucd ucu, aud suc| li|c triniug gcrc.
1|crcorc iu vcsscls |roug|t t|cy dra, aud |ouc t|cy caric souc,
Agaiust t|c gricvcs t|at to t|cusclvcs, or to t|cir |castcs uay couc.
1|cu Clappcrs ccassc, aud |cllcs arc sct agaiuc at li|crtcc,
Aud |crcit|all t|c |uugric tiucs o astiug cudcd |cc.
iaogcorgus, o.
Ouc o t|c rituals ou ioly Saturday as t|c '|urial' o t|c t|ird iost cousccratcd ou
Mauudy 1|ursday. 1|c pyx coutaiuiug t|c iost aud a Crucihx crc rappcd iu clot|
aud placcd iu a spccial scpulc|rc ou au altar or iu t|c all, aud atc| |cpt all uig|t,
syu|oli.iug C|rist's |urial.
z
-
1|c uauc 'Lastcr' li|c Gcruau s::r.) origiually dcuotcd a spriug cstival iu |ouour
o a Gcruauic dau-goddcss callcd L

.s:r. iu icdc's Old iort|uu|riau aud L

.s:r: iu
staudard Vcst Saxou. Grcc| aud latiu usc .s.|., rou ic|rc :s.|
.
icsac|), or |c-
is| iassovcr aud C|ristiau Lastcr ali|c, t|c uauc survivcs it| t|c dou|lc scusc iu uost
Luropcau lauguagcs rou lris| C.s. to lussiau s||., t|oug| lrcuc| distiuguis|cs
,: 'iassovcr' rou ,:s 'Lastcr'. lu Luglis|, aud uorc cspccially Scots, it appcarcd
as ..:-|cucc t|c tcru 'pacc-cggs' or Lastcr cggs. Lvcu uo, alt|oug| 'Lastcr' aud
'iassovcr' arc uscd attri|utivcly, t|c ouly truc adjcctivc is 'iasc|al'.
Lastcr couucuoratcs t|c lcsurrcctiou o C|rist ou t|c t|ird day couutcd iuclu-
sivcly iu t|c aucicut uauucr) atcr iis crucihxiou
-
Aud |cu t|c sa||at| as past, Mary Magdalcuc, aud Mary t|c uot|cr o |aucs, aud Salouc,
|ad |oug|t scct spiccs, t|at t|cy uig|t couc aud auoiut |iu. Aud vcry carly iu t|c uoruiug
t|c hrst day o t|c cc|, t|cy cauc uuto t|c scpulc|rc at t|c risiug o t|c suu. Aud t|cy said
auoug t|cusclvcs, V|o s|all roll us aay t|c stouc rou t|c door o t|c scpulc|rc. Aud |cu
t|cy loo|cd, t|cy sa t|at t|c stouc as rollcd aay or it as vcry grcat. Aud cutcriug iuto t|c
scpulc|rc, t|cy sa a youug uau sittiug ou t|c rig|t sidc, clot|cd iu a loug |itc garucut, aud
t|cy crc arig|tcd. Aud |c sait| uuto t|cu, ic uot arig|tcd Yc scc| |csus o ia.arct|, |ic|
as crucihcd |c is riscu, |c is uot |crc |c|old t|c placc |crc t|cy laid |iu. Mar| -)
Lastcr is t|c grcatcst cast o t|c C|urc| ycar, cclc|ratiug t|c lcsurrcctiou o C|rist
aud t|c salvatiou o uau, at t|c corporcal lcvcl it is t|c rclcasc rou t|c loug pcriod o
lcutcu pcuitcucc, aud a joyous cstivity atcr t|c sou|rc rc-cuactucut o t|c cvcuts o
ioly Vcc|. lu iasc|altidc, t|c pcriod atcr Lastcr, t|c acclauatiou 'Allcluia' is iucor-
poratcd iu uauy liturgical tcxts.
Ou t|c uodc o hudiug Lastcr, scc ll 1|: L.:: .; L.s::r aud Appcudix i j|... ..
Cr:.r... L.s::r.
Strict iuritaus ould |avc uot|iug to do it| Lastcr, as a ucrcly |uuau iustitutiou,
|cu iu C|arlcs l dcclarcd it to |c as scriptural as Suuday, iarliaucut coutradictcd
|iu iu priut, aud a|olis|cd it aloug it| all ot|cr c|urc| cstivals. lu Scotlaud, it as
uot o|scrvcd at all. iut Lastcr |ad loug |ccu a day associatcd it| sccular i uot pagau
custous. Couiug at t|c cud o t|c loug pcriod o a|stiucucc iu lcut, it as a tiuc or
castiug
Lastcr Suuday aud C|ristuas Day t|c to |cst days or t|c stouac|.
O'Sullivau, i. Apr. )
iic|olas irctou pays vcry littlc attcutiou to t|c sacrcd sidc o Lastcr
lt is uo Lastcr, aud |ac|c o lcut is turucd out o doorcs t|c lis|crucu uo |aug vp t|cir
ucts to dry, |ilc t|c Calc aud t|c lau|c al|c toard t|c iitc|iu aud t|c iastry t|c vcluct
|cads o t|c lorrcsts all at t|c loosc o t|c Crossc-|o t|c Sauuau 1rot playcs it| t|c lly,
aud t|c Marc| la||it ruuucs dcad iuto t|c dis| t|c ludiau couuoditics pay t|c Mcrc|auts
aducuturc aud iar|ary Sugar puts ioucy out o couutcuaucc t|c |oly cast is |cpt or t|c ait|-
ull, aud a |uouc |c |at| uo placc auoug C|ristiaus t|c Lart| uo |cgiuucs to paiut |cr
vppcr garucut, aud t|c trccs put out t|cir youug |uds, t|c littlc iids c|c t|cir Cuds, aud t|c
Sallo ccds ou t|c llycs iu t|c Ayrc t|c Stor|c clcusct| t|c iroo|cs o t|c lroggcs, aud t|c
Spar|a|c prcparcs |cr iug or t|c iartridgc t|c littlc lauc is stoluc rou t|c Doc, aud
t|c ualc Dccrc |cgiuuc to |card t|c spirit o Yout| is iucliucd to uirt|, aud t|c couscioua|lc
Sc|ollcr ill uot |rca|c a |oly-day t|c Miustrcll cals t|c Maid rou |cr diuucr, aud t|c loucrs
cycs doc troulc li|c 1cuuis |alls. 1|crc is uirt| aud ioy, |cu t|crc is |calt| aud li|crty aud |c
t|at |at| uoucy, ill |c uo ucauc uau iu |is uausiou t|c Ayrc is |olsouc, aud t|c S|yc cou-
orta|lc, t|c llocrs odoricrous, aud t|c lruits plcasaut l coucludc, it is a day o uuc| dc-
lig|tulucssc t|c Suuucs dauciug day, aud t|c Lart|s ioly-day. larccll. irctou
A particular dis| associatcd it| Lastcr is tausy puddiug. lt is navourcd it| t|c
juicc o tausy :....::o |.r:), a grccu plaut t|at gros ild aud |as a rat|cr |ittcr
tastc. 1|ouas Cogau, iu |is H.:. .; H:.|:| ), p. , says 'lt is uuc| uscd auoug us
iu Luglaudc a|out Lastcr it| rycd cgs, uot it|out good causc, to purgc aay t|c
ncuc cugcudrcd o hs| iu t|c lcut scasou, |crco orucs arc soouc |rcd iu t|cu
- --
t|at |c t|crcto disposcd, t|oug| t|c couuou pcoplc uudcrstaudc uot t|c causc, |y
1ausics arc uorc uscd atcr lcut, t|au at auy ot|cr tyuc o t|c ycrc.' iopular lorc still
|olds it ccacious or cxpclliug orus.) llavouriug it| tausy juicc rccalls t|c custou
o catiug |ittcr |cr|s at iassovcr, t|c uodcru cquivalcut is uiut saucc. A ucdicval
rccipc calls or cggs, pcppcr, tausy, |uttcr, aud lard. A uorc appcti.iug vcrsiou is t|c ol-
loiug, adaptcd rou |o|u iott, 1|: C..|`s .. C..;:.:...:r`s L..:....r, rd cdu., loudou,
)
1..s, ..
pt ul) uil|
o. g) |uttcr
o. g) rcs| |itc |rcadcruu|s
o. g) sugar or |oucy
tsps ul) hucly c|oppcd tausy lcavcs tsp hucly c|oppcd rcs| sagc uay |c su|-
stitutcd)
cggs, |catcu
|oucy aud crcau, to scrvc
ioil t|c uil| aud |uttcr togct|cr aud pour ovcr t|c |rcadcruu|s. Sct asidc or uiu-
utcs. Add t|c sugar or |oucy aud t|c tausy lcavcs to t|c cggs, t|cu uix it| t|c |rcad-
cruu|s aud |a|c t|c uixturc iu a uodcratc ovcu, gas uar| , l C), uutil sct.
Lat cold it| |oucy aud crcau.
At Gacta, ouc cats ...o|:||:, pastrics iu riug s|apc, it| cggs, t|osc or ucu |avc t|c oru
o a dovc |. ..|.o|.), |ut oucu cat |. ;:oo... r:.., |crc t|c cgg is iu t|c |clly. 1a|cu
togct|cr, t|csc syu|oli.c Mary's iuprcguatiou |y t|c ioly Spirit.
Lastcr is ric| iu cll-|uou aud loug-livcd custous. Vc siuglc out ouly a c
::.. .. . .: .ro:.:
1|c arucr t|at as coutcutcd iu tiucs past it| |is lussct lroc|c ~ Moc|ado slccucs, uo
scls a Co agaiust Lastcr to |uy |iu sil|cu gccrc or |is crcdit. lodgc, )
lu l scut rou loudou agaiust Lastcr a suitc o cloat|s or uy sou 1|ouas, |ciug y
c
hrst
|rccc|cs ~ dou|lct y
t
|c cvcr |ad, ~ uadc |y uy tailor M
r
. Millcr, it as too soou or |iu to
car y
u
|ciug |ut ycars old, |ut y
t
|is uot|cr |ad a dcsirc to scc |iu iu y
u
, |o propcr a uau
|c ould |c. Sliugs|y, -
L:..r.:.. L.s::r :s. 1|c custou o ua|iug aud giviug dccoratcd cggs at Lastcr is vcry
old. Lggs, it| t|cir prouisc o uc lic, arc particularly suitcd to t|c lcsurrcctiou.
Morcovcr, t|cy crc or|iddcu duriug lcut. Siucc t|c |cus did uot stop layiug, it as
ucccssary to |ard-|oil t|c cggs to prcscrvc t|cu. Couc Lastcr, cvcu t|osc |o could
uot aord ucat crc a|lc to sct a cast it| cggs. lu uauy couutrics Lastcr |rcads arc
uadc, it| dccoratcd cggs hlliug iu t|c |ollos.
1|: L.s::r 3..,. la||its, auously crtilc crcaturcs, |avc |ccouc au Lastcr vcrsiou o
Sauta iu t|c Luitcd Statcs t|cy |idc colourcd caudy cggs iu littlc ucsts or c|ildrcu to
scarc| out ou Lastcr uoruiug. Morc o|ligiug ra||its |riug largc c|ocolatc |as|cts hllcd
it| caudy cggs. 1|c custou as iuportcd rou Gcruauy |y t|c icuusylvauia Dutc|,
-
|o callcd t|c |arc t|c 'Osc|tcr ias' Gcruau s::r|.s:). Lastcr-cgg |uuts arc also
orgaui.cd |y couuuuitics. Auot|cr activity is cgg-rolliug, t|c uost auous sitc is t|c
V|itc iousc lau.
|s:r.. :|: s. ...... lt as couuouly |clicvcd iu Luglaud t|at t|c Suu dauccd ou
Lastcr uoruiug to cclc|ratc t|c lcsurrcctiou, i |uuau cycs could uot scc |iu do so,
it as |ccausc t|c Dcvil |loc|cd t|c vic.
Qu|y cs uy |irt| ou Listcr day at uoruc.
Qu|y did Apollo t|cu appcir to daucc.
Qu|y gaiv |c uc good uorou it| a glaucc.
|y lcug| |c iu |is goldcu c|air aud lap,
Siucc t|at t|c icvius arc |iudcrcrs o uy |ap.
Alcxaudcr Moutgoucric ..-..), rou C.o|...: .; |.s N.:..:,
1o t|is pool t|c pcoplc uscd to couc iu t|c t| c. ou Lastcr uoruiug to scc t|c suu daucc
aud play iu t|c atcr aud t|c augcls |o crc at t|c lcsurrcctiou playiug |ac|ards aud or-
ards |corc t|c suu. iilvcrt ), i.
1|c Grcc| ritcr Diodorus Siculus st c. ) rclaycd rou iccatacus o A|dcra ..
) a talc o a uort|cru islaud t|c si.c o Sicily iu|a|itcd |y t|c iypcr|orcaus t|c
icoplc |cyoud t|c iort| Viud), |o crc dcvotccs o Apollo t|c god as said to visit
t|cu cvcry uiuctccu ycars, aud duriug |is visit 'to play t|c |it|ara aud daucc coutiuu-
ously cvcry uig|t rou t|c vcrual cquiuox to t|c risiug o t|c ilciadcs a|out uid-
May, rcjoiciug iu |is ou triuup|s' . . ). V|atcvcr uudcrlics t|is story, t|c
duratiou o Apollo's visit vcry roug|ly uatc|cs t|at |ctccu Lastcr aud icutccost, aud
Diodorus rcuar|s ou t|c astrououical siguihcaucc o t|c uiuctccu-ycar cyclc.
lu t|c Guostic Acts o |o|u, |csus lcads o a rouud daucc |corc t|c iassiou.
`.:.| s:ro..s. livc scruous, uostly ou c|arity, givcu at Lastcrtiuc iu Spital Squarc,
Spitalhclds, attcudcd |y iluccoat |oys o C|rist's iospital, it| rcprcscutativcs rou
t|c our ot|cr royal |ospitals
Apr. . Mr. Moorc cauc to uc aud |c aud l al|cd to t|c Spittlc, au |our or to |corc
uy lord Mayor aud t|c ilcc coatc |oys cauc, |ic| at last t|cy did, aud a huc sig|t o c|ar-
ity it is cudccd. Vc got placcs aud staycd to |car a scruou, |ut it |ciug a prcs|ytcriau ouc, it as
so loug, t|at atcr a|ovc au |our o it c cut aay. icpys, iii. -
iauucd uudcr t|c iuritaus, |ut rciustatcd iu , t|c scruous |ad a loug traditiou,
uo t|crc is ouly ouc, at St larcucc |cry, closc to Guild|all, it ta|cs placc ou t|c scc-
oud Vcducsday atcr Lastcr.
..:~: |.,s arc a survival o ucdicval uuuucrs' plays, caturiug St Gcorgc, various ad-
vcrsarics, aud Old 1oss iot. A uota|lc ouc is pcrorucd iu Myt|oluroyd Vcst Yor|-
s|irc) aud surrouudiug villagcs |y t|c |oys o t|c Caldcr \allcy Sc|ool.
- --
z
-- --
L.s::r M...,. 1|c day atcr Lastcr, orucrly o|scrvcd aloug it| Lastcr 1ucsday it|
uuc| solcuuity |y t|c C|urc| |ut uo a sccular cclc|ratiou, it as orucrly rcgardcd
as uuluc|y, aud callcd 'ilac| Mouday' 'V|itc Mouday' iu Grcccc). Scvcral |istorical
sourccs attri|utc t|c cxprcssiou 'ilac| Mouday' to grcat losscs o lic ou uilitary cxpc-
ditious , , ), |ut Mouday itscl as gcucrally cousidcrcd uuluc|y scc h::|.
M...,). lor sc|ool|oys it ucaut rcturuiug to sc|ool atcr t|c Lastcr rcccss, aud as
also callcd 'iloody Mouday'.
lu ucdicval Luglaud oucu crc cutitlcd to |aul out o |cd auy uau t|cy ouud
t|crc, cvcu iiugs Ldard l aud ll uudcrcut t|is ritual. lu uort|cru Luglaud it as t|c
custou or ucu to lit oucu t|ricc |y t|c arus aud lcgs, ucxt day t|c oucu rcturucd
t|c coupliucut. 1|c custou as also |uou iu Valcs, |crc au Luglis|uau rcportcd
ou it iu
1|cy |avc a Custou at iaugor, ~ at Cacruarvou too, ou au Lastcr- ~ V|it-Mouday, ou May-
day, ~c. or y
c
Youug cllos, y
t
cau gct up soou iu y
c
Moruiug, to couc ~ pull y
ir
Couradcs out
o |cd, put t|cu iu Stoc|s, ~ |oldiug up ouc o y
ir
lcgs, pour a iail o Vatcr dou it.
lovcday, -
lt dicd out ouly arouud t|c uid-uiuctccut| ccutury
'icaviug' or 'litiug' at Lastcr |as uot loug |ccu discoutiuucd at Vorccstcr, t|c locality |crc t|c
ritcr last |card o its pcroruaucc |ciug iu iridport aud Dolday. Ou Lastcr Mouday t|c
oucu ould surrouud auy uau |o |appcucd to |c passiug |y, aud, |y t|cir joiut corts lit
|iu up iu t|c air, aud ou t|c ucxt day t|c ucu did t|c sauc to t|c oucu. 1|c ouly uodc o
cscapiug t|is |iud o clcvatiou as |y 'or|iug out' as t|cy tcru it iu t|c classical p|rascology
o t|at ucig||our|ood) a ccrtaiu suu to |c spcut iu driu|. At iartlc|ury, a c ycars |ac|, t|c
aru|ousc uistrcss ould givc t|c ualc scrvaut a trcat ou Lastcr 1ucsday, to |cavc t|c cualc
scrvaut, or s|c supcrstitiously |clicvcd t|at it ould prcvcut t|c cualc scrvaut rou |rca|iug
t|c croc|s duriug t|c cusuiug ycar. . . . icaviug as uo dou|t origiually dcsigucd to rcprcscut
t|c rcsurrcctiou. ioa|c, - )
Suc| custous crc also o|scrvcd at ioc|tidc scc |clo).
lu lrclaud, Lastcr Mouday as callcd | .. C|.: 'Day o t|c Lastcr Lgg iuudlc')
or | ..s.r 'Day o lcasts')
Lastcr Mouday . . . 1|crc as uo parccl o Lastcr cggs |ciug cousuucd |y yout|s aud uaidcus
iu ouc auot|cr's coupauy. 1|crc as ucit|cr sport uor laug|tcr, driu|iug uor dauciug. Most o
t|c youug pcoplc staycd at |ouc, or Lastcr Mouday is uo lougcr a ioliday o o|ligatiou. 1|c
|is|ops rcuovcd t|c dou|lc o|ligatiou rou it, or t|cir lords|ips t|iu| t|at a ioliday o
o|ligatiou is rat|cr |aruul iu a |crctical laud li|c lrclaud as t|c irotcstauts put airs aud uar-
|cts ou Cat|olic iolidays, o sct purposc to |riug t|cu iuto disrcputc.
O'Sullivau, ii. Apr. )
L.s::r 1:s., iu icadiugtou,
last 1ucsday |ciug Lastcr 1ucsday), t|crc |ciug a iull |aitiug at icddiugtou ucar Oxord, a
Quarrcl arosc |ctccu souc Sc|olars t|at crc t|crc, ~ to or t|rcc o icddiugtou, a|out a
-- --
Cat, t|at t|c Sc|olars ould |avc |ad ticd to t|c iulls 1ayl. 1|c Sc|olars |ciug orstcd, at |ic|
tiuc ouc Valtcrs . . . ~ ouc lauu . . . crc sadly |cat aud |ruiscd, so as uot to |c a|lc to couc
|ouc, |ut crc ctc|cd |ac| iu a c|air, uoticc as givcu to ot|cr Sc|olars at Oxord, |crcupou
a grcat iuu|cr souc say hvc |uudrcd, ot|crs a|out to |uudrcd) o t|cu cut iuucdiatcly
it| Clu|s to icddiugtou, aud couuittcd suc| straugc disordcrs, as |avc |ardly |ccu |card o.
1|cy |ro|c aluost all t|c iudos iu t|c 1ou, pulliug dou t|c vcry iudo |ars) got iuto
iouscs, opcucd C|csts, |cat ~ |rui. scvcral pcoplc iu au iutolcra|lc uauucr, crc goiug to
|rca| all t|c iudos o t|c C|urc|, aud t|cy ould |avc procccdcd to orsc uisc|ic |ad uot
M
r
iclaud t|c iroctor o Magd. Coll. |ccu scut or, |o couiug iu t|c cvcuiug, it| grcat
diculty put au cud to t|c uu|appy liot. . . . icddiugtou loo|cd vcry straugc atcr t|is disastcr.
icaruc,
iopular rcvclrics iu t|c Middlc Agcs uig|t ta|c straugc orus lic|ard o Dur|au rc-
ports t|at at luvcr|cit|iug iu lic, duriug Lastcr cc| o Mar.- Apr.), t|c
paris| pricst, callcd |o|u,
prcpariug t|c |lasp|cuics o iriapus, gat|crcd t|c youug girls o t|c uauor, aud coupcllcd
t|cu to cxccutc rouud dauccs iu |ouour o li|cr iatcr t|c uorual louau uauc or t|c god
Diouysus or iacc|us, just as iacc|us |ad oucu iu |is aruy, so |o|u, to iuducc s|auclcssucss,
|orc a polc toppcd it| t|c orgaus o gcucratiou at t|c |cad o t|c proccssiou, joiuiug iu t|c
daucc aud iuvitiug all t|c ouloo|crs to lcc|cry it| uuuucrly uovcucut aud iudcccut spccc|.
cxccrptcd iu C|r...... : L..:r..s:,
1|c outragcd |urgcsscs assassiuatcd |iu iu t|c c|urc|yard.
L. `..,, t|c Suuday atcr Lastcr, iu lris| M....|.s., 'littlc Lastcr', also traditioually
|uou iu t|c Vcst as L.o..... .. .||.s sc. :..:..s), 'Suuday iu ta|iug o) |itc ro|cs',
siucc t|osc |apti.cd at Lastcr too| o t|cir |itc ro|cs |cucc t|c uodcru Gcruau
:.|:r `...:.) or .s.o.. rou t|c iutroit at Mass, .s. o.. :..:., 'As uc|oru
|a|cs', ict. , t|c lut|crau uauc is .s.o..:..:.), iu t|c Last as '1|ouas Suuday'.
Origiually ou t|is day, |ut latcr ou ot|crs, satircs crc attac|cd iu louc to t|c |asc o
au aucicut statuc origiually o Mcuclaus rcscuiug t|c corpsc o iatroclus) popularly
|uou as .s,... 'littlc Lastcr') |ctccu t|c sixtccut| ccutury aud t|c all o papal
govcruucut iu , iu rcccut ycars pocus iu louau dialcct couucutiug ou local
aairs |avc |ccu postcd t|crc. Siucc t|c lC C|urc| |as dcsiguatcd t|is day t|c
Sccoud Suuday o Lastcr, iu |ic| it is ollocd |y CY.
Ou t|is day t|c iopc, iu t|c hrst ycar o |is rcigu aud cvcry scvcu ycars t|crcatcr,
distri|utcs ax iuagcs o t|c lau| o God, t|c J.s L:.. A Gcruau visitor o|scrvcd
|ot| t|c uauuacturc aud t|c distri|utiou o t|csc iuagcs iu , duriug t|c papacy o
Clcucut Xll
Vit|iu t|c lails, |ic| crc covcr'd it| rcd Dauas|, t|crc as a squarc iit, aud iu t|c Mid-
dlc o it our largc Cistcrus o solid Silvcr, ull o Vatcr, placcd ou icdcstals o Vood, silvcrcd
aud gilt, aduira|ly carv'd |y 3:r..... V|cu t|c iopc, accoupauicd |y tcu Cardiuals, |ou |c
|ad iuvitcd to t|is Ccrcuouy, as cutcrcd iuto t|c iall, aud scatcd ou |is 1|rouc, to C|au-
|crlaius o iouour placcd a Cistcru |corc |iu o t|c sauc iiud as t|c our t|at crc iu t|c
iall. 1|c iopc, |o |ad a Mitrc upou |is icad, o silvcr irocadc, aud a Copc o t|c sauc,
struc|-up t|c J:.. `.r.:s `...::, |ic| t|c Music carry'd ou. Atcrards t|c ioly lat|cr rcad
souc Collccts, aud |lcsscd t|c Vatcr t|at as iu t|c Cistcru |corc |iu, iuto |ic| |c pourcd
ioly Oil, aud ioly C|risu. 1|cu cauc our Cardiuals it| silvcr ladlcs, |o dipp'd t|cu iuto
- --
t|c ioly Vatcr, aud carry'd it to uix it| t|c Vatcr t|at as iu t|c our Cistcrus. 1|is douc,
t|c iopc aud t|c Cardiuals put ou grcat |itc Aprous, aud t|c Cardiuals sat to aud to upou
|oiut-stools at cac| Cistcru, |ilc to ot|cr Cardiuals supportcd t|c iopc. 1|c C|.o|:r|...s .;
H...r, aud t|c irclatcs o t|c ious|old, |roug|t t|c J.s L:.`s iu oodcu 1u|s, as|'d it|
Silvcr, aud as ast as t|cy t|rc t|cu iuto t|c Cistcrus hll'd it| ioly Vatcr, t|c iopc aud t|c
Cardiuals hs|'d t|cu up agaiu it| grcat S|iuucrs o Silvcr, aud put t|cu iuto ot|cr 1u|s,
|ic| t|c irclatcs dclivcr'd to t|c Scxtous. 1|is lastcd ucar to iours, till t|c iopc, |ciug quitc
atigucd, rosc up, rcad souc uorc Collccts, aud t|cu rctircd. 1|c sauc Ccrcuouy as rcpcatcd
ucxt Day, aud iu t|csc to Days t|cy uadc t|rccscorc t|ousaud J.s L:.`s, |ic| t|cy say cost
t|c C|au|cr tclvc t|ousaud Crous.
Lpou .s.o.. `..,, t|c iopc distri|utcd t|c J.s`s it| vcry grcat Ccrcuouy iu t|c
C|apcl o M..::~C..||.. ic as carry'd iu |is iroccssioual C|air rou |is Apartucut to t|c
C|apcl, |crc, |ciug scatcd ou |is 1|rouc, aud t|c J.s L:. |aviug |ccu pcroru'd |y
t|c Music, ouc o t|c Apostolical Su|dcacous, carryiug t|c J.s`s iu a Silvcr iasou, prcccdcd
|y t|c Cross, aud |y t|c Acolytcs, or Assistauts at Mass, |cariug Vax Caudlcs iu grcat Silvcr
Caudlcstic|s, aud t|c Ccuscr, cutcr'd t|c C|apcl, aud |uccliug dou, said to t|c iopc it| a
loud \oicc, .::r `...::, .s:. s.: J.. ..:||., ,. .......:r..: ..|.s J||:|,., o.. :.:r.: . ;..::s, r:|::.
s.: .|.r.:.::, J||:|,.. 1o |ic| t|c C|oir auscrcd, L:. Cr.:..s, J||:|,.. 1|cu t|c Su|-dcacou rosc,
aud cut aud |uccl'd dou iu t|c Middlc o t|c C|apcl, |crc |c rcpcatcd t|c sauc Vords as
|corc. ic did t|c sauc 1|iug at t|c loot o t|c iopc's 1|rouc, to |ou |c prcscutcd a iasou
ull o J.s L:.`s, iu littlc iac|cts, rapp'd up iu Cottou, |ic| t|c ioly lat|cr distri|utcd to
t|c Cardiuals, aud all t|c Staudcrs-|y, |o rccciv'd t|cu ou t|cir iuccs. iolluit., ii. -
M..., .. 1:s., .;::r L. `.., arc also |uou as 'ioc|tidc' or t|c 'ioc|days', t|c
siugular 'ioc|day' propcrly rccrs to t|c 1ucsday, |cu spriug payucuts crc duc,
cspccially to c|urc| aud paris|. lu rural Luglaud a|ovc all, ioc|day aud Mic|acluas
occasioually Martiuuas) crc otcu t|c tcru days or |al-ycarly payucuts, uar|iug
t|c rcspcctivc |cgiuuiugs o suuucr aud iutcr iu t|c aucicut to-scasou systcu. 1|c
datc is otcu givcu as 'atcr t|c quiudcuc o Lastcr' scc t|c iutroductiou to t|is scctiou).
Ou ioc| Mouday, rou t|c ourtccut| ccutury, t|c ucu o t|c paris| ould ay-
lay t|c oucu, tic t|cu up, aud rclcasc t|cu ouly agaiust a rausou, ou t|c 1ucsday t|c
oucu did li|cisc to t|c ucu. lu souc placcs t|c oucu |ad hrst turu, aud t|c ucu
soug|t t|cir rcvcugc ou 1ucsday. 1|c uoucy t|us raiscd as givcu to t|c c|urc|, aud
duly rccordcd iu t|c accouuts it appcars t|at iu gcucral t|c oucu provcd t|c |cttcr
uud-raiscrs. irocccdiugs crc urt|cr culivcucd |y spccially |rccd '|oc| alc'.
1|c origiu, |ot| o t|c cstival aud o t|c ord '|oc|', is uu|uou. Souc old |oo|s
suggcst t|at ioc|tidc is au auti-Dauis| cstival couucuoratiug cit|cr t|c St iricc
Day uassacrc or t|c dcat| o iiug iardicauutc, siucc t|c hrst o t|csc too| placc ou
lriday, iovcu|cr aud t|c lattcr ou Suuday, |uuc , it is cvidcut t|at ucit|cr
|as auyt|iug to do it| t|c casc, alt|oug| iu Covcutry t|c play o 'ioc|s tucsday' as
pcrorucd auuually cclc|ratiug 't|c dcstructiou o t|c Daucs iu iiug Lt|clrcd's tiuc'
Dugdalc, h.r..|s|.r:, , cd. , ,, rou LL s.v. 'ioc| 1ucsday').
Ir.., .;::r L. `.., is still |cpt iu souc parts o Gcruauy as t|c lcast o t|c ioly
laucc, or rat|cr o t|at ioly laucc |ic|, as|ioucd to scrvc souc cig|t|-ccutury
lrau|is| or lou|ard arrior |ut succcssivcly assigucd |y lcgcud to Coustautiuc t|c
Grcat, St Mauricc, aud St lougiuus, as allcgcdly prcscutcd .. |y iiug ludol ll o
-- --
iurguudy to t|c ioly louau Lupcror Courad, aud t|crcatcr uscd iu corouatious aud
carricd iuto |attlc, or ot|cr ioly lauccs, scc Marc|. C|arlcs l\ too| it rou
iurcu|crg to iraguc iu , t|c cast as iustitutcd t|rcc ycars latcr. lu , duriug
t|c iussitc ars, it as uovcd to iurcu|crg, as rcquiriug, rat|cr t|au coucrriug, pro-
tcctiou, iu it as trauslatcd to \icuua.
`:... `.., .;::r L.s::r 1|ird Suuday o Lastcr), souctiucs |uou rou its iutroit
M.s:r...r.. L.o... lut|crau M.s:r...r..s L.o...).
1|.r `.., .;::r L.s::r lourt| Suuday o Lastcr), iutroit j|.|.::.
I.r:| `.., .;::r L.s::r lit| Suuday o Lastcr), iutroit C..:.::.
I.r:| Ir.., .;::r L.s::r. lu Dcuuar|, Storc icdcdag, dccrccd |y C|ristiau \ll ou advicc
o Strucuscc to rcplacc t|c various pcuitcutial days. S|ops arc closcd, spccial scrviccs
arc |cld. Ou its cvc iu Copcu|agcu ouc dous ouc's uc spriug clot|cs, strolls aloug t|c
laugcliuic atcrrout, aud cats |cat|rcad.
I.;:| `.., .;::r L.s::r Sixt| Suuday o Lastcr), iutroit J..:o .....:.:.s, also callcd
'logatiou Suuday' lut|crau ..::).
z
-
1|c Mouday, 1ucsday, aud Vcducsday atcr logatiou Suuday crc origiually t|c
Miuor logatious t|c Major logatiou as ou Apr., a C|ristiau appropriatiou o
t|c lo|igalia, |cu louaus procccdcd t|roug| t|c coruhclds prayiug agaiust uildc,
r.|..). lorucrly t|cy crc astiug days, ou |ic| iutcrccssory proccssious too| placc,
t|c uauc r..r: ucaus 'to as|') coucs rou t|c litauics t|at crc c|autcd ou t|c pro-
ccssious. 1|cy origiuatcd .. iu t|c Gallic dioccsc o \icuuc, |ic| sucrcd volcauic
cruptious, aud crc latcr adoptcd iu t|c louau liturgy. A llcuis| uauc as Ir.s~
.:., 'Cross Days'. li|c t|c Lu|cr Days, t|cy |avc |ccu discardcd |y t|c lC C|urc|,
t|cy rcuaiu iu t|c C|urc| o Luglaud, |ut ouly t|c iCi trcats t|cu as asts.
1|c logatiou Days crc also callcd 'Gaug Days', atcr t|c custou o goiug i.c.
al|iug) rouud t|c |ouudarics o t|c local paris| t|is also ta|cs placc ou Js.:.s...
L.,). At various poiuts t|c proccssiou ould stop aud t|c curatc ould say a praycr,
cspccially or t|c a|uudaucc o ruits ou t|c acc o t|c cart|. Siucc t|c pcrau|ulatiou
uig|t last lougcr t|au a day, it as also t|c custou to scrvc rcrcs|ucuts aloug t|c ay.
Souc paris|ioucrs, |osc |ouscs straddlcd to paris|cs, |ad to sucr au iuvasiou o
ucu aud |oys cvcry ycar. 1|c proccssious crc discoutiuucd at t|c lcoruatiou, |ut
|avc |ccu rcvivcd.
iarticularly t|c couutry iarsou lovcs iroccssiou, aud uaiutaius it, |ccausc t|crc arc coutaiucd
t|crciu uauicst advautagcs. lirst, a |lcssiug o God or t|c ruits o t|c hcld Sccoudly, jus-
ticc iu t|c ircscrvatiou o |ouuds 1|irdly, C|arity iu loviug al|iug, aud ucig||ourly accou-
pauyiug ouc auot|cr, it| rccouciliug o dicrcuccs at t|at tiuc, i t|crc |c auy lourt|ly,
- --
Mcrcy iu rclccviug t|c poor |y a li|crall distri|utiou aud largcssc, |ic| at t|at tiuc is or oug|t
to |c uscd. V|crcorc |c cxacts o all to |cc prcscut at t|c pcrau|ulatiou, aud t|osc t|at it|-
dra aud scvcr t|cusclvcs rou it, |c uisli|cs, aud rcprovcs as uuc|arita|lc, aud uuucig||ourly,
aud i t|cy ill uot rcoruc, prcscuts t|cu. icr|crt, 'A iricst to t|c 1cuplc', iu h.r|s,
z
--
Asccusiou Day is t|c ortict| day iuclusivcly) atcr Lastcr, t|c 1|ursday atcr loga-
tiou Suuday, couucuoratiug C|rist's last appcaraucc to t|c Apostlcs atcr t|c lcsur-
rcctiou, atcr |ic| |c asccudcd to icavcu iu a cloud. 1o t|cir qucstiou 'lord, ilt t|ou
at t|is tiuc rcstorc agaiu t|c |iugdou to lsracl.' |c rcspoudcd
lt is uot or you to |uo t|c tiucs or t|c scasous, |ic| t|c lat|cr |at| put iu |is ou pocr.
iut yc s|all rcccivc pocr, atcr t|at t|c ioly G|ost is couc upou you aud yc s|all |c itucsscs
uuto uc |ot| iu |crusalcu, aud iu all |udaca, aud iu Sauaria, aud uuto t|c uttcruost part o t|c
cart|. Aud |cu |c |ad spo|cu t|csc t|iugs, |ilc t|cy |c|cld, |c as ta|cu up, aud a cloud rc-
ccivcd |iu out o t|cir sig|t. Acts -)
1|is day as callcd 'ioly 1|ursday' iu Luglis| rou Auglo-Saxou tiucs, a uauc uorc
rcccutly givcu to Mauudy 1|ursday. lu souc lC dioccscs t|c cast |as |ccu uovcd to
t|c olloiug Suuday.
1|c ccrcuouy o |catiug t|c |ouuds is souctiucs pcrorucd ou Asccusiou Day
ioly 1|ursday, May
V|cu scrvicc as ovcr at Mcrtou C|apcl, Oxord aud t|c vcry suall cougrcgatiou |ad
passcd out c sauutcrcd t|roug| t|c quadrauglc till c cauc to t|c irou gatc o t|c collcgc gar-
dcus. lt as opcu aud c cut iu. l |ad ucvcr |ccu iu Mcrtou Gardcus |corc. 1|cy arc vcry
|cautiul aud t|c auous 1crracc Val| upou t|c old city alls aud t|c liuc avcuuc arc uost
dclig|tul. . . . Vc suddculy |ccauc aarc t|at t|c pcacc o t|is paradisc as |ciug distur|cd |y
t|c voiccs aud laug|tcr aud traupliug o a coupauy o pcoplc aud iuucdiatcly t|crc cauc iuto
sig|t a uastcr aud a |ac|clor o arts iu caps aud gous carryiug a laddcr ou t|cir s|ouldcrs
assistcd |y scvcral ucu, aud attcudcd |y a uuu|cr o paris| |oys. Lvcry ucu|cr o t|c cou-
pauy |orc iu |is |aud a loug |itc pcclcd illo aud it| |ic| t|cy crc uoisily |catiug aud
t|ras|iug t|c old City alls aud t|c 1crracc Val|. '1|cy arc |catiug t|c |ouuds', cxclaiucd May-
|c. . . . 1|c laddcr as lct dou ovcr t|c city alls at to placcs |crc t|c alls crc crosscd
|y t|c paris| |ouuds aud at ccrtaiu iuportaut poiuts |ic| it as dcsircd t|at t|c |oys s|ould
|ccp iu uiud t|cy crc uadc to scrau|lc or scctucats. Vc dctcruiucd to ollo t|c pro-
ccssiou aud scc t|c cud. Vc cauc dou iuto Dcaduau's Val| aud t|cu passcd up a nig|t o stcps
aud t|roug| au irou gatc iuto Corpus Gardcus. icrc c crc stoppcd |y a gatc o |ic| t|c |cy
could uot |c ouud or souc tiuc. lu t|is quartcr t|c paris| |ouudary rau t|roug| au out|ousc
|crc uscd to |c au aucicut |ccl or raisiug atcr. lu t|is out|ousc a cross as scratc|cd upou
a particular stouc to uar| |crc t|c |ouudary passcd t|roug| t|c all. iy t|is tiuc t|c uiss-
iug |cy |ad |ccu ouud aud c ouud oursclvcs iu t|c privatc gardcu o t|c ircsidcut o Corpus,
Matt|ias Vilsou. lt sccucd to |c au aucicut custou |crc t|at t|osc |o |cat t|c |ouuds s|ould
|c rcgalcd it| |rcad, c|ccsc aud alc rou t|c privatc |uttcry o t|c ircsidcut o Corpus.
Accordiugly c gat|crcd uudcr au old arc|ay |ilc t|c custouary dolc as |audcd out to us
ovcr t|c |uttcry |atc|. . . . 1|c |ouuds uo lcd us t|roug| au outcr court |crc t|c paris| |oys
--
crc li|crally splas|cd it| cold atcr |y uudcrgraduatcs rou t|c iudos o t|c uppcr roous.
Lvcutually c cucrgcd closc |y Cautcr|ury Gatc aud cut iuto Oricl. icrc t|crc as a graud
uproar iu t|c quadrauglc, t|c ucu t|rc out to t|c |oys old |ats |ic| crc iuucdiatcly uscd
as oot|alls), |iscuits crc also t|rou out aud |ot coppcrs, aud t|c quadrauglc cc|ocd it|
s|outiug aud laug|tcr aud t|c |olc placc as hllcd it| uproar, scrau|lc, aud gcucral liccucc
aud couusiou . . . at lcugt| c cut up t|c |all stcps, dou t|roug| t|c cloistcrs iuto t|c |itc|cu
prcciucts |crc t|crc as a iogart|iau sccuc aud a laug|a|lc scriuuagc it| t|c youug nat-
|itc-cappcd coo|s t|at uig|t |avc uruis|cd a picturc or t|c ldlc Apprcuticc. 1|c proccssiou
passcd ucxt up Oricl lauc aud |crc c lct t|cu. iilvcrt, iii. -
\arious supcrstitious arc associatcd it| Asccusiou Day
lu souc couutrics t|cy ruuuc out o t|c doorcs iu tiuc o tcupcst, |lcssiug t|cusclvcs it| a
c|ccsc, |crcupou t|crc as a cross uadc it| a ropcs cud upou asccusiou daic. . . . ltcu, to
|aug au cg laid ou asccusiou daic iu t|c rooc o t|c |ousc, prcscrvct| t|c sauc rou all |urts.
Scot, . xviii )
1|c |olc o lord icur|yu's slatc quarryucu too| a |oliday ou Asccusiou Day, |ccausc o t|c
uuivcrsally prcvalcut supcrstitiou t|at a atal accidcut ill iucvita|ly cut o t|osc |o or| dur-
iug t|at day. N c , t| scr., ii ),
Asccusiou Day atcr is t|oug|t to |c particularly ccacious
Ou a spot callcd icll's ioiut, is a huc cll, to |ic| grcat uuu|crs o oucu rcsort ou ioly
1|ursday, aud |aviug as|cd t|cir cycs at t|c spriug, cac| drops a piu iuto it. 1|c laudlord o
t|c |oardiug-|ousc told uc, t|at ou clcauiug out t|c cll, |c too| out a piut ull o t|csc votivc
pius. ioarc, I:..:r.r,, i.
lu t|c paris| o Marstou St. larcucc, iort|auptous|irc, t|crc is a uotiou vcry prcvalcut, t|at
raiu-atcr collcctcd ou ioly 1|ursday is o pocrul ccacy iu all discascs o t|c :,:.
Asccusiou-day o t|c prcscut ycar as vcry avoura|lc iu t|is rcspcct to t|csc villagc oculists, aud
uuu|crs o t|c cottagcrs uig|t |c sccu iu all dircctious collcctiug t|c prccious drops as t|cy cll.
N c , st scr., ix ),
Au Oxord traditiou loug orgottcu
1|c lLllOVS Ol iLV-COllLDGL OXOi, |avc, tiuc out o uiud, cvcry H.|, 1|rs.,,
|ctccu aud iu t|c Moruiug, gouc to au iospital callcd SAli1 iAl1iOlOMLV a lit-
tlc it|out t|c City, Lastard V|crc iu t|c C|appcl t|cy |car ccrtaiu ilAYLlS lLAD aud
au Ai1iLM Suug, rou t|cucc t|cy go to t|c uppcr cud o t|c Grovc, adjoyuiug to t|c C|ap-
pcl, t|c ay |ciug strccd it| llocrs) aud placc t|cusclvcs lOLiD t|c VLll, |crc t|cy
ar|lc ort| uclodiously A SOiG iu , , or parts, |ic| |ciug pcrorucd, t|cy lcrcs| it|
a Moruiug-Draug|t, aud rctirc |ac| to OXlOlD |corc SLlMOi. Gad|ury )
Ou t|is day `:.s.) iu \cuicc t|c Dogc cddcd t|c sca iu a ccrcuouy callcd t|c `.s.~
|.... :| M.r, couucuoratiug t|c dcparturc ou Asccusiou Day, May , o t|c ncct
uudcr Dogc iictro Orscolo t|at pacihcd t|c Daluatiau coast aud gavc \cuicc couuaud
o t|c Adriatic. lu its origiual oru, t|c Dogc aud |is cutouragc crc spriu|lcd it|
|oly atcr, ot|cr ccrcuouics accrucd, uost uota|ly t|c castiug o a goldcu riug iuto
t|c sca, a ccrcuouy o propitiatiou rciutcrprctcd as a cddiug. A traditiou grc up, |ut
alscly, t|at t|is trausoruatiou as uadc ou t|c occasiou o iopc Alcxaudcr lll's visit
- --
iu , a paiutiug iu t|c Sala dcl Maggior Cousiglio s|os |iu |audiug t|c riug to
Dogc Sc|astiauo Ziaui. lt as ouc o t|c grcat \cuctiau cstivals, uuc| rcuar|cd upou
|y travcllcrs. As rcportcd |y t|c Luglis| travcllcr Sir 1|ouas io|y iu
1|c dayc o t|c Asccusiou t|c Du|c o \cuicc it| all t|c Siuioryc goct|c iuto t|is vcsscll t|c
iuccutoro, aud atcr t|cy arc a litlc rou t|c laud t|cy |avc a oudcrous grcat ccrcuouic a|ot
t|c uaryiug o t|c scc. lor t|c Du|c ta|ct|c a riug o |is hugcr aud castct|c yt iuto t|c scca,
t|iu|iug |y t|is ucauc to |uitt yt so surc t|at yt s|all ucvcr dcpart aud lcavc t|c citic upou t|c
dric laud, as it is li|c to do iu proccssc o tiuc y it coutiucuc to diuiuis|c still as yt |at|c |c-
gouc sit| t|c ucuoryc o uau. Yct |avc t|cy dailic provisious aud occrs appoiutcd to t|c sauc
to scc t|c saudcs aud |at socvcr is iu t|c |ottouc iu t|c s|aloc placcs voidcd. io|y, -
A lcss cxaltcd |ut still cxtaut custou iu ccrtaiu rcgious o t|c \cucto as to cat pig's-
touguc sausagc, supposcd to |riug good ortuuc.
`.., .;::r Js.:.s... L., CY Scvcut| Suuday o Lastcr, aud so lC |crc uot
Asccusiou, |corc Suuday it|iu t|c Octavc o t|c Asccusiou, iutroit L:..). 1|c
cc| iutroduccd |y t|is Suuday as orucrly callcd Lxpcctatiou Vcc|, rou t|c dis-
ciplcs aaitiug t|c iaraclctc, t|c ioly Spirit prouiscd |y C|rist |corc |is Asccusiou.
1|c iCi aud prc- lC uaucs rcncct t|c couccptiou, rctaiucd |y t|c lut|craus, t|at
Lastcrtidc cuds at Asccusiou, uot at icutccost.
z
-
V|it Suuday, t|c scvcut| Suuday atcr Lastcr, also callcd icutccost rou t|c Grcc| or
'htict|' so orucrly iu Spauis| ....:so., aud siuilar orus iu Valloou aud llcuis|).
Otcu uisuudcrstood as 'V|itsuu Day', |cucc 'V|itsuu' aud 't|c V|itsuu |oliday'
or t|c |oliday cc|cud. 1|c uauc coucs rou t|c |itc ro|cs oru |y t|osc |apti.cd
ou t|c vigil, t|c ccrcuouics rccall t|osc o t|c Lastcr vigil.
V|it Suuday is t|c htict| day rou Lastcr iuclusivc) aud is t|c day |cu t|c ioly
Spirit dcsccudcd ou t|c Apostlcs
Aud suddculy t|crc cauc a souud rou |cavcu as o a rus|iug uig|ty iud, aud it hllcd all t|c
|ousc |crc t|cy crc sittiug. Aud t|crc appcarcd uuto t|cu clovcu tougucs li|c as o hrc, aud
it sat upou cac| o t|cu. Aud t|cy crc all hllcd it| t|c ioly G|ost, aud |cgau to spca| it|
ot|cr tougucs, as t|c Spirit gavc t|cu uttcraucc. Acts -)
1|c disciplcs ill |avc |ccu asscu|lcd to |ccp t|c |cis| cast o S|avuot, uudcrstood
as cclc|ratiug t|c |cstoal o t|c 1ora| ou Moscs.
Au lris| V|it Suuday supcrstitiou
A c|ild |oru at V|itsuutidc ill |avc au cvil tcupcr, aud uay couuit a uurdcr. . . . 1o turu
aay ill-luc| rou a c|ild |oru at t|at tiuc, a gravc uust |c dug aud t|c iuaut laid iu it or a
c uiuutcs. Atcr t|is proccss t|c cvil spcll is |ro|cu, aud t|c c|ild is sac.
S. Vildc, i. )
-
Ou t|is day still ta|cs placc t|c |rcad aud c|ccsc dolc at St iriavcls iu Glouccstcr-
s|irc, a custou t|at apparcutly origiuatcd iu t|c tclt| ccutury, |cu, accordiug to
local lcgcud, t|c Larl o icrcord, |o as t|c lord iig| Cousta|lc o t|c lorcst o
Dcau, acquicsccd to |is ic's plca to rcsciud |is ordcr t|at t|c villagcrs could uo lougcr
ta|c ood rou t|c orcst, t|c gratcul villagcrs t|cu su|scri|cd to t|c dolc.
Ou V|itsuuday, at St. iriaval's, iu Glouccstcrs|irc, scvcral |as|cts ull o |rcad aud c|ccsc, cut
iuto suall squarcs o a|out au iuc| cac|, arc |roug|t iuto t|c c|urc|, aud, iuucdiatcly atcr
diviuc scrvicc is cudcd, t|c c|urc|ardcus, or souc ot|cr pcrsous, ta|c t|cu iuto t|c gallcrics,
|cucc t|cir coutcuts arc t|rou auoug t|c cougrcgatiou, |o |avc a graud scrau|lc or t|cu
iu t|c |ody o t|c c|urc|. 1|is occasious as grcat a tuuult aud uproar as t|c auuscucuts o a
villagc a|c, t|c iu|a|itauts |ciug alays cxtrcucly auxious to attcud ors|ip ou t|is day. 1|c
custou is |oldcu or t|c purposc o prcscrviug, to t|c poor o St. iriaval's aud icrvclshcld, t|c
rig|t o cuttiug aud carryiug aay ood rou , acrcs o coppicc laud, iu iud|uolls aud
t|c Mccud, aud or |ic| cvcry |ousc|ccpcr is asscsscd d. to |uy t|c |rcad aud c|ccsc |ic|
arc givcu aay. 1|: 1.o:s Oct. )
iy it as t|oug|t too uuscculy or suc| uproar to ta|c placc iu c|urc|, t|c ccrc-
uouy as rcuovcd outdoors, aud cvcutually aay rou t|c c|urc|.
V|it Suuday is a tiuc to car uc clot|cs
'My rcuc|-|ood is |oug|t alrcady, aud uy sil|c gouc is a ua|iug' . . . 'Aud |cu do you ucauc
to carc t|cu Gossip.' 'At V|itsoutidc quot| s|c) i God sparc uc lic.'
Dcloucy ), c|.
h|.: M..., .. 1:s., crc orucrly o|scrvcd as days o rcligious duty t|cy arc auoug
t|c iCi's casts to |c o|scrvcd), uutil V|it Mouday as a iau| ioliday outsidc
Scotlaud), uo rcplaccd |y t|c latc Spriug iau| ioliday ou t|c last Mouday iu May.
lorucrly it as a tiuc or rcvclry, siuilar to t|c Mouday aud 1ucsday olloiug Lastcr
aud lo Suuday. lu laucas|irc t|crc as a tric| |y |ic| ouc coucdcratc ould |old
a stic| ovcr t|c victiu's |cad aud t|c ot|cr |uoc| it douards. A souc|at siuilar
custou is rcportcd iu lrclaud iu
V|it Mouday. ialliugarry iu 1ippcrary, t|at is, iil|oyuc, air day, t|at is, t|c uost ic|cd air
iu Muustcr or lciustcr or t|crc is t|crc uauy a stcalt|y stic|, uauy a vicious villaiu it| a |ig
|lac|t|oru, uauy a captious |ully aud tric|y ig|t aud |ig-|cadcd rascal it| a hcrcc as| s|il-
lclag| t|crc pccliug aud tcariug opcu s|ulls it|out scusc, aud |cads it|out |raius, it|out
a|ility, it|out iutclligcucc, it|out uauucrs. O'Sullivau, i.
Mauy 'c|urc| alcs' too| placc at V|itsuutidc. 1|csc crc occasious or paris|cs to raisc
uoucy, aud iuvolvcd dauciug aud driu|iug, sacrcd aud sccular cocxistcd prccariously,
aud t|c rcvclry otcu got t|c uppcr |aud.
A Millcr at C|urc|douc, uccrc Gloccstcr, ould uccds . . . |ccpc a solcuuc V|itsou alc, or
|ic| |c |ad uadc largc prcparatiou aud provisiou, cvcu o t|rccscorc do.cu o c|ccscca|cs,
it| ot|cr t|iugs proportioua|lc, iu t|c C|urc|-|ousc, |alc a uilc rou |is uillc, |is uusical
iustruucuts crc sctt ort| ou t|c sidc o t|c C|urc|-|ousc, |cu t|c Miuistcr aud pcoplc crc
to passc to t|c C|urc| to cvcuiug iraycr. V|cu praycr aud Scruou crc cudcd, t|c Druuuc is
struc| up, t|c pccccs disc|argcd, t|c Musiciaus play, aud t|c rot all a dauuciug, till t|c cvcuiug,
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|crc t|cy all it| t|c Millcr rcsort to |is uillc, |crc t|at cvcuiug |corc t|cy |ad supt, a|out
o t|c clo|c ou V|itsuuday, a hrc too| suddaiuly iu |is |ousc ovcr t|cir |cads, aud as so
|ricc aud quic|c, t|at it |urut douc |is |ousc aud uillc, aud dcvourcd it| all t|c grcatcst o
all |is ot|cr provisiou aud |ous|oldstuc. i. iurtou, )
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1|c Suuday atcr V|it Suuday, or Octavc o icutccost. Cclc|ratious o t|c 1riuity crc
at hrst roucd ou |y popcs, siucc t|cy did uot couucuoratc au cvcut, Alcxaudcr lll
-), as|cd |y au uuuaucd arc||is|op to rulc |ct|cr |c s|ould car |is palliuu
at t|is cast, dccliucd, siucc alt|oug| souc |cpt it ou t|c Octavc o icutccost, ot|crs
ou t|c Suuday |corc Advcut, louc |ad uo spccial cast, |ut spo|c ords iu praisc o
t|c 1riuity cvcry day. iocvcr, t|c Octavc o icutccost as proclaiucd t|c cast o t|c
ioly 1riuity or t|c Luglis| C|urc| |y 1|ouas icc|ct, |o |ad |ccu cousccratcd
arc||is|op o Cautcr|ury ou |uuc , t|c Octavc o icutccost, iu t|c t|cu cat|-
cdral, dcdicatcd to t|c ioly 1riuity, it as uadc uuivcrsal |y |o|u XXll iu . Cclc-
|ratiug a uuity iu t|rcc icrsous, it |as uo octavc.
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1|is cast, |ic| t|c lC C|urc| uo ocially calls 'lcast o t|c iody aud ilood o
C|rist' aud iu uauy placcs, t|oug| uot iu t|c iritis| lslcs, uovcs to t|c olloiug Suu-
day), couucuoratcs t|c iustitutiou o t|c ioly Luc|arist at t|c last Suppcr, it as
iuitiatcd .. |y t|c uuu |uliaua o ligc atcr |aviug rcccivcd a scrics o visious ovcr
tcuty ycars o a ull uoou it| a dar| spot, at t|c cud C|rist rcvcalcd to |cr t|at t|c
uoou rcprcscutcd t|c C|urc| aud as iucouplctc |ccausc a cast as uissiug. lu
o|scrvaucc as ordcrcd iu t|c |ull 1r..s.:rs |y Lr|au l\ t|c popc dauucd to |cll iu
t|c origiual |allad o L..|.s:r or 1auu|uscr), iu t|c hrst Corpus C|risti proccs-
siou too| placc iu Cologuc, |ut it as ouly atcr |o|u XXll's |ull o t|at t|c cast
as idcly cclc|ratcd. iy t|is tiuc it |ad alrcady acquircd t|c proccssiou t|at ould
iucrcasc iu si.c aud uaguihccucc t|roug| t|c olloiug ccuturics, as a suuucr cast aud
a joyul ouc at t|at, uar|iug t|c idcsprcad ucdicval dcvotiou to t|c Luc|arist, it drc
togct|cr clcrgy aud layol|. lu Luglaud |corc pagcauts aud plays crc custouary,
otcu stagcd |y Corpus C|risti guilds, t|c proccssiou |as |ccu rcvivcd iu Oxord. 1|c
uauc iuplics t|c lC doctriuc t|at at uass t|c |rcad aud iuc arc trausu|stautiatcd at
cousccratiou to t|c |ody aud |lood o C|rist, iu irotcstaut cycs t|is is 'rcpuguaut to
t|c plaiu ords o Scripturc' Articlc o t|c C|urc| o Luglaud), |ut ASi aud
CY iucludc au optioual Day o 1|au|sgiviug or t|c lustitutiou o ioly Couuuuiou,
|ic| uauc allos it to |c cclc|ratcd iu good couscicucc.
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Corpus C|risti Day as uar|cd iu louc it| a solcuu aud triuup|aut proccssiou
iu |ic| t|c iopc too| part. 1|c paradc routc as tcutcd ovcr, aud t|c hucst tapcstrics
o t|c iopc aud t|c cardiuals providcd |augiugs. lu Grcgory Martiu dcscri|cs it
t|us
1|c ay |ciug t|us prcparcd, t|c uultitudc |cgiuuct| to goc t|is proccssiou carly iu t|c uoru-
iug, so t|at t|c placc is ucvcr voyd o t|ic|c rau|cs uarc|iug iu uodcst aud dcvout uaucr, til
t|c iopc couc ort| |iu scl. . . . At t|c ialacc gatc staud ou |ig| rou t|c grouud t|c
1roupctcrs. So t|cu, atcr t|c vulgar sort |ic| arc goiug al t|c uoruiug, t|c hrst o accouupt
|ycausc t|is is t|c iopcs iroccssiou) arc t|cy t|at |cloug to t|c Court, |aviug liviug, pcusiou,
occ, diguitic, or auy calliug t|crc. O al |ic| uouc uust |c aay it|out urgcut causc upou
t|at day, cvcry ouc it| |is torc|c o |itc axc lig|t iu |is |aud. So, t|cy goc to aud to, |c-
giuuiug o t|c |uuiors aud t|c laitic, a goodly coupauic, aud loug iu passiug, hlliug al t|c ay
it| dou|lc lig|tcs. 1|cu couc ort| t|c goucd ucu iu distiuct ro|cs accordiug to t|cyr Occ
aud procssiou, pc|c, purplc, aud scarlct coulcr, t|c C|au|crlayucs vcry uauy al iu rcd goucs,
t|c C|aplcus, t|c irotouotarics, t|c Doctors o t|c lota, t|c lccrcudarics, ot|cr diguitics t|at
l cau uot uauc. 1|cu |cgiuuc t|c Copcs or as t|c uaucr is t|crc) ric| \cstiucuts to appcarc,
hrst t|c icuitcutiarics or G|ostly at|crs o S. ictcrs . . . t|cu |ot| vcstiucuts aud uitrcs as
A||ottcs, iis|opcs, Arc||is|opcs, iatriarc|cs, aud Cardiuals, cvcric ouc |is uau |y |is sidc t|at
carict| |is torc|c. 1|c iis|opcs, Arc|c|ys|opcs, aud iatriarc|cs crc , |cu l sa t|cu . . .
icvcr s|alt t|ou scc out o louc suc| a rau|c o rcvcrcut irclatcs, uarc|iug to aud to |corc
t|c i. Sacraucut, |ic| |is ioliucssc iu ric|cr Copc aud triplc crouc |cscttc it| prctious
stoucs, carict| it| stcdast |aud, aud hxcd loo|c, iu a prctious uoustraut, uudcr a costly
Cauopic, |oruc |y ourc o t|c uo|lcst pcrsous t|cu prcscut . . .
At t|c vcry appcariug o |iu iu t|c ialacc gatc to couc ort| t|c 1roupctcrs play t|cir part
it| uclodious |lastcs, aud t|c gouucs ar |card t|ic|c aud t|uudcriug rou t|c Castcl o Saiuct
Augclo. 1|c pcalc |ciug huis|cd, t|c iopcs quycr coutiucc all t|c ay it| uost cxccllcut uu-
sic|c. 1|c siccrs Siss Guards ou ootc iu ucc partic Cotcs it| sordcs aud |al|ordcs, gard
|ot| sidcs o all t|c uitrcs t|roug|out, Aud |cu t|c i. Sacraucut is so arrc passcd, iuucdi-
atcly cutcr t|c |orscucu aud olloc ou gardiug it |c|iudc, aud t|cu goc o t|c tclvc pcccs at
t|cir |ac|c, alaycs staudiug t|crc |corc S. ictcrs. lu t|c uiddlc ay |y t|c Cardiual o 1rcut
|is palacc is t|crc a stagc aud uc uusic|c o t|c |cst, or t|c tiuc t|at t|c iroccssiou rcstct|
t|crc. 1|cu goc t|cy orard to S. ictcrs C|urc|c, aud so to |is C|apcl aud aultar, |crc t|c
solcuuc Massc is suug |y t|c iopc |iu sclc or ouc o t|c Cardiuals. G. Martiu, -
Corpus C|risti iu Moutrcal iu , as o|scrvcd |y a youug Scotsuau
Atcr |rca|ast l cut it| Mciiudlay aud ilauc|ard to |car Mass, t|is |ciug t|c day t|c r..
;:: L.: as |cpt. ial t|c tou put up grccu trccs |corc t|cir |ouscs or t|c proccssiou. . . .
1|crc crc a|out cig|tccu |lac| uuus aud sixtccu gray oucs, all t|c |oys |clougiug to t|c scu-
iuary iu t|cir propcr drcsscs, a uuu|cr o ;.: r:r:s tradcsucu, vcry ric|ly drcsscd or t|c day),
aud a grcat uauy oucu carryiug caudlcs. 1|csc crc ollocd |y uost o t|c ladics aud gcu-
tlcucu o t|c placc o t|c Cat|olic rcligiou aud t|c |olc orucd a prctty .. `c.|. 1|crc crc
souc vcry prctty oucu iu t|c c|urc|. l t|oug|t t|c rau|iuccusc |ad a droll sucll aud could
uot |clp laug|iug |cu Mciiudlay told uc it as rosiu. 1|cir uusic as quitc a arcc, c |ad
a solo upou t|c violiu, out o tuuc, |y ay o a voluutary. . . . Do|ic said |:s ;.: r:r:s crc a
parccl o |utc|crs, |a|crs, tailors, ctc., aud |al o t|cu t|c grcatcst rascals iu Moutrcal. Souc
o t|c oucu, too, |orc iuauous c|aractcrs. l agrcc it| |iu iu t|iu|iug t|cy trcatcd t|cir |..
L.: vcry ill to sucr suc| s|a||y cllos to al| iu suc| a |oly proccssiou. 1|cy strccd a c
nocrs iu t|c strccts, |ut as t|cy did uot a|ouud iu t|cu t|cy uadc up t|c dchcicucy it|
dicrcut colorcd clot|. lu s|ort it as quitc a arcc. iuutcr,
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1riuity |as uo octavc, a act said to |c appropriatc to t|c cclc|ratiou o uuity it|iu
triuity aud triuity it|iu uuity. 1|c iCi, olloiug t|c Saruu uissal, couuts all Suu-
days |ctccu Suuday aud Advcut as 'Suudays atcr 1riuity', o t|csc t|crc uay |c auy
uuu|cr rou i Lastcr alls ou or Apr.) to i Lastcr alls |ctccu aud
Mar., iuclusivc). 1|c sauc usagc is ouud auoug lut|craus, aud as ollocd |y
Douiuicaus aud Caruclitcs, |ut t|c uorual lC rcc|ouiug |corc as o Suudays
atcr icutccost, |ic| crc alays ouc |ig|cr t|au Suudays atcr 1riuity. Scrviccs, |o-
cvcr, crc providcd or ouly Suudays atcr 1riuity iu t|c iCi aud or ouly Suu-
days atcr icutccost iu t|c louau scrvicc-|oo|s, iu |ot| c|urc|cs t|c last scrvicc o
t|c scqucucc as alays uscd ou t|c Suuday |corc Advcut aud auy cxtra scrviccs
uccdcd a rcspcctivc uaxiuuu o to aud our) ta|cu rou t|osc uot uccdcd atcr
Lpip|auy.
Siucc t|c lC C|urc| |as rcc|oucd t|csc Suudays as |ciug iu Ordiuary 1iuc,
|ic| rcsuucs at icutccost, t|c sccoud Suuday |corc Advcut is alays t|c rd, t|c
t| |ciug t|c cast o C|rist t|c iiug. lu couscqucucc, |cu t|c ycar |cgius ou auy
day |ut Suuday or Mouday, or iu lcap ycar Saturday, t|c cc| o Ordiuary 1iuc iutro-
duccd |y icutccost ill |c |ig|cr |y to, uot ouc, t|au t|at iutroduccd |y t|c last Suu-
day |corc lcut. icutccost aud 1riuity, |ocvcr, arc rccrrcd to |y t|osc uaucs aud
li|cisc Corpus C|risti, |crc it is o|scrvcd ou t|c olloiug Suuday) rat|cr t|au as
Suudays o Ordiuary 1iuc.
1|c ASi iutroduccd uuu|criug atcr icutccost, |ut curtailcd it to accouuodatc its
Suudays |corc Advcut, dcpcudiug ou t|c datc o Lastcr, t|crc crc - Suudays
atcr icutccost, ollocd |y a last Suuday atcr icutccost six cc|s |corc Advcut. CY
rcstorcs uuu|criug atcr 1riuity, |ut ouly dou to All Saiuts, alloiug - uuu|crcd
Suudays aud a last Suuday atcr 1riuity. lt t|cu providcs or Suudays |corc Advcut, o
|ic|, |ocvcr, it rcc|ous ouly our, |at |appcus |cu as iu ) Lastcr alls ou or
|corc Marc|, so t|at t|crc arc Suudays scparatiug 1riuity rou Advcut, is uot
rccordcd.
z
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Au lC cast ou t|c t|ird lriday atcr icutccost, grautcd |y Clcucut Xlll or t|c iol-
is| dioccscs, cxtcudcd to t|c |olc C|urc| |y iius Xl iu , aud givcu a uc liturgy
|y iius Xl iu .
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z
JLI`1JbL1JC
A day o uatioual uouruiug iu Gcruauy ou t|c sccoud Suuday |corc Advcut or vic-
tius o iatioual Socialisu aud t|c dcad o |ot| orld ars.
z

A lut|crau o|scrvaucc, iu Gcruau 3|~ . 3:::., ou t|c Vcducsday |corc t|c last
Suuday |corc Advcut. lt is a lcgal pu|lic |oliday iu Gcruauy, cxccpt iu t|c solidly lC
statc o iavaria.
z
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icorc t|c rcccut liturgical rcorus, t|c collcct or t|c last Suuday |corc Advcut iu-
cludcd t|c p|rasc 'Lxcita, quacsuuus Douiuc, tuoruu hdcliuu voluutatcs', iu t|c iCi
'Stir up, c |csccc| t|cc, O lord, t|c ills o t|y ait|ul pcoplc'. 1|is p|rasc as
popularly ta|cu as t|c sigual to t|c |ouscic t|at t|c tiuc |ad couc to stir up t|c iu-
grcdicuts or t|c C|ristuas puddiug, t|c day as t|crcorc |uou as 'Stir-up Suuday'.
lt is uo t|c cast o C|rist t|c iiug, a cstival iutroduccd iu t|c lC C|urc| |y iius
Xl iu ou t|c last Suuday iu Octo|cr, uovcd iu to t|c last t|irty-ourt|) Suu-
day iu Ordiuary 1iuc, ouc cc| |corc Advcut, aud adoptcd |y t|c C|urc| o Luglaud
iu CY, |ic| uovcd t|c 'Stir-up' collcct to t|c post-couuuuiou praycr. Auoug lut|cr-
aus it |as siucc |ccu 1.::.s...:., t|c Suuday o t|c Dcad.
z
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1|is is a ycarly cast, cclc|ratcd ou t|c auuivcrsary o t|c cousccratiou o a c|urc|. 1|c
Luglis| Couvocatious o laid dou t|at it s|ould |c |cpt ou t|c hrst Suuday iu
Octo|cr, t|is rcuaius uorual practicc |cu t|c truc datc is uot |uou CY also pcr-
uits t|c last Suuday atcr 1riuity). io scrvicc is prcscri|cd iu t|c iCi, au ouissiou
rcucdicd iu ASi aud CY. 1|c uaiu dcdicatiou cast iu t|c lC C|urc| is t|at o t|c
latcrau iasilica, ou iovcu|cr, scc too August, iovcu|cr.
1|c Vcstuiustcr A||cy dcdicatcd |y Ldard t|c Coucssor scc Oct.) ou
Dcccu|cr rcplaccd a prcdcccssor |osc uiraculous dcdicatiou is uarratcd |y
|crouc iortcr )
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V|cu L:|:|r: |iug o I:.: |y t|c prcac|iug o S. Augustiu t|c 3:.:..:.. uou| |ad rcccavcd t|c
C|ristiau ait|, `:|:r: |is ucp|c t|cu |iug o t|c L.s:~J.|:s |y t|c sauc |olyuaus cudcavour
as purgcd rou ....so: iu t|c sacrcd out o iaptisuc. 1|is `:|:r: crcctcd a auous C|urc| iu
|ouour o S. iaul it|iu t|c alls o L.... |ic| as cstccucd t|c c|ci |cad o |is |iug-
dou) aud placcd M:||.:s t|c Mou| t|crciu, |ououriug |iu it| Lpiscopall diguitic. iut it|-
out t|c alls iu t|c Vcst part o t|c cittic |c ouudcd a goodly Mouastcry or Mou|s o
S. icucdicts ordcr, iu |ouour o S. ictcr t|c Apostlc, curic|iug it it| vcric largc rcvcucs.
V|cu t|c uig|t |corc t|c Dcdicatiou o t|c C|urc|, S. ictcr |iuscl iu au uu|uouc |a|itt
appcarcd to a hs|cruau ou t|c ot|cr sidc o t|c rivcr 1|.o:s ruuuiug |y t|c sayd A||cy, dcsir-
iug |iu to passc |iu ovcr, aud |c ould rcard |is paiucs, |ic| as pcrorucd |cu gociug
out o t|c |oatc iu sig|t o t|c hs|cruau |c cutrcd t|c uc-|uilt C|urc|, |crc suddculy as
sccuc a straiugc lig|t rou |cavcu, t|at gavc suc| a oudcrull lustrc to all t|crciu, as i it ould
|avc prcvcutcd t|c suuucs couciug |y turuiug uig|t iuto day. 1|crc as prcscut it| t|c Apos-
tlc iu t|c C|urc| a uultitudc o |cavculy |urgcsscs hlliug it it| uclodious uusic|, aud uost
ragraut odours. iaviug huis|cd all t|c solcuuitics aud ccrcuouics duc uuto t|c dcdicatiou o
a C|urc|, |c |ou our lord uadc a auous llSiLl o ucu, rcturucd to t|c I.s|:r o hs|cs,
|ou |c ouud oudcrully aua.cd, aud carricd alluost |cyoud |iuscl it| t|c nas|cs o t|c
diviuc splcudour, aud t|crcorc it| a courtcous cousolatiou t|c Apostlc rcstorcd |iu to |iu-
scl agaiuc, rcducciug |is distractcd t|oug|ts to t|c rulcs o rcasou, aud t|c to hs|crs cutriug
iuto t|c |oatc togcat|cr, S. ictcr dcuauudcd |ct|cr |c |ad ta|cu auic hs| or uoc. iciug sud-
dculy struc|cu rcplicd |c) it| t|c sig|t o t|at uuusuall |rig|tucs, aud dctaiucd it| cx-
pcctatiou o t|y rcturuc, l cudcavourcd uot to hs|, |ut sccurcly attcudcd uy prouiscd rcard
rou t|cc, |crcuuto t|c Apostlc auscrcd, cast ort| t|y uctts, aud tric. ic o|cycd |is
couuauud, aud prcscutly ouud |is uctt loadcu it| storc o hs|, all o ouc |iud cxccptiug ouc
hs| o a uig|tic grcatucs it|out couparisou. iaviug drauc t|cu ou s|orc t|c Apostlc |ad
|iu prcscut t|at grcat ouc to iis|op Mcllitus iu |is uauc, aud t|c rcst said |c) ta|c or t|y rc-
ard. Au a|ouudaucc o t|is |iud t|ou s|alt cujoy all t|y lic tiuc, aud t|y postcritic a loug tiuc
atcr t|cc, ouly |crcatcr darc uot to hs| ou t|c Suudaics. l au t|c Apostlc ictcr |o it| uy
|cavculy cllo-citi.cus |avc allrcadic cousccratcd t|c C|urc| |uilt iu uy uauc, aud |y t|c
aut|oritic o uy ouc dcdicatiou, l |avc prcvcutcd t|c iis|ops |cucdictiou. 1cll |iu t|crcorc
|at t|ou |ast sccuc, aud |card, aud t|c uar|cs iupriutcd iu t|c allcs s|all givc sucicut
tcstiuouic to strcugt|cu t|c trut| o t|y rclatiou. lct |iu t|crcorc or|carc rou auic urt|cr
dcdicatiou . . . 1|c ucxt uoruiug t|c hs|cr it| |is grcat hs| uccts t|c iis|op Mcllitus as |c
as gociug to dcdicatc t|c C|urc|, aud ua|cs |uoucs uuto |iu |atsocvcr as givcu |iu iu
c|argc |y t|c Apostlc. V|crcat t|c iis|op uuc| astouis|cd cutrcd iuto t|c C|urc|, aud huds
t|c pavcucut sigucd it| t|c iuscriptiou o t|c Grcc| aud ic|rc alp|a|ct, t|c alls
auuoyutcd it| |oly oylc iu tclvc scvcrall placcs, aud t|c rcuuauts o as uauic ax caudlcs as-
tcucd to tclvc crosscs, all t|iugs |ciug yct uoist, it| t|c latc spriugliug o |oly oylc, aud atcr.
V|crcuppou togcat|cr it| t|c pcoplc |c gavc praysc, aud t|au|s to alluig|tic God, or t|at
grcat rcuoustraucc o |is gooducs uuto t|cu. 1|c |olc postcritic o t|c hs|cruau couhrucd
t|c trut| o t|is uiraclc, or as t|cy rcccivcd |y traditiou rou t|cir at|cr t|cy ocrcd t|c tcut|
o all t|c couuoditic gottcu atcrard |y t|at art to S. ictcr, aud |is scrvauts iu t|at placc.
iortcr, -
-

iy 'Ort|odox', |crc aud t|roug|out t|is |oo|, c ucau, as usual iu Vcstcru par-
laucc, t|osc c|urc|cs t|at arc iu couuuuiou it| t|c Occuucuical iatriarc|atc o
Coustautiuoplc, uot t|c C|urc| o t|c Last orucrly callcd icstoriau) or t|c uou-
C|alccdouiau c|urc|cs Syriau o Autioc|, or |aco|itc, Syriau o ludia, Coptic,
Arucuiau, aud Lt|iopic), cvcu t|oug| t|cy claiu t|is titlc. lt is also assuucd or cou-
vcuicucc t|at t|cy usc t|c iy.autiuc ritc, t|oug| a c c|urc|cs iu t|c Vcst do uot, aud
couvcrscly souc c|urc|cs iu couuuuiou it| louc t|c so-callcd 'Luiatc' or 'Grcc|
Cat|olic' c|urc|cs) do.
lu all Ort|odox couutrics, Lastcr, aud all uovca|lc casts aud asts, arc dctcruiucd
accordiug to t|c |uliau calcudar, cvcu t|oug| t|c datcs t|us ouud arc cxprcsscd iu t|c
ic Stylc, t|at is to say, Ort|odox Lastcr is t|c hrst Suuday atcr t|c ccclcsiastical ull
uoou 'lcgal iasc|a', i.c. iassovcr accordiug to t|c Mosaic la) ou or ucxt atcr
Marc| OS, currcutly cquivalcut to April iS. Alt|oug| t|c uct|ods uscd or calcu-
latiug Lastcr dicr iu dctail rou t|osc uscd iu t|c Vcst |corc iopc Grcgory's rcoru,
t|c rcsult is alays t|c sauc. lor iuuovca|lc casts souc couutrics, uota|ly Grcccc,
louauia, aud iulgaria, usc t|c ic Stylc, al|cit it| a dicrcut rulc or supprcsscd iu-
tcrcalatiou t|c lcviscd |uliau Calcudar, scc ll M.:r. C.|:..r. 1:.:.::|~C:.:r,
:;.ros), |ut iu lussia, Scr|ia, Maccdouia, aud Gcorgia t|c |uliau calcudar is rctaiucd
or all ccclcsiastical purposcs, as also ou Mouut At|os aud auoug t|c Ort|odox o
|crusalcu aud iolaud. 1|us, alt|oug| t|c Ort|odox ycar, li|c t|c iy.autiuc iudictiou-
ycar, |cgius ou Scptcu|cr, iu lussia aud t|c ot|cr couutrics listcd it| it a|ovc t|c
civil datc is currcutly aud ill |c dou to ) t|c t|. 1|c sauc adjustucut uust
|c uadc to calcudar datcs givcu or iuuovca|lc casts.
1|c casts o t|c Ort|odox C|urc| arc distiuguis|cd as |ciug o Our lord, o iis
Mot|cr, or o t|c Saiuts, Auuuuciatiou parta|cs o |ot| t|c hrst to c|aractcrs, as
docs iypapautc, t|oug| origiually o Our lord. 1|c uost iuportaut cast, iu practicc
as cll as priuciplc, is Lastcr, ucxt arc said to couc t|c 1clvc Grcat lcasts, au iuor-
ual classihcatiou ucvcr orually dchucd aud t|crcorc dicriug rou list to list. 1|cy
uay iucludc, auoug uovca|lc casts, Ort|odoxy Suuday, t|c 1|ursday o t|c Grcat
Cauou or |ot| t|csc scc |clo ou lcut), ialu Suuday, Asccusiou, aud icutccost,
auoug t|c iuuovca|lc
Scptcu|cr iativity o t|c 1|coto|os Mot|cr o God)
Scptcu|cr Lxaltatiou o t|c iouourcd aud lic-Giviug Cross
iovcu|cr Lutry o t|c 1|coto|os iuto t|c 1cuplc
Dcccu|cr 1|c iativity o Our lord |csus C|rist
|auuary 1|c iaptisu o C|rist iu t|c |ordau 1|cop|auy, 't|c lig|ts')
lc|ruary 1|c Mcctiug o Our lord iypapautc)
Marc| 1|c Auuuuciatiou o t|c 1|coto|os
August 1|c 1raushguratiou o C|rist
August 1|c Doruitiou o t|c 1|coto|os
looscly corrcspoudiug to t|c octavc attac|cd |corc to uauy lC casts is t|c
'apodosis' lussiau .:..:), litcrally 'giviug |ac|', it is uot alays a cc| atcr t|c cast,
iu souc cascs |ciug sooucr or latcr. Apart rou Lastcr, |osc apodosis is t|c Vcducs-
day |corc Asccusiou, uost uajor casts arc so cxtcudcd, |ut uot Auuuuciatiou, uor
iypapautc |cu it alls iu lcut. 1|c Lutry o t|c 1|coto|os as orucrly also callcd
|cr Apodosis, t|at uauc is uot uo uscd. 1|c apodosis o t|c cast is iov.)
1|crc arc uauy ot|cr casts, o |ic| auoug t|c uovca|lc c uay uotc t|c A|at|i-
stos ou t|c ht| Saturday o lcut, 1|ouas Suuday a cc| atcr Lastcr, aud All Saiuts
ou t|c Suuday atcr icutccost, auoug t|c iuuovca|lc
Scptcu|cr Couccptiou o |o|u t|c irccursor
iovcu|cr Syuaxis o t|c Arc|istratcgos Mic|acl aud t|c ot|cr lucorporcal
iocrs
Dcccu|cr Syuaxis o t|c 1|coto|os
|auuary 1|c 1|rcc Grcat iicrarc|s
lc|ruary Syuaxis o Syucou t|c God-lcccivcr aud t|c irop|ctcss Auua
Marc| Syuaxis o Arc|augcl Ga|ricl
May Appcaraucc o t|c Sigu o t|c iouourcd Cross iu t|c icavcus
|uuc iativity o |o|u t|c irccursor
|uuc 1|c Apostlcs ictcr aud iaul
|uuc Syuaxis o ioly Apostlcs
|uly Dcpositiou o t|c iououra|lc \cstucut o t|c 1|coto|os
August iroccssiou o t|c lic-giviug Cross
August ic|cadiug o |o|u t|c irccursor
August Dcpositiou o t|c iououra|lc Girdlc o t|c 1|coto|os
1|c tcru s,..:.s lussiau s.|r) ucaus 'asscu|ly', as uscd ou Dcccu|cr, lc|ruary,
Marc|, aud |uuc, it dcuotcs a scrvicc iu |ouour o hgurcs associatcd it| t|c su|-
jcct o t|c prcvious day's cclc|ratiou.
1|crc arc our uajor asts datcs iuclusivc)
littlc lcut C|ristuas ast iovcu|cr- Dcccu|cr
Grcat lcut Mouday o scvcut| cc| |corc Lastcr-Grcat Saturday
last o t|c Apostlcs Mouday atcr All Saiuts- |uuc
Doruitiou last - August

Vcducsdays aud lridays arc ast-days uulcss t|cy coiucidc it| casts, |ut uo Saturday
is a ast cxccpt Grcat Saturday, t|c day |corc Lastcr, uor is cit|cr astiug or |uccliug
pcruittcd ou Suudays or duriug icutccost. 1|c Lxaltatiou o t|c ioly Cross is |cpt
as a ast, siucc it ocs its ultiuatc origiu to t|c Crucihxiou, as arc casts rccalliug a sad
cvcut, suc| as t|c ic|cadiug o |o|u t|c irccursor, aud also |auuary, t|c \igil o t|c
1|cop|auy.
1|c liturgical ycar is dividcd iuto t|rcc uaiu portious, |uou rou t|cir scrvicc
|oo|s as t|c 1riodiou, t|c icutccostariou, aud t|c Octocc|os or iara|lcti|c. Mauy
Suudays, cspccially iu t|c 1riodiou aud icutccostariou, arc |uou |y uaucs, gcucrally
rclatiug to t|cir Gospcl rcadiugs, iu coutrast to Vcstcru practicc, cc|s arc rcc|oucd,
cxccpt |ctccu Lastcr aud icutccost, rou Mouday to Suuday.
z

1|c 1riodiou is so callcd rou t|c uauy t|rcc-odc cauous coutaiucd iu it, |ic| tropc
t|c a||rcviatcd scts o t|rcc cauticlcs iustcad o t|c uorual cig|t) suug ou uost
lcutcu cc|days at uatius. 1|is pcriod |cgius ou t|c ourt| Suuday |corc lcut,
|uou rou its Gospcl rcadiug as t|c Suuday o t|c iu|licau aud t|c i|ariscc. lrou
t|is tiuc ou, t|c soul s|ould |c prcparcd or lcut, |ut uauy o t|c ait|ul arc uorc
iutcrcstcd iu prcpariug t|c |ody t|c ucxt t|rcc cc|s arc idcly |cpt as a caruival,
|uou iu Grcc| as .|r:. s, dcuotic ..|r.s, |ic| as iu lC couutrics t|c C|urc| |as
acccptcd as a act, |ilc attcuptiug to cusurc t|at its ou ucssagc is still |card. Vc cvcu
rcad o a tiuc |cu t|c pricst |iuscl ould lcad o t|c daucc iu c|urc|, siugiug
'1|c trcc as C|rist aud t|c All-ioly \irgiu t|c root, aud its |rauc|cs t|c 1clvc
Apostlcs', |ut uorc c|aractcristic arc sougs aud uasqucradcs, otcu o a satirical or
liccutious uaturc.
1|c hrst cc| o caruival, |cgiuuiug ou t|c Mouday olloiug t|c Suuday o t|c
iu|licau aud t|c i|ariscc, is souctiucs callcd iroclauatiou Vcc|, rou suc| uoc|
proclauatious as 'icggar, scll your |ag' cujoiuiug pcoplc to gct ucat at auy cost, or
'lclcasc Vcc|', siucc t|c pro|i|itiou o catiug ucat ou Vcducsday aud lriday as otcu
aivcd iu ordcr to spitc t|c Arucuiaus, |o |ccp t|is cc| as a vcry strict ast. lrou
t|c Arucuiau uauc or t|is ast, .r....r, 'prcccdiug', coucs t|c Grcc| Artsivouriou,
uscd to dcuotc lclcasc Vcc|, or uorc gcucrally or total liccucc.) Attcstcd cclc|ratious
iucludc t|c uoc| trial, iu t|c sout|-cstcru iclopouucsc, o a uau c|argcd it| |illiug
|is pig, ouud guilty, coudcuucd to dcat|, |ut savcd |y a last-uiuutc pardou, aud at a
|ig|cr lcvcl, t|c pcroruaucc iu Crctc o sccucs rou its huc lcuaissaucc drauas. lat-
tcd |casts arc slaug|tcrcd, rcady or t|c rcpasts to couc. 1|c cc| culuiuatcs iu t|c
Suuday o t|c irodigal Sou, corrcspoudiug to t|c Vcstcru Scptuagcsiua.
1|is is ollocd |y Mcat Vcc|, Apo|rcos propcr, a tiuc o |carty castiug. 1o |c
surc, Vcducsday aud lriday arc astcd, |ut |ctccu t|cu coucs 1s.|..o:., 'iurut
1|ursday', |cu auilics aud ricuds, cvcu t|c poorcst, cat ucat aud driu| iuc, t|c

sucll o |uruiug ucat givcs proo t|at t|c day is |ciug |cpt iu t|c propcr spirit. Diu-
ucr is ollocd |y a uasqucradc, iu Lpirus, it is rccordcd t|at uastcr uasous aud ap-
prcuticcs ould cat aud driu| togct|cr ou tcrus o cquality. 1|c Saturday is au All
Souls' Saturday, ou |ic| praycrs arc ocrcd or t|c dcad, t|c sauc applics to t|c Satur-
day |corc icutccost. 1|c last day or catiug ucat uutil Lastcr is t|c Suuday o
Apo|rcos, t|c Vcstcru Scxagcsiua.
1|c c|urc| at |crusalcu uscd to |ccp t|is cc| as t|c hrst cc| o lcut, astiug au
cxact orty days sprcad ovcr cig|t cc|s, Mouday to lriday, |ut t|c practicc t|at prc-
vailcd as to ast t|irty-six days, as as also t|c oldcr Vcstcru practicc. iocvcr,
|crcas t|c Vcst astcd Mouday to Saturday |ctccu Quadragcsiua aud Lastcr, t|c
Ort|odox C|urc| asts Mouday to lriday iu t|c six cc|s olloiug Apo|rcos aud
Mouday to Saturday iu Grcat Vcc|. 1|c passagc o t|c scvcu cc|s ould |c uar|cd
iu Grcccc, iu t|c days |corc all-calcudars, |y tcariug o, ouc at a tiuc, t|c scvcu cct
o a papcr uuu callcd lady lcut I,r `.r.|.s:) it| uo uout| aud |cr |auds crosscd
iu praycr, or scvcu |cu's cat|crs stuc| iuto a potato or ouiou suspcudcd rou t|c ccil-
iug |y a striug.
icvcrt|clcss, t|c hrst o t|csc cc|s, |uou as C|ccsc Vcc|, duriug |ic| uil|
products aud cggs uay |c catcu, is distiuguis|cd rou t|c last propcr, |ciug |cpt c|ccr-
ully, iu souc placcs it| cla|oratc uasqucradcs. lu lussia t|c popular uauc is os|,.~
..:s. or os|:..:s., 'iuttcr Vcc|', t|is is t|c caruival cc|, said to |avc |cguu as a pagau
cast iu |ouour o t|c cattlc-god \olos scc lc|.). 1|c traditioual arc cousists o
pauca|cs ||.., ) dippcd iu caviar aud sour crcau, o |ic| t|c hrst as aucicutly ocrcd
to t|c dcad, traditioual auuscucuts iucludc to|oggauiug aud siugs.
1|is cc| cuds iu C|ccsc Suuday, t|c Vcstcru Quiuquagcsiua, ou |ic|, at various
placcs iu Grcccc, c|ildrcu uig|t lcap t|roug| hrcs, |ac|clors call t|c uaucs o t|cir iu-
tcudcd, or a daucc |c |cld to appcasc t|c iort| Viud. 1|c rcuaiuiug |itcucats aud
cggs arc cousuucd iu cla|oratc ucals. A typical auily or couuuual ucal cousists o
uo ucat, |ut uacaroui, cggs, c|ccsc pics, uil| pics, aud a |rot| uadc o |itc goat
c|ccsc it| stccd ild |cr|s. lu Arcadia t|c cldcst ucu|cr o t|c auily is |ost, t|c
hrst dis| is t|c c|ccsc |rot|. A s|ort praycr is said, t|c participauts t|cu lit t|c ta|lc
it| t|cir littlc hugcrs, sayiug 'ioly |rot|, c|ccsc |rot| |ocvcr driu|s o it aud docs
uot laug| s|all uot |c |ittcu |y ncas', aud t|cu ta|c t|rcc spoouuls quic|ly iu silcucc,
|corc all |urst out iu laug|tcr. A uacaroui coursc ollos, t|c uuuarricd try to suca|
out a piccc to put uudcr t|cir pillos iu ordcr to drcau o t|cir uturc spousc. 1|c last
dis| is usually au cgg 'Vit| au cgg l closc uy uout|, it| au cgg l s|all rcopcu it'
ucauiug t|c rcd |ard-|oilcd Lastcr cgg). lu Lastcru louuclia t|c gucsts uscd to roll
cggs across t|c ta|lc, sayiug 'May lcut roll |y cvcu as t|is cgg rolls', t|cu stop t|cir
uout|s it| it.
1|c hrst Mouday o lcut is Clcau Mouday, a tiuc or clcausiug pots aud paus it|
as|cs aud |ot atcr aud so|criug up, t|oug| it is still |cpt iu Grcccc as a |oliday, it|
trips to t|c couutry to visit auily or lcutcu ucals, aud otcu to ny |itcs. Caruival
uuuucry souctiucs coutiuucs uutil t|c |clls o cvcuiug scrvicc, at ccrtaiu placcs iu
Crctc iiug Caruival is iutcrrcd, or Lastcr arc |uricd to t|c |uruiug o iuccusc aud

laucuts t|at 'iroad|cau |as arrivcd aud scut Macaroui aud Mcatuau iuto cxilc.' io-
cvcr, t|c uost pious ta|c uot|iug at all ou t|c hrst t|rcc days uutil Vcducsday cvcuiug,
atcr |ic| uot ouly ucat |ut hs|, |itcucats, iuc, aud oil arc or|iddcu, |ocvcr,
iuc aud oil arc pcruittcd ou Saturday, Suuday, Marc| t|c lorty Martyrs o Sc|as-
tcia), aud t|c patroual cast o a c|urc|, aud hs| as cll ou t|c Auuuuciatiou. Lvcu it|
dispcusatious to ta|c accouut o uodcru couditious, t|c Ort|odox laity, as cll as t|c
clcrgy, o|scrvc ar strictcr austcrity t|au Vcstcrucrs |avc douc.
Ou t|c hrst Saturday |ouour is paid to St 1|codorc t|c lccruit scc lc|.), |o
rcportcdly appcarcd to iatriarc| Ludoxius o Coustautiuoplc it| a aruiug t|at ou
Clcau Mouday |uliau t|c Apostatc iutcudcd to put ou t|c uar|ct |rcad ocrcd to idols
aud spriu|lcd it| sacrihcial |lood, |c rccouucudcd t|at C|ristiaus cat ouly |||,. a
dis| o |oilcd |cat |crucls it| spiccs, sugar, raisius, or poucgrauatc sccds iu various
cou|iuatious), |ic| arc distri|utcd ou t|is day. 1|is is also a caturc o couucuora-
tious o t|c dcad, |ic| arc |cld ou uost crial Saturdays iu Grcccc, it| praycrs or
t|c dcad aud |lcssiug o |||,., |cucc t|is day is popularly rcgardcd as auot|cr All
Souls' Saturday. St 1|codorc |aviug |ccu split iuto to saiuts, t|c day is souctiucs
dcdicatcd to t|cu |ot|.
1|c hrst Suuday o t|c last, t|c Vcstcru Quadragcsiua, is |uou as 'Ort|odoxy
Suuday', couucuoratiug t|c grcat cast cclc|ratcd ou t|is Suuday, Marc| , iu
|ouour o t|c |oly icous to sct t|c scal ou t|c hual dccat o lcouoclasu, t|c attac| ou
icous hrst lauuc|cd |y t|c cupcror lco lll iu . Alt|oug| t|c Scvcut| Occuucuical
Couucil iu |ad up|cld t|cir vcucratiou, t|c attac| as rcsuucd |y lco \ iu aud
lastcd till t|c cupcror 1|cop|ilus' dcat| iu , |is ido rcvcrscd t|c policy.
Ou t|c sccoud Suuday o t|c last, |ouour is givcu to Grcgory ialauas, arc||is|op
o 1|cssalouica d. ), c|aupiou o t|c '|csyc|ast' traditiou o uystical praycr,
particularly dcvclopcd ou Mouut At|os, t|roug| |ic| t|c spccially c|oscu arc
|clicvcd to |c|old o t|c Diviuc lig|t o Mouut 1a|or scc Aug.). lu |c cauc
iuto counict it| iarlaau o Cala|ria ictrarc|'s ould-|c tcac|cr o Grcc|), |o as-
scrtcd t|c uttcr uu|uoa|lcucss o God, aud dcuouuccd t|c |csyc|asts' cxcrciscs as
supcrstitious uavcl-ga.iug, Grcgory auscrcd t|at t|oug| God's csscucc could uot |c
|uou, iis uucrcatcd cucrgics cau |c dircctly cxpcricuccd as dciyiug gracc. Grcgory's
positiou as up|cld |y a couucil iu , coudcuucd iu , aud rcarucd iu aud
.
1|ird Suuday o t|c last Adoratiou o t|c Cross. 1|c Ort|odox C|urc| |as ucvcr
cclc|ratcd t|c luvcutiou ou May as t|c Vcst uscd to do, |ut a |ric couucuoratiou
is uadc ou Marc|, t|is |ciug alays iu lcut, a cast as appoiutcd or t|is Suuday.
lourt| Suuday o t|c last |o|u o t|c laddcr scc Mar.).
1|c olloiug 1|ursday, iu t|c ht| cc| o t|c last, |ouours t|c Grcat Cauou o
St Audrc o Crctc, a |yuu o strop|cs couposcd |y Audrc, |is|op o Gortyu
d. , cast-day |uly). Ou t|c olloiug Saturday, t|c |cautiul alp|a|ctic |yuu
|uou as t|c A|t|istos 'suug it|out sittiug'), datiug rou t|c sixt| ccutury, is
suug iu |ouour o t|c Mot|cr o God. 1|c ucxt day is t|c ht| Suuday o t|c last,
dcdicatcd to Mary o Lgypt scc Apr.).

1|c sixt| Saturday o t|c last is t|at o t|c ioly aud lig|tcous la.arus, |osc
raisiug is cclc|ratcd. C|ildrcu iu Grcc| villagcs ua|c rcat|s o ycllo daisics, syu-
|oli.iug t|c pallor o la.arus' corpsc, aud go rouud t|c |ouscs siugiug a|out |is rcs-
urrcctiou aud |cggiug or uoucy or cggs, t|c lattcr arc sold to raisc uoucy or a sc|ool
outiug. 1|c ucxt day is ialu Suuday, iu t|c a|scucc o palus it is cclc|ratcd it|
olivc |rauc|cs iu Grcccc, it| illo iu lussia |crc it is callcd 'Villo' or 'llocr-
icariug' Suuday, aud |crc illo rituals loug autcdatcd C|ristiauity).
1|crc ollos Grcat Vcc|, duriug |ic| all siugiug, uusic, aud cutcrtaiuucut arc
or|iddcu, so is or|, cxccpt clcauiug aud prcpariug or Lastcr. 1|c liturgy o t|c
ircsauctihcd is uscd ou t|c hrst t|rcc days. lcous arc covcrcd iu |lac| to siguiy t|c ias-
siou, |ut t|c Ort|odox do uot couccutratc ou iis sucriug to t|c cxclusiou o iis tri-
uup|, as t|c Vcst uay souctiucs sccu to do it| t|c lrauciscau `:.|.: o.::r, iu |ic|
C|rist's paiu aud t|c \irgiu's gric uovc t|c 'l' o t|c pocu to gric aud rcpcutaucc, |ut
uot a ord is said a|out t|c lcsurrcctiou, uay |c coutrastcd louauos t|c Mclodc's
|..:.|..., iu |ic| C|rist ou t|c Cross |ids iis uot|cr lay asidc |cr gric aud cxplaius
t|c purposc aud outcouc o iis sacrihcc. Atcr t|c cla|oratc Grcat lriday scrvicc
coucs t|c :.:.|..s, iu |ic| C|rist's |icr, covcrcd it| nocrs, is |oruc iu proccssiou,
platcs o lcutil- aud |arlcy-s|oots |avc |ccu t|oug|t to rccall t|c Gardcus o Adouis,
pots o cuucl aud siuilar plauts laid it| |is cgy. ludccd, popular dcvotiou |as |ccu
|uou to assiuilatc Crucihxiou aud lcsurrcctiou to t|c auuual dcat| aud rcvival o
pagau vcgctatiou gods.
z
- -
Grcat lcut culuiuatcs iu t|c uiduig|t scrvicc at |ic| t|c c lig|ts lit arc cxtiu-
guis|cd, lcaviug t|c c|urc| iu pitc| dar|ucss, t|c pricst |riugs iu t|c ic lirc, a cau-
dlc rou |ic| ors|ippcrs lig|t t|cir ou, t|cu gocs out to auuouucc 'C|rist is riscu'
iu Grcc| C|r.s:s ..s:: , iu C|urc| Slavouic I|r.s:s .s|rs:). 1|is |ccoucs t|c Lastcr
grcctiug, to |ic| t|c rcply is 'ic is riscu iudccd' J|: :|s ..s:: , J.s:.. .s|rs:), t|c ait|-
ul cxc|augc t|c lcsurrcctiou |iss aud iu uauy placcs givc cac| ot|cr rcd-colourcd cggs,
or stri|c cac| ot|cr's cgg it| t|cir ou, travcllcrs couucutcd ou t|c uuiu|i|itcd
rcvclry it| |ic|, iu lussia, all classcs aud |ot| scxcs disc|argcd t|c ccrcuouics o
|iss aud cgg. lrou uo uutil All Saiuts' Day t|c iuvaria|lc portious o scrviccs arc
rccordcd iu t|c icutccostariou, uutil icutccost, cc|s |cgiu ou Suuday.
Grcc|s, |o |avc |ad t|cir ild cujoyucuts duriug Caruival, arc uodcratc iu t|cir
Lastcr iudulgcucc cggs arc crac|cd, o.,r.:s. soup is catcu atcr t|c uiduig|t scrvicc, aud
roast lau| atcr iasc|al \cspcrs, a rclaxcd scrvicc duriug |ic| t|c Gospcl is rcad iu as
uauy lauguagcs as cau |c uauagcd. lussiau traditious arc uorc cxu|craut itucss t|is
accouut o Ort|odox Lastcr iu Mosco, , April , as o|scrvcd |y L. D. Clar|c
lortuuc lovcs c|aucc, aud |y ouc o t|osc c|auccs, c arrivcd |crc at t|c scasou o t|c |olc
ycar iu |ic| Mosco is uost iutcrcstiug to straugcrs. Mosco is iu cvcry t|iug cxtraordiuary-
- -
iu disappoiutiug your cxpcctatious, aud iu surpassiug t|cu-cxcitiug oudcr aud dcrisiou-
plcasurc aud rcgrct. Vc arc uo iu t|c uidst o t|c iqucs, |ic| is |crc cclc|ratcd it| a poup
aud cstivity, uu|uou to t|c rcst o Luropc. 1|c uost splcudid pagcauts o louc do uot cqual
t|c graudcur aud costliucss o t|c c|urc| ccrcuouics, ucit|cr cau \cuicc, iu t|c uidst o |cr car-
uival, rival iu dc|auc|cry, aud paradc, aud liccutiousucss, aud rclaxatiou, |at is uo passiug iu
Mosco. . . .
Vc cut at uiduig|t to t|c cat|cdral to |c prcscut at t|c ccrcuouy o t|c rcsurrcctiou. A|out
to o'cloc| iu t|c uoruiug t|c Arc||is|op, attcudcd |y all |is |is|ops aud pricsts, iu |a|its o
cu|roidcrcd satiu, covcrcd it| gold aud silvcr, aud prccious stoucs, |car t|cir cousccratcd
caudlcs to loo| iu t|c |oly scpulc|rc, aud hudiug t|at |csus as riscu, auuouuccd to t|c pcoplc
it| a loud voicc, 'C|r.s:.s .s|r:ss. ' t|at is to say, 'C|rist is riscu.' aud at t|c dclivcry o t|osc iu-
portaut ords, t|c sigual is givcu, or catiug ncs|, castiug, driu|iug, aud dauciug. 1o |c druu|
t|c |olc o Lastcr cc|, is as uuc| a rcligious o|scrvaucc, as to a|staiu rou ncs| iu lcut, aud
t|c lussiaus arc vcry puuctual iu rcligious o|scrvauccs.
rou a lcttcr o Apr. , iu Ottcr, -
iy coutrast, t|c lussiau travcllcr ictcr 1olstoy, iu t|c L|raiuiau city o Mo|yli t|cu
iu iolaud) or t|c Ort|odox Lastcr ou , April , o|scrvcd t|at t|c iu|a|itauts
did uot |riug cggs to c|urc| aud atcr t|c scrvicc uar|cd |y t|c tolliug o |clls aud
hriug o cauuou) spcut t|c rcst o t|c day at |ouc, ou t|c Mouday, |ocvcr, t|crc as
a grcat proccssiou.
z
-
- -
Lastcr Vcc| is otcu |uou as 'lcucal Vcc|', as iudicatiug t|at |y t|c lcsurrcctiou
'all t|iugs arc |ccouc uc' Cor. ), it is also |uou as 'V|itc' or 'irig|t' Vcc|.
Vcducsday aud lriday arc uot astcd. Attcstcd Grcc| custous iucludc V|itc Mouday
scrviccs uot auuouuccd |y |clls, t|c last coucr |ciug hucd, aud a daucc ou V|itc
1|ursday to appcasc t|c iort| Viud, said to |c trauscrrcd rou C|ccsc Suuday
|y |ouop|ouy o ;:. '1|ursday' staudard o:.) aud ;:. 'alls'. Scvcu o t|c cig|t
Octocc|os toucs arc uscd.
1|c Suudays |ctccu Lastcr aud icutccost arc |uou |y uaucs rat|cr t|au uuu-
|crs, all |ut t|c last rclatiug to t|c Gospcl rcad iu t|c liturgy |ic| iu Ort|odox usagc
spccihcally dcuotcs t|c Luc|arist), t|csc uaucs uay also |c givcu to t|c cc|s t|cy
iutroducc, |ut |cu t|cy arc uuu|crcd t|c couut iucludcs Lastcr cc|. Duriug t|c
|olc pcriod t|crc is uo |uccliug iu c|urc|, iu to|cu o t|c lcsurrcctiou |ic| is also
t|c rcasou or uot |uccliug ou Suudays). 1|crc as a idcsprcad |clic iu lussia t|at
duriug t|is pcriod C|rist aud t|c Apostlcs audcrcd t|c cart| iu rags, |cggiug or alus.
1|c Suuday atcr Lastcr is |uou as Autipasc|a, ic Suuday, or t|c Suuday o St
1|ouas, |osc dou|ts arc uarratcd iu t|c Gospcl rcadiug, ucvcrt|clcss it is strictly a
cast o t|c lord, it| its ou apodosis ou t|c olloiug Saturday. lu lussia, |corc
t|c lcvolutiou, rou t|is cc| to t|c cud o |uuc spriug ould |c iuvo|cd rou t|c

|ills it| a ||.r. a circliug daucc accoupauicd |y c|oral soug), lcd |y a ouau it|
a loa iu ouc |aud aud a rcd-paiutcd cgg iu t|c ot|cr.
Suuday o t|c Myrr|-icariug Voucu Mary Magdalcuc aud |cr coupauious, |o
ou couiug to auoiut |csus' |ody ouud |is tou| cupty). Ou t|is day |cgius t|c cyclc
o t|c cig|t toucs, a uc touc |ciug uscd cac| cc|, or t|osc auiliar it| t|c
Grcgoriau psalu-toucs, t|cy arc t|c sauc cig|t toucs |ut iu a dicrcut ordcr, t|c our
aut|cutic toucs ollocd |y t|c our plagal. iocvcr, t|c Suudays o t|c icutc-
costariou all dicr iu ccrtaiu rcspccts rou t|c uorual pattcru.
Suuday o t|c iaralytic |calcd ou t|c Sa||at| at ict|csda).
Suuday o t|c Sauaritau Vouau |o uct |csus at |aco|'s cll), also |uou as Mid-
icutccost.
Suuday o t|c iliud Mau t|c uau |oru |liud |ou |csus |calcd). 1|c olloiug
1|ursday is Asccusiou Day.
Suuday o t|c ioly lat|crs t|c Couucil o iicaca). lu lussia, ou t|c olloiug
1|ursday, as t|c s:o|, or 'Scvcu' t|is |ciug t|c scvcut| cc| o Lastcr), a youug
|irc|-trcc ould |c cut dou aud colourully drcsscd otcu as a ouau), atcr a cast,
it as carricd |ac| to t|c villagc as au |ouourcd gucst, visitcd ou t|c lriday aud Satur-
day, |ut t|rou iuto ruuuiug atcr ou t|c Suuday.
1|c Saturday o t|is cc| is au All Souls' Saturday, it pcrpctuatcs t|c pagau losalia,
a cstival o t|c dcad |cld at various datcs iu May or |uuc |cu t|c roscs crc iu nocr.
icutccost iu t|c Ort|odox C|urc| is also 1riuity Suuday, it is a cast o t|c lord
outsidc t|c uorual uodal cyclc. lt is souctiucs callcd 'iuccliug Suuday', atcr t|c t|rcc
iuvocatious or |ic| pricst aud pcoplc |uccl olloiug t|c liturgy, |ilc t|c ollo-
iug day's vcspcrs arc suug. lu lussia, rural c|urc|cs arc dccoratcd it| |rauc|cs o
|irc|, ius||iu rccords a custou rcquiriug t|cir |carcrs cit|cr to |riug nocrs it|
t|cu to c|urc| or to |cail t|cir sius it| as uauy tcars as t|crc crc dcdrops ou t|c
|rauc|. Souctiucs t|c nocrs crc |rus|cd across parcuts' gravcs 'to clcar t|cir cycs'.
lrou uo ou cc|s arc oucc uorc couutcd rou Mouday, cit|cr 'atcr icutccost' or
'o ' t|c cvaugclist Matt|c or lu|c) |o is rcad duriug t|cu, or ou Saturday aud Suu-
day. Ou t|c Mouday atcr icutccost, Matt|c |cgius to |c rcad, t|is is accordiugly t|c
hrst cc| o Matt|c. Grcc| c|urc|cs dcdicatcd to t|c ioly 1riuity J,. 1r.|.)
cclc|ratc it| t|c slaug|tcr o a lau|. Vcducsday aud lriday arc uot astcd.
1|c hrst Suuday atcr icutccost is All Saiuts, still |cpt ou its origiual day, it is also
callcd t|c hrst Suuday o Matt|c, |ccausc |is Gospcl |as |cguu to |c rcad ou t|c
Mouday atcr icutccost. 1|is is t|c last day o t|c icutccostariou.
z
-
lor t|c rcst o t|c ycar, uutil la.arus Saturday, t|c iuvaria|lc portious o t|c scrvicc
arc ta|cu rou t|c Octocc|os 'cig|t-touc') scrvicc-|oo|, also callcd t|c .r.||: :.|: . 1|c
hrst touc is uscd ou t|c Suuday atcr All Saiuts, ou |ic| c|urc|cs couucuoratc t|cir
local saiuts. Ou All Saiuts itscl a cyclc o clcvcu rcsurrcctioual Gospcl rcadiugs at
-
Suuday uatius |cgius, cac| it| accoupauyiug tcxts rittcu |y t|c cupcrors Cou-
stautiuc \ll -) aud lco \l -).
1|c couut o Suudays 'atcr icutccost', o |ic| t|crc arc up to t|irty-to, ruus
coutiuuously dou to t|c sccoud Suuday |corc C|ristuas, aud rcsuucs ou t|c sccoud
Suuday atcr 1|cop|auy dou to t|c clcvcut| Suuday |corc Lastcr. Coucurrcutly, t|c
Suudays o Matt|c coutiuuc as ar as t|c Suuday |ctccu August aud Scptcu|cr
iuclusivc iu couutrics t|at still usc t|c |uliau calcudar or iuuovca|lc casts, |cu-
aud ouly |cu-Lastcr is ou Marc| OS as ucxt iu ) t|crc arc scvcutccu Suu-
days o Matt|c May- Scpt. OS), o |ic| t|c last is |uou as 't|c Suuday o
t|c Cauaauitc Vouau' |osc ait| pcrsuadcd |csus to curc |cr daug|tcr), coutrariisc,
|cu Lastcr is ou April or latcr t|crc arc ouly tclvc. V|crc t|c Lxaltatiou is o|-
scrvcd accordiug to t|c ic Stylc, t|c uaxiuuu is at prcscut htccu Lastcr or
Marc| OS or April iS), t|c uiuiuuu tcu Lastcr April May or latcr).
1|c ucxt Suuday is t|c Suuday |corc t|c Lxaltatiou, |ic| |as its ou Gospcl rcad-
iug rou St |o|u), as |as t|c Lxaltatiou itscl ou Scptcu|cr also rou St |o|u) aud
t|c Suuday atcr it rou St Mar|), t|csc Suudays t|rcc |cu Scptcu|cr is a Suu-
day, ot|crisc to) arc iucludcd iu t|c couut 'atcr icutccost'. 1|c olloiug Suuday,
cit|cr t|c day prcccdiug t|c 'ic Ycar' aud Couccptiou o t|c irccursor ou Scp-
tcu|cr or t|c hrst Suuday atcr it, is t|c hrst Suuday o St lu|c, t|c cvaugclist |o uar-
ratcs t|c couccptiou aud |irt| o |ot| |o|u t|c irccursor aud |csus C|rist. 1|c
Suudays o St lu|c arc scvcutccu iu all, t|c sixtccut| |ciug t|c iu|licau aud i|ariscc
aud t|c scvcutccut| t|c irodigal, |ut or t|c htccu it|iu t|c Octocc|os t|c scqucucc
is couplicatcd |y rcquircucuts t|at particular tcxts |c rcad at givcu datcs
3::::. .. `.., .; L|:
Scpt. Scpt. lirst
Scpt. Oct. Sccoud
Oct. Oct. 1|ird
Oct. Oct. lourt| iara|lc o t|c Socr, iu |ouour o t|c lat|crs o t|c Scv-
cut| Occuucuical Couucil iu , or o all scvcu Couucils)
Oct. Oct. 1|ird
Oct. Oct. Sixt|
Oct. Oct. Scvcut|
Oct. iov. lit| 1|c lic| Mau, |uou iu t|c Vcst as Divcs aud la.arus, iu
|ouour o iaul t|c Coucssor scc iov.)
iov. iov. Scvcut|
iov. iov. Lig|t|
iov. iov. iiut|
iov. iov. 1|irtccut|
Dcc. Dcc. lourtccut|
Dcc. Dcc. 1cut| 1|c Vouau |calcd ou t|c Sa||at|, rcad ou t|c Suuday
|corc t|at o t|c ioly lorcat|crs |ccausc s|c is callcd a daug|-
tcr o A|ra|au)
Dcc. Dcc. Llcvcut| ioly lorcat|crs, |uou iu t|c Vcst as t|c iatriarc|s o
t|c Old 1cstaucut, t|c Gospcl is t|c para|lc o t|c iauquct)

Atcr t|is Suuday t|c couut 'atcr icutccost' is iutcrruptcd
3::::. .. `..,
Dcc. Dcc. icorc C|ristuas
Dcc. Dcc. Atcr C|ristuas
Dcc. |au. icorc t|c lig|ts
|au. |au. Atcr t|c lig|ts
l Dcccu|cr alls ou a Suuday, it is |cpt as C|ristuas aud |auuary as Circuucisiou,
i or |auuary is a Suuday, it is |cpt as rcspcctivcly 1|cop|auy or t|c Syuaxis o t|c
irccursor. ictccu C|ristuas aud 1|cop|auy Vcducsday aud lriday arc uot astcd,
t|is pcriod is otcu |cpt iu a caruival-li|c as|iou. 1|c dcuouic, suu-|atiug |.|.|:..r.
said iu Grcc| ol|lorc to audcr a|road at t|is tiuc |avc |ccu cxplaiucd as survivals o
iy.autiuc uuuucrs, |ut or suc| |clics clsc|crc scc |au.) 1|csc usagcs cvidcutly
pcrpctuatc t|c louau cstival o t|c ialcuds scc |au.), iu t|c Last Slavouic lau-
guagcs |.|,. , is uscd to dcuotc t|is cutirc pcriod, or t|c traditioual sougs suug iu it.
V|cu t|c |uliau calcudar is uscd or iuuovca|lc casts, t|crc cau |c uo Suuday atcr
t|c lig|ts i Lastcr alls ou - Marc| OS - Apr. iS), or t|c t| Apr.) iu a
couuou ycar. l Lastcr alls ou - Marc| - iu lcap ycar, - aud - Apr.
iS), t|c Suuday atcr t|c lig|ts is t|at o t|c iu|licau aud t|c i|ariscc, |ic| is t|c
sixtccut| Suuday o lu|c. Ot|crisc, t|c couut atcr icutccost uo rcsuucs, t|c Suu-
days o lu|c arc govcrucd |y t|c uuu|cr o Suudays rcuaiuiug |corc t|c 1riodiou.
lu t|c ta|lc |clo, Lastcr datcs arc givcu iu |ot| stylcs, ot|crs iu ic Stylc.
L.s::r ` L.s::r N` `..,
C.oo.. ,:.r L:. ,:.r C.oo.. |:.) L.:: N.o:
- Apr. Mar.- Apr. - -) Apr. - |au. t| o lu|c
- Apr. - Apr. - -) Apr. - |au. t| o lu|c
- |au. t| o lu|c
- Apr. - Apr. ) Apr.- ) - |au. t| o lu|c
May - |au. t| o lu|c
|au.- lc|. t| o Matt|c
Apr. Apr. ) May |au. t| o lu|c
|au. t| o lu|c
lc|. t| o Matt|c
lc|. t| o Matt|c
- Apr. - Apr. - -) May - ) |au. t| o lu|c
- ) |au. t| o lu|c
- ) lc|. t| o lu|c
- ) lc|. t| o Matt|c
1|c tclt| Suuday o lu|c is t|at o t|c 1cu lcpcrs |calcd |y |csus, ouly t|c Sauar-
itau gavc t|au|s), t|c htccut|, o Zacc|acus. 1|c scvcutccut| Suuday o Matt|c t|c
Cauaauitc Vouau) is ucxt iu priority |ccausc, |cu Lastcr alls ou Marc| OS t|c
-
ucxt Lastcr uust all ou lcap ycar ) April, alloiug ouly to Suudays iu t|is
pcriod, it t|crcorc cauuot |avc |ccu rcac|cd iu t|c dircct scqucucc. 1|c ourtccut|
Suuday o lu|c is iucludcd |crc ouly i it |as uot alrcady allcu iu Dcccu|cr, t|at is i
t|c hrst Suuday o Dcccu|cr as t|c t| or latcr.
V|cu t|c ic Stylc is uscd or iuuovca|lc casts, siuilar priuciplcs apply, |ut t|crc
arc at prcscut) rou ouc to six Suudays |corc t|c 1riodiou. lu t|c ta|lc |clo, Lastcr
datcs arc givcu iu ic Stylc, t|oug| t|cy arc o coursc calculatcd iu Old.
L.s::r `..,
C.oo.. ,:.r L:. ,:.r L.:: N.o:
Apr. |au. litccut| o lu|c
- Apr. - Apr. - |au. litccut| o lu|c
- Apr. - Apr. - |au. 1clt| o lu|c
- |au. litccut| o lu|c
- Apr. - Apr. - |au. 1clt| o lu|c
- |au. litccut| o lu|c
|au.- lc|. Scvcutccut| o Matt|c
- Apr. - Apr. - |au. 1clt| o lu|c
- |au. lourtccut| o lu|c
|au.- lc|. litccut| o lu|c
- lc| Sixtccut| o Matt|c
- lc|. Scvcutccut| o Matt|c
- Apr. - Apr. - |au. 1clt| o lu|c
- |au. litccut| o lu|c
- lc|. Sixtccut| o Matt|c
- lc|. Scvcutccut| o Matt|c
Apr.- May Apr.- May - |au. 1clt| o lu|c
- |au. lourtccut| o lu|c
|au.- lc|. litccut| o lu|c
- lc|. Sixtccut| o Matt|c
- lc|. Scvcutccut| o Matt|c
- May - May - |au. 1clt| o lu|c
- |au. litccut| o lu|c
- lc|. litccut| o Matt|c
- lc|. Sixtccut| o Matt|c
- lc|. Scvcutccut| o Matt|c
- May - May - ) |au. 1clt| o lu|c
- ) |au. lourtccut| o lu|c
- ) |au. litccut| o lu|c
- ) lc|. litccut| o Matt|c
- ) lc|. Sixtccut| o Matt|c
- ) lc|. Scvcutccut| o Matt|c

-
I; .|| :|: ,:.r :r: |.,.. |.|..,s,
1. s.r: .| |: .s ::..s .s :. .r|.
H:.. IJ, . ii. -
Vit| t|c slout|ull aud idlc lu||crs t|at louc uot to dooc auy cr|c, cucry dayc is |olydayc.
Ldall, o. )
Vc placc |crc |olidays t|at arc uot hxcd as to datc or iu rclatiou to t|c c|urc| ycar. lt
is iupossi|lc to tcll |cu t|c ord '|oliday' lost its origiual ucauiug o '|oly day' scc
also L.,s. H.|, L.,s, H.|..,s, I:.s:s). Villiau Varucr's dcscriptiou o t|c uort|cru
couutryuau's ycar iu t|c sixtccut| ccutury, t|oug| uauiug t|c uaiu |oly days, s|os
|o ar t|c uorual pastiucs divcrgcd rou t|c rcligious o|scrvaucc o t|c day
At Llc c outcu gau|olc, dauucc, to carrolc, aud to siug, 1|:
1o |auc gud spiccd Scc, aud lostc, aud pluu-pics or a iiug,
At lasts-cuc pau-pucs, Gaug-tidc gaitcs did alic Masscs |riug, `|r.: 1:s.,, ..:...:.:
At ias|c |cguu our Morrisc aud crc icuticost our May L.s::r, h|.:s.:.:
1|o lo|cu |ood, licll |o|u, lricr 1uc|c, aud Mariau dctlic play,
Aud lard aud ladic gaug till iir|c it| lads aud lasscs gay.
lra Massc aud Lcusoug sa gud c|ccrc aud glcc ou cric Grccuc,
As, sauc our Va|cs tixt Laucs aud Si||cs, li|c gau as ucucr sccuc. ..|:s .. |..;.||
At iaptis-day it| Alc aud ca|cs |out |ou-hrcs ucig||ors stood. `: j.|.`s L.,
At Martlcuassc a turudc a cra||c t|il|c toldc o lo|cu |ood, `: M.r:..`s L.,
1ill atcr loug tiuc uyr|c, |cu |lcst crc iudocs, darcs ~ lig|ts,
Aud pailcs crc hld, ~ |at|cs crc scpt, gaiust lairic-clucs ~ spritcs.
loc|, ~ plo Moudaics gaus sal gaug, it| Saiut-cast ~ |ir|-sig|ts. ..| M...,, |.|
M...,
Varucr, , c|. )
lt did uot ta|c ad|crcucc to iuritau idcals to scc t|c iucouvcuicuccs causcd |y so uauy
occasious to a|staiu rou or|, |ct|cr ouc cousidcrcd t|cu |oly days or |olidays.
icury \lll |ad alrcady a|olis|cd t|c popular o|scrvauccs ou uauy saiuts' days scc
Dcc.), aud iuritauisu |ad a ar-rcac|iug ccct. Siucc t|c sixtccut| ccutury, t|c uuu-
|cr o |olidays iu Luglaud |as alays |ccu ar iucrior to t|at iu Cat|olic couutrics,
aud iu t|c Luitcd Statcs, it| uo statc rcligiou or c|urc|, t|crc arc cvcu ccr |olidays.
1|us cvcu au Luglis|uau as aua.cd to discovcr iu iu ic Luglaud, |crc
iuritauisu |ad a uuc| lougcr |old t|au iu Luglaud, t|at
L|:.:..., C.oo:..:o:.:, aud 1r.....~.,s, arc t|cir ouly H.|,~.,s, t|cy |ccp uo `...:s~L.,s, uor
ill t|cy allo t|c J.s:|:s to |c `...:s, yct t|cy assuuc t|at Sacrcd Diguity to t|cusclvcs, aud
say, iu t|c 1itlc iagc o t|cir isalu-ioo|, r..:: ;.r :|: L.;..:... .; :|: `...:s .. Old .. ic-
Luglaud. Vard, 1r.,
'Couucuccucut' ucaut graduatiou ccrcuouics at iarvard Luivcrsity. 1|csc crc
pu|lic occasious, uot uuivcrsity aairs alouc. A lrcuc|uau attcudcd ouc iu
lu a rcc couutry, cvcry t|iug oug|t to |car t|c staup o patriotisu. 1|is patriotisu, so |appily
displaycd iu t|c ouudatiou, cudoucut, aud cucouragcucut o |is ircs. Villard's uuivcrsity,
appcars cvcry ycar iu a solcuu cast cclc|ratcd at Cau|ridgc iu |ouour o t|c Scicuccs. 1|is
cast, |ic| ta|cs placc oucc a ycar iu all t|c collcgcs o Aucrica, is callcd t|c ..oo:..:o:.: it
rcscu|lcs t|c cxcrciscs aud distri|utiou o pri.cs iu our collcgcs. lt is a day o joy or iostou,
aluost all its iu|a|itauts asscu|lc iu Cau|ridgc. 1|c uost distiuguis|cd o t|c studcuts dis-
play t|cir talcuts iu prcscucc o t|c pu|lic, aud t|csc cxcrciscs, |ic| arc gcucrally ou patriotic
su|jccts, arc tcruiuatcd |y a cast, |crc rcigu t|c rccst gaicty, aud t|c uost cordial ratcruity.
irissot dc Varvillc,
1raiuiug Day, |ic| pcrtaius ouly to ic Luglaud, as a day sct asidc or local uili-
tias to gat|cr togct|cr aud practisc drill. At hrst ouly uilitary uauocuvrcs crc pcr-
orucd, |ut iu t|c scvcutccut| ccutury ortihcatious crc |uilt as cll, aud latcr
c|urc|cs aud |ouscs. 1|c rcligious clcucut as supplicd |y au opcuiug aud closiug
praycr aud a scruou. At hrst coupauics drillcd cvcry cc|, gradually t|c uuu|cr o
days dccrcascd, aud |y t|crc crc our iu t|c ycar. 1|csc iucrcasiugly |ccauc social
occasious as cll aud too| ou t|c aspccts o a air, it| |oot|s sct up to scll ood aud
driu|.
iot all Aucricaus crc coutcut it| suc| a rcstrictcd uuu|cr o |olidays. |o|u
iiutard, a ic Yor|cr, rcgrcts t|cir paucity iu
Our irotcstaut lait| aords uo rcligious |oliday ~ proccssious li|c t|c Cat|olics. lrou t|c
pcriod o t|c |cs ~ icat|cus dou t|ro t|c Grcc|s ~ louaus, t|c Cclts, Druids, cvcu our
ludiaus all |ad ~ |avc t|cir rcligious lcstivals. Luglaud rctaius uuucrous rcd lcttcr days as t|cy
arc callcd |ic| aord iutcrvals o rcst, togct|cr it| t|c C|ristuas, Lastcr ~ V|itsuu |olidays,
or all t|c pu|lic occs iau|s ~c., |ut it| us, c |avc ouly ludcpcudcucc, C|ristuas ~ ic
Ycar, solitary days, uot cuoug| ~ |ic| causcs so uuc| |rcac| o t|c Sa||at| iu t|is city, lor
yout| pcut up, Mcc|auics ~ la|ourcrs ill scc| rcs| air ~ rural cxcrcisc ou t|at day, iu spitc o
all |uuau las to t|c coutrary. iiutard, ii. -
z
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iaudscl Mouday is t|c hrst Mouday iu t|c ic Ycar. 'iaudscl' or 'iauscl', origiually
a 'giviug o t|c |aud', cauc to ucau a git at ic Ycar, otcu a tip scc |au. uudcr
'Git-giviug'). V|ocvcr rcccivcs auyt|iug ou iaudscl Mouday ill |c luc|y or t|c rcst
o t|c ycar. Ou t|c ot|cr |aud, t|c pcrsou |o givcs uay uot arc as cll, at lcast iu
lrclaud
icvcr pay aay uoucy ou t|c hrst Mouday o t|c ycar, or you ill losc your luc| iu gaiuiug
uoucy all t|c ycar atcr. S. Vildc, ii. )
-
1|c custou as particularly prcvalcut iu Scotlaud, |crc it uscd to |c rcqucutly
o|scrvcd ou t|c Old Stylc datc, as C|au|crs rcports iu
Auoug t|c rural populatiou, J| H..s:| M...,, i.c. iaudscl Mouday old stylc, or t|c hrst Mou-
day atcr t|c t| o t|c uout|, is t|c day usually |cld. 1|c arucrs uscd to trcat t|c |olc o
t|cir scrvauts ou t|at uoruiug to a li|cral |rca|ast o roast aud |oilcd, it| alc, |is|cy, aud
ca|c, to t|cir utuost coutcutucut, atcr |ic| t|c gucsts cut a|out scciug t|cir ricuds or t|c
rcuaiudcr o t|c day. lt as also t|c day ou |ic| auy disposcd or c|augc gavc up t|cir placcs,
aud |cu uc scrvauts crc cugagcd. Lvcu uo, |cu uost old as|ious arc uuc| dccaycd, J|
H..s:| M..., coutiuucs to |c t|c |oliday o t|c ycar to t|c class o aru-la|ourcrs iu Scotlaud.
C|au|crs |au.)
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lu t|c suuucr uout|s t|crc crc ar ccr c|urc| casts aud uorc couuuual oucs,
|cgiuuiug it| s|ccp-s|cariug cstivals iu |uuc. lauuas Day Aug.) siguallcd t|c |c-
giuuiug o t|c |arvcst scasou, rou t|is poiut to Octo|cr t|c couuuual casts iucludcd
rus|-|cariug gat|criug rus|cs to strc ou t|c noors o paris| c|urc|cs, scc |uly),
aud c|urc| alcs or a|cs. lu |uly aud August agricultural la|our iutcusihcd iu ordcr to
providc ood or pcoplc aud livcstoc| t|roug| t|c couiug iutcr. 1|c sac gat|criug o
t|c |arvcst as o priuc iuportaucc, aud t|c traditiou arosc o cclc|ratiug it, |ot| iu
c|urc| aud ou t|c aru, t|c cstival cauc to |c |uou as '|arvcst-|ouc'.
lrou at lcast t|c t|irtccut| ccutury laudlords providcd a couuuual cast or t|cir
tcuauts at t|c cud o |arvcst. 1|c aru la|ourcrs cclc|ratcd |y |riugiug |ouc t|c last
cartload dcc|cd it| nocrs aud suruouutcd it| a hgurc uadc o coru. A Gcruau
travcllcr rcuar|cd ou scciug ouc iu
As c crc rcturuiug to our iuu, c |appcucd to ucct souc couutry pcoplc .:|:|r.:.. :|:.r H.r:s:~
|.o:, t|cir last load o coru t|cy crou it| nocrs, |aviug |csidcs au iuagc ric|ly drcsscd, |y
|ic| pcr|aps t|cy ould siguiy Ccrcs, t|is t|cy |ccp uoviug a|out, |ilc ucu aud oucu,
ucu aud uaid scrvauts, ridiug t|roug| t|c strccts iu t|c cart, s|out as loud as t|cy cau till t|cy
arrivc at t|c |aru t|c arucrs |crc do uot |iud up t|cir coru iu s|cavcs, as t|cy do it| us, |ut
dircctly as t|cy |avc rcapcd or uocd it, put it iuto carts aud couvcy it to t|cir |arus.
icut.ucr,
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iiriug airs too| placc atcr t|c |arvcst as iu, t|is as t|c tiuc to scc| uc cuploy-
ucut. 1|cy crc |cld ou dicrcut days iu dicrcut placcs, Sauucl Curcu rcports ou
ouc at Valt|au A||cy t|at as rcgulatcd |y iarliaucut
-
loudou, Scptcu|cr
Mrs. Dc|crdt aud uyscl . . . procccdcd it| |ag aud |aggagc loudouards rou Varc ucct-
iug aud ovcrta|iug uultitudcs iu carriagcs aud ou oot |ouud to t|c Valt|au A||cy Statutc or
Scrvauts, a day csta|lis|cd |y act o parliaucut olloiug t|c last day o lairs or |iriug scrvauts
|crcto rcsort all |o aut to go iuto, or arc out o scrvicc, as cll as t|osc lauilys |o staud
iu uccd o scrvauts. 1|c ualcs appcar it| t|c tools or iusiguia o t|cir rcspcctivc cuployucuts,
t|c cualcs o t|c doucstic |iud arc distiuguis|cd |y t|cir aprous, vi.. Coo|s iu colourcd, uur-
scry uaids iu |itc liuucu, aud t|c c|au|cr aud aitiug uaids iu lau or cau|ric|.
Curcu,
z
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1|c cast o SS Siuou aud |udc, ou Octo|cr, as t|c origiual clcctiou day or t|c
lord Mayor o loudou. Atcr t|c rcoru o t|c calcudar iu |is tcru o occ cou-
tiuucd till iovcu|cr to ua|c a ull ycar Oct. OS). Ou t|c olloiug day cxccpt
i Suuday) t|c uc uayor as soru iu, aud t|c occasiou as uar|cd |y a graud par-
adc. lu t|c paradc as uovcd to t|c sccoud Saturday o iovcu|cr, t|c scariug-
iu ta|cs placc ou t|c prcvious day. 1|c lord Mayor's iaradc |as ucvcr ailcd to iuprcss
visitors, t|oug|, li|c uauy loug-staudiug custous it datcs |ac| to 1udor tiucs), it |as
|ad its dctractors. 1raditioually, t|c lord Mayor cut |y atcr to aud rou Vcst-
uiustcr, |crc |c as soru iu. ic as t|cu accoupauicd rou t|c |ar to Guild-
|all, it| pagcautry supplicd |y t|c guild to |ic| |c |clougcd. iy t|c cud o t|c
sixtccut| ccutury t|c cutcrtaiuucut |ad |ccouc vcry cla|oratc, aud ritcrs crc drau
iu to dcvisc scripts, otcu ou patriotic t|cucs, |cavy iu uyt|ology aud allcgory, uauy
o t|csc crc pu|lis|cd. li|c ot|cr uuuicipal cstivitics, t|c s|o as a|olis|cd dur-
iug t|c Couuoucalt|, |ut rcgaiucd uc lic atcr t|c lcstoratiou. Vc prcscut to
rcprcscutativc dcscriptious.
Cclia licuucs uotcd iu |cr jourual iu t|c s
At llcctc Ditc| t|cy cutcr t|c iargcs |ic| arc all vcry curiously adorucd, aud t|us |c is cou-
ductcd, t|c rivcr |ciug ull o iargcs |clougiug to t|c scvcrall Coupauycs o loudou, adorucd
it| strcaucrs aud t|cir arucs aud huc uusic|, aud |avc sac| to driu|c aud littlc ca|cs as |igg
as a crou piccc . . . Atcr t|c scariug-iu t|cy |ciug couductcd t|roug| t|c Citty it| grcatc
acclauatious, t|cir ou |a|its aud trappiugs o t|cir |orscs |ciug vcry huc, aud t|cy |avciug all
t|c scvcrall Coupauycs o t|c Citty, |ic| al|c iu t|cir ordcr aud gous it| pagcuts to uost
or uauy o t|cir Coupauycs, |ic| arc a sort o stagcs covcrcd aud carrycd |y ucu aud ou t|c
top uauy ucu aud |oys actiug t|c rcspcctivc 1radcs or Luployucuts o cac| Coupauy . . . aud
|atcvcr Coupauy t|c uc lord Major is o |is pagcaut is t|c hucst aud t|at Coupauy |as
t|c prcccdcucy t|at ycarc o all t|c Coupauycs cxccpt t|c Mcrccrs Coupauy, |ic| allaycs is
t|c hrst aud cstccucd t|c grcatcst, aud |cu t|crc is a lord Major o t|at Coupauy t|cir
pagcaut is a uaidcu quccu ou a t|rouc, croucd aud it| royal ro|cs aud sccptcr aud uost ric|ly
drcsscd, it| scvcrall ladycs drcsscd, |cr attcudauts, all ou t|c sauc pagcaut aud it| a cauuopy
ovcr |cr |cad aud drau iu au opcu c|ariot it| |orscs t|c |orscs goc a|rcast) vcry hucly
accoutcr'd aud pagcs t|at ridc t|cu all, it| pluucs o cat|crs. licuucs, -
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1|c Cauadiau 1|ouas G. lidout, ritiug to |is |rot|cr iu
l uust givc you au accouut o t|c lord Mayor's s|o, ou t|c t| o iovcu|cr, |ic| day as
us|crcd iu |y t|c riugiug o cvcry |cll iu t|c city, aud |ars crc placcd across t|c grcat strccts
to |iudcr t|c coac|cs rou passiug. iy clcvcu o'cloc| t|c crod |ad couplctcly hllcd up iiug
Strcct, C|capsidc, St. iaul's C|urc|yard, ludgatc iill, llcct Strcct aud ilac|riars. . . . 1|c ric|
goldcu |auucrs o t|c city aviug ovcr t|c uultitudc, prcccdcd aud ollocd |y t|c dicrcut
coupauics o loudou. 1|cu cauc a striug o coac|cs, rcac|iug rou iiug Strcct to ludgatc
iill. . . . ircscutly c sa t|c tclvc statcly |argcs, glittcriug it| gold, |aviug hvc or six nags
uadc o clot| o gold, uost curiously or|cd, uovc past us, ollocd |y |uudrcds o suall
|oats. 1|crc as a covcriug ovcr cac| |oat, supportcd |y gilt Coriut|iau pillars, ou top o |ic|
crc scvcral |auds o uusic. 1|c coupauy sat |cucat|. 1|cy crc rocd |y tcuty-our ucu
drcsscd iu |itc, aud so t|cy passcd ou |y t|c souud o t|c truupct, hrc o suall cauuou, aud
uartial uusic, to Vcstuiustcr iridgc.
At t|rcc o'cloc| t|cy rcturucd iu graud proccssiou to diuc at Guild|all . . . lu a littlc |ilc c
sa t|c vauguard, cousistiug o t|c Vcst loudou lcgiucut, couiug rouud ludgatc iill, |av-
iug a vcry huc |aud o uusic. 1|cu cauc t|c coupauy o Mcrc|aut 1ailors, o |ic| t|c lord
Mayor is a ucu|cr, drcsscd iu gous triuucd it| ur, aud six ucu |cariug t|cir colours, ol-
locd |y t|c Apot|ccarics, Clot|icrs, Statioucrs, Goldsuit|s, Groccrs, aud ot|cr coupauics o
loudou, it| t|cir colours aud to |auds o uusic. 1|cu cauc t|c |aud o t|c Gcruau
lcgiou, uouutcd ou |lac| |orscs, ucxt t|c city colours, aud a |uig|t cquippcd iu Ldard t|c
ilac| iriucc's aruour, uouutcd ou a |lac| |orsc, |is to csquircs ou cac| sidc, iu |al-aruour,
|cariug |is aucicut s|icld, sord aud laucc, a |aud o uusic, auot|cr |uig|t iu s|iuiug |rass
aruour ou a |itc |orsc, csquircs as |corc, iuucdiatcly atcr t|c lord Mayor, iu |is coac|
|uruis|cd it| gold, vcry largc, drau |y six |orscs, aud covcrcd it| carviugs o t|c city arus
iu a uost uaguihccut uauucr, |aviug out-ridcrs. 1|c coac|uau as drcsscd iu grccu aud
gold. 1o ootucu rodc |c|iud, aud six ot|crs al|cd atcr t|c coac|, drcsscd iu gold-laccd
coc|cd |ats, grccu coats, it| gold lacc our iuc|cs |road, scarlct vclvct |rccc|cs aud |itc
sil| stoc|iugs. icxt cauc auot|cr |uig|t iu stccl aruour, as t|c hrst, t|cu uy lady Mayorcss iu
coac| aud six, it| a |aud o uusic, ucxt cauc t|c cx-lord Mayor iu coac| aud six, aud |is ic
iu coac| aud our. icxt a vcry huc |aud o uusic, ollocd |y all t|c aldcrucu aud couuou
couucil, iu t|cir scparatc coac|cs. 1|c judgcs, uo|ility, uiuistry, aud orcigu au|assadors, gcu-
tlcucu's carriagcs, a loug list o iac|ucy coac|cs, aud a loudou uo|, it| uig|t couiug ou,
closcd t|is lord Mayor's s|o, |ic| as t|c uost splcudid t|at |ad |ccu or uauy ycars.
lidout, -
iy t|c uid-uiuctccut| ccutury t|c lord Mayor's S|o as viccd |y uauy as au cu-
|arrassucut, aud it did uot ta|c placc cvcry ycar, iu t|c atcr proccssiou ccascd.
lu t|c iaradc |ad a scrics o noats rcprcscutiug souc quitc uuocial syu|ols o
t|c colouics
1|at o 'ludia' cousistcd o uativcs staudiug auoug palu-trccs, it| a stucd tigcr a|ovc, ol-
locd |y to clcp|auts, t|at o 'Cauada', a |ac|oodsuau, auidst piuc-logs aud pilcs o coru-
sac|s it| |cavcrs aud |cars, t|at o 'Australia', to rcd-s|irtcd statiou-|auds, it| nccccs o
s|ccp aud |ags o ool, a |augaroo aud au cuu, aud a spccics o pclicau, |ciug pcrc|cd a littlc
|ig|cr. 1|c vc|iclcs upou |ic| t|csc colouial 'cx|i|its' crc sct up passcd aloug t|c strcct, aud
t|cy crc succccdcd |y ouc |ic| couvcycd |at as supposcd to |c ucaut as a rcprcscutatiou
o t|c supply o ro.cu rcs| uuttou rou ic Zcalaud. 1|is as siuply a ro o tcuty or
t|irty s|ccp's carcascs, |augiug up iu uuc| t|c sauc ay as t|cy do at a |utc|cr's s|op.
I||s:r.:: L.... N:s iov. ),
' - -
z
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1|c hrst 1|au|sgiviug as cclc|ratcd |y t|c scttlcrs at ilyuout| iu , t|c ycar atcr
t|cir arrival scc Dcc.), t|c occasiou as t|c succcssul gat|criug iu o t|c |arvcst,
aud t|c cast as s|arcd it| t|c iativc Aucricaus. Govcruor Villiau iradord pro-
claiucd it a day o praycr aud t|au|sgiviug, |ut did uot iutcud it to |c a ycarly cou-
ucuoratiou. lu t|c |arvcst appcarcd |lca|, uo raiu |aviug allcu rou t|c t|ird
cc| iu May to t|c uiddlc o |uly, a ast as ordcrcd. 1|c droug|t as |ro|cu, aud au-
ot|cr day o 1|au|sgiviug as proclaiucd
. . . uotit|staud all t|cir grcat paiucs aud iudustric, aud t|c grcat |ops o a largc cropp, t|c
lord sccucd to |last, aud ta|c aay t|c sauc, aud to t|rcatcu urt|cr aud uorc sorc auiuc uuto
t|cu, |y a grcat droug|t |ic| coutiuucd rou t|c . cc|c iu May, till a|out t|c uidlc o |uly,
it|out auy raiuc, aud it| grcat |cat or t|c uost partc), iusouuc| as t|c coruc |cgauc to
it|cr aay, t|oug| it as sct it| hs|c, t|c uoysturc |cro |clpcd it uuc|. Yct at lcugt| it
|cgauc to lauguis| sorc, aud souc o t|c dricr grouuds crc partc|cd li|c it|crcd |ay, part
|cro as ucvcr rccovcrcd. Lpou |ic| t|cy sctt a partc a solcuuc day o |uuiliatiou, to
scc| t|c lord |y |uu|lc aud crvcutc praycr, iu t|is grcat distrcssc. Aud |c as plcascd to givc
t|cu a gracious aud spccdy auscr, |ot| to t|icr ouc aud t|c ludcaus aduiratiou, t|at livcd
auougcst t|cu. lor all t|c uoruiug, aud grcatcst part o t|c day, it as clcar cat|cr aud vcry
|ottc, aud uot a cloud or auy siguc o raiuc to |c sccu, yct toard cvcuiug it |cgauc to ovcrcast,
aud s|ortly atcr to raiuc, it| s|uc| scctc aud gcutlc s|ocrs, as gavc t|cu causc o rcjoycc-
iug, aud |lcsiug God. lt cauc, it|out cit|cr iud, or t|uudcr, or auy violcucc, aud |y dcgrccsc
iu t|at a|uudaucc, as t|at t|c cart| as t|oroly ctc aud so|cd t|crit|. V|ic| did so
apparcutly rcvivc aud quic|cu t|c dccaycd coruc aud ot|cr ruits, as as oudcrull to scc, aud
uadc t|c ludcaus astouis|cd to |c|old, aud atcrards t|c lord scut t|cu s|uc| scasoua|lc
s|ocrs, it| cutcrc|augc o airc aruc cat|cr, as, t|roug| |is |lcssiug, causcd a ruitull aud
li|crall |arvcst, to t|cir uo suall couortc aud rcjoyciug. lor s|ic| ucrcic iu tiuc couvcuicutc)
t|cy also sctt apartc a day o t|au|sgivciug. iradord, -
Gradually, giviug t|au|s at t|c cud o |arvcst |ccauc a custou, uuc| as t|c |arvcst-
|ouc cstivals iu Luglaud, to |ic| 1|au|sgiviug ocs its origiu, at lcast iu part. lu
t|c Govcruors o Massac|usctts aud ilyuout| colouy joiucd iu o|scrviug a day o
t|au|sgiviug, aud pu|lic days o t|au|sgiviug crc appoiutcd rcgularly |ut uot auuu-
ally) iu Octo|cr or iovcu|cr o t|c olloiug ycars
iostou, Sa||at|-day, iov
r
, .
Mr. Villard ucutioucd |at t|c Lldcrs |ad douc as to a 1|au|s-giviug, aud propouudcd to t|c
C|urc| t|at c uig|t |avc ouc ou t|c lirst 1|orsday iu Dcccu|cr |ccausc |ad lastcd, aud
God |ad graciously auscrcd our iraycrs, so s|ould ucct iiu iu t|c sauc placc to givc 1|au|s
or t|at, aud auy ot|cr irovidcucc t|at |at| passcd |corc us. Silcucc gavc Couscut, uo ouc
spca|iug. Scall,
A pcrplcxiug pro|lcu at a 1|au|sgiviug diuucr at Dauvcrs, Couuccticut, iu
V|cu yc scrviccs at yc ucctiug |ousc crc cudcd yc couucil aud ot|cr diguitarics crc cutcr-
taiucd at yc |ousc o Mr. Lpcs, ou yc |ill ucar |y, aud c |ad a |ouutiul 1|au|sgiviug diuucr
it| |car's ucat aud vcuisou, t|c last o |ic| as a huc |uc|, s|ot iu yc oods ucar |y. Yc |car
as |illcd iu lyuu oods ucar lcadiug.
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Atcr yc |lcssiug as cravcd |y Mr. Garric| o Vrcut|au, ord cauc t|at yc |uc| as s|ot
ou yc lord's day |y icquot, au ludiau, |o cauc to Mr. Lpcs it| a lyc iu |is uout| li|c
Auauias o old.
Yc couucil t|crcorc rcuscd to cat yc vcuisou, |ut it as atcrard dccidcd t|at icquot s|ould
rcccivc stripcs savc ouc, or lyiug aud proauiug yc lord's day, rcstorc Mr. Lpcs yc cost o yc
dccr, aud cousidcriug t|is a just aud rig|tcous scutcucc ou yc siuul |cat|cu, aud t|at a |lcssiug
|ad |ccu cravcd ou yc ucat, yc couucil o all partoo| o it |ut Mr. S|cpard, |osc couscicucc
as tcudcr ou yc poiut o yc vcuisou.
quotcd iu lovc, u. , rou au accouut |y t|c lcvd larcucc Couaut
1|au|sgiviug coutiuucd to |c proclaiucd locally |y statc govcruors. 1|c hrst uatioual
proclauatiou as uadc |y Gcorgc Vas|iugtou iu |auuary , iu t|c spirit o t|c hrst
1|au|sgiviug, it as to givc t|au|s to God or prcscrviug t|c uatiou
V|cu c rcvic t|c calauitics |ic| aict so uauy ot|cr uatious, t|c prcscut couditiou o t|c
Luitcd Statcs aords uuc| uattcr o cousolatiou aud satisactiou. Our cxcuptiou |it|crto
rou orcigu ar, au iucrcasiug prospcct o t|c coutiuuaucc o t|at cxcuptiou, t|c grcat dcgrcc
o iutcrual trauquillity c |avc cujoycd, t|c rcccut couhruatiou o t|at trauquillity |y t|c sup-
prcssiou o au iusurrcctiou t|c V|is|cy lusurrcctiou iu Vcstcru icuusylvauia |ic| so au-
touly t|rcatcucd it, t|c |appy coursc o our pu|lic aairs iu gcucral, t|c uucxauplcd prospcrity
o all classcs o our citi.cus, arc circuustauccs |ic| pcculiarly uar| our situatiou it| iudica-
tious o t|c diviuc |cuchccucc toard us. lu suc| a statc o t|iugs it is iu au cspccial uauucr our
duty as a pcoplc, it| dcvout rcvcrcucc aud acctiouatc gratitudc, to ac|uolcdgc our uauy aud
grcat o|ligatious to Aluig|ty God, aud to iuplorc iiu to coutiuuc aud couhru t|c |lcssiugs
c cxpcricuccd.
Dccply pcuctratcd it| t|is scutiucut, l, Gcorgc Vas|iugtou, ircsidcut o t|c Luitcd Statcs,
do rccouucud to all rcligious socictics aud dcuouiuatious, aud to all pcrsous |ousocvcr,
it|iu t|c Luitcd Statcs, to sct apart aud o|scrvc 1|ursday, t|c t| day o lc|ruary ucxt, as a
day o pu|lic t|au|sgiviug aud praycr, aud ou t|at day to ucct togct|cr aud rcudcr siuccrc aud
|carty t|au|s to t|c grcat lulcr o uatious or t|c uauiold aud sigual ucrcics |ic| distiu-
guis| our lot as a uatiou, particularly or t|c posscssiou o coustitutious o govcruucut |ic|
uuitcd aud, |y t|cir uuiou, csta|lis| li|crty it| ordcr, or t|c prcscrvatiou o our pcacc, or-
cigu aud doucstic, or t|c rcasoua|lc coutrol |ic| |as |ccu givcu to a spirit o disordcr iu t|c
supprcssiou o t|c latc iusurrcctiou, aud gcucrally or t|c prospcrous couditiou o our aairs,
pu|lic aud privatc, aud at t|c sauc tiuc |uu|ly aud crvcutly |csccc| t|c |iud Aut|or o t|csc
|lcssiugs graciously to proloug t|cu to us, to iupriut ou our |carts a dccp aud solcuu scusc o
our o|ligatious to iiu or t|cu, to tcac| us rig|tly to cstiuatc t|cir iuucusc valuc, to prcscrvc
us rou t|c arrogaucc o prospcrity, aud rou |a.ardiug t|c advautagcs c cujoy |y dclusivc pur-
suits, to disposc us to ucrit t|c coutiuuaucc o iis avors |y uot a|usiug t|cu, |y our grati-
tudc or t|cu, aud |y a corrcspoudiug couduct as citi.cus aud as ucu to rcudcr t|is couutry
uorc aud uorc a sac aud propitious asyluu or t|c uuortuuatc o ot|cr couutrics, to cxtcud
auoug us truc aud uscul |uolcdgc, to diusc aud csta|lis| |a|its o so|ricty, ordcr, uorality,
aud picty, aud hually to iupart all t|c |lcssiugs c posscss or as| or oursclvcs to t|c |olc
auily o uau|iud.
lu tcstiuouy |crco, l |avc causcd t|c scal o t|c Luitcd Statcs o Aucrica to |c axcd to
t|csc prcscuts, aud sigucd t|c sauc it| uy |aud. Douc at t|c city o i|iladclp|ia t|c hrst day
o |auuary, .
GLOlGL VASiliG1Oi
quotcd iu Dccus, -
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1|c statcs, |ocvcr, coutiuucd t|c custou o cclc|ratiug 1|au|sgiviug iu iovcu|cr
or Dcccu|cr. lu 1|au|sgiviug iu ic Yor| Statc cll ou St iic|olas's Day. |o|u
iiutard o ic Yor| City dcscri|cs t|c day iu a lcttcr to |is daug|tcr, alrcady it is clcar
t|at it is |ccouiug a auily occasiou as cll
Vcducsday t| Dcccu|cr `
:
C|.ss day. |ust rcturucd rou C|urc| . . . Auut iclcu ~ auily diuc
it| us ou t|c a|uudaut good t|iugs so plcutiully ~ c|caply aordcd |y t|c Grcat Givcr o all
good gits |osc praiscs c |avc |ccu cclc|ratiug t|is day it| praycrs ~ t|au|sgiviugs. ludccd
t|is Statc, ~ t|is city |avc grcat causc to rcjoicc. ilcst it| au uuprcccdcutcd |arvcst ~ ruit
scasou, cujoyiug uuiutcrruptcd |calt|, |ilst souc o our sistcr citics, it| yours ic Orlcaus
|avc |ccu scpt it| t|c |csou o dcstructiou. iiutard, i.
1|au|sgiviug day uorually |cgau it| c|urc| scrviccs. Souc clcrgyucu too| t|c
opportuuity to c|idc t|c uatiou or its uoral s|ortcouiugs. 1|c Luglis| ritcr iarrict
Martiucau, visitiug iostou iu , uotcs it| approval t|c coudcuuatiou o slavcry
1|is is t|c occasiou c|oscu |y t|c |oldcst o t|c clcrgy to say |at t|cy t|iu| o t|c aults o
t|c uatiou,-aud particularly to rcpro|atc apat|y ou t|c slavcry qucstiou. 1|crc arc c |o
darc do t|is, t|oug| it sccus to |c uudcrstood t|at t|is is au occasiou ou |ic| 'particular
prcac|iug' uay go a grcatcr lcugt| t|au ou couuou Suudays. Yct a circuustaucc |appcucd iu
ic Yor| ou t|is vcry day |ic| s|os t|at t|c clcrgy |avc, at lcast iu souc placcs, a vcry s|ort
tct|cr, cvcu ou 1|au|sgiviug Day. Au cpiscopaliau clcrgyuau rou Luglaud, uaucd iyuc, |o
|ad |ccu souc ycars scttlcd iu Aucrica, prcac|cd a t|au|sgiviug scruou iu |ic| |c uadc a
|ric aud uodcratc, cvcu couuou-placc allusiou to t|c tolcratiou o slavcry, auoug ot|cr
uatioual sius. lor souc cc|s, |c |card ouly t|c distaut uuttcriugs o t|c storu |ic| as
a|out to |urst upou |iu, |ut it|iu t|rcc uout|s, |c as uot ouly disuisscd rou |is occ,
|ut coupcllcd to lcavc t|c couutry, t|oug| |c |ad scttlcd |is auily rou Luglaud |csidc |iu.
ic as auxious to o|cy t|c is|cs o |is ricuds, aud priut vcr|atiu t|c scruou |ic| |ad
causcd |is ruiu, |ut uo priutcr ould priut, aud uo pu|lis|cr ould agrcc to scll |is scruou. At
lcugt|, |c ouud a priutcr |o prouiscd to priut it, ou couditiou o |is uauc |ciug |cpt sccrct,
aud t|c scruou as dispcrscd it|out t|c aid o a pu|lis|cr. Mr. iyuc sailcd or Luglaud ou
t|c olloiug st o April. Martiucau, iii. -
iat|auicl iat|oruc's dcscriptiou o 1|au|sgiviug iu |as a vcry uodcru riug
iovr t|, 1|ursday
1|is is 1|au|sgiviug Day-a good old cstival, aud uy ic aud l |avc |cpt it it| our |carts,
aud |csidcs |avc uadc good c|ccr upou our tur|cy, aud puddiug, aud pics, aud custards, al-
t|oug| uouc sat at our |oard |ut our to sclvcs. 1|crc as a uc aud livclicr scusc, l t|iu|, t|at
c |avc at last ouud a |ouc, aud t|at a uc auily |as |ccu gat|crcd siucc t|c last 1|au|sgiv-
iug Day. iat|oruc, Jo:r.... N.::|..|s,
As latc as t|c s, 1|au|sgiviug as a|ovc all a ic Luglaud |oliday, succrcd at
iu \irgiuia as t|c iuritau C|ristuas, |ut ircsidcut liucolu, iu , issucd a proclaua-
tiou t|at 1|au|sgiviug as to |c o|scrvcd as a uatioual |oliday ou t|c last 1|ursday o
iovcu|cr. 1|c idca as uot |is, siucc Mrs Sara| |. ialc, at hrst cditor o t|c
L..:s` M.....: iu iostou, aud t|cu o C.:,`s L.,`s 3..| iu i|iladclp|ia, |ad caupaigucd
or a uatioual day iu |cr cditorials aud iu pcrsoual lcttcrs to statc govcruors aud t|c
ircsidcut. lu au cditorial o s|c urgcd t|at t|c auuual proclauatiou |c uadc |y
t|c ircsidcut |iuscl, aud t|cu applicd |y statc govcruors. ircsidcut liucolu did so,
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addiug iu |is proclauatiou au appcal t|at 'it| |uu|lc pcuitcucc or our uatioual pcr-
vcrscucss aud diso|cdicucc' t|c uatiou couucud to God 'all |o |avc |ccouc idos,
orp|aus, uourucrs or sucrcrs iu t|c laucuta|lc civil stric iu |ic| c arc uuavoid-
a|ly cugagcd, aud crvcutly iuplorc t|c iutcrpositiou o t|c aluig|ty |aud to |cal t|c
ouuds o t|c uatiou aud to rcstorc it, as soou as uay |c cousistcut it| t|c Diviuc
purposcs, to t|c ull cujoyucut o pcacc, |aruouy, trauquility aud uuiou'. 1|c couutry
as iu t|c uidst o t|c Civil Var.
1|c c|augc rou t|c last to t|c ourt| 1|ursday iu iovcu|cr as uadc |y ircsi-
dcut lrau|liu D. looscvclt, |o dccrccd iu t|at 1|au|sgiviug s|ould |c o|scrvcd
ou t|c rd. iot all statcs couplicd C|arlcs V. |oucs, iu |is cditiou o icdc's cou-
putistic ritiugs, couparcd t|c rcsultiug couusiou it| St Coluu|au's uu|appiucss at
hudiug t|c datc o Lastcr dctcruiucd iu Gaul |y dicrcut rulcs rou t|osc t|at |c |ad
|uou iu lrclaud
As l ritc t|csc ords iu ic Luglaud, 1|au|sgiviug approac|cs. 1|c ircsidcut o t|c Luitcd
Statcs |as sct iovcu|cr , t|c Govcruor o t|c Statc o Couuccticut iovcu|cr . lu ic
Luglaud t|c dogua attac|cd to t|c o|scrvaucc o 1|au|sgiviug is uadc scusi|lc |y a ritual prc-
scrvcd |y traditiou rou t|c cldcrs. 1|crc is a ccrtaiu spiritual aud uystical clcucut iudoctri-
uatcd |y typcs aud hgurcs, su|jcct to dicrcut iutcrprctatious iu dicrcut placcs. l au a pilgriu
rou ic Yor| Statc, raiscd iu auot|cr traditiou. lricuds rou |ouc uay uudcrta|c a pilgriu-
agc to Couuccticut to s|arc a tur|cy it| uc ou t|cir 1|au|sgiviug, iovcu|cr . iut iu t|csc
astc placcs iu t|is |ar|arous laud, c|ildrcu uust attcud sc|ool all day aud uiss t|c grcat uid-
day cast |ic| our traditiou prcscri|cs. A cc| latcr, |cu our ricuds rou |ouc |avc gouc,
c|ildrcu ill |c o|scrviug |oliday aud |ccpiug uc rou uy or|. 1|c ucspapcrs o t|c to
statcs arc priutiug lcttcrs o protcst, hllcd it| rcligious crvour aud spiritual allcgory. io qucs-
tiou t|at priuciplcs aud traditious arc at sta|c. |oucs, iu icdc, :r. : ::o.r.|s,
iut looscvclt, a orucr govcruor o ic Yor| Statc, prcvailcd, t|c ourt| 1|ursday
as adoptcd |y act o Cougrcss iu . 1|c ucxt ycar iu |ic| it uadc a dicrcucc as
.
Cauada too |ad ta|cu up 1|au|sgiviug, iu iovcu|cr , t|oug| it is uo o|-
scrvcd ou t|c sccoud Mouday iu Octo|cr.
1|au|sgiviug is |ardly t|iu|a|lc it|out tur|cy aud puup|iu pic. 1|ouas Volc,
iu |is auto|iograp|ical uovcl L..| H.o:.r, J.:| ), loo|s |ac| ou 1|au|sgiviug
aud C|ristuas diuucrs iu 1cuucsscc o t|c s
lor t|c 1|au|sgiviug aud C|ristuas casts our |cavy tur|cys crc |oug|t aud attcucd or
cc|s Lugcuc cd t|cu it| caus o s|cllcd coru scvcral tiucs a day, |ut |c could uot |car to
|c prcscut at t|cir cxccutious, |ccausc |y t|at tiuc t|cir c|ccrul cxcitcd go||lcs uadc cc|ocs iu
|is |cart. Lli.a |a|cd or cc|s iu advaucc t|c |olc cucrgy o t|c auily ocusscd upou t|c
grcat ritual o t|c cast. A day or to |corc, t|c auxiliary daiutics arrivcd iu pilcd groccrs'
|oxcs-t|c uagic o straugc oods aud ruits as addcd to auiliar arc t|crc crc glosscd
stic|y datcs, cold ric| hgs, craupcd |clly to |clly iu suall |oxcs, dusty raisius, uixcd uuts-t|c
aluoud, pccau, t|c ucaty uiggcr-toc, t|c aluuts, sac|s o assortcd caudics, pilcs o ycllo
llorida oraugcs, taugcriucs, s|arp, acrid, uostalgic odours.
Scatcd |corc a roast or a ol, Gaut |cgau a |cavy claugour ou |is stccl aud carviug |uic,
distri|utiug t|crcatcr Gargautuau portious to cac| platc. Lugcuc castcd rou a |ig| c|air |y
|is at|cr's sidc, hllcd |is distcudcd |clly uutil it as druu-tig|t, aud as pcruittcd to stop
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catiug |y |is atc|ul sirc ouly |cu |is stouac| as iuprcgua|lc to t|c |cavy prod o Gaut's
|ig hugcr. '1|crc's a sot placc t|crc', |c ould roar, aud |c ould covcr t|c scourcd platc o |is
iuaut sou it| auot|cr |cavy sla| o |cc. 1|at t|cir uac|iucry it|stood t|is |auucr-|audcd
trcatucut as a tri|utc to t|cir vitality aud Lli.a's coo|cry.
iaul Duu|ar |as a syupat|ctic cyc or t|c tur|cy
`..s .; :|: 1.o:s
Air a-gittiu' cool au' coola|,
lrost a-couiu' iu dc uig|t,
iic|a' uuts au' a'uuts alliu',
iossuu |ccpiu' out o' sig|t.
1u'|cy struttiu' iu dc |a'uya'd,
iary stcp so proud c. |is,
iccp ou struttiu', Mista| 1u'|cy,
Yo' do' |uo |ut tiuc it is.
Cida| prcss couucucc a-squca|iu'
Latiu' applcs sto'cd aay,
C|illuu sa'uiu' 'rouu' la| |o'ucts,
iuutiu' aigs cruuug dc |ay.
Mista| 1u'|cy |ccp ou go||liu'
At dc gccsc a-nyiu' sou,
Ooup|. dat |ird do' |uo |ut's couiu',
L |c did |c'd s|ct |is uou.
iuup|iu gittiu' good au' yalla|
Mc| uc opcu up uy cycs,
Sccus la| it's a-loo|iu' at uc
|cs' a-la'iu' da| sayiu' iics.
1u'|cy go||lcr giuc 'rouu' |loiu',
Giuc 'rouu' gi||iu' sass au' slac|,
iccp ou tal|iu', Mista| 1u'|cy,
You aiu't sccd uo aluauac.
la'ucr al|iu' t|'oo dc |a'uya'd
Scciu' |o t|iugs is couiu' ou,
Scc c all dc ols is att'uiu'-
Good tiucs couiu' s|o's you |o'u,
iyca|s dat tu'|cy go||lcr |raggiu',
Dcu |is acc |rca| iu a suilc-
ic||a| uiu', you sassy rascal,
ic's giuc ua| you attcr |ilc.
C|oppiu' suct iu dc |itc|cu,
Stouiu' raisius iu dc |all,
icc a-coo|iu' u' dc uiucc ucat,
Spiccs grouu'-l sucll 'cu all.
loo| |yca|, 1u'|cy, stop dat go||liu',
You aiu' luucd dc scusc o| ca|,
You ol' ool, yo' uai|'s iu dauga|,
Do' you |uo 1|au|sgi||iu's |yca|.
iaul laurcucc Duu|ar -)
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z
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1|c ord 'day' iu ordiuary lauguagc uay rccr to ouc o t|rcc t|iugs t|c tiuc ta|cu |y
t|c cart| to rotatc oucc upou its axis t|c ..:r.| or solar day), t|c lig|t pcriod |ctccu
suurisc aud suusct t|c .r:.;...| day, or daytiuc), or a lcugt| o tiuc rcc|oucd |y la or
custou as a day, rou ouc dchucd poiut to t|c ucxt t|c ...| day).
1|c tcru 'uatural day' also |as t|rcc ucauiugs t|at adoptcd |crc is t|c ucdicval
scusc o t|c pcriod o t|c cart|'s rotatiou rclativc to t|c suu, it| a ucau lcugt| o
|ours. 1|is s|ould |c distiuguis|cd rou t|c sidcrcal day, dchucd as t|c iutcrval o
tiuc |ctccu to cousccutivc trausits o t|c ucau cquiuox =
|
' '', |ic| is
'' s|ortcr t|au t|c cart|'s rotatioual pcriod rclativc to t|c stars. iocvcr, it is
uoadays otcu uscd to dcuotc t|c |ours o daylig|t, |ccouiug t|us syuouyuous it|
'artihcial', aud iu rclatiou to calcudar rcoru it is a day dchucd purcly |y t|c passagc o
tiuc, aud |cucc uuacctcd |y t|c rcoru, iu coutrast to t|c uouiual day or datc, |ic|
is c|augcd. 1|us S|a|cspcarc aud Ccrvautcs dicd ou t|c sauc uouiual day, April
, |ut tcu uatural days apart, t|c Oxord Aluauac| or rccordcd t|c supprcs-
siou o t|c clcvcu uouiual days - Scptcu|cr iu accordaucc it| t|c Act o iarlia-
ucut or corrcctiou o t|c calcudar.
1|c artihcial day varics iu lcugt| accordiug to latitudc aud cxccpt at t|c cquator)
|y t|c tiuc o ycar, it is lougcr iu suuucr, aud s|ortcr iu iutcr, t|c urt|cr ouc trav-
cls rou t|c cquator, |ciug lougcst at t|c suuucr solsticc t|c lougcst Day), s|ortcst
at t|c iutcr solsticc S|ortcst Day), aud |ours o ucau solar tiuc at t|c cquiuox
t|oug| a c uiuutcs lcss |cu ucasurcd iu t|c apparcut solar tiuc s|ou ou a suu-
dial). 1|is is also callcd t|c 'vulgar day', siucc t|c Lldcr iliuy o|scrvcd t|at all ordiuary
pcoplc |s .o.:) rcc|oucd t|c day rou suurisc to suusct.
1|c civil day |as |ccu rcc|oucd rou dicrcut poiuts at dicrcut tiucs aud placcs.
lu t|c uodcru Vcst, ocial usagc ollos aucicut louc iu |cgiuuiug t|c day at uid-
uig|t, t|is |as also |ccu t|c C|iucsc rulc siucc t|c Z|ou dyuasty - ). 1|c au-
cicut Lgyptiaus |cgau t|c day at dau scc L,:... C.|:..r), as did t|c icrsiaus aud
t|c Arucuiaus, aud iu ordiuary couvcrsatiou c do t|c sauc. Ou t|c ot|cr |aud t|c
Grcc|s, li|c |cs aud Muslius, rcc|oucd t|c day rou suusct, aud couutcd t|c uout|
rou t|c cvcuiug ou |ic| t|c uc uoou as hrst sccu. lu Lu|ria, so t|c louau
sc|olar \arro tclls us, t|c day |cgau at uoou, as it sccus also to |avc douc iu Mcso-
aucrica, t|is as t|c staudard practicc iu s|ips' log|oo|s dou to t|c uiuctccut| ccu-
tury, aud o astrououcrs rou iipparc|us iu t|c sccoud ccutury till , |ut it|
a day's dicrcucc at uoou ou Suuday o t|c civil rcc|ouiug t|c uautical Suuday cudcd
aud t|c astrououical Suuday |cgau.
Souc lauguagcs |avc a spccihc tcru or a pcriod o |ours, uscd or iustaucc iu
statiug t|c lcugt| o a voyagc Grcc| ..|:|: o:r.. hrst iu St iaul), Dauis| .., lussiau
s:|.. Luglis| |as uo suc| ord cxccpt as a scicutihc loau rou t|c Grcc|.
z
-
lu classical Grcc| |. r. is cit|cr a scasou o t|c ycar or t|c rig|t tiuc to do souct|iug,
|ut rou icllcuistic tiucs ouards t|c last t|rcc ccuturics ) it uig|t also dcuotc a
uat|cuatical divisiou o t|c day-t|c uorual scusc o latiu |.r. aud its cquivalcut iu
uodcru lauguagcs-to supplcucut t|c traditioual uar|s o tiuc suc| as coc|cro or
t|c ploug|uau's diuucr. lor t|c survival o suc| 'dayuar|s' iu lcclaud, scc :|:r C.|~
:..rs. I.:|.....)
1|c |our as iuvcutcd iu Lgypt, |crc au carly divisiou iuto |ours o day, o
uig|t, aud o tilig|t gavc ay to t|c |ours o daylig|t aud o uig|t t|at rc-
uaiucd t|c uoru iu autiquity aud or uost o t|c Middlc Agcs, t|csc |ours, |ic| vary
iu lcugt| it| t|c scasous, arc |uou as 'uucqual |ours'. 1|c hrst |our |cgau at dau,
t|c sixt| cudcd at uidday, t|c tclt| as t|c tail-cud o daylig|t, uig|t as siuilarly
dividcd, rou suusct to suurisc, t|oug| at louc, cspccially iu uilitary usagc, au altcr-
uativc divisiou as iuto our atc|cs, ..|..:, o t|rcc |ours cac|. Ouly astrououcrs aud
couputists dividcd t|c uatural day iuto cqual or 'cquiuoctial' |ours, so callcd |ccausc
t|cy crc cqual to t|c suudial |ours at t|c spriug aud autuuu cquiuoxcs.
1|c situatiou |cgau to c|augc, outsidc t|c uouastcry, iu t|c ourtccut| ccutury,
|cu t|c dcvclopucut o t|c ucc|auical cloc| aud t|c |ourglass iutroduccd t|c
cquiuoctial |our iuto daily lic. lu ltaly, aud souctiucs clsc|crc, t|c cutirc uatural day
as dividcd iuto |ours, |cgiuuiug |al au |our atcr suusct, cloc|s |ciug pcriodi-
cally adjustcd as suusct advauccd aud rctrcatcd, |ut t|c uost avourcd systcu as aud
is t|c couutiug o |ours rou uiduig|t aud uidday t|c -|our cloc|), or rou uid-
uig|t alouc t|c -|our cloc|). lu gcucral, Luglis|-spca|crs, cspccially iu t|c LSA,
prccr t|c orucr, rcgardiug t|c lattcr as pcdautic, uilitary, or |urcaucratic, iu Couti-
ucutal couutrics t|c -|our cloc| is uorc idcsprcad, aud iu souc, suc| as ltaly, it is
rccly uscd iu ordiuary couvcrsatiou.
lu ia|ylouia aud C|iua t|c uatural day as otcu dividcd iuto tclt|s, |uou to
uodcru ritcrs as dou|lc |ours, |ut |cu couputists do li|cisc, it is t|roug| couu-
siou it| t|c artihcial day, as iu |o|u '|csus auscrcd, Arc t|crc uot tclvc |ours
iu t|c day.' Auot|cr ia|ylouiau divisiou as iuto succcssivc pocrs o , t|us t|c
lcugt| o t|c syuodic uout| as cstiuatcd as + , + , + , +
- -
, days, t|is is uoadays couvcutioually rittcu ,,,, days, it| a
scuicolou atcr t|c iutcgcr aud couuas atcr t|c succcssivc scxagcsiual ractious.
z - 1|c Diviuc Occ or daily pu|lic praycr o t|c lC C|urc| as
dividcd |corc iuto '|ours' uatius o.::..o), cou|iucd it| lauds |.:s,
'praiscs') aud iu souc uscs callcd uocturus ...:r.o), t|c our littlc iours, uaucly
priuc r.o., 'hrst uucqual |our'), tcrcc ::r:.., 't|ird'), scxt s:::., 'sixt|'), aud uouc
...., 'uiut|'), vcspcrs :s:r.:), aud coupliuc ..o|::.r.o). 1|cir cquivalcut iu cloc|-
tiucs dcpcuds ou |ot| latitudc aud tiuc o ycar. lu uauy Ordcrs uouc as cclc|ratcd
dircctly atcr t|c uaiu uass, rou t|is custou coucs t|c Luglis| usc o .... to ucau
uidday, iu coutrast to lcclaudic .. ' p.u.' 1|c t|ird, sixt|, aud uiut| |ours crc rc-
spcctivcly t|osc o t|c Crucihxiou, t|c dar|cuiug o t|c suu, aud |csus' giviug up t|c
g|ost. 1|c C|urc| o Luglaud siuplihcd t|c |ours iuto uoruiug aud cvcuiug praycr,
or |ic| iu t|c uiuctccut| ccutury t|c old uaucs o 'uatius' aud 'cvcusoug' crc rc-
vivcd, iu t|c lC C|urc| iutroduccd a uc 'liturgy o t|c iours' couprisiug au
Occ o lcadiugs |ic| uay |c said at auy tiuc duriug t|c day), lauds, a siuglc uid-
day occ tcrcc, scxt, or uouc), vcspcrs, aud coupliuc. lu t|c Ort|odox C|urc| t|c
|asic divisious su|jcct to variatious |ctccu traditious) arc ort|ros uatius), t|c littlc
iours, |cspcriuos vcspcrs), apodcipuou 'atcr-diuucr', t|c cquivalcut o coupliuc),
aud ucsouy|tiou uocturus).
z
- - -
V|crcas itolcuy, iu t|c sccoud ccutury , |ad dividcd t|c day iuto cquiuoctial
|ours aud 'cquiuoctial tiucs' o uiuutcs cac|, |y t|c scvcut| ccutury t|c |our
|ad |ccu dividcd iuto suallcr uuits accordiug to a |cildcriug uuu|cr o systcus it
uig|t cousist o or ..:. 'poiuts'), o..:. 'suall uuits'), .r::s itolcuy's
'tiucs'), o.o:.:. litcrally 'iupulscs'), .s::.:. 's|oiugs', as iu a nas|), aud
....: 'ouuccs', i.c. tclt|s o a uoucut), cac| cquivalcut to sccouds iu uodcru
usagc aud couprisiug or .:.o.. Siuilar uaucs arc ouud iu iy.autiuc Grcc|, |ut
uot alays or t|c sauc uuit, icdc rclatcs t|cu to t|c astrououcrs' .odiacal sigus,
cac| sigu o parts t|c usual Grcc| aud latiu tcrus or 'dcgrccs'), cac| part o
poiuts, cac| poiut o uoucuts, cac| uoucut o ostcuts, uscd or dctcruiuiug
t|c cxact tiuc o |irt|. 'V|ic| o|scrvatiou |ciug alsc aud orcigu to our ait|, uay c
scc t|csc disuscd', |ut siucc uost pcoplc, aud uot ouly layol|, crc uorc casily cou-
viuccd t|at astrology as uu-C|ristiau t|au t|at it as alsc, t|csc divisious coutiuucd
to |c uscd.
iot till t|c latc Middlc Agcs as t|c gcouctrical systcu o o..:.: r.o.: 'hrst
uiuutc parts', ,) aud o..:.: s:...: 'sccoud uiuutc parts', ,), couuouly rc-
duccd to 'uiuutcs' aud 'sccouds', trauscrrcd rou dcgrccs o arc to t|c |our, uudcr t|is
systcu, ouc o..:. is , o t|c carlicr o..:o. 1|c sccoud, uoadays dividcd
- - -
dcciually, as prcviously ta|cu as coutaiuiug o..:.: ::r:..:, t|us t|c ia|ylouiau
cstiuatc o t|c syuodic uout| uay |c rcstatcd as days, |ours, uiuutcs, scc-
ouds, 't|ird uiuutcs', couvcutioually rittcu
d

|
' '' '''.
z
-
1|c cart|'s or|it uot |ciug circular, aud its axis o rotatiou uot pcrpcudicular to its
or|it, t|c a|solutc lcugt| o t|c uatural day, rou uoou to uoou |y t|c suudial, varics
ovcr t|c ycar |y |al au |our, |y couparisou it| t|c tiuc s|ou |y t|c ucc|auical or
atouic cloc|, |uou as 'ucau solar tiuc', t|at s|ou ou suudials, |uou as 'apparcut
solar tiuc', uay |c as uuc| as uiuutcs |c|iud iu lc|.) or uiuutcs a|cad iu
iov.). 1|c dicrcucc |ctccu t|c to is |uou as t|c cquatiou o tiuc, its valuc is
ucgativc |cu apparcut tiuc is |c|iud ucau aud positivc |cu it is a|cad. A|out
Dcccu|cr it is .cro, apparcut tiuc |ciug cqual to ucau, rou t|cu ou it is ucgativc uutil
.. April, risiug to a|out +' '' iu uid-May |corc dcsccudiug to .cro .. |uuc, it
rcac|cs -' '' iu latc |uly, is .cro agaiu .. Scptcu|cr, aud t|crcatcr rcac|cs its pca| iu
carly iovcu|cr |corc dcsccudiug to Dcccu|cr.
z
-
As cloc|s aud atc|cs iuprovcd iu accuracy aud dccliucd iu pricc, citics aud uatious
|cgau to adopt ucau solar tiuc or purposcs o lcgal dchuitiou, Grcat iritaiu doiug so
iu . 1|is still varicd it| t|c local ucridiau, t|c sauc uouiual tiuc arriviug ouc
uiuutc carlicr or latcr iu ouc placc t|au auot|cr or cac| ' o lougitudc t|at t|c hrst
placc lay rcspcctivcly cast or cst o t|c ot|cr, iucouvcuicucc did uot arisc uutil t|c iu-
provcucut o couuuuicatious, aud iu particular t|c sprcad o railays aud tclcgrap|s,
uadc hrst uatioual, t|cu iutcruatioual staudards ucccssary. Grccuic| Mcau 1iuc,
ucasurcd rou a |rass liuc at t|c loyal O|scrvatory, as ccctivcly iuposcd as t|c
uatioual staudard |y t|c railay coupauics, dcspitc oppositiou rou t|c Astrououcr
loyal aud iu souc tous aud citics, |ciug hually adoptcd |y statutc iu . At Oxord
lougitudc ' V.), t|c grcat cloc| at C|rist C|urc| as uruis|cd it| au additioual
uiuutc-|aud to rccord Grccuic| tiuc, hvc uiuutcs a|cad o local tiuc, t|c traditiou
o t|c collcgc rcuaius t|at ouc is uot latc till hvc uiuutcs past t|c appoiutcd tiuc, t|at
is till ouc is latc |y Oxord ucau solar tiuc as cll as Grccuic|.
lu Octo|cr t|c lutcruatioual Mcridiau Coucrcucc at Vas|iugtou, DC, rc-
solvcd t|at 'it is dcsira|lc to adopt a siuglc priuc ucridiau or all uatious, iu placc o
t|c uultiplicity o iuitial ucridiaus |ic| uo cxist', t|is s|ould |c 't|c ucridiau pass-
iug t|roug| t|c ccutrc o t|c trausit iustruucut at t|c O|scrvatory o Grccuic|',
rou |ic| lougitudc s|ould |c couutcd castard plus) aud cstard uiuus) up to
- -
. lt urt|cr proposcd t|c adoptiou o a uuivcrsal day 'or all purposcs or |ic| it
uay |c ouud couvcuicut, aud |ic| s|all uot iutcrcrc it| t|c usc o local or ot|cr
staudard tiuc |crc dcsira|lc', |ciug a ucau solar day 'to |cgiu or all t|c orld at t|c
uoucut o ucau uiduig|t o t|c iuitial ucridiau, coiucidiug it| t|c |cgiuuiug o
t|c civil day aud datc o t|at ucridiau' aud couutcd rou .cro up to |ours. lt also
cxprcsscd t|c |opc t|at astrououcrs aud sailors ould |cgiu t|cir days at uiduig|t 'as
soou as uay |c practica|lc', a |opc ulhllcd ycars latcr, aud t|at study s|ould |c rc-
suucd iuto dcciual divisiou 'o augular spacc aud o tiuc', t|c rig|t auglc is souctiucs
dividcd iuto grads, |ut dcciuali.cd tiuc rcuaius a lrcuc| lcvolutiouary drcau.
Alt|oug| iu t|c olloiug dccadcs uost uatious acccptcd Grccuic| Mcau 1iuc,
lraucc, alays as suspicious o t|iugs 'Auglo-Saxou' as Luglaud o t|iugs 'Coutiucutal',
succuu|cd ouly iu , aud cvcu t|cu it| t|c su|tcrugc o adoptiug as lcgal tiuc
iaris Mcau 1iuc uiuus uiuutcs sccouds, loug atcrards ou lrcuc| uaps t|c
priuc ucridiau coutiuucd to ruu t|roug| iaris iustcad o Grccuic|.
irojccts to iuposc a siuglc ...| tiuc ou t|c orld uaturally ouudcrcd, tiuc-.oucs
proviug uorc couvcuicut. lussia |as clcvcu, iort| Aucrica aud LS posscssious cig|t
Atlautic, Lastcru, Ccutral, Mouutaiu, iacihc, Yu|ou, Alas|a-iaaii, icriug Aucricau
Sauoa), rcspcctivcly |ut icouudlaud |ccps ), , , , , , , aud |ours
|c|iud Grccuic| tcc|uically L1C, scc |clo), |ocvcr, Alas|a |ccps Yu|ou tiuc aud
Yu|ou iacihc. Australia |as t|rcc .oucs, , , aud |ours a|cad o Grccuic|, dc-
spitc a proposal iu |y t|c iostuastcr-Gcucral o Sout| Australia to adopt a uui-
oru Australiau tiuc o |ours iu advaucc o Grccuic|-aud a quartcr o au |our
|c|iud ucau solar tiuc iu Adclaidc, t|c capital o Sout| Australia. iut t|c |olc o
C|iua |ccps icijiug tiuc.
z
-

lor astrououical purposcs Grccuic| Mcau 1iuc as rcc|oucd uutil |y t|c
-|our cloc| couucuciug at uoou, siucc t|cu it |as |ccu rcc|oucd rou uiduig|t, iu
|ic| uodc it is tcc|uically dcsiguatcd Luivcrsal 1iuc. 1|is is rcc|oucd uot rou t|c
|rass liuc at Grccuic| |ut ou a uotioual priuc ucridiau a c uctrcs aay, aud coucs
iu t|rcc varictics astrououical tiuc as o|scrvcd L1), as corrcctcd or irrcgularitics
duc to polar uotiou L1), aud as urt|cr corrcctcd or irrcgularitics duc to uctcoro-
logical actors suc| as t|c ucltiug aud rcc.iug o t|c polar icc-cap, aud t|c c|augc ovcr
Si|cria rou |ig| prcssurc duriug iutcr to lo iu suuucr, |ic| causc t|c spccd o
t|c cart|'s rotatiou to vary |y souc . uillisccouds |ctccu its slocst ratc iu t|c
uort|cru spriug aud carly suuucr) aud its astcst iu t|c uort|cru autuuu).
iocvcr, cvcu |cu t|csc corrcctious |avc |ccu uadc, t|c cart| is uot as good a
tiuc|ccpcr as t|c atouic cloc|, |ic| ucasurcs tiuc accordiug to t|c rcqucucy o cur-
rcut gcucratcd |y irradiatcd atous o cacsiuu-, t|c |asc uuit is t|c sccoud, |ic| is
-
dchucd |y t|c lutcruatioual Couuittcc ou Vcig|ts aud Mcasurcs as 't|c duratiou o
cyclcs o radiatiou corrcspoudiug to t|c trausitiou |ctccu t|c to
|ypcrhuc lcvcls o t|c grouud statc o t|c cacsiuu- atou'. lor astrououical pur-
poscs t|c day, as a uuit o rcc|ouiug, is dchucd as sccouds, |ut uuprcdicta|lc
irrcgularitics iu t|c cart|'s rotatiou uay lcugt|cu or s|ortcu t|c day |y up to uil-
lisccouds iu ycars. 1|csc arc corrcctcd |y lcap sccouds, cit|cr positivc .. addcd
|corc ..) or ucgativc .. ouittcd), at t|c cud o Marc|, |uuc, Scptcu|cr,
or Dcccu|cr, |y |ic| lutcruatioual Atouic 1iuc 1Al, 1:os .:.o.,: ..::r..:....|) is
adjustcd at t|c |c|cst o t|c iurcau lutcruatioual dc l'icurc iu iaris to producc Co-
Ordiuatcd Luivcrsal 1iuc, or L1C.
z

As i|ilcas logg orgot iu |ulcs \cruc's story, i all tiuc is ucasurcd |y local suurisc aud
suusct, a pcrsou travclliug castards rouud t|c orld ill gaiu a day, t|at is couc |ac|
ouc day carlicr, |y |ouc rcc|ouiug, t|au t|c daily rccord o t|c jourucy ould iudicatc,
coutrariisc, ouc travclliug cstards ill losc a day, t|at is couc |ac| ouc day latcr
t|au t|c pcrccivcd passagc o tiuc suggcsts. 1o corrcct t|is irrcgularity, s|ips crossiug
t|c lutcruatioual Datc liuc rcpcat t|c day |cu castard |ouud aud supprcss a day
|cu cstard, siuilarly, air travcllcrs uust sct t|cir calcudar atc|cs ouc day |ac| iu
t|c orucr casc aud ouc day orards iu t|c lattcr. 1|c lutcruatioual Datc liuc is t|c
ucridiau L. o Grccuic|, uodihcd or couvcuicucc' sa|c |cu it ould ruu
t|roug| laud or dividc islauds it|iu a political cutity, iu tcrritorics lyiug cst o t|c
liuc t|c tiuc o day is up to |ours iu a c placcs ovcr |ours) iu advaucc o Lui-
vcrsal 1iuc, iu t|osc to t|c cast it is |c|iud. iocvcr, t|crc |ciug uo iutcruatioual |ody
c|argcd it| its uaiutcuaucc, its coursc |as |ccu su|jcct to adjustucut or political
rcasous, as |cu ou August t|c lcpu|lic o iiri|ati dcclarcd t|c datc liuc to
pass cast o Caroliuc lslaud, rcuaucd 'Millcuuiuu lslaud', iustcad o cst, so t|at it
s|ould |c t|c hrst placc to scc iu t|c t|ird uillcuuiuu.
z
- - )
lu t|c carly tcutict| ccutury, Villiau Villctt -), a C|clsca |uildcr, advocatcd
t|at duriug t|c spriug aud suuucr uout|s t|c usc o daylig|t s|ould |c uaxiui.cd |y
scttiug cloc|s orard, |is iuitial suggcstiou o our succcssivc -uiuutc advauccs
upou Grccuic| Mcau 1iuc gavc ay to a siuglc advaucc o au |our, |ic| t|crcatcr
|ccauc t|c dchuitivc proposal. Dcspitc souc parliaucutary discussiou, littlc cut|usi-
asu as s|ou or t|c idca uutil t|c lirst Vorld Var, |cu Gcruauy adoptcd it ou
Marc| , ollocd |y |cr ally Austria-iuugary aud t|c ucutral ict|crlauds.
- -
Villctt's coupatriots rcluctautly adoptcd t|c cucuy ucasurc iu au Act o iarliaucut
t|at lapscd iu pcacctiuc, |ocvcr, t|c priuciplc as rcvivcd iu , siucc |cu 'iritis|
Suuucr 1iuc' |as |ccu iu orcc or at lcast part o cvcry ycar, duriug t|c Sccoud Vorld
Var cloc|s crc advauccd to |ours 'Dou|lc Suuucr 1iuc') |ctccu May aud
August rou to , aud agaiu iu rou April to August, olloiug a ucl
s|ortagc. lu t|c rcvcrsiou to GM1 duc ou Octo|cr as uot uadc, cloc|s rc-
uaiucd a|cad, ou 'iritis| Staudard 1iuc' uuc| to t|c couvcuicucc o |usiucss, |ic|
duriug iutcr as cua|lcd to |ccp t|c sauc tiuc as its Coutiucutal partucrs), till pu|-
lic disgust at dar| iutcr uoruiugs particularly iu uort|cru Scotlaud, |crc dar|ucss
uig|t rcuaiu till a.u.), t|c daugcr to sc|oolc|ildrcu, aud t|c oppositiou o arucrs
aud |uildcrs orccd t|c rcstoratiou o GM1 ou Octo|cr . 1|c Suuucr 1iuc Act
o lays dou t|at
t|c pcriod o suuucr tiuc or t|c purposcs o t|is Act is t|c pcriod |cgiuuiug at to o'cloc|,
Grccuic| ucau tiuc, iu t|c uoruiug o t|c day atcr t|c t|ird Saturday iu Marc|, or, i t|at
day is Lastcr Day, t|c day atcr t|c sccoud Saturday iu Marc|, aud cudiug at to o'cloc|, Grccu-
ic| ucau tiuc, iu t|c uoruiug o t|c day atcr t|c ourt| Saturday iu Octo|cr.
Vc uay aduirc t|c orct|oug|t t|at providcd or a casc uot arisiug till or t|c
t|ird Saturday iu Marc| cau |c uo latcr t|au t|c st, |ut uot till t|at ycar ill it |c
Lastcr Lvc), |ocvcr, t|csc provisious |avc |ccu varicd |y Ordcr iu Couucil so as to
uiuiui.c t|c dicrcucc it| ot|cr Vcst Luropcau couutrics t|c |our o c|augc is uo
GM1 = Vcst Luropcau tiuc, aud t|c iutroductiou o Suuucr 1iuc is gcu-
crally dclaycd till t|c last Suuday iu Marc|. 1|c rcvcrsiou to GM1 rcuaiucd our cc|s
latcr t|au is uorual ou t|c Coutiucut, dcspitc a proposal to couprouisc ou t|c sccoud
Suuday o Octo|cr, uutil , |cu Coutiucutal couutrics acccptcd t|c cud o
Octo|cr. A irivatc Mcu|cr's iill t|at ycar to advaucc t|c cloc|s |y ouc |our iu iutcr
aud to iu suuucr as |loc|cd |y t|c Govcruucut.
lu t|c Luitcd Statcs, t|c Luioru 1iuc Act o iuposcd daylig|t saviug rou
a.u. ou t|c last Suuday iu April to a.u. ou t|c last Suuday iu Octo|cr, |ut statcs
aud LS posscssious could votc to |c cxcupt, aud iu t|osc straddliug tiuc-.oucs
crc pcruittcd to cxcupt parts o t|cusclvcs. 1|c oil crisis o causcd Cougrcss
to lcgislatc or coutiuuous Daylig|t Saviug 1iuc rou |auuary to Octo|cr
, t|c Act as uot rcuccd, |ut iu t|c start o Daylig|t Saviug 1iuc as uovcd
to t|c hrst Suuday iu April it| ccct rou April .
z
-
At L1C t|c ocial tiuc iu t|c olloiug citics aud islauds, |cu Suuucr 1iuc
or Daylig|t Saviug is uot iu opcratiou, is gcograp|y iu souc cascs uotit|staudiug)
iiri|ati, Aucricau Sauoa, 1ouga
iouolulu
-
Marqucsas lslauds
Auc|oragc, Alas|a
iitcairu lslaud
V|itc|orsc, Yu|., los Augclcs
Lduoutou, Alta., Dcuvcr
Viuuipcg, C|icago, Mcxico City, Lastcr lslaud
Moutrcal, ic Yor|, iavaua, liua
ialiax, iS, la ia., Sautiago, lal|laud lslauds
icouudlaud
iuu|, lccic, iucuos Aircs
Sout| Gcorgia
Scorcs|ysuud
lcy|jav|, Du|liu, lis|ou, Da|ar
Stoc||olu, icrliu, lagos
iclsiu|i, At|cus, |crusalcu, Capc 1ou
liga, Mosco, liyad|, Dar cs Salaau
1c|rau
\olgograd, 1|ilisi, Ouau, Mauritius
ia|ul
L|atcriu|urg, iarac|i
Dcl|i aud all ludia
iat|uaudu
1as||cut
Yaugou laugoou)
iovosi|irs|, iaug|o|, |a|arta
lr|uts|, icijiug aud all C|iua), icrt|
C|ita
Adclaidc
\ladivosto|, Syducy
lord ioc lslaud
Magadau, \auuatu
iorol| lslaud
Auadyr', Vclliugtou
ucxt day) C|at|au lslauds
ucxt day) Vcstcru Sauoa
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V|crcas or t|c uodcru orld t|c calcudar is priuarily a uuctioual or a|stract cutity,
or t|c louaus it as a vital coustitucut o t|cir culturc, part o |at it as to |c a
louau or pagau aud C|ristiau ali|c, t|c uout|s crc rcprcscutcd iu t|c visual arts,
aud calcudar poctry raugcd rou siuplc couplcts ou t|c uout|s to Ovid's I.s:., au
accouut o t|c ccrcuouial calcudar t|at |ad uot cxtcudcd |cyoud |uuc |cu t|c poct
a|audoucd t|c projcct ou |ciug cxilcd. Vrittcu calcudars crc iuscri|cd iu pagau
tcuplcs aud it| uodihcatious) iu C|ristiau c|urc|cs, a lavis|ly illustratcd uauu-
script calcudar or cou|iuiug pagau aud C|ristiau cstivals as prcparcd as a git
pcr|aps at ic Ycar) or ouc \alcutiuus, a C|ristiau aristocrat apparcutly rclatcd to
t|c grcat pagau orator Syuuac|us, aud rittcu |y t|c calligrap|cr lurius Diouysius
lilocalus |o as latcr to carvc iopc Dauasus' cpitap|s ou t|c uartyrs' tou|s. 1|cir
uauc o ;.s:. as also uscd or lists o cousuls iu t|c uorc cla|oratc ;.s:. all cousuls,
uot ucrcly t|c .r...r.. atcr |ou t|c ycar as uaucd), o couuaudcrs |o |ad |cld
triuup|s, or ot|cr citi.cus ort|y o couucuoratiou, t|c Calcudar o lists iu-
pcrial |irt|days, cousuls, aud ur|au prcccts govcruors o louc) aloug it| a ta|lc o
Lastcr datcs, |urial datcs :.s.:...:s) o |is|ops o louc aud o uartyrs, aud a list o
t|c orucr, it also coutaius astrological uattcr rclatiug to t|c plauctary cc| aud t|c
.odiac, it| c|rouiclcs o t|c orld rou Adau aud o louc rou louulus.
1|c lattcr as rcputcdly t|c |iug |o, uorc s|illcd at soldicriug t|au starga.iug, |ad
givcu louc t|c tcu uout|s rou Marc| to Dcccu|cr, |is pious succcssor, iuua, |ad
addcd t|c ot|cr to. Macro|ius iu |is `.:r..|.. tclls o urt|cr dcvclopucuts, |ic| it
ould |c daugcrous to ta|c or |istorical trut|. Our hru cvidcucc rclatcs to t|c calcudar
as Cacsar ouud it aud as |c lct it, |aviug c|augcd t|c lcugt| o t|c uout|s aud t|c
uaturc o iutcrcalatiou, siucc iu t|c |uliau calcudar t|csc ill alrcady |c auiliar to t|c
rcadcr, c |cgiu |y statiug t|cu or t|c lcpu|licau. 1|c uuucrals , , ctc. ill |c givcu
iu t|c oru IIII, JIIII, ctc., |ic| is uorc rcqucut iu autiquity aud rcgular iu t|c carly
Middlc Agcs, couvcrscly, louaus souctiucs rotc IIXor , |ut c s|all a|idc |y JIII.
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1|c ycar coutaiucd uout|s, I...r.s, I:|r.r.s, M.r:.s, Jr.|.s, M..s, I..s, ...:.|.s,
`:::.|.s, `:::o|:r, .:.|:r, N.:o|:r, L:.:o|:r. Marc|, May, Quiuctilis, aud Octo|cr coutaiucd
days, lc|ruary , aud all t|c rcst , yicldiug a rcgular ycar o days, t|c lcugt|
|ot| o ycar aud o uout| rcncctcd a |clic iu t|c supcrior auspiciousucss o odd uuu-
|crs. Lvcry so otcu a |oard o pricsts |uou as ..:.;.:s |o crc activc politiciaus,
aud otcu |c|avcd accordiugly) ould curtail lc|ruary at t|c rd or t| aud iuscrt au
cxtra uout| o:.s.s ..::r..|.r.s or ..::r..|.r.s, also spclt it| |, 'callcd |ctccu') o days
to givc a ycar o or days, statcucuts iu latc sourccs t|at a uout| o or
days as iuscrtcd it|iu lc|ruary arc coutradictcd |y |cttcr cvidcucc. lt ollos t|at
lcpu|licau datcs ill scldou corrcspoud to t|c sauc uouiual day iu t|c rctrojcctcd |u-
liau calcudar, siucc t|c truc |uliau datc cau rarcly |c asccrtaiucd cxccpt or astrououi-
cal p|cuoucua suc| as cclipscs or |cu it is cquatcd it| a datc iu a |cttcr-calculatcd
calcudar, |istorical datcs, cvcu iu uodcru aut|ors, s|ould |c uudcrstood as pcrtaiuiug
to t|c lcpu|licau, uot t|c rctrojcctcd |uliau calcudar t|c statcucut t|at Ciccro as
|oru ou |auuary rccrs to ... III N...s I...r..s . `:r.|.. C.:...: C. J:.|.. `:r~
r... ..ss. = ...s|.|s, uot to |auuary iu t|c t| |uliau ycar |corc t|c C|ristiau cra.
Alt|oug| iu iutcutiou luuisolar, t|c lcpu|licau calcudar as iu practicc ucit|cr
luuar uor solar. lts structurc prcvcutcd it rou |ccpiug iu stcp it| t|c uoou au cclipsc
idcutihcd it| t|at o |uuc as rccordcd as |aviug ta|cu placc ou t|c ioucs
o |uuc, i.c. t|c t| o t|c luuar uout|, aud uot t|c st, cvcu t|oug| it as uc uoou.
1|c discrcpaucy |ctccu t|c calcudar aud t|c solar ycar uig|t |avc |ccu uadc up it|
iutcrcalatious iu cvcry ycars, |ut rcgularity as sacrihccd to political couvcuicucc
aud supcrstitiou. lu particular, t|c supposcd ill luc| attac|iug to iutcrcalatiou as iu
uauy ot|cr culturcs) apparcutly causcd it to |c supprcsscd duriug t|c Sccoud iuuic
Var - ), |cu louc as hg|tiug or |cr lic, at all cvcuts, iu t|c solar
cclipsc t|at accordiug to uodcru astrououcrs cll ou Marc| as rccordcd ou ... J
L.. ...:., or |uly. Coupcusatory iutcrcalatious |ad rcduccd t|c discrcpaucy to to
aud a |al uout|s |y , |cu t|c solar cclipsc o |uuc as o|scrvcd ou ... III
N... `::., or Scptcu|cr, i aucicut sourccs arc rig|t t|at t|c cousuls' cutry iuto occ
as uovcd |ac| iu rou Marc| to |auuary |ccausc o a uilitary cucrgcucy,
t|c calcudar |ad |ccu ovcrcorrcctcd aud as uo ruuuiug |c|iud t|c suu.
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1|c calcudar agaiu cll out o stcp duriug t|c Gallic Var o - , siucc iutcrcalatiou
too| placc ouly iu t|osc ycars |cu t|c ..:.;:: o.:.os-uouc ot|cr t|au |ulius
Cacsar-spcut lc|ruary iu louc. iocvcr, atcr iuuiug |ot| t|c Gallic aud t|c Civil
ars, |c gavc |is uiud to t|c uattcr, |aviug ta|cu advicc rou t|c |cst astrououcrs, |c
cxtcudcd t|c last ycar o t|c couusiou, as Macro|ius puts it) to days, aud
ordaiucd t|at iu all su|scqucut ycars |auuary, Scxtilis, aud Dcccu|cr s|ould |avc
days, April, |uuc, Scptcu|cr, aud iovcu|cr . lu ordcr to uiuiui.c disruptiou to
cstivals t|c ioucs aud ldcs crc lct uuc|augcd aud t|c cxtra days addcd iuucdiatcly
|corc t|c last o t|c uout|, t|us |ccpiug cstivals iu t|c sccoud |al o t|c uout| at

t|c sauc distaucc rou t|c prcccdiug ldcs, t|c cxccptiou as April, |cu t|c uc day
as iuscrtcd our days carlicr ... JI I.|:..s M...s) to avoid iutcrruptiug t|c lloralia.
lor a uodcru alsc|ood couccruiug t|c rcoru, scc lc|ruary.
Siucc t|c tropical ycar as souc |ours iu cxccss o days, Cacsar ordaiucd t|at
lc|ruary, t|c sixt| day |corc t|c ialcuds o Marc|, s|ould iu lcap ycar |c couutcd
ticc scc L:. 1:.r). 1|is iutcrcalatiou as to ta|c placc ,.r:. ,.,: ...., |y |ic| |c
ucaut |at c ucau |y 'cvcry ourt| ycar', |ocvcr, suc| cxprcssious usually |ciug iu-
clusivc iu latiu, atcr |is uurdcr iu t|c ..:.;.:s uudcrstood |iu to ucau cvcry
t|ird ycar. Au iuscriptiou o , rcoruiug t|c local calcudar o Asia Miuor ou
louau priuciplcs, cxplicitly prcscri|cs a t|rcc-ycar cyclc, '|cgiuuiug it| t|is ycar', |ut
t|c cupcror Augustus, |o upou t|c dcat| o t|c ..:.;:: o.:.os lcpidus S|a|c-
spcarc's 'slig|t uuucrita|lc uau') iu |ad succccdcd to |is occ, as a|out to cor-
rcct t|c crror |y supprcssiug t|c lcap day duc iu , , aud . lutcrcalatiou as
rcsuucd iu , aud too| placc cvcry our ycars t|crcatcr.
1|is scqucucc, i rctrojcctcd, ua|cs a lcap ycar, souc sc|olars supposc t|at it
as iu Cacsar's calcudar, aud oug|t to |avc |ccu ollocd |y , , . . . |ut as iu
act ollocd |y , , , . . . 1|crc as prcccdcut or a cyclc |cgiuuiug it|
lcap ycar iu t|c our-ycar cat|cr cyclc dcviscd iu t|c ourt| ccutury |y Ludoxus o
Cuidus, |cgiuuiug it| t|c risiug o Sirius, t|c casc o Asia Miuor provcs lcss, siucc
t|c calcudar as |ciug adjustcd to t|c louau. Ot|crs uotc t|at iu t|c rctrojcctcd cyclc
|auuary as t|c day o visi|lc uc uoou aud also Saturday, t|c |cgiuuiug o t|c
plauctary cc|, |cucc a dou|ly appropriatc day ou |ic| to |cgiu t|c rcorucd ycar,
dcduciug t|at Cacsar |ad iutcudcd |is lcap ycars to |c , , . . ., t|at t|c uista|c
|cgau uot it| t|c hrst iutcrcalatiou atcr |is dcat| |ut t|c sccoud, aud t|at Augustus
too crrcd |y rcsuuiug iutcrcalatiou iu iustcad o . Our sourccs tcll us t|at atcr
iutcrcalatious |ad |ccu uadc iu ycars, Augustus ordaiucd couuou ycars iu a
ro, atcr |ic| t|c currcut scqucucc s|ould |cgiu, ou t|c hrst vic is cxcludcd
rou t|c ycars P , just as t|c couuou ycars P arc cxcludcd rou t|c
ycars P , ou t|c sccoud t|c ycars rcsult rou uultiplyiug t|c lcap ycars t|c
priuary act) |y aud t|c iutcudcd |y . Ot|cr cousidcratious |avc |ccu advauccd,
|ut too spcculativcly, t|crc is uo irrcuta|lc cvidcucc.
lu t|c uout| ...:.|.s as rcuaucd I|.s iu |ouour o t|c uurdcrcd dictator,
iu `:::.|.s as rcuaucd Js:s iu |ouour o |is liviug avcugcr, |o rcstorcd |is
calcudar iu t|at ycar aud |ad addcd Lgypt to t|c louau cupirc iu t|at uout|. V|cu
|is succcssor 1i|crius, |o as 1acitus tclls us 'carcd rcc spccc| aud |atcd nattcry', as
ocrcd a siuilar |ouour, |c as|cd |at ould |appcu i t|crc crc Cacsars, ucvcr-
t|clcss suc| rcuauiugs did ta|c placc iu latcr rcigus, |ut did uot outlivc t|c cupcror or
at uost t|c dyuasty. lu t|c uad Couuodus rcstylcd all uout|s atcr |is
uaucs aud titlcs souc scl-aardcd), Aua.ouius luvictus lclix iius lucius Aclius
Aurclius Couuodus Augustus icrculcus louauus Lxsupcratorius, |c as assassiuatcd
iu t|c sauc ycar ou t|c day |corc t|c Aua.ouiau ialcuds, |ut at t|c louau garrisou
iu Dura-Luropos t|c auuivcrsary o |is solc rulc as cclc|ratcd t|c ucxt ycar ou
Marc|, dcsiguatcd iu t|c iuscriptiou as t|c t| |corc t|c ialcuds o iius.
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lu cac| uout| t|crc crc t|rcc uar|cr-days, rou |ic| all ot|cr days arc couutcd
|ac|ards. 1|c hrst day o cac| uout| as |uou as t|c I.|:..:, iu Luglis| 'ialcuds',
rou t|c arc|aic vcr| |.|.r: 'proclaiu', t|cy crc sacrcd to |uuo, to |ou sacrihcc as
ocrcd, origiually upou sig|tiug o t|c uc uoou. Ouc o t|c ..:.;.:s ould t|cu au-
uouucc '|uuo Covclla' t|c |ollo or hrst-quartcr uoou), uorually or t|c t| o t|c
uout|, |ut or t|c t| iu t|c origiual -day uout|s, t|is day, ou |ic| t|c pcoplc uct
agaiu to |car t|c uout|'s cstivals auuouuccd, as callcd N...:, 'ioucs', as |ciug t|c
uiut| day iuclusivc) |corc t|c t|ird o t|c t|rcc uar|cr-days, ou t|c t| or t| rc-
spcctivcly. 1|csc crc t|c L.s latcr spclt Is), 'ldcs', uaucd rou au Ltruscau ord
ucauiug 'dividc', aud uotioually t|c day o ull uoou, |ic| dividcs t|c uout| iu |al,
alt|oug| t|c Ltruscaus couutcd days orards t|roug|out t|c uout| iu t|c uodcru
as|iou, it is cvidcut rou t|c sprcad o t|is tcru iu t|c ltalic lauguagcs t|at spccial
siguihcaucc as givcu to t|is day. lt as sacrcd to |upitcr, |osc pricst t|c {.o:. L..|.s)
lcd t|c 'ldcs s|ccp' or ..s I|.s dou t|c \ia Sacra to |c sacrihccd. lt as said to |c I..s
;..., t|c trust o |upitcr, |ccausc lig|t rou t|c ull uoou coutiuucd atcr suusct. All
t|csc uaucd days crc cousidcrcd uuluc|y or uarriagcs.
1|c uout| uaucs arc adjcctivcs agrcciug it| t|c day uaucs, |ic| arc cuiuiuc
plural |auuary is I.|:..: I...r..:, April N...: Jr.|:s, Scptcu|cr Is `:::o|r:s, 'ou'
t|csc days is cxprcsscd |y t|c a|lativc casc I.|:..s I...r..s, N...s Jr.|.|s, I.|s `:::o~
|r.|s. 1|csc cxprcssious arc couuouly a||rcviatcd, c.g. I. or I.|. I... All ot|cr days arc
uaucd |y idious iu |ic| t|c accusativc is uscd Marc| = r..: N...s M.r:..s, |uly
= r..: L.s ...:.|:.s or r..: Is I|..s, Octo|cr = r..: I.|:..s `:::o|r:.s latcr
spclt `:::o|r.s or `:::o|r:s), r..: is uorually a||rcviatcd r., |ut ot|cr orus arc ouud.
1|c ot|cr days crc cxprcsscd |y au idiou litcrally ucauiug '|corc t|c so-uauyct|
day', agaiu ollocd |y t|c accusativc, t|cy crc couutcd iuclusivcly, t|c uorual uct|od
cspccially it| suall uuu|crs iu t|c aucicut orld, aud still cuploycd iu t|c statcucut
t|at C|rist rosc ou t|c t|ird day, ucauiug t|c ucxt day |ut ouc atcr t|c Crucihxiou.
V|cu t|c ioucs crc ou t|c t| o t|c uout| N...: ,..:...:) t|c ud, |y t|c uod-
cru orard couut, as t|c ourt| day |corc t|cu, |cu t|cy crc ou t|c t| N...:
s::.o...:) it as t|c sixt| |auuary = ..:: .:o ,.r:o N...s I...r..s, couuouly
rittcu ... IIII N... I..., Marc| = ... JI N... M.r:. 1|c day atcr t|c ioucs as alays
... JIII Is |ct|cr it as t|c t| or t|c t| o t|c uout|, t|at atcr t|c ldcs as, iu
t|c lcpu|lic, ... XJII I.|:..s, t|c ialcuds |ciug t|osc o t|c ucxt uout|, cxccpt or
lc|ruary, |ic| as ... XJI I. M.r:. t|c lcpu|licau a||rcviatiou) or ... X
1:ro...|.., a oru ucccssary uutil ouc |uc |ct|cr iutcrcalatiou ould |c ordcrcd, aud
uorc spccihc t|au ... XI or XII I. I.::r|. |cu it as. Atcr t|c rcoru lc|ruary as
still ... XJI I.|:..s cvcu iu lcap ycar, |ut iu |auuary, August, aud Dcccu|cr t|c t|
as ... XJIIII I.|:..s, iu April, |uuc, Scptcu|cr, aud iovcu|cr ... XJIII I.|:..s,
r..: I.|:..s as rcspcctivcly t|c st or t| iustcad o t|c t|.

1|c placcucut o t|c cxtra days c|augcd t|c uouiual datc o all cstivals iu t|c
sccoud |al o t|c uout| cxccpt t|c lloralia, |ic| rcuaiucd ou ... IIII I. M..., |ut
uo April iustcad o t|c t|, |ut or iustaucc) t|c Saturualia ou Dcccu|cr, prc-
viously ... XIIII I. I... dou to , t|crcatcr |ccauc ... XJI I. I... iocvcr, it
|ccauc t|c custou to ouit ..:: .:o, rccrriug to t|c day |y t|c plaiu ordiual, s:::s
N...s M.r:..s ' Marc|', adjustcd to t|c syutax o t|c scutcucc, |ciug rcad iu t|c a|la-
tivc |cu t|c scusc is 'ou' s:::. N...s M.r:..s. 1|c day aud uout| souctiucs appcar iu
t|c gcuitivc s:::. N...ro M.r:..ro, 't|c sixt| o t|c Marc| ioucs', II is occasioually
ouud iu placc o r..:.
V|cu louaus couuuuicatcd ou ocial |usiucss it| Grcc| citics, latiu aduiuis-
trativc oruulac crc trauslatcd, otcu it| distrcssiug litcralucss, rou latiu iuto
Grcc|, louau datcs crc uo cxccptiou. N...s I...r..s 'ou |au.') |ccauc N

....s
I...r..s, r..: Is I:|r.r..s lc|.) r.:r.. L.). |:|r..r. ., ... XJII I.|:..s
Jr.|:s Mar.) r. |: o:r. |. |:: I.|... Jr.|. . it| cardiuals uot ordiuals '|c-
orc days o t|c April ialcuds'). 1|csc cxprcssious crc adoptcd |y t|c Grcc|s t|cu-
sclvcs |cu louau datcs uccdcd to |c cxprcsscd, t|c prcpositioual p|rascs crc
rctaiucd cvcu atcr t|cy |ad |ccu supcrscdcd iu latiu, t|oug| t|c ord 'days' |: o:r.)
uig|t |c ouittcd, |ut r.:r.. or r..: as rcplaccd |y r o.s, 'ouc |corc'. Atcr
Cacsar's rcoru t|c |.ss:::s as |: s r |:, 't|c ticc |corc six', lcap ycar |ciug s:|:..
:.s, t|oug| c also hud t|c dircct |orroiug |s:::.s.
lu t|c ht| ccutury t|c orard couut 'hrst o |auuary', ctc.) |cgius to |c attcstcd,
it |ccauc rcgular iu Grcc|, |ut loug rcuaiucd rarc iu latiu outsidc Mcroviugiau Gaul,
cvcu iu vcruacular tcxts, datcs arc couuouly givcu iu latiu accordiug to t|c louau sys-
tcu, t|oug| lris| ritcrs souctiucs trauslatc t|cu litcrally. lrou t|c clcvcut| ccutury
t|c orard couut ua|cs iucrcasiug iuroads, aud is uot cvcu |altcd |y t|c lcuaissaucc,
ou t|c ot|cr |aud t|crc is uo suggcstiou t|at it is souc|o uorc C|ristiau, or papal
|ulls rcuaiu a |astiou o louau datiug uot a siuglc orard datc sullics iopc Grcgory
Xlll's cxpositiou o |is calcudar rcoru). 1|c spccihcally C|ristiau uct|od o datiug
as |y saiuts' days aud c|urc| cstivals, |ic| iudccd is vcry rcqucut cvcu iu sccular
docuucuts scc l h:s::r. C|r.| 1:.r).
lu t|c Middlc Agcs |ot| t|c usc o II aud t|c gcuitivc plural o t|c day arc rcqucut,
|ocvcr, t|c uout| is couuouly trcatcd as a su|stautivc aud put iu t|c gcuitivc II
I.|:..ro M.r:.., JII Io .:.|r.s. lu |ot| classical aud ucdicval tcxts, |ocvcr,
scri|cs aud cditors otcu rcudcr datcs as t|cy scc ht, t|c origiual aut|or's usagc cauuot
alays |c dctcruiucd.) lt occasioually |appcus t|at a scri|c |o |as uot uastcrcd t|c
systcu |ciug uorc uscd to t|c orard couut iu |is vcruacular, or rccrcucc to saiuts'
days) ill couut t|c days |corc t|c ialcuds orards iustcad o |ac|ards, or givc t|c
uauc o t|c currcut uout| atcr I.|:..ro iustcad o t|at olloiug.
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louau ;.s:. iucludcd uot ouly t|c days |ut t|c |oly days ;:r..:) o|scrvcd ou t|cu,
uorcovcr, siucc louau uar|cts, |uou as .....: 'uiuc days', couutcd iuclusivcly),
crc |cld at cig|t-day iutcrvals, cac| day as uar|cd cyclically it| ouc o t|c lcttcrs
A-i, so t|at |cu t|c datc o auy ouc uar|ct-day as |uou, t|c rcst could |c ouud
t|roug|out t|c ycar, proposcd las |ad to |c prouulgatcd it| t|rcc uar|cts' uoticc
:r..o ....o). Ludcr t|c lcpu|lic, |auuary, lc|ruary t|c t| day o t|c ycar),
aud t|c t| o t|c iutcrcalary uout| crc all A, so t|at iu |ot| iutcrcalatcd aud cou-
uou ycars t|c scqucucc rau uu|ro|cu rou r..: I.|:..s M.r:..s A) to I.|:..: M.r:..:
i), t|c |rca| cauc at t|c iutcrcalary ialcuds G), olloiug cit|cr lc|ruary D) or
t|c t| L). lu t|c |uliau calcudar lc|ruary aud t|c |.ss:::s crc G. Alrcady |y
Augustus' tiuc a sccoud scqucucc, A-G, |ad |ccu dcviscd or t|c plauctary cc| scc
`.., L::::rs), |ic| |ccoucs rcgular iu latcr calcudars, t|c Calcudar o also uar|s
, , |auuary aud cvcry t|ird day t|crcatcr it| a lcttcr rou A to i, to days |ciug
lct uuuar|cd |ctccu succccdiug lcttcrs, cxccpt t|at iu t|c cvcu uout|s L aud l arc
ouly ouc day apart. 1|is rcgistcr as uscd or dctcruiuiug t|c agc o t|c uoou i
|auuary as uc uoou, t|cu all ot|cr days uar|cd A ill |c uc uoou too, all t|osc
uar|cd i ill |avc a luuar agc o , t|osc uar|cd C , D , L , l iu |ollo uout|s
), aud so ou, iutcrucdiatc luucs |ciug ouud |y iutcrpolatiou. 1|is systcu, |ut it|
t|c siuglc day's spacc atcr i, is also ouud iu ucdicval calcudars, |ut couccru it| t|c
uoou's agc as uot a C|ristiau iuuovatiou a pagau iuscriptiou o is datcd X I.
I.. |.. XJIII .: I..s, 'ou 1|ursday, May, t|c t| luuc'. 1|c attcstcd datcs ou suc|
iuscriptious agrcc |cttcr ovcrall it| uodcru calculatious t|au it| aucicut ta|lcs.
lu additiou, cac| day |ad a lcttcr uotiug its c|aractcr at pu|lic la, uostly C ..o.~
:..|.s), l ;.s:s), or i .:;.s:s). Ouly ou a .:s ..o.:..|.s could t|c pcoplc ucct iu orual
asscu|ly ..o.:..), ou a .:s ;.s:s t|c practor as allocd to couduct lcgal |usiucss it|
t|c :r.. :r|., t|c orual t|rcc ords . ... ...., 'l graut, l prououucc, l adjudgc'. All
tcu days addcd |y Cacsar crc .:s ;.s:..) 1|c t|rcc ords crc also pcruittcd ou a .:s
..o.:..|.s, i uo ..o.:.. crc actually |cld ou it, |ut could uot |c uttcrcd ou a .:s .:;.s:s,
dcspitc a couuou opiuiou alrcady attcstcd iu ioracc t|is |ad uot|iug to do it| ill
luc|, or uauy o t|c rccogui.cd uuluc|y days .:s .:r. or .:s r:|...s.), suc| as t|osc ol-
loiug ialcuds, ioucs, aud ldcs .:s .s:r...., 'days atcr'), crc ..o.:..|:s or ;.s:. cvcu
|uly, t|c day o t|c Allia disastcr, as a .:s ..o.:..|.s), aud t|c Scuatc could ucct, aud
|attlcs |c oug|t, ou .:s .:;.s:.. V|cu a .:s .:;.s:s coiucidcd it| a |oly day iucludiug
t|c ldcs), a loop as attac|cd to t|c i, suggcstiug a uscd ii, uo aucicut sourcc cx-
plaius t|is syu|ol, aud uodcru sc|olars arc rcduccd to coujccturc, t|c uost avourcd
cxpausiou |ciug .:s .:;.s:s ||..s. A c days crc :..::r..s. or 'dividcd', |cgiuuiug
.:;.s:. |ut |ccouiug ;.s:. at a ccrtaiu poiut scc Mar., May, |uuc), t|cy crc
uar|cd cit|cr it| Li or it| au a||rcviatiou o t|c spccihc circuustaucc.
Souc days c|augcd t|cir c|aractcr ovcr tiuc, or ot|crs it is uot |uou, siucc our
cvidcucc is p|ysically iucouplctc. lu t|c latc Lupirc t|csc iudicatious arc supprcsscd,

as uo lougcr rclcvaut iu au agc |cu t|c pcoplc |ad ccascd to ucct aud uc judicial
proccdurcs |ad oustcd t|c old, ou t|c ot|cr |aud, t|c Calcudar o rccords t|c days
ou |ic| t|c Scuatc uccts, |ic| iu carlicr tiucs |ad uot |ccu oruali.cd.
z
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z - Ludcr t|c lcpu|lic, t|c suprcuc pocr rcsidcd iu to cousuls,
clcctcd auuually, uudcr t|c Lupirc, t|c cousuls lost uost o t|cir pocr, |ut uot t|cir
diguity. 1|c ycar as rcgularly dcsiguatcd as 'So-aud-so aud So-aud-so |ciug cousuls'
t|oug| iu latiu :: is uorually uscd ouly |cu t|c cousuls arc callcd |y siuglc uaucs),
uuocially, ouc uig|t rcucu|cr ouly ouc o t|c to, as |cu t|c cxccllcut viutagc o
, L. .o.. . I.|.. M.:.o. ..ss., as associatcd it| t|c cucrgctic aud coutrovcrsial
Opiuius alouc ..o .o...o, i.c. uadc .o.. ...s|:). Lvcu |cu a cousul dicd, or
ot|crisc lct occ, |corc t|c cud o t|c ycar, |is uauc as scldou rcplaccd |y t|at
o t|c ...s| s:.:s |o succccdcd |iu. lcsiguatiou as rarc duriug t|c lcpu|lic, |ut
rcgular iu t|c carly Lupirc, or uuc| o |ic| cousuls scrvcd or uo uorc t|au to
uout|s, ucvcrt|clcss it as t|c ...s|:s .r...r.., t|osc cutcriug occ ou |auuary, |o
gavc t|cir uaucs to t|c ycar, |cucc t|c jo|c 'Ludcr |at cousuls as |c cousul.'
Atcr t|c divisiou o t|c Lupirc, Last aud Vcst uouiuatcd ouc cousul cac|, |ut did
uot alays rccogui.c t|c ot|cr's uouiucc, aud it souctiucs |appcucd t|at uo ouc could
|c ouud to uudcrta|c t|c vast cxpcusc o giviug cousular gaucs. lu cit|cr casc t|c ycar
ould |c dcsiguatcd as 'atcr t|c cousulatc' o t|c prcvious cousul or cousuls. Ot|cr
t|au cupcrors, t|c last cousul iu t|c Vcst as iauliuus t|c youugcr iu , iu t|c Last
iasilius iu , t|crcatcr ycars crc dcsiguatcd |y t|cir rcspcctivc postcousulatcs, or |y
t|at o |ustiu, t|c sou o t|c cupcror's cousiu, |o |ad |ccu cousul iu .
Lutil t|c latc ourt| ccutury, t|c cupcror's ull titulaturc iucludcd t|c uuu|cr o
tiucs |c |ad ta|cu t|c :r.|..... .::s:.s, hrst dcviscd iu as a lcgal |asis or Augus-
tus' pocrs, |ic| as rcuccd cvcry ycar origiually ou t|c auuivcrsary o t|c graut,
rou ou Dcc. it| a s|ort-livcd c|augc to |au. iu -), |ut t|is as uot
cuploycd iu isolatiou as a datc. lu uuocial coutcxts rcgual datcs arc ouud, uostly or
|istorical or iu C|ristiau aut|ors) couputistic purposcs, t|cy arc lia|lc to |c adjustcd
to t|c calcudar ycar, it| iucousistcut trcatucut o t|c hrst aud last ycars o t|c rcigu.
iocvcr, rcgual datiug is ouud iu proviuccs so accustoucd, rcc|oucd accordiug to
local usagc scc C|r.s:... C|r...|.,. N.:..:,), aud rcgularly so iu Lgypt scc L,:...
C.|:..r), |crc t|c cupcrors rulcd as i|arao|s, uutil Dioclctiau a|olis|cd its spccial
status, atcr t|at uorual cousular datcs appcar, t|oug| uot cxclusivcly.
Ouly iu did t|c cupcror |ustiuiau ordaiu t|at docuucuts s|ould |c datcd |y
rcgual ycar, it as rcc|oucd rou t|c datc o acccssiou. Scc C|r...|.,. :..| 1:.rs.)
Lpou |ustiuiau's dcat| iu |is ucp|c aud succcssor, |ustiu ll, too| t|c ucxt ycar's
cousulatc ou |auuary , t|crcatcr cac| uc cupcror too| t|c cousulatc ou |auuary
-
olloiug |is acccssiou aud couutcd su|scqucut ycars as postcousulatcs, statcd iuucdi-
atcly atcr t|c rcgual ycar. Souctiucs t|c rcc|ouiug is iuclusivc, so t|at t|c ycar atcr
t|c cousulatc is callcd t|c sccoud.) A co-cupcror's rcgual ycar, couutcd rou |is ap-
poiutucut, as statcd atcr t|c scuior Augustus' rcgual ycar aud postcousulatc, |c did
uot |iuscl ta|c t|c cousulatc uutil |c |ad |ccouc solc or scuior cupcror, |ut |aviug
douc so coutiuucd to couut |is rcgual ycars rou hrst appoiutucut.
z - Alt|oug| t|c louaus souctiucs assigucd cvcuts
to suc|-aud-suc| ycar rou t|c ouudatiou o t|c City, t|cy did uot agrcc ou |cu it
|ad |ccu ouudcd. \arro's datc o Ol. . t|c t|ird ycar o t|c sixt| Olyupiad, scc
C|r...|.,. C,.|:s), |ic| iu April scc Apr.) corrcspouds to , t|c uost auil-
iar to uodcru rcadcrs, as ouly ouc o scvcral gucsscs, c|ic auoug t|c rcst as Ol. .
), |uou as t|c Capitoliuc cra |ccausc it as uscd iu t|c I.s:. C..:.|..., t|c list
o cousuls aud triuup|s iuscri|cd ou a triuup|al arc| iu t|c loruu uudcr Augustus.
Lvcu |cu, iu t|c latc Lupirc, ritcrs agrccd ou t|c \arrouiau cra, t|cir ycars o t|c
City arc otcu iucousistcut it| it t|is is uota|ly truc o t|c pagau Lutropius aud t|c
C|ristiau Orosius, t|roug| |ou t|c outliucs o louau |istory crc trausuittcd to
t|c Middlc Agcs. Lutropius uscs t|c ouudatiou alougsidc ot|cr datiugs, |ut Orosius
ua|cs it t|c |asis o |is c|rouology, rccrriug cvcu uou-louau cvcuts to so uauy ycars
|corc or atcr it. lu t|is |c as ollocd |y carly uodcru sc|olars, |o |corc t|c gcu-
cral adoptiou o datiug couuouly datcd Grcc| cvcuts |y Olyupiads aud louau |y
t|c ycar .... r|.s ....:.:, also rcad as .| r|: ....:.). Lvcu iu t|c uiuctccut| aud
carly tcutict| ccuturics it as uorual iu Gcruauy to say t|at Ciccro as cousul iu ycar
o t|c City, rat|cr t|au iu , |ut t|c systcu is littlc uscd uo, |ciug ucit|cr
couvcuicut uor aut|cutic. lor t|c 'cra o t|c louaus' rcc|oucd rou , scc
C|r...|.,. Lr.s.


lu ordcr to ua|c up t|c dicrcucc o uot quitc |ours |ctccu t|c -day civil ycar
aud t|c solar ycar o . days au cxtra day is addcd to t|c orucr cvcry ourt| ycar,
t|c -day ycar |ciug |uou as a lcap ycar, iu coutrast to t|c couuou ycar o days,
aud t|c cxtra day as lcap day. 1|c lcap day as a|ortivcly iutroduccd iuto t|c L,:...
..|:..r iu aud succcssully |y Augustus, it as iucorporatcd iu t|c .o.. ..|:.~
.r |y |ulius Cacsar, t|oug| rougly aduiuistcrcd iu t|c hrst our dccadcs atcr |is
dcat|. Oucc Augustus |ad corrcctcd t|at crror, t|c lcap-ycar cyclc |as coutiuucd uu-
|ro|cu siucc cxccpt t|at iu t|c Grcgoriau calcudar ycars divisi|lc |y |ut uot
|y |avc |ccu couuou rou ouards), |cucc it is |y |appy accidcut t|at lcap
ycars iu t|c C|ristiau cra arc divisi|lc |y , as also iu t|c iy.autiuc orld cra as rcc|-
oucd rou Scptcu|cr or rou or Marc| scc C|r...|.,. Lr.s), t|oug|
uot iu t|c various Alcxaudriau or Lt|iopic cras. V|cu t|c |uliau calcudar is trcatcd as
a uuivcrsal tiuc-rauc, is a lcap ycar, as arc , , , aud all ot|cr ycars
o t|c oru . + , t|oug| oiug to t|c carly uis|audliug o Cacsar's rcoru ouly
, , , aud disputcdly) crc |uliau lcap ycars.
z
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1|c tcru 'lcap ycar' is hrst attcstcd iu lcclaudic, |crc ||.r |as |ccu uscd siucc at
lcast t|c tclt| ccutury. Alt|oug| uost C|ristiau tcrus iu Old iorsc couc rou Lug-
lis|, t|crc is uo tracc o au Old Luglis| couutcrpart, iu iyr|tcrt|'s L..|.r.... or iaud-
|oo| o -, rittcu iu |ot| latiu aud Luglis|, t|c latiu |.ss:::s aud |.ss:::.|.s scc
|clo) arc rctaiucd cvcu iu t|c Luglis| portious. iot till do c hud |:: :r:, iu |o|u
dc 1rcvisa's trauslatiou o iart|olouacus Auglicus' L: r.r.::.:.|s r:ro, |ut t|c Dutc|
uauc s.|r.||:|,..r, rou s.|r.||:., 'to juup' uoadays 'to start' |cu rig|tcucd, |ut uot
origiually so), is ouud iu a didactic pocu o .. |csidcs a uorc rcqucut syuouyu,
|.:|..:r, rou |.:., t|c sauc ord as 'lcap' |ut li|c Gcruau |.;:.) ucauiug 'to ruu'. 1|is
uauc ould appcar to |c a orual, aud t|c ot|cr a scuautic, loau rou Luglis|, t|c
uotiou o 'ruuuiug ycar' rccurs iu iuugariau s.|).
1|c statcucut iu t|c iorsc Mirror or iriuccs I...ss|s,) t|at iu cvcry ourt|
ycar t|crc arc t|rcc loug |uudrcd = ) aud six days, 'aud t|at is callcd lcap ycar,
|ccausc t|crc is ouc day uorc iu t|c uout|s t|au |corc', |ardly couuts as au
cxplauatiou, |ut uo uorc aut|oritativc rcasou is availa|lc. lt is truc t|at t|c iutcrcalatiou
causcs t|c criac o t|c sauc datc iu succcssivc ycars to dicr |y to iustcad o ouc, or
as t|c scvcut|-ccutury L: r.:...: ..o:... o|scrvcd, t|c ialcuds o Marc| lcap across
:r..s.|..:) rou t|c cria o lc|ruary to t|at olloiug, |ut ucit|cr iu ii|cruo-latiu
uor iu lris| did t|is gcucratc auy suc| uauc as 'lcap ycar'. 1o t|is day t|c lris| tcru is
||.... ||.s.|, iu coutrast to t|c Auglicisus ||..|..~|:o iu Scots Gaclic aud ||,,. ...
iu Vcls|. Auot|cr suggcstiou is t|at t|c uauc givcu to t|c ouissiou o ouc luuc iu cac|
Mctouic cyclc, s.|:s |..:-ucauiug t|at t|c uoou lcaps ovcr or s|ips t|at luuc iu ordcr
to |ccp pacc it| t|c suu-|ic| rcuaiucd s.|: iu lris| |ut as rcudcrcd o.... ||, or
.;:r||,, 't|c uoou's ovcr)lcap' |y iyr|tcrt| aud :.|||. iu Old iorsc, as illogically
trauscrrcd iu Luglis| to t|c additiou o ouc day cvcry ourt| ycar, t|oug| t|at is uot
a lcap |ut a staudstill. iut all t|is is ucrc gucssor|.
1|c orual Luglis| '|isscxtilc ycar', aud t|c rcgular lrcuc| ...: |.ss:::.|:, pcrpctuatc
Cacsar's uodc o iutcrcalatiou |y rcpcatiug t|c 'sixt| day |corc t|c ialcuds o Marc|',
lc|ruary. 1|c cxtra day as |uou as 'ticc sixt|', ... |.s s:::o I.|:..s M.r:..s, or
|.ss:::s or s|ort, rou t|is as dcrivcd ...s |.ss:::.|.s. lu Grcc|, t|c uauc as traus-
latcd as s:|:.. :.s, iu uodcru dcuotic |s:||:.s ||r..s, |ut c also hud t|c dircct loau
|s:::.s, iu iy.autiuc prouuuciatiou s:::.s, |ic| |y urt|cr adaptatiou yiclds t|c lus-
siau uauc or lcap ycar, .s.|s.,. .. 1|is tcru is uscd iu a c ot|cr Slavouic lauguagcs,
uost, |ocvcr, spca| o au ovcrstcppiug or trausgrcssivc ycar c.g. iolis| r.| r.:s:: .,,
Scr|iau,Croatiau r:s:.. ....), usiug a pau-Slavouic adjcctivc t|at iu ot|cr coutcxts
ucaus 'criuiual' c. Dostocvs|y's titlc r:s:|:..: . ..|.....:, 'Criuc aud iuuis|ucut').
lu Al|auiau it is t|c '|rittlc ycar' .: . |r.s|:), |ut Gcruau `.|.|:,.|r ucaus uo uorc t|au
'iuscrt-ycar', c. Coutiucutal Scaudiuaviau 's|ot-ycar' c.g. Dauis| s|r). lor lit|uau-
iaus it is 't|c raisiug ycar' |:|..o.:,. o::..), or latviaus 't|c loug ycar' .r..s .s).
z
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Au iuscriptiou rou t|c Old Cas|a| at Coustautiuc iu Algcria dcclarcs '1cuplc dcdi-
catcd iu t|c cousulatc o lucius \cuulcius Aprouiauus or t|c sccoud tiuc aud lucius
Scrgius iaulus or t|c sccoud tiuc ou t|c ht| |corc t|c ialcuds o Marc|,
|ic| day as atcr t|c ticc sixt| |corc t|c ialcuds o Marc|.'1|at is to say, t|c day
|corc Marc| as t|c |.ss:::s, |ic| as t|crcorc ou t|c t| iu accordaucc it|
t|c asscrtiou o t|c louau jurist Cclsus t|at 't|c sccoud day is iutcrcalatcd, uot t|c
hrst' .s::r..r .:s ..::r..|.:r, ... r..r), a pcrsou |oru ou lc|ruary, JI I.|. M.r:., iu a
couuou ycar still |ad t|c t| or |irt|day uudcr t|at uauc iu lcap ycar, |crcas ouc
|oru ou t|c t| iu lcap ycar |ad t|c t| or |irt|day iu a couuou ycar, t|c |.ss:::s
|ciug accouutcd ouc day it| JI I.|. M.r:. 1|c suggcstiou t|at iu couutiug |ac| rou
t|c ialcuds 'carlicr' ucaus 'latcr' aud vicc vcrsa is disprovcd |y t|c vcrscs citcd |clo ou
St Matt|ias' day.) lu \alcutiuiau l, suuuoucd to |ccouc cupcror at t|c dcat| o
|oviau ou lc|ruary, rcuscd to ua|c au appcaraucc ou t|c |.ss:::s, oiug to its ill

luc|, |ut acccptcd acclauatiou ou t|c ucxt day, |ic| c|rouiclcrs rccord as J I.|. M.r:.
iu lcap ycar, uot t|c t| as t|c Grcc| c|urc| |istoriau Socratcs ucc|auically couvcrts
it) |ut t|c t|, Auuiauus Marcclliuus, au cycitucss, statcs t|at t|c cupirc rcuaiucd
it|out a |clusuau or tcu days, uaucly t|c t| to t|c t| iuclusivcly.
iocvcr, to uou-lcgal sc|olars, Ccusoriuus iu aud Macro|ius souc
ycars latcr, tcll us t|c oppositc t|at t|c t| as t|c lcap day, as t|c logic o t|c |ac|-
ard couut uig|t suggcst JII, |.s JI, JI), uot |y coiucidcucc, |ot| asscrt t|at t|c iu-
tcrcalary uout| o t|c prc-|uliau calcudar as addcd atcr t|c rd, t|oug| iu act it
as souctiucs addcd atcr t|c t|. Macro|ius' accouut o t|c louau calcudar as
cxtractcd uudcr t|c uauc o L.s:.:.. C.r. corrupt or H.r. :: r.:::::.:. to |ccouc a
stoc| tcxt it| t|c couputists, ua|iug t|c ordcr |.s JI I.|., JI I.|. prcdouiuatc, t|oug|
t|c ot|cr as uot uu|uou. 1|is uuccrtaiuty pcrsistcd iu t|c Vcstcru C|urc| it| rc-
gard to t|c cast o St Matt|ias ou JI I.|. M.r:. scc lc|.), |ic| iu lcap ycar as
gcucrally cclc|ratcd ou t|c t|, t|c rulc as cxprcsscd iu t|c vcrscs
iisscxtuu scxtac Martis tcuucrc ialcudac,
iostcriorc dic cclc|rautur csta Mat|iac.
1o rcudcr doggcrcl |y doggcrcl
M.rs |is s.::| I.|:.s |avc t|c lcap-day gript,
Ou t|c ucxt Day, M.::|..s` lcast is |cpt.
lu ot|cr ords, t|c day callcd iu couuou ycars JI I.|. M.r:. = lc|.) occupics t|c
|.ss:::s positiou iu lcap ycar, St Matt|ias' cast |ciug dccrrcd to t|c day atcr t|c
t|), or, as iyr|tcrt| |as it, 'sc |isscxtus |is cyucstol gcsytt ou au oruau .vi. |alcu-
das Martii, aud ou au atrau .vi. |alcudas uau sccal |caldau Sauctus Mat|ias
uasscdagcs rcols' lcap day sits ou |is t|rouc ou t|c hrst JI I.|. M.r:. aud ou t|c lat-
tcr JI I.|. t|c cast o St Matt|ias' uass-day uust |c |cld.
1|is, |ocvcr, as uot uuivcrsal practicc. Olaus Voru quotcs a |rcviary at r|us
t|at adds 'Daci taucu cclc|raut dicu \l il. Martij' '|ut t|c Daucs cclc|ratc t|c sixt|
|corc t|c ialcuds'), t|is appcars to iudicatc uou-postpoucucut, |ic| as ccrtaiuly
prcvalcut iu ucdicval ioray aud lcclaud. lu a |rcviary rou iidaros t|c sccoud vcrsc
|cgius uot 'postcriorc' |ut 'ipso quoquc' 'Aud t|at sauc day . . .'), t|c old lcclaudic
c|urc| cauous statc t|at rou ictcr's uass St ictcr's C|air, lc|.) to Matt|ias' uass
t|crc arc to uig|ts aud rou Matt|ias' uass to St Grcgory's Mar.) , '|ut i it
is lcap ycar'. 1|is ucaus t|at St Matt|ias' day uust alays |c ou t|c t|, li|cisc t|c
couputus |uou as t|c o|:|. statcs t|at lcap ycar's day ||.rs.r) stauds ou t|c
ucxt day atcr St Matt|ias. Ou t|c ot|cr |aud |.ss:::s ou lc|ruary is prcscri|cd |y
uotcs iu t|c lris| I|.r: :.ss. C|. L scc Mar.) cvcu t|oug| it puts t|c saiut ou
t|c rd.
lu , iopc Alcxaudcr lll rulcd t|at providcd t|c vigil iuucdiatcly prcccdcd it,
t|c cast uig|t laully |c |cpt, accordiug to local custou, ou cit|cr t|c hrst or t|c scc-
oud day, '|ic| to arc ta|cu so to spca| or ouc' ,. . ,.s. r. .. r::..:r). icv-
crt|clcss, t|c prc-Grcgoriau usc o louc as to rcpcat t|c uartyrology or lc|ruary
iu lcap ycar ou t|c t|, St Matt|ias olloiug ou t|c t|, aud dcspitc a |uuauistic
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rcvival o uou-postpoucucut, t|c ordcr |.s JI I.|., JI I.|. |ccauc cauouical, t|c p|rasc
'\igilia saucti Matt|iac Apostoli' |ciug dccrrcd rou lc|ruary to t|c t|, |cu it
prcccdcs a gcucral couucuoratiou o uartyrs, coucssors, aud virgius.
iostpoucucut as also t|c rulc iu Luglaud |ot| |corc aud atcr t|c lcoruatiou
t|c to rcccusious o Ldard \l's ioo| o Couuou iraycr, iu aud , statcd,
as a uattcr o act, t|at t|c 'xxv' day as couutcd ticc, aud rcquircd t|c sauc psalu
aud lcssous to |c said ou t|c hrst day as t|c sccoud. 1|is uay |avc |ccu a uispriut or
'xxiv', |ut uudcr Lli.a|ct| l t|c rulc as to rcpcat t|osc o t|c rd upou t|c t|. 1|c
|oo|, |ocvcr, is silcut ou t|c uattcr, ta|iug t|c rulc or grautcd, |ut auougst
various ot|cr to|cus o |asty dratiug iucludiug a uisstatcucut o t|c rulc or hudiug
Lastcr), it addcd a t| day to lc|ruary it| its ou lcssous aud uo Suuday lcttcr,
|ilc ailiug to iudicatc t|c ccct o lcap ycar ou Suuday lcttcrs, St Matt|ias, or iu
t|osc cditious t|at iucludc t|cu) louau datcs. 1|is apparcutly uislcd Arc||is|op
Saucrot, iu , to ordaiu t|at St Matt|ias s|ould alays |c |cpt ou lc|ruary cvcu
iu lcap ycar, aud t|us iu ccct t|at lcap day s|ould |c t|c t|, as iu civil aud Ort|o-
dox usagc.
z
' - '
lu t|c rcigu o icury lll uuccrtaiuty arosc |ct|cr a pcrsou iuplcadcd |y a rit o
rig|t |o |ad |ccu grautcd au cssoiu or dclay o a ycar aud a day |y rcasou o illucss,
s|ould appcar at t|c 1ocr ou t|c t| or t| day |cu lcap day iutcrvcucd. 1|c
grcat jurist icury iractou |cld t|at |c s|ould appcar ou t|c t|, |is cxpositiou, au
cxcccdiugly couuscd paradc o sccoud-|aud aud ill-digcstcd lcaruiug, idcutihcs t|c
cxtra day .:s ::.r:s.:.s) o lcap ycar it| t|c t| day accordcd t|c cssoiucc |y virtuc
o t|c six |ours |y |ic| t|c uatural ycar cxcccds t|c civil couuou ycar. lu lcap ycar
t|c .:s ::.r:s.:.s is callcd t|c |.ss:::s, as |ciug rccordcd s:::. |.|:..s M.r:.., |cu to days
arc rcc|oucd to t|c sauc lcttcr l, t|is |.ss:::s is t|c laul tiuc or appcaraucc, aud uot
t|c ot|cr day it| t|c sauc lcttcr |cgiuuiug t|c ucxt our ycars. 1|is sccus to ucau
t|at i t|c cssoiu as grautcd ou lc|ruary iu a prc-lcap ycar, t|c dccudaut s|ould
appcar ou t|c t|, cvcu t|oug| it is t|c |.ss:::s, aud uot ou t|c ot|cr l day t|c t|,
iu auy ot|cr circuustauccs t|c day o appcaraucc ill |c t|c sauc uouiual day as t|at
ou |ic| iu t|c prcccdiug ycar t|c cssoiu |ad |ccu grautcd, aud uot, as iu a couuou
ycar, t|c day atcr. icucc lcap ycar is a cousidcratiou to |c ta|cu iuto accouut |cu
t|c justiccs c|cc| t|at t|c graut is or a laul day.) iocvcr, |is vic did uot prcvail
a rit o May icury lll ), rcissucd our ycars latcr aud couuouly |uou as
t|c Statutc o lcap Ycar, iustructs t|c justiccs o iiug's icuc| t|at t|c .:s ::.r:s.:.s s|all
|c rcc|oucd iu t|c ycar, as part o t|c uout| iu |ic| it cxcrcsccs, 'aud it aud t|c day
iuucdiatcly prcccdiug s|all |c couutcd as a siuglc day' :: ..o:::r .||:, :: .:s r.:.o:
r:.::.s r. .... .:). 1|c tcxt docs uot spcciy |ct|cr t|c .:s ::.r:s.:.s is a particular
day iu lc|ruary or t|c t| day rou t|c cssoiu, ucrcly csta|lis|iug t|at it docs uot

couut agaiust t|c dccudaut, |o ill t|us appcar ou t|c ucxt uouiual day iu lcap ycar
as iu couuou ycar.
z
-- -
\alcutiuiau's car o t|c |.ss:::s as uo privatc quir|. lcap ycar, aud iu particular lcap
day, |as otcu |ccu accouutcd uuluc|y. 1|crc arc siuilar supcrstitious couccruiug lcap
uout|s iu luuisolar calcudars, scc C|..:s: C.|:..r, .o.. C.|:..r.) 1|c ioruau
c|urc| |istoriau Ordcric \italis rccords uudcr |ot| aud , apropos rcspcctivcly
o rc|cl traitors aud o |iug aud pcoplc, t|at t|c |.ss:::s is popularly said to all or
cras| ou t|osc |o couc to gric iu lcap ycar. lu Grcccc, lcap ycar is t|oug|t |ad or
uarriagc, plautiug viucs, aud layiug t|c ouudatious o |ouscs, a soug spca|s o 'lcap
ycars aud augry uout|s'. lu Dcuuar| t|c ill luc| o lcap ycar as cxtcudcd to uarricd
oucu, |o crc t|oug|t li|clicr to dic iu c|ild|irt| t|au iu ot|cr ycars. As a rcsult,
tcrus or 'lcap ycar' uay |c applicd to uuluc|y ycars iu gcucral, as as t|c casc it|
lrcuc| |.ss:r:, as Cotgravc rotc, 'iisscstrc. I|| |.|:, ;r.o iisscxtc, |..| .s |:| .|.|.:.)',
iu uodcru Grcc| |s:||:.s ||r..s uay |avc t|is scusc. lu uiuctccut|-ccutury ioray,
t|c pcasauts o Gud|raudsdalcu, as|cd |cu t|c last lcap ycar as, ould uouiuatc t|c
last |ad ycar.
C|urc|ucu uaturally cou|atcd suc| uotious. iyr|tcrt|, cvcr t|c cxpausivc sc|ool-
uastcr, ru|s |is |auds aud iustructs |is rcadcrs 'a|out t|c vcucra|lc lcap day' ,o|: ..:
.r,r.. |.ss:::o). livc ccuturics latcr Mautuau scc Mar. iattista Spaguoli), ou
couiug to St Matt|ias iu |is accouut o t|c C|ristiau ycar, cxplaius t|c iutcrcalatiou,
aud t|cu rccords t|c supcrstitious attac|cd to it crops aud all |uuau cudcavours ill
|c |lastcd, viucs oug|t uot to |c plautcd or sccds sou, |casts ill |car sic|ly youug,
ruit-trccs ill gro upsidc dou uay c suspcct t|c |catihcd aut|or o |urlcsquc.),
iu s|ort, uo |usiucss s|ould |c |cguu iu lcap ycar.
iil taucu iutcrprcs cacli, uil 1uscus aruspcx,
iil uagus iuucuit, quod dici dc|cat |uius
Causa uali, quod virus agat tau tristc pcr or|cu.
Quo ht ut crrorcu uugis vulgari|us istuu
Attri|ui dc|crc putcu, clicior istc
ludicc uc crcdi dc|ct, quia lougior, auuus.
Mautuauus, sig. g
r
Yct uaug|t could c'cr t|c atc|cr o t|c s|ics,
1|c 1uscau sccr or icrsiau uagc dcvisc,
V|y suc| iucctiou s|ould t|c cart| o'crsprcad,
iay, o ucrc a|lc is t|is aucy |rcd
Vould ucu |ut judgc as t|iugs to uc appcar,
1|c lougcr s|ould |c dccucd t|c luc|icr ycar.
1|us, |c o|scrvcs, |iggcr is |cttcr iu trccs, |ulls, aud coru. ic ould |c glad to |uo
t|at iu lris| |.s:..| |as |ccouc a gcucral tcru or iucrcasc aud prospcrity.
-- -

1|c uodcru iutcruatioual calcudar, iu t|c uaucs aud lcugt| o its uout|s, t|oug| uot
iu its dcsiguatiou o days, is t|c louau calcudar as aucudcd it| ccct rou |y
|ulius Cacsar scc .o.. C.|:..r) aud urt|cr adjustcd iu |y iopc Grcgory
Xlll. Adjustucut as ucccssary |ccausc t|c |uliau ycar, cousistiug o days, it| a
t| day addcd cvcry ourt| ycar, |as au avcragc lcugt| o days |ours, |ic| is
souc uiuutcs sccouds too loug, causiug |uliau datcs to all progrcssivcly urt|cr
|c|iud t|c suu. Lvcu uorc iuaccuratc as t|c luuar calcudar scc C.o:s), uscd uot
ucrcly or calculatiug Lastcr |ut or dctcruiuiug t|c agc o t|c uoou t|roug|out t|c
ycar |crcas atcr ycars t|c solar calcudar as a|out t|rcc-quartcrs o au |our
|c|iud t|c suu, t|c luuar calcudar as ucarly |ours |c|iud t|c uoou.
z
--
Discrcpaucics |ctccu t|c calcudar aud t|c truc suu aud uoou |ccauc cvidcut duriug
t|c carly Middlc Agcs, t|c acts crc at hrst ucrcly uotcd, |ut iu t|c t|irtccut| ccutury
scvcral clcrics iucludcd proposals or rcoru iu t|cir ritiugs ou t|c couputus. A|out
t|c ycar |o|u ioliood Sacro|osco) proposcd ouittiug ouc lcap day cvcry
ycars, Giovauui Caupauo, iu a trcatisc addrcsscd to iopc Lr|au l\ -), callcd
or astrououical dctcruiuatiou o t|c cquiuox aud ull uoou, lo|crt Grossctcstc
aud logcr iacou also cousidcrcd t|c pro|lcu. lrou t|c ucxt ccutury ouards c hud
trcatiscs spccihcally dcvotcd to suc| proposals, aud popcs |o too| au iutcrcst, |ut uo
actiou as ta|cu. lu t|c Couucil o iaslc, ou t|c vcrgc o sc|isu it| iopc
Lugcuius l\, cousidcrcd a proposal rou |is supportcr iic|olas Cusauus to ouit t|c
last scvcu days o May , latcr aucudcd iu discussiou to - Octo|cr , |ut or-
|orc to issuc t|c dccrcc. 1|c astrououical gcuius |o|auu Mllcr o iuigs|crg, |uou
iu latiu as lcgiououtauus, |aviug pu|lis|cd a calcudar or - t|at coutrastcd
t|c datcs o Lastcr 'accordiug to t|c usagc o t|c C|urc|' aud 'accordiug to t|c dccrccs
o t|c lat|crs', as iu iuvitcd to louc |y iopc Sixtus l\ to assist it| a rcoru,
|ut dicd s|ortly atcr |is arrival. iopc lco X iutcudcd t|c su|jcct to |c discusscd at t|c
latcrau Couucil, |ut uadc t|c uista|c o scc|iug advicc rou t|c uuivcrsitics, |ic|
dadlcd to uo purposc.
iroposals coutiuucd to |c uadc |y various ritcrs, lut|cr too o|scrvcd t|at t|c cal-
cudar as out o joiut, aud iu particular t|at iu Lastcr oug|t to |avc |ccu |cpt uot
ou April |ut hvc cc|s carlicr, ou Marc|. 1|is as |corc t|c uouiual, |ut atcr
t|c rcal, cquiuox, |ad t|c Grcgoriau calcudar alrcady |ccu iu orcc, Lastcr ould |avc
allcu ou t|at day, rcdcsiguatcd t|c t|. lor |cs, it as iisau , t|c sccoud day
o iassovcr, uuli|c souc o |is latcr ollocrs lut|cr as uot distur|cd |y t|at co-
iucidcucc, |ut too| it as supportiug cvidcucc or |is casc. iocvcr, |c rcgardcd rcoru
as a uattcr uot or t|c C|urc|, siucc it |ad uot|iug to do it| t|c lait|, |ut or t|c
C|ristiau priuccs, |o uust act togct|cr or uot at all, siucc ot|crisc grcat couusiou
ould rcsult iu rcspcct o uar|cts, airs, aud ot|cr sccular |usiucss.
z

1|c Couucil o 1rcut, it| uauy ot|cr uattcrs to cousidcr, did uot discuss t|c calcu-
dar, |ocvcr, iu t|c hual scssiou Dcc. ) it rccrrcd rcoru o t|c |rcviary aud t|c
uissal to t|c iopc. iot| crc rcviscd |y iius \ -), |ut iu iopc Grcgory
Xlll, dcriviug rou t|c dccrcc au iuplicit c|argc to corrcct t|c calcudar ou |ic| t|cy
crc |ascd, sct a|out rcoru iu carucst. 1|c uc calcudar, drau up |y Aloysius lilius
aud rcviscd |y C|ristop|cr Clavius, as prouulgatcd iu t|c |ull I.::r r..ss.o.s o
lc|ruary , |ic| ordaiucd t|at Octo|cr iu t|at ycar s|ould |c ollocd |y t|c
t|, aud t|at ccutcuuial ycars s|ould |c couuou uulcss divisi|lc |y . 1|us rc-
assuriugly) rcuaiucd a lcap ycar, aud li|cisc , |ut , , aud |ccauc
couuou. 1|c purposc o t|is rcoru as to rcstorc t|c vcrual cquiuox, uot to its t|c-
orctical datc iu Cacsar's calcudar, |ic| as Marc|, |ut to Marc|, t|c datc prc-
supposcd |y t|c cxistiug rulcs or calculatiug Lastcr scc 1|: L.:: .; L.s::r), t|cu
|clicvcd to |avc |ccu laid dou |y t|c Couucil o iicaca iu . Alt|oug| souc
prcvious rcorucrs |ad argucd or rcplaciug t|c luuar calcudar it| astrououical ta|lcs,
t|is as t|oug|t too radical, iustcad t|c priuciplc o calculatiou as rctaiucd, |ut it|
a corrcctcd aud ar uorc couplcx) calcudar.
z Lvcu iu louau Cat|olic couutrics t|c rcoru rc-
quircd cuactucut |y t|c civil pocr, Spaiu, iortugal, aud t|c ltaliau statcs iuplcucutcd
it at t|c statcd tiuc, iu lraucc t|crc crc o|jcctious iu t|c iaris .r|:o:.: |ic| could
iuvalidatc a dccrcc |y rcusiug to rcgistcr it), |ut t|c dcat| o ouc oppoucut aud t|c a|-
scucc o auot|cr cua|lcd icuri lll to ordcr t|c ouissiou o - Dcccu|cr. Ot|cr
louau Cat|olic or coucssioually uixcd statcs aud rcgious |ad acccptcd rcoru it|iu
a c ycars t|c last as 1rausylvauia, |ic| ouittcd - Dcccu|cr .
lu t|c lo Couutrics t|c Du|c o Aujou issucd a |.||..: ou Dcccu|cr or
t|c ict|crlauds t|at - Dcccu|cr s|ould |c ouittcd. 1|is as ollocd |y t|c
Statcu-Gcucraal aud souc proviuccs-iucludiug t|c irotcstaut proviuccs o iollaud
aud Zcclaud, |ic| crc iu rcvolt agaiust Spauis| pocr-t|oug| t|c days ouittcd

crc souctiucs latcr t|au t|osc spccihcd, so t|at C|ristuas |ad to |c |cpt ou |auu-
ary iS. Ot|cr irotcstauts, |ocvcr, rcjcctcd t|c rcoru, t|c city o Grouiugcu,
|ic|, at loggcr|cads it| t|c surrouudiug tcrritorics or Ouuclaudcu, |ad staycd iu
t|c Spauis| caup, adoptcd t|c rcoru |y ouittiug - Marc| , |ut upou its cap-
turc |y Mauricc o iassau rcvcrtcd to t|c |uliau calcudar souctiucs couusiugly
callcd ..:: s:.,|) |y rcpcatiug - iovcu|cr .
A rcoru, |ocvcr salutary, proposcd |y t|c iopc stood littlc c|aucc o |ciug ac-
ccptcd |y t|c Ort|odox, or gcucrally |y irotcstauts. 1|c orucr, |o vcucratcd t|c
ioly lat|crs at iicaca, ould do uot|iug it|out au Occuucuical Couucil, iatriarc|
|crcuias ll o Coustautiuoplc rcuscd iopc Grcgory's rcqucst to iutroducc t|c rcoru.
lu ccrtaiu \cuctiau posscssious, louau Cat|olics crc grautcd dispcusatiou to ollo
t|c |uliau calcudar rat|cr t|au couc iuto counict it| t|c Grcc| Ort|odox uajority.
iy coutrast irotcstauts, ta|iug a lo vic o c|urc| couucils, o|jcctcd t|at t|c vcrual
cquiuox s|ould |avc |ccu rcstorcd to Marc| as iu ic 1cstaucut tiucs) iustcad o
t|c supposcd iiccuc datc o t|c st. Vit| t|c cxccptiou o iollaud aud Zcclaud,
irotcstaut Luropc rcjcctcd t|c rcoru, dcuial o t|c iopc's aut|ority apart, it as all
too casy to s|o t|at t|c Lastcr ta|lcs crc astrououically iucxact.
1|c cocxistcucc o |uliau aud Grcgoriau calcudars iu Gcruauy otcu uadc it ucccs-
sary to datc |y |ot|, a satirical pocu, alludiug to t|c custou t|at duriug ioly Vcc|
ivcs s|ould uot prcvcut t|cir |us|auds rou visitiug t|c tavcru, ua|cs a ouau cou-
plaiu t|at ucu |avc uo o|taiucd to cc|s o rccdou, iu ot|cr ords t|at t|cy claiu
t|is privilcgc duriug |ot| t|c uc ioly Vcc| aud t|c old. lt is cutitlcd 'Dcr Vci|cr
iricg idcr dcu iapst, daruu| das cr .c|cu tagc aus dcu Calcudcr gcstollcu |at'
'Voucu's ar agaiust t|c iopc or stcaliug tcu days rou t|c calcudar').
lutroductiou o t|c uc calcudar auuoycd t|c pcasautry, |osc traditioual calcudar
lorc, cxprcsscd iu so uauy cat|cr provcr|s, as upsct |y t|c -day s|it auot|cr satirc
accuscs t|c iopc o so couusiug poor ol| '1|at c cau uo uo lougcr |uo | V|cu
c s|ould ploug| aud dclvc aud so' L.s .r .. o:|r |:.. .ss:. |.|:., | h:.. o.. s.||
{..:.:., s::., r.|:.) aud is|cs t|at |c uay acc t|c last |udgcucut days carlicr t|au
ot|cr pcoplc. iis |lac|cst criuc, |ocvcr, as to iutcrcrc it| csta|lis|cd driu|iug
|a|its, iu particular t|c cclc|ratiou ou a huc St Lr|au's day, portcudiug a |uupcr iuc-
|arvcst scc May).
iocvcr, uorc rcncctivc uiuds crc also distur|cd, iu particular Moutaiguc
l ill |crc dcclarc, |y ay o cxauplc, t|at t|c latc tcu days diuiuutiou o t|c .:, |avc ta|cu
uc so lo, t|at l cauuot cll rccovcr uy scl. l ollo t|c Ycars |crciu c |cpt auot|cr |iud o
accouut, so auticut, aud so loug a Cs:.o, c|allcugcs aud calls uc |ac| to it, so t|at l au cou-
straiu'd to |c a |iud o icrctic| iu t|at poiut, iupaticut o auy, t|o corrcctivc luuovatiou. My
luagiuatiou, iu spitc o uy tcct|, alays pus|cs uc tcu days orard or |ac|ard, aud is cvcr
uuruuriug iu uy Lars. Lss.,s, . iii. -)
'1is uo to or t|rcc Ycars ago t|at t|cy uadc t|c Ycar tcu days s|ortcr iu Ir...:. io uauy
C|augcs uay c cxpcct s|ould ollo t|is lcoruatiou. 1|is as propcrly rcuoviug H:.:. aud
L.r:| at oucc, aud yct uot|iug or all t|at stirs rou its ilacc uy icig||ours still hud t|cir
Scasous o Soiug aud lcapiug, t|c Opportuuitics o doiug t|cir iusiucss, it| t|c |urtul aud

propitious days, just at t|c sauc tiuc, |crc t|cy |ad tiuc out o uiud assigu'd t|cu. 1|crc as
uo uorc Lrror pcrcciv'd iu our old Lsaucc, t|au t|crc is Aucuducut ouud iu t|is uc Altcr-
atiou. So grcat au luccrtaiuty t|crc is t|roug|out, so gross, o|scurc aud dull is our Ludcr-
staudiug. i|id. . iii. )
Duriug t|c scvcutccut| ccutury a c irotcstaut statcs acccptcd rcoru, uost
uota|ly t|c Duc|y o irussia t|c latcr Last irussia, uot iraudcu|urg), |ic| ouittcd
August- Scptcu|cr , |ut t|c Lastcr ta|lcs rcuaiucd a stuu|liug-|loc|, aud iu
particular t|c coiucidcucc o Lastcr aud iassovcr, |ic| |ad uot distur|cd lut|cr.
iocvcr, as t|c ycar approac|cd, |riugiug it| it au iucrcasc iu t|c dicrcucc |c-
tccu t|c calcudars, irotcstauts rccousidcrcd t|cir positiou. 1|c lut|crau statcs o t|c
ioly louau Lupirc crc hually pcrsuadcd to acccpt t|c ic Stylc |y ouittiug -
lc|ruary , ucvcrt|clcss, t|cy spurucd t|c Grcgoriau Lastcr ta|lcs, adoptiug iustcad
a so-callcd 'luprovcd Calcudar', iu |ic| t|c datc o Lastcr as astrououically dctcr-
uiucd scc 1|: L.:: .; L.s::r). lu t|is t|cy crc joiucd |y Dcuuar|, aud uost |ut uot
all irotcstaut cautous iu Sit.crlaud, t|osc Dutc| proviuccs t|at |ad |cld out agaiust
t|c papal rcoru votcd to adopt it uudcr t|c uauc o 'luprovcd |uliau Calcudar', |ut
t|crcatcr iu practicc o|scrvcd t|c Grcgoriau Lastcr.
z V|cu iopc Grcgory prouulgatcd t|c rcoru, Quccu Lli.a|ct| l as
sucicutly iutclligcut aud culig|tcucd to avour adoptiug it, |ut dcsistcd upou advicc,
uatioual |ostility as uot a|atcd cvcu |y t|c partial cxauplc o t|c Dutc|, |ou t|c
uorc advauccd irotcstauts too| as t|cir uodcl. icvcrt|clcss, at t|c cud o t|c scvcu-
tccut| ccutury t|c Arc||is|op o Cautcr|ury, 1|ouas 1cuisou, coutcuplatcd c|augc,
|ut uot|iug as douc. 1|c grcat uat|cuaticiau |o|u Vallis, iu a lcttcr o |uuc
to t|c iis|op o Vorccstcr, sct out grouuds agaiust t|c Grcgoriau calcudar as iu-
crior siucc astrououcrs |ad 'hrst to adjust t|cir calculatious to t|c |uliau Ycar, aud
t|cucc trauscr t|cu to t|c Grcgoriau'), to adopt it ould |c to rcaduit papal suprcu-
acy. lt ould put Luglaud out o stcp it| ot|cr irotcstaut couutrics, apparcutly |c
did uot |uo o Coutiucutal dcvclopucuts, |ut |is c|ic couccru as it| Scotlaud,
t|cu a scparatc |iugdou
'1is |appy t|cy did couply it| us upou t|c latc lcvolutiou to |c uudcr t|c Sauc iiug it|
us.) Vc cauuot prcsuuc t|cy ill |c so oud o Coupliaucc iu all t|c Modcs o louc as is vcry
cvidcut iu t|cir uot aduittiug Lpiscopacy uor t|c O|scrvatiou o Lastcr, |ic| lattcr as t|c
ouly irctcusc o hrst iutroduciug t|c Grcgoriau Ycar.) . . .
lurt|cruorc, it ould rcquirc a uc Act o iarliaucut, aud altcratiou to t|c ioo| o
Couuou iraycr, uorcovcr, Lastcr could |c ouud astrououically
l yct your lords|ip t|iu| it ucccssary t|at t|c Scat o Lastcr s|ould |c rcctihcd, t|at uay cas-
ily |c douc, it|out altcriug t|c Civil Ycar. lor i iu t|c lulc o Lastcr, iustcad o sayiug, ucxt
atcr t|c ouc ~ tcutict| o Marc|, you say, ucxt atcr t|c \crual Lquiuox, t|c or| is douc
.
lor
t|cu Lvcry Aluauac| ill tcll you |cu it is Lquiuox aud |cu it is lull Moou or t|c prcscut
Ycar it|out distur|iug t|c Civil Accouut, aud t|is iopc Grcgory uig|t as cll |avc douc it|-
out trou|liug t|c Civil Accouut o C|ristcudou.
iodlciau li|rary, MS 1auucr , os.
r
-
r

icsidcs, i t|c civil calcudar crc to |c c|augcd, iopc Grcgory's rcoru as iucor-
rcct 'uost ccrtaiu it is t|at at our Saviours iirt| t|c \crual Lquiuox as uot ou t|c ouc
aud tcutict| o Marc| as t|is ic Accouut ould supposc) |ut ucarcr to t|c livc
aud 1cutict|'. iocvcr, |c ould rat|cr t|at t|c iopc issucd a uc |ull rcvcrsiug t|c
rcoru, t|c sauc liuc as ta|cu, it| siuilar arguucuts, |y |o|u Villcs DD, |o
argucd t|at 'suc| altcratiou as t|is is uot li|cly to producc good, |ut uisc|ic to our
C|urc|, aud occasiou uc dicrcuccs, as it |at| alrcady douc iu t|c .|.:...:: C|urc|cs'
p. ), |c too |ad rctrospcctivc advicc or Grcgory Xlll
1|crc uccd |avc uot|iug clsc |ccu douc, |ut dcclariug t|c t| o M.r.| to |c t|c .s.|.| L,...:,
aud t|at iu cvcry Ycars, it s|ould |avc advauc'd ouc day art|cr, or its s.. uot uatcrial |at
day o our `.|.r, M..:| c call t|c L,...:, so t|at c |c agrccd o t|c tiuc. Aud t|cu, iustcad
o iutroduciug pcrplcx'd aud dicult 1.||:s .; L..:s, t|c N:~M...s uig|t |c discovcr'd or cvcr
|y t|c | 1.||:s, ouly goiug |ac|ard ouc Day iu Ycars, rou t|c 1iuc o t|c N..:.: C....|,
at t|is tiuc Days . . . Villcs, -
iy t|c uid-cig|tccut| ccutury politc socicty as lcss supcrstitious, aud Scotlaud,
|ciug uudcr t|c sauc parliaucut as Luglaud, could |c iucludcd iu t|c rcoru. 1o |c
surc t|c uotiou o iudcpcudcut rcoru coutiuucd to hud ad|crcuts scc |clo), |ut
scrious pcoplc uudcrstood t|at it as t|c Grcgoriau ic Stylc t|at oug|t to |c
adoptcd. lu lord Macclcshcld, a huc uat|cuaticiau, su|uittcd to t|c loyal Soci-
cty |is prcliuiuary 'lcuar|s ou t|c Solar aud luuar Ycar'. lord C|cstcrhcld, ucvcr a
uau to |c iu|i|itcd |y vulgar prcjudiccs, iutroduccd a |ill to adopt t|c ic Stylc. As
|c rotc to |is sou ou t|c day o t|c Sccoud lcadiug dc|atc Mar. OS)
lt as uotorious, t|at t|c |uliau calcudar as crroucous, aud |ad ovcrc|argcd t|c solar ycar it|
clcvcu days. iopc Grcgory t|c t| corrcctcd t|is crror, |is rcorucd calcudar as iuucdiatcly
rcccivcd |y all t|c Cat|olic pocrs o Luropc, aud atcrards adoptcd |y all t|c irotcstaut oucs,
cxccpt lussia s.., Scdcu, aud Luglaud. lt as uot, iu uy opiuiou, vcry |ououra|lc or Lug-
laud to rcuaiu iu a gross aud avocd crror, cspccially iu suc| coupauy, t|c iucouvcuicucy o it
as li|cisc clt |y all t|osc |o |ad orcigu corrcspoudcuccs, |ct|cr political or ucrcautilc.
l dctcruiucd, t|crcorc, to attcupt t|c rcoruatiou, l cousultcd t|c |cst laycrs, aud t|c uost
s|ilul astrououcrs, aud c coo|cd up a |ill or t|at purposc. iut t|cu uy diculty |cgau, l as
to |riug iu t|is |ill, |ic| as ucccssarily couposcd o la jargou aud astrououical calculatious,
to |ot| |ic| l au au uttcr straugcr. iocvcr, it as a|solutcly ucccssary to ua|c t|c iousc
o lords t|iu| t|at l |uc souct|iug o t|c uattcr, aud also, to ua|c t|cu |clicvc t|at t|cy
|uc souct|iug o it t|cusclvcs, |ic| t|cy do uot. lor uy ou part, l could just as soou |avc
tal|cd Ccltic or Sclavouiau to t|cu, as astrououy, aud t|cy ould |avc uudcrstood uc ull as
cll so l rcsolvcd to do |cttcr t|au spca| to t|c purposc, aud to plcasc iustcad o iuoruiug
t|cu. l gavc t|cu, t|crcorc, ouly au |istorical accouut o calcudars, rou t|c Lgyptiau dou
to t|c Grcgoriau, auusiug t|cu uo aud t|cu it| littlc cpisodcs, |ut l as particularly attcu-
tivc to t|c c|oicc o uy ords, to t|c |aruouy aud rouuducss o uy pcriods, to uy clocutiou,
to uy actiou. 1|is succccdcd, aud cvcr ill succccd, t|cy t|oug|t l iuorucd, |ccausc l plcascd
t|cu, aud uauy o t|cu said, t|at l |ad uadc t|c |olc vcry clcar to t|cu, |cu, God |uos,
l |ad uot cvcu attcuptcd it. lord Macclcshcld, |o |ad t|c grcatcst s|arc iu oruiug t|c |ill,
aud |o is ouc o t|c grcatcst uat|cuaticiaus aud astrououcrs iu Luropc, spo|c atcrards,
it| iuhuitc |uolcdgc, aud all t|c clcarucss t|at so iutricatc a uattcr ould aduit o |ut as
|is ords, |is pcriods, aud |is uttcraucc, crc uot ucar so good as uiuc, t|c prccrcucc as uost
uuauiuously, t|oug| uost uujustly, givcu to uc. C|cstcrhcld, ii. -

lu couscqucucc t|c Act o Gcorgc ll, c. , ordcrcd t|at iu , t|roug|out Grcat
iritaiu aud all lauds uudcr t|c iritis| Crou, t|c days - Scptcu|cr s|ould |c
ouittcd, iu placc o t|c Grcgoriau Lastcr ta|lcs, uc ta|lcs crc adoptcd t|at rcac|cd
t|c sauc rcsult |y a dicrcut aud uorc couvcuicut ucaus scc 1|: L.:: .; L.s::r). 1|is
act also providcd t|at rou t|c ycar s|ould |c rcc|oucd rou |auuary iu Luglaud
aud t|c colouics, as it as alrcady iu Scotlaud.
As usual t|crc crc couplaiuts a|out t|c adoptiou o a Coutiucutal aud popis| rc-
oru, souc couplaiucd it |ad |ccu douc |c|iud t|c iiug's |ac|, or Gcorgc ll |ad |ccu
iu iauovcr at t|c tiuc t|oug| siucc t|c luprovcd Calcudar as uscd t|crc, |c could
|ardly disapprovc). lt as o|scrvcd t|at t|c Glastou|ury t|oru nocrcd ou Old
C|ristuas Day aud uot accordiug to Act o iarliaucut c. |au., lc|.). lor t|c
supposcd calcudar riots, scc Scptcu|cr.
z - lu |is couplaiuts a|out iopc Grcgory's rcoru, Moutaiguc rccollcctcd
Augustus' corrcctiou o t|c .o.. ..|:..r
'1is said, t|at t|is lcgulatiou uig|t |avc |ccu carricd ou it| lcss lucouvcuicucc, |y su|tract-
iug, accordiug to t|c Lxauplc o Js:s, t|c 3.ss:::.|:, |ic| is iu souc sort a Day o 1rou|lc,
till c |ad cxactly satishcd t|at Dc|t, |ic| is uot pcroru'd ucit|cr |y t|is Corrcctiou, aud c
yct rcuaiu souc Days iu arrcar Aud yct |y t|c sauc ucaus suc| Ordcr uig|t |c ta|cu or t|c
uturc, ordcriug, 1|at atcr t|c lcvolutiou o suc| a Ycar, or suc| a uuu|cr o Ycars, t|c supcr-
uuucrary Day uig|t |c alays t|rou out, so t|at c could uot |cuccorard crr a|ovc our
aud tcuty iours iu our Couputatiou. Lss.,s, . iii. -)
ircciscly t|is plau as adoptcd iu Scdcu, t|c iutcutiou |ciug to ouit all lcap days |c-
tccu aud iuclusivc, |ocvcr, alt|oug| as uadc a couuou ycar,
aud crc uot, aud t|c rcoru as uudouc iu |y addiug a sccoud lcap day to
lc|ruary scc lc|.). ic Stylc as hually adoptcd iu , |y t|c ouissiou o -
lc|ruary. Scc too `.., L::::rs aud Appcudix l.
z - - iy t|c ouly Siss irotcstauts still usiug
t|c |uliau calcudar crc iu Grau|udcu Grisous), t|c lrcuc|-iuposcd Lxccutivc
Dircctoratc o t|c iclvctic lcpu|lic ordcrcd t|cu to adopt t|c Grcgoriau calcudar,
|ut t|c couuuuc o Ss |cld out till orcc o arus as uscd iu . lu t|c i|c-
divc o Lgypt, lsuail ias|a, iutroduccd t|c Grcgoriau civil calcudar ovcr t|c Musliu,
|uliau, aud Coptic calcudars iu usc, iu t|c tcutict| ccutury uost o t|c Ort|odox |avc
|ad t|c ic Stylc orccd ou t|cu or civil purposcs iu iulgaria ou , April , iu
lussia ou , lc|ruary , iu Scr|ia ou , |auuary , iu Grcccc ou lc|ru-
ary, Marc| . lu Grcccc t|c C|urc| as prcsscd iuto acccptiug t|c rcoru, cxccpt
it| rcgard to Lastcr, ou , Marc| , iu louauia |ot| C|urc| aud Statc adoptcd
it ou , iovcu|cr . lcoru did uot ta|c placc iu cit|cr couutry it|out protcsts
t|at raugcd rou t|c cuttiug-o o a Mctropolitau's |card to ull-scalc riots qucllcd |y
t|c policc, ucvcrt|clcss iu louauia cvcu |cpt t|c Grcgoriau Lastcr ou April
rat|cr t|au t|c |uliau April, May, |ic| appcarcd to lic outsidc t|c liuit o
April. 1|c iulgariau C|urc| acccptcd t|c rcoru rou , Dcccu|cr .

z - Lvcu |cu t|c ic Stylc |ad |ccu acccptcd, uauy days t|at |ad t|cir
placc iu popular cousciousucss, or govcruucut aduiuistratiou, coutiuucd to |c |cpt ac-
cordiug to t|c Old Stylc. lu Luglaud t|c Old Stylc as rcucu|crcd or ccrtaiu pur-
poscs t|c start o t|c huaucial ycar as postpoucd rou Marc| to April, aud lord
Mayor's Day rou Octo|cr to iovcu|cr. 1|c orucr as agaiu adjustcd iu
to April, |ut uot iu , t|c lattcr as lct at iovcu|cr, t|oug| uoadays t|c ol-
loiug Saturday is |cpt. lu lricslaud, |crc t|c ic Stylc as adoptcd |y ouittiug -
|auuary , uauy coutracts crc rcc|oucd to t|c ic Stylc datc corrcspoudiug to
t|cir traditioual Old Stylc iucidcucc, c.g. : M:. , May) or : `..: ::r. St
ictcr's C|air, lc|., Mar.), t|c ic Stylc cquivalcut as adjustcd iu , |cu t|c
uaturc o t|c rcoru as still rcucu|crcd, Old May Day |ccouiug t|c t|, |ut uot iu
, so t|at : M:. rcuaiucd t|c t| aud uot t|c t|. lu ioray, |ic| rcccivcd
t|c ic Stylc iu as part o t|c Dauis| |iugdou, t|c Old Stylc as still uscd
alougsidc it iu t|c uid-uiuctccut| ccutury, iu t|c rural calcudar, days uay |c |cpt ou
'old' datcs at , , , or cvcu days' distaucc rou t|c uc accordiug to locality.
z
-
z - lu May a cougrcss o souc |ut uot all Ort|odox
c|urc|cs at Coustautiuoplc adoptcd a lcviscd |uliau Calcudar uudcr |ic| - Octo-
|cr o t|at ycar s|ould |c ouittcd, Lastcr dctcruiucd astrououically accordiug to t|c
ucridiau o |crusalcu, aud lcap days supprcsscd uot accordiug to t|c Grcgoriau rulc
|ut iu auy ccutcuuial ycar |osc |uudrcdt| part did uot, |cu dividcd |y , lcavc a rc-
uaiudcr o or , t|c hrst divcrgcucc rou t|c Grcgoriau systcu ill t|us |c iu ua|-
iug a couuou ycar aud |isscxtilc. 1|is is uorc accuratc t|au t|c Grcgoriau
rulc, giviug au avcragc ycar o
d

|
' '', |ut scc |clo, 'Cousidcratious or t|c
luturc'.) 1|c proposal as uadc |y t|c Scr|iau scicutist Milutiu Milau|ovic -
), |cst |uou or |is or| ou t|c lcc Agcs, |ut uot cvcu uatioual pridc pcrsuadcd
t|c Scr|iau Ort|odox C|urc| to adopt |is calcudar. iocvcr, ccrtaiu ot|cr c|urc|cs
acccptcd it cxccpt iu rcgard to Lastcr rou ouards t|cy ill t|crcorc |c a|cad
o t|c old |uliau calcudar |y ` - - 1 - days, aud o t|c Grcgoriau |y `, -
- 1 days, |crc ` = 1,, = `,, = ` uod , 1 = - ),.
z - Llcvcu ycars atcr lcuiu |ad sigucd a dccrcc |au., lc|.
) iutroduciug t|c ic Stylc, a ratiouali.cd aud auti-rcligious calcudar as iutro-
duccd iu t|c Sovict Luiou it| ccct rou Octo|cr . All uout|s |ad days,
it| hvc cxtra days distri|utcd as uatioual |olidays atcr |auuary cauc lcuiu Day
|au. Grcgoriau), atcr April t|c to-day Vor|crs' lirst o May - May Grcgo-
riau), atcr iovcu|cr to ludustry Days - iov. Grcgoriau). lu lcap ycar lc|-
ruary as to |c ollocd |y lcap Day Mar. Grcgoriau). 1|c couscqucucc as t|at

t|c Sovict uout|s |cgau rcspcctivcly ou Grcgoriau |auuary, lc|ruary, Marc|,
April, May, |uuc, |uly, August, Scptcu|cr, Octo|cr, Octo|cr, aud
Dcccu|cr.
1|c scvcu-day cc| as rcplaccd |y a hvc-day cyclc rou Mouday to lriday, propa-
gauda postcrs s|ocd t|c |ourgcois idlcrs Saturday aud Suuday |ciug pitc|cd out o
doors. Lac| day as a rcst day or ouc-ht| o t|c populatiou, syu|oli.cd |y t|c slip
iu ouc o hvc colours ycllo, piu|, rcd, purplc, aud grccu) givcu to cac| citi.cu, t|c
uatioual |olidays aud lcap day rcuaiucd outsidc t|c cyclc. 1|is arraugcucut as ucaut
to cou|iuc gcucrous iudividual lcisurc it| coutiuuous iudustrial productiou |cucc
its uauc o .:r:r,|., 'uou-iutcrruptiou'), |ut also to iutcrcrc it| rcligious o|scrvaucc
aud auily rcuuious, iu t|c lattcr aiu it succccdcd so cll as to causc idcsprcad dis-
coutcut, iu t|c orucr it ailcd, proviug disruptivc aud iuccicut.
Vit| ccct rou Dcccu|cr t|c Vcstcru uout|s crc rcstorcd, |ut it| a six-
day cc| o hvc or|iug days ollocd |y a rcst-day ou t|c t|, t|, t|, t|, aud
cxccpt iu lc|ruary) t| o t|c uout|, t|c st as outsidc t|c cyclc, |ciug souctiucs
a |oliday, souctiucs ovcrtiuc. 1|is systcu as iu turu a|audoucd ou |uuc ,
ostcusi|ly to iucrcasc productiou, |ut actually |ccausc t|c pcasauts, cvcu uudcr col-
lcctivi.atiou, |ad sa|otagcd t|c uc systcu |y ta|iug Suudays o as cll as t|c uc
rcc days, iudccd, dcspitc rcports t|at ur|au or|crs |ad orgottcu t|c old cc|days,
t|cy |ad ucvcr |ccu cutircly lost to vic cvcu iu ocial docuucuts, aud |cu t|c scvcu-
day cc| as rcstorcd t|crc as uo qucstiou o sclcctiug a dicrcut rcst-day.
1|c asscrtiou iu souc Vcstcru sourccs t|at t|c Sovict Luiou adoptcd t|c lcviscd
|uliau Calcudar or its civil rcc|ouiug is quitc alsc.
z
--- --
V|crcas prcvious irotcstaut proposals or calcudar rcoru |ad csscutially |ccu dc|at-
iug couutcrs agaiust t|c iopc, iu t|c cig|tccut| ccutury iritis| ritcrs suggcstcd iudc-
pcudcut rcorus iu carucst. 1|us iu t|c coupilcr o C.s|r,`s J|o....| proposcd
t|at t|c days - Marc| s|ould |c ouittcd, so as to rcstorc lady Day to its propcr
astrououical placc aud strcugt|cu its positiou as t|c hrst day o t|c ycar. iut a uorc
radical suggcstiou as advauccd iu t|c C:.:|:o..`s M.....:, ), -, |y ouc
'iirossa Ap-lcciu' o Marylaud, |o proposcd a 'C:.r... accouut' or cra, uaucd atcr
Gcorgc ll, rcc|oucd rou Dcccu|cr Dcc. |uliau as t|c S|ortcst Day, ,
as t|c last ycar o icrod t|c Grcat). Acccptiug Sir lsaac ictou's cstiuatc o t|c
tropical ycar as
d

|
' '', |c proposcd t|at ouc iutcrcalatiou iu s|ould |c sup-
prcsscd, cvcry ud ycar |ciug couuou, it| au crror o lcss t|au ouc day iu
ycars. 1|is ould yicld a ucau calcudar ycar o
d

|
' .'') ic also is|cd to
dividc t|c ycar iuto our-cc| uout|s, or prccrcucc uuu|crcd iu scqucucc aud t|c
cc|days li|cisc), |ut i t|c cxistiug uaucs crc to |c rctaiucd t|c t|irtccut| uout|
s|ould |c callcd Gcorgy |y aualogy it| |uly, |ic| as still strcsscd ou t|c hrst
--- --
sylla|lc). 1o t|c cc|s coutaiucd iu t|csc uout|s a t| day s|ould |c addcd, 'sc-
qucstcr'd |y C|r.s:...s out o t|c ycar' aud |cpt as C|ristuas, ollocd iu lcap ycar |y
't|c 3r.:.s| Ls:ro, |,o.., or t|c ..:....| .,', ucit|cr t|is uor C|ristuas Day s|ould
oru part o t|c cc|, |ut cvcry uout| o cvcry ycar s|ould |cgiu ou Suuday. Siucc
t|c uc rcc|ouiug as to |c adoptcd rou Gcorgiau, |ic| ould |cgiu ou
Vcducsday, Dcc. OS, t|c |rca| it| t|c |istoric cc| ould |c iuucdiatc.) ic
also proposcd t|at Lastcr s|ould |c 'hxt ou t|c `.., ucarcst to t|at day, ou |ic| t|c
suu coucs to t|c vcry sauc dcgrcc iu t|c ccliptic, |crc it as ou t|c rcsurrcctiou,
|ic| uig|t casily |c calculatcd', aud urt|cr t|at uoucy, cig|ts, aud ucasurcs s|ould
|c rcc|oucd 'iu au octavc proportiou', cac| uuit cig|t tiucs t|c ucxt. Au cxpaudcd rc-
visiou o t|csc proposals, 1|: ...r...o:::r '|y i.|.', as pu|lis|cd at loudou iu .
1|c priuciplc o t|c |lau| day, it|out a placc iu t|c scqucucc o criac, iu ordcr to
rcucdy t|c uisuatc| o ycar aud cc|, as iudcpcudcutly |it ou |y t|c A|atc Marco
Mastrohui -). lu |is trcatisc ou calcudar rcoru, `| ..|:..r.. r:.r.... :r::.
.s..|. : louc, ), |c dcvotcd iart l to t|c proposal t|at |auuary s|ould |c pcr-
uaucutly hxcd as a Suuday, Dcccu|cr |ciug cxcludcd rou t|c scqucucc o cc|-
days, aud li|cisc iu lcap ycar t|c cxtra day, |ic| ould iuucdiatcly ollo it, iu iart
ll |c argucd t|at iu suc| a calcudar Lastcr s|ould |c hxcd ou April, ouly |crc dccu-
iug it ucccssary to auticipatc ccclcsiastical o|jcctious. 1|c or| as pu|lis|cd uudcr
iopc Grcgory X\l |o t|oug| a uotorious couscrvativc |orc t|c sauc t|rouc-uauc
as t|c prcvious rcorucr), it| t|rcc ..|.| .|s:.:s aud to .or.o.:rs.
Luli|c 'iirossa Ap-lcciu', Mastrohui did uot touc| t|c irrcgular lcugt| o t|c
uout|s, |ut t|c -uout| plau, it| |lau| days, as agaiu proposcd |y ot|cr rcorucrs
suc| as Augustc Coutc, iu |osc iositivist Calcudar cvcry uout| aud cvcry day as
dcdicatcd to au cuiucut uau or occasioually ouau), t|c t| day to all t|c dcad,
aud t|c lcap day to |oly oucu. iositivist calcudars coutiuucd or scvcral dccadcs to
|c issucd iu lraucc aud ira.il.
1|c Yor|s|irc-|oru Cauadiau Moscs i. Cotsort| -) o|taiucd t|c huau-
cial |ac|iug o Gcorgc Lastuau, t|c prcsidcut o t|c Lastuau ioda| Coupauy, or au
lutcruatioual lixcd Calcudar, couuouly |uou as t|c Lastuau ilau t|c ycar cousistcd
o t|irtccu uout|s o days, all |cgiuuiug ou a Suuday, t|c t|irtccut| uout|, callcd
Sol, as to couc |ctccu |uuc aud |uly, lcap Day |uuc) aud Ycar Day Dcccu-
|cr) crc uot to |c couutcd iu t|c cc|. Scvcral |usiucsscs |ad alrcady adoptcd suc| a
calcudar or t|cir iutcrual accouuts.
Coucurrcutly, t|c lcaguc o iatious |ad adoptcd t|c causc o calcudar rcoru,
proposals crc cousidcrcd |y t|c Advisory aud 1cc|uical Couuittcc or Couuuuica-
tious aud 1rausit iu . lu , t|c lcaguc asscu|ly votcd iu avour o sta|ili.iug
Lastcr ou t|c Suuday olloiug t|c sccoud Saturday iu April aud cupocriug t|c c|air-
uau o t|c Couuittcc to sct up uatioual couuittccs ou urt|cr rcoru o t|c civil
ycar, a rccouucudatiou t|at suc| couuittccs s|ould |c csta|lis|cd as ocially cou-
uuuicatcd to ucu|cr statcs iu t|c olloiug ycar. lu t|c LSA, |ic| as uot a ucu-
|cr o t|c lcaguc, Lastuau sci.cd t|c iuitiativc |y scttiug up a iatioual Couuittcc ou
Calcudar Siuplihcatiou t|at duly ouud iu avour o t|c lutcruatioual lixcd Calcudar.

iot all ould-|c rcorucrs crc |appy it| a ycar iu |ic| t|crc ould |c lri-
day t|c t|s. 1o |c surc, ccrtaiu uativc pcoplcs o iort| Aucrica |avc rcc|oucd
uout|s to t|c ycar, aud iu Mcsoaucricau culturcs as a uuu|cr o cosuic as cll as
calcudrical siguihcaucc, Lastuau's party dcclarcd it to |c t|c luc|y uuu|cr o a couu-
try ouudcd |y t|c rc|clliou o colouics. iut suc| arguucuts, cvcu i t|cy could sat-
isy Aucricaus, crc o uo couort a|road, it as also o|jcctcd t|at t|c uout|s could
uot |c orucd iuto quartcrs, aud t|at laudlords ould c|argc au cxtra uout|'s rcut cac|
ycar at t|c sauc ratc as |corc. Au altcruativc proposal providcd or our cqual quartcrs
o days, iu cac| o |ic| t|c hrst uout|, |cgiuuiug ou Suuday, cousistcd o days
aud t|c sccoud aud t|ird, |cgiuuiug rcspcctivcly ou Vcducsday aud lriday, o , lcap
Day, olloiug |uuc, aud Ycar Day, olloiug Dcccu|cr, crc to |c iutcruatioual
|olidays or Vorld Days uot iucludcd iu t|c cc|. 1|is projcct as givcu t|c uauc o
Vorld Calcudar, aud c|aupioucd |y t|c Vorld Calcudar Associatiou ouudcd |y
Llisa|ct| Ac|clis.
A Cougrcssioual rcsolutiou iutroduccd ou Dcccu|cr iuvitiug t|c ircsidcut o
t|c Luitcd Statcs to couvcuc or attcud au iutcruatioual coucrcucc to siupliy t|c cal-
cudar dicd iu t|c Couuittcc ou lorcigu Aairs. icvcrt|clcss, t|c lcaguc Couuittcc,
at its scssiou o |uuc , cousidcrcd ucarly proposals rou suc| iutcrcstcd partics
as t|c C|icago luu|cr lctail Dcalcrs' Associatiou |ic| avourcd t|c -uout| ycar,
it| t|c cqual-quartcr ycar as all-|ac|), uost attcutiou as givcu to t|c Lastuau ilau
aud t|c Vorld Calcudar. iot| sc|cucs, |ocvcr, crc crvcutly opposcd |y Ort|odox
|cs aud also Scvcut|-Day Advcutists) as iutcrruptiug t|c rcgular succcssiou o Sa|-
|at|s, |ic| t|cy ould |c o|ligcd to coutiuuc o|scrviug cvcry scvcut| day, ou |at-
cvcr cria it cll, aud t|crc|y iucur civil aud ccououic disa|ilitics, t|c C|ic la||i o
Grcat iritaiu cut iu pcrsou to Gcucva to spca| agaiust t|c proposals. |cs |ad uo o|-
jcctiou to rcorus t|at rcspcctcd t|c Sa||at|, or iustaucc |y rcduciug t|c rcgular ycar
to days cc|s cxactly) aud addiug a lcap cc| |cucvcr t|c dchcit rcac|cd scvcu
days, |ut t|is ouud uo avour it| t|c Couuittcc or it| rcorucrs at largc, cvcu
t|oug| suc| a calcudar, it| hvc cc|s addcd ovcr ycars, |ad |ccu iu usc or ccu-
turics iu lcclaud scc :|:r C.|:..rs. I.:|....), aud could |c uadc coupati|lc it| t|c
Grcgoriau rcc|ouiug |y addiug cc|s iu ycars. Accouutauts |lcuc|cd at a cc|'s
dicrcucc iu lcugt| o ycar, astrououcrs at t|c variatiou iu t|c datc o t|c vcrual
cquiuox.
Alt|oug| t|c Couuittcc did uot adopt a siuglc plau, t|c lcaguc coutiuucd to ta|c
au iutcrcst, solicitiug t|c vics o ucu|cr aud uou-ucu|cr govcruucuts. 1|c -
uout| ycar, rcgardcd iu uuc| o t|c orld as uuluc|y, iupious, or |ot|, lost all avour,
cspccially atcr Lastuau's suicidc iu , uauy o t|c cutcrpriscs t|at couductcd t|cir
ou aairs ou t|at |asis a|audoucd it. Supportcrs o rcoru rallicd |c|iud t|c Vorld
Calcudar, |ut alt|oug| out o statcs prououuccd iu its avour to t|c lcaguc o
iatious Couucil iu , uouc as a uajor pocr aud uot|iug as douc, ou t|c tradi-
tioual prctcxt t|at t|c tiuc did uot sccu ripc.
lu t|c carly s t|c govcruucut o ludia, cugagcd iu t|c scarc| or a uc civil cal-
cudar o its ou scc H.. C.|:..r), iuvitcd t|c Luitcd iatious Orgaui.atiou to
--- --
adopt t|c Vorld Calcudar. lc couutrics gavc support, t|c Luitcd Statcs rccou-
ucudcd t|at all study o t|c qucstiou s|ould ccasc, aud iu t|c Lcououic aud
Social Couuittcc votcd to postpouc all urt|cr cousidcratiou s..: .:. 1|c ioly Scc au-
uouuccd iu t|at it ould opposc auy iutcrruptiou to t|c cc| iu t|c a|scucc o
coupclliug rcasous, o |ic| it alouc ould |c t|c judgc, siucc t|cu t|c advautagcs t|at
uig|t rcsult rou t|c cquali.atiou o uout|s |avc sccucd lcss t|au t|c trou|lc o pcr-
suadiug t|c orld to adopt it.
z
- -
lu duc coursc auot|cr rcoru ill |c uccdcd to corrcct t|c cxccssivc ucau lcugt| o t|c
Grcgoriau ycar, . days
d

|
' '' ). l t|c tropical ycar rcuaiucd at its
lcugt| o . days
d

|
'' .' ), t|c Grcgoriau calcudar ould
atcr ycars |c
d
' '' |c|iud t|c suu so t|at ouittiug lcap day iu aud
ould uot |c cuoug|), |ut siucc t|c tropical ycar is currcutly dccrcasiug aud t|c
uatural day iucrcasiug at currcut approxiuatc ratcs pcr tropical ycars o rcspcctivcly
.'' aud .'', t|c discrcpaucy ill iu act |c grcatcr, so t|at uot ouly t|c Grcgoriau
calcudar |ut t|c -ycar cyclc aud t|c lcviscd |uliau Calcudar, |ic| also ua|c t|c av-
cragc ycar lougcr t|au tropical , crr ou t|c roug sidc. Morc accuratc, or t|c tiuc
|ciug, ould |c t|c rulc, uorc t|au oucc proposcd, o supprcssiug iutcrcalatiou iu
cvcry t| ycar or or couvcuicucc' sa|c iu t|c ucarcst ccutcuuial ycar), it| a ucau
ycar o . days
d

|
' ''), cvcu |cttcr, t|oug| uorc couplicatcd, ould
|c t|c lrauiau solar cyclc o ycars scc Ms|.o C.|:..r. Ir..), |ic| alls s|ort o
tropical ycars |y lcss t|au uiuutcs. iut siucc iu t|c lougcr tcru, |cu t|c trop-
ical ycar approac|cs . days
d

|
' .''), it ill |c ucccssary to ua|c our
ccutcuuial ycars couuou out o hvc, a siuplcr rcoru ould |c to ouit iutcrcalatiou
iu , |cu t|c calcudar ill |c ucarly a day |c|iud, |ccp aud as lcap ycars,
aud t|crcatcr su|stitutc or iu t|c Grcgoriau rulc, ua|iug all ccutcuuial ycars
couuou cxccpt , , , , ctc., uutil suc| tiuc as urt|cr adjustucut
s|ould |c uccdcd. Morc prccisc proposals arc iupossi|lc, siucc t|c ratc o c|augc iu
t|c lcugt| o day aud ycar cauuot |c prcdictcd.

c
lu t|c ia|a: calcudar, |uou as 3.. uuprcccdcutcd), t|c ycar coutaius uout|s o
days, it| cpagoucual days, |ciug t|c ia|a: uystical uuu|cr, ycars ua|c a
cyclc or .|
.
. Ouc God), cyclcs |||~.~s|., 'all t|iugs'). 1|csc tcrus arc icrsiau,
t|oug| uauy arc dcrivcd rou Ara|ic. 1|c hrst day o t|c ycar alls ou t|c sauc day
rcc|oucd rou suusct) as t|c vcrual cquiuox, usually Marc|, |ic| is assuucd |clo,
|ut |cu t|c cquiuox ill all latcr t|au suusct ou t|at day Marc| is a ht| cpagou-
cual day aud t|c uc ycar |cgius ou t|c ud. 1|c cc| |cgius ou Saturday, t|c cra is
rcc|oucd rou .
1|c days o t|c cc| arc
Saturday |alal Glory
Suuday |aual icauty
Mouday iaual icrcctiou
1ucsday lid
.
al Gracc Mcrcy)
Vcducsday ldal |usticc
1|ursday lstijlal Majcsty
lriday lstiqlal ludcpcudcucc
1|c days aud uout|s |car idcutical cyclical uaucs
ia|a Splcudour Marc|- April
|alal Glory - April
|aual icauty April- May
A.
.
auat Graudcur May- |uuc
iur lig|t - |uuc
la|
.
uat Mcrcy |uuc- |uly
ialiuat Vords - |uly
iaual icrcctiou - August
Asua iaucs August- Scptcu|cr
l..at Mig|t - Scptcu|cr
Mas|iyyat Vill Scptcu|cr- Octo|cr
llu iuolcdgc Octo|cr- iovcu|cr
Qudrat iocr - iovcu|cr
Qal Spccc| iovcu|cr- Dcccu|cr
Masail Qucstious - Dcccu|cr
S|ara iouour Dcccu|cr- |auuary
Sult
.
au Sovcrciguty |auuary- lc|ruary
Mul| Douiuiou - lc|ruary
Ayyau-i-ia 'i Days' lc|ruary- Marc|
Ala lotiucss - Marc|
1|c uost iuportaut ia|a: cclc|ratiou is t|c hrst day o cac| uout|, callcd t|c 'iiuc-
tccut| Day's lcast' siucc it is days rou t|c last occasiou, |cu t|c ait|ul gat|cr to-
gct|cr or praycrs, rcadiugs, cousultatiou ou t|c couuuuity's aairs, aud a couuuual
ucal. Ot|cr |olidays arc
ia|a Mar.) iaru. ic Ycar)
|alal- |aual lid
.
vau iaradisc), couucuoratiug t|c last tclvc
Apr.- May) days t|at ia|au'lla| M: r.a i
.
usayu Al: iur: , -)
spcut iu iag|dad iu t|c gardcu o iaj: | ias|a, |uou
to ia|a: s as t|c 3.|~. .
.
.. or 'Gardcu o iaradisc',
|corc dcpartiug rou t|c city. lt as ou t|is occasiou
t|at |c proclaiucd |iuscl t|c uc ucsscugcr rou
God |osc couiug |ad |ccu orctold ycars carlicr |y
t|c ia|, t|c spccial |oly days arc |alal, April,
|aual, April, aud |aual, May. Llcctious arc |cld
at t|is pcriod.
A.
.
auat May) Couucuoratcs t|c rccoguitiou o Sayyid Al:
Mu|
.
auuad S|: ra.: |y |is dcvotcc t|c Mulla| i
.
usayu
as t|c ia| or Gatc t|roug| |ou a ucsscugcr o God
ould couc, |uuada l = May , t|is ycar is
t|c startiug-poiut o t|c ia|a: Lra. Ou t|c vcry sauc
day as |oru A||as Lcud: , |o as A|du'l-ia|a
grcatly cxpaudcd t|c rcligiou ouudcd |y |is at|cr
ia|au'lla|, laid t|c ouudatiou-stouc o t|c grcat
tcuplc at Vilucttc, lll., iu , dicd iu as a iuig|t
o t|c iritis| Lupirc, aud as |uricd ou Mouut
Carucl iu iritis|-uaudatcd ialcstiuc, uo iu lsracl.
ia|a: s gat|cr to rccitc praycrs aud |car passagcs rou
t|cir scripturcs.
A.
.
auat May) Asccusiou o ia|a u'lla |, A.
.
auat = May
. ia|a : s gat|cr or praycrs at t|c |our o |is passiug.
la|
.
uat |uly) Martyrdou o t|c ia | |y hriug-squad at 1a|r: . |ar-
rac|s iu .
llu Oct.) iirt| o t|c ia|, Mu|
.
arrau = Octo|cr .
lcastiug aud dcvotiou.

Qudrat iov.) iirt| o ia|au'lla|, Mu|
.
arrau = iovcu|cr
. Cclc|ratcd it| pu|lic or privatc gat|criugs.
Qal iov.) Day o t|c Covcuaut, iu |ouour o A|du'l-ia|a as t|c
pcrcct cxcuplar o |is at|cr's tcac|iugs.
Qal iov.) Asccusiou o A|du'l-ia|a, , o|scrvcd it| praycrs
at t|c |our o dcat|.
1|c Ayyau-i-ia lc|.- Mar., iu lcap ycar also t|c ud) arc dcvotcd to |ospital-
ity, c|arity, aud scrvicc, also to prcpariug or t|c ast-uout| o Ala, o|scrvcd |y a|-
stiucucc rou ood aud driu| |ctccu suurisc aud suusct agcs -, cxccpt travcllcrs,
t|c sic|, aud prcguaut or uursiug oucu).
lu t|c Luitcd Statcs, urt|cr days arc o|scrvcd accordiug to t|c Grcgoriau calcudar
1|ird Suuday iu |auuary Vorld lcligiou Day
Sccoud Suuday iu |uuc lacc Luity Day cst. )
iovcu|cr Vorld icacc Day

-
1|c C|iucsc calcudar is a luuisolar calcudar |ascd ou t|c 'Mctouic' cyclc o luua-
tious distri|utcd ovcr ycars, scvcu o |ic| coutaiu uout|s aud t|c rcst . 1|c
uout| uay |c cit|cr ull , 'largc') or |ollo :..., 'suall'), |ut t|crc is uo rulc o
altcruatiou. lu coutrast to ot|cr uoou-|ascd calcudars, t|c day |cgius uot at suusct |ut
at uiduig|t, aud t|c uout| is dctcruiucd |y t|c astrououically calculatcd coujuuctiou,
t|c hrst day is t|at ou |ic| t|c coujuuctiou ta|cs placc, cvcu i iu t|c last uiuutc
|corc uiduig|t icijiug tiuc. A couvcrsiou ta|lc or t|c ycars ,-, is givcu
at t|c cud o t|is scctiou. Siuilar calcudars arc or |avc |ccu uscd iu iorca, |apau, aud
\ictuau, also iu 1i|ct, |ut rcc|oucd rou ull uoou iustcad o t|c coujuuctiou.
Lvcry ycar, uout|, day, aud dou|lc |our or s| , day) |as its placc iu t|c scxagcu-
ary cyclc orucd |y cou|iuiug t|c icavculy Stcus :.....) it| t|c Lart|ly
irauc|cs .|. ). Lac| succcssivc pair o stcus is associatcd it| ouc o t|c hvc clcucuts
cac| it| a yaug aud a yiu uauicstatiou), hvc cardiual poiuts, aud hvc plaucts, cac|
|rauc| it| au auiual, au clcucut, a dou|lc |our, a poiut o t|c coupass, aud a sigu
o t|c .odiac.
`::os L|:o:.: C.r...| |..::
,.. ,..
...:
,..
ood hr |au|oo cast |upitcr
,.
|. .
hrc |iudliug laup-nauc sout| Mars
. .

cart| |ill plaiu ccutrc Saturu

,.
: .
uctal capous |cttlc cst \cuus
:. .
r.
atcr avcs |roo|s uort| Mcrcury
.
3r...|:s J..o.| L|:o:.: L.||: C.o.ss `.. .;
|.r ...: .....
.. rat atcr - uort| Arics
.|. ox cart| - i L 1aurus
,. tigcr ood - i L Gcuiui
3r...|:s J..o.| L|:o:.: L.||: C.o.ss `.. .;
|.r ...: .....
o.. |arc ood - cast Cauccr
.|. dragou cart| - S L lco
s sua|c hrc - S L \irgo
|orsc hrc - sout| li|ra
: s|ccp cart| - S V Scorpio
s|: . uou|cy uctal - S V Sagittarius
,. ol uctal - cst Capricoru
: dog cart| - i V Aquarius
|. pig atcr - i V iisccs
Stcus aud |rauc|cs cou|iuc iu t|c scqucucc ,.. .. ,. .|. |. .,. . . . r.s|: . . ,.
,..: ,. |. |. ... . . . . : ,.. s|: . . . . . s ,.. . . . . o.. ,.. .|.
. . . . .|. ,.. ,. . . . r.: . |..
1|c ycar is couuouly |uou |y t|c auiual associatcd it| its |rauc|, |cucc a pcr-
sou |oru iu ,, ,, ,, or , is said to |avc |ccu |oru iu t|c Ycar o
t|c lat. 1|c Ycar o t|c Dou|cy, |

....., is t|c C|iucsc couutcrpart o lattcr lau-

uas aud t|c Grcc| ialcuds.) 1|is cyclc is ouud iu grcat parts o Asia rou 1ur|cstau
castards, iu souc couutrics t|c ox is rcplaccd |y t|c |ualo, aud also iu \ictuau t|c
|arc |y t|c cat o., t|c |rauc| |ciug callcd o.). lt as ocially uscd iu lrau |ctccu
, iig) aud , lat). licry iorsc |.. or ..) is au uuluc|y ycar to |c
|oru iu uauy |apaucsc girls |oru iu rcuaiu uuuarricd.
1|c C|iucsc ycar ruuuiug rou to as t|c t| ycar o t|c scxagcuary cyclc,
: .s|: ., t|at |cgiuuiug iu as t|c t|, :. .,. . icucc to hud t|c cyclical ycar cor-
rcspoudiug to a datc supposiug t|c C|iucsc uc ycar to |avc |cguu), su|tract ,
aud dividc |y , t|c uuit-hgurc o t|c rcuaiudcr ill iudicatc t|c stcu. Dividc t|is rc-
uaiudcr |y , t|c uc rcuaiudcr ill iudicatc t|c |rauc|. 1|us, or
- = = , rcuaiudcr
Luit-hgurc o is , sixt| stcu is ,.
= + , ourt| |rauc| is o..
ycar |cgiuuiug iu is ,. o..
lu iupcrial tiucs, cac| ycar also |ad its uuu|crcd placc iu au auspiciously uaucd cra
...|.), uutil uc cras crc proclaiucd at t|c cupcror's |iu, |ut uudcr t|c last
to dyuastics, t|c Mug - aud rccogui.cd lougcr iu t|c sout|) aud t|c Q: ug
-), t|c cupcror proclaiucd a siuglc cra at t|c start o |is rcigu, |cgiuuiug
rou t|c ic Ycar atcr |is acccssiou, aud as |uou |y its uauc atcr dcat| t|c cu-
pcror |o rcigucd duriug t|c Cclcstial irospcrity cra ,-,) is t|crcorc
propcrly uot t|c cupcror Qiulug orucrly trauslitcratcd C|'icu-luug) |ut t|c Qiu-
lug cupcror.
-
lu astrououical usagc t|c hrst uout| is t|c luuatiou duriug |ic| t|c iutcr sol-
sticc occurs, t|is luuatiou is allocatcd t|c hrst |rauc|, |ciug callcd t|c .. , , =
'uoou' or 'uout|'). 1|c civil ycar |as siucc it| a c cxccptious, t|c last iu
) |cguu to uout|s latcr it| t|c ,.,, t|c hrst civil uout| |as t|c spccial uauc
.|: .,, t|c ot|crs arc uuu|crcd -, t|oug| litcrary aud colloquial syuouyus
a|ouud. 1|c |rauc| o t|c civil uout| ill alays corrcspoud to its placc iu t|c sc-
qucucc ,. st uout|)-.|. t| uout|), t|c stcu o t|c st uout| is dctcruiucd |y
t|at o t|c ycar
1:.r I.rs: M..:|
,.. or ,. |. .
,. or : .
|. . or :. . : .
. . or r. r.
or . ,..
lor uost o t|c iupcrial pcriod, days crc ar uorc otcu datcd |y t|c scxagcuary cyclc
t|au |y ,..:.o: aud uout|, |auuary as t|c t| cyclical day, . ..|. .
1|c hrst dou|lc |our s| ) |cgius at or p.u. ou t|c prcvious civil day, aud is
assigucd t|c |rauc| .. , its stcu is dctcruiucd |y t|at o t|c day
L., I.rs: s|
,.. or ,. ,..
,. or : . |. .
|. . or :. .
. . or r. : .
or . r.
icucc p.u. ou Dcccu|cr |cgau t|c dou|lc |our : ... . Lutil t|crc crc
s| to t|c day, t|crcatcr , |ut uutil t|c day as also dividcd iuto |, o
|ic| t|c hrst aud scvcut| s| cac| coutaiucd tcu, t|c rcst cig|t cac|. lu a Vcstcru
systcu as iutroduccd cac| s| coutaiucd to 'suall |ours' :...s| ) o our |, cac| |
|ciug dividcd iuto ;: . corrcspoudiug to t|c uiuutc). 1iucs crc statcd, c.g.
p.u. ,.. .|.|| 'uig|t, .. , hrst |al), hrst quartcr-|our'
. p.u. ,.. .|.||,. ;: . 'uig|t, .. , hrst, hrst quartcr, ouc uiuutc'
. p.u. ,.. .|,. | 'uig|t, .. , hrst, ouc quartcr'
uiduig|t .. .|..|| '.. , uaiu, hrst quartcr'
1|c ;: . coupriscd o.. . o : ., |cyoud t|at ouc said t|at t|c tiuc statcd as ,..
'stroug', i.c. a littlc |it past) or r 'ca|', a littlc |it lcss).
1|c tiuc o |irt| is traditioually dcsiguatcd |y t|c 'cig|t c|aractcrs' |..), or cycli-
cal sigus o t|c ycar, uout|, day, aud dou|lc |our, at |ctrot|al t|c rcspcctivc auilics
cxc|augc t|c cig|t c|aractcrs o |ridc aud groou. A C|iucsc |oru at p.u. ou t|c t|
day o t|c t| uout| o Doguaug Dcc. ) ould |avc |ad t|c cig|t c|arac-
tcrs ,. .|. . ..|. ,. s ,.. :.
-
1|c cu|olisuic uout| r.,) is trcatcd as a rcpctitiou o t|c rcgular uout| t|at
prcccdcd it, aud docs uot ta|c a stcu or |rauc| o its ou, t|c cu|olisuic ycar r.~
...) is t|oug|t uuluc|y, as aordiug uorc days o toil, cspccially |cu t|c rcpcatcd
uout| is t|c cig|t|, cvcu t|oug| is uorually au auspicious uuu|cr. Ouc suc|
r.|., or 'rcpcatcd cig|t| uout|' ycar as ,, |cu t|c Lupirc as ovcrt|rou,
auot|cr ,, uar|cd |y t|c 1augs|au cart|qua|c, iu |ic| pcoplc dicd,
noods, droug|t, a uctcoritc, aud t|c dcat| o Mao Zcdoug, auot|cr ,, iu |ic|
t|crc crc scvcrc noods, cart|qua|cs, aud rcputcdly s|ocrs o rogs. Ouc lcadiug party
cldcr, C|cu Yuu, dicd, |ut uot, coutrary to idcsprcad cxpcctatiou, Dcug Xiaopiug.) lt
is said t|at t|c :. or `::r.|.. |.:...;.|..-t|c ouly trcc ou |ic| t|c p|ocuix ill
alig|t-|uos |cu t|crc ill |c a r...., aud gros au cxtra lca iu couscqucucc.
1|c iutcrcalary cyclc |cgius iu t|c C|ristiau ycar t|at |y Vcstcru rcc|ouiug |as t|c
Goldcu iuu|cr , alt|oug| ot|cr systcus |avc o|taiucd iu t|c past, t|c currcut rulc
is to rcpcat a uout| iu ycars , , , , , , aud o t|c cyclc = Goldcu iuu|cr ,
, , , , , ) su|jcct to t|c olloiug couditious
i) 1|c vcrual cquiuox, suuucr solsticc, autuuual cquiuox, aud iutcr solsticc
uust all rcspcctivcly iu t|c ud, t|, t|, aud t| civil uout|s.
ii) 1|c suu uust spcud t|c |olc o t|c cu|olisuic uout| it|iu t|c sauc sigu
o t|c .odiac, |cucc it cau coutaiu ouly ouc c|augc o solar tcru scc |clo), aud t|at
uot a priucipal tcru.
iii) 1|c st, t|, aud t| uout|s uust uot |c rcpcatcd, siucc t|c solar tcrus a|out
t|c iutcr solsticc arc s|ortcr t|au t|c ot|crs.
iv) l iutcrcalatiou ould causc t|c iutcr solsticc to all |corc t|c t| uout|,
coutrary to i), iutcrcalatiou is postpoucd till atcr t|c ud uout| o t|c olloiug ycar.
1|c dctailcd applicatiou o t|csc rulcs as t|c rcspousi|ility o t|c ioard o Mat|-
cuatics, |ic| as uot iuuuuc to crror cvcu atcr t|c iuprovcd calcudar prcscutcd to
t|c S|u.| Lupcror iu |y lat|cr Adau Sc|all vou icll S| iu C|iucsc 1aug
luug) cvcry ycar, duriug t|c tcut| uout|, t|crc as pu|lis|cd a `|:..s| or 'ioo|
o Coustaut Couoruity' |corc Lr, 'Ordcriug o Days') giviug t|c cyclical sigus
o t|c ycar, uout|s, aud days, t|c loug, s|ort, aud iutcrcalary uout|s, t|c dcsiguatiou
o t|c day accordiug to t|c clcucuts, coustcllatious, aud |appy prcsagcs, t|c day
aud |our o t|c uoou's quartcrs, t|at o t|c suu's positiou iu t|c solar tcrus calcu-
latcd or t|c various C|iucsc capitals, Mauc|uria, Mougolia, aud t|c tri|utary |iug-
dous, suurisc, suusct, aud lcugt| o day or uig|t, ditto, aud ovcr t|c protcsts o t|c
lcarucd) various astrological asscrtious a|out luc|y aud uuluc|y days, t|csc last uot
|ciug t|c rcspousi|ility o t|c ioard. 1|crc as also a h....s| or 'Myriad Ycar ioo|'
or ,-,, t|c startiug-poiut |ciug c|oscu |ccausc , 1iuq:, ) |cgau a
uc scxagcuary cyclc. lt coutaiucd t|c cyclical sigus o t|c ycar, t|c loug, s|ort, aud iu-
tcrcalary uout|s, t|c cyclical sigus o t|c st, t|, aud st o cac| uout|, aud t|c day
aud |our at t|c ucridiau o icijiug at |ic| cac| solar tcru |cgau.
Ou t|c ovcrt|ro o t|c uouarc|y iu Xuaut oug ,), t|c lcpu|licau govcru-
ucut iutroduccd t|c Grcgoriau calcudar, uuu|criug t|c uout|s rou ,. ,, |auuary,
-
as agaiust .|: ., or t|c hrst luuar uout|) to . lt did uot, |ocvcr, iutroducc t|c
C|ristiau cra, |ut proclaiucd a uc Mugu 'lcpu|lic') cra, rcc|oucd rou |auuary
, still uscd ou 1aiau, |crc is Mugu , iu t|c icoplc's lcpu|lic aud ovcr-
scas, t|c Vcstcru ycar is dcsiguatcd accordiug to t|c C|ristiau cra iutroduccd |y t|c
Couuuuists iu ), aud t|c C|iucsc ycar |y t|c scxagcuary cyclc, or popularly |y its
auiual.
1|c c|ic cstivals o t|c C|iucsc ycar arc or crc
z - )
1.. ic Ycar's Day), to |c spcut iudoors it| t|c cxtcudcd auily, t|oug| iu
iupcrial tiucs ocials |ad hrst to ocr t|cir cougratulatious to t|c court, aud t|cu
visit t|cir closc rclativcs aud ricuds to is| t|cu ic Ycar's iappiucss :. .:. ).
lood iu particular |oilcd duupliugs callcd |. |.) s|ould alrcady |avc |ccu prcparcd,
it is vcry uuluc|y to usc a s|arp iustruucut. lircor|s arc lit, clls arc closcd or t|c
hrst to days o t|c ycar. Also uaucd j. r lol Day), t|c hrst days o t|c ycar
|ciug uaucd atcr ucu|crs o t|c auiual or vcgcta|lc |iugdou. lu t|c Grcgoriau
calcudar, it is t|c hrst uc uoou as calculatcd or t|c appropriatc lougitudc) atcr
|auuary. lu \ictuaucsc t|c day is |uou as :

::, propcrly 'cstival', t|c ull oru,

iucorporatiug t|c C|iucsc uauc, is :

:: N,.-.).
..r. Dog Day).
God o Vcalt| Cis|u) |ouourcd. Atcr t|is pcoplc |cgiu to go out, t|oug| |ct-
tcr oru as to stay iudoors till t|c t|. Z|r iig Day).
1.r S|ccp Day).
N.r Cattlc Day). lcsuuptiou o uorual lic , '|rca|iug t|c ht|').
M.r iorsc Day).
.r iuuau Day).
Cr Graiu Day). lu souc placcs t|c `|.:. . or iouagc to t|c Stars scc t|c
t|).
Mr icup Day).
Lr iulsc Day).
L: .,. lcast o lautcrus) lautcrus arc displaycd aud hrcor|s arc lct o. 1|c cs-
tival lastcd or t|rcc days, o |ic| t|c sccoud, ou t|c t|, as |uou as |or,
'astiug day'.
`|.:. . iu uost proviuccs c. t|c t|) laups o papcr tapcrs soa|cd iu oil
crc lit, iuccusc |urut aud ocrcd. Voucu crc cxpcctcd to |ccp out o t|c ay.
lats' Vcddiug Day, ouc rctircs to |cd carly so as uot to distur| t|c rats. Also
Gat|criug o t|c iuudrcd Gods, ucly uarricd daug|tcrs uay visit t|cir parcuts
ouly ou t|is day duriug t|c uout|. 1|c Lupcror attcudcd a sports cstival aud
rcccivcd t|c Mougoliau uo|lcs, t|is as callcd t|c 1.,. 'Lutcrtaiuiug iiut|'),
|ciug t|c t| day o t|c sccoud ..:. 1|osc ocials |o |ad t|c rig|t to car sa|lc
ro|cs cxc|augcd t|cu or silvcr-ox urs. Ou t|is day or ouc o t|c ucxt to, as
sccucd propitious, ocial scals crc |roug|t out aud aduiuistratiou ccrcuouially
rcsuucd.
-
1..... lilliug t|c Grauary) sacrihcc |y graiu- aud ricc-ucrc|auts to Grauary
God Caugs|u), iu orucr tiucs cclc|ratcd |y castiug ou por|, |cc, aud uuttou,
o |ic| gucsts uust cat t|cir hll |corc lcaviug.
z )
Suu-ca|cs :.,...) sacrihccd to t|c suu. lircs crc put out iu icijiug.
L.:.: Dragou laiscs icad) dragou-scalc ca|cs |.|.|. .) aud dragou-
|is|cr uoodlcs |.:o..) arc catcu, aud uccdlcor| is suspcudcd lcst t|c uccdlc
iujurc t|c dragou's cycs. Larlicr callcd Z|. .| Mid-spriug iaruouy).
iirt|day o l ao.:, ..r..
.
. o iudd|a.
iirt|day o Guauy: u, t|c Goddcss o Mcrcy.
-cud o uout| Salc o spriug c|ic|cus aud duc|s.
z - )
- Clcar-iool aud Vild-Mul|crry Mouastcry 1u.|s) as opcucd, iu its
grouuds as au aucicut giug|o trcc callcd Lupcrors' aud iiugs' 1rcc Dugs|),
t|oug|t to put ort| a uc s|oot ou t|c acccssiou o t|c cupcror, |ic| dicd iu
orcaruiug o |is dcat|.
- .:.. . 1raiucd icac| 1cuplc) lcstival, iu |ouour o t|c Mot|cr o t|c Vcst-
cru icavcu.
Lxaltcd icavcu Mouastcry 1iautis) as opcucd, it |cld t|c so-callcd Dcuou
iiug Mug), au iuagc o au cldcrly uau iu iupcrial ro|cs, alscly idcutihcd it|
t|c S|u.| Lupcror P), |ut pcr|aps a uad uou| |o dicd iu .
L...|.| luagc-Dustiug Mcctiug), |irt|day o t|c Lupcror o t|c Lastcru
ica| t|c god o 1is|au), |osc tcuplc as opcucd ou t|c st aud t| o cac|
uout|, aud staycd opcu till t|c cud o t|c hrst uout|.
z ) iilgriuagcs to sacrcd placcs arc cspccially rcqucut.
iirt|day o t|c iudd|a, cclc|ratcd |y distri|utiou o |caus.
lirc-god iu os|ug).
z ) Lvil Mout| Lyu), daugcrous rcd t|rcads ticd
rouud |oys' rists).
Duau uji Lprig|t lit| lcstival) or Duauyug Lprig|t Suu), cclc|ratcd |y cat-
iug .... pyrauidal duupliugs o glutiuous ricc or uillct rappcd iu |au|oo or
rccd lcavcs), also |y 'dragou-|oat' |..|.) raccs, |cucc t|c uauc 'Dragou-ioat
lcstival'. Scttlcucut day. lorc|cads, uoscs, aud cars o suall c|ildrcu crc paiutcd
it| rcalgar uixcd it| iuc aud dricd iu t|c suu, to ard o poisouous crcaturcs,
t|cir orc|cads uig|t also |c paiutcd it| t|c c|aractcr or ., '|iug', supposcd to
appcar iu t|c uar|iugs o t|c suprcuc dispcllcr o cvil, t|c tigcr, auoug ot|cr
c|arus, ouc |uug at ouc's gatc lcavcs o uugort ...), t|oug|t to rcscu|lc a tigcr,
aud calauus .|..), t|oug|t to rcscu|lc a sord. lu \ictuaucsc t|c C|iucsc uauc
|ccoucs :

:: L

...~..
.
.
-
Sacrihcc to Var-god Guaud), a dcihcd arrior d. ) |o ou t|is day iu
as rcportcdly iuvitcd to a |auquct |y t|c lcadcr o a rival statc, |o |opcd to uur-
dcr |iu. icorc goiug |c grouud |is sord s|arp, |cucc raiu ou t|is day as |uou
as 'sord-griudiug raiu'.
I: .|.|. . Dividiug Dragou iosts), |ccausc t|c p|cuoucuou duriug raiuy scasou
o raiu alliug ou ouc cart-rut |ut uot auot|cr as supposcd to |c duc to divisiou
auoug t|c dragous.
z - ) - )
A tcuplc air as |cld at t|c tcuplc o t|c Colourcd Clouds iriuccss at Ccutral
ica| Z|ougd: :ug).
Airiug t|c Classics |oo|s aud clot|cs crc s|a|cu out aud aircd, iupcrial clc-
p|auts crc as|cd till , |cu ouc o t|cu rau auo| aud iujurcd a spcctator.
iorsc-god M aug).
1|uudcr-god ligoug) or God o Var ors|ippcd it| hrcor|s, iirt|day o
t|c lotus.
livc 1igcr Spirits V u| us|u), patrous o artillcry.
z - )
L..|: . layiug dou iccdlcs) girls ould lay a uccdlc iu a |ol o atcr iu t|c
suulig|t, t|c hucucss, coarscucss, or ot|cr quality o t|c s|ado at t|c |ottou as
uudcrstood to orctcll |y aualogy t|c c|aractcr o t|cir uccdlcor|. Also |uou as
N. .

|, 'Co|crd) aud Vcaviug) Maidcu Cross t|c livcr' t|c Mil|y Vay).
A|out t|c to stars |uou to t|c C|iucsc as t|c Co|crd Altair,
Aquilac) aud t|c Maidcu \cga, lyrac) |ad t|c sauc rig|t asccusiou aud iu carly
|uuc culuiuatcd togct|cr a|out uiduig|t, |cu iu latcr agcs t|is as uo lougcr so,
t|c story as told t|at t|c to crc givcu iu uarriagc, |ut t|at t|c Maidcu orgot
|cr caviug iu t|c coutcuplatiou o |cr |appiucss. lu couscqucucc, t|c Suu-god
ordcrcd a noc| o uagpics to |ridgc t|c icavculy livcr, aud |auis|cd t|c Co|crd
across it, t|c pair uo ucct ouly oucc a ycar, ou t|c t| o t|c t| uout|, |cu t|c
uagpics oru a |ridgc oucc uorc or t|c Maidcu to cross. iut s|c cauuot do so i
t|crc is raiu, t|crcorc oucu ould pray or air s|ics as cll as s|ill iu |audior|,
aud ocr suc| gits as ca|cs aud atcruclous.
C. ,. lcstival o t|c G|osts), also callcd Z|. .,. Mid-ycar lcucal), |ic| iu
\ictuaucsc |ccoucs :

:: 1r.~.,.) aud 1|..|, adaptcd to C|iucsc p|ouctics

rou Saus|rit ..|.o|..., 'support', auccstors' gravcs arc scpt clcau aud ocriugs
uadc. iudd|ist tcuplcs uadc a loug papcr '|oat o t|c la' ;..|.) aud |urut it iu
t|c cvcuiug to |clp audcriug spirits it| uo dcsccudauts, or droucd) to cross t|c
sca o puuis|ucut, cac| tcuplc orucd a socicty |) to lig|t lautcrus aud rccitc
sutras ou suc| souls' |c|al, ocriugs |ciug collcctcd iu a |ol .).
z - )
iirt|day o t|c iitc|cu God Zos|u, also callcd t|c ilac| lord Zojuu), |osc
-
tcuplc as opcucd or t|c hrst t|rcc days o t|is uout|, aud as visitcd cspccially
|y coo|s.
Z|. .,.,. Mid-Autuuu lcstival), iu \ictuaucsc :

:: 1r.~:|, a lcstival o t|c

liviug r.,.) li|c t|c ic Ycar aud t|c Dragou ioats. Also Moou lcast, uoou-
ca|cs ,|. .) crc ocrcd, stac|cd iu a pyrauid. 1|is as a oucu's ritual, uo uau
could ta|c part savc t|c Moou's cclcstial |rot|cr, t|c Lupcror, |cucc t|c sayiug
'Mcu do uot |o to t|c uoou, oucu do uot sacrihcc to t|c iitc|cu God'. Ca|cs
crc also catcu, souc it| iuagcs o t|c 1|rcc-lcggcd 1oad a uoou-dcllcr said
to |c a uctauorp|osis o C|ug', |o stolc t|c clixir o iuuortality) aud t|c
Moou-la||it 1ry, also it| littlc papcr squarcs said to datc rou t|c cud o t|c
Yuu dyuasty, |cu t|cy crc uscd to suugglc sccrct ucssagcs prcpariug t|c C|iucsc
uprisiug past t|c Mougol spics. Scttlcucut day.
God o 1|icvcs.
iirt|day o Couucius.
z - )
C|.,.,. Dou|lc Yaug lcstival), also callcd L: ... Mouutiug t|c icig|ts),
cclc|ratcd |y castiug ou a |ill, nyiug |itcs, aud distri|utiug 'nocr-ca|cs' |...), o
|ic| t|c |cttcr |iud as uadc o sugar aud nour it| ruits it|iu, t|c ot|cr a
stcaucd ca|c dottcd ou top it| datcs aud pruucs. At ouc tiuc ivcs cut |ac| to
cat nocr-ca|cs it| t|cir ou parcuts, aud c|rysaut|cuuus crc displaycd.
Auuivcrsary o Yu.:, t|c avouritc disciplc o Couucius.
\cucratiou o sagc Z|u X: , tcuplc o God o Vcalt| Cis|u) as opcucd or
t|rcc days.
z )
`.|.,. Dclivcriug Viutcr Clot|cs), t|ird cstival o t|c dcad, clot|cs crc |urut
or t|c dcad aud gravcs visitcd. lircs crc lit iu icijiug.
Auuivcrsary o Du t|c iudd|ist uissiouary iod|id|arua).
1|c livc Mouutaiu Spirits V uyus|u).
lu Q: ug tiucs, t|c Mauc|u Lig|t iauucrs crc drillcd.
z )
Stuug up Viudos, all crac|s arc scalcd agaiust cold. I.... 1uruiug |ac|cts)
t|osc ocials |o |ad t|c rig|t to car sa|lc urs put t|cu ou.
1..: Moou Ovcr|cad), t|c ull uoou ucarcst iutcr solsticc, c|ildrcu ould
stay aa|c till t|c uoou as ovcr|cad aud t|cu loo| or a s|ado.
z - ) lu C|iucsc L,, also uudcrstood as
iittcr Moou, it| a dicrcut c|aractcr or |.
L|..|. Sacrihcc Lig|t| Grucl) to iudd|a aud Auccstors, iu uoruiug also givcu
to ricuds aud rclatious aloug it| pic|lcd ca||agc '|ig ca||agc'), |osc quality
portcuds t|c uastcr's ortuuc.
-
- Ou |ic|cvcr o t|csc days as dctcruiucd to |c auspicious |y t|c lupcrial
ioard o Astrououy, ocials ould put aay t|cir scals, aud cac| dcpartucut
ould |old a party, atcr |ic| sc|ool|oys crc rclcascd rou t|cir studics, aud t|c
t|catrcs ould dccidc upou a closiug day, givc t|c procccds rou t|cir last pcroru-
aucc to t|cir cuployccs, aud uot rcopcu till t|c ic Ycar pcroruaucc o C;
'Coucrriug iappiucss').
Sccpiug t|c Grouud |ouscs arc t|oroug|ly clcaucd.
iu sout|) icad o |ousc|old ua|cs sacrihcc to t|c iitc|cu God |corc |c rc-
ports to |cavcu, ouly ucu arc allocd to participatc. iis uout| is stucd it| scct
oods so t|at |c ill say ouly scct t|iugs, or uot|iug at all), |is portrait is |urut,
hrcor|s arc lct o. 'littlc ic Ycar' X......).
Day |corc ic Ycar's Lvc visits arc uadc to rclatious uot uudcr t|c roo, pupils visit
tcac|crs, c|arity is distri|utcd.
C|:. lcuoval Lvcuiug). ic Ycar's Lvc. Scttlcucut day. A cast is prcparcd. A uc
picturc o t|c iitc|cu God is put up, iousc|old gods arc castcd, t|cu t|c auccs-
tors, aud t|cu t|c auily sits up to scc out t|c old ycar. Viuc aud rcrcs|ucuts arc
laid out, laups aud caudlcs arc lit, duriug |. aud .. dou|lc-|ours last o t|c old ycar
aud hrst o t|c uc), as hrcor|s cxplodc outsidc, iuccusc is |urut to ucct t|c dc-
sccudiug spirits, t|c auily t|cu slccps it| its clot|cs ou.
icsidcs t|c luuar calcudar, C|iua rccogui.cs a scqucucc o solar tcrus ,.,) ou
|ic| t|c suu cutcrs, or rcac|cs t|c uid-poiut o, a scctor o t|c ccliptic corrc-
spoudiug to a sigu o t|c Vcstcru .odiac). 1|cir luuar datcs varicd rou ycar to ycar,
t|cir approxiuatc Grcgoriau datcs, aud t|c sigus cutcrcd at t|c priucipal tcrus, arc as
ollos
lc|uu lisc o spriug lc|ruary
Y us|u: laiu-atcr lc|ruary iisccs)
|: ug.| Aa|cuiug iusccts Marc|
C|uucu \crual cquiuox Marc| Arics)
Q: uguug iurc aud |rig|t April
G uy u Graiu raius April 1aurus)
lxi lisc o suuucr May
Xiaou au littlc ull graiu orucd) May Gcuiui)
Mug.| oug Au sccd graiu iu car) |uuc
Xi.| Suuucr solsticc |uuc Cauccr)
Xiaos| u littlc |cat |uly
Ds| u Grcat |cat |uly lco)
lqiu lisc o autuuu August
C| us| u Supprcssiou o |cat August \irgo)
iil V|itc dcs Scptcu|cr
C|iucu Autuuual cquiuox Scptcu|cr li|ra)
iul Cold dcs Octo|cr
S|uaugjiug lrost alls Octo|cr Scorpio)
-
ldoug lisc o iutcr iovcu|cr
Xiaoxu c littlc suo iovcu|cr Sagittarius)
Dxu| c Grcat suo Dcccu|cr
Doug.| Viutcr solsticc Dcccu|cr Capricoru)
Xiao|u littlc cold |auuary
D|u Grcat cold |auuary Aquarius)
lcstivals couucctcd it| t|c solar tcrus
Yugc|uu Vclcouiug Spriug, last day o D|u.
D ac|uu icatiug Spriug, hrst day o lc|uu spriug ca|cs aud turuips arc catcu, clay ox
|ro|cu rcplaciug au actual sacrihcc).
ius| Cold lood, cvc o Q: uguug last day o C|uucu uot|iug |ot s|ould |c
catcu, aud t|c |cart| s|ould |c lct cold or a uatural day |corc |ciug rclit ou
Q: uguug, as orucrly iu Luglaud t|c hrc as allocd to go out ou Lastcr Day aud
rc|iudlcd ou Lastcr Mouday.
Ou t|c hrst day o t|c solar tcru Q: uguug is |cld t|c cstival o t|at uauc at t|c
gravcs o auccstors, it is also a day or plautiug trccs, aud t|c last day or nyiug |itcs.
At Xi.| ouc cats uoodlcs.
1|c t|ird : . day atcr Xi.| |cgau t|c s|; '|cat-prostratiou days'), lastiug till
C| us| u, duriug |ic| t|c Lupcror distri|utcd icc to t|c yaucus. Ocials orc ycl-
lo sil| gau.c |ats aud ycllo sil| crpc gous.
At Doug.| t|c Lupcror sacrihccd to icavcu, aud as cougratulatcd ou t|c ort|-
couiug iucrcasc iu t|c ualc priuciplc or yaug as t|c days lcugt|cucd. 1|c couuou
pcoplc atc outou. lt as t|c custou to paiut a pluu-|rauc| it| pctals iu out-
liuc aud uar| o ouc cac| day it| a syu|ol rcprcscutiug its cat|cr, ouc uig|t
also dra uiuc scts o uiuc circlcs cac| iu t|rcc ros o t|rcc, or a pocu o uiuc c|ar-
actcrs cac| coutaiuiug uiuc stro|cs, drau iu |ollo outliuc. Suc| syu|olic rcprcs-
cutatious o t|c iutcr days ou t|c 'uiuc uiucs' priuciplc ,.,.) crc |uou as
lcsscuiug Cold C|arts :...|.:).
lor t|c hrst days atcr Doug.| icc as cut up at uig|t, t|is as |uou as Suitiug
t|c lcc .|. .). 1|c icc as t|cu storcd or usc iu t|c suuucr.
lu carly C|iua, ou t|c t|ird day atcr Doug.|, t|c rulcr ould sacrihcc or |ouutcous
|arvcsts to |is auccstors aud to t|c hvc guardiau spirits o door, uaiu gatc, |itc|cu
stovc, iupluviuu, aud cll or allcy). 1|is sacrihcc as |uou as |.
z
- P
1a|lc s|os or cac| uout| t|c Vcstcru datc o t|c st day.
Cyclical sigus o st uout| o , arc r.,.
Cyclical sigus o st day arc : ..|..
- P
Ycar , , , , , ,
Sigus . ..|. ,. ,. o.. : ..|. :. .s r.
Auiual Ox 1igcr iarc Dragou Sua|c iorsc
lc|. |au. lc|. lc|. |au. lc|.
Mar. lc|. Mar. Mar. lc|. Mar.
Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Mar. Apr.
May Apr. May May Apr. May
May
|uuc May |uuc |uuc |uuc |uuc
|uuc
|uly |uly |uly |uly |uly |uly
Aug. Aug. Aug. |uly Aug. Aug.
Scpt. Scpt. Scpt. Aug. Scpt. Scpt.
Oct. Oct. Oct. Scpt. Oct. Oct.
Oct. iov. iov. Oct. iov. iov.
iov. Dcc. Dcc. iov. Dcc. Dcc.
Dcc. |au. |au. Dcc. |au. |au.
Ycar , , , , , ,
Sigus . : ,..s|: . ,. ,. |. .: . .|. ..
Auiual S|ccp Mou|cy lol Dog iig lat
lc|. |au. lc|. |au. lc|. lc|.
Mar. lc|. Mar. lc|. Mar. Mar.
Mar.
Apr. Apr. Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr.
May May May Apr. May May
May |uuc |uuc May |uuc |uuc
|uuc |uly |uly |uuc |uly |uly
|uly Aug. Aug. |uly Aug. Aug
Aug.
Aug. Scpt. Scpt. Scpt. Scpt. Aug.
Scpt. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Scpt.
Oct. iov. iov. iov. iov. Oct.
iov. Dcc. Dcc. Dcc. Dcc. iov.
Dcc. |au. Dcc. |au. |au. Dcc.
-
Ycar , , , , , ,
Sigus ,. .|. : .,. :. .o. . r..|. . s ,..
Auiual Ox 1igcr iarc Dragou Sua|c iorsc
|au. lc|. lc|. |au. lc|. |au.
lc|. Mar. Mar. lc|. Mar. Mar.
Mar. Apr. Apr. Mar. Apr. Mar.
Apr. May May Apr. May Apr.
May
May |uuc |uuc |uuc |uuc May
|uuc
|uly |uly |uly |uly |uly |uuc
Aug. Aug. |uly Aug. Aug. |uly
Scpt. Scpt. Aug. Scpt. Scpt. Aug.
Oct. Oct. Scpt. Oct. Oct. Scpt.
Oct.
iov. iov. Oct. iov. iov. iov.
Dcc. Dcc. iov. Dcc. Dcc. Dcc.
|au. |au. Dcc. |au. |au. |au.
Ycar , , , , , ,
Sigus ,. : |. .s|: . . .,. : ,. |. : ...
Auiual S|ccp Mou|cy lol Dog iig lat
lc|. lc|. |au. lc|. lc|. |au.
Mar. Mar. lc|. Mar. Mar. lc|.
Apr. Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Mar.
May May Apr. May May Apr.
May
|uuc |uuc May |uuc |uuc |uuc
|uly |uly |uuc |uly |uly |uly
|uly
Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug.
Scpt. Scpt. Scpt. Scpt. Aug. Scpt.
Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Scpt. Oct.
iov. Oct. iov. iov. Oct. iov.
Dcc. iov. Dcc. Dcc. iov. Dcc.
|au. Dcc. |au. |au. Dcc. |au.
`.r.: ioaug, N.:..:, -.
- P


)
z

1|c civil ycar o i|araouic Lgypt as au ...s .s cousistiug o -day uout|s,
groupcd iuto t|rcc scasous callcd rcspcctivcly 'iilc) nood', 'iutcr', aud 'suuucr', it|
hvc cxtra days 'upou t|c ycar' |
.
r, r.:) |ctccu t|c ourt| uout| o suuucr aud t|c
hrst o nood, days |cgau at dau, aud crc uuu|crcd rou to . 1|c ycar as at hrst
dcsiguatcd |y au cvcut t|at occurrcd iu it, t|cu |y t|c uuu|cr o tiucs t|c |icuuial cat-
tlc ccusus |ad |ccu |cld iu t|c rcigu, |y t|c Middlc iiugdou ..-.. ) t|c
rcgual ycar |ad |ccu adoptcd. 1|c pcriod |ctccu acccssiou aud t|c ht| day 'upou t|c
ycar' crc couutcd as t|c |iug's hrst ycar, aud t|c sccoud aud su|scqucut ycars crc
rcc|oucd rou t|c rcgular ic Ycar, t|c hrst day o t|c hrst uout| o nood, |ocvcr,
iu t|c ic iiugdou ..-.. ) t|c rcgual ycar as rcc|oucd rou acccssiou to
auuivcrsary as iu Luglaud.
Accordiug to iar|cr, t|c solar calcudar as dcrivcd |y avcragiug t|c ycars o a luui-
solar rcligious calcudar, iu |ic| t|c uout| as rcc|oucd rou t|c uoruiug ou |ic|
t|c old uoou as uo lougcr visi|lc. lu t|c luuisolar calcudar t|c uout|s crc |uou
|y t|c uaucs o cstivals occurriug it|iu t|cu, ouly iu t|c sixt| ccutury , |ic| |y
Lgyptiau staudards is vcry latc, crc t|csc uaucs trauscrrcd to t|c solar uout|s. 1|cy
arc uost auiliar to Vcstcru rcadcrs iu Grcc| trauscriptiou as nood) 1|ot|, i|aop|i,
iat|yr, C|oia|, iutcr) 1y|i, Mcc|cir, i|aucuot|, i|aruout|i, suuucr) iac|ou,
iayui, Lpcip|, Mcsorc. 1|c days 'upou t|c ycar' arc |uou iu Grcc| as :.o:..., iu t|c
gcuitivc as iu :..o.. . o:: ., 'ou t|c ht| o t|c cpagoucual days'.
Siucc iu t|c civil calcudar t|crc as uo lcap ycar, Lgyptiau ycars corrcspoudcd
to |uliau, t|is is |uou as a Sot|ic pcriod, rou t|c Lgyptiau uauc or Sirius, t|c
Dog-star, |osc |cliacal risiug .. |uly as rccogui.cd as t|c t|corctical ic Ycar. 1|c
actual ic Ycar coiucidcd it| it iu , , aud , |cu it cll ou |uly
iu t|c |uliau calcudar, at t|c oppositc cxtrcuc, iu aud it cll ou |auu-
ary, so t|at t|c 'suuucr' uout|s coiucidcd it| iutcr aud vicc vcrsa.
lu t|c ourt| ccutury t|c luuar calcudar as corrclatcd it| t|c solar calcudar |y
a cyclc iu |ic| solar ycars = days crc uatc|cd |y luuatious, uiuc o t|cu
cu|olisuic, iu iar|cr's rccoustructiou cvcry ht| ycar a uorually |ollo uout| as
uadc ull, aud |cu 1|ot| luuar as duc to prcccdc t|c civil uc ycar t|c uout| as
ta|cu as cu|olisuic. lu coutrast to Vcstcru practicc, t|c luuar uout| uorually |cgau
iu its solar uaucsa|c.
z

1|c Maccdouiau |iugdou o t|c itolcuics t|at cucrgcd rou t|c couqucsts o
Alcxaudcr t|c Grcat at hrst attcuptcd to rctaiu its ou calcudar |csidc t|c Lgyptiau
civil rcc|ouiug |y applyiug Maccdouiau uaucs scc Cr::| C.|:..r) to t|c Lgyptiau
luuar uout|s, |ut rcc|ouiug t|cu rou t|c cvcuiug |cu t|c uc uoou as hrst
visi|lc. iocvcr, |y addiug a sccoud icritios cvcry ot|cr ycar t|cy cll |c|iud t|c sca-
sous, attcupts to rcucdy t|is lcd to calcudrical c|aos, |csidcs |ic| outsidc Alcxaudria
ot|cr uct|ods crc iu usc. iy t|c sccoud ccutury t|c itolcuics coutcutcd t|cu-
sclvcs it| usiug Maccdouiau uaucs as cquivalcuts to t|c Lgyptiau, so t|at 1|ot| as
callcd Dystros, |ut toards t|c cud o t|at ccutury it as cquatcd iustcad it| Dios,
it| |osc uotioual placc iu t|c ycar Scpt.-Oct.) it t|cu corrcspoudcd.
lu itolcuy lll, iu t|c 'Cauopus Dccrcc' t|at also ordaiucd diviuc |ouours or
|is latc daug|tcr icrcuicc, attcuptcd to rcoru t|c Lgyptiau calcudar |y dccrcciug t|at
a sixt| cpagoucual day s|ould |c addcd cvcry our ycars, |ut t|c uativc pricsts rcuscd
to couply.
z
' '
lu August o Clcopatra \ll too| |cr ou lic aud itolcuy X\ as cxccutcd at
louau couuaud, ou t|c olloiug 1|ot| lupcrator Cacsar, soou to |c Augustus,
|ccauc |iug o Lgypt. Vit|iu a c ycars itolcuy lll's rcoru |ad |ccu iuposcd or
all ocial purposcs, alt|oug| t|c old calcudar rcuaiucd iu usc or a loug tiuc auoug
astrououcrs aud t|c uativc Lgyptiaus, it is souctiucs callcd t|c 'Lgyptiau' ycar iu op-
positiou to t|c rcorucd 'Alcxaudriau' ycar or strictly spca|iug Alcxaudria as '|y
Lgypt', uot iu it). icvcrt|clcss, t|c Alcxaudriau ycar is t|c rulc iu t|c uauy Grcc|
papyrus docuucuts rou louau Lgypt. 1|c day as rcc|oucd iu t|c Grcc| as|iou,
rou t|c prcccdiug suusct, |ut t|c uout| uaucs crc uorually Lgyptiau. lor couvcr-
siou |ctccu t|c Alcxaudriau aud Vcstcru calcudars, scc Appcudix l.
At t|c tiuc o t|c rcoru, t|c louau calcudar as out o stcp it| |ulius Cacsar's
plau scc .o.. C.|:..r). Siucc 1|ot| Augustus as August truc, |ut t|c
t| as o|scrvcd, uauy sc|olars |avc supposcd t|at t|c hrst Alcxaudriau lcap day as
' '
addcd iu , |al a ycar |corc t|c uista|cu |.ss:::s at louc, atcr |ic| t|crc as
iutcrcalatiou cvcry t|ird ycar dou to aud agaiu iu aud cvcry ourt| ycar
t|crcatcr, to uatc| t|c statc o aairs iu louc, |ut t|c altcruativc vic, t|at t|c hrst
iutcrcalatiou too| placc iu ou August truc t|c t| as o|scrvcd) aud t|crc-
atcr t|c corrcct our-ycar cyclc as cuploycd rou t|c outsct, dras couhruatiou
rou a docuucut iu |ic| 'Xllll i. August.', i.c. |uly o|scrvcd, is cquatcd it|
Lpcip|, i.c. |uly truc. iad t|c Lgyptiau calcudar adoptcd t|c louau crror, t|c day
callcd Lpcip| ould |avc |ccu t|c day callcd |uly or rat|cr XII I. Js:.) |at-
cvcr t|c truc datc as, t|c discrcpaucy rcquircs t|c Lgyptiau calcudar to |c corrcct aud
t|c louau to days |c|iud it, |ic| it as |ctccu aud au carlicr datc |ciug
prccludcd |y t|c uout| uauc Js:s). iocvcr, oucc t|c louau calcudar as |ac|
ou coursc t|c Lgyptiau ycar |cgau ou August t|rcc ycars out o our, |ut ou Au-
gust iu t|c louau prc-lcap ycar.
lor t|c hrst t|rcc ccuturics o louau rulc, Lgypt stood aduiuistrativcly apart rou
t|c rcst o t|c cupirc, |ciug rulcd t|roug| a prccct |y t|c cupcror as |iug o Lgypt.
Ycars crc rcc|oucd |y |is rcigu, t|c hrst ycar ruuuiug rou acccssiou, or rccoguitiou
iu Lgypt, t|c sccoud rou t|c olloiug 1|ot|, t|us Augustus |cgau iu ,
1i|crius iu . V|cu Dioclctiau iutroduccd t|c uorual datiug |y cousuls, iu |ic|
t|c uc ycar as |auuary, astrououcrs aud astrologcrs, |aviug at last adoptcd t|c rc-
orucd calcudar, prccrrcd to couut |y |is rcgual ycars, rcc|oucd rou 1|ot| iu
, aud coutiuucd doiug so atcr |is dcat|.
1|c ourt|-ccutury astrologcr iaul o Alcxaudria givcs a rulc or hudiug t|c cria o
auy day. 1a|c t|c ycar o Dioclctiau, add a quartcr iguoriug ractious), aud a coustaut
parauctcr o , dividc t|c total |y , aud call t|c rcuaiudcr 't|c uuu|cr o t|c days
o t|c gods', t|is tclls you s.. :. :|:. |: or.. ...:.., '|o uauy days o t|c plauct-
ary gods t|crc occur'. 1o t|is add t|c ,..:.o: aud ticc t|c scrial uuu|cr o t|c
uout|, ta|c t|c rcuaiudcr to , aud you |avc your cria 'to |ic| o t|c gods t|c day
|clougs'). ic givcs as cxauplc 'today', Mcc|cir Dioclctiau lc|. ) +
+ = = + , + + = = + , t|crcorc Mcc|cir
Dioclctiau is a Vcducsday. lat|cr t|au rcc|ou rou lriday, 1|ot| Dioclctiau, |ic|
ould cutail rcstatiug t|c datc as ycars plus uout|s plus days atcr t|c cpoc|,
iaul iu ccct couuts ycars uout|s aud days atcr Mouday, Mcsorc Carus =
|uly , t|at is to say ycar uout| aud day |corc t|c cpoc|.
z
-
1|c Alcxaudriau ycar as adoptcd |y t|c C|ristiaus o Lgypt aud is still iu usc
auougst t|c C|ristiaus |ot| o t|at couutry aud o Lt|iopia. lu Lgypt t|c traditioual
uout| uaucs survivc iu Coptic or Ara|ic guisc, t|c cpagoucual days arc |uou iu ouc
dialcct o Coptic as t|c 'littlc uout|' |.. .|.:) |ut iu Ara|ic as ||.os .|~..s. , 't|c hvc
o o|liviou', rcncctiug t|c |clic pcrsistiug t|roug|out Lgyptiau |istory t|at t|cy arc

vcry uuluc|y. lu Lt|iopia t|c uout| uaucs |avc |ccu c|augcd, |ut ot|crisc t|c cal-
cudar is t|c sauc.
1|c cra o Dioclctiau as rctaiucd |y Lgyptiau aud Lt|iopiau C|ristiaus alougsidc
t|rcc ot|crs o t|cir ou dcvisiug o t|c Vorld cpoc| , ), o t|c lucaruatiou
= ,), aud o Gracc = luc. = Diocl. = ,), |cgiu-
uiug it| t|c t| -ycar iasc|al cyclc siucc t|c Crcatiou. 1|c tcru 'Ycar o Gracc' is
occasioually applicd to t|c Lra o Dioclctiau, rcuaucd 'o t|c Martyrs' iu t|c scvcut|
ccutury, ycar is cquivalcut to = luc. . Ycars arc souctiucs statcd uodulo
, t|at is as t|c ycar o t|c currcut iasc|al cyclc as rcc|oucd rou t|c cpoc| o t|c
cra iu qucstiou, t|us ycar o t|c Martyrs uay |c uot , |ut , or ,.
1|c cra o t|c Martyrs uo prcdouiuatcs auougst t|c Copts, t|at o t|c lucaruatiou
iu Lt|iopia, ycars arc assigucd to t|c our cvaugclists iu turu, Matt|c, Mar|, lu|c
lcap ycar), aud |o|u. lu t|c luuar rcc|ouiug uscd at Alcxaudria, aud ultiuatcly at
louc, or calculatiug Lastcr, t|c cras o t|c Vorld, Dioclctiau, aud Gracc all |cgiu it|
a uc Mctouic cyclc, t|at o t|c lucaruatiou docs uot, uor as t|at cra uscd iu Alcxau-
driau Lastcr ta|lcs.
1|c crial oruula rccordcd a|ovc as adaptcd to C|ristiau usc scc C.o:s) or
hudiug t|c cria o 1|ot|, |ic| as also t|at o i|aruout|i aud |cucc uorually
o t|c Lastcr uout|, ouc could cit|cr stop at s.. :. :|:. aud couut t|c cria rou
Vcducsday, t|c day ou |ic| suu aud uoou crc uadc, or couplctc t|c calculatiou,
hudiug t|c cria o 1|ot| as rcc|oucd rou Suuday |y addiug auot|cr , so t|at t|c
parauctcrs |ccauc , , aud rcspcctivcly. 1|c Vcducsday couut as |uou iu C|ris-
tiau Lt|iopia |y t|c pagau uauc, corruptcd to :
.
:.:,.., t|c Suuday couut as t|c 'day o
|o|u'.
1|c structurc o t|c Lgyptiau calcudar, -day uout|s plus hvc cpagoucuai, as
also t|at o t|c lrauiau aud Arucuiau calcudars, iu its rcorucd or Alcxaudriau guisc
it as adoptcd iu t|c calcudar o t|c louau proviucc o Ara|ia, |ic| uscd Macc-
douiau uout| uaucs aud rcc|oucd rou Marc| , aud agaiu iu t|c lrcuc| rcv-
olutiouary calcudar scc :|:r C.|:..rs. Ir:..| :||....).
-

1|c c|aractcristic o t|c aucicut Grcc| city-statcs is t|at it|iu a couuou culturc cac|
rau its aairs as it sa |cst, it| uiuiual rcgard or uuioruity it| ot|cr citics, t|is
applicd to t|c calcudar as to ot|cr t|iugs. lu priuciplc, all Grcc| citics cuploycd a
luuisolar ycar o - aud -day 'ull' aud '|ollo') uout|s, it| cxtra uout|s as uccdcd
to |ccp iu touc| it| t|c scasous, |ocvcr, dicrcut citics callcd t|c sauc uout| |y
dicrcut uaucs, aud applicd t|c sauc uaucs to dicrcut uout|s, cac| couuuuity |ad
its ou ic Ycar, aud |ot| days aud uout|s crc rcqucutly out o stcp rou ouc city
to t|c ucxt, oiug to discrcpaucics iu iutcrcalatiou, irrcgular scqucuccs o ull aud |ol-
lo uout|s, or cvcu adjustucuts uadc or political couvcuicucc. Docuucuts quotcd |y
1|ucydidcs it| |ot| At|cuiau aud Spartau datcs iudicatc t|at iu
Llap|c|oliou at At|cus as Gcraistios at Sparta, |ut t|at iu Llap|c|oliou
as Artauisios, t|crcorc, uot ouly |as t|crc |ccu iutcrcalatiou iu ouc city |ut uot
t|c ot|cr uor do c |uo |ic|), |ut t|c Spartau calcudar, rou |ciug to days |c-
|iud t|c At|cuiau, |as uovcd to days a|cad. icucc, |cu ilutarc| |cgius a list o
days aud uout|s t|at |avc |roug|t good or ill ortuuc to t|c Grcc|s it| to victorics
|y iocotiau orccs |c |iuscl as a iocotiau) 'ou iippodrouios, |ic| t|c At|cu-
iaus call Mctagcituiou', c cauuot |c surc t|at au At|cuiau iu cit|cr ycar ould |avc
callcd t|at day t|c t|, or cvcu givcu t|c possi|ility o iutcrcalatiou) t|at uout|
Mctagcituiou, iudccd, |c |iuscl tclls us iu auot|cr placc t|at t|c |attlc o ilataca, iu
, as oug|t ou iocdrouiou iu t|c At|cuiau calcudar, |ut iauauos iu t|c
iocotiau.
z
-
1|c talc o days dicrcd rou city to city t|c orard couut as uorual dou to t|c
t|, |ut uot ucccssarily |y plaiu ordiuals at At|cus t|c st as ..o: .. ic Moou),
t|c ud to t| crc 'o t|c risiug uout|' |.s:.o..), aud t|c t| to t|c t| crc t|c
t|ird to uiut| 'upou tcu' : |.). At Argos t|c st as r.:.o: .. lirst o Moou), t|c
ud |s::r.. r.:.o: ..s 't|c day atcr lirst o Moou'), t|c rd to t| crc t|c 'hrst'
r:.) rd to t|, aud t|c t| to t| t|c uiddlc os.) rd to t|, t|c uaucs or t|,
t|, aud t| arc uot |uou. lu uost, |ut uot all, citics days atcr t|c t| crc
couutcd |ac|ards dou to t|c 'rd o t|c auiug uoou' or souc siuilar cxprcssiou),
i.c. t|c t|, t|c last day o t|c uout|, |ct|cr ull or |ollo, as usually callcd :r..|s
't|'), t|c iutcrvcuiug day iu a ull uout| |ciug r.:r..|s 'day |corc t|c t|'). io-
cvcr, at At|cus t|c last day as |.: |. .. 'old aud uc'), prcccdcd iu a ull uout| |y
::r. |:|...:.s 'ud o auiug'), rou t|c latc ourt| ccutury rcuaucd ::r. o::`
:.|.s, 'ud atcr t|c t|', uost sc|olars acccpt t|at t|is as still t|c day ouittcd iu a
|ollo uout|, |ut t|c qucstiou |as |ccu |ittcrly disputcd. lu t|c sccoud ccutury
t|c At|cuiaus arc said to |avc adjustcd t|cir calcudar to rcuovc rou it t|c day ou
|ic| t|c plutocrat icrodcs Atticus' daug|tcr iauat|cuais dicd, prcsuua|ly s|c dicd
iu a ull uout| t|at t|crcatcr as alays |ollo.
z
-
1|c uaucs o uout|s varicd so uuc| rou city to city t|at t|c sauc uauc uig|t |c
attac|cd to dicrcut luuatious it is ucvcr sac to iucr t|at a uout| occupics t|c sauc
placc iu t|c calcudar ouc is tryiug to rccoustruct as it docs iu auot|cr t|at ouc alrcady
|uos. 1|is ill |c clcar rou t|c vcry suall) sclcctiou o |uou calcudars givcu
|clo, iu |ic| iauauos aud iaucuos, Mctagcituiou aud icdagcituuos, iocdrouiou
aud iadrouios, arc dialcctal variauts o t|c sauc uauc. 1|c lists |cgiu it| t|c uout|
iuucdiatcly olloiug t|c suuucr solsticc, iu cac| list au astcris| iudicatcs t|c hrst
uout| o t|c calcudar iu qucstiou, a daggcr t|c uout| rcpcatcd iu cu|olisuic ycars.
1|is lattcr is uot iudicatcd or t|c Maccdouiau calcudar, |ic| is |uou aluost cu-
tircly as assiuilatcd to t|osc o ia|ylou scc :|:r C.|:..rs. 3.|,|..... aud L,:...
C.|:..r).
J:|:.s M.|::s 3.:.:.. L:||. |.:s M..:..
ic|atou|aiou iaucuos iippodrouios Apcllaios iauauos loios
Mctagcituiou Mctagcituiou iauauos iou|atios iarucios Gorpiaios
iocdrouiou iocdrouiou iau|oiotios ioat|oos Dalios iypcr|crctaios
iyauopsiou iyauopsiou Dauatrios icraios 1|csuop|orios Dios
Maiua|tcriou Apatouriou Alal|oucuios Daidap|orios Diost|uos Apcllaios
ioscidcou ioscidcou iou|atios ioitropios 1|cudaisios Auduaios
Gaucliou lcuaiou icruaios Aualios icdagcituuos icritios
Aut|cstcriou Aut|cstcriou irostatcrios iusios iadrouios Dystros
Llap|c|oliou Artcuisiou Agriouios 1|coxcuios Suiut|ios Xaudi|os
Xaut|-)
Mouuyc|iou 1aurcou 1|iouios Ludusipoitropios Artauitios Artcuisios
1|argcliou 1|argcliou iouoloios icra|lcios Agriauios Daisios
S|irop|oriou ialauaiou 1|cilout|ios llaios iua|iut|ios iaucuos
At |ot| At|cus aud Milctus iyauopsiou as latcr rittcu iyaucpsiou, iu t|c Milcsiau
colouy o Ol|ia t|c uauc as iyaucpsiou. 1|c usc o uaucs iu ~.. . is c|aractcristic o
t|c louiau pcoplcs, aud uot ouud auoug Doriaus or Acoliaus.
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1|is varicty o uout| uaucs cxplaius t|c rarity o t|cir usc iu Grcc| poctry, iu cou-
trast to latiu or Luglis|, iu t|c scvcut| ccutury icsiod, iu t|c agricultural prcccpts
o |is h.r|s .. L.,s, uaucs ouly ouc uout| 'Avoid t|c uout| o lcuaiou, cvil days
t|at cau all ta|c t|c |idc o au ox', ollocd |y a uarvcllous dcscriptiou o icy iutcr
|cu t|c uort| iud |los rou 1|racc. Alt|oug| icsiod couposcd |is pocu iu
iocotia, lcuaiou as uot a iocotiau uout|, |ut it cxistcd iu scvcral o t|c louiau citics
|crc |c |ad suug or a liviug, gcucrally |cgiuuiug a|out t|c iutcr solsticc. 1|c Attic
cstival o t|c lcuaia, iu |ouour o Diouysos, as cclc|ratcd iu t|is uout|, t|oug| it
as callcd Gaucliou, |ciug sacrcd to icra, goddcss o uarriagc, o.s.) A uout| is also
uaucd iu a poorly prcscrvcd stau.a |y Auacrcou o Ccos t| c. ), o |ic| c |avc
t|c parap|rasc 'lt is t|c uout| o iosidciou t|c clouds arc |cavy it| raiu aud hcrcc
storus arc |catiug dou.' l iosidciou ou Ccos corrcspoudcd to ioscidcou at At|cus,
it rau rou latc iovcu|cr to uid-Dcccu|cr, iu t|c ct Mcditcrraucau iutcr. Scvcral
pocts spca| o t|c 'lca-s|cddiug uout|', |ut t|at is a dcscriptiou, uot a uauc scc l
M..:|s).
1|c cultural prcstigc o At|cus uadc t|c At|cuiau uaucs uoruativc al|cit iu cou-
pctitiou it| t|c Maccdouiau) or t|corctical or astrououically calculatcd luuatious, as
|cu 1roy as said to |avc allcu ou 1|argcliou, days |corc t|c suuucr solsticc.
Lvcutually t|c Attic uaucs crc givcu |y litcrary acctatiou to |uliau uout|s, souc-
tiucs cvcu rcc|oucd rou |auuary c. iov.).
z

At|cus also |ad a sccoud calcudar, uscd or ocial purposcs, uudcr |ic|, iu t|c ht|
ccutury , a solar ycar o days accordiug to souc sc|olars souctiucs ) as
dividcd iuto tcu pcriods o or days |uou as 'prytauics', duriug cac| o |ic| t|c
couucillors rou ouc o t|c tcu uajor citi.cu groups t|c so-callcd tri|cs) pcrorucd
various uuctious, iu t|c ourt| ccutury t|c solar ycar as a|audoucd, t|c prytauics
|ciug divisious o t|c luuisolar ycar, urt|cr adjustucuts ollocd rou t|c t|ird ccu-
tury iu accordaucc it| c|augcs iu t|c uuu|cr o tri|cs.
z

\arious iutcrcalary cyclcs arc rccordcd |y aucicut ritcrs, |ut uouc sccus to |avc |ccu
uscd auy|crc iu pu|lic lic it| t|c possi|lc cxccptiou |ut cvcu t|at is coutcutious)
o au cig|t-ycar cyclc, it| cu|olisus iu ycars , , aud , t|is ould uccd corrcctiou
|y ouittiug ouc cu|olisu cvcry ycars. 1|c At|cuiau astrououcr Mctou {. )
is crcditcd it| a -ycar cyclc, coutaiuiug scvcu cu|olisus, c arc told t|at t|c suc-
ccssiou o ull aud |ollo uout|s as csta|lis|cd |y hrst trcatiug all uout|s

as provisioually ull, t|cu ouittiug cvcry t| day. A|out a ccutury latcr, Callippus o
Cy.icus cou|iucd our o t|csc cyclcs iuto a -ycar cyclc, coutaiuiug cu|olisus,
t|is rcquircd ull uout|s aud |ollo, o |ic| crc ouud as |corc aud
t|c st as t|c last o t|c cyclc siucc t|crc crc uot days lct atcr t|c prcvious
ouissiou).
z
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1|c aruics o Alcxaudcr t|c Grcat |roug|t it| t|cu t|c Maccdouiau calcudar, it|
a ycar |cgiuuiug a|out t|c autuuual cquiuox, alt|oug| littlc is |uou a|out it iu its
|ouclaud, it is auply attcstcd iu Asia aud Lgypt, it| days uuu|crcd coutiuuously iu
hgurcs rat|cr t|au ords) rou to |ciug ouittcd iu |ollo uout|s), it|out
t|c |ac|ard couut ouud iu uost ot|cr Grcc| calcudars. 1|c Sclcucid |iugs iu t|c
icar Last applicd Maccdouiau uaucs to t|c uout|s o t|c ia|ylouiau calcudar, itscl
luuisolar, |ut adoptcd t|c Mctouic cyclc o iutcrcalatious, t|c Maccdouiau uaucs
could also |c uscd to dcsiguatc uout|s o t|c |cis| calcudar or t|c C|ristiau iasc|al
calcudar dcrivcd rou it. iy coutrast t|c itolcuaic |iugs iu Lgypt, |aviug hrst uadc
various attcupts to rclatc Maccdouiau aud Lgyptiau calcudars, |y t|c cud o t|c t|ird
ccutury siuply applicd Maccdouiau uout| uaucs to t|c Lgyptiau solar calcudar
scc L,:... C.|:..r), iu louau tiucs t|c Lgyptiau uaucs prcvail. V|cu uudcr t|c
louau Lupirc uauy citics o Asia Miuor adoptcd calcudars o |uliau typc, Macc-
douiau uout| uaucs crc otcu uscd, t|csc calcudars do uot usc t|c louau datiug sys-
tcu |y ialcuds, ioucs, aud ldcs, |ut souctiucs trcat t|c hrst day outsidc t|c
uuu|crcd scqucucc, or rcc|ou t|c last tcu days |ac|ards as t|, t|, t|, ctc. Macc-
douiau uaucs, li|c Attic, crc also applicd to t|c louau uout|s t|cusclvcs, as |cu
t|c C|r...... .s.|.|: o t|c scvcut| ccutury assigus t|c Auuuuciatiou to Dystros,
datcs t|c |c|cadiug o |o|u t|c iaptist to loios, aud dcclarcs t|at iudictious arc
couutcd rou Gorpiaios.
z
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Grcc| particularity is also sccu iu t|c dcsiguatiou o t|c ycar siucc t|c uorual pcriod
o scrvicc or city uagistratcs as a ycar, iu uost citics t|c ycar as callcd |y t|c uauc
o a particular occ-|oldcr. 1|us at At|cus t|c ycar as uaucd atcr ouc o t|c uiuc
uagistratcs callcd arc|ous, |o iu t|c carly ht| ccutury crc rcduccd to ucrc
aduiuistrators, uost o t|c 'cpouyuous arc|ous' ou rccord arc ucrc uaucs, cvcu or
pcriods iu |ic| c |avc souc idca o political |istory. Our list is coutiuuous or
,-, , |ut |corc t|cu t|crc arc gaps, aud atcrards c arc|ous arc |uou
|y uauc aud ccr |y datc.) At Sparta t|c cpouyuous uagistratc as ouc o t|c hvc
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'cp|ors' or 'ovcrsccrs', |o duriug t|cir ycar iu occ rau pu|lic aairs at discrctiou
rat|cr t|au uudcr la. iocvcr, at Argos, t|c cspccial city o t|c goddcss icra, datiug
as |y |cr currcut pricstcss's lcugt| o scrvicc, iu t|c uauucr o a rcgual ycar. 1|c
disadvautagc as t|at datcs ucaut uot|iug to pcoplc rou ot|cr citics, |ic| uadc |is-
tory dicult to ritc, 1|ucydidcs, ritiug or all Grcc|s aud uot ucrcly |is cllo
At|cuiaus, datcs t|c hrst actiou o t|c iclopouucsiau ar iu spriug as ollos
'|cu C|rysis |ad |ccu pricstcss at Argos or ycars, Acucsias as cp|or at Sparta,
aud iyt|odoros |ad to uout|s to scrvc as arc|ou at At|cus', or urt|cr clarity |c
statcs t|at it occurrcd iu t|c t| ycar o t|c -ycar trucc t|at ollocd t|c At|cuiau
rccouqucst o Lu|oca.
z
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1|c citics crcatcd |y Alcxaudcr aud |is succcssors c|aractcristically datcd |y cras, ta|-
iug as cpoc| t|cir ouudatiou or souc ot|cr siguihcaut cvcut, louau proviuccs uig|t
couucuoratc t|cir iucorporatiou iuto t|c cupirc, or a dccisivc |attlc iu t|c civil ars.
Lxauplcs arc t|c cras o Autioc| Oct. , t|c |cgiuuiug o t|c local ycar iu |ic|
t|c |attlc o i|arsalus as oug|t) aud t|c louau proviucc o Ara|ia Mar.
), |ic| uscd Maccdouiau uout| uaucs |ut a calcudar o Lgyptiau typc, cou-
prisiug uout|s o days aud hvc cpagoucual days or iu lcap ycar six. 1|c uost iu-
portaut cra, |ocvcr, as t|c Sclcucid scc C|r...|.,. Lr.s).


1|c calcudars ocially uscd or civil purposcs iu uodcru ludia arc t|c iutcruatioual
Grcgoriau calcudar aud t|c iatioual Calcudar, iutroduccd it| ccct rou C|aitra
- = Sa|a Lra) = Marc| . 1|c Sa|a Lra is rcc|oucd iu clapscd ycars rou
, t|c uout| uaucs arc ta|cu rou t|c traditioual luuar calcudar. lu t|c ocial
Luglis| spclliug, |ic| ill |c uscd t|roug|out, t|cy arc
C|aitra days Marc|- April,
iu lcap ycar days, Marc|- April
\aisa||a days April- May
|yaist|a days May- |uuc
Asad|a days |uuc- |uly
Sravaua days |uly- August
i|adra days August- Scptcu|cr
Asviua days Scptcu|cr- Octo|cr
iarti|a days Octo|cr- iovcu|cr
Agra|ayaua days iovcu|cr- Dcccu|cr
iausa days Dcccu|cr- |auuary
Mag|a days |auuary- lc|ruary
i|alguua days lc|ruary- Marc|,
iu Grcgoriau lcap ycar lc|ruary- Marc|
lcap ycar iu t|c iatioual Calcudar |cgius ou Marc| o t|c Grcgoriau lcap ycar, c.g.
iu - = ,, t|c ycar o t|c Sa|a Lra, dividcd |y , lcavcs a rcuaiudcr o .
iatioual |olidays
Sravaua = August ludcpcudcucc Day
Asviua = Octo|cr Ma|atua Gaud|i's iirt|day
Mag|a = |auuary lcpu|lic Day
iocvcr, uost rcligious cstivals arc o|scrvcd accordiug to t|c traditioual ludiau cal-
cudars, |ic| arc |ig|ly couplcx aud vary grcatly rou placc to placc. V|olc |oo|s
|avc |ccu rittcu ou t|c calcudars t|cusclvcs aud ou t|c couvcrsiou o |istorical datcs
scc ii|liograp|y s.u. Sccll), t|c .s|:r.,. ...|.. or ocial aluauac pu|lis|cd auuu-
ally |y t|c Govcruucut o ludia givcs dctails o six dicrcut rcgioual calcudars, our
solar aud to luuar strictly luuisolar), |ut rcc|ous t|osc iu currcut usc at uorc t|au
t|irty. Ouly a siuplihcd accouut o t|c uaiu calcudars cau |c ocrcd |crc.
Lutil , t|c solar calcudar as uot tropical |ut sidcrcal, t|c uout| |cgiuuiug
rou t|c suu's cutry iuto a uc r.s., t|is tcru uay |c trauslatcd 'sigu o t|c .odiac', |ut
dcuotcs t|c actual coustcllatiou, uot as iu t|c ia|ylouiau aud Grcc| traditiou a arc
o t|c ccliptic rcc|oucd rou t|c cquiuoctial poiut. As a rcsult, t|c cquiuoctial aud
solstitial cstivals cll |c|iud t|c truc datcs. 1|is slippagc, duc to t|c prcccssiou o t|c
cquiuoxcs, |as uo |ccu ro.cu at a littlc ovcr t|rcc cc|s) |ut uot rcvcrscd, t|c r.s. is
ta|cu to |cgiu at . + ) ', . . Solar days arc rcc|oucd rou suurisc, aud
corrclatcd it| days o t|c cc| iu souc placcs, t|c hrst day o t|c civil uout| is t|at
ou |ic| t|c suu cutcrs t|c uc sigu, iu ot|crs t|c day atcr or cvcu iu souc circuu-
stauccs t|c ucxt |ut ouc. 1|c uout|s arc gcucrally uaucd atcr t|c r.s., |ut iu icugal
aud 1auil iadu t|c luuar uaucs arc uscd.
lu t|c luuar calcudar, t|c uout|s |car t|c uaucs t|at crc adoptcd or t|c iatioual
Calcudar. Lac| uout| is dividcd iuto to |alvcs callcd .|s|., 'iug'), '|rig|t' Su|la
iu t|c sout|, Sudi iu t|c uort|) rou uc uoou to ull, aud 'dar|' iris|ua iu t|c sout|,
\adi iu t|c uort|) rou ull uoou to uc, iu t|c uort| t|c uout| |cgius ou t|c day
atcr ull uoou it| t|c dar| |al uulcss it is cu|olisuic, iu t|c sout| ou t|c day atcr
uc uoou it| t|c |rig|t |al. Siucc t|corctical astrououy uscs t|c sout|cru systcu,
t|c |rig|t |al |cars t|c sauc uout| uauc cvcry|crc, dctcruiucd iu accordaucc it|
t|c r.s. iu |ic| t|c suu stauds ou t|c day atcr uc uoou, |crcas duriug t|c dar|
|al t|c uort| is alays ouc uout| uauc a|cad o t|c sout|. lor cxauplc, C|aitra is
dchucd iu t|corctical astrououy, aud iu sout|cru practicc, as t|c uout| |cgiuuiug
|ilc t|c suu is iu Miua iisccs, uo uid-Mar.-uid-Apr.), |ut |crcas uort|cru
C|aitra Sudi is t|c sauc as sout|cru C|aitra Su|la, uort|cru C|aitra \adi is sout|cru
i|alguua iris|ua, aud sout|cru C|aitra iris|ua is uort|cru \aisa||a \adi. l t|c suu
is iu t|c sauc r.s. at t|c start o to succcssivc uout|s rcc|oucd rou uc uoou), t|c
hrst is cu|olisuic, aud ta|cs t|c sauc uauc as t|c sccoud, t|c to uout|s |ciug dis-
tiuguis|cd as .|.|. additioual) aud ..,. rcgular), iu t|c uort|, |crc t|c dar| |al o
t|c rcgular uout| |as alrcady ruu its coursc, t|c cu|olisuic uout| is iuscrtcd at t|c
sauc placc, still |cgiuuiug it| its |rig|t |al, aud is ollocd |y t|c |rig|t |al o t|c
rcgular uout|. Ou t|c ot|cr |aud, i, as occasioually |appcus iu iutcr, t|c suu cutcrs
to succcssivc r.s.s iu ouc uout| agaiu rcc|oucd rou t|c uc uoou), t|c olloiug
uout| ill |c dcsiguatcd accordiug to t|c sccoud r.s., t|c iutcrvcuiug uauc |ciug
passcd ovcr, iu t|is casc t|c uauc ouittcd is t|c sauc iu |ot| uort| aud sout|.
Lac| .|s|. is dividcd iuto htccu :.:|.s, t|c :.:|. |ciug t|c tiuc ta|cu |y t|c uoou to
travcl rou t|c suu, its valuc is , o t|c truc |corc t|c t| c. t|c ucau) syu-
odic uout|. 1|c day is usually uuu|crcd accordiug to t|c :.:|. currcut at suurisc, so t|at
datcs arc occasioually ouittcd |cu t|c :.:|. |cgius atcr ouc suurisc aud cuds |corc
t|c ucxt) or rcpcatcd |cu it iucorporatcs to suuriscs), cit|cr casc is iuauspicious.
1|c plauctary cc| is uot acctcd Suuday t|c t| is ollocd |y Mouday cvcu |cu
it is t|c t|, or t|c t| agaiu, aud uot t|c t|. Souc cstivals, |ocvcr, |avc t|cir ou
dctcruiuatiou o t|c day.) 1iuc is also ucasurcd |y t|c ..|s|.:r. t|c tiuc ta|cu |y t|c
uoou to travcrsc ,t| o t|c ccliptic), t|c |.r... ouc o |al-:.:|.s), aud t|c ,..
t|c tiuc duriug |ic| joiut lougitudiual uotiou o suu aud uoou is ').

1|crc arc uauy dicrcut cras iu usc, uost o |ic| rcc|ou iu clapscd ycars. 1|c
uost idcly uscd, it| |ot| solar aud luuar calcudars, is t|c Sa|a cra, rcc|oucd iu
clapscd ycars rou , iu t|c solar calcudar t|c ycar |cgius it| t|c suu's cutry iuto
Mcs|a Arics, uo hxcd at uid-Apr.), iu t|c luuar calcudar it| C|aitra |rig|t iu t|c
sout| a|out t|c tiuc o iassovcr or t|c Grcgoriau Lastcr) aud it| C|aitra dar| iu
t|c uort| a|out a ortuig|t carlicr). Ot|cr systcus uotcd iu t|c .s|:r.,. ...|.. arc
1|c \i|rau Sauvat, rcc|oucd iu clapscd luuar ycars rou , |cgiuuiug it| C|aitra
|rig|t iu uuc| o ccutral ludia, |ut it| iarti|a |rig|t t|c uc uoou o
Oct.-iov.) iu Gujarat also avourcd as t|c start o t|c couucrcial ycar).
1|c icugali Sau, rcc|oucd iu clapscd solar ycars rou , |cgiuuiug it| t|c suu's
cutry iuto Arics uo uid-Apr.).
1|c Saptars|i iala o ias|uir, rcc|oucd iu clapscd luuar ycars rou , |cgiu-
uiug it| C|aitra |rig|t.
1|c iollau cra o icrala, rcc|oucd iu currcut solar ycars rou , |cgiuuiug it|
t|c suu's cutry iuto Siu|a lco, uo uid-Aug.).
1|c lasli cra o uort|cru ludia, rcc|oucd iu currcut luuar ycars rou , |cgiuuiug
it| Asviua dar| uort|cru rcc|ouiug = uid-Scpt.), t|c days o t|c uout| arc uuu-
|crcd coutiuuously it|out divisiou iuto .|s|.s.
1|c ialiyuga cra, rcc|oucd iu clapscd solar ycars rou , |cgiuuiug it| t|c suu's
cutry iuto Arics.
1|c iudd|a iirvaua cra, rcc|oucd iu clapscd luuar ycars rou , |cgiuuiug it|
\aisa||a |rig|t.
1|c Ma|avira iirvaua cra, rcc|oucd iu clapscd luuar ycars rou , |cgiuuiug it|
iarti|a dar|, uscd |y |aius.
1|c ialiyuga is t|c last aud s|ortcst o t|c orld's agcs or ,.s, |cgiuuiug ou lc|ru-
ary , aud duc to last ycars, it as prcccdcd, iu dcsccudiug ordcr o lcugt|,
|y t|rcc ot|cr ,.s, rcspcctivcly our tiucs, t|ricc, aud ticc as loug, cou|iuiug it|
it to oru a o.|.,. or Grcat Yuga o ycars. A t|ousaud o.|.,.s ua|c a |.|..
icsidcs t|c solar aud luuar calcudars, t|crc is a |oviau calcudar |uou as t|c iar|as-
patya \arsa |ascd ou a cyclc o hvc rcvolutious o |upitcr, |ic| auouut to a|out
solar ycars, t|c ucau uotiou o |upitcr rou ouc r.s. to t|c ucxt ta|cs . days.
lt is rcc|oucd accordiug to t|rcc dicrcut systcus uort|cru, sout|cru luuar, sout|cru
solar.
1|c .s|:r.,. ...|.. also rccords, or cac| day o t|c iatioual Calcudar, t|c tiucs
o suurisc aud suusct iu our citics, t|c apparcut uidday, uoourisc, aud uoousct ludiau
Staudard 1iuc |ours uiuutcs a|cad o Grccuic|), t|c cud o t|c :.:|., ..|s|.:r.,
aud ,.. o|taiuiug at suurisc, t|c |.r... o|taiuiug at suurisc, t|c r.s. iu |ic| t|c uoou
is situatcd, aud auy cstivals alliug ou t|at datc. A sclcctiou o t|csc cstivals is givcu,
aloug it| a c sccular aud uou-iiudu |olidays, iu a prcliuiuary list.
1|crc arc uaturally ar uorc cstivals cclc|ratcd iu various parts o ludia t|au cau
couvcuicutly |c listcd. lu t|c olloiug list, t|osc alliug iu t|c dar| |al arc givcu t|c
sout|cru uout| uauc ollocd |y t|c uort|cru.

lau iavaui laua's t|) = C|aitra |rig|t iirt| o t|c lord laua).
lat|ayatra C|ariot iilgriuagc) = Asad|a |rig|t s|ortly atcr uc uoou o
|uuc-|uly), t|c cstival at iuri iu Orissa iu |ouour o \is|uu as |agauuat|a, 'lord o
t|c Vorld' orucrly Auglici.cd as '|uggcruaut'), iu |ic| t|rcc oodcu iuagcs arc
drau iu proccssiou ou oodcu carts |y tcaus o ovcr ucu.
1ccj = Sravaua |rig|t s|ortly atcr uc uoou o |uly-Aug.), oucu uudcrgo austcr-
itics or t|c sa|c o t|cir |us|auds.
iaga iauc|aui iaga lit|) = Sravaua |rig|t , |cpt uaiuly iu sout|cru ludia iu |ou-
our o t|c co|ra as guardiau.
la|s|a iaud|au = Sravaua |rig|t ull uoou o |uly-Aug.), sistcrs tic colourcd
t|rcads rouud |rot|crs' rists to ua|c t|cu t|cir protcctors, rist-t|rcads arc also
ticd to rcuc ricuds|ips.
|auuas|taui iirt| t|) = Sravaua iris|ua,i|adra \adi a|out t|ird quartcr o
|uly-Aug. luuatiou), |irt| o lord iris|ua cclc|ratcd at uiduig|t atcr a day's ast.
Gaucs| C|aturt|i Gaucs|'s t|) = i|adra |rig|t s|ortly atcr uc uoou o Aug.-
Scpt.), |irt| o t|c lord Gaucs|, t|c c|ccrul clcp|aut-god o calt| |o ridcs ou
a rat, tools o tradc arc laid |corc |iu to |c |lcsscd.
Ouau = i|adra |rig|t s|ortly |corc ull uoou o Aug.-Scpt.), |cpt iu icrala as
t|c |irt| o \auaua, avatar o \is|uu scc uudcr Diali).
Duss|cra, Durga iuja Durga |ouagc), iavaratri iiuc iig|ts) = Asviua |rig|t -
rou uc uoou o Scpt.-Oct.), |ououriug t|c arrior goddcss Durga aud |cr vic-
tory ovcr t|c |ualo dcuou Ma|is|a, iu souc placcs t|c hrst scvcu uig|ts arc asts.
Ou t|c last day |cr statuc is ccrcuouially as|cd, a cclc|ratiou uar|cd |y dauciug,
t|catrical pcroruauccs, aud t|c giviug o gits, iu souc placcs t|c day is also callcd
\ijaya Dasaui '\ictory 1cut|'), cclc|ratiug laua's victory it| |is uou|cy allics
ovcr t|c tcu-|cadcd dcuou |iug lavaua, |ut iu ot|crs t|is cclc|ratiou ta|cs placc ou
t|c last day o Diali.
Diali, Dipavali lig|t striugs) = Asviua iris|ua,iarti|a \adi - + iarti|a |rig|t
a|out t|c uc uoou o Oct.-iov.), lig|t is carricd rou auiug to axiug ort-
uig|t, prcscuts arc cxc|augcd. Ou t|c hrst day t|c iuagc o la|s|ui, goddcss o
calt|, is |at|cd, otcu iu uil|, iu |ouour o |cr crcatiou |cu \is|uu c|urucd t|c
sca, oucu |at|c aud put ou pcruuc. Ou t|c sccoud t|c ucu |at|c iu |ouour o
\is|uu's victory ovcr t|c hlt|-dcuou iar|asur, |o draggcd |cautiul oucu to
livc iu |is disgustiug dcu. Ou t|c t|ird t|c ycar's accouuts arc closcd, gau|liug is rc-
qucut. 1|c story is told o rcuctic gau|liug |y Siva, |is ic iarvati, aud t|cir sous
iarti| aud Gaucs|, stoppcd ouly |cu \is|uu turucd |iuscl iuto a sct o dicc iar-
vati, |aviug lost, as rcstraiucd just iu tiuc rou cursiug |iu aud iustcad |lcsscd all
t|osc |o clt t|c urgc to gau|lc at t|is tiuc. Ou t|c ourt| day prcscuts arc cx-
c|augcd. Lspccially iu Muu|ai, nour uodcls arc uadc o t|c dcuou iali, |o as
tric|cd out o |is calt| |y \is|uu iu |is guisc o t|c dar \auaua, as uauy t|iu|
uuairly t|c praycr is said, 'May all cvil disappcar aud iali's cupirc |c rcstorcd.'
i|ratri Dvitiya irot|crly Sccoud) = iarti|a |rig|t , sistcrs |ouour t|cir |rot|crs.
\asauta iauc|aui, Sri iauc|aui = Mag|a |rig|t soou atcr uc uoou o |au.-lc|.),

cclc|ratcd as t|c hrst day o spriug, t|c auspicious colour is ycllo, rou t|c uus-
tard iu nocr at t|c tiuc. lt is also Sarasvati iuja, t|c ors|ip dcdicatcd to Sarasvati,
goddcss o lcaruiug aud t|c arts, |cr day is otcu o|scrvcd |y auily cclc|ratious,
rat|cr t|au iu largcr groups. iot|iug uay |c catcu |ctccu day|rca| aud t|c ccrc-
uouy, at |ic| t|c goddcss is ocrcd ood aud nocrs, i a c|ild is a|out to |cgiu
its cducatiou, t|c pricst ill tracc t|c ord o ou its touguc it| a rccd pcu. Ou t|c
ucxt day Sarasvati's iuagc is iuucrscd iu a ucar|y poud or rivcr. lu souc parts o
icugal, t|c |.|s. hs| uay uot |c catcu |ctccu Durga iuja aud Sarasvati iuja, so t|at
it uay |avc a c|aucc to gro, iu ot|crs, studcuts ocr goats to Sarasvati or succcss
iu cxauiuatiou.
Ma|a Sivaratri Grcat Siva iig|t) = Mag|a iris|ua,i|alguua \adi a|out uc
uoou o lc|.-Mar.), said to |c t|c |lac|cst uig|t o t|c ycar, Siva is ors|ippcd,
aud t|c liugau auoiutcd.
ioli = i|alguua |rig|t ull uoou o lc|.-Mar.), a spriug cstival at |ic| rcstraiut
is a|audoucd, |ouhrcs arc lit, dirty sougs arc suug, aud t|crc is rolc-c|augiug aud
uoc|iug o supcriors, pcoplc arc spriu|lcd it| colourcd podcr aud douscd it|
atcr. Accordiug to ouc uyt|, t|c cstival cclc|ratcs t|c dccat o t|c sorccrcss ioli|a,
|o attcuptcd to ua|c |cr |rot|cr ira|lad ors|ip t|cir ic|cd at|cr iustcad o
\is|uu, |ut siucc iu uuc| o uort|cru ludia t|c olloiug day C|aitra \adi ) |cgius
t|c uc ycar, t|c story is also told t|at ioli|a as t|c sistcr o t|c ycar-god Sau|at,
|o |y t|roiug |crscl ou |is uucral pyrc causcd |iu to |c rcstorcd to lic. lu sout|-
cru ludia t|c day is associatcd it| t|c iupudcut lovc-god iaua, |o li|c Lros is
arucd it| a |o, ouc day, scciug Siva dccp iu ucditatiou, |c uadc to s|oot au arro
at |iu, |ut as |urut to as|cs it| ouc glaucc rou t|c grcat god's t|ird cyc. iaua's
ic lati pcrsuadcd Siva to lct |iu |c rc|oru, |ut is ucvcr pcruittcd to scc |iu.
lu t|c solar calcudar, t|c uaiu cstivals arc t|osc o t|c suu's cutry iuto Mcs|a Arics)
iu uid-April aud iuto Ma|ara Capricoru) iu uid-|auuary, t|c day dicrs rou placc
to placc iu accordaucc it| t|c rulcs o t|c local calcudar. 1|c cutry iuto Ma|ara is
cclc|ratcd iu sout|cru ludia as iougal, t|c cstival lasts or t|rcc days, ou t|c hrst o
|ic| visits arc uadc aud prcscuts cxc|augcd, ou t|c sccoud ricc is |oilcd iu uil| iu t|c
opcu air, aud ou t|c t|ird t|c ucu spriu|lc t|c cattlc it| navourcd atcr aud pcroru
prostratious |corc t|cu. 1|c oucu |avc uo part iu t|is, |ut it as t|cy, duriug t|c
prcccdiug uout|, |o |ad laid out pcllcts o co-duug to appcasc Siva. 1|c a||
|. A. Du|ois, |o dcscri|cd t|c cstival iu t|c carly uiuctccut| ccutury, o|scrvcd t|at
t|c uout| |corc iougal cousists cutircly o uuluc|y days, t|at olloiug it o luc|y
oucs.
1|c Si||s |ouour t|c |irt|day o t|cir ouudcr Guru iaua| ou iarti|a |rig|t
t|c ull uoou o iovcu|cr), aud t|c uartyrdou o Guru 1cg| ia|adur ou Mar-
gasirs|a |rig|t , t|cy also cclc|ratc t|c solar uc ycar \aisa||i), |ic| |cgius ou
\aisa||a solar .. Apr.), it| a t|rcc-day cstival iucludiug coutiuuous rcadiug o t|c
ioly ioo| Guru Graut| Sa|i|). lt as ou t|is day iu Mar. OS) t|at Go|iud
Siug| Guru dcclarcd to t|c Si||s t|c codc o discipliuc |y |ic| t|cy livc.

-
1|c |cis| calcudar is a luuisolar calcudar, iu |ic| uout|s ruu rou uc uoou to
uc uoou, aud a t|irtccut|, 'cu|olisuic', uout| is addcd to t|c ycar |cu it |cgius to
ruu a|cad o t|c scasous. lts origiual |asis iu dircct o|scrvatiou, iucrcasiugly uodihcd
|y ritual rcstrictious, |as uo givcu ay to a |ig|ly sop|isticatcd uat|cuatical plau.
z
-
lu t|c ii|lc, uout|s arc usually uuu|crcd rat|cr t|au uaucd, |ut occasioually i|ocui-
ciau uaucs arc uscd iu t|c |oo|s rittcu |corc t|c Lxilc aud t|c uodcru uaucs, |ic|
couc rou t|c ia|ylouiau calcudar, iu t|osc rittcu atcr it. 1|c hrst uout| is uor-
ually t|at |cgiuuiug at t|c spriug cquiuox, callcd A|i| iu Lxodus aud iisau iu
ic|cuia|, t|is as also ia|ylouiau usagc. iocvcr, at Lxod. , t|c |arvcst
is said to couc at t|c cud o t|c ycar, iuplyiug a uc ycar iu t|c autuuu, t|c to sys-
tcus crc loug iu coupctitiou. lt as said t|at t|c rcgual ycars o |iugs o lsracl crc
couutcd rou iisau, o ot|cr |iugs rou 1is|ri, |ut cxccptious crc adduccd.) Lvcu-
tually 1is|ri |ccauc t|c staudard usagc, 'iisau is t|c |cgiuuiug o t|c uout|s, |ut
1is|ri o t|c ycar.' lt |as rcuaiucd so cvcr siucc.
l ou t|c t| uig|t rou t|c start o t|c uout| a sig|tiug o t|c uc crcsccut as
rcportcd |y rclia|lc itucsscs aud couhrucd |y t|c Sau|cdriu |corc uig|tall, t|c uc
uoou as 'sauctihcd' aud t|c day |cgiuuiug at suusct) couutcd as t|c hrst o t|c ucxt
uout|, t|c ucs |ciug |roadcast |y |cacous aud |y couricrs scut rou |crusalcu or
atcr its capturc iu , rou |auuia). l uo suc| rcport as rcccivcd or up|cld, t|c
day couutcd as t|c t| aud t|c ucxt uout| |cgau t|c olloiug day. Siucc ucsscugcrs
could uot alays rcac| outlyiug couuuuitics, |cs o t|c Diaspora addcd a sccoud day
to cstivals. O|scrvatiou ould souctiucs |c uadc rou a avoura|lc outpost, or dis-
cussiou o t|c itucsscs' rcports dcli|cratcly prolougcd, iu ordcr to |astcu or dclay t|c
sauctihcatiou, so t|at asts, aud iu particular You iippur, s|ould uot all ou lriday or
Suuday, t|at is ou t|c day |corc or atcr t|c Sa||at|, last cauc a rulc t|at 1is|ri uust
uot all ou a Suuday so t|at ios|aua| la||a|, it| its cucrgctic ritual, s|ould uot all
ou a Sa||at|. lu ordcr t|at iassovcr s|ould uot all iu iutcr, au cu|olisuic uout| as
iuscrtcd |cucvcr auy to o t|rcc couditious |cld t|at t|c crops crc still youug, t|at
t|c ruit-trccs crc still youug, t|at t|c cquiuox as uot yct duc. iocvcr, it as
prccrrcd to iutcrcalatc |corc, rat|cr t|au duriug or atcr, a sa||atical ycar, duriug
|ic| t|c laud as uot cultivatcd.) A rulc as oruulatcd t|at uo ycar s|ould |avc
ccr t|au our or uorc t|au cig|t-iu cu|olisuic ycars uiuc-ull -day) uout|s.
icsidcs t|is calcudar, souc |cs iu t|c Sccoud 1cuplc pcriod t| c. -st c. )
uscd a dicrcut, pscudo-solar calcudar, cxpouudcd or prcsupposcd iu t|c ioo| o
|u|ilccs, t|c lirst ioo| o Luoc|, aud t|c ritiug o t|c Quurau couuuuity t|c
'Dcad Sca Scrolls'), iu |ic| t|c ycar, |cgiuuiug ou a Vcducsday t|c day ou |ic| t|c
luuiuarics crc crcatcd), cousistcd o days, dividcd iuto cc|s aud uuu|crcd
-day uout|s groupcd iuto our scasous, spriug to iutcr, cac| scasou scparatcd rou
t|c ucxt |y au additioual 'day o rcucu|raucc'. Suc| a calcudar ould |avc rcquircd
iutcrcalatiou o hvc cc|s iu ycars i t|c ycar crc uot to |ccouc dctac|cd rou t|c
scasous cvcu duriug a siuglc lictiuc, |ut uo iutcrcalatiou is attcstcd, aud ccrtaiu pas-
sagcs iu Luoc| suggcst t|at it as t|c scasous, uot t|c calcudar, t|at rcccivcd t|c |lauc
or t|c discrcpaucics. Ot|cr scctariau groups |ad usagcs o t|cir ou.
1|c dispcrsal o |cs iu t|c louau Lupirc, |ot| |corc aud atcr t|c rcprisals t|at
ollocd ailcd rc|cllious, |ro|c t|c uuity o 1cuplc-dircctcd ors|ip, iu t|c ourt|
ccutury t|c |cs o Autioc| crc dchuiug iassovcr |y t|c ull uoou o Marc| locally
callcd Dystros). At Alcxaudria it dcpcudcd iu couuou ycars ou t|c ull uoou o
i|aucuot|, iu cu|olisuic ycars ou t|at o i|aruout|i. 1|c sourccs or t|is arc C|ris-
tiau, |ut uay |c |clicvcd iu a uattcr o o|scrva|lc act cvcu t|oug| t|cir couplaiut t|at
iassovcr souctiucs cll too carly, or too latc, as |ascd ou t|c uisapprc|cusiou t|at it
oug|t alays to ollo t|c cquiuox, t|c ucarcst approac| as a rulc t|at t|c Oucr ou
iisau s|ould uot prcccdc it. 1|c couusiou as uot cudcd |corc t|c pu|licatiou o
calcudrical calculatious, t|c traditioual datc is , - ), t|c cupcror
Coustautius |aviug iupcdcd t|c dispatc| o ucsscugcrs, |ut souc ritcrs suggcst t|at
uo uorc as csta|lis|cd t|cu t|au t|c priuciplc o cyclical iutcrcalatiou, aud t|at uot
till t|c tcut| ccutury as t|c calcudar givcu its hual uodcru oru.
Mcutiou s|ould |c uadc o t|c iaraitc scct, |ic| rcjccts ra||iuic traditious or, as
it ould say, 'iuuovatious'), it govcrus t|c uout|s |y t|c rcal luuar p|ascs, |ccps
S|avuot alays ou Suuday scc |clo) |ut allos ot|cr cstivals to all ou auy ot|cr
cria, docs uot allo a sccoud day cvcu to los| ias|aua|, aud rcjccts C|auu|a| as uu-
|i|lical.
z

1|c |cis| calcudar, iu its calculatcd oru, is |ascd ou t|c Mctouic cyclc, it| au
uudcrlyiug uat|cuatical structurc t|at uccds to |c cxposcd |corc t|c suracc datiug
systcu cau |c uudcrstood.
1|c day |cgius at suusct, |ic| or uat|cuatical purposcs ouly is uoruali.cd as
p.u. |crusalcu tiuc = . p.u. GM1), it is su|dividcd iuto cqual |ours cac| cou-
taiuiug 'uiuius', cac| cquivalcut to , uiuutc = sccouds aud itscl dividcd

iuto 'uoucuts', cac| o , sccoud. lor ot|cr purposcs, aud iu particular or t|c
o|scrvatiou o t|c Sa||at| or o |olidays, suusct is dchucd as t|c uoucut |cu t|rcc
stars o sccoud uaguitudc |ccouc visi|lc t|c suu, uudcr avcragc couditious, |ciug
|clo t|c |ori.ou), aud |ours arc uucqual.
1|c syuodic uout| or luuatiou is ta|cu to couprisc days |ours uiuius
uiuutcs sccouds), lcss t|au |al a sccoud uorc t|au t|c prcscut cstiuatc. 1clvc
syuodic uout|s ua|c a couuou ycar o days |ours uiuius, uout|s au
cu|olisuic ycar o days |ours uiuius.
1|c ycar |cgius it| t|c hrst o.|. or calculatcd coujuuctiou o suu aud uoou iu
autuuu, |ic| uay |c up to |ours |corc or |ours atcr t|c actual coujuuctiou,
itscl iu t|c rcgiou o |crusalcu |ctccu aud |ours |corc t|c hrst sig|tiug o t|c
crcsccut. iiuctccu ycars ua|c a Mctouic cyclc, o |ic| arc couuou aud scvcu cu-
|olisuic, yicldiug a total o luuatious = days |ours uiuius, couparcd
it| days |ours or ucau |uliau ycars aud days |ours uiuius .
uoucuts or ucau Grcgoriau ycars. 1|c scvcu cu|olisuic uout|s arc assigucd to
ycars , , , , , , aud o t|c cyclc, t|csc |ciug t|c ycars iu |ic| t|c accuuu-
latcd cxccss o solar ovcr luuar ycars ould ot|crisc cxcccd or uost ucarly approac|
days. 1|c ucau lcugt| o t|c luuisolar ycar is t|us days |ours uiuius
uoucuts
d

|
'

,''), or approxiuatcly . days, as agaiust t|c
Grcgoriau ycar o . days
d

|
' '').
1|is uat|cuatical calcudar is couvcrtcd to a practical calcudar as ollos. 1|c cou-
uou ycar coutaius uout|s o or days
1is|ri or 1is|rci
C|cs|vau iu a|uudaut ycars, scc |clo)
iislcv iu dchcicut ycars, scc |clo)
1c|ct
S|c|at
Adar
iisau
lyar
Sivau
1auuu.
A|
Llul
lu cu|olisuic ycars a -day uout| callcd Adar lis|ou 'lirst Adar') or siuply
'Adar' prcccdcs t|c uorual -day Adar, |ic| is t|cu callcd \c-Adar or Adar S|cui,
'Sccoud Adar'), it is iu t|c lattcr t|at iuriu scc |clo) is cclc|ratcd, t|oug| t|crc is a
littlc iuriu iuriu iatau) ou Adar l. C|cs|vau as orucrly callcd Marc|cs|vau.
1|c uiuiual lcugt| o t|c couuou ycar is days, o t|c cu|olisuic , suc|
ycars arc callcd 'dchcicut'. Ycars uay also |c rcgular, o or days, or a|uudaut or
pcrcct), o or days, accordiug to t|c iucidcucc o t|c o.|. o 1is|ri iu t|c ucxt
ycar. lu priuciplc, 1is|ri is t|c day duriug |ic| t|c o.|. alls, |ocvcr
-
i) l t|c o.|. alls at or atcr uoou, au cxtra day is addcd to iislcv iu t|c currcut
ycar, ua|iug it rcgular aud postpouiug t|c olloiug ic Ycar to t|c ucxt day siucc
t|crc is t|oug|t to |c uo c|aucc o t|c uc uoou's |ciug o|scrvcd ou t|c sauc day).
ii) 1|c sauc |appcus i t|c cria o t|c o.|. is Suuday, Vcducsday, or lriday, ou
|ic| 1is|ri is uot pcruittcd to all rcspcctivcly so t|at ios|aua| la||a| s|all uot
all ou t|c Sa||at|, uor You iippur iuucdiatcly prcccdc or ollo it).
l addiug a day uudcr i) ould sct t|c olloiug 1is|ri ou ouc o t|c criac or-
|iddcu uudcr ii), au cxtra day is also addcd to C|cs|vau, ua|iug t|c ycar a|uudaut.
iocvcr, siucc t|c ycar uay uot |c lougcr t|au a|uudaut or s|ortcr t|au dchcicut,
iii) l t|c o.|. o a couuou ycar occurs ou a 1ucsday at or atcr |ours
uiuius |. u. s. a.u.), t|c prcvious ycar ill |c a|uudaut, so t|at 1is|ri is post-
poucd to 1|ursday, or it crc allocd to all ou 1ucsday, t|crc ould |c days till
t|c ucxt ic Ycar, |ic| uudcr rulc iii) ill |c a Mouday.
iv) l t|c o.|. o t|c ycar iuucdiatcly olloiug au cu|olisuic ycar occurs ou a
Mouday at or atcr |ours uiuius |. u. s. a.u.), 1is|ri uust |c post-
poucd to 1ucsday, or siucc t|c prcvious o.|. cll atcr uoou ou a 1ucsday, 1is|ri as
a 1|ursday, t|c Mouday is ouly days latcr.
Ycars arc couutcd accordiug to t|c Lra o t|c Vorld, |cgiuuiug at |ours
uiuius ou Mouday Octo|cr = |. u. s. p.u. ou Suuday Octo|cr) .
lor uauy ccuturics, |ocvcr, |cs cuploycd t|c Sclcucid cra scc C|r...|.,. Lr.s), it|
t|c cxccptiou o ccrtaiu datcs iu Macca|ccs, it is rcc|oucd iu t|c Grcc| uauucr, rou
autuuu = .
icsidcs t|c luuisolar ycar dcscri|cd a|ovc, t|crc is a t|corctical solar ycar o days
|ours, |y |ic| t|c ::|;.:, or |cgiuuiugs o t|c scasous, arc govcrucd, at t|c |cgiu-
uiug o cac| solar cyclc, |cu t|c ycar , dividcd |y , lcavcs a rcuaiudcr o , t|c
suu is dccucd to |avc rcac|cd t|c cquiuoctial poiut o spriug-t|c '::|;.| o iisau'-
at t|c sauc tiuc, p.u. ou 1ucsday, as iu t|c hrst ycar o crcatiou, t|c cvcut is uar|cd
it| t|c ccrcuouy o |.r|.: |.|.oo.| or ilcssiug o t|c Suu, |cld |ocvcr ou t|c hrst
Vcducsday o luuisolar iisau. Siucc t|c solar ycar, cquivalcut iu lcugt| to t|c |uliau,
is slig|tly lougcr t|au t|c ucau luuisolar ycar, t|c ::|;.| o iisau coucs progrcssivcly
latcr it| rcspcct to t|c luuar calcudar, souctiucs olloiug t|c t| iu coutravcutiou
o t|c oldcr rulc.
1|c o|scrvaucc o t|c scvcut| day iu cvcry cc| as a day o rcst or Sa||at|, is traccd
|ac| to Crcatiou itscl |aviug crcatcd t|c uuivcrsc iu six days God uadc au cud 'aud |c
rcstcd ou t|c scvcut| day rou all |is or| |ic| |c |ad uadc. Aud God |lcsscd t|c
scvcut| day, aud sauctihcd it |ccausc t|at iu it |c |ad rcstcd rou all |is or|'
Gcu. -). As God rcstcd, so uust uau, |cucc ollo t|c uuucrous pro|i|itious,
dcsigucd to cusurc t|at uo actiou c|augiug t|c p|ysical uaturc o t|c orld s|ould |c
pcrorucd ou t|c Sa||at|, |ic| t|us |ccoucs a day rcc rou uuudauc couccrus, a
dclig|t lsa. ), clcoucd as a |ridc iu t|c pocu L:||.| L.. 'Couc uy |clovcd')
|y S|clouo| Al|a|cts t| c.) suug as part o t|c lriday cvcuiug liturgy.

Apart rou t|c Sa||at|, t|crc arc uauy ot|cr |cis| |oly days, iu |i|lical ic|rc
souc arc callcd sa||at|s it|out rccrcucc to cria, iu t|c ctyuological scusc o 'rcst
day', as at lcv. , |crc t|c tcru is uscd o You iippur. 1|c uost iuportaut arc
1is|ri los| ias|aua| 'icad o t|c Ycar'), uar|cd cspccially |y t|c |lo-
iug o t|c s|.;.r or rau's |oru, aud |y |itc covcrs ou t|c syuagoguc
ar| aud t|c 1ora| scroll. 1|is cast |cgius t|c 1cu Days o lcpcu-
taucc, or Days o Ac, also |uou iu Luglis| as t|c iig| ioly Days,
lastiug uutil You iippur.
1is|ri 1sou Gcdalya|, last o Gcdalia| ou t| i rd is a Sa||at|). iav-
iug couqucrcd |uda|, ic|uc|aduc..ar appoiutcd a |cis| govcruor,
Gcdalia|, |ocvcr, |c as uurdcrcd |y a ucu|cr o t|c old royal
|ousc. Souc |cs ncd to Lgypt, ot|crs crc dcportcd.
1is|ri You iippur, Day o Atoucucut tcc|uically a cstival, t|oug| o|-
scrvcd it| a -|our ast duriug |ic| catiug aud driu|iug arc or-
|iddcu, prcccdcd aud coucludcd it| a cstivc ucal. V|ilc t|c
1cuplc stood, t|is as t|c ouc day ou |ic| t|c |ig| pricst cutcrcd
t|c ioly o iolics. 1|c praycrs iu syuagoguc, |cguu it| iol
iidrci, rcuouucc all vos |ctccu uau aud God.
1is|ri lirst day o Succot|, Su||ot lcast o 1a|cruaclcs) lcv. ). 1|c
cast lasts uutil 1is|ri, t|c traditiou is to cat, driu|, aud slccp iu a
|oot| or s||.| covcrcd it| vcgctatiou. At scrviccs, ouc avcs t|c
'our spccics' palu |rauc| ||.), citrou ::r.), uyrtlc tigs
|..s.o), aud illo tigs .r..:), ors|ippcrs ua|c proccssiou iu a
circlc arouud t|c syuagoguc, |oldiug ||. aud ::r. aud c|autiug
praycrs |uou as |.s|...:.
1is|ri ios|aua| la||a| cliuax o Succot|. Vors|ippcrs circlc t|c syua-
goguc scvcu tiucs, aud |cat t|cir .r..: as i to drivc aay sius, so cu-
crgctically t|at t|c calcudar rulcs cusurc t|c day s|all uot all ou
Sa||at|.
1is|ri S|cuiui Atscrct Lig|t| Day o Asscu|ly), uar|cd |y t|c praycr or
raiu, iu lsracl it also scrvcs as Siuc|at 1ora|.
1is|ri lu t|c Diaspora t|is is Siuc|at 1ora| lcjoiciug o t|c la), t|c
rcadiug o t|c 1ora| rcac|cs t|c cud aud at oucc rcsuucs, it is a day
o uuc| ucrriucut.
iislcv C|auu|a| Lucacuia Dcdicatiou o t|c 1cuplc lig|ts) |udas Mac-
ca|acus' rcdcdicatiou o t|c 1cuplc iu ), caudlcs, iu-
crcasiug iu uuu|cr ou succcssivc cvcuiugs rou ouc to cig|t, arc lit
|y t|c iudo or rout door or passcrs-|y to scc.
1c|ct Asara| |c-1cvct. 1|is is t|c last o 1c|ct, couucuoratiug t|c start
o t|c ia|ylouiau sicgc o |crusalcu .. t|c cud o ).
-
S|c|at 1u |i-S|vat) ic Ycar or 1rccs, at t|c cud o t|c raiuy sca-
sou, |cu tit|cs o ruit crc dctcruiucd. lt |ciug or|iddcu
to cat t|c crop o a ruit-trcc uudcr ycars old, a trcc is
dccucd to |avc cutcrcd a uc ycar o its lic ou t|is day,
t|crcorc, i it as plautcd ou S|c|at ouc ycar, t|c t|ird
ycar |cgius ou S|c|at iu t|c ucxt. lt |ccauc a tiuc o
study, cspccially auoug uystics, |ut cvcu uorc a cast or
c|ildrcu, iu |crusalcu it is a sc|ool |oliday, ou |ic| t|c
pupils go iuto t|c hclds to plaut trccs.
Adar 1a'auit Lst|cr, last o Lst|cr ou t| i t| is a Sa||at|).
Adar iuriu, cclc|ratiug t|c t|artiug o au iutcudcd pogrou
uudcr t|c icrsiau |iug A|asucrus Xcrxcs), as rclatcd |y t|c
ioo| o Lst|cr, |ic| is rcad pu|licly rou a scroll. lood
aud c|arity arc distri|utcd, a|ovc all t|crc is rcvclry, studcuts
uiuic t|cir tcac|crs, aud at t|c latc-atcruoou cast ouc is cx-
pcctcd to driu| till ouc cauuot distiuguis| |ctccu 'curscd |c
iauau' aud '|lcsscd |c Mordccai'. 1|c uuucrical valucs o
t|c ic|rc p|rascs arc idcutical, it as iauau's jcalousy o
Mordccai t|at |cgau t|c crisis.)
Adar S|us|au iuriu. 1|c |cs o Susa S|us|au), still cugagcd iu
hg|tiug ou t|c t|, cclc|ratcd ou t|c t| iustcad, t|is day
as adoptcd or citics alrcady allcd iu |os|ua's tiuc, so t|at
iu lsracl iuriu is |cpt ou t|c t| at |crusalcu, |ut t|c t|
at 1cl Aviv.
iisau 1a'auit ic||oriu, ast o hrst|oru ualcs ou t|c t| i t|c
t| is a Sa||at|), to couucuoratc t|c saviug o t|c lsracl-
itc hrst|oru |corc t|c Lxodus, it |ccauc t|c custou to cud
t|c study o a 1aluudic tractatc ou t|is day, au occasiou or
cstivity t|at |ro|c t|c ast. lu |i|lical usagc t|is is t|c day o
'iassovcr', t|c slaug|tcr o t|c pasc|al lau| '|ctccu to
cvcuiugs', t|c Sadducccs |osc pocr cudcd it| t|c dc-
structiou o t|c Sccoud 1cuplc) |ad iutcrprctcd t|is o t|c
tilig|t pcriod, |ut t|c i|arisccs rccrrcd t|c p|rasc to t|c
cutirc atcruoou, aud also, agaiu coutrary to t|c Sadducccs,
rulcd t|at t|c slaug|tcr s|ould ta|c placc cvcu ou t|c Sa|-
|at|.
- iisau icsac| iassovcr), |ut iu t|c ii|lc callcd t|c cast o Lu-
lcavcucd ircad o.:..:, 'a.yucs'). Siucc iisau is cc|s
aud to days |corc 1is|ri, it cauuot all ou Mouday,
Vcducsday, or lriday.
iisau- Sivau Schrat |a-Oucr t|c couutiug o t|c s|ca o |arlcy .o:r)
orucrly avcd iu t|c 1cuplc 'ou t|c uorro atcr t|c

sa||at| o iassovcr' lcv. ). 1|c Sadducccs too| t|is to |c
t|c Sa||at| it|iu t|c scvcu days o Lulcavcucd ircad, |ut t|c
i|arisccs uudcrstood t|c ord iu t|c scusc o '|oly day' aud ap-
plicd it to iisau itscl, so t|at t|c s|ca as avcd ou t|c t|.
lrou t|is day ou t|c days arc couutcd, c.g. '1oday is days, |ic|
ua|cs t|rcc cc|s aud our days o t|c Oucr', t|c pcriod |as c|ar-
actcristics o uouruiug, suc| as a |au ou cddiugs aud |aircuts
t|at auougst t|c As||cua.iu lasts t|roug|out t|c scvcu cc|s cx-
ccpt ou lyar, auougst t|c Scp|ardiu is litcd ou lyar aud uot
rciuposcd.
lyar icsac| S|cui, 'Sccoud iassovcr', origiually o|scrvcd |y t|osc |o
oiug to iupurity or a|scucc could uot attcud 1cuplc ou t|c
propcr day, |cu iiug ic.c|ia|, sou o t|c polyt|cist A|a.,
rcstorcd t|c 1cuplc ors|ip, iassovcr as |cpt iu t|is uout| |c-
causc t|c rcstoratiou as uot ar cuoug| advauccd iu t|at |corc.
M.:..: arc |cpt |ac| to |c catcu ou t|is day.
lyar lag |a'Oucr, t|c rd day iu t|c Oucr scc a|ovc). Ouc cxplaua-
tiou, |ot| or t|c uouruiug c|aractcristics o t|c Oucr cc|s aud
or t|c rclaxatiou, is t|at a plaguc, |aviug |illcd studcuts o
la||i A|iva duriug t|c Oucr pcriod, ccascd ou t|is day, ot|cr
storics ua|c t|is t|c day ou |ic| t|c Grcat llood |cgau, aud
uauua cll rou |cavcu, or t|c day ou |ic| la||i S|iuou |ar
Yoc|ai, t|c supposcd aut|or o t|c Zo|ar, dicd. At t|c sitc o |is
rcputcd gravc |ouhrcs arc lit aud sougs suug iu |is |ouour, iu
uodcru lsracl t|is |as |ccouc a |ouhrc day cvcu auougst t|c uou-
o|scrvaut.
Sivau S|avuot lcast o Vcc|s), uar|iug t|c hrst-ruits o suuucr, |ut
also ta|cu to couucuoratc t|c giviug o t|c 1ora|. 1|c ioo| o
lut| is rcad, siucc it ucutious |arvcst aud its |croiuc acccptcd t|c
1ora|, |cr grcat-graudsou iiug David as rcputcdly |oru aud
dicd ou t|is day. lt is also callcd icutccost 't|') iu Luglis|, |ciug
t|c t| day iuclusivcly couutcd) atcr t|c Oucr, |cucc t|c Sad-
ducccs aud Sauaritaus) alays |cpt it ou t|c cig|t| Suuday atcr
iisau.
1auuu. S|iva Asar |c-1auuu.. 1|is day is o|scrvcd as t|c last o
1auuu. ou t|c t| i t|c t| is a Sa||at|), couucuoratiug
t|c hrst |rcac|cs o t|c alls |y t|c ia|ylouiau aruy ..
), aud t|c ccssatiou o sacrihcc uudcr louau sicgc iu
). lt |cgius t|rcc cc|s o uouruiug, culuiuatiug
ou A|.
A| 1is|a |c-Av. 1|is ast ou t|c t| i t|c t| is a Sa||at|), t|c ouly
ouc |csidcs You iippur to |cgiu at uig|tall, couucuoratcs
-
t|c ia|ylouiau capturc o t|c lirst 1cuplc .. ou A|) aud t|c
louau capturc o t|c Sccoud 1cuplc iu . 1|c |oo| o laucu-
tatious is rcad. iy traditiou t|c Mcssia| ill |c |oru ou t|is day.
A| 1u |c-Av a suuucr cstival o t|c Sccoud 1cuplc cra, |cu uarriagc-
a|lc girls dauccd iu t|c viucyards cariug |orrocd |itc clot|cs aud
youug ucu c|osc t|cir ivcs auougst t|cu. lt as also t|c last day or
|riugiug ood to |c ocrcd at t|c 1cuplc altar. Souc pcoplc |avc
rcvivcd it iu uodcru lsracl.
O t|csc los| ias|aua| as 't|c day o |loiug t|c s|.;.r'), You iippur, iassovcr,
S|avuot, aud Su||ot arc laid dou iu t|c 1ora|, ou t|c last t|rcc, ualc lsraclitcs crc
cxpcctcd to ua|c t|c pilgriuagc to |crusalcu.
1|c hrst day o cac| uout| los| C|odcs|) as o|scrvcd it| cstivitics iu lirst
1cuplc tiucs, |corc t|c ia|ylouiau couqucst, it rcuaiucd a |oliday, ou |ic| astiug
aud uouruiug crc or|iddcu, |ut |as |ccouc a avouritc it| |cis| oucu iu Aucr-
ica. V|cu t|c prcccdiug uout| is ull, t|c t| is addcd to t|c cstival, |ic| t|us cou-
priscs to days, t|is gocs |ac| to t|c days o o|scrvatiou, |cu t|c sauctihcatiou o
t|c uoou uig|t uot |c rcportcd iu tiuc. lor t|c sauc rcasou, t|c custou grc up iu
t|c Diaspora o cxtcudiug uajor cstivals |y au cxtra day, so t|at , , 1is|ri, ,
iisau, Sivau arc a sccoud |oliday. lu Lrcts Yisracl t|is sccoud day ,.o :. s|:..) is uot
|cpt cxccpt at los| ias|aua|, coutrariisc, You iippur is a siuglc day cvcu iu t|c
Diaspora.
Alt|oug| t|c rcasou or addiug t|c ,.o :. s|:.., uaucly t|c dou|t as to t|c iucidcucc
o uc uoou, |as uot cxistcd siucc t|c rcductiou o t|c calcudar to hxcd aud pu|lic
rulcs, it as dctcruiucd, aud rcpcatcdly statcd it| t|c utuost cup|asis, t|at t|c day
s|ould coutiuuc to |c o|scrvcd, t|at a |ostilc govcruucut uig|t supprcss |cis| lcaru-
iug as ouly ouc o t|c rcasous givcu. 1|us dou|t as uot cliuiuatcd |ut cauoui.cd.
Morcovcr, uodcru couuuuicatious |avc crcatcd pro|lcus iu rcspcct o t|c ,.o :.
s|:.. or |cs douicilcd iu Lrcts Yisracl |o travcl .|:s |.~.r::s 'outsidc t|c laud'), or
vicc vcrsa, t|c couscqucuccs |avc |ccu or|cd out iu grcat dctail. lu gcucral, a |c
douicilcd iu t|c Diaspora is |cld |y uajority opiuiou to |c |ouud |y ,.o :. s|:.. cvcu
iu Lrcts Yisracl, |crcas a |c douicilcd iu Lrcts Yisracl is |ouud |y it |cu a|road,
cxccpt iu a placc it|out |cis| iu|a|itauts. 1|us a |:. .|:s |.~.r::s visitiug Lrcts Yisracl
uay uot travcl iu a car drivcu |y a |:. Lr::s 1.sr.:| ou t|at day, uor |oard a |us cvcu i a
|:. Lr::s 1.sr.:| pays t|c arc, |c uust uot as| t|c |:. Lr::s 1.sr.:| to pcroru actious or
|iu t|at |c is uot allocd to do |iuscl, suc| as coo|iug, aud i |c docs t|c lattcr uust
rcusc, t|oug| |c is rcc to do t|cu ou |is ou iuitiativc. V|cu it is t|c |:. Lr::s 1.sr.:|
|o is t|c gucst, |c uay uot ocr to pcroru suc| scrviccs or t|c |ost.
Auot|cr dicrcucc |ctccu Lrcts Yisracl aud Diaspora couccrus t|c praycr or raiu,
|ic| iu Lrcts Yisracl is said rou C|cs|vau uutil icsac|, clsc|crc it is uot said till
Dcccu|cr iu a couuou ycar aud Dcccu|cr iu lcap ycar, accordiug to t|c custou
o t|c ia|ylouiau Diaspora. Aut|oritics do uot alays agrcc ou |ic| day a travcllcr
s|ould |cgiu sayiug it.

1|c tcutict| ccutury |as addcd t|c olloiug o|scrvauccs
iisau You |a-S|oa|, iolocaust Mcuorial Day, t|is as t|c day ou |ic|
iuc|cuald as li|cratcd iisau = April ).
lyar You |a-Zi|arou, Mcuorial Day, couucuoratiug t|osc |o |avc
dicd dccudiug t|c Statc o lsracl, at suusct a sircu souuds, uar|iug
t|c trausitiou to t|c rcjoiciug o ludcpcudcucc Day.
lyar ludcpcudcucc Day You |a'Atsuaut), couucuoratiug lsracl's
proclauatiou o iudcpcudcucc lyar = May ).
lyar |crusalcu Day You Ycrus|alayiu), couucuoratiug t|c li|cratiou
o t|c Old City lyar = |uuc ).
Mauy |cs also couucuoratc t|c :..|s|r.s:.||...|: pogrou o iovcu|cr , |ut
ou t|at datc aud uot its |cis| cquivalcut.
lor couvcrsiou o |cis| datcs to C|ristiau, or vicc vcrsa, scc Appcudix l, or los|
ias|aua| aud iisau till , scc Appcudix i, 1a|lc .
-
-
1|c Musliu calcudar is a purc luuar calcudar, o uout|s to t|c ycar, it|out t|c
cu|olisus o t|c luuisolar calcudar uscd |y t|c Ara|s |corc lslau, a c ycars |corc
|is dcat|, t|c irop|ct auuouuccd t|at cu|olisu cutailcd au iupious postpoucucut o
t|c sacrcd uout|s Qurau, `r. , v. ), aud uouc is uo t|oug|t to |avc ta|cu placc
siucc |is arrival iu Mcdiua. As a rcsult, Musliu ycars arc roug|ly cquivalcut to
C|ristiau oucs.
Soou atcrards it as dccidcd to rcplacc t|c Sclcucid cra, till t|cu iu couuou usc,
rcc|oucd rou t|c iy.autiuc ic Ycar ou Scptcu|cr, it| a uc cra datiug rou t|c
irop|ct's dcparturc, or H.,r., rou Mccca, ycars so couutcd arc |cu ucccssary uar|cd
|. iu Ara|ic, or |.,r. , aud iu t|c Vcst, or .... H:.r.:. Alt|oug| souc carly ritcrs
rcc|oucd rou t|c iijra day itscl, Mouday, la|: al-aal = Scptcu|cr -
, , t|c prccrrcd cpoc| as t|c hrst day o t|c Ara| ycar, Mu|
.
arrau, |ic|
cll iu t|c prcvious Sclcucid ycar ou lriday, |uly - , . iocvcr, siucc t|c
Ara| civil day |cgau at suusct, t|c iijr: cra ruus iu Vcstcru tcrus rou t|c cvcuiug o
1|ursday, |uly, uuc| carly Musliu usagc scts Mu|
.
arrau ou t|c 1|ursday, as
astrououcrs |o rcc|ou t|c day rou uoou) still do.
As sct out iu |aud|oo|s, t|c Musliu calcudar is ouc o t|c siuplcst as cll as uost
accuratc iu t|c orld. iocvcr, siucc t|c uout| propcrly |cgius uot ou auy prc-
calculatcd day |ut |cu t|c uc uoou |as |ccu o|scrvcd |y rclia|lc itucsscs iu t|c
uig|t s|y, aud siucc cyclcs o iutcrcalatiou |avc varicd |ot| as to t|cir lcugt| aud to t|c
distri|utiou o lcap ycars it|iu t|cu, t|c t|corctical pattcru uay uot corrcspoud to
t|c actual. lu particular, lauad
.
au is still vcry idcly dctcruiucd |y o|scrvatiou, uadc
cit|cr locally or at souc rccogui.cd placc it|iu t|c lslauic orld, souc iritis| Mus-
lius aait rcports rou Saudi Ara|ia scut |y cuail or ax. icucc t|c C|ristiau cquiva-
lcut o a Musliu datc givcu iu a tcxt cauuot |c csta|lis|cd or ccrtaiu uulcss as it otcu
is) t|c cria is addcd, iu casc o counict |ctccu cria aud couvcrsiou ta|lc, t|c cria
s|ould |c |clicvcd.
1|c Musliu ycar cousists o uout|s, it| Ara|ic uaucs t|at li|c t|c latiu uaucs
o our ou calcudar arc variously uodihcd iu ot|cr lauguagcs, |ut t|cir corrcct orus,
it| t|cir |aud|oo| lcugt|s, arc
Mu|
.
arrau days
S
.
aar days
la|: al-aal days
la|: al-a||ir days
|uuada 'l-ula days
|uuada 'l-u||ra days
laja| days
S|a|au days
lauad
.
au days
S|aal days
D|u 'l-qada days
D|u 'l-|
.
ijja or days
lu t|c calculatcd, t|oug| uot t|c o|scrvcd, calcudar, a t| day is addcd to D|u 'l-|
.
ijja
iu ycars out o cvcry , as a rcsult, t|c avcragc lcugt| o t|c calcudar uout| ovcr t|c
-ycar cyclc, days |ours uiuutcs, is ouly souc sccouds s|ort o t|c syuodic
uout| rou uc uoou to uc uoou) o . days. A lcap ycar is callcd s... |.|. s.,
a couuou ycar s... |.s. :
.
.. 1|c staudard rulc is to iutcrcalatc t|osc ycars |ic| |cu
dividcd |y lcavc a rcuaiudcr o , , , , , , , , , , aud , |ut variatious
arc ouud, iu particular ycar iustcad o |cu t|c cpoc| is ta|cu as 1|ursday, |uly
. lu classical t|oug| uot uodcru) Ara|ic, datcs rou t|c st to t|c t| arc cxprcsscd
as 'at so uauy uig|ts past', t|osc rou t|c t| as 'at so uauy uig|ts rcuaiuiug', rou
uig|ts iu a ull uout|, iu a |ollo uout|, dou to ouc uig|t ou t|c t| or t|
rcspcctivcly, t|c last uig|t or artihcial) day |ciug dcscri|cd as suc|.
1|c uout| uaucs go |ac| to t|c prc-lslauic calcudar Mu|
.
arrau ucaus 'sacrcd',
la|: dcuotcs t|c raiuy scasou, |uuada t|c dry, t|cir appcudcd cpit|cts ucauiug 'lor-
ucr' aud 'lattcr', laja| is 'or|iddcu'. D|u 'l-|
.
ijja is 't|at o pilgriuagc', uaucly to t|c
ia|a iu Mccca, t|c sauctuary |ousiug t|c |lac| stouc adoptcd |y lslau |ut prcviously
associatcd it| t|c suu.
1|c hrst, scvcut|, clcvcut|, aud tclt| uout|s arc sacrcd, ararc agaiust ot|cr
Muslius |ciug pro|i|itcd, aud t|c uiut| is o|scrvcd |y astiug t|roug|out t|c |ours
o daylig|t. 1|c ouly |oly days cujoiucd |y t|c Qurau arc t|c ast o lauad
.
au aud
t|c i
.
ajj, |ut uauy ot|cr days arc o|scrvcd |y Muslius o ouc couuuuity or auot|cr.
Mauy arc purcly local, a sclcctiou o Suuu: cstivals aud couucuoratious is givcu, it|
uo suggcstiou t|at t|cy arc o cqual prouiucucc or prcvalcucc. 1|osc uar|cd it| au
astcris|, togct|cr it| t|c uig|ts prcccdiug t|c to . casts, arc callcd o|.r.|., '|lcsscd'.
Mu|
.
arrau ic Ycar.
Mu|
.
arrau ,.o .|~.s|r. voluutary) ast-day, |orrocd rou You iip-
pur, couucuoratiou o t|c laudiug o ioa|'s ar| atcr t|c
nood, cclc|ratcd |y a puddiug o hgs, raisius, datcs, aud uuts as
uadc |y |is ic.
la|: l o.|. .|~..|., iirt| o t|c irop|ct), also |.,|.: .|~o.|, |ut
propcrly t|c datc o |is dcat|. lu souc couutrics caudlcs arc lit
iu 1ur|cy t|c day is Mcvlt iaudili), t|oug| strictcr circlcs dis-
approvc o t|is aud auy ot|cr o|scrvaucc o t|c day cxccpt rcad-
iugs rou t|c Qurau.
-
la|: ll iuruiug iu Dcc. ) o t|c ia|a duriug a civil
ar.
st lri. o laja| |.,|.: .|~r.|..| 'uig|t o dcsircs'), couccptiou o t|c irop|ct
|y

Auiua.
laja| |.,|.: .|~o.r., uig|t o t|c irop|ct's asccut rou |crusalcu
to t|c scvcu |cavcus), auot|cr |...| iu 1ur|cy, it| daytiuc
ast.
S|a|au |.,|.: .|~|.r.. 'diploua', icrsiau s |~: |.r.:), also |.,|.: .|~
s
.
.|| 'docuucut') God placcs ou rccord all t|c dcat|s t|at
ill ta|c placc iu t|c couiug ycar, iu priuciplc ouc s|ould
ast, atc|, aud pray, |ut iu uauy placcs, cspccially ou t|c
Su|coutiucut, it is au occasiou or illuuiuatiou aud hrc-
or|s. 1|c uig|t o t|c irop|ct's triuup|aut cutry iuto
Mccca.
S|a|au Mccca uadc ,.||. t|c dircctiou iu |ic| praycrs arc ad-
drcsscd) iustcad o |crusalcu, lc|. ).
- lauad
.
au last rou t|c uoucut cac| uoruiug |cu |itc t|rcads uay
|c distiuguis|cd rou |lac| till t|c suu |as couplctcly sct,
|cu t|c |clicvcr cats au odd uuu|cr o datcs aud driu|s
souc atcr |corc pcroruiug t|c cvcuiug praycr.
lauad
.
au iattlc o iadr, Mar. ), dccat o Mcccaus |y
Muslius.
lauad
.
au |.,|.: .|~,.r 'iig|t o iocr') hrst rcvclatiou o t|c Qurau,
'|cttcr t|au a t|ousaud uout|s' `r. . ). Atcr praycrs,
uuc| cstivity, a sccoud ucal is ta|cu |corc dau.
- S|aal . .|~;:
.
r 'cast o ast-|rca|iug') cud o lauadau ast, also
. .|~s
.
..,. 'cast o alusgiviug'), . .|~s
.
.|. r 't|c littlc
cast'). lu 1ur|cy callcd lcast o Sugar, `:|:r 3.,r.o., rou t|c
distri|utiou o sccts, or siuply 3.,r.o.
S|aal ,.o .|~r.|
.
o. 'day o ucrcy').
D|u 'l-qada Dcsccut o ia|a, t|c stouc |uildiug at Mccca to |ic| t|c
i
.
ajj is uadc.
D|u 'l-|
.
ijja ircac|iug at ia|a to pilgrius, |o ou arrival iu Mccca ill
alrcady |avc pcrorucd t|c :
.
..; or scvcuold auticloc|isc
al| rouud t|c ia|a aud t|c s., or scvcuold ruu our out,
t|rcc |ac|) |ctccu S
.
aa aud Mara.
D|u 'l-|
.
ijja ,.o .|~:.r.,. 'day o atcriug'). l pilgrius |ad rclaxcd
t|cir statc o ritual purity or .|
.
r.o t|cy uust uo rcsuuc it
|corc dcpartiug or t|c plaiu o Araat |y ay o Miua
-
aud Mu.dalia. 1|crc arc uauy ritual actious souc vary-
iug rou ouc juridical sc|ool to auot|cr) t|at pilgrius
uust pcroru duriug t|c i
.
ajj, |ut astiug is strictly or-
|iddcu.
D|u 'l-|
.
ijja ,.o Jr.;.: 'day o Araat'), |crc pilgrius spcud t|is day,
|ocvcr |as rcac|cd it |corc uig|tall is dccucd to |avc
participatcd iu t|c i
.
ajj. 1|c ccutral cvcut is t|c statiou
,;) |corc a |ill |uou as |a|al al-la|
.
ua, 't|c Mouu-
taiu o Mcrcy'. At suusct t|c pilgrius dcpart at a ruu or
Mu.dalia, |crc t|cy spcud t|c uig|t.
- D|u 'l-|
.
ijja . .|~.
.
|
.
. 'cast o iuuolatiou') or . .|~|
.
.,, 'cast o pil-
griuagc'), also .|~. .|~|.|. r 't|c grcat cast').
D|u 'l-|
.
ijja ,.o .| ..|
.
r 'day o slaug|tcr'), ,.o .|~.
.
|
.
. 'day o |lood
sacrihcc)', ,.o .|~,r|.. day o ocriug). Atcr a scrvicc
|corc suurisc, t|c pilgrius dcpart or Miua, |crc cac|
t|ros scvcu stoucs at t|c castcruuost o t|rcc pillars said
to rcprcscut Satau. 1|crc ollos t|c sacrihcc, usually o a
s|ccp or a goat, also couductcd ou t|is day all ovcr t|c Mus-
liu orld, t|c pilgrius t|cu |avc t|cir |cads s|avcd aud
couc out o .|
.
r.o, t|oug| uot all cvcryday activitics arc yct
pcruittcd. 1|cy rcturu to Mccca, |crc t|cy pcroru au-
ot|cr :
.
..; arouud t|c ucly |cdcc|cd ia|a, t|cy driu| t|c
atcrs o Zau.au |corc dcpartiug or Miua .
- D|u 'l-|
.
ijja .,,.o .|~:.s|r. , 'days o castcuiug', i.c. dcparturc). 1|c pil-
grius rclax iu Miua, uo lougcr cariug ritual garucuts
cvcry day t|cy t|ro scvcu stoucs at cac| o t|c t|rcc pillars,
uulcss t|cy |avc lct or Mccca ou t|c t|, t|crc t|cy pcr-
oru a arccll ritual, aud rcpcat t|c :
.
..;.
1|c uaiu S|: : cstivals o|scrvcd iu lrau arc
Mu|
.
arrau ,.o .|~:.s., cvc o t|c olloiug.
Mu|
.
arrau ,.o .|~.s|r., auuivcrsary o iattlc o iar|ala Oct.
), cla|oratcly o|scrvcd as t|c uartyrdou o t|c irop|ct's
graudsou i
.
usayu, iu icrsiau callcd r.~: ,:
.
|, 'Day o t|c
Slaug|tcr'.
S
.
aar ar|a: u 'lorty') ortict| day atcr a|ovc.
S
.
aar Dcat| o t|c irop|ct aud uartyrdou o i
.
asau.
la|: l iirt|day o t|c irop|ct aud t|c Sixt| luau t|c last rccog-
ui.cd |y |ot| lsua: l: aud 1clvcr S|iitcs), |aar al-S
.
adiq.
-
laja| iirt| o Al: .
laja| |.,|.: .|~o. r., uig|t o t|c irop|ct's asccut rou |crusalcu to
t|c scvcu |cavcus), icrsiau uauc . : o|.. s.
S|a. |au iirt| o t|c 1clt| lu au, luau Ma|di.
lauad
.
au Martyrdou o Al: .
S|aal . .|~;:
.
r.
S|aal Martyrdou o luau |aar al-S
.
adiq.
D|u 'l-qada iirt|day o luau lc.a.
D|u 'l-|
.
ijja . ~: ,r|...
D|u 'l-|
.
ijja . ~: |.. r~: I|oo, day |cu t|c irop|ct iuvcstcd Al: as |is
succcssor calip|) |y t|c strcau i|uuu.
1|c iucouvcuicucc o t|c uuiutcrcalatcd luuar ycar docs uot uccd to |c poiutcd out
|y Vcstcrucrs, or civil aud astrououical purposcs Muslius |avc rcadily uscd ot|cr cal-
cudars, or cvcu dcviscd t|cu. 1o cascs arc cousidcrcd |clo.
z

At t|c tiuc o t|c Musliu couqucst t|c lrauiau ycar as au ...s .s o days, cou-
sistiug o tclvc -day uout|s aud hvc cpagoucual days addcd atcr t|c cig|t| uout|,
days crc uot uuu|crcd |ut uaucd. lt as rcc|oucd cit|cr |y rcgual ycar or accordiug
to au cra, Musliu astrououcrs coutiuucd t|c rcgual ycars o t|c last Sasauiau |iug,
Y.dcgird lll, t|us acquiriug au cra it| cpoc| |uuc . 1|is cra is also uscd |y
t|c iarsis o ludia, scc H.. C.|:..r.) lu ) t|c cpagoucual days crc
rcturucd to t|c cud o t|c ycar.
1o couvcrt t|c ...s .s iuto a truc solar calcudar, astrououcrs said to |avc iu-
cludcd t|c youug Our i|yyau proposcd, at t|c |c|cst o t|c Sclu| rulcr Ccllcd-
diu Mcli| Sa| icrs. |lal-d-diu Mlc| S|a|, -)
i) t|at t|c ycar s|ould |cgiu at t|c vcrual cquiuox ou t|c day iu |ic| t|c suu
s|ould |avc passcd t|c lirst ioiut o Arics |corc uidday,
ii) t|at a sixt| cpagoucual day s|ould |c addcd cvcry our ycars, providcd t|at ou
it t|c Suu ould pass t|c lirst ioiut o Arics atcr uoou, i it ould still do so |corc
uidday, t|cu iutcrcalatiou s|ould |c postpoucd to t|c olloiug ycar.
io cyclc o postpoucucuts as laid dou, alt|oug| our sourccs ua|c various attcupts
to dcvisc ouc t|c uost couuouly rcpcatcd vic iu uodcru ritcrs is t|at cvcry cig|t|
iutcrcalatiou s|ould |c postpoucd or a ycar, giviug au avcragc ycar o

, days, |ut
t|c statcucut iu ouc accouut t|at Our providcd or scvcu iutcrcalatious iu ycars or
cig|t iu |as lcd to suruisc t|at |c iutcudcd t|c cvcu uorc accuratc rulc o addiug

days iu ycars, it| au avcragc ycar o . days, |y succcssivc postpouc-
ucuts o t|c t|, t|, rd, aud st iutcrcalatiou iu cac| cyclc. A uc cra as dcclarcd,
callcd |lali or Mlc|i atcr t|c sultau, t|c hrst day o t|c hrst uout|, lrvrdiu, iu |l.
corrcspoudcd to lrvrdiu = lriday, Marc| . iocvcr, t|is calcudar
as discoutiuucd, |corc , lrau uscd or huaucial purposcs a solar calcudar iu |ic|
t|c ycars crc dcsiguatcd accordiug to t|c 1ur|ic aud C|iucsc auiual cyclc scc C|.~
.:s: C.|:..r) togct|cr it| t|c luuar latcr t|c solar) iijr: datc, aud t|c uout|s uaucd
atcr t|c coustcllatious, corrcspoudiug cvcry ycar iu lcugt| to t|c tiuc t|c Suu spcut iu
t|cu, rou days to .
1|c solar calcudar o uodcru lrau :,.o~: |:,r.~,: s|os.), iutroduccd |y votc o t|c
Mjlcs ou Marc| lrvrdiu ), is rcc|oucd rou t|c ycar o t|c iijra,
rcstoriug t|c traditioual uout| uaucs, t|c ic Ycar cstival o iouru. alls at t|c vcr-
ual cquiuox ou or a|out Marc|. Days arc uuu|crcd it| t|c uorual ordiuals, t|c
uout|s, it| t|cir uost rcqucut datc o couucuccucut, arc
lrvrdiu days Marc|
Ordi|c|cs|t days April
i|ordad days May
1ir days |uuc
Mordad days |uly
S||rivar days August
Mc|r days Scptcu|cr
A|au days Octo|cr
A.r days iovcu|cr
Dci days Dcccu|cr
i|uu days |auuary
Lsud days lc|ruary
iu lcap ycar)
1|c lcugt| o t|c uout|s is dctcruiucd |y t|c spccd o t|c cart|'s rcvolutiou rouud
t|c Suu rou spriug cquiuox to autuuu is days, rou autuuu to spriug .
lutcrcalatiou is t|corctically dcpcudcut ou t|c tiuc o t|c cquiuox as iu Our's cal-
cudar, |ut iu ordcr to avoid variatiou |ctccu lougitudcs a graud cyclc o ycars
|as |ccu dcviscd iu it t|crc arc cyclcs o ycars, cac| couprisiug au iuitial suall
cyclc o ycars aud t|rcc o ycars, ollocd |y a -ycar cyclc couprisiug au iui-
tial -ycar suall cyclc, to o ycars, aud a hual suall cyclc o ycars. Vit|iu cac|
suall cyclc t|crc is a lcap ycar iu ycar aud cvcry ourt| ycar t|crcatcr up to ycar ,
, or as t|c casc uay |c, i.c. |cu 1 > aud 1 uod . 1|crc arc t|us , , or
lcap ycars iu cac| suall cyclc, yicldiug lcap ycars iu cac| -ycar cyclc aud iu t|c
-ycar cyclc, or iu t|c graud cyclc, |ic| t|us coutaius days, i t|c lcugt|
o t|c tropical ycar is ta|cu to |c . days t|roug|out, t|cu tropical ycars
cxcccd lrauiau solar ycars |y uiuutc . sccouds.
1|c currcut graud cyclc is ta|cu to |avc |cguu it| = ,, t|c calcu-
dar as iutroduccd it|iu t|c scvcut| -ycar cyclc, |ic| |cgau ou ,), aud
-
iu t|c last ycar o t|c sccoud suall cyclc, |ic| as t|crcorc a lcap ycar, so, iu t|c t|ird
suall cyclc, as ,) aud cvcry ourt| ycar t|crcatcr to ,), aud iu
t|c ourt| suall cyclc ,) aud cvcry ourt| ycar atcr t|at to ,).
1|c prcscut -ycar cyclc |cgau iu ,), lcap ycars arc ,) aud cvcry
ourt| ycar to ,), t|c hrst iu cac| su|scqucut suall cyclc |ciug
,), ,), aud ,).
Ou Lsud = Marc| , lc.a S|a|'s sou Mo|auuad lc.a su|stitutcd
a uc S|a|us|a|i 'lupcrial') cra or t|at o t|c iijra, rcc|oucd rou Cyrus t|c
Grcat's acccssiou to t|c icrsiau t|rouc iu , solar = , as t|us ol-
locd |y S|a|us|a|i , |cgiuuiug ou Marc| . 1|is arout to lslau as ouc
o t|c uauy popular gricvauccs uauicstcd duriug t|c ucxt ycar, S|a|us|a|i , t|c
uc cra as discoutiuucd as rou S||rivar = August , t|c last s|os. ycar
o t|c S|a|'s rcigu. Dcspitc a proposal iu t|c carly days o t|c rcvolutiouary rcgiuc to
a|olis| t|c solar calcudar, it rcuaius t|c civil calcudar o t|c lslauic lcpu|lic o lrau.
1|c uaiu pu|lic |olidays aud cclc|ratious arca|
bs.| Cr:.r...
:,..|:.:
- lrvrdiu iouru., a joyous cast scvcu o|jccts |osc
uaucs |cgiu it| s uust |c ou t|c ta|lc - Marc|
lrvrdiu lslauic lcpu|lic Day proclaiucd April
,) April
lrvrdiu 1|irtccut| day o iouru. iu|lic
Outiug Day) April
i|ordad Dcat| o luau i|ouciui , |uuc
i|ordad liots o |uuc , agaiust S|a|'s
V|itc lcvolutiou aud arrcst o luau
i|ouciui |uuc
S||rivar Martyrs o lslauic rcvolutiou Scptcu|cr
A|au Sci.urc o LS Lu|assy , iovcu|cr
i|uu lslauic lcvolutiou Day, couucuoratiug
t|c collapsc o t|c govcruucut lct |c|iud
|y t|c S|a| lc|ruary , aud t|c
sci.urcs o pocr |y t|c lslauic
rcvolutiouarics. 1|c Ara|ic ords J||.|
.||.r, 'God is uost grcat', arc rcproduccd
iu iuhc script tiucs aloug t|c cdgcs o
t|c outcr grccu aud rcd) stripcs ou t|c
uatioual nag iu |ouour o t|is datc lc|ruary
Lsud iatiouali.atiou o t|c oil iudustry,
, Marc|

z

lrou t|c latc scvcutccut| ccutury ouards Ottouau docuucuts arc souctiucs datcd
accordiug to t|c so-callcd huaucial ycar s:.:~. o.|.,:), |ic| iu t|c latcr rcigus as rc-
qucutly, t|oug| uot cxclusivcly, also uscd or datiug |oo|s. lt as |ascd ou t|c |uliau
calcudar, rcc|oucd rou Marc| OS, t|c couut |ciug |uou as o.r:., t|c c|oicc o
Marc| as t|c hrst uout|, pcr|aps copicd rou \cuicc, pcruittcd t|c lcap day, as iu t|c
luuar calcudar, to occupy t|c uost couvcuicut placc, at t|c cud o t|c ycar. 1|is alays
coiucidcd it| t|c |uliau lcap day, irrcspcctivc o t|c irrcgularitics a|out to |c dc-
scri|cd iu t|c uuu|criug o t|c ycars.
1|c ycars crc dcsiguatcd accordiug to t|c luuar |.o:r.) iijr: ycar currcut ou
Marc| OS, |ut siucc it is possi|lc or a luuar ycar to |c cutircly coutaiucd it|iu a solar
ouc, t|crc crc occasioual gaps iu t|c scqucucc t|us Marc| OS cll ou D|u
'l-|
.
ijja iu uodcru 1ur|is| spclt ..||...:) luuar, |ut Marc| ou Mu|
.
arrau
o|.rr:o) , so t|at o.r:. as ollocd dircctly |y o.r:. , passiug ovcr .
1|is as |uou as s..s = 'slippagc'), or t|c sauc rcasou t|crc as uo o.r:. , ,
, , or , |ut |cu s..s as ucxt duc, t|c cousolidatcd dc|t |ouds or t|c slip
ycar, , |ad |y iuadvcrtcucc |ccu alrcady priutcd. lt as t|crcorc dccidcd to a|au-
dou t|c priuciplc o |ccpiug up it| t|c luuar ycar aud couut t|c ycar Mu|
.
arrau
- Mu|
.
arrau luuar as o.|.,: ,), siuilarly, o.|.,: ,)
|cgau ou D|u 'l-|
.
ijja luuar aud cudcd ou Mu|
.
arrau .
lu t|c ic Stylc as adoptcd |y t|c ouissiou o - lc|ruary , it|
ccct rou Marc| , t|c ocial 1ur|is| calcudar as t|c iS o.r:. ycar, uudcr
t|c uauc o 1.|.o~. C.r| or 'Vcstcru Calcudar', t|c days |ciug ouittcd, uutil |y la
o Dcccu|cr , t|c C|ristiau o.|, 'iativity') cra it| uodcru stylc as
adoptcd it| ccct rou |auuary .
-
-
z
-
1|c \cucra|lc icdc, iu |is L: ::o.ro r.:...: o , dcscri|cs a |cat|cu Luglis| luui-
solar calcudar iu |ic| t|c ycar |cgau at or ucar t|c iutcr solsticc, callcd 'Mot|crs'
iig|t' scc Dcc., 'Midiutcr, Yulc, Mot|crs' iig|t'), it as dividcd a|out t|c
cquiuoxcs iuto to scasous, suuucr aud iutcr, it| uout|s iu couuou ycars aud
iu cu|olisuic. ic lists t|c uaucs o t|c uout|s, |ic| crc su|scqucutly traus-
crrcd to t|osc o t|c louau calcudar t|us icdc statcs t|at t|c hrst uout| o t|c ycar,
|ic| ollocd t|c iutcr solsticc, as t|c sccoud o to callcd .|., aud latcr ritcrs
call t|c C|urc|'s |auuary s: .;::rr. :. |., 't|c lattcr Yulc'. icxt cauc s.|o. .., ou t|c acc
o it 'uud-uout|', |ut coujccturcd |y icdc to |c uaucd atcr t|c ca|cs ocrcd to t|c
gods, aud |r:o. .., uaucd accordiug to icdc atcr t|c goddcss ors|ippcd iu it, t|is
uauc as gcucrally displaccd |y ||,., 'lidc' scc l M.r.|). 1|c hrst uout| o spriug,
: .s::ro. .., as also uaucd atcr a goddcss still lur|iug uudcr our tcru 'Lastcr', t|crc
ollocd r.o.|.:, 't|rcc uil|iugs a day)', aud to uout|s callcd |. ., 'gcutlc'. lu cu-
|olisuic ycars t|crc as a t|ird, causiug suc| a ycar to |c callcd r.|. :, 't|rcc-lit|c', uu-
ortuuatcly c arc uot told ou |at priuciplc it as addcd. 1|csc uout|s crc ollocd
|y : .o. .., 'ccduout|', aud |.|:o. .., '|oly uout|', |ic| coucludcd suuucr. 1|c
tcut| uout| as ..::r;,||:, 'iutcr ullucss', iutcr as dccucd to |cgiu at t|c ull
uoou. 1|c clcvcut| as ||. :o. .., 'sacrihcc uout|', hually cauc s: .rr. :. |., 't|c orucr
Yulc'. io ar calculatiou |ad displaccd o|scrvatiou iu t|c ordcriug o t|c calcudar c
do uot |uo.
z

1|c Arucuiau calcudar as au ...s .s o -day uout|s ...s.r |.r. s.|o. :r:
| ...
.
.r..
.
o:|:|.. .r: .r:|.. o.r:r. o.r..
.
|r.:..
.
, plus hvc cpagoucual days callcd .:|...
.
. 1|c
cra |cgau ou |uly , |cu t|c Lastcr ta|lc t|cu iu usc rau out scc C|r...|.,. Lr.s),
t|c lac| o a lcap day causcd t|c |cgiuuiug o t|c ycar to uovc cvcr carlicr it| rcspcct
to t|c |uliau calcudar, till iu Arucuiau ycar it cll ou |auuary , it rcuaiucd ou
|auuary or t|c ucxt t|rcc ycars, |ut siucc as a lcap ycar Arucuiau |cgau
ou Dcccu|cr. Luortuuatcly uot ouly Vcstcru |ut souc Arucuiau ritcrs |avc lost
sig|t o t|is act, so t|at ycars atcr uay |c ouud it| a o.||s.o: ouc too lo.
V|crcas uauy saiuts' days crc dctcruiucd accordiug to t|c ...s .s, t|c liturgical
ycar |cgau aud |cgius it| H.,o: .. Lpip|auy iucludiug C|ristuas) ou |auuary
accordiug to t|c |uliau calcudar, t|c uccd to rccoucilc t|c to calcudars lcd to various
cxpcdicuts, t|c uost iuportaut o |ic| as a hxcd calcudar, rcc|oucd rou , iu
|ic| t|c ycar alays |cgius ou August.
Duriug t|c uiuctccut| ccutury t|c |uliau calcudar displaccd ot|cr rcc|ouiugs, |ut iu
it as iu turu supplautcd |y t|c Grcgoriau, cxccpt or t|c calculatiou o Lastcr aud
t|c dcpcudcut casts aud asts. 1|csc arc rcc|oucd accordiug to a Mctouic cyclc scc
C|r...|.,. C,.|:s) t|at or ycars out o yiclds t|c uorual |uliau Lastcr, |ut iu
t|c rcuaiuiug our causcs Lastcr to |c |cpt ou April iustcad o t|c t|. 1|is |ap-
pcucd iu Aru. ), ), ), ), ), ), ),
), ), ), ), t|c ucxt iustaucc ill |c . 1|csc
'alsc Lastcrs' |avc |ccu a su|jcct or discord |ctccu t|c Arucuiaus aud t|c 'Grcc|s
aud Gcorgiaus' t|c Gcorgiau C|urc|, prcviously at ouc it| t|c Arucuiaus, cutcrcd
iuto couuuuiou it| iy.autiuu |y t|c carly t| c.). lu aud t|crc crc hcrcc
|attlcs iu |crusalcu |ctccu Grcc|s aud Arucuiaus, iu t|c pcacc as |cpt t|roug|
t|c iutcrvcutiou o t|c lussiaus, |o coucur it| t|c Grcc|s ou t|c datc o Lastcr |ut
arc cll disposcd toards Arucuiaus.
z

1|c ia|ylouiau ycar, |ic| |cgau at t|c hrst uc uoou atcr t|c spriug cquiuox, |ad
uout|s, cac| |cgiuuiug at t|c hrst sig|tiug o t|c crcsccut, callcd iisauu, Aiaru,
Siuauu, Du.u, A|u, Llulu, 1as|ritu, A|rasauuu, iisliuu, 1c|ctu, S|a|atu, Addaru.
1|c ycars crc groupcd iuto cyclcs o ycars, it|iu |ic| iu ycars , , , , , aud
t|c uout| Addaru as rcpcatcd, iu ycar Llulu, suc| cyclcs cau |c traccd |ac| at
lcast iuto t|c ourt| ccutury , |ut iu all pro|a|ility origiuatc ar carlicr. V|cu Alcx-
audcr t|c Grcat couqucrcd ia|ylouia, t|is calcudar as rctaiucd, as |ciug uorc accu-
ratc t|au auyt|iug |uou iu Grcc| practicc as opposcd to t|cory), t|c uout|s crc
givcu Maccdouiau uaucs, so t|at iisauu |ccauc Artcuisios. 1|c spriug |cgiuuiug as
rctaiucd, so t|at t|c ycars o t|c Sclcucid cra rcuaiucd six uout|s |c|iud t|osc uscd
iu ot|cr parts o t|c icar Last, |ciug rcc|oucd rou Artcuisios,iisauu ,
Apr.), - ia|ylouiau as ycar o au iutcrcalary cyclc. Days crc couutcd orard
rou to or . 1|is calcudar as rctaiucd |cu ia|ylouia cll uudcr iart|iau dou-
iuatiou, |ocvcr, rou ouards c hud t|c Maccdouiau uaucs ruuuiug ouc
uout| |c|iud, iisauu uo |ciug Xaudi|os iustcad o Artcuisios. 1|c c|augc, i uui-
oru, |ad ouly just ta|cu placc, or coius rou auot|cr city s|o t|c old systcu still iu
usc iu ,, |ut t|c uc cquivalcuccs arc gcucral cvcu outsidc iart|iau tcrritory aud arc
-
uscd |y |oscp|us |cu giviug Grcc| uaucs or |cis| uout|s, |ic| |orc t|c ia|y-
louiau uaucs scc j:.s| C.|:..r).
z

1|c pagau Ccltic pcoplcs o t|c Coutiucut |avc lct |c|iud t|cu souc iuscriptious,
uostly Gaulis| |ut a c Cclti|criau, t|c surviviug Cclts o t|c iritis| lslcs aud t|cir
os|oot iu irittauy) |avc a|uudaut litcraturcs, |ut uouc prc-C|ristiau. Lvidcucc or
pagau |clics aud practiccs is casicst to hud iu lrclaud, |ut cvcu |cu it uay |c ta|cu
at acc valuc it ua|cs uo claiu to |c pau-Ccltic. Vc |uo or a ccrtaiuty t|at lrclaud
|ad our scasoual casts, |ic| as corrclatcd it| t|c louau calcudar crc Io|.|. or
o:|. ou lc|ruary, cousidcrcd t|c hrst day o spriug, 3:.|:...: ou May, L|..s.| ou
August, aud `.o|... ou iovcu|cr, o |ic| t|c last, t|c |cgiuuiug o iutcr, as
t|c uost iuportaut aud 3:.|:...: t|c ucxt, |ut carly Vcls| ritcrs rccogui.c ouly C.|..
M.., May, iuvcstiug it it| t|c supcruatural qualitics t|at `.o|... |ad or t|c lris|. Au
uudcrlyiug to-scasou systcu, as iu Gcruauic culturc, iu |ic| iutcr aud suuucr
uadc t|c ycar, uay rcasoua|ly |c positcd, |ut it |ad uo rclatiou to t|c solsticcs, cvcu
t|oug| uidsuuucr as loug cclc|ratcd iu lrclaud aud Ccltic iritaiu it| particular
crvour, aud uidiutcr as t|c |cgiuuiug o t|c ycar iu carly calcudars. 1|c uouu-
ucuts iu iritaiu aud lrclaud aligucd ou t|c uidiutcr, uidsuuucr, or cquiuoctial suu-
risc |cloug to ar carlicr agcs.) ior |as a prc-C|ristiau calcudar survivcd, t|oug| lcgal
tcxts rccogui.c iutcrvals o hvc days ...:) aud htccu days ...:|.:s), t|c lattcr is |al
a uout|, au cutity rccogui.cd iu t|c uauc ;...||.| or - lc|ruary. lt |ardly uccds
sayiug t|at lo|crt Gravcs's Ccltic 1rcc Calcudar is a litcrary hgucut.)
iy coutrast, a prc-C|ristiau Gaulis| calcudar iuscri|cd ou |rou.c iu louau script
at t|c cud o t|c sccoud ccutury as discovcrcd at Coliguy Aiu) iu . lt covcrs
a hvc-ycar cyclc o uout|s, couprisiug so t|c uost rcccut study |as dctcruiucd)
days, |cgiuuiug it| au iutcrcalary uout| Quiuouios, o days, t|c rcgular
uout|s arc Sauouios days), Duuauuios ), livros ), Auagautiou) ),
Ogrouuios ), Qutios ), Giauouios ), Scuivisouus ), Lquos days iu odd
ycars o t|c cyclc, iu t|c ud, iu t|c t|), Llcu|ivios ), Acdriuios ), Cautlos
), atcr Qutios iu t|c t|ird ycar as addcd a -day iutcrcalary uout| l.)autarouos.
lt appcars t|at t|c ycar |cgau at t|c iutcr solsticc, it| t|c uout| Sauouios c.
`.o|...), it uar|cd t|c asccut to suuucr, as Giauouios rclatcd to latiu |.:os) t|c dcs-
ccut to iutcr. Lac| uout| as dividcd iuto to |alvcs, t|c hrst alays couprisiug
days, as iu t|c iiudu calcudar, t|c days o cac| |al crc uuu|crcd scparatcly, |ut |y
t|c orard couut. iocvcr, ccrtaiu days c|augcd placcs it|iu or cvcu |ctccu t|c
uout|s, or dctails o t|is, aud t|c dcviccs uscd to |ccp trac| o t|c suu aud t|c uoou,
scc Olustcd, |o also huds t|at a -ycar cyclc as c|augcd iuto a -ycar cyclc s|ortly
|corc Cacsar's couqucst, at a tiuc |cu t|c calcudar as hvc days out o truc. Al-
t|oug| t|c ycars arc attcstcd |y t|c Lldcr iliuy d. ), |is ultiuatc sourcc is

agrccd to |c Cacsar's coutcuporary iosidouius, t|c displaccucut o t|c calcudar is
provcd |y t|c statcucut N.:r.| H.s:.r, . ) t|at uout|s, ycars, aud cyclcs |cgiu ou
t|c sixt| luuc. Olustcd suggcsts t|at t|c lris| or t|cir auccstors) |ad a siuilar calcu-
dar, |ut allocd t|c uouiual datcs o t|c solsticcs to slip |ac|ards t|roug| t|c ycar
till t|cy rcac|cd t|cir prcscut positious, |ciug t|cu hxcd |y t|c adoptiou o t|c louau
calcudar.
z

At t|c |cig|t o t|c lrcuc| lcvolutiou, t|c .cal to rcplacc C|ristiau aud uouarc|ical
culturc it| uc iustitutious o a ratioual aud rcpu|licau uaturc attac|cd uot ouly t|c
C|ristiau cra, |ut t|c cutirc louau calcudar. A uc calcudar as dcviscd, cousistiug o
tclvc -day uout|s it| hvc cpagoucual days, or six iu lcap ycar, rcc|oucd rou t|c
csta|lis|ucut o t|c lcpu|lic ou Scptcu|cr . lt as |ascd ou t|c Lgyptiau cal-
cudar as rcorucd |y Augustus, accordiug to t|c Masouic cut|usiasus o t|c rcvolu-
tiouarics 'lcs traditious sacrcs dc l'gyptc, qui dcviurcut ccllcs dc tout l'Oricut,
aisoicut sortir la tcrrc du c|aos sous lc uuc siguc quc uotrc lpu|liquc, ct y hxoicut
l'origiuc dcs lois ct dcs tcups.'
Lac| uout| as dividcd iuto t|rcc -day pcriods callcd ..:s, t|c origiual plau, sct
out iu t|c rcport o t|c Couit d'lustructiou iu|liquc to t|c Couvcutiou iatioualc
ou Octo|cr , as to uuu|cr t|c uout|s aud ..:s, ua|iug t|at day t|c t| day
o t|c ud ..: o t|c st uout| o ycar . 1|is as too cuu|crsouc, t|c Couvcutiou
prccrrcd to uuu|cr t|c days o cac| uout| rou to , aud uauc t|c uout|s ac-
cordiug to a systcu dcviscd |y t|c poct i|ilippc-lrauois-ia.airc la|rc d'glautiuc to
rcncct t|c lrcuc| cliuatc aud t|c lrcuc| agricultural ycar. Vit|iu t|is gcograp|ical
liuitatiou, t|c uaucs arc |ot| attractivc aud iugcuious, |ciug distiuguis|cd accordiug
to scasou |y suxcs aduira|ly uatc|iug souud to scusc. 1|c autuuu uout|s cud iu
~..r:
:.o...r: iuc |arvcst
|ro..r: uist
;r.o..r: |oar rost
1|c iutcr uout|s iu ~s:
..s: suo
|.s: raiu
:.:s: iud
1|c spriug uout|s iu -.|
:ro...| s|oots
{.r.| nocrs
r..r..| hclds
-
1|c suuucr uout|s iu -.r rou t|c Grcc| or 'git', |ut to a lrcuc| car suggcstiug
`.r, 'goldcu')
o:ss..r |arvcst
:|:ro..r |cat
;r.:..r ruits
lt as iu t|is oru t|at t|c lcpu|licau calcudar as cuactcd |y t|c Couvcutiou ou
riuairc ycar ll = iovcu|cr . lt is distrcssiug to rccord t|at la|rc d'glautiuc
as guillotiucd ou gcruiual ycar ll = April .
1|c dccrcc also cuvisagcd a dcciual divisiou o t|c day iuto |ours cac| o
uiuutcs t|cusclvcs cac| o sccouds, it| ccct rou vcuduiairc ycar lll. 1|is
provcd iupractical, |ut tcu-|our cloc|-accs arc ouud, aud cvcu iu lraucc pcr-
suadcd t|c lutcruatioual Mcridiau Coucrcucc at Vas|iugtou to adopt a rcsolutiou
supportiug dcciual divisiou o auglcs aud tiuc.
lu cac| ..: t|c days crc stylcd r.o.., .., :r.., ,.r:.., ,..:.., s:::.., s::.., ..:..,
....., ..., t|c last a day o rcst iu placc o Suuday, to cclc|ratc it ;::s ....r:s crc
dcviscd iu |ouour o various collcctivitics aud a|stractious suc| as t|c lrcuc| pcoplc
vcuduiairc) aud uisortuuc t|cruidor). As iu t|c old calcudar cvcry day |ad
its saiut, so iu t|c uc cvcry day as dcdicatcd to au auiual, a vcgcta|lc, or au iuplc-
ucut o agriculturc, a c auti-C|ristiau |ot|cads rcuaucd t|cusclvcs accordiug to t|c
itcu |ouourcd ou t|cir old uauc-day, |ut suc| uaucs crc lcss popular t|au t|osc
ta|cu rou classical autiquity, or t|c uost hcry lrauois ould rat|cr call |iuscl
irutus atcr t|c louau tyrauuicidc or Aristidc atcr t|c just At|cuiau t|au iotirou, or
puup|iu, atcr t|c vcgcta|lc to |ic| St lraucis's day Oct.) |ad |ccu rcassigucd as
vcuduiairc, uor, ou hudiug t|at riuairc ..~:..: iov.) as cousccratcd to t|c
pig, as Cat|criuc li|cly to call |crscl Coc|ou.
1|c cpagoucual days, |osc origiual uauc o s..s~.|.::.:s |ccauc ,.rs ..o|~
o:.:..r:s atcr 1|cruidor, crc dcdicatcd to \irtuc, Gcuius, Vor|, Opiuiou ou |ic|
rcc spccc| as pcruittcd), aud lcards, it| a sixt|, dcdicatcd to t|c lcvolutiou,
addcd iu cvcry ourt| ycar, t|c pcriod rou ouc lcap ycar ...: s:::.|:) to t|c ucxt |ciug
callcd a ;r.....:. As iu t|c uodcl, t|c lcap ycar as t|at |ic| tcruiuatcd iu t|c |uliau
prc-lcap ycar lll iu , \ll iu , Xl iu , siucc as uot a Grcgoriau lcap
ycar, rou uivsc ycar \lll = Marc| t|c cquivalcuccs ouards dicr |y ouc
day rou t|osc our or cig|t ycars carlicr iu t|c prcvious to ;r.....:s.
1|c Couvcutiou did uot pro|i|it t|c old calcudar, cvcu uudcr t|c 1crror, duriug t|c
1|cruidoriau rcactiou t|c cultural |attlc |ctccu Citi.cu Dcadi aud Mousicur
Diuauc|c as oug|t out iu paup|lcts. iut atcr t|c coup o ructidor ycar \
Scpt. ) |ad dclivcrcd t|c Dircctoirc iuto lcpu|licau |auds, rcs| cup|asis as
laid ou t|c usc o t|c uc calcudar attcupts crc cvcu uadc to cocrcc t|c C|urc| iuto
trauscrriug Suuday ors|ip to .... Ou gcruiual ycar \l Apr. ) t|c Dircc-
toirc issucd au .rr: layiug dou, auoug ot|cr t|iugs, t|at ucspapcrs iu |ic| t|c
old datc appcarcd alougsidc t|c uc s|ould |c supprcsscd, aud t|at cuployccs iu t|c
pu|lic or|s |o a|scutcd t|cusclvcs ou Suudays or t|c old cast days s|ould |c

disuisscd. 1|c ouly pcruissi|lc rcc days crc ... aud lcpu|licau |olidays, t|oug|
i or|crs s|ould rcqucst ,..:.. atcruoou o as cll, uauagcrs crc cupocrcd uot
rcquircd) to acccdc.
1|c lcpu|licau calcudar as iutroduccd |y orcc o arus to ltaly, t|c uout| uaucs
|ciug trauslatcd as :.:oo...., |ro..., ;r.o... or |....|:), .:.s., ...s., :.:.s., :ro...|:,
{.r:.|:, r.:.|:, o:ss..r., ::ro..r., ;r::..r.. iy coutrast, au Luglis|uau o t|c |o|u iull
pcrsuasiou satiri.cd t|c poctic or as |c t|oug|t uau|y-pau|y) uaucs 'Autuuu
|cc.y, succ.y, rcc.y. Viutcr slippy, drippy, uippy. Spriug s|ocry, nocry, |ocry.
Suuucr |oppy, croppy, poppy' irady, i. ).
V|cu iapolcou iouapartc ovcrt|rc t|c Dircctoirc ou |ruuairc ycar \lll
iov. ), uauy pcoplc |opcd or carcd t|at |c ould a|olis| t|c uctric systcu aud
t|c lcpu|licau calcudar. 1|c orucr cxpcctatiou as couplctcly uista|cu, t|c lattcr,
t|oug| ultiuatcly corrcct, lct out o accouut au attac|ucut to t|c calcudar, uot as rcv-
olutiouary or lcpu|licau, |ut as lrcuc|. 1o |c surc, t|crc as a rctrcat rou cxtrcucs
ou uivsc ycar \lll Dcc. ) all purcly lcpu|licau cstivals cxccpt |uly,
vcuduiairc, aud t|c ;::s ....r:s crc a|olis|cd, ou t|cruidor ycar \lll |uly
) t|c cocrcivc ucasurcs crc rcpcalcd, |ut pu|lic scrvauts' rcst-day rcuaiucd ...
till t|c Coucordat it| iius \ll, sigucd ucssidor ycar lX |uly ), proclaiucd
gcruiual ycar X Apr. ), Suuday as hually rcstorcd or t|c pu|licatiou o
uarriagc |auus ou noral ycar Xl May ). iocvcr, iapolcou scrupulously
cuploycd t|c lrcuc| calcudar t|oug| |c otcu addcd t|c Grcgoriau datc iu parcu-
t|cscs) iu all corrcspoudcucc cxccpt it| t|c iopc, aud cvcu ou ructidor ycar Xlll
Aug. ), |cu a|olitiou as iuuiucut, couplaiucd to 1allcyraud |cu |is uiu-
istcr iu Sal.|urg datcd a lcttcr August iustcad o t|cruidor. So loug as t|c la
as iu orcc it oug|t to |c o|cycd, aud uiuistcrs s|ould sct au cxauplc, ucxt t|iug t|c
cllo ould |c ritiug iu Gcruau C.rr:s.....:, xi. ). Ou t|c t| Scpt.) t|c or-
ual proposal as uadc |corc t|c Scuatc to a|olis| t|c ..|:.r.:r ;r....s, ' partir du
uivsc proc|aiu' i.c. uivsc ycar Xl\ s|ould |c ollocd |y |auuary ), it as
passcd ou t|c ud Scpt.).
lrcuc| las aud dccrccs rou t|c pcriod |cu t|c lcpu|licau calcudar as iu orcc
arc still citcd |y it t|us t|c usc o orcuaucs aud suruaucs ot|cr t|au t|osc iu t|c |irt|
ccrtihcatc is or|iddcu |y t|c la o ructidor ycar ll, aud till orcuaucs crc
still rcstrictcd to t|osc ouud 'daus lcs dircuts calcudricrs' t|c Cat|olic aud t|c lc-
pu|licau) aud uaucs o pcrsous |uou rou aucicut |istory |y t|c la o gcruiual
ycar Xl. iistoriaus gcucrally usc t|c uorual calcudar, ucvcrt|clcss, ccrtaiu turuiug-
poiuts ,.r.:s r.|:......r:s) rou t|c actioual strugglcs o t|c pcriod arc still |uou
|y t|cir datcs iu t|c rcvolutiouary calcudar. 1|c uost iuportaut arc
t|cruidor ycar ll = |uly all o lo|cspicrrc)
- prairial ycar lll = - May |aco|iu rc|clliou iu iaris)
vcuduiairc ycar l\ = Octo|cr royalist rc|clliou iu iaris)
ructidor ycar \ = Scptcu|cr lcpu|licaus sci.c coutrol o Dircctoirc)
|ruuairc ycar \lll = iovcu|cr Dircctoirc ovcrt|rou |y iouapartc)
noral ycar Xll = May iouapartc proclaiucd cupcror)
-
1o couvcrt |ctccu t|c lrcuc| aud Grcgoriau calcudars, scc Appcudix l.
Attcupts at rcvival |y a c cut|usiasts upou t|c csta|lis|ucuts o t|c Sccoud
lcpu|lic iu aud t|c 1|ird lcpu|lic iu cauc to uaug|t. 1|crc crc cp|cucral
uotious o iutroduciug t|c :|.. iu t|c carly days o iols|cvi| rulc, souc ia.i uco-
pagaus rcuaucd t|c uout|s, uot |y t|c traditioual Gcruau uaucs, |ut |y ucologisus
t|at iu oru aud souctiucs ucauiug rccallcd t|osc o la|rc d'glautiuc, so t|at Marc|
|ccauc uot L:..o...: |ut L:...., iovcu|cr uot h..o...: |ut N:|:|., au o|vious
calquc ou |ro..r:. iocvcr, t|csc cxtravagauccs rcuaiucd uuocial.
z

Alt|oug| t|c louau calcudar as |uou iu C|ristiau lcclaud aud uscd |y t|c C|urc|,
t|c civil calcudar, rccogui.cd |y la as cll as custou iuto t|c uodcru pcriod, as au
adaptatiou o a prc-C|ristiau Gcruauic rcc|ouiug |y suuucr aud iutcr t|csc to,
|uou as o.ss:r., cou|iucd to oru a ycar o days, uouiually dividcd iuto uout|s
o aud ouc o days, |ut iu practicc rcc|oucd iu cc|s. lu hvc ycars out o cvcry
au cxtra cc| as addcd to rcstorc parity it| t|c suu.
Suuucr |cgau .: so.ro|o, 'at t|c suuucr uar|s', ou t|c 1|ursday |ctccu aud
April iuclusivc, iu t|c hrst ycar o t|c C|urc|'s solar cyclc t|is as t|c t|. `o.ro|
coustitutcd t|c hrst day o t|c hrst uout|. 1|crcatcr till uidsuuucr cc|s crc
couutcd as clapscd cc|s o suuucr t|us t|c ;.r..r iu |ic| coutracts, lcascs, ctc.,
crc tcruiuatcd or rcuccd |cgau it| t|c 1|ursday |ctccu aud May, callcd
't|at 1|ursday ou |ic| t|crc arc six cc|s o suuucr' = sixt| 1|ursday atcr
so.ro|. 1|c olloiug 1|ursday, scvcu cc|s o suuucr, as t|c lcgal tcru or pay-
ucut i uo ot|cr arraugcucut |ad |ccu uadc. Ot|cr cc|days crc cxprcsscd iu rcla-
tiou to t|c suuucr cc|s couplctcd ou t|c ucarcst 1|ursday, c.g. 't|at Vcducsday ou
|ic| t|crc arc six cc|s o suuucr, |ut ou t|c ucxt day atcr'. 1|c t|ird suuucr
uout|, |cgiuuiug ou t|c Mouday |ctccu aud |uuc, |ad our cxtra days .|...r,
'c|c-days'), atcr |ic| iu t|c rd, t|, t|, t|, aud t| ycars o t|c solar cyclc au
cxtra cc| callcd .|..|. or so.r.|.) as addcd. 1|c ourt| uout| o suuucr |cgau
ou o.so.r, t|c Suuday |ctccu aud |uly, |ocvcr, iu t|c cig|t| ycar o t|c cyclc
it cll ou t|c t|, t|us disruptiug t|c rclatiou o c|urc| cstivals to t|c cc|s o t|c
ycar, t|is as |uou as ros.||.r, 'couut-spoilcr', aud t|c ycar as callcd .r...r r,
'aruiug-ycar'.
Alt|oug| ouc uig|t couut up to uig|ts, or |al a uout|, atcr o.so.r, rou t|cu
ou rcc|ouiug as |y rcuaiuiug cc|s o suuucr 't|at Saturday |cu tcu cc|s o
suuucr arc lct', or or s|ort 'at tcu cc|s o suuucr', siuilarly 'till t|at Mouday at
|ic| ou t|c prcccdiug Saturday t|crc crc our cc|s o suuucr lct', 'uot till atcr
t|at Suuday |corc |ic| t|crc crc our cc|s o suuucr lct'. iocvcr, 'at cig|t
cc|s o suuucr' as otcu cxprcsscd as .: :o..., 'at to-uout|', rcncctiug a uotiou
t|at our cc|s uadc a uout|, or t|at rcasou t|c ht| uout| o suuucr as
souctiucs callcd 1vuuar.

Viutcr |cgau ou a Saturday, t|c hrst day o t|c hrst iutcr uout|, t|is aud t|c ucxt
to days crc callcd ::r..:r, 'iutcr-uig|ts', t|crcatcr, iu priuciplc, days crc rcc|oucd
ou t|c sauc priuciplc as iu suuucr, orards or t|c hrst t|rcc uout|s, |ac|ards or
t|c last t|rcc, |ut suc| datcs arc rarcly ucutioucd iu rccords, siucc lcss |usiucss as
douc t|cu. 1|c last t|rcc uout|s o iutcr, t|c :o...r or 'outuout|s', crc t|c ouly
oucs couuouly callcd |y t|cir uaucs, or iudccd to |avc hxcd uaucs orri, Gi, aud
Liuuuar. 1|c hrst to uaucs rcuaiu o|scurc, t|c last, 'ouc-uout|', rcnccts t|c cou-
ccpt uotcd or 1vuuar.
V|cu iu , uudcr Dauis| rulc, ic Stylc datiug as adoptcd or t|c c|urc| cal-
cudar, t|c civil rcc|ouiug rcuaiucd uuc|augcd, so t|at so.ro| |ccauc t|c 1|ursday
|ctccu aud April, |ocvcr, t|c |ac|ard couut as ultiuatcly a|audoucd aud
t|c cc|s iu cac| o.ss:r. couutcd coutiuuously.
Dcspitc t|c iudcpcudcucc o civil aud c|urc| calcudars, c|urc|ucu |ad uorc succcss
t|au auoug ot|cr Gcruauic pcoplcs iu iuposiug ccclcsiastical uaucs ou t|c cc|days
alt|oug| r::..s.r lord's day) aud ....rr .r sccoud day) |avc lost out to s...r
aud o..r |crc ~r is t|c aucicut aud ~r t|c uodcru spclliug), t|c ucxt our arc
still :r.,.r t|ird day), o..|.r uidcc| day), ;oo:.r ht| day), ;s:.r
astday). Saturday is |..r.r as|day, carlicr callcd |y t|c syuouyu ::.r).
As as t|c old Gcruauic custou, lapsc o tiuc as uorually couutcd iu uig|ts aud
iutcrs rat|cr t|au days aud ycars, aud just as t|c to o.ss:r. o iutcr aud suuucr crc
couccptually prior to t|c ycar, so t|c to cr iu uodcru lcclaudic .r) o .:: aud
.r crc prior to t|c -|our day or s|.r|r..r 'suu-riug'). 1iuc as uorually
ucasurcd iu 'dayuar|s' .sor|) at t|rcc-|our iutcrvals r.so| risiug-uar|) or
o.ro.r. a.u., .o| day-ucal, t|c ot|cr scusc o o|) a.u., |:. |ig|day) or
o.:. uoou, .. latiu ....) p.u., o..:.. uid-cvcuiug) p.u., .::o| uig|t-
ucal) p.u., o...::. uiduig|t, ::. last part o t|c uig|t) a.u. At cac| dayuar|
t|c suu as at ouc o cig|t poiuts iu t|c s|y rou cast at .o| to uort|-cast at ::., iu-
dicatcd or cac| aru |y p|ysical uar|crs callcd :,|:.ror|, cit|cr prouiucut uatural ca-
turcs or pilcs o stoucs, uauy suc| uar|crs still survivc.
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1|c uauy calcudars uscd iu prc-Coluu|iau Ccutral Aucrica, o |ic| t|c hrst as
rcc|oucd rou t|c suuucr solsticc o , crc uuitcd iu t|cir uudaucutal priu-
ciplcs, t|c dctcruiuatiou o cac| day |y its placc iu a uuioru cyclc o days cou-
uou to t|c cutirc rcgiou t|roug|out its rccordcd |istory, aud iu a -day ycar |osc
|cgiuuiug as su|jcct to local dctcruiuatiou. 1|c -day cyclc or 'day-couut'-|uou
as :...|.|.||. iu ia|uatl t|c lauguagc spo|cu |y t|c A.tccs), :..| |.. iu t|c lauguagc o
t|c Yucatcc Maya, aud |y ot|cr uaucs clsc|crc-as orucd |y to coucurrcut cyclcs
rcspcctivcly o aud days, |ic| uodcru ritcrs call |y t|cir Spauis| uaucs o
:r:.:.. aud :..::... 1|c :r:.:.. as a uuucrical cyclc rou to iu to calcudars -),
t|c :..::.. as a scqucucc o sacrcd sigus atcr |ic| t|c days crc uaucd. 1|csc uaucs
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varicd rou calcudar to calcudar, iu t|c to calcudars uost auiliar to uodcru rcadcrs
t|cy crc
N.|.:| 1..::.
) Cipactli alligator) luix alligator)
) L|ccatl iud) l| iud)
) Calli |ousc) A||al uig|t)
) Cuct.palliu iguaua) iau iguaua)
) Coatl scrpcut) C|icc|au scrpcut)
) Miquit.li dcat|) Ciui dcat|)
) Ma.atl dccr) Maui| dccr)
) 1oc|tli ra||it) lauat ra||it)
) Atl atcr) Muluc raiu)
) lt.cuiutli dog) Oc oot)
) O.ouatli uou|cy) C|ucu uou|cy)
) Maliualli grass) L| toot|)
) Acatl cauc) icu cauc)
) Occlotl jaguar) lx jaguar)
) Qua|tli caglc) Mcu caglc)
) Co.caquautli |u..ard) Ci| ol)
) Olliu qua|c) Ca|au qua|c)
) 1ccpatl niut) Lt.'ua| niut)
) Quia|uitl raiu) Cauac storu)
) Xoc|itl nocr) A|au lord)
Dcspitc t|c dicrcuccs uot ouly iu lauguagc |ut iu scusc, t|csc to scqucuccs arc idcu-
tical just as our |auuary aud lc|ruary arc idcutical it| t|c iolcs' s:,..:. aud |:, or t|c
C.cc|s' |::. aud ..r, t|c hrst day o t|c cyclc as t|c sauc |ct|cr callcd Cipactli
or luix. lt as ollocd |y L|ccatl aud l| rcspcctivcly, aud t|csc iu turu |y Calli
aud A||al, Acatl,icu as ollocd |y Occlotl,lx, Xoc|itl,A|au |y
Cipactli,luix.
lu additiou, t|crc as a ycar ia|uatl :.|.:|, Yucatcc |..|) o days :...||., |..)
couprisiug uout|s o:.:|., ...|) cac| o days aud a |ig|ly uuluc|y scqucucc o
hvc cpagoucual days at t|c cud. Days crc uuu|crcd, iu souc calcudars c.g. t|c A.tcc)
rou , iu ot|crs c.g. t|c uost iuportaut Maya calcudar) rou , uout|s crc souc-
tiucs uuu|crcd, uorc otcu uaucd. 1|c ia|uatl-spca|crs' uout| uaucs crc uot
uuioru, cvcu t|osc o t|c A.tcc calcudar vary iu t|c sourccs, aud t|cy crc otcu
ouittcd iu giviug t|c datc, t|c prcvailiug list is l.calli, Cua|uitlcua, 1lacaxipc|uali.tli,
1o.o.toutli, iucito.o.tli, 1oxcatl, Lt.alcuali.tli, 1ccuil|uitoutli, iucitccuil|uitl,
1laxoc|iuaco, Xocotl|uct.i, Oc|paui.tli, 1cotlcco, 1cpcil|uitl, Qucc|olli, iauquct.a-
li.tli, Atcuo.tli, 1ititl, t|c cpagoucual days |ciug |uou as icuoutcui. 1|c Yucatcc
uout|s, |y coutrast, arc hxcd aud cll |uou iop, Lo, Zip, Zot.', 1.ac, Xul, Yax|iu,
Mol, C|'cu, Yax, Zac, Cc|, Mac, iau|iu, Muau, iax, iaya|, Cuu|u, aud t|c cpago-
ucual Layc|.
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Luli|c t|c :..::..s, |ic| crc t|c sauc days uudcr dicrcut uaucs, t|c ia|uatl aud
Yucatcc uout|s do uot coiucidc, or |crcas t|c day-couut as uuivcrsal, t|c ycar as
local, alt|oug| ic Ycar's Day alays |cgau t|c hrst uout|, aud as iuucdiatcly prc-
ccdcd |y t|c cpagoucual days o t|c prcvious ycar, t|c day so uuctiouiug iu ouc cal-
cudar uig|t uot |c ic Ycar's Day, or cvcu |cgiu t|c uout|, iu auot|cr. 1|us t|c
A.tcc ic Ycar o l.calli corrcspoudcd to Yax iu t|c 1i|al calcudar uscd rou t|c
hrst ccutury |y t|c Lastcru Maya, |osc ou ic Ycar, iop, as iucitccuil-
|uitl iu t|c A.tcc calcudar. Ou t|c ot|cr |aud, t|c cquivalcut iu auy ouc calcudar o a
datc iu auot|cr rcuaiucd coustaut, siucc t|crc as uo lcap ycar uutil t|c Spauis| cou-
qucst, t|oug| uc calcudars crc souctiucs su|stitutcd or t|osc prcviously iu orcc
cit|cr |y addiug day or |y .o.::.. days so as to spccd up t|c rcturu o t|c ic
Ycar to its astrououically appropriatc placc, duriug t|c lictiuc o cac| calcudar t|c
ycar rcuaiucd au ...s .s o days. 1|c cquivalcucc o tropical ycars to
.... .. as discovcrcd iu , ouc ycar |corc Mctou o At|cus uadc |is o|scrva-
tiou o t|c suuucr solsticc scc Cr::| C.|:..r).
lu souc calcudars, iucludiug ucarly all t|osc uscd |y t|c Maya, t|c ycar too| its uauc
rou t|c placc iu t|c day-couut o ic Ycar's Day, iu ot|crs, iucludiug t|c A.tcc, it
as uaucd accordiug to t|c t| day t|at is, t|c last |corc t|c cpagoucual days,
|ic| ouc prccrrcd to iguorc). 1|us, i iop cll ou l| as |appcucd ou |uly ),
t|c 1i|al ycar as callcd l|, |ut |cu l.calli cll ou Atl as ou |au. ) t|c
A.tcc ycar as callcd 1oc|tli, corrcspoudiug to t|c placc iu t|c day-couut o 1ititl.
V|ic|cvcr uct|od as adoptcd, t|c uauc-day occurrcd ou ouc ot|cr occasiou duriug
t|c ycar rcspcctivcly t|c hrst day o t|c t| uout|, c.g. iu t|c 1i|al calcudar iau|iu,
or t|c last day o t|c ht|, c.g. iu t|c A.tcc calcudar iucito.o.tli), aud as grcctcd
it| cclc|ratious as a lcsscr vcrsiou o t|c ic Ycar.
lrou ycar to ycar, t|c uauc-day advauccd |y as to its uuucrical part, |ut |y as to
t|c day-uauc iu t|c :..::.., callcd t|c ycar-|carcr, t|us Calli as ollocd |y
1oc|tli, l| |y Maui|. lu couscqucucc, |ilc iu auy givcu calcudar t|c ycar-uuu|crs
rau t|roug| t|c ull :r:.:.., ouly our |carcrs o t|c crc availa|lc, auoug t|c A.tccs
t|csc crc Calli, 1oc|tli, Acatl, aud 1ccpatl, iu t|c 1i|al calcudar l|, Maui|, L|, aud
Ca|au. 1|c possi|lc cou|iuatious yicld a cyclc o ycars or day-couuts) callcd t|c
'calcudar rouud' ia|uatl :.|o.|.||., Yucatcc |..|), it gcucrally |cgau |cu t|c ycar-
uuu|cr as aud t|c |carcr as t|at cousidcrcd scuior |y t|c couuuuity iu qucstiou
c.g. Ca|au iu t|c 1i|al calcudar), t|oug| auoug t|c A.tccs it |cgau ou Acatl. 1|c
|cgiuuiug o t|c uc calcudar rouud as uar|cd |y solcuu ccrcuouics, iu |ic| all
hrcs crc cxtiuguis|cd aud ic lirc iguitcd.
1|c 1i|al calcudar, |ocvcr, as uorc couplcx. icsidc t|c day, uout|, day-couut,
ycar, aud calcudar rouud, it rccogui.cd t|c :. o uout|s or days, alays cudiug
ou a day A|au, :. uadc a |.:., o |ic| uadc a o., aud a uuit callcd |.|:.
|y uodcru sc|olars, o., or |.|:. coustitutcd a loug Couut. 1|is lattcr, iustitutcd
|y t|c Olucc pro|a|ly iu ), |cgau ou t|c couplctiou o t|c last :. o its prc-
dcccssor, it|iu it t|c day as idcutihcd |y t|c uuu|cr o clapscd |.|:., |.:., :.,
uout|s, aud days, |y its placc iu t|c day-couut, aud hually |y t|c datc iu t|c ycar. 1|c
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currcut loug Couut |cgau it| t|c cudiug o its prcdcccssor ou t|c day callcd
A|au Cuu|u, corrcspoudiug to Scptcu|cr , aud ill cud ou
A|au iau|iu = Dcccu|cr , t|c iutcr solsticc. 1|c startiug-datc
is souctiucs givcu as ' August Grcgoriau', t|at is |y a |y|rid rcc|ouiug iu |ic|
Grcgoriau rulcs o iutcrcalatiou arc applicd rctrospcctivcly, cvcu so ' ' is au crror
or -, i.c. statcd iu astrououical rcc|ouiug, |ic| calls aud -.
lurt|cruorc, |cu t|c cquivalcuccs arc statcd iu |uliau days, |auuary is
couutcd as , so t|at t|c loug Couut is rcc|oucd rou aud cuds ou
.)
lor ccrtaiu purposcs, t|c 1i|al calcudar rccogui.cd cvcu lougcr uuits o tiuc t|c
..:. o |.|:., t|c ..|.|:. o ..:., t|c |...|.|:. o ..|.|:., aud t|c .|.:. o
|...|.|:. or days. 1|c currcut loug Couut as rcc|oucd rou
|...|.|:.) ..|.|:.) ..:.) A|au Cuu|u.
1|crc is uo roou |crc to cousidcr t|c uauy ot|cr calcudars o Ccutral Aucrica, uor
t|c iupact ou t|cu o t|c |uliau calcudar aud t|c Grcgoriau rcoru scc Lduousou).
lrou tiuc to tiuc rcviscd uativc calcudars arc prouulgatcd iu popular Spauis|-
lauguagc |oo|lcts to iuculcatc a uatioual spirit.
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1|c lrauiau ycar, pcr|aps siucc Ac|acucuid tiucs aud ccrtaiuly |y t|c cud o t|c
Sasauiau cupirc, as au ...s .s o days, couprisiug uout|s cac| o days
aud hvc cpagoucual days, origiually addcd atcr t|c last uout|, Spaudaruad, |ut su|-
scqucutly atcr t|c cig|t| uout|, A

|au, apparcutly atcr t|c rcc.iug o a cyclical traus-

positiou iutcudcd to rcturu t|c coiucidcut cast to its rig|tul positiou iu t|c scasous,
it|iu cac| uout| t|c days crc uot uuu|crcd |ut uaucd atcr t|c prcsidiug spirit.
C|rouology as cit|cr |y rcgual ycar or accordiug to au cra uudcr t|c iart|iaus rou
|auuary , |y t|c Sasauiaus rou Scptcu|cr iaru. or ic Ycar's
day iu t|c hrst ycars o t|cir rcspcctivc cupircs), aud |y Zoroastriau survivors o t|c
Musliu couqucst cit|cr rou |uuc t|c 'Magiau cra'), t|c ycar atcr t|at iu |ic|
t|c last Sasauiau uouarc|, Y.dcgird lll, as |illcd, or rou |uuc , t|c ycar o |is
acccssiou. 1|c lattcr rcc|ouiug, |ic| outlastcd t|c ot|cr, is also uscd |y t|cir iarsi
co-rcligiouists iu ludia, |o rcstorcd t|c cpagoucual days to t|c cud o t|c ycar, |o-
cvcr, t|cy cll a uout| |c|iud t|c Zoroastriaus o lrau, rcportcdly t|roug| addiug au
cxtra uout| iu t|c |clic t|at suc| au cu|olisu oug|t to ta|c placc oucc iu ycars.
A proposal iu to adopt t|c lrauiau calcudar |y su|tractiug a uout| at t|c cud o
, advauciug t|c uc ycar rou , Octo|cr to , Scptcu|cr, provo|cd a
sc|isu, iu |ic| t|c uajority |cld to t|cir ou traditious, t|c disagrccucut as all t|c
uorc siguihcaut iu t|at a iarsi is rcquircd, |cu prayiug, to iucludc t|c day, uout|, aud
ycar. lu a t|ird systcu, rcc|ouiug rou t|c spriug cquiuox, produccd auot|cr
sc|isu. 1|c Govcruucut o ludia lists auoug t|c priucipal cstivals iu its .s|:r.,.
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...|.. ouly t|c uurcorucd iarsi ic Ycar, |ic| iu - is August
-, iu - ill |c t|c st -), iu - ill |c t|c t|
-) aud so |ac|ards t|roug| t|c ycar, |ctccu aud it ill rcuaiu
ou |uly -.
-
- -
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icsidcs dcuotiug t|c systcu o tiuc-rcc|ouiug as au a|stract pattcru, or as livcd cxpcri-
cucc, t|c tcru ..|:..r uay also |c uscd or a rittcu ta|ulatiou o t|c days aud uout|s
t|roug|out t|c ycar, iu cvcryday uodcru usagc a calcudar is spccihc to a particular ycar,
giviug t|c cria o cac| day aud suc| cstivals aud couucuoratious as its pu|lis|cr sccs
ht to rccord, |ut it uay also iu ccclcsiastical usc |c a pcruaucut ta|lc o iuuovca|lc
casts, t|c cria |ciug ouud t|roug| Suuday lcttcr or |y ot|cr ucaus scc |clo, L.:r~
...| C.|:..rs). lu t|is scusc t|c ord as orucrly spclt |.|:..r.
Au .|o.... is a calcudar or a particular ycar rccordiug or cac| day uot ucrcly its
cria |ut t|c risiug, scttiug, aud positiou o t|c suu aud uoou, otcu iucludiug uuc|
ot|cr uattcr as cll, |ot| astrououical aud ot|cr. Alt|oug| it is a spccics o calcudar,
it is rarcly so callcd iu Luglis|, |ut iu Gcruau I.|:.:r is t|c staudard tcru, aud siui-
lar orus arc uscd iu souc ot|cr lauguagcs.
A syuouyu is :|:o:r.s plural :|:o:r.:s, |ic| is t|c su|jcct-|cadiug uudcr |ic|
aluauacs arc listcd iu t|c priutcd cataloguc o t|c iritis| li|rary), |ic| uo uorually
dcuotcs au aluauac providiug advauccd astrououical iuoruatiou or i iutcudcd or
sailors, also ou tidcs). lt is dcrivcd rou t|c Grcc| :|:

o:r.s, |ic| ucaut 'daily' as cll

as 'cp|cucral' |: or. = 'day'), :|: o:r:s crc daily rccords or log|oo|s, cit|cr huaucial
or uilitary, aud uost uota|ly t|osc |cpt duriug t|c caupaigus o Alcxaudcr t|c Grcat.
1|c tcru as trauslatcd iuto latiu as ..r.o.
A ..r,, iu |ot| iritis| aud LS Luglis|, is a rccord o a pcrsou's daily t|oug|ts aud
actious, or t|c |oo| iu |ic| t|cy arc uotcd, au oldcr tcru as ,.r..|, |ic| alt|oug|
dcrivcd rou t|c sauc root, aud iu lrcuc| uscd or t|c daily ucspapcr, iu uodcru Lug-
lis| uorually dcuotcs a cc|ly, uout|ly, or cvcu auuual uaga.iuc. Diarics or jouruals
crc origiually |cpt ou |lau| pagcs |ouud iuto ouc's aluauac, alloiug cac| cutry to |c
as s|ort or as loug as ouc is|cd, t|c custou |ccauc idcsprcad iu t|c scvcutccut| ccu-
tury. 1|c irotcstaut jourual o t|c scvcutccut| ccutury, it| its daily spiritual ac-
couutiug, stauds iu coutrast to t|c uorc uattcr-o-act jouruals o louau Cat|olics,
|o too| suc| couccrus to t|cir coucssors.) ioadays t|c |oo| is alrcady |ouud, t|c
days o t|c ycar |ciug priutcd iu scqucucc it| spacc lct or t|c uscr to hll. lu iritaiu
t|c ord is also uscd o suc| a |oo| |cu iutcudcd to rccord ort|couiug appoiut-
ucuts aud datcs t|at uust uot |c orgottcu, iu t|c Luitcd Statcs t|is is au :..:o:.:
..|:..r or siuply ..|:..r.
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1|c ord 'aluauac' as orucrly spclt it| a hual |, |ic| is still usual iu t|c titlcs o
iritis|, t|oug| uot o LS, aluauacs. lt hrst appcars, as latiu J|o....|, iu logcr iacou's
ritiugs rou t|c latcr t|irtccut| ccutury, |ot| oru aud sp|crc o rccrcucc ould
suggcst au Ara|ic loauord ucdiatcd t|roug| Spauis|, |ut uo suc| Ara|ic ord cxists
apart rou t|c uusupportcd aud prcsuua|ly |ac|-orucd o...|| ouud iu icdro dc
Alcal's dictiouary o . lt |as |ccu spcculativcly couucctcd it| t|c .|o:...|..| iu
|ic|, accordiug to iorp|yry latc rd c.) as rcportcd |y Lusc|ius carly t| c.), t|c
astrological lords o t|c asccudaut arc uaucd, t|c ord is uot Grcc|, aud pcr|aps
|clougs uo uorc to auy rcal lauguagc t|au '|ocus-pocus'. iocvcr, it is uot clcar |o
t|c tcru s|ould |avc rcac|cd t|c ucdicval Vcst, |ypassiug t|c Ara| orld, uor docs it
dcuotc t|c astrououical ta|lcs to |ic| t|c ord .|o....| as hrst applicd.
lrou t|c .|o....|, t|us dchucd, t|c data or auy givcu ycar could |c calculatcd, ta|lcs
o suc| calculatious crc prcparcd, cit|cr or so uauy ycars a|cad, as |y lcgiouou-
tauus scc M.:r. C.|:..r), or, cou|iucd it| t|c c|urc| calcudar, or t|c couiug ycar
alouc. lt is t|is lattcr t|at iu t|c sixtccut| ccutury |ccauc t|c uodcru priutcd aluauac,
giviug solar, luuar, aud souctiucs plauctary data or cac| day aloug it| casts, asts,
aud pu|lic couucuoratious. 1|csc crc augucutcd it| uscul iuoruatiou o vari-
ous |iuds iu Luglaud c uay cxpcct t|c datcs o la tcrus, |ig| atcr at uajor ports,
aud cclipscs iu t|c couiug ycar, t|c rcigus o |iugs aud quccus csscutial uot ouly or
patriotisu |ut or iutcrprctiug datcs |y rcgual ycar), aud a list o |istorical cvcuts otcu
goiug |ac| to t|c Crcatiou. 1|crc uay |c ot|cr uscul acts suc| as t|c ycar's airs, t|c
c|ic tou aud ot|cr c|aractcristics o t|c Luglis| s|ircs, t|c distauccs |ctccu uajor
citics, dcscriptious o orcigu |iugdous, ta|lcs o auuuitics, iutcrcst, aud agcs, uodcl
lcgal aud huaucial docuucuts suc| as ills aud |ills, togct|cr it| practical advicc,
cspccially or arucrs 'lulcs Couccruiug ius|audry'), aud uoral advicc o a tradi-
tioual aud couuouscusical uaturc. Mauy attcuptcd to prcdict t|c cat|cr, iu parts o
ioray t|is uuctiou as so iuportaut t|at t|c aluauac as popularly |uou as :r|.|.,
't|c cat|cr-|oo|'. 1|cy also carricd advcrtiscucuts, cspccially or quac| ucdiciucs,
souc |avc |ccu suspcctcd o |ciug littlc uorc t|au vc|iclcs or suc| uattcr.
Aluauacs crc gcucrally poc|ct-si.c aud priutcd ou poor papcr, iu couuou it|
uuc| cp|cucral litcraturc. iriutiug as uot all it uig|t |c ouc uay casily hud roug
or uissiug Suuday lcttcrs, cvcu to t|c glcc o rivals) crrors iu t|c solar aud luuar tiucs.
A study o Gcruau aluauacs ia, ) huds hvc dicrcut saiuts ou ouc day, aud t|c
sauc saiut ou cig|t dicrcut days, t|oug| closcr iuspcctiou rcvcals t|at t|csc arc t|rcc
dicrcut saiuts o t|c sauc uauc. Souctiucs aluauac-ua|crs orgot to s|it St
Matt|ias iu lcap ycar rou to lc|ruary, t|c Oxord Aluauac|, |ic| as hrst
priutcd iu , uudcr t|c auspiccs o |o|u lcll, |is|op o Oxord, |aviug or cor-
rcctly givcu t|c t|, gavc t|c t| or aud agaiu or . Couvcrscly, |cu t|c
C|urc| o Luglaud |ad dctcruiucd t|at t|c cast s|ould rcuaiu ou t|c t|, c scv-
cral tiucs hud t|c t|, aud oucc t|c rd. 1|c aluauac-ua|cr icury Scasou ucarly
- - -
gavc up |is procssiou iu dcspair at t|c uispriuts glccully poiutcd out |y |is cou-
pctitors
Lrrors, l coucss, iuuauity ill alays |c lia|lc to, uo Vritcr or iriutcr cau possi|ly avoid t|cu,
|ut Lrrors dcli|cratc, or dcsigucd iluudcrs, arc too provo|iug to |c iu|cd at. . . . iu a lyiug
Advcrtiscucut to Ycars past . . . uy Advcrsary |urlcsqucd ou t|c Vord ...., |ic| as
r... iu uy Copy, t|c ucxt Ycar ou L.o.|.:r, as uauy uay rcucu|cr. 1|crc as t|c sauc
Occasiou ou t|c rout iagc last Ycar.
ic t|at ould sct up or a Critic|, oug|t to |avc a good stoc| o lcaruiug aud Scusc, |ic|
uy Dctractcrs arc |ut ucauly supplicd it|, t|crcorc l uay prcdict t|cir 1radc ill uot last loug.
l laid t|cu a suall iait last Ycar, to sct t|c Covy o t|cu a ui||liug aud suarliug at uc aud uy
SiLCLlLM, or lcaviug iis|op 3|..:`s L., out, C.. Ir..,, H.|, 1|rs.,, L. L.,s, aud `:.
1|.o.s`s L.,, aud pcr|aps souc ot|cr lcstivals uot priutcd. l appcal to auy Mau o Gcuius aud
ioucsty, a littlc to rcncct |o silly aud ill-uaturcd it as to cavil, or |cgiu a Succr, at hudiug
suc| a couuou lault, as a c Days uot priutcd, or ould auy Mau, t|at |as |ut a slcudcr S|arc
o Scusc, accusc uc o |ciug iguoraut o uot |uoiug t|csc Days, or t|at l ould ilully ouit
t|cu. 1|crc crc souc ot|cr Lrrors t|at uig|t |avc cuploycd uy ould-|c Critic|s, as t|c iu-
scrtiug old C|r.s:o.s, old C..|:o.s, aud old M., L.,, t|c ot|cr Days rcpcatcd, |ic| crc all a
Day roug, |ut t|is lault as to |c ouud iu ot|cr Aluauac|s . . . `:.|o J... . . .
1|c uost popular, aud uotorious, caturc o aluauacs, |ocvcr, as t|c astrological
lorc t|at uost t|oug| uot all) iupartcd, |ot| iu gcucral, as t|c govcruucut o particu-
lar rcgious o t|c |ody, rou |cad to oot, |y iudividual sigus o t|c .odiac, aud iu par-
ticular, uaucly t|cir prcdictious, cspccially political, or t|c couiug ycar. 1|is as a
ris|y cutcrprisc, s|ould t|c aluauac-ua|cr |c too spccihc, aud uot ouly |ccausc o t|c
o|vious ridiculc i t|c prcdictious did uot couc to pass, it as a loug-staudiug rulc t|at
ouc uust ucvcr prcdict a rulcr's dcat|, ouly daugcr.
Souc aluauac-ua|crs avoidcd political statcucuts |cyoud t|c couvcutioual cxprcs-
sious o loyalty, ot|crs too| sidcs, cspccially iu tiuc o counict. Villiau lilly 'Mcrli-
uus Auglicus'), t|c uost cuiucut astrologcr o t|c scvcutccut| ccutury, supportcd
iarliaucut iu t|c Civil Var, t|is |roug|t |iu iuto counict it| a rival aluauac-ua|cr,
t|c couuittcd royalist Gcorgc V|artou alias iaort|, casily uoc|cd as 'io-ort|').
lu |c |iutcd at t|c iiug's dcat| aud t|c ovcrt|ro o uouarc|y, iu |c as
suuuoucd to |oost Aruy uoralc it| |is prop|ccics, t|oug| |c is also said to |avc
supplicd iarliaucut it| ucs rou lraucc aud t|c iiug it| a sa to |rca| prisou.
iis prcdictious or |auuary spo|c o '|usticc', t|c slogau o t|c aruy at C|arlcs's
s|o trial, dcspitc |is cxprcssiou o surprisc, |c sccus to |avc |ad souc iuvolvcucut
it| t|c prcparatious. iaviug ras|ly asscrtcd t|at uouarc|y ould uot |c rcstorcd, iu
|c uorc accuratcly orctold t|c spccdy ovcrt|ro o t|c luup iarliaucut, |ut
cscapcd it| a |ric iuprisouucut |y doctoriug t|c tcxts |c su|uittcd or cxauiua-
tiou, |aviug lcarut discrctiou rou t|is uisortuuc, |c ailcd iu |is aluauac or to
prcdict t|c lcstoratiou. iis adoptcd sou aud succcssor, icury Colcy, lcarut a dicr-
cut lcssou |cu |c prcdictcd o iovcu|cr
1|is Mout| is us|crcd iu it| a Malcvolcut C..,..:... o `.:r. aud M.rs iu t|c vcry |cgiuuiug
o t|c sigu `..r.., aud it aords us t|c ccst o:.| Js:.:s o t|c |..::s o auy M..:| iu t|c ycar
t|cucc c uay cxpcct littlc or uot|iug iu Actiou o auy |iud . . .
-
Coujuuctiou or uo, iu iovcu|cr Villiau o Oraugc laudcd iu Luglaud aud t|c
Glorious lcvolutiou |cgau. iaviug ailcd to orcscc auy o t|c ycar's turuoil, Colcy
c|augcd t|c uotto ou t|c titlc-pagc o t|c cditiou rou J.: ... ...:. . sr.
..s ..|.| . ..s '1|cy t|c stars act, |ut do uot coupcl. V|at is a|ovc us is uot|iug to
us') to J|.s .|.. |r. ..:..r: .::s:, .:o. .o... 'Ouc uau uay discovcr uorc t|iugs t|au
auot|cr, |ut uo ouc cvcryt|iug'). A|out t|c sauc tiuc, iu |is N...s `,:r.s. .r :|: `:.rr,
M:ss:.:r or -pu|lis|cd iu t|c prcvious iovcu|cr-|c rotc 'l hud t|c Mout|
o L:.:o|:r, , uodcratcly calu, aud iu all pro|a|ility uay producc vcry |caliug
Actious iu Gcucral Aairs.' 1|is as t|c uout| iu |ic| |aucs ll ncd rou Luglaud-
ticc, or t|c hrst tiuc |c as capturcd aud |roug|t |ac|, uuc| to Villiau's auuoy-
aucc. lor lc|ruary 'Mcrliuus Auglicus |uuior' prcdictcd
1ilS Mout| is accoupauicd it| a Crod o Js:.:s o t|c |..::s, aud all o a |:.:.|:.: iaturc,
|ic|, iu `:.rr, L..|:.:, prouiscs uuc| Quictucss aud Satisactiou auoug t|c icoplc. io all
uattcrs tcud to Luity, or grcat Ludcavours us'd to t|at purposc.
1|c cscapc-clausc at t|c cud as |ut prudcut t|c Couvcutiou iarliaucut t|at ocrcd
Villiau aud Mary t|c joiut crou ccrtaiuly uscd grcat cudcavours to uuitc V|igs aud
1orics, |ut |y uo ucaus all t|c uatiou as quict aud satishcd. Oucc uorc Colcy's stars
|ad ailcd |iu, or |is |arulcss is| uudcr May, 'icavcus |lcss t|c Luglis| Aairs, aud
dircct t|c grcat Couucils o |is Majcsty.', oug|t to |avc rcad 't|cir Majcstics'.
icvcrt|clcss, aluauacs did uot ccasc to nouris| uauy coutiuucd to |c pu|lis|cd
loug atcr t|cir uouiual aut|ors' dcat|, aud uc oucs cauc ou t|c sccuc. Souc crc di-
rcctcd to t|c pu|lic at largc, ot|crs to particular iutcrcsts, suc| as c|apucu aud trav-
cllcrs. lu t|c rcigu o Quccu Auuc |osc portrait rcuaiucd ou t|c titlc-pagc cvcu atcr
|cr dcat|), |o|u 1ippcr pu|lis|cd 1|: L..:s L..r,. r, 1|: h.o:.s J|o....|, |ic| iu-
structcd t|c 'lair-Scx' iu astrououy aud t|c 'iaturc o lovc', it| riddlcs, uat|cuat-
ical pu..lcs, aud a scrial 'Story o t|c \uortuuatc lovcr', |c also cclc|ratcd t|c Luiou
o Luglaud aud Scotlaud |y ouudiug Cr:.: 3r.:...s L..r,. r, :|: b....~J|o....|.
1|c aluauac oru as ripc or parody, rou ..r .|.., |ilc providiug t|c
scrious data t|at rcadcrs dcuaudcd, iucludcd uoc| saiuts' days, uoc| prop|ccics, aud
uoc| c|rouologics. 1|c gcuuiuc saiuts arc accoupauicd, ou dicrcut days iu dicrcut
ycars, |y suc| auous or iuauous hgurcs o act aud hctiou as Ldard l\'s uistrcss
|auc S|orc, Ovid aud Coriuua t|c lady-lovc o |is Jo.r:s), t|c lair losauuud, C|arlcs
l's cucuy iyu, icury \ll's tax-gat|crcrs Lupsou aud Dudlcy, t|c tyrauuical du|c o
Alva |o |ad provo|cd t|c Dutc| lcvolt, t|c iuavc o Spadcs, Dou Quixotc, Mot|cr
S|iptou t|c |ad, lo|iu iood, |ac| lalsta, Ccsarc iorgia, 1arquiu, Scjauus, aud
Moll Cutpursc. As to prcdictious, iu c lcaru t|at
`.| is iu a iiquiutilc it| M.rs i.c. t|c Suu aud Mars arc apart, t|crcorc i t|crc |c uo
Dcccit auoug 1radcsucu, uo iri|cry auoug Occrs, uo iauqucraut out o L.:: i.c. all |au|-
rupts arc iu prisou, uor V|orc out o 3r.::|, 1|cu ill t|crc |c uo Vit auoug iuavcs, uo
Vaut auoug Sc|olars, uor uo Luquictucss iu Marriagc.
A |au|rupt, at t|c tiuc, as uot au uuortuuatc or iucoupctcut tradcr, |ut a raudu-
lcut or rcc|lcss ouc, aud |cucc a criuiual.) lu t|c sauc issuc, t|c list o ycars clapscd
uudcr 'A |ric C|rouology o Ot|cr t|iugs' iucludcs t|c cutry
- - -
Siucc .. procr'd |is icig||ours Vic a |us|cl o V|cat or a closc Lu|racc, or lauiliar
iug, |ic| |cr ius|aud |laucd |cr or rcusiug, siucc it ould |avc uadc a grcat uauy
Duupliugs aud iasty iuddiugs ycar
1|c uauc iuspircd icujauiu lrau|liu's ..r ..|.r.
iaturally cac| aluauac-ua|cr ould |avc t|c rcadcr s|uu |is rivals, uauy too| t|c
opportuuity to a|usc cac| ot|cr iu t|cir pagcs or crrors iu t|cir hgurcs or t|cir
prcdictious. A .calous cou|ataut, at t|c turu o t|c cig|tccut| ccutury, as |o|u
iartridgc, t|c aut|or o M:r|..s L.|:r.:s, iu |ic| t|c aut|or's ucrits crc cxtollcd, aud
|is V|ig syupat|ics proclaiucd, it| uurcuittiug clarity, |ut iu t|c uattcr o prcdic-
tiou 't|c p|rascology o cquivocatiou as carricd to a pitc| o rarc pcrcctiou' LN3).
iis aluauac or , atcr listiug t|c plauctary aspccts o |auuary, coutiuucs
1|csc arc straugc |iud o lays to ua|c icacc upou, |ic| is t|c 1|iug uig|tily prcss'd, aud as
uuc| cxpcctcd at t|is tiuc. Cousidcr t|c 1riuc o t|c `. aud j.::r at t|is ic Moou. 1|crc
arc grcat Couucils iu uost iiugdous, aud cig|ty Mattcrs o Statc uudcr t|cir Cousidcratious,
cspccially iu C:ro..,, H..r,, `..., aud ot|cr Couutrics ucarcr iouc.
ls pcacc goiug to |c uadc, or uot. 1|is vcry aluauac, |ocvcr, as accoupauicd iuto
t|c |oo|s|clvcs |y r:..:...s ;.r :|: 1:.r . h|:r:.. :|: M..:| .. L., .; :|: M..:| .r: s::
.., :|: :rs..s ..o:, .. :|: r:.: J.:...s .. L:.:s .; .::: 1:.r .r:..|.r|, r:|.::, .s :|:, .||
..o: :. .ss. hr.:::. :. r::.: :|: :.|: .; Luglaud ;r.o |:.. ;r:|:r .o.s` .. |, |.r J|o....|~
o.|:rs. 3, lSAAC ilCiLlS1All Ls,. iaviug dcuolis|cd t|c looscly ordcd prop|c-
cics aud scl-protcctiug au|iguitics iu |ic| aluauac-ua|crs dcalt, t|c aut|or ocrcd
|is ou |ig|ly spccihc proguosticatious
My hrst ircdictiou is |ut a 1rinc, yct l ill ucutiou it, to s|c |o iguoraut t|csc Sottis| irc-
tcudcrs to Astrology arc iu t|cir ou Couccrus lt rclatcs to .r:r.: t|c Aluauac|-ua|cr, l |avc
cousultcd t|c Star o |is iativity |y uy ou lulcs, aud hud |c ill iualli|ly dyc upou t|c t|
o M.r.| ucxt, a|out Llcvcu at uig|t, o a ragiug lcavcr, t|crcorc l advisc |iu to cousidcr o it,
aud scttlc |is Aairs iu tiuc.
1|is lsaac iic|crsta as uouc ot|cr t|au |ouat|au Sit, |o |ad ta|cu ocucc at
iartridgc's attac|s ou iig| C|urc|ucu suc| as |iuscl, Sit's ou c|aractcr apart, it
uust |c rcucu|crcd t|at t|c rcigu o Quccu Auuc as a tiuc o cxccptioually |ittcr
partisau ccliug iu C|urc| aud Statc. ic |ad appropriatcd t|c uauc o iic|crsta rou
a loc|suit|, iu turu it as adoptcd |y |is ricud lic|ard Stcclc iu |is uc-ouudcd
jourual t|c 1.:|:r.
iartridgc |it |ac| iu au J.s:r :. Ls,.r: 3..|:rs:.`s `:r..: .. h..:r;| r:..:...s,
uoc|iug |iu as a c|arlatau 'or 'tis plaiu, |c |uos uo uorc o t|c Art o Js:r.|., iu
Couparisou) t|au |c |uos |cu |is Vic ill ua|c |iu a Cuc|old.' Siucc Sit as
uot uarricd, t|c s|ot nc idc, so ar as iartridgc rou idcutiyiug |is torucutor
t|at iu a lcttcr to a alsc ricud |o pu|lis|cd it |c |laucd soucouc clsc.
Ou Marc| t|crc appcarcd a paup|lct cutitlcd 1|: J...o|.s|o:.: .; :|: I.rs: .;
Mr. 3..|:rs:.`s r:..:...s. 3:.. .. J....: .; :|: L:.:| .; Mr. .r:r.:, :|: J|o....|~o.|:r, ..
:|: :| I.s:. icorc cxpiriug, so it as rcportcd, iartridgc |ad coucsscd t|at astrology
as a raud aud |c |iuscl au iupostor cvcu iu ucdiciuc, |ut '|cu loo|iug upou uy
-
Vatc|, l ouud it to |c a|ovc hvc Miuutcs atcr Scvcu iy |ic| it is clcar, t|at
Mr. 3..|:rs:. as uista|cu aluost our iours iu |is Calculatiou.'1|is paup|lct, |ic|
o coursc as also Sit's, sold iu grcat quautitics, aud as ollocd |y its aut|or it|
a |allad upou iartridgc's dcat|. 1|c Statioucrs' Coupauy struc| t|c astrologcr o its
rolls, aud soug|t au iujuuctiou agaiust urt|cr pu|licatious o |is purportcd aluauac,
t|c iortugucsc luquisitiou ordcrcd iic|crsta's prcdictious to |c |urut, as o|viously
supplicd |iu |y t|c Dcvil.
iartridgc as iu act still alivc, aud uscd t|c pagcs o M:r|..s L.|:r.:s or 'to iu-
oru t|c Vorld t|at l au liviug, coutrary to t|at |asc iapcr said to |c douc |y ouc
3..|:rs:. ', |is prcdictious crc as cvasivc as cvcr, iu particular ouc or autuuu '1|crc is
souc grcat Mattcr iu Lxpcctatiou, aud so it is li|c to |c or oug|t l scc it|out auy
Lcct.' iut a rcs| |lo as struc| |y J J.....:... .; Is... 3..|:rs:. Ls,, ....s: h|.: .s
|,:.:: :. H.o |, Mr. .r:r.:, .. |.s J|o....| ;.r :|: r:s:.: 1:.r , a systcuatic dcuou-
stratiou t|at iartridgc uust |c dcad as t|c auouyuous rcport |ad statcd, uot cvcu t|c
cvidcucc t|at iartridgc as still ritiug aluauacs provcd auyt|iug, siucc 'C.s|r,, ..r
.|.., L.:, h.., aud scvcral ot|crs, do ycarly pu|lis| t|cir Aluauac|s, alt|oug| scvcral
o t|cu |avc |ccu dcad siucc |corc t|c :.|:....' iic|crsta, cvidcutly a uau o t|c
uost scusitivc ccliugs, uot ouly couplaiucd o iartridgc's discourtcsy iu pcrsoually iu-
sultiug |iu or ucrc disagrccucut, |ut dccudcd |iuscl agaiust t|c |urtul statcucut
t|at |c |ad |ccu ucarly our |ours out iu t|c tiuc it as |al au |our at t|c uost).
ioor iartridgc as uo t|c targct o ridiculc aud a|usc uoc|-1udor vcrscs pur-
portcd to trauslatc a prop|ccy o t|c origiual Mcrliu's agaiust |iu, aud a uc iic|cr-
sta, t|is tiuc uot Sit, ta|iug t|c oru o a rcgular aluauac or , iucludcs a lcttcr
rou '|crcuy Vagsta' datcd Scptcu|cr , accusiug M:r|..s L.|:r.:s o giviug t|at
day as uc uoou 'N. I |... |::. .|r.. |.s: N.|:, .. s::.. . r:::, |.r: |r..~;..: M...,
.. o.r: |.|: . N: M... :|.. .. Ol .s |.|: . iartridgc, . ....|:, :|.: io Mau alivc ..`
.ss:r: . N: M... .. Scpt. .' 1|is is a pu..lc, Mcrliu |ad givcu t|at datc, uot or ,
|ut or , |cu it |ad |ccu corrcct.
iartridgc as crus|cd, uot or our ycars did |c vcuturc to pu|lis| auot|cr Mcrliu.
At last, |ocvcr, |c discovcrcd |is cucuy's uauc allusious to Sit arc uuuista|a|lc iu
t|c lcttcr '1o Is... 3..|:rs:.:, Lsq,' prcaccd to M:r|..s :..s or , |cgiuuiug 'Sir,
1|crc sccus to |c a |iud o autastical iropricty, iu a L:. M..`s Addrcssiug |iuscl
to a icrsou uot iu iciug.' lu |c dicd iu carucst, |ut as iic|crsta uig|t |avc prc-
dictcd) t|at did uot curtail t|c appcaraucc o |is aluauac, it| au assuraucc '1o t|c
irotcstaut lcadcr' t|at 'it is iriutcd rou a 1rauscri|cd Copy, rittcu it| t|c Doc-
tor's ou iaud'. louau Cat|olics crc uuli|cly to rcad au aluauac t|at |ad rcgularly
vilihcd t|cu, or t|cy uig|t |avc as|cd |o |ad |ccu guidiug t|at |aud.)
Auot|cr aluauac o t|c pcriod, J.: `::||.ro, hrst pu|lis|cd iu ovcr t|c uauc
o a possi|ly hctitious Dr lraucis Moorc, still appcars auuually as | M..r:`s J|o....|,
it coutaius prcdictious o orld cvcuts aud |orsc-raccs, iu |ic| couuoisscurs ill uot
ail to o|scrvc t|c rcqucucy o 'uay' aud 'could'. 1iucs o suurisc aud suusct, |ig|
atcr, aud t|c uoou's risiug, scttiug, aud quartcrs arc givcu, |ut t|c ot|cr uscul iuor-
uatiou |at Mcrliuus Auglicus |uuior callcd 'varicty o ot|cr luruiturc, propcr or
- - -
suc| a Vor|') is ouittcd, as couuouly soug|t clsc|crc. iy coutrast, suc| pu|licatious
as h|.:.|:r`s J|o....| iu iritaiu aud t|c h.r| J|o.... .. 3..| .; I..:s iu t|c Luitcd Statcs
pay uo |ccd to astrology, |ut arc uajor or|s o rccrcucc or pu|lic acts o uauy
|iuds. 1|c | I.ro:r`s J|o...., hrst pu|lis|cd iu , still rclatcs t|c uoou's positiou
or cvcry day uot to a sigu o t|c .odiac, |ut to t|c part o t|c |ody t|at sigu govcrus,
au iuportaut cousidcratiou iu t|c days o |loodlcttiug aud still to ccrtaiu rcadcrs, |o-
cvcr, it also providcs caturc articlcs, advicc, advcrtiscucuts, aud cat|cr orccasts
callcd 'iudicatious' duriug t|c Sccoud Vorld Var to cvadc ccusors|ip).
loug-staudiug aluauacs |avc t|cir dcvotcd ollocrs, |o arc quic| to ta|c ocucc
at c|augcs to coutcut or oruat. 1|is rciuorccs t|c uatural couscrvatisu o pu|lica-
tious t|at dcal iu rccurrcucc, a couscrvatisu t|at iu Gcruauy, a grcat aluauac couutry,
attractcd t|c |ostility o ia.i aud t|cu o Couuuuist aut|oritics, |o sa iu t|cir
ailurc to uovc it| t|c rcspcctivc tiucs a sigu o political rccalcitraucc. 1|c Oxord
Aluauac|, a siuglc s|cct |osc top |al is occupicd |y a picturc orucrly au cugrav-
iug), |as ovcr t|c ccuturics c|augcd its crial iudicatious rou Suuday lcttcrs to
a||rcviatcd uaucs o days, couvcrtcd t|c ycars o |iugs aud quccus |o rcigucd |corc
rou t|c lady Day stylc to t|c uodcru aud droppcd t|cu altogct|cr, aud sup-
prcsscd t|c ta|lc o |ig| tidcs, |ut t|c calcudar, atcr a |ric nirtatiou it| ASi iu
aud , rcuaius |ascd ou t|c ioo| o Couuou iraycr.
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1|c liturgical calcudar rcgularly prchxcd to ucdicval |rcviarics, uissals, aud |oo|s o
|ours scts out at t|c |cad o cac| uout| t|c uuu|cr o days it coutaius, aud t|c uuu-
|cr o days iu t|c corrcspoudiug luuar uout|. Accordiug to couputistic priuciplc, cac|
luuar uout| too| t|c uauc o t|c solar uout| iu |ic| it cudcd t|c odd uout|s |ad
days aud t|c cvcu luuar lc|ruary |aviug days iu lcap ycar). 1|is priuciplc as
cousistcutly applicd iu MS Auct. D. . , rou |ic| il. is ta|cu. iocvcr, auot|cr
priuciplc applicd |y souc copyists as to assigu days to all t|osc uout|s t|at iu solar
rcc|ouiug |ad days aud to t|c rcst, t|us iu MS Doucc il. ) luuar Octo|cr
is s|ou it| days iustcad o t|c corrcct . Lvcu |cu ollocd cousistcutly, as iu
t|at |oo| or iu t|c calcudar prchxcd to t|c Luglis| ii|lc o , t|is ua|cs t|c luuar
ycar a day too loug ouc uout| uccds to |c solar uiuus , as Marc| as iu t|c old Ccltic
couputus), |ut so littlc crc uauy scri|cs' uiuds cugagcd iu t|is part o t|c |usiucss
t|at t|cy sitc| rou ouc priuciplc to t|c ot|cr aud |ac| agaiu. Lvcu t|c solar uout|s
uay |c iuaccuratcly dcscri|cd. A |oo| o |ours at 1ours ii|liot|quc Muuicipalc )
givcs days to solar |uuc aud to luuar Scptcu|cr, iu t|c auous aud |cautiul iours
o Mary o iurguudy, solar Scptcu|cr is said to |avc days, Octo|cr , aud
'iovcu|cr |a|ct dics' it| uo uuu|cr at all.
1|c |cadiug il. ) or t|c oot il. ) uay also iucludc t|c lcugt| o uig|t aud day
iu cquiuoctial) |ours, aud iu |auuary, alliug aud risiug |ours a uout| to aud
-
iu Marc|, aud iu |uuc, aud iu Dcccu|cr, or t|is t|c 1rs ..|:s H:r:s o t|c
duc dc icrry su|stitutcs a coluuu giviug t|c |ours aud uiuutcs o daylig|t or cac|
day. 1|crc uay also |c, at cit|cr t|c |cad or t|c oot, vcrscs scttiug out t|c Lgyptiau
days o t|c uout|, or t|c .odiacal sigu iu |ic| it |cgius or cuds. il. s|os a pagc
|cgiuuiug
1rcdcciuus s.. uactat iulij, dcciuus la|cactat
Solsticio ardcutis caucri crc iulius astruu.
1|c t|irtccut| o |uly slaug|tcrs, t|c tcut| rou t|c cud topplcs.
|uly is largcly t|c coustcllatiou o Cauccr, |uruiug it| t|c solsticc.
lu t|c sccoud vcrsc rou a pocu couposcd |y Ausouius iu t|c latc ourt| ccutury )
t|c sigu is t|at iu |ic| t|c uout| |cgius, ot|cr calcudars givc t|at |ic| t|c suu cutcrs
duriug its coursc, |ic| iu t|c casc o |uly is lco. lllustratious c|aractcristically rcprcs-
cut t|c activity o t|c uout|, suc| as rcapiug iu |uly or t|c grapc-|arvcst iu Octo|cr.
1|c hrst coluuu iu t|c ta|lc iudicatcs t|c uc uoous, il. s|os t|c Goldcu
iuu|crs X\l, \, Xlll, aud ll agaiust t|c hrst our days o Octo|cr, ucauiug t|at iu
t|c t| ycar o t|c dcccuuovcual cyclc uc uoou ill |c ou Octo|cr, iu t|c ht| ycar
ou Octo|cr, aud so ou, siuilarly il. s|os XlX agaiust t|c st aud \lll agaiust t|c
sccoud. ioo|s dicr iu t|c trcatucut o t|c s.|:s, |ic| Doucc placcs iu iovcu-
|cr aud Auct. D. . iu |uly. 1|csc datcs |ad loug siucc lost all prctcusious to accuracy,
uc calculatious crc uadc, aud souctiucs iuscrtcd iu additiou to t|c old as iu t|c
'iou|rc dor uoucl' coluuu o t|c 1rs ..|:s H:r:s) or iustcad as iu t|c ii|lc), al-
t|oug| t|cy crc o uo usc or hudiug Lastcr.
icxt, cspccially iu t|c latcr Middlc Agcs, c uay hud t|c cyclc o c|aractcristic lct-
tcrs rou A to G uscd or hudiug Suuday scc `.., L::::rs), scc il. . il. s|os
iustcad a coluuu o civil days statcd iu t|c louau uauucr, |y ialcuds, ioucs, aud
ldcs, |ic| is otcu a|scut iu latc ucdicval |oo|s o |ours, |cu it is prcscut, it iu-
ucdiatcly prcccdcs t|c saiuts' days. lts a|scucc acilitatcs crrors, as |cu Mary o iur-
guudy's |ours put t|c vigil o St Matt|c ou Scptcu|cr iustcad o t|c t| aud all
su|scqucut casts ouc day carly dou to St |crouc, lcaviug t|c t| uuuar|cd cxccpt
or t|c lcttcr G. Ou t|c ot|cr |aud, t|c civil-day coluuu uig|t itscl go astray, as |cu
t|c |rcviary o Mcycr vau dcu icrg| iu Autcrp uiscouuts t|c uuu|cr o days |corc
t|c ialcuds o August as iustcad o , so t|at t|c st is still ... ||' iustcad o ...
1|c days arc t|cu listcd accordiug to t|c saiut's day or ot|cr cast, ast, or vigil o
cac|, souctiucs it| appcudcd rcuar|s couccruiug t|c cquiuox, t|c solsticc, t|c suu's
cutry iuto a uc sigu, t|c |cgiuuiug o a uc scasou, t|c iasc|al liuits, t|c s.|:s |..:,
or t|c |.ss:::s, t|us Luglis| calcudars rccord t|at iu lcap ycar St Matt|ias is ou t|c
ourt| day iuclusivc) rou St ictcr's C|air. il. |ids t|c uscr rcucu|cr t|at iu lcap
ycar t|c uoou o lc|ruary is days, it|out acctiug t|c uorual o t|c Marc|
uoou, so as to |ccp t|c iasc|al uoou ou coursc.
1|csc calcudars arc siuplihcd orus o t|c calcudars ouud iu couputistic uauu-
scripts suc| as t|osc illustratcd iu ils. aud . lu il. t|c hrst coluuu givcs iu Grcc|
uuucrals t|c luuc o cvcry day iu t|c hrst ycar o t|c dcccuuovcual cyclc, t|c sccoud
t|c Goldcu iuu|crs agaiust t|cir rcspcctivc uc uoous. 1|c t|ird, ourt|, sixt|, scv-
- - -
cut|, aud cig|t| all iudicatc, |cu rcad iu coujuuctiou it| a ta|lc, t|c luuc o t|c day
t|roug|out t|c dcccuuovcual cyclc, t|us iu t|c cig|t| coluuu all days arc uar|cd it|
a scqucucc o lcttcrs A to \, A to \, A to 1) corrclatcd it| a ta|lc illustratcd iu
il. iudicatiug t|at iu Gi t|c uc uoou alls ou days uar|cd C aud M. 1|c ht|
coluuu iudicatcs t|c positiou o t|c uoou it|iu t|c .odiac, accordiug to a ta|lc sct
ort| iu c|aptcr o icdc's L: ::o.ro r.:...:, t|c uiut| givcs t|c Suuday lcttcrs, aud
t|c tcut| t|c civil datc.
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lu t|c Middlc Agcs aud cvcu atcrards, t|c c|urc| calcudar as uot alays rccordcd
iu latiu or vcruacular uauuscripts or priutcd |oo|s it uig|t |c carvcd ou ood or
souc ot|cr suita|lc su|staucc, it| syu|ols iustcad o ords. lu Luglaud suc| calcu-
dars arc callcd 'clog calcudars' or siuply 'clogs', i.c. luups o ood, alt|oug| souc crc
uadc o |rass, uost crc oodcu, |ox |ciug avourcd, t|oug| t|crc crc spcciucus iu
oa| aud hr. Souc crc largc cuoug| to |aug rou t|c uautclpiccc or all t|c auily to
usc, ot|crs httcd iuto poc|cts. iciug a uort|cru p|cuoucuou, t|cy appcar to |c dcrivcd
rou t|c Scaudiuaviau 'ruuic calcudars', |ic| crc t|c ucaus |y |ic| t|c iordic
arucr as appriscd o t|c c|urc| calcudar aud rcuiudcd o |is tas|s.
1|c uauc 'ruuic calcudar' is uost appropriatc or t|osc calcudars iu |ic| |ot|
Goldcu iuu|cr aud |crc rccordcd) Suuday lcttcr crc rcprcscutcd |y ruucs scc
il. ), |ic| crc or loug t|c script o t|c pcoplc, latiu lcttcrs |ciug or t|c lcarucd.
Suc| truc ruuic calcudars li|c ruuic uouuucuts iu gcucral) arc cspccially c|aractcris-
tic o Scdcu, |crc t|cy arc callcd r.s:..r ruucstavcs), aud |cr orucr posscssious
liulaud aud Lstouia. Ot|cr iordic couutrics cxccpt lcclaud) also uscd carvcd calcu-
dars, |ut otcu dispcuscd it| ruucs or t|c Goldcu iuu|crs, or altogct|cr, |cucc a
|cttcr gcucric tcru t|au 'ruuic calcudar' ould |c 'priucsta', rou iorcgiau r.o~
s:., |crc 'priuc' ucaus 'Goldcu iuu|cr' as iu t|c iCi 't|c Goldcu iuu|cr, or
iriuc') or 'riucstoc|' rou Dauis| r.os:.|, |crc 'riuc' is t|c old Gcruauic ord or
'couut'. 1|c tcru 'syu|olic calcudar' is uscd |crc iu au cvcu |roadcr scusc to iucludc
clogs.
'luuic' calcudars arc hrst discusscd iu priut |y Voru pp. -), |o illustratcs
scvcral typcs aud proposcs a uodcrui.cd syu|olic calcudar, |is I.s:. r:s:.::., soou atcr-
ards a iorcgiau priucsta as illustratcd |y C|ristcu |cussou iu L:. N.rs|: C|.ss.r~
.o :||:r C|.s:|. o , aud au Luglis| clog |y lo|crt ilot iu 1|: N.:r.| H.s:.r, .;
`:..r~s|.r: scc il. ), prcscrvcd iu t|c As|uolcau Muscuu iu Oxord togct|cr it|
a largcr clog o aluost idcutical dcsigu datcd aud to suall clogs t|at rcscu|lc
cac| ot|cr |ut uot t|osc. Calcudars o siuilar typc arc also ouud iu uauuscripts, otcu
|rig|tly colourcd.
1|c |asic priuciplc o syu|olic calcudars is t|at cvcry day is uar|cd cit|cr |y its
Suuday lcttcr scc |clo) or clsc |y a uotc|, |ic| is uadc largcr, or ot|crisc distiu-
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guis|cd, or t|c days corrcspoudiug to Suuday lcttcr A aud souctiucs or t|c hrst o
t|c uout|. 1|c priucipal casts o t|c c|urc| ycar as locally o|scrvcd arc iudicatcd ou
t|c appropriatc day it| au cu|lcu o t|c saiut or cvcut to |c couucuoratcd, or t|c
uauucr iu |ic| t|c day is cclc|ratcd, or t|c tas| to |c pcrorucd t|us ilot's clog
uar|s St Clcucut iov.) it| a pot, 'rou t|c aucicut custou o goiug a|out t|at
uig|t, to |cgg driu| to ua|c ucrry it|', aud St iarua|as |uuc) it| a ra|c, dc-
uotiug t|c |ay |arvcst. Lvcry A day |as a |roadcr uotc|, t|c st o cac| uout| a curl-
iug ouc, all casts o t|c \irgiu arc syu|oli.cd it| a |cart c. lu|c ), t|c suall
clogs iu t|c As|uolcau usc a vcrtical, aud uauy o Voru's calcudars a crou.
Lvcu it|iu particular culturcs, t|crc is a idc varicty iu t|c uuu|cr aud c|oicc o
casts to |c illustratcd uorcovcr, siucc t|c calcudars crc carvcd |y layol| it| ouly
rudiucutary |uolcdgc o uattcrs ccclcsiastical, uauy syu|ols crc distortcd or rc-
iutcrprctcd scc Mar., |uly), or cvcu dcy rccoguitiou. Souc saiuts dccatcd t|c
pictorial iuagiuatiou, |ciug rcprcscutcd |y crosscs or vcrticals, ilot's clog avours iui-
tial lcttcrs, t|oug| it souctiucs portrays o|jccts it| siuilar-souudiug uaucs, a uallct
or St Matt|ias lc|.), a lutc or St lu|c Oct.).
lu ordcr to accouuodatc t|c ycar to t|c ritiug suracc it as ucccssary to dividc it
iuto suallcr uuits, uorually uot uout|s |ut |alvcs or quartcrs. Scdcu avourcd |al-
ycars |cgiuuiug ou |auuary aud |uly, |ut ioray rcuaiucd ait|ul to t|c aucicut
suuucr aud iutcr uar|s ou April aud Octo|cr. icvcrt|clcss, t|csc crc uot t|c
ouly pattcrus t|c ruuic calcudar illustratcd iu il. scts out t|c ycar iu |oo| oru ou
|oxood lcavcs, uot dividcd iuto cit|cr uout|s or scasous, |ut cudiug ou |uly,
alt|oug| t|c hrst o t|c lcavcs is lost, it uust |avc ruu rou t|c \isitatiou ou |uly to
St Margarct ou t|c t|. Siuilarly, ouc o Voru's calcudars is dividcd iuto |al-
ycars |cgiuuiug ou |auuary aud |uly, cac| acc is dividcd iuto to |auds, t|c locr
|auds |cgiuuiug ou April aud Octo|cr, so t|at t|c quartcrs |cgiu it| Suuday
lcttcr i aud cud it| A rittcu it| ruucs r aud Ir:, rcspcctivcly). ilot's clog is di-
vidcd iuto quartcrs, |cgiuuiug ou |auuary, April, |uly, aud Octo|cr, t|c suallcr
As|uolcau clogs |cgiu cac| quartcr ou au A day |au., Mar., |uuc, Oct.).
Quartcrs arc also uscd |csidcs |al-ycars iu Dcuuar| aud sout|-cstcru Scdcu |ic|
|clougcd to Dcuuar| till ), |ut iu t|osc couutrics t|c avourcd |cgiuuiug as
C|ristuas.
1|c uc uoous arc rccordcd accordiug to t|cir Goldcu iuu|cr, cit|cr, as iu il. ,
|y au cxpaudcd ruuic alp|a|ct, or iu pcutadic syu|ols |ascd ou rouau uuucrals, -
|ciug rcprcscutcd as so uauy dots or cross-stro|cs ou a douard prolougatiou o t|c
uotc|, aud |y spccial syu|ols cou|iucd it| cac| ot|cr or aud it| t|c ot|crs
as uccd |c, souctiucs |y couutcrparts o X\llll or XlX, souctiucs as . Voru
huds a |alc|ouc calcudar iu |ic| ara|ic uuucrals crc uscd, as also ou souc ior-
cgiau priucstavcs.
Souc calcudars also rccordcd t|c Suuday lcttcrs, cspccially ou Scdis| r.s:..r t|c
hrst scvcu lcttcrs o t|c ruuic alp|a|ct, rcprcscutiug t|c souuds ; :| . r | |, crc su|-
stitutcd or t|c day-uotc|cs, as iu our il. , au altcruativc scqucucc o ruucs aud quasi-
ruucs is ouud iu souc calcudars, uota|ly a |alc|ouc priucsta illustratcd |y Voru.
- - -
1|c solar cyclc uay |c sct out iu a circular diagrau, souctiucs accoupauicd |y t|c
Goldcu iuu|cr cyclc siuilarly displaycd.
Vc coucludc it| a |ric uotc ou t|c aucicut Lgyptiau 'diagoual calcudars'. A|out
t|c tiuc o t|c Middlc iiugdou, cou lids uay display a diagoual |aud o coluuus
cac| portrayiug o coustcllatious corrcspoudiug to tcu-day portious o t|c ycar,
|y ucaus o t|is layout, ouc could dctcruiuc t|c |our o t|c uig|t rou t|c coustcl-
latiou t|at |ad last riscu. 1|csc calcudars, or rat|cr star cloc|s, ua|c provisiou or t|c
cpagoucual days, |ut uot or t|c dchcit o t|c Lgyptiau civil ycar, |ic| causcd t|c
coustcllatious to |c rcallocatcd, |y t|c ic iiugdou t|cy |ad dcgcucratcd iuto purc
dccoratiou, |ciug rcplaccd |y uorc cla|oratc |ut uo uorc accuratc) rcprcscutatious o
t|c |cavcus. iocvcr, t|c priuciplc o -old divisiou as ta|cu ovcr iuto classical
astrology t|c ccliptic as dividcd iuto arcs |uou iu Grcc| as :|... aud latiu as
:...., a ord apparcutly coiucd iu t|c caup to ucau t|c occr iu c|argc o tcu ucu,
|ic| |y ay o lrcuc| .,:. |as yicldcd t|c Luglis| :...
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1|c oldcst uct|od o idcutiyiug ycars, ouud iu carly rccords rou Lgypt aud
Mcsopotauia aud still surviviug iu rural couuuuitics, is |y souc ucuora|lc cvcut t|at
too| placc iu t|cu a uilitary couqucst, t|c ouudatiou o a tcuplc, or a grcat rost, c
too usc it |cu c call duriug |ic| pocr at louc as |cld succcssivcly |y
Gal|a, Ot|o, \itcllius, aud \cspasiau) 't|c Ycar o t|c lour Lupcrors', iu Luglaud
is t|c ilaguc Ycar aud t|c Ycar o t|c Grcat lirc, iu lrclaud is ||.... ..
||Ir.....|, 't|c Ycar o t|c lrcuc|', rou t|c lrcuc| troops |o laudcd iu support o
t|c lris| lc|clliou. Cultural advaucc, |ocvcr, lcads to t|c adoptiou o uorc systcu-
atic systcus, o |ic| t|crc arc our uaiu typcs t|c cpouyuous ycar, t|c rcgual ycar,
t|c cra, aud t|c cyclc.
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1|c Grcc| ord :. .o.s ucaus cit|cr 'giviug ouc's uauc to souct|iug)' or 'uaucd
atcr soucouc)' t|c cpouyuous ycar is idcutihcd |y t|c uauc o t|c pcrsou or pcr-
sous) |oldiug a particular occ it| au auuual tcru. 1|is uct|od is cspccially c|arac-
tcristic o t|c aucicut city-statc, t|c uost auiliar cxauplcs arc At|cuiau datcs :`
.r.|..:.s :. :..., '|cu So-aud-so as arc|ou' iu act ouc o a |oard o uiuc) aud
louau datcs .||. :: .||. ...s|.|s, 'So-aud-so aud So-aud-so |ciug cousuls'. 1|c uagis-
tratcs uig|t |avc as uuc| pocr as Spartau cp|ors or as littlc as At|cuiau arc|ous, t|c
uig|ty cousuls o t|c louau lcpu|lic dccliucd iuto ucrc diguitarics uudcr t|c Lu-
pirc, |ut t|c ycar coutiuucd to |car t|cir uaucs aud uot t|c cupcror's, uulcss |c c|osc
to ta|c t|c cousulatc |iuscl. Outsidc t|c Gracco-louau orld, |crcas ia|ylou datcd
|y rcgual ycars, at As|ur, su|jcct to t|c sauc |iug, ycars crc dcsiguatcd accordiug to
t|c city |.oo, |o too| occ ou Aiaru t|c April-May luuatiou). 1|c disadvautagc
o t|is systcu is t|at t|c datc ucaus uot|iug to orcigucrs, aud cvcu uativcs uccd to
|avc a list o uagistratcs, t|c cu|arrassucut t|at cpouyuous datiug causcd is illus-
tratcd |y 1|ucydidcs scc Cr::| C.|:..r). Couplctc lists o louau cousuls cxist, |ut
t|c c|urc| ritcrs |o attcupt to datc t|c lic o C|rist, or coupilc t|cir Lastcr ta|lcs,
|y cousuls arc lcd |y corrupt sourccs iuto crass crrors.
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V|cu t|c tcru o occ is lougcr t|au a ycar, datcs uay |c givcu accordiug to lcugt|
o scrvicc. 1|is uct|od as uscd iu t|c aucicut Grcc| city o Argos, it| rcspcct to
t|c pricstcss o icra. lt is particularly avourcd |y |iugs aud ot|cr rulcrs to dcsiguatc
t|c ycar accordiug to t|cir lcugt| o rcigu. iaturally t|c datcs do uot alays corrcs-
poud to : ;..:. pocr or uost o |is rcigu Ldard lll addcd |is purportcd ycar as
|iug o lraucc, aud C|arlcs ll couutcd |is rcgual ycars rou |is at|cr's cxccutiou uot
ouly iu rcspcct o Scotlaud, |crc |c |ad |ccu proclaiucd |iug six days atcr t|at cvcut,
|ut o Luglaud, |crc |is rit did uot ruu till .
lu ordcr to ua|c scusc o rcgual datcs, royal cauous or |iug-lists uay |c drau up,
statiug t|c lcugt| o cac| |iug's rcigu, iu prc-uodcru tiucs t|csc arc as lia|lc to cor-
ruptiou as lists o uagistratcs, aud arc iu auy casc o c|rouograp|ic rat|cr t|au |istor-
ical iuspiratiou |crcas |istoriaus uccd to |uo iu |at ycar o our rcc|ouiug iiug X
actually |cgau to rcigu, c|rouologists aud astrououcrs uccd to |uo iu |at ycar o
our rcc|ouiug ycar Y o iiug X as couutcd as |cgiuuiug |y t|osc |o coupilcd t|c
rccords. icucc iu culturcs |crc rcgual ycars |cgiu it| t|c uc ycar, t|c hrst aud last
uout|s o a rcigu uust |c souc|o httcd iuto t|c sc|cuc, aud joiut rulc c.g. |y t|c
|iug aud t|c sou |c |as c|oscu to succccd |iu) is li|cly to causc couusiou.
1|c \cucra|lc icdc iugcuiously, t|oug| rougly, suggcsts t|at t|c cyclc o iudic-
tious scc |clo, C,.|:s. I...:...s) as iuvcutcd or t|c |cucht o |istoriaus accd it|
counictiug rcigu-datcs, iu act louau cupcrors |ad uot datcd |y rcgual ycars uutil .
icvcrt|clcss, t|crcatcr t|cy did so rcgularly, aud rou t|cy addcd t|cir post-
cousulatcs scc .o.. C.|:..r). 1|is systcu as cuploycd |y t|c papal c|auccry uutil
t|c latc cig|t| ccutury, t|c last |uou cxauplc |ciug a lcttcr o iopc iadriau ll ou
lc|ruary , t|c tcut| |corc t|c ialcuds o Marc| Coustautiuc \, rd post-
cousulatc, lco l\, t| iudictiou. O t|c t|rcc iupcrial datcs ouly t|c last is cou-
pati|lc it| t|c iudictiou, or Coustautiuc \ |ccauc co-cupcror ou Marc| , solc
cupcror ou |uuc , aud cousul ou |auuary , |c uadc |is sou lco l\ co-
cupcror ou Scptcu|cr . iocvcr, ou Dcccu|cr , t|c sauc popc datcs |y t|c
tcut| ycar o |is ou poutihcatc, t|c t| iudictiou, siucc |c |ad |ccu cousccratcd ou
lc|ruary |c |as uiscouutcd |is rcgual ycar, |ut t|c 'Grcc|' t| iudictiou rau rou
Scptcu|cr to August .
lcgual datiug did uot iuucdiatcly |ccouc t|c papal uoru. lu iopc lco lll
datcd 'o t|c lord iarl, uost cxaltcd |iug o t|c lrau|s aud lou|ards, rou |is cou-
qucst o ltaly, t|c t| ycar', C|arlcuaguc |ad dccatcd t|c lou|ard iiug Dcsidcrius
iu . Atcr t|c corouatiou o Dcccu|cr , lco |cgau to datc |y C|arlcuaguc's
ycars as cupcror, addiug a postcousulatc it| t|c sauc uuu|cr as t|c rcgual ycar,
ucit|cr C|arlcuaguc uor |is succcssors cvcr uscd postcousulatcs, |ut t|c papal
c|auccry ucc|auically pcrpctuatcd a systcu it did uot uudcrstaud. 1|c last iustaucc is
a lcttcr o Scrgius lll o lc|ruary , datcd to louis lll croucd cupcror iu )
'aud t|c ourt| ycar atcr |is cousulatc', iu t|c t| iudictiou.
-
V|crcas iy.autiuc cupcrors coutiuucd to rcc|ou t|cir rcgual ycars rou t|c auui-
vcrsary o t|cir acccssiou, as did lrau|is| |iugs |corc C|arlcuaguc, aud Gcruau |iugs
uot yct croucd cupcror, |iugs o lraucc aud ioly louau Lupcrors gcucrally datcd
rou t|cir corouatiou, t|c cupcror C|arlcs l\, croucd ou Lastcr Day, April ,
t|crcatcr trcatcd Lastcr as t|c |cgiuuiug o a uc rcgual ycar. Siuilarly, popcs gcucr-
ally datc |y rcgual ycars couutcd rou cousccratiou, t|oug| t|c total lcugt| o a popc's
rcigu is rcc|oucd rou |is clcctiou. lor t|c rcgual ycars o popcs siucc , scc
App. i.) lu all suc| uattcrs, |ocvcr, t|c vagarics o clcr|s uust |c attcudcd to, aud
cvcu o t|cir supcriors, uudcr lo|crt ll o lraucc -) t|c c|auccry, auidst ot|cr
couusious, uscd t|rcc dicrcut startiug-poiuts or t|c rcgual ycar.
z lu Luglaud, dcspitc t|c carly usc o
t|c C|ristiau cra, t|c rcgual ycar, alrcady attcstcd siucc t|c cig|t| ccutury, |ccauc t|c
rcgular uodc o civil datiug or ocial docuucuts rou , aud or privatc c|artcrs
rou t|c rcigu o Ldard l. Dou to t|c tiuc o icury lll it as couutcd rou t|c
datc o corouatiou, |ic| iu t|c casc o |o|u, |o as croucd ou Asccusiou Day,
May , as ta|cu to |c Asccusiou Day aud uot t|c calcudar datc. iut, |cu icury
lll dicd ou iovcu|cr , |is |cir, Ldard l, as iu t|c ioly laud, t|c uc |iug's
pcacc as proclaiucd ou t|c t|, rou |ic| day |is rcgual ycars crc couutcd. Su|-
scqucut rcigus |avc |ccu rcc|oucd rou acccssiou, cxccpt t|at icury \ll, |aviug couc
to pocr |y dccatiug lic|ard lll at t|c |attlc o iosort| ou August , datcd
|is hrst ycar rou t|c st, t|us ua|iug lic|ard, uot |iuscl, t|c rc|cl. 1|c practicc as
coutiuucd atcr t|c Luiou o Luglaud aud Scotlaud iu aud t|at it| lrclaud iu
, ucit|cr Quccu Auuc's uor Gcorgc lll's rcgual ycar as t|crc|y acctcd. iocvcr,
|ctccu t|c rcigus o icury l -) aud Villiau l\ -), t|c clcr|s o t|c Lx-
c|cqucr, iu datiug t|c Grcat loll o t|c iipc t|oug| uot ot|cr docuucuts), adjustcd
t|c uouarc|'s rcgual ycar to t|c cud o t|cir hxcd accouut ycar ou Mic|acluas, Scp-
tcu|cr, iu souc rcigus t|c hrst ycar as curtailcd, iu ot|crs prolougcd uutil t|c sccoud
Mic|acluas.
Datiug |y rcgual ycar rcuaiucd t|c ocial rulc or Acts o iarliaucut dou to .
1|us t|c Statutc o t|c Suprcuc icad , |ic| oustcd t|c papal suprcuacy iu Lug-
laud aud lrclaud, is corrcctly icu. \lll c. , t|c t|ird c|aptcr o t|c statutc all t|c
Acts o a siuglc scssiou |ciug origiually couutcd as a siuglc statutc) o t|c iarliaucu-
tary scssiou o t|c t| ycar o icury \lll Apr. - Apr. ), aud iritis| Suu-
ucr 1iuc as iutroduccd iu |y aud Gco. \ c. , siucc t|c scssiou spauucd
t|c auuivcrsary o Gcorgc \'s acccssiou ou May. Lutil , iarliaucut as autouat-
ically dissolvcd |y t|c dcuisc o t|c Crou, ouly iu t|c tcutict| ccutury cau ouc hud
suc| scssious as Gco. \l aud Lli.. ll ,). Acts passcd siucc arc |uou |y
s|ort titlc aud calcudar ycar o t|cir cuactucut, as carlicr Acts arc uuocially. lor rcg-
ual ycars o Luglis| aud iritis| sovcrcigus, scc App. A.)
z V|ct|cr couutcd rou acccssiou or corouatiou,
t|c Vcstcru rcgual ycar ruus till t|c day prcccdiug t|c auuivcrsary, it|out rcgard to

cit|cr ic Ycar's Day or t|c datc at |ic| t|c ycar is c|augcd, t|c iipc loll prac-
ticc uotcd a|ovc is cxccptioual. lu ot|cr culturcs, |ocvcr, it is quitc uorual or t|c
rcgual ycar to c|augc it| t|c civil uc ycar, |ic| lcavcs c|auccrics it| t|c pro|lcu
o t|c pcriod |ctccu acccssiou aud uc ycar. lu aucicut Lgypt cxccpt iu t|c ic
iiugdou, |ic| uscd t|c auuivcrsary priuciplc), t|c tiuc |ctccu acccssiou aud t|c
cud o t|c calcudar ycar as t|c |iug's hrst ycar, |is sccoud ycar ruuuiug rou t|c
1|ot| atcr |is acccssiou, t|c sauc systcu as uscd iu Sasauiau lrau aud is also uscd
iu uodcru |apau, |crc t|c sccoud ycar o t|c rcgual cra |cgius ou |auuary olloiug
t|c cupcror's acccssiou. 1|is is also t|c uct|od or statiug t|c agc o a |orsc.) lt
is souctiucs |uou as t|c 'uou-acccssiou-ycar' systcu, to distiuguis| it rou t|c
'acccssiou-ycar' o Suucr aud ia|ylou, |y |ic| t|c days |ctccu t|c |iug's acccssiou
aud t|c uc ycar ou iisauu t|c Mar.-Apr. luuatiou) crc couutcd as t|c '|cgiuuiug
o t|c rcigu', or as couplctiug t|c last ycar o t|c prcvious rcigu, so t|at t|c ucxt
civil ycar is |is hrst, t|c rcgual cras o Mug aud Q: ug C|iua alays |cgau it| t|c
uc ycar.
z
-
1|c tcru :r. is hrst attcstcd iu louau Spaiu, t|c ctyuology is uu|uou, |ut a |or-
roiug rou a uativc lauguagc sccus li|clicr t|au a su|litcrary corruptiou o t|c ucutcr
plural .:r., 'uoucys'. icsidcs t|c ucauiug 'cra' it is uscd or 'uuu|cr iu a scqucucc', t|is
cxplaius t|c oru o datcs iu t|c iispauic cra, :r. MCC, as it crc 'uo. '. 1|c
rcc|ouiug o ycars iu scqucucc rou a startiug-poiut or cpoc| is t|c c|aractcristic uod-
cru uct|od o idcutiyiug ycars, t|c uost idcsprcad arc t|c C|ristiau cra scc C|r.s~
:... C|r...|.,) aud t|c |cis| aud Musliu cras, trcatcd uudcr t|osc calcudars.
Mauy cras crc uscd iu t|c Grcc| orld duriug icllcuistic aud louau tiucs, o
t|csc t|c uost iuportaut is t|c Sclcucid cra, also |uou as t|at 'o Alcxaudcr' or 't|c
Grcc|s' or 't|c Syrouaccdouiaus' aud to |cs as 't|c rcc|ouiug o coutracts', variously
rcc|oucd rou autuuu aud spriug . iocvcr, t|c datiug |y t|c 'ycar o t|c
ouudatiou o t|c city' ), it| cpoc| , otcu ascri|cd to t|c aucicut louaus,
is csscutially a uodcru coustruct t|c louaus occasioually usc a siuilar lauguagc, |ut
vcry rarcly as a orual datiug systcu, aud uot alays it| t|at cpoc| scc .o.. C.|~
:..r). V|crcas t|c t| auuivcrsary o t|c ouudatiou as cclc|ratcd iu iu
agrccucut it| t|is rcc|ouiug, t|c t| as |cpt iu , t|c ucxt ycar, , as su|-
scqucutly ta|cu as t|c cpoc| or a so-callcd 'cra o t|c louaus' uscd iu a iy.autiuc
iasc|al couputus it| a -ycar ta|lc |cgiuuiug iu , soou a|audoucd at iy.autiuu,
|ut rctaiucd iu Arucuia, |osc ou cra |cgius it| its cxpiry iu .
z - Scvcral idcly dicrcut cras arc rcc|oucd rou t|c datc o t|c Crc-
atiou, as dctcruiucd rou study o t|c ii|lc, t|crc is a cousidcra|lc dicrcucc |ctccu
t|osc |ascd ou t|c ic|rc tcxt o t|c Old 1cstaucut, cit|cr dircctly or t|roug| t|c
-
latiu \ulgatc, aud t|osc |ascd ou t|c Grcc| trauslatiou t|c Scptuagiut), iu |ic|
uauy o t|c iatriarc|s arc ycars oldcr |cu t|cy |cgct t|cir hrst|oru sous. 1|c
j:.s| ..|:..r scts Crcatiou iu , |ut Scxtus |ulius Aricauus ..) placcd t|c cou-
ccptiou o C|rist ou i|aucuot| = Marc|, t|c hrst day o , siucc |c datcs
t|c louau couqucst o Lgypt iu to , t|c ycar ill |c , . A ccu-
tury latcr, Lusc|ius o Cacsarca datcd Crcatiou to , C|rist |ciug |oru iu
, t|is cra |ccauc so cll cutrcuc|cd iu t|c Vcst t|roug| |crouc's trauslatiou t|at
icdc crcatcd a scaudal |y rcduciug t|c pcriod |ctccu Crcatiou aud iativity to
ycars. lu tiuc icdc's calculatiou as rouudcd to t|c 'our t|ousaud iutcrs' o t|c
C|ristuas pocu 'Adau lay y|ouudcu', pcrpctuatcd iu t|c Masouic cra |ut rchucd to
|y Arc||is|op Lss|cr scc Oct.).
Vorld cras uay |c urt|cr dividcd iuto t|osc calculatcd purcly out o sacrcd |istory
aud t|osc adjustcd couputistically, iu particular so t|at t|c hrst day o Crcatiou uig|t
|c a Suuday, |ic| ucit|cr Aricauus uor Lusc|ius |ad ac|icvcd, aud |cgiu a cyclc scc
Gruucl aud Stro|cl). lu t|c carly ht| ccutury, t|c Lgyptiau uou| Auuiauus proposcd
Suuday, i|aucuot| = Marc| , it| t|c lucaruatiou iu = ,.
Alt|oug| |is coutcuporary iauodorus couutcrcd it| a Crcatiou datc o Suuday,
i|aucuot| = Marc| , t|c lucaruatiou |ciug = , Auuiauus'
calculatiou |ccauc t|c cauouical Alcxaudriau cra, |ut it| t|c |cgiuuiug o t|c ycar
uovcd |ac| to t|c civil datc o 1|ot|, |is as t|c hrst ycar o a Mctouic cyclc.
lu t|c iy.autiuc cupirc, |crc suc| cras crc uaiuly iu lcarucd usc, scvcral dicr-
cut cpoc|s crc tricd. 1|c C|r...... .s.|.|:, still supposiug a spriug Crcatiou, uscd
Suuday, Marc| , souc latcr ritcrs uscd au cpoc| ouc ycar latcr, |ut t|c datc
cvcutually c|oscu as t|c iutcrvcuiug civil ic Ycar, Scptcu|cr . lu lussia,
|crc t|c ycar o Crcatiou as t|c rcgular datiug systcu, t|is cpoc| too| ovcr rou
Marc| duriug t|c ourtccut| ccutury. Ludcr t|c iolis| crou, t|c Vcst luss-
iau tcrritorics iu t|c Graud Duc|y o lit|uauia adoptcd t|c C|ristiau cra, |ut iu Mus-
covy t|c cra o t|c Vorld rcuaiucd iu usc till |y dccrcc o ictcr t|c Grcat Dcccu|cr
as ollocd |y |auuary OS.
z - icsidcs ycars o t|c orld aud o C|rist's lucaruatiou or
iativity scc C|r.s:... C|r...|.,), t|c uost iuportaut |i|lical datiug-systcus uscd |y
C|ristiau ritcrs crc t|c cra o A|ra|au it| cpoc| , dcviscd |y Lusc|ius aud
|roug|t to t|c latiu orld |y |crouc's adaptatiou o |is c|rouiclc, aud t|at o t|c ias-
siou, |ic| varicd accordiug to t|c datc adoptcd or t|c cpoc| or t|osc |o ollo
\ictorius o Aquitaiuc, = , at louc iu icdc's day it as , ot|cr datcs arc
ouud iu t|c Last. 1|c couputist o , |osc Lastcr cyclcs crc calculatcd |ac| to
t|c hrst iassovcr |cpt |y t|c C|ildrcu o lsracl iu t|c ildcrucss, couutcd iu clapscd
ycars uuusual or t|c Gracco-louau orld) rou t|c Lxodus t|c ycar |corc, |ic|
turus out to |c lu |is vic C|rist as |oru iu .| L:...)
z - Lutil t|c rcigu o Dioclctiau, louau
Lgypt stood aduiuistrativcly apart rou t|c rcst o t|c cupirc, rulcd t|roug| a prccct

|y t|c cupcror as |iug o Lgypt, datcs crc rcc|oucd |y |is rcgual ycars, couutcd rou
1|ot|. V|cu Dioclctiau a|olis|cd t|is spccial status, uorual cousular ycars, |cgiu-
uiug it| |auuary, crc iutroduccd, astrououcrs, |o ouud t|is iucouvcuicut, cou-
tiuucd to couut |y Dioclctiau's rcgual ycars, o |ic| t|c hrst as ,, cvcu atcr |is
a|dicatiou iu , t|is as t|c uct|od uscd to dcsiguatc ycars iu Alcxaudriau Lastcr
ta|lcs. 1|c couucctiou it| t|c uotorious pcrsccutor iuduccd Diouysius Lxiguus to
calculatc |is Lastcr ta|lcs rou t|c |irt| o C|rist iustcad, |ut t|c Dioclctiauic cra as
rctaiucd |y t|c Coptic C|urc| aud cxtcudcd to gcucral datiug purposcs, t|c |atcd uauc
o Dioclctiau as rcplaccd |y 't|c Martyrs', hrst attcstcd iu a docuucut o C|oia|
= Dcccu|cr . Auot|cr tcru as t|c Ycar o Gracc, alt|oug| t|is propcrly dc-
uotcs au cra |cgiuuiug ou 1|ot| = lucaruatiou = Dioclctiau = ,
t|c hrst ycar o t|c clcvcut| iasc|al cyclc siucc Crcatiou.
z - V|ct|cr t|c iispauic cra :r. |.s....), rcc|oucd rou |auuary
, is o C|ristiau or pagau origiu is a uattcr o disputc. lt is iudu|ita|ly attcstcd iu
C|ristiau iuscriptious rou :r. = ouards, aud iu rittcu tcxts rou t|c ht|
ccutury, a ritcr o t|at pcriod asscrtcd t|at t|c cra as so couutcd '|ccausc Octaviauus
Augustus, iu t|c ht| ycar o |is rcigu, appcars to |avc discovcrcd t|c uoou's coursc
t|at ua|cs t|c cra', aud uodcru sc|olars |avc produccd coupctiug accouuts o t|c cra's
origiu iu a uiscalculatcd iativity. iocvcr, datiug |y au cra, souctiucs spccihcd as
cousular, is ouud iu uuc| carlicr pagau or sccular iuscriptious rou uort|cru Spaiu,
or |ic| t|osc |o rcgard t|c iispauic cra as a C|ristiau iuvcutiou |avc ailcd to ac-
couut, |ut ucit|cr |avc t|cir oppoucuts couviuciugly cxplaiucd |y s|ould |avc
|ccu adoptcd as au cpoc|. lsidorc o Scvillc, dcriviug .:r. rou .:s, dcclarcd t|at t|c
cpoc| as Augustus' hrst iupcrial ccusus, |ic| iu act too| placc tcu ycars latcr, taxa-
tiou ordcrcd iu |ut pcr|aps uot collcctcd till t|c ucxt ycar |as |ccu iuvo|cd, as
|as a |ard-oug|t victory ovcr a iyrcuacau tri|c ou ou Octaviau's |c|al |y t|c pro-
cousul Guacus Douitius Calviuus, |cgiuuiug t|c -ycar couqucst o t|osc vcry
pcoplcs, t|c Asturcs aud Cautra|ri, ou |osc tcrritory t|c hrst cxauplcs o cra-datiug
crc discovcrcd. At all cvcuts, t|c iispauic cra |ccauc t|c staudard c|rouology iu
uuc| o \isigot|ic Spaiu, aud rcuaiucd so iu Castilc aud lcu till aud iu iortu-
gal till . lt is uot ouud iu t|c uorc castcrly parts |corc t|c :...,.s:., |ut t|crc-
atcr as cuploycd iu iavarrc till , iu Aragou till , aud iu \alcucia till , |ut
iu Catalouia it as scldou uscd, aud t|cu ouly togct|cr it| rcgual ycars o lrau|is|
or lrcuc| |iugs, till iu t|c C|ristiau cra as uadc coupulsory |y t|c Couucil o
1arragoua. Datcs arc iudicatcd it| :r. aud t|c uuu|cr, uot .... cxccpt iu a pagau iu-
scriptiou .... CCLI). lt is also |uou as t|c 'Lra o Augustus' aud iu Musliu sourccs
as t|c Lra o t|c Magi.
z 1|c |uliau icriod as proposcd iu
|y |oscp| |ustus Scaligcr, L: :o:..:...: ::o.ro ) as a staudard cra to |ic| datcs
iu uou-|uliau calcudars could |c rccrrcd, t|c couuou asscrtiou t|at |c uaucd it iu
|ouour o |is at|cr |ulius Cacsar Scaligcr is uot truc. lt as a cyclical cra o
-
= ycars, t|us cou|iuiug it|iu itscl t|c luuar cyclc o ycars, t|c solar cyclc
o ycars, aud t|c iudictioual cyclc o ycars, siucc t|c ucxt t| iudictiou cudiug au
Lastcr cyclc iu t|c uurcorucd calcudar as , Scaligcr uadc t|at ycar , so
t|at as . lor auy ycar , t|c ycar is o|taiucd |y addiug , its placc iu
cac| o t|c cyclcs ill |c t|c rcuaiudcr to , , aud rcspcctivcly. 1|us to usc
Scaligcr's cxauplc) = , siucc = + , + , aud
+ , its Goldcu iuu|cr is , it is t|c rd ycar o t|c solar cyclc, aud dou
to Scptcu|cr t|c t| icdau) iudictiou.
1|is couvcuicucc cxccpt as rcgards t|c iudictiou, |ic| is o littlc practical
siguihcaucc) is lost iu t|c Grcgoriau rcc|ouiug, |ic| as prouulgatcd iu t|c ycar
|corc Scaligcr pu|lis|cd aud agaiust |ic| |c sustaiucd a protractcd ar o ords,
|ocvcr, astrououcrs coutiuuc to ua|c usc o t|c cpoc| as t|c |asis or a coutiuuous
couut o |uliau Days :|.s: rou uoou Luivcrsal 1iuc ou Mouday, |auuary , or as
it uay also |c rittcu - l , t|c |ours rou t|cu till uoou ou |auuary arc
t|us |uliau Day , uiduig|t |ciug ., a.u. GM1 ou |auuary = .. iou-
astrououcrs souctiucs couut |au. as .)
1|c |uliau icriod is uot to |c couuscd it| t|c |uliau ycar, au o|solctc uodc o
rcc|ouiug hrst ouud iu Ccusoriuus {. ) rou t|c iutroductiou o t|c |uliau cal-
cudar iu = aud uscd iu carly uodcru discussious o ic 1cstaucut
c|rouology.
z - Dcspitc Spauis| Musliu usagc, t|c Lra o t|c Magi is propcrly t|at
o t|c Zoroastriau calcudar rcc|oucd rou |uuc , as opposcd to t|c Lra o
Y.dcgird lll, rcc|oucd rou |uuc scc :|:r C.|:..rs. Z.r..s:r...). 1|is lat-
tcr as idcly uscd |y astrououcrs, as crc t|c Lra o ia|ouassar, |iug o ia|ylou,
rcc|oucd rou 1|ot| = lc|ruary , aud t|c Lra o i|ilip Arr|idacus, rou
iovcu|cr i.c. 1|ot| olloiug t|c dcat| o Alcxaudcr t|c Grcat ,
|uuc). 1|csc systcus usc .... .. o days, as did t|c Arucuiau calcudar cpoc|
|uly ).
Mauy cras arc iu usc iu ludia scc H.. C.|:..r), |ut or ocial purposcs t|c
C|ristiau cra cocxists it| t|c Sa|a cra, iu |ic| t|c cpoc| is Marc| aud t|c
datc is couutcd iu ycars clapscd.
Ludcr Mussoliui t|c ycar as otcu accoupauicd |y t|at o t|c lascist Lra, iu
rouau uuucrals l = ), aud occasioually |y t|at o t|c ltaliau Lupirc l = ).
Scc too :|:r C.|:..rs. Ir:..| :||.....
z
-
lu cyclical c|rouology, a hxcd uuu|cr o ycars arc groupcd iuto a lougcr pcriod |uou
as a cyclc, t|c iudividual ycar |ciug uuu|crcd accordiug to its positiou it|iu t|c cyclc.
1|c cyclc itscl is uuu|crcd iu souc systcus, |ut uorc usually is uot, rcspcctivc cxau-

plcs arc aordcd |y t|c to uost auiliar cyclcs, t|c Olyupiad aud t|c iudictiou. Souc
C|ristiau c|rouologics usc t|c -ycar iasc|al cyclc, cou|iuiug t|c -ycar luuar aud
-ycar solar cyclcs, iu Vcstcru ritcrs t|is is a sigu t|at a couputist is s|oiug o, |ut
t|is is uot t|c casc iu Coptic or Lt|iopic sourccs scc L,:... C.|:..r). Gcorgiau datcs,
rou t|c uiut| to t|c uiuctccut| ccutury, crc statcd as 'suc|-aud-suc| a ycar o t|c
|r...|`...', rcc|oucd rou = ycar 'o t|c louaus') or , t|c Crcatiou |ciug
datcd cyclcs carlicr to . lu t|c -ycar auiual cyclc uscd iu uuc| o Asia, aud
t|c -ycar C|iucsc cyclc iucorporatiug it, t|c ycars arc uot uuu|crcd |ut uaucd, t|c
cyclc is uot spccihcd scc C|..:s: C.|:..r).
z - lrou t|c t|ird ccutury , datcs crc uadc couprc|cusi|lc to all
rcadcrs o |istorical aud sc|olarly ritiug |y rccrcucc to t|c uost iuportaut iau-
|cllcuic iustitutiou, t|c Olyupic Gaucs, hrst cclc|ratcd accordiug to t|c rccord iu
aud t|crcatcr at our-ycar iutcrvals callcd 'Olyupiads' iu |uly or August. Olyupiads
crc uuu|crcd coutiuuously, t|c ycars it|iu t|cu cyclically, |cucc , , so la|ori-
ously idcutihcd |y 1|ucydidcs, as t|c hrst ycar o t|c t| Olyupiad, rittcu |y
uodcru sc|olars Ol. ., aud is Ol. .. Couusiou as uot cutircly a|olis|cd,
or ritcrs uig|t cxtcud au Olyupic ycar to couprisc a |olc caupaiguiug scasou, or
cquatc it it| a civil ycar t|at |cgau iu a dicrcut luuatiou, cvcu it| a louau ycar
rcc|oucd rou |auuary, a rccrcucc to 't|c so-uauyct| Olyupiad' |y itscl uay dcuotc
au uuspccihcd ycar it|iu t|at pcriod, or t|c hrst, or t|c ourt|. Olyupiads arc occa-
sioually ouud iu latc iuscriptious at Llis, |crc t|c Gaucs crc |cld, |ut crc ucvcr
cuploycd iu cvcryday lic, yct it|iu its ou sp|crc t|c systcu rcuaiucd iu usc cvcu
atcr t|c supprcssiou o t|c Olyupic Gaucs iu . iocvcr, t|c rcvivcd Olyupics
do uot rcspcct t|c aucicut cyclc t|c t| Olyupiad ould |avc |cguu iu suuucr ,
|ut t|c hrst uodcru Gaucs crc |cld iu .
z - lu ucdicval rccords, t|c ycar, |ct|cr rcc|oucd |y t|c C|ristiau cra or
t|c rulcr's rcigu, is otcu accoupauicd |y t|c iudictiou. 1|is tcru, dcrivcd rou t|c
latiu ....:r:, to dcclarc or iuposc, iu t|c latc louau Lupirc dcuotcd t|c auuual as-
scssucut o lcvics iu |iud, rou t|c rcoruiug cupcror Dioclctiau rcgulatcd t|csc
ou a hvc-ycar |asis, |ic| gavc ay to a -ycar cyclc. 1|c Grcc| tcru :..o: s.s, 'allo-
catiou', oug|t a losiug |attlc it| ...|:. . or ..|:.s.) 1|c uorual practicc as to uuu-
|cr ouly t|c ycar aud uot t|c cyclc, t|c ycar as rcgularly |uou as t|c '.t| iudictiou',
so t|at , aud , arc cqually t|c hrst iudictiou, , aud , cqually t|c
htccut|. A rarc cxccptiou is au Lgyptiau papyrus datcd Lpcip| iu ycar o t|c
Martyrs |uly ) 'iu t|c rd cyclc', |ic| ould rcquirc t|c hrst to |avc |cguu iu
, uost sc|olars, |ocvcr, prccr to ollo t|c C|r...... .s.|.|:, |ic| dcsiguatcs
't|c |cgiuuiug o Coustautiuc's iudictious', alt|oug| Coustautiuc as iu uo posi-
tiou to iustitutc iudictious iu aud t|c c|rouiclcr datcs t|c a|solutc '|cgiuuiug o
t|c iudictious' to . Siuilar datcs appcar clsc|crc iu iy.autiuc sourccs, Vcst-
cru cxpoucuts o Diouysius' couputus asscrt t|at t|c lucaruatiou too| placc iu t|c
ourt| iudictiou, as i t|c systcu alrcady cxistcd. Siucc it as uorc iuportaut to uost
-
pcoplc t|au t|c ocial datiug systcu |y cousuls, it as vcry soou uscd iu uou-hscal
coutcxts.
Diouysius Lxiguus, iu |is Lastcr ta|lcs, givcs t|c iudictiou alougsidc t|c ycar o Dio-
clctiau or t|c lucaruatiou, |c also givcs a rulc or hudiug t|c ycar rou t|c iudictiou
or vicc vcrsa. 1|c lattcr is t|at |ic| c still usc, to add aud dividc |y , t|c orucr,
to hud a suita|lc uultiplc o aud add t|c iudictiou aud a coustaut , iuplics t|at
ouc alrcady |uos t|c approxiuatc ycar . l ouc docs, a uoticc datcd |y iudictiou
cau |c rccordcd agaiust t|c rig|t ycar iu ouc's Lastcr ta|lc it|out t|c uccd to as| |o
loug t|is or t|at potcutatc |as rcigucd.) Au lris| couucutator asscrts t|at t|c rulc as
givcu |ccausc |ot| isc aud oolis|-ucauiug t|c lcarucd aud t|c iguoraut-|uc
t|cir iudictious. 1|is as truc iu t|c iy.autiuc cupirc, |crc t|c iudictiou as t|c
uost auiliar datiug systcu, t|c Ycar o t|c Vorld |ciug largcly a playt|iug o t|c
lcarucd, |cu a iy.autiuc datc cx|i|its counict |ctccu t|c iudictiou aud t|c Ycar o
t|c Vorld it is uorually t|c orucr t|at s|ould |c |clicvcd. lu t|c Vcst, |ocvcr, iu-
dictious dccliucd iuto a ucrc acctatiou o uotarics, a uotorious lrcuc| c|artcr is datcd
', iu t|c st iudictiou'. lu couscqucucc t|c ycar or t|c rcgual ycar ill gcucrally
dcscrvc uorc crcdit, |ut t|c iudictiou uay scrvc to iudicatc t|c datc rou |ic| t|c ycar
is couutcd, providcd c |uo |cu t|c iudictiou ycar |cgius.
1|c iudictiou ycar as rcc|oucd at Alcxaudria rou iac|ou = May, clsc|crc iu
Lgypt rou 1|ot|, at Coustautiuoplc it |cgau at hrst ou Scptcu|cr, |ut rou
pro|a|ly) ouards ou Scptcu|cr, t|us coiucidiug it| t|c civil ycar. 1|is 'Grcc|'
or 'Coustautiuopolitau' iudictiou as also uscd iu uauy parts o ltaly, cvcu atcr t|c all
o t|c louau cupirc, iu particular at Milau aud iu t|c lou|ard tcrritorics, it as
avourcd |y t|c papal c|auccry till , atcr |ic| a pcriod o couusiou sct iu.
St Au|rosc statcs t|at Marc| as propcrly t|c hrst uout| o t|c ycar |ccausc t|c
vcrual cquiuox cll iu it, as t|c louaus t|iu|, 'ou t|c cig|t| |corc t|c ialcuds o
April', Scptcu|cr is t|c scvcut| uout| cvcu t|oug| t|c ycar sccus to start it| it 'as
t|c prcscut usagc o iudictious s|os'. Lit|cr |ccausc |c too| t|is to ucau t|at t|c iu-
dictiou |cgau JIII I.|. .:., or |ccausc |c ouud t|c rd iu a Grcc| calcudar aud ad-
justcd it to a uorc ucauiugul datc, icdc statcs it|out arguucut iu L: ::o.ro r.:...:
t|at iudictious crc couutcd rou Scptcu|cr, iu t|is |c is ollocd |y t|c ioly
louau Lupcrors as cll as iu Luglaud aud lraucc. 1|is 'icdau', 'Cacsarcau', or 'lu-
pcrial' iudictiou as csta|lis|cd as t|c uoru iu t|c papal c|auccry uudcr Alcxaudcr lll
-).
1|crc crc also local iudictious at Sicua, |cgiuuiug ou Scptcu|cr a cc| atcr t|c
Grcc|, at Cologuc, |cgiuuiug ou Octo|cr, aud at Gcuoa, |cgiuuiug ou Scptcu|cr,
ouc ycar |c|iud t|c icdau, |ut dcspitc t|c avour s|ou to Marc| as t|c c|augc o
ycar, it as rarcly uscd or iudictious. lt is attcstcd |cu t|cy arc rclatcd to Alcxaudriau
ycars o t|c orld, aud as uscd |y iopc iic|olas ll -), |o |ad |ccu |is|op
o llorcucc siucc , iu ourtccut|-ccutury Daup|iu, aud occasioually clsc|crc, it
is uislcadiugly |uou as t|c 'iapal iudictiou'.
1|is 'iapal' iudictiou uust uot |c couuscd it| t|c 'louau' or 'ioutihcal' iudic-
tiou, rcc|oucd rou |auuary iu souc cascs pcr|aps Dcc.), li|c t|c Lgyptiau, Grcc|,

aud cvcu 'iapal' iudictious iu t|cir ou tcrritorics, it |ad t|c advautagc o coiucidiug
it| t|c civil ycar. Au iuscriptiou o t|c ycar at Sauta Cccilia iu 1rastcvcrc rcc|ous
uot ouly t|c iudictiou |ut t|c rcgual ycar rou |auuary scc L.:... 1:.r), ot|cr sus-
pcctcd cascs iu sixt|- aud scvcut|-ccutury iuscriptious arc lcss sccurc. Ludcr Lr|au ll
-) t|c 'louau' iudictiou coupctcd at t|c papal c|auccry it| t|c Grcc| aud
icdau iudictious, aud iu t|c t|irtccut| ccutury it sprcad ovcr uuc| o Luropc. lt out-
lastcd t|c ot|cr to, |ciug still ouud iu souc uodcru aluauacs cvcu t|oug| it is uo
lougcr iu practical usc.
1|c louau iudictiou or t|c ycar, aud t|c Grcc|, icdau, aud Sicucsc iudictiou cur-
rcut ou |auuary, uay |c ouud |y addiug to t|c ycar aud dividiug |y , i t|crc
is uo rcuaiudcr t|c iudictiou is , ot|crisc it is t|c rcuaiudcr. 1|us + = ,
= , rcuaiudcr , t|crcorc as t|c scvcut| iudictiou. lor t|c Gcuocsc
aud 'iapal' iudictious, add iustcad o , or a iy.autiuc ycar o t|c orld rcc|oucd
rou Scptcu|cr , add uot|iug, |ut dividc dircctly |y .
-
-
1|c cra |y |ic| uost o t|c orld rcc|ous uost o its datcs is couutcd rou a cal-
culatiou o t|c ycar iu |ic| |csus C|rist as |oru, vcry c i auy |o |avc studicd
t|c qucstiou, |ct|cr C|ristiaus or uot, rcgard t|is calculatiou as corrcct, uor docs auy
c|urc| iusist ou it, |ut ucit|cr ait| uor sccpticisu |as ouud au agrccd altcruativc.
1|osc |o |old t|c statcucuts o orldly act iu t|c ii|lc to |c litcrally truc |avc
ailcd to rcsolvc t|c counict |ctccu t|c to Gospcl datiugs iu a uauucr satisactory
cvcu to cac| ot|cr, t|osc |o do uot, |aviug uadc s|ort or| o t|c |i|lical accouuts,
|avc uo cvidcucc to put iu t|cir placc. Vc s|all hrst cousidcr t|c |istorical pro|lcu, aud
t|cu rcvic t|c |istory o t|c C|ristiau cra.
z

z - St Matt|c datcs t|c |irt| o |csus to at lcast to ycars |corc
t|c dcat| o icrod t|c Grcat, |ic| too| placc s|ortly |corc iassovcr iu , St lu|c
scts t|c Auuuuciatiou duriug t|c prcguaucy o Lli.a|ct|, |o |ad couccivcd |o|u t|c
iaptist 'iu t|c days o icrod, t|c |iug o |udaca' ), |ut assigus t|c iativity to t|c
tiuc |cu 't|crc cut out a dccrcc rou Cacsar Augustus, t|at all t|c orld s|ould |c
taxcd' ), t|at is to say a gcucral ccusus o t|c louau Lupirc. 1|is cauuot |c t|c
citi.cu ccusus o , or icrod's |iugdou as uot part o t|c louau Lupirc, aud
ucit|cr |oscp| uor Mary as a louau citi.cu, iu auy casc, lu|c coutiuucs 't|is taxiug
as hrst uadc |cu Cyrcuius as govcruor o Syria', uaucly iu|lius Sulpicius
Quiriuius, |o as lcgatc o Syria iu supcrviscd t|c t|oroug| survcy o t|c uc
louau proviucc t|at |udaca propcr |ad just |ccouc, aud supprcsscd t|c rcsultiug iu-
surrcctiou. Morcovcr, lu|c's |oscp|, uuli|c Matt|c's, is a rcsidcut o ia.arct| iu
Galilcc, |ic| rcuaiucd outsidc t|c Lupirc uudcr icrod Autipas, aud as uot su|jcct
to t|c ccusus, i it |ad |ccu, |oscp| ould |avc |ccu rcquircd to rcgistcr iu |is uorual
placc o rcsidcucc, uot iu |is auccstral tou.
lu|c also statcs -) t|at |o|u t|c iaptist cu|ar|cd upou |is uissiou 'iu t|c
htccut| ycar o t|c rcigu o 1i|crius Cacsar, ioutius iilatc |ciug govcruor o |udaca,
aud icrod |ciug tctrarc| o Galilcc, aud |is |rot|cr i|ilip tctrarc| o lturaca aud o
t|c rcgiou o 1rac|ouitis, aud lysauias t|c tctrarc| o A|ilcuc, Auuas aud Caiap|as
|ciug t|c |ig| pricsts'. Siucc t|c cvaugclist iu all pro|a|ility cauc rou Autioc| scc
Oct.), t|c rcgual ycar s|ould |c iutcrprctcd accordiug to t|c Autioc|cuc rcc|ouiug,
iu |ic| t|c cupcror's hrst ycar rau rou acccssiou to Scptcu|cr aud |is sccoud
|cgau ou Octo|cr, siucc 1i|crius acccptcd ull pocr ou Scptcu|cr , |is t|
ycar rau rou Octo|cr to Scptcu|cr . ioutius iilatc as prccct o |udaca
rou to carly , icrod Autipas as tctrarc| rou to , i|ilip rou
to , lysauias' datcs arc uu|uou, Auuas, or rat|cr iauau, |ad |ccu appoiutcd
|ig| pricst |y Quiriuius aud dcposcd iu , |ut upou t|c appoiutucut o |is sou-
iu-la |oscp| Caiap|as iu appcars to |avc cxcrciscd pocr joiutly it| |iu aud rc-
taiucd it till t|c lattcr's dcpositiou iu . icucc uouc o t|csc uaucs adds prccisiou.
iaviug uarratcd t|c progrcss o |o|u's uissiou dou to |is iuprisouucut, lu|c rc-
latcs |csus' |aptisu -), |c docs uot cxplicitly datc t|c cvcut to 1i|crius, t|oug|
|c |as traditioually |ccu so rcad. ic adds t|at |csus as |cgiuuiug to |c a|out ycars
o agc ), t|is cxprcssiou, uo lcss a|ard iu t|c origiual Grcc| t|oug| pcuucd |y
t|c |cst stylist o t|c ic 1cstaucut, cvidcutly coucsscs iguoraucc o t|c cxact agc,
t|oug| souc aucicut ritcrs uudcrstood it to ucau t|at |csus as |apti.cd ou |is t|
|irt|day. Ou t|c ot|cr |aud t|c rcproac| at |o|u '1|ou art uot yct hty ycars old,
aud |ast t|ou sccu A|ra|au.' is uost uaturally said to a uau iu |is latc s, |ic| lcuds
crcdcucc to t|c suggcstiou t|at at |o|u - |csus, li|c t|c tcuplc, as ycars old
|y t|c ucxt iassovcr atcr |aptisu. 1|is iutcrprctatiou |as gcucrally |ccu disuisscd, as
it as |y Augustiuc, as au crror duc to iguoraucc o t|c cousuls iu |osc ycars |csus
as |oru aud crucihcd, |ut souc rcccut ritcrs ta|c it uorc scriously.
|csus as crucihcd ou a lriday |ilc iilatc as govcruor, uo cvaugclist spccihcs t|c
lcugt| o |csus' uissiou |ctccu |aptisu aud crucihxiou cxplicitly, |ut t|c Syuoptic
Gospcls arc uorually ta|cu to iuply ouc ycar aud St |o|u to or t|rcc. 1|crc is auot|cr
discrcpaucy |ctccu t|c Syuoptic Gospcls, |ic| ua|c t|c last Suppcr a iassovcr
ucal, catcu atcr t|c suusct |cgiuuiug iisau 't|c hrst day o uulcavcucd |rcad'), aud
|o|u, |o puts t|c Crucihxiou ou t|c t|.
z - - Larly C|ristiaus, |o li|c
t|cir pagau couutcrparts |ad to corrclatc datcs or t|cusclvcs, crc so ar rou |ciug
trou|lcd |y t|c counictiug datcs or t|c iativity as to proposc datcs iucoupati|lc it|
|ot| cvaugclists at oucc. 1crtulliau asscrtcd t|at C|rist |ad |ccu |oru ycars aud
uout|s |corc t|c all o t|c 1cuplc iu , |cucc iu |auuary or lc|ruary , t|c
Couputist o scts t|c iativity ycars atcr t|c Lxodus, |ic| siucc |c couuts
as ycar atcr t|c Lxodus is cquivalcut to , ou t|c t| luuc, corrc-
spoudiug to Vcducsday, Marc|. Siucc t|c .o.. ..|:..r, still iu t|c proccss o cor-
rcctiou, as to days |c|iud t|c suu, t|c day callcd J I|. Jr.|. as a lriday, |y rig|ts
t|c t|, |ut |ot| aucicut aud uodcru c|rouologists opcratc it| t|c calcudar as it
oug|t to |avc |ccu aud uot as it as, c s|all do li|cisc.
Alcxaudriau ritcrs at hrst avourcd t|c t| ycar o Augustus, |ic| iu t|cir cal-
cudar as t|c lcap ycar August - August , uou-Lgyptiaus spca| o |is
ud ycar, |ic| t|cy rcc|ou rou |auuary iu t|c ycar o |is hrst cousulatc, , aud

t|crcorc cquatc it| . Clcucut o Alcxaudria, iu t|c carly t|ird ccutury, datcs t|c
iativity ycars uout| days |corc t|c dcat| o t|c cupcror Couuodus, siucc
Couuodus as assassiuatcd ou Dcccu|cr , |y cit|cr louau or Alcxaudriau
rcc|ouiug t|c datc coucs to iovcu|cr = iat|yr Augustus. Souc ritcrs
scc iov.) |avc sccu iu t|is t|c appropriatiou o au Asiau solar cstival, ot|crs, ta|-
iug t|c ycars to |c t|c uurcorucd .... .. still uscd iu outlyiug arcas, givc t|c datc as
|auuary , |ut au Alcxaudriau as uuli|cly to rcc|ou so, uor docs t|c |ypot|csis
rcscuc |is couuscd c|rouograp|y, iu particular it| rcspcct to t|c lcugt|s o cupcrors'
rcigus. ic uotcs t|at ot|crs givc t|c datc as iac|ou Augustus = May , aud
yct ot|crs it|out ycar) as or i|aruout|i = or April. At louc, Clcucut's
ucar-coutcuporary iippolytus givcs Vcducsday, April iu |is Lastcr ta|lc aud also iu
|is couucutary ou Dauicl, |crc |c spccihcs Augustus = . lu t|c lattcr placc a
latcr scri|c |as iutrudcd Dcccu|cr |ic| iu as a 1|ursday), t|c ucxt scutcucc,
purportiug to datc t|c Crucihxiou, uscs t|rcc datcs iuto ouc.
lu t|c carly ourt| ccutury Lusc|ius o Cacsarca put t|c iativity iu Ol. ., uaucly
, |ic| or |iu as also ycar o t|c orld aud o A|ra|au, t|csc datcs
gaiucd currcucy iu t|c Vcst t|roug| St |crouc's trauslatiou o |is c|rouiclc. latcr iu
t|at ccutury t|c |crcsy-|uutcr Lpip|auius, |o grossly ovcrcstiuatcd |is iutcllcctual
pocrs, dcclarcd t|at accordiug to |is carcul rcscarc|cs C|rist as |oru ou |auuary
, |apti.cd ou iovcu|cr iu |is t| ycar |cucc iu , t|oug| |c givcs t|c
roug cousuls rou |is aulty list), aud crucihcd ou Marc| iu rougly
idcutihcd as 1i|crius), |ic| as iu act a Mouday.
1|c Calcudar o -t|c hrst to rccord t|c cclc|ratiou o C|ristuas ou
Dcccu|cr-adds iu its list o cousuls agaiust t|c cutry corrcspoudiug to 'lu t|is
cousulatc t|c lord |csus C|rist as |oru ou t|c cig|t| |corc t|c ialcuds o |auuary,
ou lriday, t|c t| luuc.'1o |c surc cria aud luuc arc roug, or Dcccu|cr as a Suu-
day aud t|c luuc, accordiug to t|c systcu uscd |y t|c coupilcr, as t|c t|, |ut uo
ycar iu |is ta|lc ill ht t|osc data. lu t|c carly ht| ccutury Sulpicius Scvcrus asscrtcd
t|at C|rist as |oru ou Dcccu|cr 'Sa|iuo ct luhuo cousuli|us', i.c. , at Alcxau-
dria Auuiauus sct t|c lucaruatiou iu scc C|r...|.,. Lr.s). A traditiou |uou rou
lris| sourccs, |ic| purports to dcrivc at to rcuovcs rou t|c uauuscripts o t|c
Apostlcs, aud |ic| dcsiguatcs t|c ycars |y gar|lcd uaucs o cousuls, scts t|c iativity
ou Dcccu|cr , t|c iaptisu ou |auuary , aud t|c Crucihxiou ou Marc|
|ic| as a 1|ursday), it| lcsurrcctiou ou t|c t| aud Asccusiou ou May, t|c
hrst to datcs arc rcpcatcd iu a or| rougly ascri|cd to Alcuiu aud idcutihcd it|
Augustus aud 1i|crius, a variaut puts t|c Crucihxiou ou its Vcstcru datc o
Marc|, |ic| iu as a Saturday.
1|c Alcxaudriau cra, adjustcd to |cgiu ou t|c civil uc ycar o 1|ot|, August
, gavc Couccptiou ou Suuday, i|aucuot| = Marc| aud
iativity ou 1ucsday, C|oia| = Dcccu|cr = luc. , t|is cra is still
uscd iu Lt|iopia, |crc t|c ycar ill |cgiu ou August, Scptcu|cr .
1|c criac o Suuday or t|c Auuuuciatiou aud 1ucsday or t|c iativity arc also pro-
pouudcd iu a calcudar rulc appcudcd to t|osc o Diouysius Lxiguus |ut ua|iug
-
uouscusc o |is cra, or t|cy iuply , , or . iauodorus, corrcctiug Auuiauus,
gavc , as t|c Calcudar o |ad douc aud as lris| couputists ould iuplicitly ta|c
Diouysius to |avc douc, iu t|c scvcut| ccutury t|c iy.autiuc C|r...... .s.|.|: put t|c
iativity ou Vcducsday, Dcccu|cr . Ccrtaiu Gcorgiau aud Arucuiau tcxts couut
rou or .
z - - Clcucut o Alcxaudria
rcportcd t|at souc datcd t|c Crucihxiou to i|aucuot| 1i|crius, ot|crs to or
i|aruout|i, at Alcxaudria t|c rcgual ycar as uudcrstood as August to
August , t|c altcruativc datcs |ciug Mouday, Marc| , 1|ursday, April, or
lriday, April, t|oug| iassovcr iu as pro|a|ly a|out April. 1|c Couputist
o datcs t|c Crucihxiou to lriday, April, ycars atcr t|c Lxodus, i.c. iu ,
|ic| |c uiscalls 1i|crius, |csus |ciug , uost Vcstcru aud iy.autiuc ritcrs ap-
pcar to couut t|c cupcror's sccoud rcgual ycar rou |auuary, atcr acccssiou, |ut otcu
or| it| t|c roug datc or t|c lattcr. 1|c uaiu Vcstcru traditiou, |ocvcr, sct t|c
Crucihxiou ou Marc| iu t|c cousulatc o t|c to Gcuiui lucius lu|cllius Gcui-
uus aud Gaius luhus Gcuiuus), , t|c day as t|c vcrual cquiuox |y louau
rcc|ouiug as cll as t|c Auuuuciatiou, |ut iu it as at |cst t|c lriday atcr iassovcr,
aud t|at ouly i spriug cat|cr |ad sct iu carly.
Auot|cr vic, particularly avourcd iu Gaul aud Alcxaudria, rcgardcd Marc| as t|c
lcsurrcctiou, t|c Crucihxiou |ciug t|c rd. Duriug iilatc's govcruors|ip Marc| as
a lriday iu aud , |ut iu |ot| ycars too soou or iassovcr, Alcxaudriaus uostly
avourcd , |cu iilatc as out o occ. lactautius ..) givcs a datc o Marc|
1i|crius, iu t|c cousulatc o t|c to Gcuiui, uot rcali.iug t|at iu it as a Vcducs-
day. littlc |cttcr is t|c datc proposcd |y \ictorius o Aquitaiuc, Marc| , |ic|
|c ta|cs to |c at t|c |cgiuuiug o aud iisau iu t|c ycar o t|c to Gcu-
iui, li|c scvcral ot|cr ritcrs |c hucsscs t|c Gospcls |y rcc|ouiug t|c luuc rou suusct
aud t|c louau datc aud cria rou uiduig|t, |ut agaiu li|c ot|cr ritcrs cvcu icdc)
|c iuagiucs t|at t|c uoou o|cycd |is ta|lcs iu C|rist's tiuc as iu |is ou. 1|c C|r..~
.... .s.|.|:, apparcutly couplctcd iu , auidst uauiold couusious givcs iativity ou
Dcccu|cr , iaptisu ou |auuary , aud Crucihxiou ou Marc| .
As it| t|c iativity, aud t|c carly Lastcr ta|lcs, c|rouological aud arit|uctical cou-
usious a|ouud. 1|c iutcrpolatcd passagc rou iippolytus' couucutary ou Dauicl
coutiuucs 'aud |c sucrcd iu t|c t|irty-t|ird ycar ou lriday Marc| iu t|c cig|tccut|
ycar o 1i|crius Cacsar iu t|c cousulatc o luus aud lu|cllio aud Gaius Cacsar or
t|c ourt| tiuc aud Saturuiuus.' |csus' agc assuuiug |irt| iu ) aud 1i|crius' rcgual
ycar i couutcd rou |is hrst ull louau ycar, ) iudicatc , t|c hrst to cousuls
arc t|osc o iu lig|t disguisc, t|c ot|cr to t|osc o , |ut ouly iu as Marc|
a lriday. luus aud lu|cllio turu up clsc|crc, souctiucs scparatcd rou t|c 'to
Gcuiui', rcgual ycars o 1i|crius arc uuu|crcd at |ap|a.ard. 1|c C|ristiau |istoriau
Orosius datcs au cvcut o to |is t| ycar aud ouc o to |is t|, |ut |is
Crucihxiou ycar o 1i|crius uay dcuotc , or |c alludcs, al|cit vagucly, to a rcport
|y t|c pagau Grcc| aut|or i|lcgou o 1rallcs, citcd uorc cxactly |y Lusc|ius, t|at iu

t|c ycar Ol. . = , a solar cclipsc too| placc at uoou ou t|c sauc day as au
cart|qua|c at iicaca. Souc C|ristiaus cquatcd t|csc cvcuts it| t|c cclipsc aud t|c
cart|qua|c said to |avc accoupauicd t|c Crucihxiou, |ut siucc t|crc as a total cclipsc
o t|c suu ou iovcu|cr , iu t|c hrst ycar o t|at Olyupiad, c uay supposc t|at
cit|cr iu i|lcgou's tcxt or iu t|at o |is sourcc A' 'st') |ad |ccu corruptcd to D'
't|'). latcr, t|c |clic t|at |csus as |oru iu aud dicd at t|c agc o rcuccd
t|c crcdit o , |ic| |as survivcd t|c adoptiou o a C|ristiau cra iucoupati|lc
it| suc| rcasouiug, t|oug| t|c louau iassiou cra it| ycars lcss t|au t|osc at-
tcstcd |y icdc s|ould iuply t|c ycar . 1|c Auglo-Saxou C|rouiclc datcs t|c
Crucihxiou to , |ut also to .
z - 1|osc |o acccpt St Matt|c's pro|lcu-
atic story o t|c Massacrc o t|c luuoccuts scc Dcc.) souctiucs associatc t|c star
t|at lcd t|c Magi it| t|c plauctary coujuuctiou o Scptcu|cr , t|oug| t|c ap-
pcaraucc o iallcy's couct o |as also |ccu iuvo|cd, |ut cvcu |istoriaus |o trcat
t|c Massacrc as a lcgcud |cucat| t|cir uoticc acccpt |irt| uudcr icrod as a traditiou
oldcr t|au t|c rittcu Gospcls. Oldcr too is t|c hrst statcucut lou. ) t|at |csus
as dcsccudcd rou iiug David, i a |irt| iu t|at liuc at ict|lc|cu arouscd ucssiauic
spcculatious t|at attractcd t|c |ostilc attcutiou o icrod, it is crcdi|lc t|at |oscp|
s|ould lcavc or t|c sacty o louau Lgypt, aud ou icrod's dcat| scttlc at ia.arct|
iu Galilcc |ccausc |c clt sacr uudcr its tctrarc|, icrod Autipas, t|au uudcr Arc|claus,
|o |ad succccdcd iu |udaca propcr.
St lu|c raiscs grcatcr diculty. Siucc iativity iu is iupossi|lc uulcss |csus as
uudcr at |aptisu aud uo uorc t|au at crucihxiou, attcupts |avc |ccu uadc to
coujurc up au carlicr govcruors|ip or Quiriuius, t|cy |avc uot |ccu succcssul, aud
iu auy casc ould |avc dctac|cd t|c iativity rou t|c louau ccusus. Most critics
t|crcorc discard lu|c, souc |avc rc|a|ilitatcd |o|u, |o sccus to iuply t|at |csus as
|oru .. .
z - iot| Syuoptic aud |o|auuiuc Cruci-
hxiou datcs |avc |ad t|cir partisaus. 1|c doctriuc t|at siucc all t|iugs crc pcrcct at
Crcatiou t|c uoou uust |avc |ccu crcatcd ull, ou t|c t| luuc, cucouragcd acccptaucc
o iisau or t|c Crucihxiou, so t|at t|c t| s|ould |c at oucc t|c day ou |ic|
Adau cll aud C|rist rosc. Ou t|c ot|cr |aud, Crucihxiou ou t|c t| ua|cs |csus
|iuscl t|c iasc|al sacrihcc, t|c lau| o God, t|at datc passcd uot ouly iuto t|c
apocryp|al Gospcl o ictcr |ut iuto |ostilc |cis| accouuts o 'Ycs|u t|c ia.arcuc' iu
t|c tractatc Sau|cdriu o t|c ia|ylouiau 1aluud aud t|c couutcr-gospcl |uou as t|c
1.|:.: 1:s|. Siucc t|c lattcr assigus Ycs|u's cxccutiou to t|c rcigu o Alcxaudcr |auuacus'
ido Quccu 'iclcu' corrcctly S|alou-1siyou Alcxaudra, - ), aud ot|cr
1aluudic tractatcs rcprcscut |iu as a orucr disciplc o Yc|os|ua |cu icrac|ya| st
c. ), t|csc tcxts ua|c uo coutri|utiou to |istorical act, ucvcrt|clcss t|cy attcst t|c
idc acccptaucc o t|c |o|auuiuc datc. Morcovcr, |cs |uc, cvcu i C|ristiaus did uot,
t|at cxccutiou ou iisau ould |avc |ccu a scrious aud pu|lic proauatiou o a |oly
day c. Lxod. , lcv. ).
-
Scaligcr L: :o:..:...: ::o.ro, ) dcclarcd t|c datc to |c April , |ic| as
iisau providcd t|c ycar as cu|olisuic, t|c |csuit ictavius, auxious to dicr rou
|is iugucuot prcdcccssor, gavc Marc| L: ..:r... ::o.ro, ii. ), |ic| as iu
all li|cli|ood ouly t|c t|. Modcru ritcrs, |ocvcr, gcucrally adopt cit|cr April
or April , |ot| o |ic| |ad |ccu s|ou to |c aluost ccrtaiuly iisau cvcu |corc
S|accr's or| ou luuar visi|ility, dcspitc |is advauccd t|cology aud |is grcatcr |ostil-
ity to 't|c |cs', |o|u is uo ta|cu uorc scriously |y |ot| |istoriaus aud t|cologiaus
t|au as as|ioua|lc iu t|c carly tcutict| ccutury. O t|csc to datcs, t|c orucr |as
otcu |ccu c|aupioucd |y irotcstaut sc|olars, t|c lattcr is gcucrally avourcd |y
louau Cat|olics.
Agaiust April it |as |ccu o|jcctcd t|at a datc atcr t|c cxccutiou o 1i|crius'
licutcuaut Scjauus Oct. ) |as t|c advautagc o cxplaiuiug t|c uorually dcspotic
iilatc's uuc|aractcristic surrcudcr to |cis| prcssurc, uot ucrcly iu cruciyiug |csus |ut
iu rclcasiug t|c rc|cl aud uurdcrcr iara||as. Ou t|c ouc |aud 1i|crius, |aviug cou-
trivcd |is ovcr-pocrul uiuistcr's douall, rcvcrscd t|c lattcr's auti-|cis| policics,
|ic| counictcd it| |is pcrsoual syupat|ics, ou t|c ot|cr iilatc, appoiutcd duriug
Scjauus' asccudaucy, livcd iu car o ualicious dcuuuciatiou, as au accouplicc iu |is
trcasoua|lc dcsigus, to a rulcr ouly too prouc to |clicvc it. 1|is is t|c t|rcat uudcrlyiug
t|c ords ascri|cd to t|c |cs at |o|u , 'l t|ou lct t|is uau go, t|ou art uot
Cacsar's ricud.'
Scvcral ritcrs |avc rclatcd t|c partial luuar cclipsc o April to t|c 'dar|ucss ovcr
t|c |olc laud rou t|c sixt| to t|c uiut| |our' rcportcd at Mar| , lu|c ,
aud to t|c |lood uoou o Acts , |ocvcr, S|accr huds t|at it as uuli|cly to |avc
|ccu o|scrvcd iu |crusalcu. lu|c adds a rccrcucc to a solar cclipsc iu souc uauu-
scripts a dar|cuiug o t|c suu, |ic| uig|t rclatc to au cart|qua|c, c. Matt. ),
siucc as au cducatcd uau |c uust |avc |uou t|at solar cclipscs |appcu ouly at uc
uoou, c arc cvidcutly to iucr a uiraclc portcuts arc to |c cxpcctcd iu uarrativcs o
tcrri|lc cvcuts), yct ouc t|at ailcd to couviucc cit|cr |cs or louaus o diviuc dis-
plcasurc at t|cir procccdiugs. iocvcr, , rcc|oucd rou 1is|ri) |as |ccu s|ou
to |c a sa||atical ycar scc j:.s| C.|:..r), duriug |ic| t|c laud lay allo, suc| ycars
crc uot uorually cu|olisuic, |ic| ould cxcludc April , |ut t|c prcccdiug ycar
otcu as, |ic| ould cxcludc April .
lcccutly Marc| |as |ccu proposcd, uot lcast |ccausc it ould allo icrod
Autipas' dccat, latcr iu t|at ycar, |y t|c at|cr o t|c ic |c |ad discardcd iu avour
o icrodias, to ollo soou atcr |is cxccutiou o |o|u t|c iaptist, |ic| too| placc
duriug |csus' lictiuc aud or |ic| t|c rout o icrod's aruy as viccd as puuis|-
ucut. 1|is is |istorically attractivc, |ut S|accr's calculatious iudicatc t|at it as ouly
iisau.
Souc sc|olars still prccr to ollo t|c Syuoptics iu ua|iug t|c last Suppcr a
iassovcr ucal, catcu |y louau rcc|ouiug ou a 1|ursday |ut |y |cis| ou lriday,
iisau uot yct au iupossi|lc datc as iu t|c uodcru |cis| calcudar), |ocvcr, siucc t|c
ouly plausi|lc datcs arc April , |ic| is too carly or 1i|crius, aud April ,
|ic| rcquircs au iupro|a|lc iutcrcalatiou, it sccus ucccssary to discard t|c traditioual

iucrcucc t|at t|c cutirc proccss rou last Suppcr to Crucihxiou as couplctcd it|iu
a siuglc day, t|us also avoidiug t|c outragc o cxccutiou ou t|c hrst day o Lulcavcucd
ircad. l t|c lriday o t|c Crucihxiou cll atcr iisau, alloiug uorc tiuc or t|c
lcgal proccsscs, ot|cr datcs aud cvcu ot|cr ycars couc iuto cousidcratiou, as is also t|c
casc i |o|u's 'prcparatiou o t|c passovcr' ) is rciutcrprctcd as ucauiug uot lri-
day, iisau |ut t|c lriday it|iu t|c scvcu days o Lulcavcucd ircad.
Souc couucutators |avc attcuptcd to dcuy t|at t|c Gospcls disagrcc, |ut t|cu-
sclvcs disagrcc ou t|c uauucr o rccouciliug t|cu. lt |as cvcu |ccu supposcd t|at |csus
aud |is disciplcs ollocd a scctariau calcudar aud |cpt iassovcr a c days a|cad o
ot|cr ol|, |ut |y arc uo couucuts |y ot|cr |cs rccordcd iu tcxts t|at justiy |csus'
tcac|iug aud practicc agaiust |is cucuics' o|jcctious, aud |y as t|is calcudar a|au-
doucd it|out tracc |y a C|urc| iucrcasiugly divorccd rou uaiustrcau |cry. 1|c
suggcstiou sccus all t|c lcss tcua|lc iu t|c lig|t o t|c iuportaucc t|at |o|u ascri|cs to
t|c |cis| |oly days iu |csus' lic.
z
-
z -- - lu t|c uou| Diouysius Lxiguus drc up,
at t|c |c|cst o papal uuctiouarics dissatishcd it| t|c Lastcr ta|lcs o \ictorius scc
1|: L.:: .; L.s::r aud C.o:s), a uc ta|lc |ascd ou Alcxaudriau priuciplcs to cou-
tiuuc ouc t|at |ad ouly six uorc ycars to go. iocvcr, |crcas t|c Alcxaudriaus |ad
dcsiguatcd t|c ycars accordiug to t|c cra o Dioclctiau, Diouysius dccliucd to pcrpctu-
atc t|c pcrsccutor's ucuory, datiug iustcad 'rou t|c lucaruatiou o our lord |csus
C|rist, iu ordcr t|at t|c |cgiuuiug o our |opc s|ould |c |cttcr |uou to us aud t|c
causc o our rccovcry, t|at is t|c iassiou o our lcdccucr, s|ould s|iuc ort| uorc
clcarly'. 1|is last p|rasc is a studicd iusult to \ictorius, |osc ou ta|lcs crc datcd
rou t|c iassiou.
1|c cxistiug Alcxaudriau ta|lc |ciug duc to cxpirc iu Dioclctiau ,, |cucc
currcut at Lastcr ), Diouysius |cgau it| , t|us iustitutiug t|c cra t|at c usc
today. iocvcr, uo|crc iu |is cxpositiou o |is ta|lc docs Diouysius rclatc |is cpoc|
to auy ot|cr datiug systcu, |ct|cr cousulatc, Olyupiad, ycar o t|c orld, or rcgual
ycar o Augustus, uuc| lcss docs |c cxplaiu or justiy t|c uudcrlyiug datc, or cvcu claiu
it or |is ou discovcry, |ut trcats it as au uupro|lcuatic act, corrcspoudiug to currcut
|uolcdgc or |clic. Yct t|c gcucral opiuiou iu t|c Vcst as, aud loug rcuaiucd cvcu
auoug aut|ors |o uscd |is cra, t|at C|rist |ad |ccu |oru iu Lus. =
A|ra|au = Augustus = scc |clo), i Diouysius, |osc calcudrical rulcs or
.ro:.:. ua|c Scptcu|cr, uot |auuary, t|c |cgiuuiug o t|c ycar, trcatcd iucaruatiou
as syuouyuous it| |irt| as |is carly ollocrs, iucludiug icdc, do) rat|cr t|au cou-
ccptiou as iu t|c latcr Mar. stylcs), aud li|c t|c Couputist o ) couutcd iu
clapscd, uot currcut ycars, t|cu t|c hrst ycar atcr t|c iucaruatiou rau rou Scptcu-
-
|cr to August , so t|at at Lastcrtidc |ic| alouc couccrucd |iu) it uatc|cd
t|c |auuary-Dcccu|cr ycar C.:s.r: :: .||. ..ss. t|at su|scqucut Vcstcru couputists
too| as t|c hrst ycar o |is cra. 1|c altcruativc, aud uot iupro|a|lc, cxplauatiou is crror
duc to au iuaccuratc list o cousuls, or couuscd suuuatious o cupcrors' rcgual ycars,
suc| as coustautly courout us iu c|rouograp|crs.
lu |is covcriug lcttcr Diouysius cquatcs ycar rou t|c lucaruatiou it| t|c cou-
sulatc o iro|us |uuior, |ic| ccrtaiuly |cgau ou |auuary , aud t|c t|ird iudic-
tiou, |ic| propcrly |cgau ou Scptcu|cr , |ut to-t|irds o |ic| cll iu . 1|c
sout|cru lris| couputists aud t|cir grcat pupil icdc supposcd |iu to |avc sct t|c
lucaruatiou iu a t| iudictiou, it| coucurrcut i.c. Mar. a 1|ursday), cpact i.c.
t|c uoou days old ou Mar.), |ciug ycar o t|c dcccuuovcual cyclc, all our c|ar-
actcristics |clougcd iu |is ta|lc to , |ic| |ad t|c sauc positiou iu t|c iasc|al cyclc
as . icdc, iu L: ::o.ro r.:...:, c|. , carcully avoids sayiug t|at Diouysius as
rig|t, aud |cu latcr iu t|c c|aptcr |c dcduccs rou t|c iassiou cra uscd at louc t|at
C|rist, |aviug livcd a littlc ovcr ycars, as crucihcd iu , t|c arit|uctic iuplics
iativity iu . iocvcr, |is couccru is uot to datc C|rist's |irt|, |ut |ot| |crc aud
iu c|. ) to uudcruiuc it| gcutlc irouy |is prcdcccssors' attcupts at datiug t|c Cruci-
hxiou.
z - --' Diouysius' lucaruatiou cra as iutcudcd purcly
or |is ta|lcs, |c |ad uo dcsigu o rcplaciug iudictious or cousulatcs. Alt|oug| |is rulcs
or Lastcr calculatiou .ro:.:. .s.|.|..) iucludc or|cd cxauplcs it| t|c currcut lu-
caruatiou datc o , |c docs uot usc it iu |is covcriug lcttcr, |ic| |c datcs |y cou-
sul, iudictiou, aud placc iu t|c dcccuuovcual aud luuar cyclc. At t|c cud o t|c sixt|
ccutury \ictor, |is|op o 1ouucuua iu iort| Arica, coutiuucd t|c c|rouiclc o iros-
pcr o Aquitaiuc, datiug hrst |y cousuls aud t|cu |y rcgual ycars. 1oards t|c cud t|csc
go roug t|c hual cutrics, iucludiug t|c dcat| o |ustiuiau aud succcssiou o |ustiu ll,
arc assigucd to |ustiuiau, iudictiou . lu act |ustiuiau |ad dicd ou iovcu|cr ,
|ut |ad |c survivcd to |is t| rcgual ycar it ould |avc |ccu , aud t|is as a t|
iudictiou. \ictor t|cu rcc|ous t|c ycars rou Adau to t|c iativity as , rou t|c
iativity, '|ic| too| placc iu t|c rd ycar o pocr o Augustus Octaviauus Cacsar',
to t|c hrst ycar o |ustiu as , aud t|c total as , it ould appcar t|at \ictor |as
ta|cu t|c currcut ycar rou |is Lastcr ta|lc aud sct t|c iativity-o |ic| |c spca|s
cxplicitly, aud uot o lucaruatiou-ou Dcccu|cr Augustus = , just |corc t|c
|cgiuuiug o t|c hrst C|ristiau ycar, rat|cr t|au iu , |cu it as ucarly ovcr. Lu-
ortuuatcly, |c |as cou|iucd it it| Lusc|ius' iativity datc o = , so docs
|is ou coutiuuator, |o|u, a||ot o iiclaruu iu Spaiu, |o datcs |is or| to ycar
rou t|c iativity aud rou Adau, agaiu it| lupcrial aud Spauis| rcigus to
ycars |c|iud.
icit|cr \ictor uor |o|u |ad uscd Diouysius' cra iu |is ruuuiug datcs, aud to couut
ycars passcd rou t|c iativity, or Adau, uo uorc cutails a orual cra t|au to couut
t|osc passcd siucc t|c ioruau Couqucst or t|c Dcclaratiou o ludcpcudcucc. Spau-
is| datiugs to '1 - )' arc still o t|is class. iocvcr, uou|s |o uscd t|c |lau| spaccs
-
to t|c rig|t o cutrics iu t|cir Lastcr ta|lcs to rccord cvcuts o t|c ycar uig|t |cgiu to
associatc t|c cra datc it| c|rouiclc as cll as couputus, aud |cucc to t|iu| o t|c ycar
as t|c so-uauyct| siucc t|c iassiou, or o t|c Vorld, i t|cy uscd \ictorius' ta|lcs, siucc
t|c lucaruatiou or t|c iativity i t|cy uscd Diouysius. Souc cra datcs |avc |ccu ouud,
souctiucs cucodcd, iu Ccltic sourccs, t|oug| t|c uorual lris| uauucr o idcutiyiug
t|c ycar as |y cria aud luuc o |auuary, t|c luuc |ciug ta|cu rou t|c latcrcus, \ic-
torius, or Diouysius accordiug to local usagc. lu Luglaud t|crc arc scvcut|-ccutury c|ar-
tcrs datcd |y t|c lucaruatiou, |ut t|c turuiug-poiut cauc it| icdc. V|crcas iu t|c
c|rouiclcs attac|cd to L: ::o.r.|s ) aud L: ::o.ro r.:...: ), |c datcd |is
auuals |y |is ou orld cra, iu |ic| C|rist cauc to cart| iu t|c ycar , clcarly
idcutihcd as t|c traditioual aud is crucihcd iu = ), iu |is H.s:.r.. :..|:s.~
.s:... :.:.s J.|.ro o , datcs arc givcu rou t|c lucaruatiou, t|crcatcr t|is |ccauc
t|c uoru iu Luglaud, aud sprcad to Vcstcru Luropc, |crc it supplcucutcd or sup-
plautcd rcgual ycars, iassiou cras, aud cvcutually t|c iispauic cra rcc|oucd rou |auu-
ary .
Alt|oug| icdc t|c couputist cquatcs Diouysius' lucaruatiou ycar it| , icdc t|c
c|rouiclcr |ad sct t|c lucaruatiou iu , t|corics ua|iug icdc t|c |istoriau couut |is
ycars rou Scptcu|cr or Dcccu|cr arc uo lougcr avourcd, |ut rcc|ouiug
rou C|ristuas as su|scqucutly adoptcd iu prc-Couqucst Luglaud aud iu uauy
Coutiucutal c|auccrics. Suc| ycars arc propcrly callcd . ..:..:.:: L.o..., |ut arc otcu
callcd ycars o t|c lucaruatiou, or cvcu t|c iassiou, |ocvcr, a strictcr dchuitiou o iu-
caruatiou as cquivalcut to couccptiou gavc risc to to coupctiug lucaruatiou stylcs, t|c
..|.|s .s..s rcc|oucd rou Marc| , aud t|c uorc idcsprcad uct|od, |uou
as t|c s:.|s I|.r:.:..s aud uorual iu Luglaud rou t|c t|irtccut| ccutury, rcc|oucd
rou Marc| . lucaruatiou iu t|at ycar is also iuplicd |y t|c o.s J:.::s aud t|c
o.s C.||..s scc L.:... 1:.r).
Dcspitc hudiug Diouysius' cra uscul, icdc rat|cr acccptcd t|au justihcd it, t|crc
as, aud is, uo cvidcucc cit|cr sacrcd or proauc iu its support. lcgiuo o iru, cou-
piliug |is c|rouiclc iu t|c uiut| ccutury, ouud t|at it ould uot ht |is ot|cr iuorua-
tiou, |ut suggcstcd t|at uiscopicd hgurcs uig|t |c to |lauc, |c too |ad |aupcrcd
|iuscl |y cquatiug Diouysius' hrst ycar it| Augustus. ludccd, t|is traditioual datc
dicd so |ard t|at Cardiual iarouius' louau Martyrology still datcd t|c iativity iu
Lusc|iau as|iou to ycar o t|c orld, o A|ra|au, o louc, aud o
Augustus.
lu t|c couputist A||o o llcury o|scrvcd t|at Diouysius' c|rouology aordcd
uo ycar iu |csus' lictiuc iu |ic| iisau, t|c Syuoptic datc o t|c Crucihxiou, as
Marc|, t|c traditioual Vcstcru datc, siucc, as icdc |ad o|scrvcd, t|cy cauc to-
gct|cr |cu t|c t|irtccut| ycar o t|c dcccuuovcual cyclc |ad hvc coucurrcuts, t|c
truc ycar uust |avc |ccu , |ic| |c rcuuu|crcd . 1|c sauc ycar, |ut rcuuu|crcd
, as t|c |asis, souc dccadcs latcr, o t|c datcs iu t|c c|rouiclc o Mariauus Scotus,
t|c lris| uou| o lulda. lu t|c ouc oru or t|c ot|cr t|is c|rouology s:..o :..~
:|...o :r.:.::o-a 'gospcl trut|' t|at ua|cs uouscusc o t|c Gospcls, aud cxoucratcs
ioutius iilatc uorc ccaciously t|au auy |audas|iug-|ccauc quitc as|ioua|lc or
-
a tiuc, t|oug| ot|cr ritcrs proposcd t|c Alcxaudriau datc iustcad. 1|c aut|or o
t|c lcclaudic H.r.|r scc Dcc.) cousistcutly givcs datcs 'rou C|rist's iativity'
;r |...:|r. C|r.s:.) scvcu ycars locr t|au t|c Diouysiau, as i |c crc usiug au
Alcxaudriau cra adjustcd to |cgiu ou Dcccu|cr , souc o |is copyists corrcct
to t|c uorual datiug. Morc rcccut o|jcctious |avc |ccu uot couputistic |ut |istor-
ical, |ascd ou t|c datc o icrod's dcat| scc c.g. 1|: M.:r. C.|:..r. b.s..:ss;| r.~
.s.|s).
lu uodcru tiucs, t|c uuivcrsal acccptaucc o |auuary as t|c hrst day o t|c ycar,
aud t|c suprcuacy iu popular culturc o C|ristuas ovcr lady Day, |avc causcd t|c
C|ristiau cra to |c uudcrstood as cclc|ratiug t|c iativity aud datiug it to Dcccu-
|cr . lt is o coursc casicr to couut rou a cc| atcr t|c cvcut couucuoratcd t|au
rou aluost a ycar |corc it, yct a ric|cr a|ric o ucauiug could |avc |ccu ovcu rou
lucaruatiou ou Marc| , a lriday aud |.. XIJ-t|c sauc cria, t|c sauc luuc,
aud iu Vcstcru traditiou t|c sauc datc as t|c Crucihxiou-aud iativity ou Suuday,
t|c lord's day, cria as cll as datc |ciug rcstcd rou t|c pagau suu-god |y t|c Suu o
lig|tcousucss. 1|is ould |c uo uorc o|scurautist t|au citiug 'ou cart| pcacc, good
ill toard ucu', |ic| is a alsc rcadiug o lu|c uot prcscrvcd iu uodcru traus-
latious, or rcgardiug t|c 'uillcuuiuu' o as t|c t| auuivcrsary o C|rist's
iativity.
z ' -' Givcu t|c iuportaucc o t|c lucaruatiou iu C|ristiau
t|oug|t, it uay uo sccu straugc t|at oucc a datc |ad |ccu ouud or it, datiug '|corc
C|rist' as uot iu idcsprcad usc |corc t|c latc cig|tccut| ccutury, t|oug| sporadic
iustauccs arc |uou uuc| carlicr, iu particular t|c I|.r:s ::o.ro o au auouyuous
lrauciscau ritiug .., |ocvcr, ot|cr cras, cvcu t|at o t|c iijra, |avc uot |ccu
uadc rctrospcctivc. |ust as |cu louau ritcrs say t|at t|is or t|at |appcucd so uauy
ycars |corc or iudccd atcr) t|c ouudatiou o louc, t|is is rat|cr a statcucut o rcla-
tivc c|rouology t|au a orual datc, so it is |cu lsidorc o Scvillc datcs t|c supposcd
arrival o a Got|ic coutiugcut iu ioupcy's caup iu t|c t| ycar |corc t|c iispauic
cra as csta|lis|cd ..:: .:r.o ....:.o), or icdc statcs iuaccuratcly) t|at |ulius Cacsar
as cousul 'iu t|c t| ycar |corc t|c lord's iucaruatiou'. iy coutrast, a datc is uo
cousidcrcd ou t|c sauc ootiug as au datc, aud uot cvcu |istoriaus o louc usc auy-
t|iug clsc.
Datcs arc uorually rcc|oucd accordiug to t|c |uliau calcudar, siucc t|c ycar prc-
ccdiug as uot |ut , our ycars |corc , t|c lcap ycars arc o t|c oru
. + , i.c. , , , ctc. 1|crc arc to cxccptious
i) iu rccrcuccs to louau |istory, datcs arc to |c uudcrstood as straig|t traus-
latious rou t|c .o.. ..|:..r as actually uscd, uot as |uliau datcs |ic| cau rarcly |c
csta|lis|cd),
ii) occasioually ouc huds a 'Grcgoriau' systcu uscd, iu |ic| ycars o t|c oru
: + arc lcap ouly i : is a uultiplc o , |ut ycars uorually) rcuaiu |uliau till
, t|is s|ould ucvcr |c douc it|out cxplicit statcucut.
-
1|c a|scucc o a ycar uust |c |oruc iu uiud |cu ouc is hudiug auuivcrsarics
|ic| arc couutcd iu clapscd ycars) aud couvcrtiug cras |ic| outsidc ludia arc
couutcd iu currcut ycars).
z - lu astrououical usagc t|c cra is uot spccihcd. Ycars
arc dcsiguatcd |y o.||s.o: alouc, or or clarity's sa|c prcccdcd |y a plus sigu, is
ycar , aud all ot|cr ycars arc ucgativc, t|c a|solutc valuc o t|cir o.||s.o: |ciug ouc
locr t|au iu rcc|ouiug is -, is -, aud so ou. lcap ycars arc t|us t|osc
divisi|lc |y |ct|cr ucgativc or positivc, iucludiug . 1|c ycar prcccdcs t|c uout|
|ic| uay |c givcu iu louau uuucrals) aud t|c uout| t|c day t|us |uliau Day
|cgius at uoou ou - l scc C|r...|.,. Lr.s. j|... :r..) aud t|c luuar cclipsc dur-
iug Ciccro's cousulatc iu cll ou - \ .
z - . lu uodcru tiucs Diouysius' cra |as |ccouc t|c
staudard orld rcc|ouiug, cvcu iu couutrics t|at |avc calcudars o t|cir ou aud do uot
procss C|ristiauity, iu C|iua it as ocially adoptcd |y t|c Couuuuists, iu placc o
t|c lcpu|licau cra still uscd ou 1aiau. lu couscqucucc, t|osc |o is| to usc it it|-
out ac|uolcdgiug its |asis souctiucs call it t|c 'Couuou Lra', rcplaciug |y
aud |y , 'our cra' is avourcd iu ot|cr lauguagcs, aud as staudard iu t|c Sovict
|loc. Souc C|ristiaus |avc ollocd suit, cit|cr rou t|cir uodcru car o giviug
ocucc t|oug| souc ot|cr couuuuitics prccr couviuccd C|ristiaus to sccular |u-
uauists) or |ccausc t|c cra, cousidcrcd as C|ristiau, is |istorically iuaccuratc, |ut i it
is uot au cra o t|c lucaruatiou it is au cra o uot|iug at all, or t|crc is uo |uou cvcut
iu cit|cr or dcscrviug uuivcrsal couucuoratiou, t|oug| t|c Gcorgiau |iug
Adcr|'i, |o rcigucd rou to , is said |y t|c uativc c|rouiclc to |avc rulcd cll.
A truly sccular c|rouology ould adopt souc ot|cr cra, suc| as t|c iustitutiou o t|c
|uliau calcudar iu , suc| |uliau ycars crc iudccd uscd |y carly uodcru c|rouo-
logists.
z V|crcas ouc uay corrcctly spca| o t|c 'ht| ccutury
', t|c corrcspoudiug 'ht| ccutury ' is logically uujustihcd, siucc stauds or ....
L.o..., 'iu t|c ycar o Our) lord'. icvcrt|clcss, it is csta|lis|cd usagc, uot lcast |c-
causc |ot| aud arc couuouly prououuccd as lcttcr-uaucs '|corc C|rist' is
souctiucs said iu ull, |ut .... L.o... is c|icny uscd as a jocular cxprcssiou or ad-
vauciug agc, aud 'iu t|c ycar o Our lord' is largcly couhucd to lcgal usagc. 1|c a||rc-
viatiou , or .... C|r.s:., ouud iu oldcr ritcrs |o did uot cxpcct it to |c rcad as ..::
C|r.s:o, is uoadays lcgitiuatc ouly it| rccrcucc to c|rouologics iu |ic| t|c
iativity is datcd to a dicrcut ycar.
-

lu t|is scctiou c arc couccrucd ouly it| datiug |y day, uout|, aud ycar o t|c C|ris-
tiau cra, or datiug accordiug to t|c casts o t|c C|urc|, scc l h:s::r. C|r.| 1:.r aud
Appcudix D, or datiug |y t|c iutroits at Suuday Mass, scc Appcudix C, or datiug |y
rcgual ycars scc C|r...|., aud Appcudiccs A aud i.
z

1|c uodcru uct|od o statiug t|c datc couutiug t|c days o cac| uout| cousccutivcly
rou t|c hrst is ouud iu t|c Lgyptiau, |cis|, aud C|iucsc calcudars. lt as also uscd
iu t|c Maccdouiau calcudar, aud t|crcorc iu t|c icllcuistic |iugdous, |ut uost o t|c
aucicut Grcc| citics couutcd t|c last tcu days o t|c uout| |ac|ards scc Cr::|
C.|:..r). louc rcjcctcd it uutil cll atcr t|c all o t|c Vcstcru cupirc scc .o..
C.|:..r), |ocvcr, as t|c Last louau or iy.autiuc cupirc |ccauc uorc Grcc| aud lcss
latiu iu its ocial culturc, it a|audoucd t|c louau systcu o iuclusivc |ac|ard
rcc|ouiug rou ialcuds, ioucs, aud ldcs iu avour o t|c orard couut.
lu t|c Vcstcru Middlc Agcs, t|c louau uct|od coupctcd or ccuturics it| t|c
orard couut iu latiu tcxts, cvcu iu vcruacular tcxts louau datcs crc otcu uscd,
uostly cxprcsscd iu latiu. Auot|cr practicc, |uou as t|c ...s::. 3.....:.s.s or 'cus-
tou o iologua' siucc it as uaiuly uscd |y uotarics traiucd t|crc, as to rcc|ou t|c
hrst days or iu -day uout|s t|c hrst ) orards, ..:r..:: o:.s:, aud t|c rcuaiudcr
|ac|ards s:..:: or :::.:: o:.s:), t|is couut attcstcd iu Luglaud rou ) is also
rcgular iu statcucuts o 'Lgyptiau days' scc l L.,s). A siuilar systcu is cuploycd iu
classical Ara|ic, t|oug| uot t|c uodcru lauguagc, ou t|c ot|cr |aud t|c Gaulis| cal-
cudar, |ic| also dividcd t|c uout| iuto |alvcs, couutcd days orards iu t|c auiug
as cll as iu t|c axiug |al scc :|:r C.|:..rs. C:|:..), as do H.. luuar calcudars.
lor datiug |y sylla|lc o t|c ..s.....s, scc Appcudix D.
1|c uost orual uauucr o statiug t|c datc iu Luglis| is 't|c ourt| day o May',
lcss orual arc 't|c ourt| o May' or 'May t|c ourt|', iu t|c LSA 'May ourt|' or 'May
our', iu ritiug ouc uay hud ' May' cspccially iu uodcru iritis| usagc, |ut uot uu-
|uou iu t|c LSA), 't| May', 'May ' LS aud oldcr iritis|), 'May t|'. Otcu t|c
uout| too is cxprcsscd |y its uuu|cr iu t|c scqucucc rou |auuary ) to Dcccu|cr
), iu Coutiucutal couutrics it is uorually givcu iu rouau uuucrals '..'), |ut
Luglis|-spca|crs prccr ara|ic. Luortuuatcly, |crcas iritis| usagc iu t|is casc is to
put t|c day |corc t|c uout|, iu t|c LSA t|c uout| prcccdcs t|c day |cucc '. ' or
',' is May iu t|c Li aud April iu t|c LSA, aud '. ' vicc vcrsa. 1|c ouly sac rulc
is to avoid t|is oru iu auy tcxt li|cly to |c rcad iu |ot| couutrics. A proposcd iutcr-
uatioual systcu iu |ic| t|c ycar coucs hrst, ollocd |y uout| aud day alays it|
to digits apiccc --), is littlc uscd iu practicc, cxccpt auoug astrououcrs as
\ .
Souc iuritaus, rcusiug to givc pagau uaucs or uout|s, siuply uuu|crcd t|cu
rou hrst to t|, |corc iu Luglaud aud Aucrica t|c hrst uout| as Marc|. Suc|
uuu|criug, as also o cc|days, as loug uaiutaiucd |y t|c Socicty o lricuds, |o iu
rccogui.cd t|c Act rcoruiug t|c calcudar |y trauscrriug t|c uauc o hrst uout|
rou Marc| to |auuary, |ocvcr, it |ad prcviously |ccu uorc gcucral. lucrcasc Mat|cr
-, lcctor o iarvard Collcgc -), a |ittcr cucuy o t|c Qua|crs,
|cgius |is diary or '
u

d
Aud is it so iudccd. Doc l livc to ritc auy t|iug
iu y
c
ycar .' 1|c - diary is aluost |ut uot quitc cousistcut iu usiug t|is stylc,
t|c uuu|crcd uout| prcccdiug t|c uuu|crcd day, t|c cxtracts rou |is ot|cr jourual,
cvcu t|osc rclatiug to t|c sauc pcriod, souctiucs uauc t|c uout|s iu t|c couvcutioual
as|iou, aud |cu t|cy uuu|cr t|cu souctiucs put t|c day hrst. 1|is uay |c t|c ault
o Dr |crcuy icl|uap, |o trauscri|cd t|cu iu t|c latc cig|tccut| ccutury, |ut t|c day
is rcgularly put hrst |y Mat|cr's oldcr coutcuporary |o|u lis|c, c.g. '
d
o
st
1|is
day |ciug lords day', i.c. Suuday Marc| , lis|c alays c|augcd t|c ycar ou
Marc|).
z

V|crcas t|c tcru 'ic Ycar' aud its cquivalcuts iu ot|cr lauguagcs, |cu uscd it|
rccrcucc to t|c Vcstcru calcudar, s|ould iu dcault o ot|cr cvidcucc |c uudcrstood o
|auuary, t|c datc ou |ic| t|c uuu|cr o t|c ycar c|augcd varicd rou ouc couutry
to auot|cr
j...r, 'Circuucisiou stylc' or 'Modcru stylc') louau cousular ycar rou ,
rctaiucd iu t|c iispauic cra aud or lris| datiug |y |alcud aud luuc, disapprovcd |ut
ucvcr supprcsscd |y t|c C|urc|, aud prcsupposcd iu Vcstcru couputus, iucrcasiugly
rcqucut rou t|irtccut| ccutury uudcr iunucucc o louau la aud su|scqucutly
|uuauisu, adoptcd iu uuc| o Luropc duriug sixtccut| ccutury, iu lraucc rou ,
iu Scotlaud rou , iu lussia rou , iu Luglaud aud t|c Aucricau colouics rou
, |ut otcu ouud |corc t|cu iu priutcrs' colop|ous au cxauplc iu ) aud pri-
vatc usagc, rcgular iu aluauacs.
M.r.| prc|istoric louc accordiug to traditiou aud uout| uaucs), t|c lrau|s till
t|c cig|t| ccutury, \cuicc t|c o.s J:.::s, uscd or ocial aud souctiucs-uot al-
ays-or privatc purposcs), 1ur|is| o.|.,: ycar, lussiau Ycar o t|c Vorld rcc|oucd
rou ) uutil ourtccut| ccutury aud souctiucs latcr.

M.r.|, rcc|oucd rou ..|.|s .s..s) carlicst cxauplc rou uiut|-ccutury
iurguudy, 'Suuday, |uuc , iudictiou ', i.c. , ta|cu to lou|ardy |cu iug|
o Arlcs |ccauc |iug iu , t|crcatcr rarc cxccpt at iisa, |crc it as uscd up to aud
iucludiug , also ouud iu ourtccut|-ccutury lucca, |ut t|c uoru as iativity up
to , Circuucisiou rou , souc iy.autiuc ritcrs rou ).
M.r.|, rcc|oucd rou ..|.|s I|.r:.:..s, also callcd t|c 'custou o t|c Lug-
lis| C|urc|') llorcucc up to aud iucludiug , papal |ulls, Luglaud aud t|c Aucri-
cau colouics up to aud iucludiug . 1|c ..|.|s I|.r:.:..s uay |avc origiuatcd at
llcury, aud |ccu |roug|t t|cucc to Luglaud |y St Osald aloug it| dcdicatiou o
c|urc|cs to t|c i\M to |ou |c rcdcdicatcd St ictcr's cat|cdral c|urc| at Vorccs-
tcr). Adoptcd |y lrcuc| c|auccry rou carlicr usagc varicd), rcac|cs 1ricr aud
Cologuc, souctiucs uudcr ltaliau iunucucc iu iupcrial c|auccry rou i|ilip o Sa|ia
to lrcdcric| ll. Apparcutly uscd iu sout|-cast lyou , Arlcs ). Adoptcd iu papal
c|auccry rou Lr|au ll till t|c t|irtccut|-ccutury rcactiou iu avour o iativity.
iot| llorcutiuc aud iisau stylcs prcsupposc t|at ycars 'rou t|c lucaruatiou' s|ould
|c rcc|oucd rou t|c Auuuuciatiou, uot t|c iativity, t|cy crc a|olis|cd |y a dccrcc
o t|c Graud Du|c lrauccsco Stcauo, |o as also t|c ioly louau Lupcror
lraucis l.
L.s::r o.s C.||..s) lraucc at lcast rou dou to , |ic| cdict o loussillou
August) curtailcd at Dcccu|cr. iot iu all parts.
Js: August iu ycar prcccdiug |uliau lcap ycar) Coptic aud Lt|iopic
c|urc|cs, |ut accordiug to |uliau rcc|ouiug.
`:::o|:r iy.autiuu rou pro|a|ly) , lussia rou ) iucrcasiugly rou
ourtccut| ccutury, rctaiucd dou to aud uuocially cvcu t|crcatcr.
`:::o|:r scvcral calcudars o t|c Grcc| Last, Coustautiuoplc till .
`:::o|:r icdc, |ut ouly |cu |c couvcrts au iudictiou to a ycar carly tcut|-
ccutury cutrics iu Auglo-Saxou C|rouiclc.
`:::o|:r Adau Muriuut|'s c|rouiclc -), |ut t|c coutiuuatiou couuts rou
Dcccu|cr.
`:::o|:r Luglis| Lxc|cqucr iipc lolls.
.:.|:r Autioc|, Sclcucid cra iu louau aud Musliu tiucs.
L:.:o|:r prc-Couqucst Luglaud, rctaiucd iu icucdictiuc |ouscs till t|c ourtccut|
ccutury, ioly louau Lupirc, l|cria atcr a|audouucut o iispauic cra, louau curia.
lu priuciplc, a ritcr datiug |y calcudar ycar, rcgual ycar, aud iudictiou uig|t |avc
t|rcc dicrcut days rou |ic| to rcc|ou t|cu. lu practicc, |ocvcr, t|cy tcudcd to |c
assiuilatcd, cvcu as Olyupiad ycars aud louau cousular ycars |ad |ccu assiuilatcd |y
Diodorus Siculus iu t|c hrst ccutury . Ou t|c rout all o Sauta Cccilia iu 1rastc-
vcrc at louc is au iuscriptiou rccordiug t|c |urial o 1|codorus, a Grcc| rou iy.au-
tiuu, 'ou t|c htccut| day o t|c uout| o August iu t|c scvcut| iudictiou' aud o |is
sou 1|codoracus, 'ou t|c ldcs o Octo|cr uudcr t|c cupcrors our uost pious lords,
t|c Augusti icraclius iu |is uiut| ycar, t|c cig|t| atcr t|c cousulatc o t|c sauc our
lord, aud icraclius t|c ic Coustautiuc |is sou iu |is scvcut| ycar, iu t|c scvcut| iu-
dictiou' all t|csc uuu|crs arc spclt out). Ouc supposcs t|at t|c sou as |uricd t|rcc

uout|s atcr t|c at|cr, uot uiuc uout|s |corc, aud t|crcorc t|at t|c iudictiou as
couutcd rou |auuary uot Scptcu|cr. 1|c scvcut| iudictiou, ou t|at |asis, ill |c
, |ic| is couhrucd |y t|c rcgual ycar o icraclius Coustautiuus iovus, uadc co-
cupcror ou |auuary . lt ollos t|at t|c rcgual ycar o icraclius scuior, |o |ad
acccdcd ou Octo|cr , |as also |ccu assiuilatcd to t|c louau calcudar ycar as uscd
or |is postcousulatc t|c cig|t| ycar atcr ), c s|ould t|crcorc |c c|ary o sup-
posiug 'scvcut| iudictiou' iu t|c latcr datc to |c au crror iuduccd |y t|c prcccdiug rcg-
ual ycar.
Siuilar couplicatious courout rcadcrs o |istorics aud c|rouiclcs rou |ot| t|c
Vcstcru aud t|c iy.autiuc Middlc Agcs, |ic| uay cou|iuc dicrcut datiug systcus
suc| as rcgual ycars, iudictious, aud Olyupiads), or dra ou sourccs t|at rcc|ou t|c
ycar ou a dicrcut |asis rou t|at uscd |y t|cir coupilcrs, |o uay or uay uot corrcct
t|c datcs t|cy hud t|crc. 1|c ycar aud t|c iudictiou ouud ou t|c sauc liuc iu t|c
Lastcr ta|lc uay |c cquatcd cvcu |y icdc), c do uot alays |uo |ic| is corrcct.
1|csc dicultics arc additioual to t|osc causcd |y t|c casy uiscopyiug o uuucrals,
aud t|c slippagc duc to t|c p|ysical structurc iu |ic| ycars crc ta|ulatcd aud cvcuts
rittcu agaiust t|cu t|at is |y, iu t|c Auglo-Saxou C|rouiclc, 'iu t|is ycar' is cx-
prcsscd as |: r, '|crc, iu t|is spacc'). iot ouly uig|t a su|scqucut scri|c iuscrt au cvcut
iu t|c roug spacc, |ut t|c rccord uig|t ovcrno t|c spacc availa|lc, t|c daugcr as cs-
pccially grcat |cu t|c auual as cutcrcd iu Lastcr ta|lcs, |ut Lusc|ius' orld c|roui-
clc cx|i|its t|c sauc p|cuoucuou. 1|c Grcc| origiual is largcly lost, |ut it survivcs iu
St |crouc's latiu adaptatiou aud iu au Arucuiau trauslatiou, |ic| otcu dicrs iu its
datcs, St |crouc's accouut o t|c Crucihxiou spaus t|c t| aud t| ycars o 1i|crius,
t|c Arucuiau vcrsiou puts it iu t|c lattcr, quotatious iu latcr Grcc| aut|ors vary. 1|c
t| ycar, Ol. ., |cttcr suits t|c quotatiou rou i|lcgou o 1rallcs scc C|r.s:...
C|r...|.,. N.:..:, .. Cr..;:...).
z
-
Siucc t|c hrst ycar o t|c C|ristiau cra is , t|c hrst ccutury uust |c - aud
t|c hrst uillcuuiuu -, siuilarly t|c sccoud ccutury is - aud t|c scc-
oud uillcuuiuu -. 1|at is to say, ccutury aud uillcuuiuu |cgiu rcspcctivcly
iu t|c aud ycar, cud iu t|c aud ycar, aud arc |uou |y t|c uultiplc o
or t|cy ill attaiu iu t|c lattcr. icucc t|c st ccutury, aud t|c t|ird uillcuuiuu,
ill |cgiu iu , al|cit cclc|ratious ill |c |cld iu uuc| o t|c orld iu , t|osc
|o |uo |cttcr ill joiu iu or socia|ility's sa|c, t|cu |old t|cir ou cclc|ratious iu
. 1|osc |o sidc it| t|c iguoraut arc |riugiug orard t|c day |cu a tcutict|-
ccutury vic o t|c orld ill |c uot pcrccptivc aud progrcssivc |ut |igotcd aud rc-
actiouary.
Suc| divisious arc |y t|cir uaturc ar|itrary, i c callcd t|c tcutict| ccutury t|c
'uiuctccu |uudrcds', c s|ould uaturally couut rou |auuary to Dcccu|cr

. Scdcs spca| o ~:.|::, 't|c uuu|cr ', ltaliaus o .| N.:.:.:., also rittcu
`.) lor couvcrtiug |uliau datcs to Grcgoriau, or vicc vcrsa, ccuturics |cgiu iu t|c ccu-
tcuuial ycar t|at cudiug iu ), |ut ouly rou t|c |uliau lcap day ouards, siuilarly, it
is rou t|c ccutcuuial ycar t|at t|cy arc rcc|oucd iu calculatiug t|c Grcgoriau Lastcr.
1|c ioo| o lcvclatiou prcdicts a t|ousaud-ycar rcigu o C|rist, ollocd |y t|c
loosiug o t|c Dcvil aud t|c hual |attlc o t|c orld, siucc 'ouc day is it| t|c lord
as a t|ousaud ycars, aud a t|ousaud ycars as ouc day' ict. ), t|c six days o Crc-
atiou aud t|c olloiug Sa||at| crc ta|cu to siguiy t|at t|c orld ould last
ycars |corc t|c rcigu o C|rist |cgau, |ic| siucc |ulius Aricauus |ad sct t|c Crcatiou
ycars |corc t|c |irt| o C|rist did uot givc it vcry loug to last. lu Quiutus
|ulius iilariauus, |o ollocd t|c Couputist o iu datiug t|c iassiou to
aud too| t|at ycar to |c , |ut adjustcd t|c datc to t|c uorual louau aud
Aricau Marc|, dcclarcd t|at o t|c ycars lct to t|c orld |ad cxpircd ou
Marc|, t|crc crc t|crcorc ouly auot|cr rcuaiuiug, uulcss t|c tcu |iugs o t|c
Apocalypsc s|ould appcar sooucr aud ua|c aay it| t|c daug|tcr o ia|ylou.
Ot|cr Vcstcrucrs ollocd Lusc|ius aud |is trauslator |crouc iu datiug t|c iativ-
ity to or t|crca|outs, scc p. ), as latc as a Mcroviugiau couputist dc-
clarcd 'Agaiu, rou t|c |cgiuuiug o t|c orld to t|c prcscut ycar all told t|crc arc
ycars, t|crc yct rcuaiu o t|is sixt| t|ousaud ycars.' Ou t|is ootiug, C|arlcuaguc
as croucd cupcror |y t|c popc iu , |ut ucit|cr party c|osc to say so.
C|iliasu, as |clic iu a uillcuuiuu is callcd, |ad loug siucc ccascd to |c rcspccta|lc,
ucvcrt|clcss it could uot |c supprcsscd particularly auoug t|c discoutcutcd) |y cou-
dcuuatiou cvcu rou au Augustiuc, |o |ad iutcrprctcd t|c tcxts syu|olically, or a
icdc, |o |ad uadc t|c orld ouly ycars old at t|c iativity aud dcuicd t|at t|crc
as a prcscri|cd tcru or t|c sixt| or currcut agc, |ic| |ad |cguu it| it. 1|c prc-
vious hvc |ad cudcd rcspcctivcly it| t|c llood, t|c 1ocr o ia|cl, t|c rcigu o iiug
Saul, t|c ia|ylouiau captivity, aud t|c louau couqucst o |udaca.)
ior as it discrcditcd cvcu |y t|c ailurc o a prop|ccy i ouc cud o t|c orld |ad
uot couc, t|at provcd ouly t|at t|c couut uust |cgiu rou a dicrcut cpoc|. V|cu t|c
ycar as past, aud rcc|ouiug rou t|c lucaruatiou |ad displaccd t|at rou Crc-
atiou, t|c cud o t|c hrst uillcuuiuu causcd a tur|ulcucc iu Vcstcru C|ristcudou t|at,
|aviug |ccu cxaggcratcd |y rouautic |istoriaus, as or loug |clittlcd or cvcu dcuicd
|y t|cir ratioualist succcssors, |o assuucd t|at t|c litc crc too iutclligcut to |clicvc
suc| taddlc aud t|c uasscs crc too iguoraut to |uo t|c datc. 1|is iuvolvcd iguor-
iug or cxplaiuiug aay t|c uuucrous trcatiscs aud scruous ou Autic|rist, t|c grcat
pcacc rallics, t|c Lastcr ta|lcs cudiug or |cgiuuiug iu , A||o o llcury's rcvisiou o
t|c C|ristiau cra iu , |ic| it callcd , t|c c|artcrs datcd so uauy ycars |corc
, aud uuc| clsc scc laudcs). V|cu t|c atal ycar as passcd rclic as uauicstcd,
t|c iurguudiau c|rouiclcr lodulus Gla|cr tclls us, ovcr all t|c orld, cspccially ltaly
aud Gaul, iu t|c |uildiug o c|urc|cs 'lor it as as i t|c orld, s|a|iug itscl rcc, |ad
sloug|cd o its old s|iu aud crc cvcry|crc douuiug a |itc cloa| o c|urc|cs.' lrcs|
discovcrics o rclics crc uadc, t|crc also |cgau t|at avc o pilgriuagcs to |crusalcu
t|at cvcutually lcd to t|c Crusadcs, rciuorccd arouud t|c uillcuuiuu o t|c iassiou iu
-
. 1|is, accordiug to Gla|cr, as a ycar o a|uudaucc prcccdcd |y auiuc aud dis-
astcr.
lu t|c Grcc|-spca|iug orld, |cu |ad passcd it|out iucidcut, Auastasius
o Siuai t| c.) iutcrprctcd t|c uystcrious |cadiug o is. , 'or t|c cig|t|' pro|a|ly
a uusical dircctiou), as rccrriug to t|c lic to couc atcr t|c scvcut| uillcuuiuu o t|c
orld s|ould |avc |ccu couplctcd. Souc ycars |corc t|c atcul day, Coustautiu-
oplc cll to t|c 1ur|s, |crct o t|c Vcstcru |clp or |osc sa|c, as uost iu t|c Last |c-
licvcd, t|c cupcror aud t|c patriarc| |ad |ctraycd Ort|odoxy |y siguiug t|c Luiou o
llorcucc it| t|c iopc, iu lussia apprc|cusiou could |c dctcctcd as t|c ycar
aproac|cd. Mauy lussiau Lastcr ta|lcs cud at , |ic| as t|c last ycar o t|c solar
cyclc |ut ycar o t|c luuar cyclc aud ycar o t|c t|) iasc|al cyclc. iocvcr, a
uouastic cxpositiou o t|c Lastcr couputus trauslatcs Auastasius' cxcgcsis, |ut o|scrvcs
t|at t|c Lastcr cyclc cut ou or cvcr .s|...: . .. s.r.), ou Scptcu|cr =
|uuau lic coutiuucd as |corc.
lu our ou day t|c approac|iug cud o t|c tcutict| ccutury |as cucouragcd cars,
hrst o uuclcar iutcr, t|cu o glo|al aruiug, |ut ou |auuary , a ycar |corc t|c
t|ird uillcuuiuu |cgius, c s|all lcaru |ct|cr civili.atiou is a|out to collapsc t|roug|
t|c ailurc o couputcrs to rccogui.c t|c c|augc iu t|ousaud aud |uudrcd.
z
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1|c tcru 'Old Stylc' a||rcviatcd OS ), appcudcd to a datc, is corrcctly uscd to iudi-
catc t|at it is givcu accordiug to t|c |uliau calcudar, |ic| coutiuucs t|at o t|c louau
Lupirc it| uo c|augc cxccpt iu t|c uuu|criug o t|c ycar, aud iu |ic| cvcry ycar
divisi|lc |y is a lcap ycar it|out cxccptiou. 'ic Stylc' iS) iudicatcs t|at t|c datc
is givcu accordiug to t|c Grcgoriau calcudar, iu |ic| Octo|cr corrcspouds to
Octo|cr OS aud ccutcuuial ycars t|crcatcr arc uot lcap ycars uulcss divisi|lc |y .
1|c distiuctiou uccds to |c uadc |ccausc t|c rcoru as uot uuivcrsally acccptcd, iu
Grcat iritaiu aud |cr Aucricau colouics datcs rcuaiucd Old Stylc dou to Scptcu-
|cr .
1|c dicrcucc |ctccu t|c to calcudars, origiually tcu days, iucrcascs rou ccutury
to ccutury, |cucvcr t|c ccutcuuial ycar iu t|c Grcgoriau ycar is couuou, it is t|crc-
orc souctiucs |uou as t|c sccular dicrcucc rou latiu s.:.|o, 'ccutury'), or clsc
t|c Grcgoriau corrcctiou. lu auy uou-ccutcuuial ycar i.c. auy ycar uot cudiug iu ),
t|c dicrcucc is ouud |y ouittiug t|c last to hgurcs o t|c ycar, dividiug t|c rcst |y
, iguoriug t|c rcuaiudcr, su|tractiug t|c auscr, aud t|cu ta|iug aay auot|cr , t|is
uay |c rittcu ` - `, - , |crc ` = 1,. 1|us
`:.|.r .:r:..:
- - - =
s - - =
s - - =

s - - =
s - - =
s - - =
1|c sccular dicrcucc uust |c addcd to au Old Stylc datc to o|taiu t|c corrcspoudiug
ic Stylc datc, or su|tractcd rou t|c ic Stylc datc to o|taiu t|c Old. 1|us iu t|c
scvcutccut| ccutury, |cu t|c calcudars crc tcu days apart, April OS t|c dcat|
o S|a|cspcarc) as May iS, April iS t|c dcat| o Ccrvautcs) as
April OS.
V|cu t|c ccutcuuial ycar is a lcap ycar cvcu iu t|c Grcgoriau calcudar, t|c sccular
dicrcucc rcuaius coustaut, |ut |cu t|c ccutcuuial ycar is couuou, t|c dicrcucc iu-
crcascs |y at t|c poiut |crc t|c Grcgoriau calcudar supprcsscs lc|ruary
||... `) Cr:.r... N` )

|auuary |auuary |auuary |auuary |auuary |auuary
lc|ruary lc|ruary lc|ruary lc|ruary lc|ruary lc|ruary
lc|ruary lc|ruary lc|ruary lc|ruary lc|ruary lc|ruary
lc|ruary lc|ruary lc|ruary lc|ruary lc|ruary lc|ruary
lc|ruary lc|ruary lc|ruary lc|ruary Marc| Marc|
lc|ruary lc|ruary lc|ruary Marc| Marc| Marc|
lc|ruary lc|ruary Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc|
lc|ruary Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc|
lc|ruary Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc|
lc|ruary Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc|
Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc|
Siuilarly, rou lc|ruary, Marc| to , lc|ruary t|c sccular dicr-
cucc ill |c - - = .
V|cu datcs iu |ot| stylcs arc givcu, t|cy arc otcu rcprcscutcd iu ractioual oru
t|us c uay say t|at Gcorgc Vas|iugtou as |oru ou , or

,) lc|ruary ,
it is uorual to ua|c t|c |uliau datc t|c uuucrator |corc or a|ovc t|c liuc) aud t|c
Grcgoriau t|c dcuouiuator atcr or |clo t|c liuc), |ut iu t|c scvcutccut| ccutury
souc louau Cat|olic c|auccrics adoptcd t|c oppositc proccdurc.
z
- - -
1|c tcru 'ic Stylc' s|ould |c distiuguis|cd rou Modcru Stylc, iu |ic| t|c ycar
|ct|cr Old or ic Stylc) c|augcs its uuu|cr ou |auuary Scotlaud, |ic| did uot
adopt t|c ic Stylc till , |ad uscd Modcru Stylc siucc , couvcrscly llorcucc
aud iisa, |ic| |ad adoptcd t|c ic Stylc iu , coutiuucd to couut rou Marc|
rcspcctivcly olloiug aud prcccdiug t|c iativity) dou to . Luortuuatcly, siucc
- - -
iu Luglaud aud t|c Aucricau colouics t|c rcc|ouiug rou |auuary |cgau iu t|c sauc
ycar as t|c ic Stylc as adoptcd, t|c Modcru Stylc is souctiucs callcd ic, aud t|c
rcc|ouiug rou Marc| iu llorcutiuc as|iou) callcd Old Stylc, t|is lcads to couu-
siou cspccially |cu applicd to ot|cr couutrics, alt|oug| iu lrcuc| t|c tcru ..:. s:,|:
as alrcady iu usc |corc t|c Grcgoriau rcoru to dcuotc t|c couutiug o ycars rou
|auuary rat|cr t|au Lastcr.
1|c ractioual uotatiou is also uscd to couvcrt ycars to Modcru Stylc, as |cu Vas|-
iugtou's |irt| is datcd lc|ruary ,, or t|c capturc o iisa |y llorcucc Octo|cr
,, |crc agaiu t|c uodcru rcc|ouiug ollos.

-
iot| t|c dchuitiou o Lastcr aud t|c ucaus o calculatiug it |avc varicd ovcr t|c ccu-
turics, c givc |clo a |ric accouut o t|c orucr qucstiou, t|c uorc tcc|uical uattcrs
|ciug cousidcrcd uudcr C.o:s. Siucc t|c carly Middlc Agcs all c|urc|cs |avc agrccd
to dchuc Lastcr as t|c hrst Suuday atcr t|c ull uoou alliug ou or atcr t|c vcrual
cquiuox, iu turu t|c cquiuox is dchucd as Marc|, aud t|c ull uoou as t|c t| luuc
or day o t|c luuar uout| |.. XIJ), |ic| is dctcruiucd |y calculatiou aud uot o|-
scrvatiou. l t|c ull uoou is itscl a Suuday, it is |cpt as ialu Suuday aud Lastcr o|-
scrvcd ou t|c Suuday olloiug, t|c carlicst possi|lc datc or Lastcr is Marc|, t|c last
April. 1a|lcs or hudiug Lastcr arc givcu iu Appcudiccs i aud l aud uudcr C.o:s.
z

V|crcas iassovcr is uo |cld to |cgiu ou iisau, iu t|c ii|lc t|c uauc is applicd to
t|c t|, ou |ic| t|c iasc|al lau| is slaug|tcrcd, aud ou |ic| accordiug to St |o|u
|csus as cxccutcd scc C|r.s:... C|r...|.,. N.:..:, .. Cr..;:...). lu t|c sccoud ccu-
tury t|c C|ristiaus o Asia Miuor |cpt it ou iisau irrcspcctivc o cria, as Grcc|-
spca|crs, t|cy supposcd t|at .s.|. cauc rou .s.|:.., 'to sucr', aud t|crcorc dcuotcd
t|c iassiou. lor t|is 'Quartodcciuau' Lastcr t|cy claiucd t|c aut|ority o t|c apostlcs
i|ilip aud |o|u, |o|u's pupil t|c uartyr iolycarp, aud ot|cr grcat luuiuarics, cvcu t|osc
|o rcjcctcd it allocd t|at it as t|c oldcr practicc. 1|c paradox o a |cis|-C|ristiau
practicc a|audoucd |y t|c C|urc| iu |crusalcu |ut uaiutaiucd iu a proviucc |crc
rclatious |ctccu C|ristiaus aud |cs crc stri|iugly |ad |as cugcudcrcd t|c suggcs-
tiou t|at it as au iuuovatiou o St iolycarp's, suc| a vic prcsupposcs |ad ait| iu Asia
aud iguoraucc at louc. V|ct|cr Gcutilc C|ristiaus clsc|crc o|scrvcd Lastcr iu Apos-
tolic tiucs |csidcs cclc|ratiug C|rist's lcsurrcctiou cvcry Suuday rcuaius coutrovcrsial,
|y t|c rcigu o iopc \ictor l -) t|c cast as gcucral, |ut uost c|urc|cs too| it
to couucuoratc t|c lcsurrcctiou, aud |cucc |cpt it ou Suuday. irovo|cd |y t|c Quar-
todcciuau caupaigu t|at ouc ilastus lauuc|cd iu louc, \ictor attcuptcd to iuposc
t|c rulc o Suuday ou t|c Asiaus ou paiu o cxcouuuuicatiou as |crctics, |ut iucurrcd
a dcvastatiug rc|u|c rou lrcuacus o lyou, |o poiutcd out t|at St iolycarp aud iopc
Auicctus ..-..) |ad agrccd to dicr iu pcacc. ic is rcqucutly uudcrstood to ucau
t|at louc |ad uot |cpt t|c cast at all |corc iopc Sotcr ..-..).
Apart rou Quartodcciuaus, rou Moutauist scctariaus |o |cpt Lastcr ou April
or t|c olloiug Suuday, aud rou c|urc|cs iu Cappadocia aud Gaul |ic| cclc|ratcd
ou Marc| irrcspcctivc o cria, all C|ristiaus agrccd t|at Lastcr s|ould |c |cpt ou
t|c Suuday atcr t|c t| luuc o t|c lirst Mout|, aud uost t|at t|is applicd cvcu |cu
|.. XIJ as itscl a Suuday, uot ouly crc t|cy uuilliug to |ccp Lastcr ou t|c |c-
is| iassovcr, |ut siucc t|c liturgical Suuday |cgau ou Saturday cvcuiug, i t|cy |ro|c
t|cir ast |corc uoourisc t|cy ould |c castiug ou |.. XIII aud i t|cy did uot t|cy
ould |c astiug ou Lastcr Suuday. iocvcr, rou t|c t|ird ccutury ouards, uost
c|urc|cs crc uo lougcr coutcut to rcgulatc Lastcr |y t|c |cis| datc o iisau, |ut
prccrrcd to calculatc it or t|cusclvcs, |ut t|cy disagrccd ou |cu t|c lirst Mout| cll,
aud |o to hud |.. XIJ.
z
- - -
iy t|c cud o t|c t|ird ccutury t|c C|urc| iu Alcxaudria |ad adoptcd a -ycar
Mctouic cyclc, it| scvcu cu|olisuic uout|s. 1|c uudaucutal rulcs crc t|at t|c
t| luuc s|ould uot prcccdc t|c vcrual cquiuox, dchucd as i|aucuot| = Marc|,
aud uust uot |c |cpt as Lastcr cvcu |cu it as a Suuday, iu couscqucucc, t|c hrst
luuar uout| as t|at |cgiuuiug |ctccu i|aucuot| = Marc| aud i|aruout|i
= April, aud Lastcr cll |ctccu t|c t| aud st luucs, ou i|aucuot| = Marc|
at t|c carlicst aud i|aruout|i = April at t|c latcst all datcs iuclusivc). 1|is
Lastcr ould ultiuatcly triuup| t|roug|out C|ristcudou.
lu t|c Last uauy C|ristiaus crc coutcut to ta|c t|c datc o iisau rou t|c |cs
souc o|scrvcd Lastcr itscl ou t|at day i it as a Suuday) uutil, olloiug t|c Couu-
cil o iicaca iu , t|c cupcror Coustautiuc rotc a lcttcr cxaltiug uuioruity aud
coudcuuiug dcpcudcucc ou |cs, |ut prcscri|iug ucit|cr t|c |asis ou |ic| uuioruity
as to |c csta|lis|cd, uor t|c uct|od to |c uscd iu calculatiou. 1|c Lastcru c|urc|cs
iu tiuc adoptcd t|c priuciplc o t|c Mctouic cyclc, aud t|c Alcxaudriau liuits, to
slig|t divcrgcuccs iu t|c placiug o |.. XIJ crc a|olis|cd iu t|c s, t|oug| ouc as
rctaiucd |y c|urc|cs uot iu couuuuiou it| Coustautiuoplc. 1|csc crc iu auy casc
slig|t |csidc t|c dicrcuccs |ctccu Alcxaudria aud louc.
At louc a striugcut rulc laid dou t|at Lastcr s|ould ucvcr all latcr t|au April,
t|c iarilia or |irt|day o louc, lcst C|ristiaus s|ould ast |ilc pagaus castcd, t|is
pro|i|itiou, o|scrvcd cvcu |y ot|cr Vcstcrucrs |o ollocd louau calculatious, rc-
uaiucd uutil t|c uid-ht| ccutury. 1|c cast as dccrrcd uot ouly |cu t|c t| luuc
as a lriday |ut cvcu |cu it as a Saturday, t|c luuar liuits |ciug t|us XJI-XXII, iu
couscqucucc, Good lriday ucvcr prcccdcd |.. XIJ. lu priuciplc, t|c lirst Mout| as
t|at |cgiuuiug |ctccu Marc| aud April, t|crc as uo rulc prcvcutiug t|c t| luuc
rou prcccdiug t|c cquiuox, |ut |y t|c carly ourt| ccutury it as t|oug|t roug to
|ccp Lastcr itscl |corc t|c cquiuox, |ic| as ta|cu to |c Marc| as iu |ulius
Cacsar's day. 1|c iupracticality o t|is rulc causcd t|c liuit to |c uovcd |ac| iu
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uid-ccutury to t|c ud. louaus crc also couccrucd t|at t|cir Lastcr ta|lcs s|ould
rcpcat iu rcspcct uot ouly o t|c uoou |ut o t|c suu, aud t|crcorc o Lastcr datcs,
or t|is rcasou t|cy |ascd t|cu ou uultiplcs o ycars, at hrst ycars, |ut |y t|c
latc t|ird ccutury ycars. Ot|crs too uscd -ycar cyclcs, iudccd t|c carlicst, t|at o
Augustalis, sccus to |c Aricau. lt is dccidcdly uu-louau iu uot postpouiug Lastcr
|cu |.. XIJ alls ou a Suuday, it allos cclc|ratiou as carly as Marc|.
lu practicc t|c datcs o|scrvcd crc lcss otcu dicrcut t|au t|osc o |.. XIJ, cit|cr
|ccausc o t|c lccay crcatcd |y t|c olloiug-Suuday rulc, or |ccausc ouc c|urc| gavc
ay to auot|cr or t|c sa|c o uuioruity scc C.o:s), |ut |y t|c latcr ourt| ccu-
tury Alcxaudria as asscrtiug t|at iicaca |ad cutrustcd it it| hudiug Lastcr, a claiu
acccptcd |y St Au|rosc at Milau. Lvcu t|c iopcs cauc to acccpt it, |ut still rcsistcd
cclc|ratiug latcr t|au April. lu Alcxaudria |cpt April, |ut louc Marc|,
|ocvcr, |corc t|c ucxt latc Alcxaudriau Lastcr ou April iopc lco, scc|iug ad-
vicc rou iis|op iasc|asiuus o lily|acuu Marsala iu Sicily), as iuorucd uot ouly
t|at t|c latcst ta|lc, |cgiuuiug iu , gavc April, |ut t|at ou t|c prcvious occasiou
a out t|at alays hllcd uiraculously or t|c Lastcr Day |aptisus |ad o|scrvcd t|c
Alcxaudriau, uot t|c louau datc. 1|c iopc su|uittcd to scicucc or to supcrstitiou, or
as iasc|asiuus uotcd Good lriday still lay it|iu t|c louau liuit, ou t|c st, t|c
circus gaucs or t|c City's |irt|day crc cauccllcd. 1|is palliatiou as uuavailiug or
April, t|c datc t|at Alcxaudria as duc to |ccp iu |cu t|c louau ta|lcs prc-
scri|cd t|c t|. lco pcstcrcd t|c cupcror Marciau aud iis|op |uliau o Coustautiu-
oplc to iutcrvcuc, t|c political circuustauccs crc uot iu |is avour, or dcspitc |is
t|cological victory at t|c Couucil o C|alccdou |c |ad o|jcctcd to t|c cauou dcclar-
iug Coustautiuoplc sccoud iu status atcr louc. Marciau rccrrcd t|c qucstiou to
iis|op irotcrius o Alcxaudria, |o, acctiug to uisuudcrstaud t|c louaus as o|jcct-
iug to dccrucut rou |.. XIJ, iustructcd t|c iopc iu |is duty to iuoru all dou|tcrs
t|at April as rig|t. lco gavc ay or uuity's sa|c.
1|csc criscs provo|cd couputists to coustruct uc -ycar cyclcs, aud lco's
arc|dcacou latcr |is succcssor) iilarus to c|argc \ictorius o Aquitaiuc it| draiug
up a ta|lc to rcsolvc disagrccucuts aud csta|lis| uuioruity, |c rcspoudcd iu it|
a pcrpctual cyclc o Lastcrs, ruuuiug rou to aud rcpcatiug t|crcatcr. lt
is vitiatcd |y |is attcupt to uodcratc Alcxaudriau rigour it| rcsidual louau prcju-
diccs |cu |.. XIJ alls ou Saturday, |c gcucrally givcs |ot| |.. XJ aud |.. XXII,
lcaviug t|c iopc to c|oosc, |.. XIJ alls |ctccu Marc| aud April, Lastcr |c-
tccu Marc| aud April, |ut still uot t|c t|. Morcovcr, iu ycars out o |is
iasc|al tcru is a day carlicr t|au t|c Alcxaudriau. iis iucoupctcucc as apparcut as
carly as , or |ic| |c gavc a latiu datc o April ou |.. XJ, aud a Grcc| o
s.. April ou |.. XXII, violatiug |ot| partics' luuar liuits aud coudcuuiug t|c
'Grcc|s' to |ccp Lastcr ou a Saturday.
1|c c|urc| iu Arica |ad uot |ccu cousistcut iu its Lastcr rcc|ouiug alt|oug| St
Augustiuc at iippo |ad ollocd Alcxaudria or pcr|aps rat|cr Milau), -ycar ta|lcs
|ad coutiuucd to |c couposcd at Cart|agc as latc as , ouc Quiutus |ulius iilariauus,
apparcutly au Aricau, |ad cvcu rittcu a trcatisc datcd Marc| up|oldiug t|c
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cig|t-ycar cyclc scc pp. P) it| arguucuts largcly ta|cu rou t|c Couputist o
scc Mar.). iut \ictorius' |luudcr couccutratcd uiuds all ot|cr ta|lcs crc cast
asidc aud t|c Alcxaudriau adoptcd, |ic| uadc Lastcr April ou |.. XXI.
Ot|crs crc uot so particular, s|a|icr uat|cuaticiaus prccrrcd \ictorius' ta|lcs,
|ic| |ad t|c tiu advautagcs ovcr t|c Alcxaudriau o |ciug pcrpctual, aud o usiug
t|c auiliar louau ic Ycar o |auuary. iocvcr, iu t|c carly s iopc |o|u l dc-
uaudcd a uc study, pcr|aps |ccausc t|c iupcudiug Lastcr ou April , alt|oug|
s|arcd it| Alcxaudria, as dcsiguatcd |.. XXII. 1|c cxpcrt callcd iu as t|c Scyt|iau
uou| Diouysius Lxiguus '1iuy', a prctcusiou to |uuility rat|cr t|au a statcucut o
staturc), |o prcparcd a ta|lc or t|c ycars - |ascd ou Alcxaudriau priuciplcs
aud datcd |y t|c lucaruatiou scc C|r.s:... C|r...|.,. C|r.s:... Lr.). iis ouly cou-
ccssiou to Vcstcru couvcutiou as to trauslatc t|c Lgyptiau datcs iuto t|c louau cal-
cudar |c uot ouly iguorcd t|c 'latiu' rulcs, |ut too| uo accouut o |auuary or cit|cr
cpact or cria. 1|at grcatly siuplihcd |is tas|, |ic| cauuot it |as |ccu cstiuatcd) |avc
ta|cu |iu uorc t|au ouc |our's or|, it did uot cucouragc acccptaucc o |is ta|lcs, uor
did |c cxplaiu |o |is rcsults crc arrivcd at.
1|crc is uo proo t|at louc |ad couuittcd |crscl to Diouysius' ta|lcs |ic| iu
crc coutiuucd or -) uutil iu St Vilrid Oct.) lcarut it t|crc, it as
ccrtaiuly uot iuposcd ou c|urc|cs t|at ollocd \ictorius, |osc ta|lcs crc uadc
|iudiug iu |is uativc Gaul iu , just iu tiuc or au cvcu uorc cgrcgious crror, a 'Grcc|'
datc or ycar ) ou |.. XXIII |is 'latiu' datc agrccd it| Diouysius), ucvcr-
t|clcss, t|cy rcuaiucd iu orcc till t|c tiuc o C|arlcuaguc. lu , |cu t|c Alcxau-
driau Lastcr cll ou April, Grcgory o 1ours |cpt t|c t|, t|c Spauiards, cvidcutly
olloiug souc uodihcatiou o Augustalis or cvcu iippolytus, |cpt Marc|, |ut
Grcgory rccords it| glcc t|at ccrtaiu uiraculous spriugs iu Spaiu, |ic| alays nocd
at Lastcr, rau ou |.s datc. As usual, uorc t|au ouc party |as its uiraclcs, |ut t|csc
spriugs crc all t|c dcarcr to Grcgory or |aviug cououudcd t|c Ariau |iug
1|cudcgisil -), |o |ad tricd to hud out |o t|c 'louaus', i.c. Cat|olics, or|cd
t|c tric|. lu t|c Alcxaudriau datc as Marc|, |.. XJ, |ut Grcgory |cpt t|c
'latiu' day o April, t|c Spauis| spriugs did li|cisc. lu ltaly t|crc is cvidcucc or usc
o \ictorius' ta|lcs aud cvcu a oru o t|c -ycar cyclc, disagrccucut is attcstcd iu
Spaiu cvcu atcr t|c adoptiou o Diouysius' ta|lc, or so littlc crc t|csc uattcrs uu-
dcrstood t|at lsidorc o Scvillc could supposc t|at it as cyclical, t|oug| Diouysius
|iuscl |ad arucd t|at it as uot.
z
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Alt|oug| \ictorius' ta|lcs crc |uou iu lrclaud |y t|c sixt| ccutury, aud t|c Alcxau-
driau rcc|ouiug as |uou t|crc iu t|c scvcut|, |ot| t|c iritis| aud lris| c|urc|cs cal-
culatcd Lastcr ou quitc ot|cr priuciplcs, uot ully uudcrstood till t|c rcdiscovcrcd cyclc
as pu|lis|cd iu . 1|c uudaucutal dicrcucc as t|at Lastcr as |cpt |ctccu
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|.. XIJ aud |.. XX, siucc t|c luuc as ta|cu as |cgiuuiug |al au |our atcr uidday
t|crc as uo qucstiou o castiug ou |.. XIII, |ut cclc|ratiou ou XXI aud XXII,
uoous t|at did uot risc till atcr uiduig|t, as auat|cua, siucc dar|ucss prcvailcd ovcr
lig|t. lt as ouud rou au -ycar cyclc, t|c so-callcd latcrcus, iu |ic| |.. XIJ
uig|t all |ctccu Marc| aud April, Lastcr itscl |ctccu Marc| aud April
or dctails, scc App. |).
1|c lusular Lastcr otcu dicrcd rou t|at rcquircd cit|cr |y t|c Alcxaudriau
rcc|ouiug or |y \ictorius', |cu uudcr Grcgory t|c Grcat papal uissiouarics |roug|t
louau uct|ods to Luglaud, aud St Coluu|au too| lusular uct|ods to t|c Coutiucut,
|ittcr coutrovcrsics |ro|c out. A|out Coluu|au, iu a lcttcr cqually rcuar|a|lc
or |aroquc latiuity aud studicd iusolcucc, iuorucd t|c iopc t|at \ictorius' ta|lcs,
uscd |y t|c lrau|s aud at lcast tolcratcd |y louc, crc |cld iu disdaiu |y 'our tcac|-
crs aud t|c aucicut lris| sc|olars aud t|c uost s|illcd couputists', aud dcuouuccd
t|c ic|cducss o |ccpiug |.. XXI or XXII, iu \ictorius' 'latiu' datc as April
ou |.. XXII, iu |c gavc April ou |.. XXI. A c ycars latcr Augustiuc o
Cautcr|ury tricd aud ailcd to |ro|cat t|c iritis| |is|ops iuto adoptiug louau
uct|ods.
A|out iopc iouorius l urgcd t|c lris| to couoru to t|c uuivcrsal usagc o
C|ristcudou, a coucrcucc o sout|cru couuuuitics suuuoucd |y ouc Cuuuiau,
pro|a|ly Cuiuiuc lota Cuuuiauus lougus) o Cloucrt ircudau, scut a dclcgatiou
to louc iu , |ic| ouud cvcryouc clsc iu t|c |ostcl cclc|ratiug ou Marc|, our
cc|s a|cad o t|c lusular datc. 1|c sout|crucrs t|crcupou adoptcd \ictorius' ta|lcs,
|ut t|c uort|crucrs iu iaugor, loua, aud liudisaruc |cld ast to t|cir traditiou aud rc-
|u|cd t|c sout|crucrs or a|audouiug it. 1|is rc|u|c as auscrcd |y Cuuuiau, iu
t|c popc-clcct rotc to t|c uort|crucrs coudcuuiug |.. XIJ, agaiu to uo avail.
1|c counict sprcad to iort|uu|ria, |crc iiug Osiu -), o|cdicut to t|c
lris| |is|ops o liudisaruc, souctiucs cclc|ratcd Lastcr ou t|c day t|at Quccu
Launcd, |aviug livcd iu icut, |cpt as ialu Suuday. lu t|c lusular Lastcr as
April, |.. XIJ, |ut |ot| \ictorius aud Diouysius gavc t|c st, ou May olloiug
t|crc as a solar cclipsc, total or t|c iort|uu|riau uouastcrics, ollocd |y aurorac
at a tiuc o advauciug plaguc. As McCart|y |as s|ou, it as t|csc oucus o diviuc
displcasurc ovcr t|c disputcs |ctccu louau aud Ccltic usagc, o |ic| t|c iasc|al
qucstiou as ouly ouc, t|at causcd Osiu to |old a syuod at V|it|y to scttlc t|cu.
irocccdiugs crc douiuatcd |y St Vilrid, |o |roug|t a|out t|c triuup| o louc,
iucludiug t|c Diouysiau Lastcr |c |ad lcarut t|crc tcu ycars carlicr, its status, aud t|c
couscqucutial disouiug o \ictorius, crc couhrucd |y iopc \italiauus iu a lcttcr to
Osiu o . lt as iuposcd ou all Luglaud |y 1|codorc o 1arsus Scpt.) atcr |is
arrival as arc||is|op o Cautcr|ury iu .
Adouuu scc Scpt.) pcrsuadcd uauy o t|c uort|cru lris| to a|audou t|c
latcrcus .., t|oug| uot |is ou uou|s at loua or its dcpcudcut uouastcrics, |c
uay |avc |ccu |clpcd |y t|c ascriptiou to St iatric|, alrcady attcstcd |y Cuuuiau, o
a trcatisc |ascd ou Alcxaudriau priuciplcs, t|oug| \ictorius as gcucrally prccrrcd to
Diouysius iu lrclaud or uauy gcucratious. Souc iritous iu Strat|clydc aud Coruall
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adoptcd Diouysius' Lastcr a|out t|is tiuc, t|c iicts .., loua iu , |ut t|c Vcls|
crc uorc o|duratc. iis|op Llodd o iaugor lar iuposcd t|c louau usagc ou
Gyucdd iu , aud pcrsuadcd ot|crs to adopt it iu , |ut t|c |is|ops o llauda
aud Mcucvia, |ic| claiucd to |c oldcr t|au iaugor, rcuscd to su|uit |ic| iiug
Oa o Mcrcia uadc a prctcxt or iuvadiug Sout| Valcs iu -), aud souc dic|ards
put t|cir casc to iatriarc| Mct|odius l o Coustautiuoplc -).
V|ilc |ot| partics appcalcd to priuciplc aud aut|ority, t|c su|jcct o t|c quarrcl
as t|c raugc o pcruissi|lc Lastcrs, |y suu aud |y uoou, t|c uodc o calculatiou
cauc sccoud, its astrououical accuracy uot cvcu t|ird. lu Diouysius' ta|lc put uc
uoou ou April, \ictorius' ou t|c rd, t|c latcrcus ou Marc|, t|c truc coujuuctiou
too| placc at . a.u. GM1 ou April. 1|is as t|c last ycar o au Alcxaudriau cyclc,
or as a latcr agc ould say, Goldcu iuu|cr , iu |ic| suc| discrcpaucics crc rc-
qucut, |ut t|oug| icdc auscrs a |ypot|ctical claiu to |avc sccu t|c uc uoou iu suc|
a ycar ou t|c cvcuiug o April, t|c touc suggcsts t|c uost rcccut iustaucc iu , aud
uo suc| couucut is rcportcd rou t|c dc|atc at V|it|y. iocvcr, t|c ucxt uc uoou,
at . p.u. GM1 ou May , as uadc ucuora|lc |y t|c cclipsc, |ut t|c Diouysiau
luuar agc is , it| uc uoou ou t|c rd. 1|c latcrcus as cvcu lcss accuratc, puttiug
t|c uc uoou ou April, ucvcrt|clcss, t|c cclipsc uust |avc |ccu rccordcd iu Vil-
rid's Lastcr ta|lc ou May, iu ordcr to s|o t|c pcrcctiou o t|c louau rcc|ouiug,
or icdc givcs t|at day |ut t|c rig|t tiuc 'a|out t|c tcut| |our o day').
z

1|c Syuod o V|it|y is dcscri|cd, aud t|c Lastcr qucstiou trcatcd at lcugt|, iu icdc's
H.s:.r.. :..|:s..s:... :.:.s J.|.ro, |ic| as |uou iu Coutiucutal Luropc it|iu a c
ycars o coupositiou aud gavc gcucral currcucy to rcc|ouiug . V|crcas iu uodcru
tiucs t|is is t|c or| or |ic| |c is c|icny |ouourcd, iu t|c Middlc Agcs t|c auc o
'icda couputista' rcstcd a|ovc all ou |is classic accouut o calcudar aud couputus,
L: ::o.ro r.:...: |ascd, as |c docs uot say, ou sout|cru lris| uatcrials acquircd |y
Vilrid) it| a -ycar Lastcr ta|lc coustructcd ou Diouysius' priuciplcs, |ic| sc-
curcd t|cir triuup| ovcr \ictorius' ta|lcs t|roug|out t|c Vcstcru C|urc|.
1|c uou|s o loua |o cauc to iort|uu|ria arouscd iu |iu t|c siuccrcst aduira-
tiou, |c clt uot|iug o t|c |iud or Vilrid. icvcrt|clcss, |c dctcsts t|c lusular Lastcr
it| a passiou t|at disuays uodcru rcadcrs givcu to supposiug t|at ouly t|c cucuics
aud uot t|c up|oldcrs o uuioruity arc capa|lc o spca|iug rou t|c |cart. Yct |ot|
partics crc uuitcd iu t|cir |clic t|at trut| as iu cou|at agaiust crror t|c trcatisc ou
|ic| t|c Cclts uost rclicd dcclarcd t|at t|osc |o |cpt Lastcr ou |.. XXI or XXII
'uot ouly cauuot support it it| t|c aut|ority o ioly Vrit |ut iucur |ot| t|c c|argc
o sacrilcgc aud disrcspcctulucss aud t|c pcril o t|cir souls, iu asscrtiug t|at a douiu-
aucc o dar|ucss is a possi|lc tiuc or sacrihciug t|c truc lig|t t|at douiuatcs ovcr all
dar|ucss'. loug |corc t|cu, St |crouc |ad asscrtcd t|at t|osc |o |cpt a scparatc
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Lastcr atc t|c ncs|, uot o t|c lau|, |ut o t|c isaluist's dragou, iu a la issucd |y
t|c cupcror 1|codosius ll iu pcrsous cclc|ratiug ou a dicrcut day rou t|c ort|o-
dox arc said to '|ouour aluost auot|cr Sou o God, uot iiu |ou c ors|ip'.
Alloaucc too uust |c uadc or icdc's pcrsoual iutcrcst, aud spccial coupctcucc, iu
couputus, t|c louau party as uo lcss ocudcd |y t|c Ccltic tousurc, |ic| sccucd
too druidical aud as tarrcd it| t|c uauc o Siuou Magus, |ut icdc, t|oug| aarc
t|at it is to |c coudcuucd, |as uo iutcllcctual iutcrcst iu t|c uattcr. Vilrid's |io-
grap|cr, Lddius Stcp|auus, |o |uos uo |ouuds iu |is |cro ors|ip, rcports t|c
dc|atc ar uorc |ricny, aud couplctcly o|scurcs t|c |ro|catiug stylc iu |ic| it |ad
|ccu ou.
z
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1|c Grcgoriau rcoru o t|c calcudar iu did uot acct t|c dchuitiou o Lastcr,
|ut t|c iuaccuracy o t|c |uliau luuar calcudar causcd t|c rcorucrs to dcvisc uc
Lastcr ta|lcs, cu|odyiug a uc priuciplc. 1|c cpacts, |ic| crc uo oucc uorc cali-
|ratcd to |auuary, |ccauc t|c dircct |asis o dctcruiuiug t|c datc o Lastcr. 1|c hrst
stcp is to dctcruiuc, rou a ccutcuuial ta|lc scc C.o:s, 1a|lc ), t|c cpact or cac|
Goldcu iuu|cr it|iu t|c ccutury, dchucd or t|is purposc as ruuuiug rou to ,
ouc t|cu scc|s its hrst rccurrcucc atcr Marc| iu a ta|lc o cpacts or cac| day o t|c
ycar C.o:s, 1a|lc ), t|at ill |c t|c uc uoou o t|c iasc|al uout|, to |ic|
days uust |c addcd to o|taiu t|c iasc|al tcru, aud t|c olloiug Suuday ouud |y t|c
`.., L::::r, itscl calculatcd accordiug to t|c appropriatc ccutury. lu Appcudix i t|c
datc o Lastcr corrcspoudiug to auy Goldcu iuu|cr aud Suuday lcttcr is givcu or
t|c ycars - iuclusivc.
Au altcruativc rcoru, usiug t|c auuual cpact to rcallocatc t|c Goldcu iuu|crs
it|iu cac| ccutury to t|c appropriatc luuar datcs, |ad |ccu rcjcctcd |ccausc t|c uccd
to |uo t|c uoou's agc all ycar rouud, so as to auuouucc it at t|c daily rcadiug rou
t|c uartyrology, ould |avc cutailcd prcpariug dicrcut calcudars. V|cu Grcat
iritaiu adoptcd t|c ic Stylc iu , t|c C|urc| o Luglaud acccptcd t|c iopc's
Lastcr datcs |ut uot |is ta|lcs, |aviug uo usc or t|c uartyrology aud uccdiug t|c
uoou's agc ouly to hud Lastcr, it too| up t|c rcjcctcd uct|od, |ut siuplihcd it |y as-
siguiug t|c Goldcu iuu|crs dircctly to t|c iasc|al tcru or 'Lcclcsiastical lull Moou'.
1|c ucccssary ta|lcs arc priutcd iu t|c iCi, |ut uot iu ASi or CY, couhruiug t|cir
status as altcruativcs, uot rcplaccucuts.
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1|c dccrucut o Lastcr |cu t|c iasc|al tcru cll ou a Suuday, iuasuuc| as iutcudcd
to savc C|ristiaus rou cclc|ratiug t|cir .s.|. ou t|c sauc day as t|c |cs |cpt t|cirs,
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as rcudcrcd otiosc |y t|c |cis| rulc t|at 1is|ri uust uot |c a Vcducsday lcst You
iippur iuucdiatcly prcccdc t|c Sa||at|, |ic| cutails t|at t|c prcccdiug iisau
cauuot all upou a Suuday, |ocvcr, t|c scutiucut rcattac|cd itscl to t|osc days t|at
couut iu t|c Diaspora as iassovcr, aud iisau. lu t|c |uliau calcudar, Lastcr last
coiucidcd it| iisau ou Marc| ot|cr cascs |ciug Marc| aud April
), aud it| iisau ou Marc| , |ut t|c corrcctiou o t|c calcudar uadc suc|
coiucidcuccs iucvita|lc. Alt|oug| t|c rcorucrs |uc t|at it as ucit|cr or|iddcu uor
uuprcccdcutcd, t|cy so ar accouuodatcd t|cusclvcs to t|c prcjudicc as to ritc t|c
cpacts a day or to latcr iu t|c calcudar t|au iu t|c origiual drat so as to uiuiui.c t|c
c|aucc o t|c to casts' coiucidiug. icvcrt|clcss, as carly as April Lastcr cll
ou iisau, aud agaiu ou April , April , April , April , April
, April , April . lt ill ucxt do so ou April , aud or t|c last tiuc
ou April , atcr iassovcr ill alays |c latcr t|au April. iocvcr, at prcs-
cut t|c Grcgoriau Lastcr gcucrally alls ou t|c t| aluost cvcry tiuc t|at iisau is a
Sa||at|, |cgiuuiug it| April aud hvc cascs iu t|c s.
z
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Alt|oug| irotcstauts crc uot disposcd to acccpt auy rcoru prouulgatcd |y t|c iopc,
t|cy ouud au casy targct iu t|c astrououical iuaccuracics prcscutcd rou tiuc to tiuc
|y t|c ta|lcs-|osc dccudcrs aduittcd t|cu, |ilc rig|tly iusistiug t|at uo |cttcr
ta|lcs o cqual siuplicity could |c dcviscd ou a cyclic |asis. lu t|c lut|craus o
Gcruauy votcd to acccpt t|c ic Stylc rou Marc| , |ut to dctcruiuc Lastcr |y
t|c rcal ull uoou aud t|c rcal cquiuox ..|.|s .s:r...o..s), t|is 'luprovcd Calcudar'
as adoptcd |y Dcuuar| aud uost o t|c irotcstaut cautous iu Sit.crlaud. lt as
also adoptcd, as t|c 'luprovcd |uliau Calcudar', |y t|osc Dutc| proviuccs t|at |ad |cpt
t|c Old Stylc, |ut iu practicc t|cy o|scrvcd t|c Grcgoriau Lastcr.) iaviug ailcd to
uoticc t|at iu t|at vcry ycar t|cy oug|t to cclc|ratc Lastcr a cc| carlicr t|au t|c
Grcgoriau datc, |cu t|c casc ucxt arosc iu t|cy discovcrcd to t|cir cu|arrassucut
t|at t|cir astrououical Lastcr ould coiucidc it| t|c sccoud day o iassovcr, t|is |ad
uot trou|lcd lut|cr |iuscl scc M.:r. C.|:..r. L.r|, r..s.|s ;.r :;.ro), |ut |is ol-
locrs, |aviug uadc uuc| o t|c uattcr iu t|cir auti-Grcgoriau polcuics, ouud t|at
|cu t|cir astrououical Lastcr divcrgcd rou t|c Grcgoriau, it as li|cly to coiucidc
it| iassovcr. Atcr uuc| dc|atc t|c irotcstauts o Gcruauy aud Sit.crlaud, |ut uot
Dcuuar|, |cpt Lastcr a cc| carlicr t|au t|c rcst o C|ristcudou or |uliau aud
Grcgoriau Lastcr coiucidcd), it as t|us ou t|c astrououical Good lriday, April, t|at
iac|'s `: j.|. .ss... rcccivcd its hrst pcroruaucc.
lu t|c astrououical Lastcr as adoptcd |y Scdcu, al|cit it| Old Stylc dat-
iug dou to , aud iu Gcruau aud Siss irotcstauts, Daucs, aud Scdcs all
|cpt Lastcr ou Marc| callcd t|c t| iu Scdcu), a cc| a|cad o t|c rcst o Lu-
ropc, cvcu t|oug| it as t|c sccoud day o iassovcr. 1|c ucxt casc ould |avc |ccu iu
-
, |ut |y t|cu t|c prcjudicc t|us noutcd |ad |ccu cxploitcd |y lrcdcric| t|c Grcat
to pcrsuadc t|c Gcruau irotcstauts iu to givc up t|c ..|.|s .s:r...o..s aud adopt
t|c Grcgoriau calcudar iu ull, uudcr t|c acc-saviug uauc agrccd iu advaucc it| t|c
cupcror |oscp| ll) o 'luprovcd lupcrial Calcudar'. lrcdcric|, it |ardly uccds sayiug,
carcd uot|iug a|out cit|cr Lastcr or iassovcr, |ut ouud t|c divcrgcucc au uuclcouc
couplicatiou, cspccially atcr acquiriug louau Cat|olic su|jccts rou partitioucd
iolaud.) 1|c Daucs aud Siss ollocd suit, |ut t|c ..|.|s .s:r...o..s rcuaiucd iu
orcc iu Scdcu till t|oug| ovcrriddcu ou accouut o iassovcr iu aud ),
aud iu liulaud |ic| Scdcu |ad ccdcd to lussia iu ) till , or t|c rcsultiug
Lastcr datcs, scc Appcudix l.
z
- -
1|c |uliau Lastcr is still uscd |y all Ort|odox outsidc liulaud aud a c couuuuitics
iu t|c Vcst. l uo urt|cr rcoru is uudcrta|cu |y cit|cr party, |ctccu aud
iuclusivc t|c Ort|odox Lastcr ill coiucidc it| t|c Vcstcru icutccost, t|c uouiual
datcs ill |c t|c sauc iu t|c civil calcudar, |ut ouc day a|cad iu t|c lcviscd |uliau Cal-
cudar o t|c Ort|odox C|urc|. 1|c cougrcss at Coustautiuoplc iu t|at adoptcd
t|is lattcr also votcd to cclc|ratc Lastcr ou t|c astrououical priuciplc, dchuiug cquiuox
aud ull uoou |y t|c ucridiau o |crusalcu, a c suc| datcs crc |cpt |y ccrtaiu
c|urc|cs iu t|c s, a tiuc o political up|caval also uar|cd |y civil iupositiou o
t|c ic Stylc, atcr |ic| t|c proposal lapscd. lt as rcvivcd iu at a ucctiug iu
Alcppo attcudcd |y various c|urc|cs rou t|c Vorld Couucil o C|urc|cs aud Middlc
Last Couucil o C|urc|cs, |ciug proposcd to ta|c ccct rou April , t|c hrst
Lastcr o t|c uc uillcuuiuu |y Ort|odox aud Vcstcru rcc|ouiug ali|c.
z
-
lccalliug t|osc sccts aud c|urc|cs t|at |ad |cpt Lastcr cit|cr ou a hxcd day o t|c civil
calcudar or ou a Suuday dchucd |y it, lut|cr rccouucudcd t|c C|ristiau priuccs to
ua|c Lastcr au iuuovca|lc cast li|c C|ristuas. Ot|crs suggcstcd a dchuitc Suuday iu
, |cu irotcstauts crc prcpariug to |ccp t|c ucxt ycar's Lastcr a cc| a|cad o t|c
louau Cat|olics, t|c Siss uat|cuaticiau |cau icruoulli proposcd t|at it s|ould
alays |c t|c hrst Suuday atcr Marc|, iu Marco Mastrohui sct Lastcr ou April
iu |is hxcd calcudar scc M.:r. C.|:..r. b.s..:ss;| r..s.|s). lu t|c lcaguc o
iatious cudorscd t|c |ccpiug o Lastcr ou t|c Suuday atcr t|c sccoud Saturday iu
April, t|at is assuuiug uo uorc gcucral rcoru) |ctccu t|c t| aud t|c t|, au Act
o iarliaucut to t|is ccct as passcd |y t|c Li iarliaucut iu , to couc iuto orcc
oucc gcucral agrccucut s|ould |avc |ccu rcac|cd auoug t|c c|urc|cs. iocvcr, t|c
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\aticau ill uot uovc it|out t|c Ort|odox, aud t|c Ort|odox cauuot acccpt suc| a
rcoru cxccpt t|roug| au Occuucuical Couucil, iu t|c \aticau rcstatcd its posi-
tiou t|at suc| a c|augc oug|t uot to |c uadc it|out urgcut uccd, |ic| |as uot |ccu
clt. Lastcr t|crcorc coutiuucs to |c |cpt, iu uauy couutrics as a pu|lic as cll as a rc-
ligious |oliday, accordiug to rulcs t|at uot cvcu uauy C|ristiaus uudcrstaud.
-
-
z

Couputus is calculatiou, cspccially o t|c calcudar, iu particular |ut uot cxclusivcly or

t|c dctcruiuatiou o Lastcr. 1|c olloiug accouut is iutcudcd ouly as au iutroductiou,
uuc| uorc is to |c ouud iu couputistic uauuscripts t|au cau |c cxpouudcd |crc.
lrou t|c t|cological poiut o vic, t|c csscutial rulcs arc t|osc dctcruiuiug ou |at
days o t|c solar ycar, aud t|c luuar uout|, Lastcr uay |c cclc|ratcd, t|csc arc dis-
cusscd uudcr 1|: L.:: .; L.s::r. iy t|c t|ird ccutury, uost C|ristiaus agrccd t|at Lastcr
s|ould |c |cpt ou t|c Suuday atcr t|c t| luuc |.. XIJ) o t|c hrst luuar uout|, a
datc |uou iu t|c Vcst as t|c iasc|al tcru aud iu t|c Last as t|c lcgal i.c. Old
1cstaucut or ic|rc iasc|a, |ut t|cy agrccd ou littlc clsc cxccpt t|at t|c agc o t|c
uoou as uot to |c dctcruiucd |y atc|iug t|c s|ics. Souc Lastcru C|ristiaus
atc|cd t|c |cs, to scc |cu t|cy |cpt iassovcr, |ut t|c douiuaut practicc as to cal-
culatc t|c datc o Lastcr iu advaucc. 1|is as douc |y dctcruiuiug t|c iutcrval o rc-
currcucc, or cyclc, o t|c cpact, or agc o t|c uoou, ou a givcu day, aud t|c cria o t|c
sauc or auot|cr givcu day. lt as t|crcorc ucccssary to coustruct a luuar calcudar,
|ic| cspccially iu t|c latiu orld |ccauc uorc t|au a ucrc Lastcr-hudiug dcvicc, t|c
pagau iutcrcst, dcuoustratcd |y iuscriptious rou t|c t|ird ccutury ouards, iu statiug
t|c luuc as cll as t|c datc o au cvcut scc .o.. C.|:..r) as uatc|cd |y C|ristiaus
|o prcaccd t|c daily rcadiug rou t|c uartyrology at priuc it| t|c datc aud luuc
t|us ou May uudcr Goldcu iuu|cr iu t|c |uliau calcudar aud cpact iu t|c
Grcgoriau, 1:r:.. N...s M..., |.. :..o.. 1|is as still rcquircd iu lC rcligious |ouscs till
t|c latcr tcutict| ccutury.
z - 1|c ucau lcugt| o t|c syuodic uout| or luuatiou, rou uc
uoou to uc uoou, is . days, t|c traditioual approxiuatiou o days, ta|cu
ovcr |y t|c C|ristiau couputists, cutails au altcruatiou o -day 'ull' uout|s aud
-day '|ollo' uout|s. Ou t|is ootiug, uout|s auouut to days, days ccr
t|au t|c calcudar ycar o days, t|c dchcit is uadc up |y addiug cxtra 'cu|olisuic'
uout|s o days at various poiuts iu a cyclc dcsigucd to corrclatc t|c luuar it|
t|c solar ycar. lu accordaucc it| a traditiou t|at |cs, Grcc|s, aud carly louaus |ad
|cpt t|cir calcudar iu touc| it| t|c suu |y iutcrcalatiug t|rcc uout|s iu cvcry cig|t
ycars, t|c carlicst Lastcr couputus as |ascd ou t|c cig|t-ycar cyclc or .|:.::: r.s, |ic|
iuscrtcd au cu|olisu iu ycars , , aud , |ut a uorc accuratc dcvicc is t|c -ycar cyclc
or :..:.|..:|.::: r.s, |uou as t|c Mctouic cyclc atcr t|c At|cuiau astrououcr Mctou
{. ), |ascd ou t|c ucar-cquivalcucc o syuodic uout|s = . days aud
tropical ycars = . days. Dcpcudiug ou t|c startiug-poiut, cu|olisus ill
occur at t|rcc- aud to-ycar iutcrvals, cou|iuiug iuto su|cyclcs o cig|t ycars iutcr-
calatcd , , ) aud clcvcu iutcrcalatcd , , , ), t|csc arc |uou rcspcctivcly as t|c ...
aud t|c |:.:.., tcrus o uo practical usc, |ut otcu nauutcd |y couputists.
1|is as t|c cyclc adoptcd at Alcxaudria, ollocd |y t|c rcst o t|c Grcc|-spca|iug
orld, |ut iu louau cycs it |ad t|c disadvautagc o rcquiriug too grcat a sprcad |c-
tccu t|c hrst aud last lcgitiuatc datc o Lastcr, or siucc is iucouucusuratc it| ,
cvcry possi|lc iasc|al tcru uust ovcr tiuc all ou cac| day o t|c cc|, yicldiug souc
dicrcut Lastcr datcs. 1|at did uot distur| t|c Grcc|s, |ut uauy latius o|jcctcd t|at
latc Lastcrs cutailcd cclc|ratiug iu t|c sccoud uout|, uorcovcr, at louc it as vital uot
to lct t|c cast |c latcr t|au April. lor t|is rcasou, Alcxaudriau uct|ods crc rcsistcd
as loug as possi|lc.
z - - Siucc t|c couuou ycar coutaius uod days, iu auy to cou-
sccutivc couuou ycars auy givcu datc ill all ouc cria latcr iu t|c sccoud t|au t|c hrst,
siucc lcap ycar coutaius uod days t|c dicrcucc ill |c to criac i lcap day
iutcrvcucs. lt is t|crcorc possi|lc, |uoiug t|c cria o a givcu datc iu a particular ycar,
to hud its cria iu auy su|scqucut ycar |y addiug ouc day or cac| ycar clapscd aud ouc
day or cac| lcap ycar, t|at is to say, dividiug t|c uuu|cr o ycars |y , iguoriug t|c rc-
uaiudcr, aud addiug t|c quoticut to t|c dividcud. lu au cra rcc|oucd |y currcut ycars,
as is uorual outsidc ludia, t|c cria o t|c hrst day iu auy ycar cau |c dctcruiucd |y
t|c crial oruula Y + Y, + i uod ) add to t|c ycar o t|c cra its quartcr,
iguoriug ractious, aud a parauctcr corrcspoudiug to t|c cria o t|c day r:.:.. t|c
hrst day o t|c cra siucc ill |c addcd or ycar ), aud ta|c t|c rcuaiudcr to . io-
cvcr, iu t|c |uliau calcudar t|c crial cyclc o days aud t|c |isscxtilc cyclc o ycars
|avc a cou|iucd pcriodicity o ycars, |uou as t|c solar cyclc, ouc uay t|crcorc
apply t|c crial oruula uot to t|c o.||s.o: o t|c ycar, |ut to its placc iu t|c solar cyclc
o t|c calcudar iu qucstiou.
z - - 1|c - aud -ycar cyclcs cou|iuc to oru a -ycar scqucucc,
dcviscd |y Auuiauus iu t|c carly ht| ccutury aud stuu|lcd iuto a c dccadcs latcr |y
\ictorius o Aquitaiuc, variously |uou as a 'Grcat Cyclc', a 'Grcat Ycar', a 'iasc|al
cyclc', .||. |ccausc iu Grcc| t|c uuucrical valuc o t|c coustitucut lcttcrs is ), aud
iu lussiau as a 'Grcat ludictiou'. lu t|c |uliau calcudar, t|oug| uot t|c Grcgoriau,
Lastcr iu auy ycar alls ou t|c sauc datc as it did or ycars prcviously.
-
z
-
z - Diouysius |is|op o Alcxaudria d. ..) drc up
au Lastcr ta|lc |ascd ou t|c .|:.::: r.s, |ut it as sitly supcrscdcd |y t|c Mctouic cyclc.
Au cxtract citcd |y t|c c|urc| |istoriau Lusc|ius rou t|c iasc|al cauou o Auatolius
{. ), au Alcxaudriau |o |ccauc |is|op o laodicca, appcars to advocatc a -ycar
cyclc |cgiuuiug it| uc uoou ou Marc| dchucd as i|aucuot| = Dystros
= XI I.|. Jr.), said to |c t|c suu's ourt| day iu Arics, t|c sigu o t|c vcrual cquiuox,
|corc |ic| |cs oug|t uot to cclc|ratc iassovcr. ic as uudcrstood |y latcr ritcrs
to ucau t|at Marc| as t|c cquiuox, as it |ad |ccu or itolcuy iu , t|c tcxt
docs uot say so, |ut docs ua|c plaiu t|at t|is as |.. XIJ iu t|c hrst ycar o |is cyclc,
|ic| iu couscqucucc as cit|cr or .
Vit|iu a gcucratiou, |ocvcr, t|c Alcxaudriau C|urc| |ad adjustcd t|c cyclc to ta|c
accouut o t|c civil ycar, t|c rcoru is couuouly t|oug|t to |avc |ccu iustitutcd it|
ccct rou t|c o|scrvcd uc uoou o t|c post-lcap ycar 1|ot| Dioclctiau =
Aug. ). 1|c |asis as t|c |cis| luuar calcudar as adaptcd to t|c Alcxaudriau civil
rcc|ouiug aud, so t|c C|ristiaus uaiutaiucd, opcratcd uorc accuratcly t|au |y t|c |cs
t|cusclvcs. 1o cusurc t|at t|c luuar uc ycar s|ould uot |cgiu |corc 1|ot|, or t|c
iasc|al uout| |corc i|aucuot|, au cu|olisuic uout| o days as addcd to t|c
cud o ycars , , , , , , . lu cyclc t|c luuar uc ycar |cgau ou i|aop|i, aud
|cucc t|c pcuultiuatc luuar uout| ou Mcsorc, t|c s.|:s uadc it |ollo, cudiug ou
Lpagoucuou, so t|at t|c last luuar uout| |cgau ou 1|ot| iu t|c hrst ycar o t|c
uc cyclc aud t|c luuar uc ycar |cgau ou 1|ot|. lcap ycar as dcalt it| |y rc-
pcatiug t|c luuc o Lpagoucuou ou t|c t|.
1|c cpact rcuaius : ;..:. t|c luuc o i|aucuot| = Marc|, |ut is uot so
dchucd cxccpt iu Vcstcru sourccs, it is uudcrstood rat|cr as t|c luuc o Lpagoucuou
iu t|c prcccdiug ycar. Lpact uo lougcr |cgau t|c cyclc |ut |clougcd to ycar . 1|c
day |corc, i|aucuot| = Marc|, as dchucd as t|c cquiuox, |ic| |.. XIJ as
pcruittcd to coiucidc it| |ut uot to prcccdc, i t|c lattcr is Suuday, Lastcr as post-
poucd, |ut Alcxaudria, uuli|c louc, as illiug to cclc|ratc ou |.. XJ. lu cou-
scqucucc, Lastcr alays ollos t|c cquiuox, |ut providcd |.. XIJ is uo carlicr t|au
i|aucuot| t|c ucxt Suuday is alays Lastcr, it| uo rccoursc to t|c or|iddcu Sccoud
Mout|. 1|c lirst Mout| |cgius uo carlicr t|au i|aucuot| = Marc| aud uo latcr
t|au i|aruout|i = April, |.. XIJ alls |ctccu i|aucuot| = Marc| aud
i|aruout|i = April iuclusivcly, Lastcr |ctccu i|aucuot| = Marc| aud
i|aruout|i = April, also iuclusivcly. 1|c liuits arc t|us XJ-XXI, t|oug| t|cy
uay |c statcd as XIJ-XXI out o rcspcct to t|c |i|lical distiuctiou |ctccu iassovcr
ou t|c t| o t|c lirst Mout| aud t|c lcast o Lulcavcucd ircad rou t|c t| to t|c
st, iu cvcry ycar t|crc is ouc possi|lc datc or Lastcr aud ouc ouly.
Cyclc |aviug cudcd iu a |ollo uout| ou Lpagoucuou, cyclc |cgau it|out
cpact, iu carly sourccs t|c cpact as rittcu as , or cvcu siucc Grcc|s li|cd to call
-
t|c last day o |ollo uout|s :r..|s, scc Cr::| C.|:..r), |ut Lt|iopic ta|lcs givc
'uot|iug', |ic| Diouysius Lxiguus uadc t|c staudard Vcstcru practicc. 1|crcatcr, i
. is t|c placc o t|c ycar iu t|c Mctouic cyclc, t|c cpact .-) uod . 1|c iasc|al
tcru is paiulcssly ouud |y su|tractiug t|c cpact rou , or i grcatcr t|au rou ,
t|c rcuaiudcr ill givc t|c corrcct day iu i|aruout|i, or i ovcr iu i|aucuot|. 1|c
cria o i|aruout|i, |ic| is alays t|at o 1|ot|, is ouud rou t|c crial oruula
it| parauctcr or t|c Dioclctiauic cra, or t|osc o t|c Vorld aud Gracc, or t|c
lucaruatiou, t|c rcuaiudcr is t|c cria rcc|oucd rou Vcducsday, |uou |y t|c pagau
tcru :. :|:., 'o t|c plauctary gods'. l it is prccrrcd to couut rou Suuday, t|c
parauctcrs arc iucrcascd |y , t|c rcsult is t|c 'day o |o|u'.
O t|c our cras iu usc, t|osc o t|c Vorld, Dioclctiau, aud Gracc uarc|cd iu stcp
it| t|c Mctouic cyclc |ut t|at o t|c lucaruatiou did uot lucaruatiou ,) =
= cyclc . lor t|at rcasou t|c lucaruatiou cra is ucvcr uscd iu Alcxaudriau cou-
putus, cvcu t|oug| it |cgius t|c solar cyclc, to hud t|c placc o t|c ycar iu t|is, ta|c t|c
rcuaiudcr to dircctly i it is a ycar o t|c lucaruatiou, |ut hrst su|tract i it is a
ycar o Dioclctiau aud i it is a ycar o Gracc or t|c Vorld.
Larly iu t|c ht| ccutury t|c uou| Auuiauus dcviscd t|c iasc|al cyclc o ycars,
|ut uorc otcu t|c Alcxaudriaus crc coutcut it| s|ortcr ta|lcs, o , , or
ycars. 1|c -ycar ta|lc rcncctcd t|c act t|at atcr hvc Mctouic cyclcs |.. XIJ rcturucd
to its origiual cria so t|at Lastcr as ou t|c sauc day) cxccpt iu lcap ycar, |cu it cll
ou t|c cria |corc.
lu t|c Alcxaudriau cyclc t|c ycars divisi|lc |y arc post-lcap ycars, t|cir solar cpacts
corrcspoud to t|osc rcquircd or t|c sauc placc iu t|c iy.autiuc cyclc rou Marc|,
|crcas t|osc o ot|cr ycars arc idcutical it| t|c coucurrcuts scc |clo) or t|c sauc
placc iu t|c Vcstcru cyclc. 1|cy iudicatc t|c placc o 1|ot| iu a scqucucc |cgiuuiug
ou Vcducsday t|c cria o 1|ot| iu ycar o t|c lucaruatiou). lu t|c iasc|al cou-
putus, t|c Alcxaudriau solar cpact ill |c t|c sauc as t|c Vcstcru coucurrcut or t|c
actual ycar.
1|c Alcxaudriau iasc|al cyclc is uorually couutcd or couputistic purposcs rou
Ycar o Gracc = Dioclctiau = lucaruatiou = Vorld ,), uotioually
t|c hrst ycar o t|c t| cyclc, it is t|crcorc out o stcp it| t|c solar cyclc, |ic|
|cgius iu iasc|al ycar uod . 1a|lcs souctiucs |cgiu it| iasc|al Dio-
clctiau = ,, = ,, ctc.), siucc ouly t|cu do |ot| a uc Mctouic aud a
uc solar cyclc |cgiu.
1|c cla|oratc ta|lcs prcscrvcd iu Lt|iopic sourccs scc icugc|aucr, L:|.... Js:r..~
.o, .. C.o:s) sct ort| or cvcry civil ycar its placc iu t|c -ycar aud -ycar cyclc,
t|c '|cgiuuiug o t|c cpact' t|c civil datc o t|c last uc uoou iu t|c prcvious ycar),
t|c uuu|cr o cpagoucual days |ic| or casc o couputatiou crc couutcd it| t|c
olloiug ycar), t|c cvaugclist o t|c ycar scc L,:... C.|:..r. C|r.s:...), t|c day o
|o|u, t|c day o t|c gods :
.
:.:,..), t|c cpact, t|c civil datc o t|c |cis| ic Ycar t|is
souctiucs it| its cria), Day o Atoucucut, aud 1a|cruaclcs accordiug to t|c adaptcd
calcudar, cac| accoupauicd |y its luuar datc , , aud rcspcctivcly), t|c 'day o
iiucvc|' Mouday days |corc Lastcr), t|c '|cgiuuiug o t|c last' Mouday days
-
|corc Lastcr, souctiucs it| its luuar datc), t|c civil aud luuar datc t|c lattcr alays
) o iassovcr souctiucs also its cria), aud t|c civil datc o Lastcr.
z - 1|c hrst |uou Lastcr ta|lc, t|at o iippolytus, prc-
parcd at louc aud prcscrvcd iu t|c \aticau li|rary scc Aug.), purports to givc t|c
datcs o |.. XIJ aud o Lastcr or ycars i.c. our solar cyclcs), rou to ,
dividcd iuto scvcu -ycar cyclcs cac| couprisiug to .|:.::: r.:s iu |ic| t|c iasc|al
tcru alls succcssivcly ou April, April, Marc| lcap ycar), April, Marc|,
Marc|, April lcap ycar), aud Marc|, it| cu|olisus iuplicitly prcccdiug t|c
iasc|al uout|) iu ycars , , . 1|c dou|lc cyclc as adoptcd as t|c |asis |ccausc,
|uliau ycars |ciug ouc day lcss t|au cc|s, t|c criac o corrcspoudiug datcs ruu
suoot|ly iu rcvcrsc scqucucc rou coluuu to coluuu April, a Saturday iu coluuu
), is a lriday iu coluuu ), a 1|ursday iu coluuu ), aud so ou. Atcr
ycars t|c ta|lc ould rcpcat, April |ciug a Saturday iu as iu . Accordiug to
louau practicc, |cu |.. XIJ is a Suuday, Lastcr is t|c ucxt Suuday, aud |cu a
Saturday, Lastcr is dccrrcd to t|c Suuday cig|t days atcr it, t|c pcruissi|lc luucs |ciug
XJI-XXII, iu couscqucucc t|c carlicst Lastcr ou iippolytus' ta|lc is Marc|, t|c
latcst April.
Luortuuatcly, |ilc cig|t ycars o days it| au additioual t|rcc ull uout|s,
ua|iug days, arc cquivalcut to cig|t solar ycars iucludiug to lcap days, syuodic
uout|s arc . days, cig|t tropical ycars . days. 1|c discrcpaucy soou
|ccauc apparcut, t|oug| uot all uudcrstood its causc. lu auot|cr couputist-|o
couducts a polcuic agaiust |is rivals-rcviscd t|c ta|lc to ruu rou to , dis-
placiug iippolytus' pcriod |y ycars, or ouc ycar uorc t|au a Mctouic cyclc, iu cou-
scqucucc, t|c t| luucs, aud t|c cu|olisus, arc sct ouc cyclical ycar carlicr. Morcovcr,
all |ut t|osc origiually iu louau lcap ycars arc s|itcd to t|c prcvious day, so t|at t|c
iasc|al tcru iu t|c Couputist's ycar , uaucly April, is days carlicr t|au iu iippo-
lytus' ycar , t|c t|, siucc syuodic luuatious arc . days aud tropical
ycars . days, t|c dicrcucc oug|t to |avc |ccu days, uot . 1|us, |crcas iu
iippolytus' ta|lc |.. XIJ cll ou Marc| iu ycars aud o cac| -ycar cyclc, iu
t|c rcviscd ta|lcs it cll ou Marc| iu ycars aud . Siucc louau t|cory allocd t|c
hrst uout| o t|c luuar ycar to |cgiu |ctccu Marc| aud April iuclusivc, souc
slcig|t-o-|aud is uccdcd iu t|c cxpositiou, aud duly providcd. iouc o t|is addrcsscd
t|c iu|crcut ault o t|c cyclc, t|at |crcas solar ycars arc . days, aud
|uliau ycars days, t|c syuodic uout|s supposcdly cuulatcd |y iippo-
lytus' aud t|c Couputist's calcudar arc . days, souc t|rcc cc|s iu cxccss.
z - - ) 1|c uudaucutal iuaccuracy o
t|csc ta|lcs, iu |ic| t|c iasc|al tcru rapidly slippcd |ac| toards uc uoou, as ap-
parcut cvcu to louau c|urc|ucu o t|c t|ird ccutury, ucu o vcry liuitcd scicutihc
uudcrstaudiug. iocvcr, t|cy still is|cd t|cir ta|lcs to rcpcat as to criac as cll as
luucs, |ut t|is could |c ac|icvcd |y cyclcs o ycars couprisiug t|rcc -ycar
solar cyclcs iustcad o iippolytus' our) it| cu|olisus. Astrououically, t|is as
-
souc|at uorc accuratc t|au t|c iippolytau ta|lcs, |ut still iuadcquatc t|c dicrcucc
o . days |ctccu luuatious = . days aud solar ycars =
. days causcd t|c cpacts iu succcssivc cyclcs to ruu a|cad o t|cir truc val-
ucs. iocvcr, it as uot t|is t|at causcd trou|lc iu practicc, |ut t|c iupractical louau
iasc|al liuits.
1|c ta|lcs, |ic| iudicatc t|c cria aud luuc o |auuary aud o Lastcr, prcsupposc
a luuar calcudar iu |ic| all uout|s cudiug iu au odd solar uout| crc ull aud all cud-
iug iu au cvcu uout| crc cupty, |ut |crcas iippolytus aud t|c Couputist o
|ad allocd |.. XIJ to all ouc uouiual day carlicr iu lcap ycar, t|c aut|ors o -ycar
cyclcs assigucd au cxtra day to luuar lc|ruary, |ic| t|us |ccauc ull iustcad o |ol-
lo. 1|is, togct|cr it| t|c cu|olisus, ould |avc givcu days as opposcd to
t|c days o |uliau ycars, to avoid t|is cxccss, six days crc ouittcd iu t|c coursc
o t|c cyclc. 1|is is |uou to couputists as t|c s.|:s |..: or 'uoou's lcap', it appcars
to |avc |ccu ac|icvcd |y advauciug to luucs iustcad o ouc rou Dcccu|cr to
|auuary. 1|c carlicst |uou pcr|aps Aricau) -ycar cyclc, t|at o Augustalis, |osc
-ycar ta|lc or |.::r.|s or - as coutiuucd |y ot|cr |auds, placcs t|c s.|:s cvcry
ycars, louau practicc avourcd -ycar iutcrvals |ctccu cyclcs aud iuclusivc.
1|c cpact or luuc o |auuary is also t|at o Marc|, or t|c ot|cr ialcuds, add
or lc|ruary aud April, or May, or |uuc, or |uly, or August, or Scptcu|cr
aud Octo|cr, or iovcu|cr aud Dcccu|cr, su|tractiug |cu t|c total cxcccds t|at
hgurc, t|c cpact o t|c olloiug |auuary ill |c |ig|cr |y , |ut |y atcr a s.|:s.
iocvcr, |cu t|c cpact iu |auuary is or lc|ruary aud April |avc t|c sauc cpact
as May, rcspcctivcly or .
Ycars it| cpact or |ig|cr crc cu|olisuic, t|c datcs o t|c cu|olisus arc uot
rccordcd, |ut su|scqucut practicc s|os couccru t|at t|c rclatiou |ctccu t|c uout|ly
cpacts s|all |c coustaut, t|at luuar uout|s s|all cud iu t|c li|c-uaucd solar uout|s,
aud t|at t|c cu|olisu s|all cud cit|cr ou ialcuds |osc cpact is , or ou r..: I.|:.~
.s |cu t|c ucxt uout|'s cpact is . Ou t|is ootiug t|c cu|olisu uudcr auuual cpact
|cgau ou Dcccu|cr, uudcr ou iovcu|cr, uudcr ou Octo|cr, uudcr ou
Scptcu|cr, uudcr ou August, uudcr ou |uly, uudcr ou |uuc, uudcr ou
May, aud uudcr ou April. Ludcr cpact , |ocvcr, |cu luuar |auuary cudcd
ou |auuary solar, 'lc|ruary' as - |auuary, aud 'Marc|' lc|ruary- Marc|, |ad
t|c cu|olisu |ccu callcd ou Marc|, t|c cpact o April ould |avc |ccu , as agaiust
iu lc|ruary. Morc scriously, t|crc ould |c to ycars cpacts aud ) ou |ic| |..
XIJ cll ou April, au cxtrcucly iucouvcuicut datc givcu louau iasc|al liuits. 1o
ovcrcouc t|is disadvautagc - Marc| crc assigucd to luuar April, aud solar April
ta|cu as t|c cu|olisu. Siuilarly, uudcr cpact , luuar 'lc|ruary' as - |auuary,
'Marc|' |auuary- Marc|, 'April' - Marc|, aud t|c cu|olisu Marc|- April.
1|us iu coutrast to ot|cr ta|lcs t|c cu|olisus ucvcr prcccdcd t|c lirst Mout|, |ic|
uig|t ollo cit|cr luuar Marc| ull) or luuar April |ollo), to |c surc, cpacts aud
s|arcd t|c sauc datc or |.. XIJ, uaucly April, |ut t|at datc alays gavc a valid
Lastcr. lu ot|cr ycars, |.. XIJ as - L) uudcr cpacts -, t|crcatcr - L)
Marc|, it| au altcruativc rou cpact ouards o - L) April.
-
Morc t|au ouc sct o ta|lcs as drau up ou t|is |asis, dicriug |ot| iu t|cir
startiug-poiuts aud iu t|c cpacts assigucd to auy givcu ycar, |ut t|c uost iuportaut arc
t|osc uscd at louc iu t|c ourt| aud carly ht| ccuturics, |cgiuuiug it| cpact iu
aud . 1|c s.|:s is ta|cu iu ycars , , , , , aud , cu|olisu iu ycars uodulo
) , , , , , , aud , it| a hual cu|olisu iu ycar , ). io uoticc is ta|cu
o t|c uotioual lirst Mout| datcs, providcd t|c datc o Lastcr is itscl acccpta|lc, iu
cyclc aud , lcap ycar, cpact , |auuary Vcducsday), t|c ta|lc ocrs Marc|
ou |.. XX iuplyiug a iasc|al tcru o Marc|) |csidcs April ou |.. XIX, t|c
c|oicc |ciug lct to t|c iopc.
iocvcr, iu souc ycars t|crc crc uo good datcs or Lastcr. 1|c strictcst o pro-
|i|itious cuorccd t|c locr solar liuit o April, t|c luuar liuits o XJI-XXII crc
still up|cld, |ut iu t|c carly ourt| ccutury louc |ad |ccouc rcluctaut to cclc|ratc
|corc t|c vcrual cquiuox, |ic| as iu |ulius Cacsar's day as ta|cu to |c Marc|. 1|is
rcluctaucc-pcr|aps duc to a uisuudcrstaudiug o Alcxaudriau doctriuc-could |c
ovcrcouc iu casc o uccd, as |cu iu cyclc aud , lcap ycar, cpact , |auuary
Mouday) Lastcr is sct dou or Marc|, |.. XJI |ad t|at datc |ccu spurucd, t|c
altcruativc ould |avc |ccu April ou |.. XJ. iy t|c uid-ccutury t|c iopcs |ad rcal-
i.cd t|at t|c rcstrictious could uot all |c up|cld, t|c uppcr liuit, |ic| as t|c uccst,
as uovcd |ac| to Marc|, uatc|iug t|c Alcxaudriau rulc. Atcr all, t|crc |ad |ccu
t|rcc days |corc t|c luuiuarics crc crcatcd ou t|c hrst cquiuox.) iocvcr, cvcu t|is
as uot cuoug|. lu cyclc aud , cpact , |auuary lriday), |.. XIJ as
cit|cr lriday, Marc| or Saturday, April, t|is cutailcd violatiug cit|cr t|c uc solar
liuit, |y cclc|ratiug ou Marc|, or t|c louau luuar liuit, |y |ccpiug April cvcu
t|oug| it as |.. XJ. Lvcu orsc, iu cyclc aud , lcap ycar, cpact ,
|auuary Saturday) |.. XIJ as cit|cr lriday, Marc| or Saturday, April, rcquir-
iug Lastcr to |c cit|cr Marc| or |.. XJ.
z 1|c Alcxaudriau rcc|ouiug,
t|oug| iu t|c loug ruu it ould provc dccctivc, as t|c uost accuratc dcviscd |y t|c
C|ristiaus o autiquity. icvcrt|clcss, louaus o|jcctcd, uot ouly t|at it iguorcd t|c
solar liuit o April, |ut t|at t|c Alcxaudriaus, |y rcusiug to acccpt a iasc|al tcru
carlicr t|au Marc|, crc lia|lc to cclc|ratc iu t|c sccoud uout| iustcad o t|c hrst,
iu turu t|cy crc accuscd |y t|c Alcxaudriaus o cclc|ratiug iu t|c t| uout| o t|c
prcccdiug luuar ycar, aud |cucc o |ccpiug Lastcr ticc iu ouc ycar. 1|c couvcrsc as
truc |cu Alcxaudria acccptcd, aud louc rcjcctcd, a datc |corc Marc|.) 1|csc
c|argcs auouutcd to t|c o|scrvatiou t|at ouc party's datc |ro|c t|c ot|cr's rulcs. io
dou|t t|c Alcxaudriau couputus also sucrcd iu louau cycs or iguoriug |ot| t|c
louau calcudar aud t|c cc|.
lu t|c sccoud quartcr o t|c ourt| ccutury, louc aud Alcxaudria souctiucs dc-
crrcd to cac| ot|cr or t|c sa|c o uuity louc acccptcd |.. XJ ou April , t|us
avoidiug t|c prcuaturc Marc| prcscri|cd |y t|c -ycar ta|lc, Alcxaudria |.. XXII
ou Marc| , siucc louc ould uot |ccp April. Ou Marc| louc agaiu
|cpt |.. XJ or Alcxaudria's sa|c, iu , duriug a scrious sc|isu, Alcxaudria |cpt |..
-
XJ ou Marc|, louc |.. XXII ou April, |ut iu , |cu |ot| citics agrccd t|at
|.. XIJ as Marc|, louc pcrsuadcd Alcxaudria to cclc|ratc ou t|c t|, cvcu
t|oug| it as |.. XXII, rat|cr t|au ou t|c rd, aud iu to |ccp Marc|, t|c
Alcxaudriau April |ciug too latc or louc |ic| allcgcd St ictcr's pcrsoual au-
t|ority or t|c rulc).
iocvcr, Alcxaudriau coupliaucc, duc iu largc part to At|auasius' uccd or support
agaiust t|c Ariaus o Coustautiuoplc scc May), cudurcd uo lougcr, or its part
louc adoptcd t|c Alcxaudriau uppcr liuit o Marc|. ludccd, |cu iu t|c
Alcxaudriau datc as Marc|, |.. XJI, louc |ad littlc c|oicc |ut to acccpt t|is datc
t|oug| t|c C|rouograp|cr o |ad prcdictcd t|c t|), or t|c ucxt t| luuc, ou
April, as a Suuday, cutailiug a couplctcly iupossi|lc Lastcr ou t|c t|. iy t|cu,
t|c iuadcquacy o louau uct|ods as cvidcut iu Milau, or St Au|rosc rccords t|at
iu Dioclctiau = , ycars |corc |c |ccauc |is|op, 'c' |cpt i|aruout|i
= April |cu t|c iasc|al tcru cll ou Suuday t|c t|, at louc, |crc atcr a |ol-
lo luuar April it cll ou t|c t|, t|c c|oicc lay |ctccu t|c t|, |.. XJ, aud t|c rd,
|.. XXII, t|c ouc too carly aud t|c ot|cr too latc. 1|c C|rouograp|cr prcdicts t|c
t|, givcu t|c iuportaucc o t|c st iu louau cycs |c as pro|a|ly corrcct. St Au-
|rosc citcs as |is prcccdcut or |ccpiug t|c Alcxaudriau Lastcr ou April , |..
XXI, at louc, |crc t|c t| luucs cll ou Marc| aud April, Marc| ou |..
XJI |rcac|cd cvcu t|c uc solar liuit, April ou |.. XJ |rcac|cd t|c luuar liuit, aud
April ou |.. XXII as atcr t|c iarilia. 1|c C|rouograp|cr prcdictcd April, |ut
a ritcr iu |ad supposcd t|c c|oicc to lic |ctccu Marc| aud t|c t|, cou-
ucudiug t|c orucr as iucurriug ouly uild rcproac| aud dauuiug t|c lattcr, |ic| as
|.. XXIII, as a scrious ocucc. Vc uay |c surc ouly t|at iopc Siricius did uot |ccp
t|c t|, or cvcu atcr acccptiug t|at Alcxaudria |ad |ccu c|argcd at iicaca it|
dctcruiuiug t|c datc o Lastcr t|c papacy attcuptcd to prcscrvc t|c liuit o April.
lt succccdcd iu , |ut uot iu or scc 1|: L.:: .; L.s::r). lt as t|c lattcr
d|clc, |cu iopc lco as coupcllcd to cclc|ratc ou April t|oug| uot cvcu Good
lriday as it|iu t|c louau liuit, t|at causcd a uc couputus to |c couuissioucd
rou \ictorius o Aquitaiuc.
z - \ictorius |ad t|c ucrit o uudcrstaudiug t|at Alcxau-
driau rulcs crc supcrior to louau |ot| iu accuracy aud iu ccrtaiuty, aud t|at Lastcr
datcs ould rcpcat atcr ycars, |ad |c prcscutcd t|is cyclc iu louau as|iou |y cor-
rclatiug Lastcr to t|c cpact aud cria o |auuary, |c ould |avc dcscrvcd t|c |ig|cst
praisc. iocvcr, |c lac|cd t|c ucutal clarity to scc-or pcr|aps t|c aut|ority to
iusist-t|at t|c pill uust |c sallocd |olc, iustcad |c attcuptcd, |y violatiug t|c
iutcgrity o t|c Alcxaudriau couputus, to prcscrvc t|c louau luuar liuits aud to savc
t|c iopcs rou t|c rcuaiuiug |uuiliatiou o cclc|ratiug ou April. 1|c rcsult as
couusiou aud uuccrtaiuty.
iis Lastcr ta|lcs, drau up iu , iutroduccd to t|c Vcst t|c -ycar iasc|al cyclc
alrcady |uou at Alcxaudria, |ocvcr, |c docs uot appcar to uudcrstaud |y it rcpcats.
1|cy arc rcc|oucd iu ycars o t|c iassiou, all past ycars |ciug also dcsiguatcd |y
-
cousuls, |ocvcr, |is cousular ta|lcs crc so iuaccuratc t|at |c placcd t|c ycar o t|c
Gcuiui, to |ic| t|c Vcst datcd t|c Crucihxiou, a ycar too carly, iu t|c lcap ycar c
|uo as , rou |ic| t|cy ruu dou to = . Siucc Lusc|ius put t|c
iassiou at t|c |cgiuuiug o , \ictorius' iuplicit Crcatiou ycar as , rou
|ic| datc |c rcc|oucd |is Mctouic cyclcs, ou t|is |asis as t|c ourt| ycar o a
cyclc, or cyclc as couputists say, |ut at Alcxaudria it as cyclc . lu couscqucucc t|c
s.|:s iu cyclc o t|c Crcatiou cll iu cyclc o t|c iassiou |ut cyclc Alcxaudriau,
it as ac|icvcd |y curtailiug luuar iovcu|cr ou t|c t|. lor t|c ucxt ycars, aud al-
togct|cr iu ycars out o , t|c iasc|al tcru as ouc day too carly, its ovcrall liu-
its crc Marc| aud April.
lu t|c louau -ycar ta|lc, t|c succcssiou o ull aud |ollo luuar uout|s rou
|auuary to April |ad uot |ccu iutcrruptcd |y t|c cu|olisu |cu t|c cpact as ,
luuar April cudcd it| t|c t| luuc ou Marc| aud |.. XIJ as April iu t|c cu-
|olisuic uout|, days atcr its datc iu t|c prcvious ycar uudcr cpact aud ou t|c
sauc day as uudcr cpact , |cu it cll iu luuar April. iocvcr, \ictorius, li|c t|c
Alcxaudriaus, rcquircd |.. XIJ to all cxccpt atcr t|c s.|:s) cit|cr days carlicr or
latcr t|au iu t|c prcvious ycar, aud ou a dicrcut day cac| ycar, |cucc uudcr cpacts ,
, aud au cu|olisu as uccdcd to prcvcut luuar April rou prcccdiug t|c iasc|al
uout|.
lt is \ictorius' statcd policy, |cu t|c iasc|al tcru alls ou a Saturday, to givc |..
XJ iu t|c uaiu coluuu, |ut to add |.. XXII iu t|c uargiu as t|c latiu datc, lcaviug
t|c c|oicc to t|c iopc, |c gcucrally docs so cvcu |cu |is iasc|al tcru is a day too carly
or Alcxaudria, so t|at t|c truc Alcxaudriau datc is |is 'latiu' |.. XXII. icvcrt|clcss,
|c occasioually prouotcs XXII to |c t|c uaiu datc it| a 'Grcc|' XJ iu t|c uargiu, iu
a uuu|cr o iustauccs |c givcs ouly |.. XXII, as alays |cu |.. XJ ould |c
Marc|, ou t|c ot|cr |aud, |cu |.. XJ is April |c givcs April as t|c Grcc| datc
aud |cu it is t|c t| rcuscs to ucutiou t|c t| at all, t|oug| iu aud =
aud |c givcs a 'Grcc|' |.. XXII ou t|c t|, |ic| as a Saturday. lu t|c laud
o t|c couputistically |liud-souc o |ou cutcrcd 'Grcc|' datcs ou |.. XXIII iu |is
ta|lcs-|is ouc cyc uadc |iu |iug, |c as cvcu dcscri|cd as a 'paiusta|iug uat|c-
uaticiau', |ic| provo|cd |is uost rcccut cditor to dcclarc '1|c ..|.|.:.r s.r|.ss as
a uau o vcry liuitcd iutcllcct aud uot cvcu |oucst cit|cr.'
z
- -
--
lu Diouysius Lxiguus attac|cd to t|c last cyclc o a -ycar ta|lc ascri|cd to Cyril
o Alcxaudria, |ic| as duc to cxpirc iu Dioclctiau ,), auot|cr hvc cyclcs
or t|c ycars -, datcd rou t|c lucaruatiou scc C|r.s:... C|r...|.,. C|r.s:...
Lr.). V|crcas Dioclctiau as ycar o au Alcxaudriau Mctouic cyclc, so t|at t|c cyc-
lical placc o t|c ycar as its rcuaiudcr to , Diouysius' hrst ycar, , as cxactly
- - - -
divisi|lc it|out rcuaiudcr. io siucc = + , t|is ycar as t|c hrst o a uc
cyclc, siucc = it|out rcuaiudcr, t|c placc o a ycar is ouud |y addiug
, dividiug |y , aud ta|iug t|c rcuaiudcr trcatiug as ). 1|is as latcr |uou iu
t|c Vcst as t|c Goldcu iuu|cr, iu |ic| 'Goldcu' ucaus 'cspccially iuportaut', as iu
Goldcu lulc aud Goldcu Scctiou, t|c uodcru talc t|at Mctou's cyclc as pu|licly dis-
playcd iu gold lcttcrs is a |asclcss hctiou. lu calcudars t|c Goldcu iuu|cr is rittcu
souctiucs iu gold iu|) agaiust t|c datcs ou |ic| uc uoou alls iu t|c rclcvaut ycar
o t|c cyclc |cucc its ot|cr uauc o 'priuc', rou |.. r.o.).
Diouysius' ta|lc, aud su|scqucut latiu ta|lcs |ascd ou Alcxaudriau priuciplcs, cou-
priscd cig|t coluuus, iudicatiug rcspcctivcly i) t|c ycar, ii) t|c iudictiou, iii) t|c
cpact, iv) t|c coucurrcut, v) t|c positiou o t|c ycar iu t|c luuar cyclc, vi) t|c datc
o |.. XIJ, vii) t|c datc o Lastcr, viii) its luuc. O t|csc, t|c cpact, coucurrcut, aud
luuar cyclc rcquirc uorc cxplauatiou t|au Diouysius sa ht to givc, |c cxplaius |o to
hud t|cu, |ut uot |at t|cy arc. Siucc t|c last cyclc o t|c Cyrillau ta|lc cx|i|its t|c
sauc data cxccpt t|at it couuts its ycars rou Dioclctiau, it is li|cly t|at t|crc crc souc
|o alrcady uudcrstood t|c priuciplcs o Alcxaudriau couputus, at lcast iu Vcstcru-
i.cd oru, |ut a rcadcr ould |c |ard put to dcvclop t|c priuciplcs, as opposcd to t|c
outcouc, o Lastcr rcc|ouiug rou Diouysius' ta|lcs aud tcxt alouc.
1|c cpact is uot, as auy latiu uig|t |avc cxpcctcd, t|c agc o t|c uoou ou |auu-
ary, |ut t|c Alcxaudriau cpact, Vcstcru couputists rcdchucd it as t|c agc o t|c uoou
ou Marc| t|c s::s :..:.ro), siucc t|at as t|c ucarcst datc to t|c cquiuox or |ic|
t|c cpact as corrcct. lt is ouud |y ta|iug t|c rcuaiudcr o t|c ycar to or, |ic|
coucs to t|c sauc t|iug, su|tractiug rou its placc iu t|c cyclc), i t|c rcuaiudcr is
, so is t|c cpact |y virtuc o t|c s.|:s, i uot, it is uultiplicd |y , aud t|c rcuaiudcr
ta|cu to . 1|c coucurrcut is ouud |y t|c crial oruula it| parauctcr , cvcu i
Vcstcrucrs |ad |uou it as t|c Lgyptiau 'day o t|c gods', t|cy could |avc douc littlc
it| t|at |uolcdgc. lt as ar uorc uscully ta|cu as t|c cria o Marc| |cucc also
o Marc|, , , April), t|is s::s ....rr:.:.o|ad t|c advautagc o |ciug our cc|s
atcr ... JI I.|. M.r:., aud |cucc atcr t|c disruptiou o lcap ycar as past. 1|c luuar
cyclc is uot Diouysius' ou 'dcccuuovcual' or -ycar cyclc, |ut t|c iy.autiuc cyclc,
|ic| rau t|rcc ycars |c|iud it, i |c |uc |at it as doiug iu au Alcxaudriau Lastcr
ta|lc, |c did uot coudcsccud to cxplaiu, aud latcr rcadcrs crc rcduccd to gucssor|.
icvcrt|clcss, it rcuaiucd iu t|c ta|lc.
Oucc t|c cpact is |uou, |.. XIJ cau casily |c ouud, t|oug| uot so |audily as iu
t|c Alcxaudriau calcudar t|c cpact |ciug L, t|c datc o |.. XIJ is - L April |cu
L is lcss t|au , - L Marc| |cu L is |ctccu aud , ot|crisc - L April. 1|c
ucxt Suuday is ouud |y addiug to t|c coucurrcut t|c iasc|al rcgular, or uuu|cr o
criac |y |ic| |.. XIJ is iu advaucc o Marc|. 1|c iasc|al rcgular or cac| ycar
o t|c dcccuuovcual cyclc as rccordcd iu |ar|arous latiu vcrscs ouud iu virtually all
couputistic uauuscripts aud said to |avc |ccu dictatcd |y au augcl to St iac|ouius
May), it is uotcd iu 1a|lc |clo. 1|us, to hud t|c datc o Lastcr iu
+ = = + , \Goldcu iuu|cr = , \cpact =
.r = + , = , = + , \cpact = )
-
\|.. XIJ = April.
= + , + + = = + , \coucurrcut .
iasc|al rcgular o April =
\cria o April = + = uod = Mouday,
\Lastcr Suuday as April.
Coucurrcuts rccur iu a solar cyclc o ycars, atcr |ic| ycars uust rcpcat iu rc-
spcct |ot| o iutcrcalatiou aud t|c cria o |auuary. lu ordcr t|at t|c hrst our ycars
o t|c cyclc s|ould |avc coucurrcuts , , , aud , a uc cyclc as ta|cu to |cgiu iu
, is solar cyclc , aud t|c cyclical placc o auy ycar is ouud |y addiug aud
dividiug |y , t|c crial oruula uay t|cu |c applicd it|out additiou o a parauctcr.
1|us + = = + , , = , + = uod , \ coucurrcut
= . lu t|c latcr Middlc Agcs t|c coucurrcut as discardcd iu avour o t|c Suuday
lcttcr, t|c rclatiou |ctccu solar cyclc, coucurrcut, aud Suuday lcttcr is sct out iu
1a|lc .
1|c cria o t|c uout|ly ialcuds is ouud |y addiug to t|c coucurrcut corrcctivcs
|uou as 'solar rcgulars'. icdc lists t|cu rou |auuary, it| t|c aruiug t|at iu lcap
ycar t|osc o |auuary aud lc|ruary ill |c ouc locr, A||o o llcury prccrrcd to cvadc
t|is diculty |y rcc|ouiug rou t|c olloiug Marc|.
M..:| :|.r ;r.o M.r.|)
|auuary )
lc|ruary )
Marc|
April
May
|uuc
|uly
August
Scptcu|cr
Octo|cr
iovcu|cr
Dcccu|cr
1|us iu , coucurrcut , |y icdc's rulc t|c cria o |auuary ill |c + - =
, i.c. Mouday, |y A||o's rulc t|c ycar is ta|cu as , coucurrcut , aud t|c cria o
|auuary calculatcd as + = uod . A||o |iuscl ould |avc dcuicd t|at t|c
ycar as cit|cr or scc C|r.s:... C|r...|.,. C|r.s:... Lr.), |ut |is couputistic
ta|lcs crc ouud uscul |y pcoplc |o iguorcd |is rcdatiug o t|c lucaruatiou, t|cy
arc cou|iucd it| icdau aud prc-icdau uatcrials iu suc| ta|lcs as t|at illustratcd iu
il. .
z - 1|c '|cy o t|c liuits', .|..s ::ro...ro, is t|c uuu|cr o days
to |c couutcd ...|s.:|, rou t|c .|..s o particular uovca|lc casts, |ic| ould all
- - - -
ou t|c Suuday atcr t|c datc t|us ouud cvcu i it as itscl a Suuday). lt is ouud |y
su|tractiug t|c cpact rou iu couuou ycars, |ut rou iu cu|olisuic ycars aud
also iu ycar siucc t|c cpact, uaucly , is grcatcr t|au ), t|c .|.:s o t|c uovca|lc
casts arc
clavis Scptuagcsiuac |auuary
clavis Quadragcsiuac |auuary
clavis iasc|atis Marc|
clavis logatiouuu April
clavis icutccostcs April
1|us, |cu t|c Goldcu iuu|cr is , cpact , .|..s ::ro...ro , Scptuagcsiua ill all
ou t|c Suuday ucxt atcr lc|ruary t|c t| day iuclusivcly, or t| cxclusivcly) rou
|auuary, Quadragcsiua ou t|c Suuday ucxt atcr lc|ruary, Lastcr ou t|at atcr
April, logatiou Suuday ou t|at atcr May, aud V|itsuu ou t|at atcr May. 1|c
Suuday uay |c ouud iu t|c uorual as|iou |y t|c coucurrcut or t|c Suuday lcttcr iu
lcap ycar t|c hrst Suuday lcttcr is uscd or Scptuagcsiua, t|c sccoud or Lastcr, loga-
tious, aud V|itsuu, or Quadragcsiua t|c rulc as to ta|c t|c hrst lcttcr, |ut i t|c
rcsultiug datc is lc|ruary or latcr to su|tract a day |ic| auouuts to usiug t|c scc-
oud lcttcr).
1|c cpact, iasc|al tcru, iasc|al rcgular, aud .|..s ::ro...ro or cac| ycar o t|c
dcccuuovcual cyclc arc sct out iu 1a|lc , Lgyptiau datcs arc iucludcd |ccausc t|c cyclc
as o Alcxaudriau origiu, aud |ccausc its structurc is uorc casily pcrorucd rou
t|cu. 1|c luuc o |auuary |ic| is also t|at o Mar.) is uotcd or casc o cou-
parisou it| ot|cr cyclcs, souc lris| couputists uscd it iu prccrcucc to Diouysius'
cpact, aud lris| auualists cou|iucd it it| t|c cria o |auuary to idcutiy t|c ycar.
z - l Lastcr alls ou a givcu day iu ycar Y, it uust also do so iu
Y + , Y + , aud so ou. lt is t|crcorc casy to coupilc au Lastcr ta|lc valid or all
ycars iu |ic| t|c |uliau calcudar is valid, \ictorius, uo grcat iutcllcct, |ad stuu|lcd
iuto ouc |y accidcut, aud alt|oug| Diouysius |ad uot dcviscd ouc, uauy o icdc's cou-
tcuporarics posscsscd t|at s|ill as cll as icdc |iuscl, |o prchxcd suc| a ta|lc, rou
to , to |is classic or| L: ::o.ro r.:...:, aud t|us sccurcd t|c hual victory o
Alcxaudria ovcr Aquitaiuc.
1a|lc givcs a couplctc iasc|al cyclc o ycars, t|c coluuus rcprcscut Goldcu
iuu|crs, t|c ros t|c solar cyclc. lt |cgius at Gi , solar cyclc = , , ,
OS) uod . 1|c ta|lc uay |c uscd to hud Lastcr it|out rccoursc to cou-
currcuts or Suuday lcttcrs |y t|osc |o hud t|c solar cyclc casicr to calculatc t|au t|c
crial oruula. lor cxauplc, to hud Lastcr
= + uod , - = , uod uod ,
\Goldcu iuu|cr = , solar cyclc =
Coluuu aud ro iutcrscct at April,
\Lastcr cll ou April .
-
z So littlc did Diouysius carc a|out t|c luuar calcu-
dar or its ou sa|c t|at iu |is uost dctailcd cxpositiou cac| ycar o t|c cyclc |cgius
ou t|c day atcr ouc iasc|al tcru aud cuds ou t|c ucxt, cxccpt t|at t|c hrst, April-
April, ruus rou t|c iasc|al tcru o Gi to t|at o Gi , so t|at April |clougs
to |ot| t|c t| ycar aud t|c hrst, |c spccihcs ucit|cr t|c day o s.|:s uor t|c |cgiu-
uiugs o t|c cu|olisus, |ciug couccrucd ouly it| t|c uuu|cr o days iu t|c ycar. 1|c
Vcst, |ocvcr, adaptcd to it t|c luuar calcudar iu|critcd rou t|c Supputatio louaua,
it| ull luuar uout|s cudiug iu odd solar uout|s aud |ollo iu cvcu, suuucd up iu
t|c uucuouic Io.r L.. .r., .r ;:: .. .o.r: o:.s:. iocvcr, as iu \ictorius' calcudar
irrcgularitics crc uuavoida|lc, t|csc crc |uou as 'coutrary rulcs' ...:r.r..: r:|.:) |y
t|c lris| couputists.
A couplcx aud su|tlc arraugcucut as sct out iu t|c uid-scvcut| ccutury |y au uu-
|uou aut|or pcr|aps Cuuuiau) iu a trcatisc L: r.:...: ...:... aud su|scqucutly
copicd iuto a uauuscript t|c so-callcd L.|:r C.oo..:.) oucd |y St Duustau, it |or-
ros solutious or souc pro|lcu ycars rou t|c latcrcus rcc|ouiug scc App. |), rccly
aduits 'a|ortivc uoous' t|at |cgiu atcr t|c ialcuds o ouc uout| it|out rcac|iug
t|osc o t|c ucxt, aud rcstricts t|c tcru 'cu|olisu' to t|c pcriod |ctccu a |.. XIJ iu
Marc| prcccdiug t|c st aud t|c iasc|al tcru iu April. iocvcr, t|c dccisivc trcatucut
as t|at sct out iu icdc's L: ::o.ro r.:...:, t|c solutious crc as ollos.
i) V|crcas L: r.:...: ...:... aud ot|cr lris| sourccs uudcrstood t|c s.|:s to |c a
lcap rou |.. XXJIII ou Marc| to |.. XXX ou t|c ud, aud t|crcorc rotc t|c
cpact o |auuary iu Gi as , icdc, t|oug| iu priuciplc dccuiug t|is t|c uost ap-
propriatc placc, iu practicc gavc t|c cpact as , aud uotcd t|at souc put t|c s.|:s iu io-
vcu|cr, to gct it out o t|c ay |corc t|c uc ycar, 'o|viously atcr t|c cxauplc o t|c
Lgyptiaus, |o arc said to do t|is iu t|cir pcuultiuatc uout|, |ic| is our |uly'. lu
act, as c |avc sccu, t|c Alcxaudriau s.|:s as ta|cu iu t|c pcuultiuatc uout| uot o
t|c solar, |ut o t|c quasi-|cis| ycar, cut s|ort at August, ucvcrt|clcss, latcr Vcst-
cru calcudars curtailcd cit|cr luuar |uly at t|c t| or luuar iovcu|cr at t|c t|.
ii) V|crcas L: r.:...: ...:... |ad ovcrcouc lcap ycar |y assiguiug uo agc to t|c
uoou ou t|c |.ss:::s, icdc dcclarcd t|at luuar lc|ruary as to |c ull, |ct|cr it cudcd
|corc or atcr t|c iutcrcalatiou.
iii) 1|c allocatiou o cu|olisus, attri|utcd |y icdc to t|c louaus, as as ollos
- Dcccu|cr iu Gi , Scptcu|cr- Octo|cr iu Gi , Marc|- April iu Gi ,
Dcccu|cr- |auuary iu Gi -, iovcu|cr- Dcccu|cr iu Gi , - August
iu Gi , aud Marc|- April iu Gi . 1|c cu|olisu iu Gi - or |ic|
souc ritcrs givc |auuary- lc|ruary) as prccrrcd to t|c Marc|- April o L:
r.:...: ...:... so t|at lc|ruary luuar s|ould cud ou lc|ruary solar rat|cr t|au
|auuary.
1|rcc o t|csc cu|olisus causc irrcgularitics iu t|c uout|ly cpacts iu Gi , May
|as cpact iustcad o , |uly iustcad o , iu Gi , Marc| |as iustcad o ,
iu Gi , May |as iustcad o . Morcovcr, iu t|csc ycars souc luuar uout|s |cgiu
iu t|c li|c-uaucd solar uout|s |ut cud iu t|c ucxt iu Gi aud May aud |uuc, iu
- - - -
Gi |auuary, lc|ruary, aud Marc|, so t|at iu lcap ycar t|c cpact o Marc| rcvcrts
to . lu lcap ycar, all t|rcc ycars cx|i|it our ull uout|s iu succcssiou |au., lc|., Mar.,
aud t|c cu|olisu). io suc| irrcgularitics crc iutroduccd |y t|c rcuaiuiug cu|olisus,
|ocvcr, souc couputists |cgau t|c cu|olisu o Gi ou Dcccu|cr to avoid put-
tiug t|c uc uoou o luuar |auuary ou t|c sauc day, Dcccu|cr, as t|at o t|c cu|ol-
isu iu Gi , t|is |ciug t|c ouly casc o to uc uoous ou ouc day.
1|c luucs o t|c ialcuds arc o|taiucd |y addiug 'luuar rcgulars' i.c. corrcctious) to
t|c cpact o t|c ycar, su|tractiug as ucccssary. 1|csc rcgulars crc iu origiu t|c |.:|.~
|.|., 'gcucral days', calculatcd or a iy.autiuc ycar |cgiuuiug ou t|c prcvious Scptcu-
|cr, t|c corrcspoudiug valucs arc souctiucs givcu iu Vcstcru ta|lcs, cvcu atcr icdc |ad
|ascd |is rcgulars ou |auuary.
M..:| :|.r ;r.o `:::o|:r)
|auuary
lc|ruary
Marc|
April
May
|uuc
|uly
August
Scptcu|cr )
Octo|cr )
iovcu|cr )
Dcccu|cr )
1|us iu Gi , t|c cpact is , t|c luuar rcgular o |auuary is , + = , - = ,
t|crcorc t|c uc uoou alls ou |auuary. lu Gi t|c cpact is , + = , t|crc-
orc |auuary is t|c t| luuc. 1|is cutails a luuar |auuary |cgiuuiug ou Dcccu|cr,
aud |cucc a luuar Dcccu|cr cudiug ou t|c t|, siucc t|is is a |ollo uout|, t|c cpact
o Dcccu|cr ill |c . iy icdc's rcc|ouiug t|is is givcu |y t|c cpact o Gi , |ic|
is , addcd to t|c luuar rcgular or Dcccu|cr, |ic| is , t|c iy.autiuc systcu ac|icvcs
t|c sauc rcsult |y addiug a luuar rcgular o to cpact . 1|csc rcgulars ta|c uo ac-
couut o coutrary rulc, |ic| cpact ta|lcs otcu iguorc, or ac|uolcdgc ouly iu a oot-
uotc c.g. il. ), uor o t|c s.|:s.
1|c uost rcqucut distri|utiou o uc uoous uudcrstood as hrst visi|ility o t|c
crcsccut, uot as coujuuctiou) t|roug|out t|c cyclc is givcu iu 1a|lc , italics iudicatc
cu|olisuic uout|s. Ludcrliuiug iudicatcs luuatious uaucd atcr t|c solar uout| iu
|ic| t|cy |cgiu, all ot|crs arc uaucd atcr t|at iu |ic| t|cy cud cxccpt or cu|ol-
isus, |ic| arc uauclcss. 1|c corrcspoudiug uout|ly cpacts, or luuar agcs or t|c
ialcuds, arc sct out iu 1a|lc . At llcury, |crc scvcral iudiccs o luuar agc crc dcviscd
scc C.|:..rs .s hr.:::. |,:.:s. L.:r...| C.|:..rs), a ta|lc o cpacts or cvcry day o t|c
cyclc as drau up. 1|roug|out t|c Middlc Agcs, artistic as cll as uat|cuatical iu-
gcuuity as applicd to dcvisiug uovcl cxpositious o auiliar acts scc il. ), t|csc
-
acts, uorcovcr, crc iutcgratcd iuto a couprc|cusivc uudcrstaudiug o tiuc, uau,
orld, aud God scc il. ).
C|rouiclcrs as cll as couputists ill otcu dchuc a ycar uot ucrcly |y its o.||s.o:
, |ut |y t|c uuu|cr o coucurrcuts aud cpacts, t|cy uay also appcud t|c luuc to
t|c datc. Lrrors arc uot uu|uou lodulus Gla|cr, |aviug statcd t|at t|c uoou's
cclipsc o iovcu|cr too| placc ou t|c t| luuc, adds t|at t|crc crc uo cpacts
aud coucurrcuts. Luortuuatcly, t|c corrcct iudicatious crc cpacts aud coucur-
rcuts .o |.ss:::., t|c uull cpact |clougcd to aud coucurrcuts to . ircsuua|ly
t|c lcarucd c|rouiclcr's Lastcr ta|lc as as|c.
1|c iucrcasiug iuaccuracy o t|c luuar ta|lcs did uot go uuuoticcd, iu souc calcu-
dars t|c Goldcu iuu|crs arc rcassigucd to ot|cr days. iy t|c cud o t|c Middlc Agcs,
t|c truc uc uoous crc rccogui.cd as alliug our days carlicr t|au iu t|c iu|critcd
ta|lcs, iu latiu t|is as said to |c t|c ht| day |corc |y t|c usual iuclusivc rcc|ouiug,
aud locatcd t|roug| hvc-sylla|lc uucuouics suc| as .. ..:|.s :s: |.. 'iu t|c s|ics 'tis |crc').
z lu its hrst to aud a |al ccuturics
iy.autiuu cxpcriucutcd it| various ays o hudiug Lastcr, iucludiug a Mctouic cyclc
|cgiuuiug it| t|c uc uoou o |auuary, corrcspoudiug at Lastcrtidc to t|c t|ird ycar
o t|c Alcxaudriau, it put t|c s.|:s iu ycar , so t|at t|c iasc|al tcrus o ycars aud
crc April iustcad o t|c t| aud Marc| iustcad o t|c t|, causiug Lastcr
to all ou April iustcad o t|c t| aud ou April iustcad o Marc|.
V|cu iu t|c uid-sixt| ccutury Coustautiuoplc adoptcd t|c Alcxaudriau datcs, t|c
Arucuiaus, t|c Syriau |aco|itcs, aud t|c C|urc| o t|c Last, t|oug| illiug to acccpt
Marc|, iusistcd ou rctaiuiug April, so t|at |cu t|at day is a Suuday t|cy post-
pouc Lastcr till t|c t|, t|c s.|:s is t|us iu ycar o t|cir cyclc. 1|c Gcorgiaus, |o-
cvcr, |o |ad prcviously |ccu iu couuuuiou it| t|c Arucuiaus, |ro|c it| t|cu aud
cutcrcd iuto ull couuuuiou it| Coustautiuoplc, t|cy t|crcorc acccptcd April,
uoviug t|c s.|:s to ycar o t|c cyclc = ycar iu t|c dchuitivc iy.autiuc cyclc aud
ycar iu t|c Alcxaudriau). Muc| ill ccliug |ctccu t|c Arucuiaus aud t|cir ucig|-
|ours rcsultcd rou t|csc 'alsc Lastcrs', |ic| datc as alsc uaturally dcpcudcd ou
|ct|cr ouc as|cd t|c Arucuiaus or t|c 'Grcc|s aud Gcorgiaus'.
1|c Mctouic cyclc cvcutually adoptcd |y t|c Ort|odox C|urc| ruus t|rcc ycars |c-
|iud t|c Alcxaudriau, yct puttiug t|c s.|:s iu t|c sauc ycar, its ou t|, so t|at t|c
'lcgal iasc|a' agrccs it| t|c Vcstcru |.. XIJ, t|is is t|c 'luuar cyclc' givcu or rccr-
cucc purposcs iu Diouysius' ta|lcs. lu t|c orld cra as rcc|oucd rou Scptcu|cr
, t|c cyclical valuc is ouud |y ta|iug t|c rcuaiudcr o t|c ycar to . 1|c cpacts o
Marc| aud Scptcu|cr gavc ay to t|at o |auuary aud Mar.), |uou as t|c
'ouudatiou' :|:o|..s, iu lussiau .s....:). 1|is as at ouc tiuc calculatcd |y t|c or-
uula . + uod ) |cu . t|c cyclic valuc o t|c ycar) is lcss t|au aud . +
uod ) |cu . is or uorc, t|c rcsult or cac| ycar as t|us t|c sauc as iu post-
icdau Vcstcru ta|lcs. iocvcr, a couputistic rcoru iucrcascd t|c valuc o t|c :|:o:~
|..s |y , ouc t|cu ouud t|c ucxt ull uoou |.. XJ uot XIJ) |y su|tractiug t|c
:|:o:|..s rou uod ) aud addcd days to o|taiu t|c lcgal iasc|a, or i ull
- - - -
uoou crc carlicr t|au |auuary. Auot|cr uct|od, uscd iu lussia, is to su|tract t|c
.s.....: rou uod ), t|us o|taiuiug t|c uuu|cr o days :|:,) atcr Marc|
t|at t|c iasc|al uc uoou alls. iut ouc uay also hud t|c lcgal iasc|a dircctly rou
t|c cyclc |y ta|iug . + uod )-iucrcascd |y or . > -rou , t|c rcsult ill
|c t|c day iu Marc| or, uiuus , iu Apr.) o t|c lcgal iasc|a.
iocvcr t|c lcgal iasc|a |as |ccu csta|lis|cd, ouc ill ucxt hud its cria rou t|c
solar cyclc. 1|is is idcutical it| t|c Alcxaudriau cyclc, ruuuiug ycars a|cad o t|c
Vcstcru, aud |cgius iu , ouc ill t|us hud t|c 'solar cpacts' o a ycar |y
addiug a quartcr o a quartcr o its o.||s.o:, iguoriug ractious, aud ta|iug t|c rcuaiu-
dcr to . 1|cy arc t|us idcutical it| t|c coucurrcuts or t|c sauc placc iu t|c Vcst-
cru cyclc uot o coursc or t|c ycar itscl), |ut iudicatc t|c cria o Scptcu|cr a
Suuday iu ), to |ic| t|c cria o auy day rou Octo|cr ouards uay |c ouud
|y addiug t|c ,..:.o:, plus or cvcry -day uout| clapscd siucc Scptcu|cr, or
cvcry -day uout| ot|cr t|au Scptcu|cr itscl, aud iu lcap ycar or auy datc atcr
lc|ruary, t|cu ta|iug t|c rcuaiudcr to .
z -- Lutil t|c ourtccut| ccutury, lussiau datcs crc rcc|oucd rou Marc|
, cvcu atcrards or couputistic purposcs t|c ycar as ta|cu as |cgiuuiug ou
Marc|, t|c uost couvcuicut datc or calculatiou. Slavouic C|urc| calcudars cuploycd
a dcvicc or hudiug criac siuilar to t|c Vcstcru Suuday lcttcr. Lac| day as la|cllcd
it| ouc o t|c uuu|crs -, rcprcscutcd as all uuu|crs crc |corc ictcr t|c Grcat)
|y a lcttcr o t|c Cyrillic alp|a|ct |aviug t|c uuucrical valuc o its Grcc| prototypc
Marc| is la|cllcd , Marc| , Marc| , Marc| , aud so ou iu dcsccudiug scqucucc
dou to lc|ruary , lc|ruary , it uadc uo dicrcucc t|at t|c ycar, aud t|c p|ys-
ical calcudar, |cgau it| Scptcu|cr, |ic| as la|cllcd uot |ccausc it as ic Ycar
|ut |ccausc it cauc cxactly cc|s atcr Marc|.
1|c 'Suuday uuu|cr' or cac| ycar, |uou as r:s:|:. C|urc| Slavouic, 't|c ycar iu
your |aud'), iudicatcs t|c uuu|cr o days iuclusivcly) to t|c ucxt Suuday. 1o hud it,
apply t|c crial oruula it| parauctcr to t|c ycar all days agaiust |ic| t|c rc-
sultiug uuu|cr is rittcu ill |c Suudays rou Marc| to August, aud iu t|c oldcr
rcc|ouiug all ycar rouud, |ut oucc t|c ycar as rcc|oucd rou Scptcu|cr , as
as uorual rou t|c ourtccut| ccutury, or datcs |ctccu Scptcu|cr aud lc|ruary t|c
ycar uust |c rcduccd |y . 1|us to hud t|c r:s:|::. or ,), |ctccu
Scptcu|cr aud lc|ruary, ta|c t|c ycar as = rcu. ), + =
= , call rcuaiudcr , \r:s:|::. is , all days uar|cd ill |c Suudays, |cgiu-
uiug it| Scptcu|cr, dou to lc|ruary. lrou Marc| to August, rcc|ou di-
rcctly it| = , + = = + , \r:s:|::. is , all days
uar|cd ill |c Suudays, startiug it| Marc|.
l c call t|c r:s:|::. \, t|c hrst Suuday o Marc| is - \ uod ), |ut i c call
t|is Q, t|cu Marc| is cria - Q uod ) = - + \. Siucc t|c cria o Marc| is
also t|at o t|c t|, t|c Marc|-Scptcu|cr r:s:|::. o auy ycar is t|c sauc as t|c
Vcstcru coucurrcut. lor couhruatiou, call t|c ycar y, t|c ycar Y t|c coucurrcut
= y + y, + uod ), t|c r:s:|::. = Y + Y,, |ut Y = y + , \ Y, =
-
y, + , + = = + , \ Y + Y, y + y, +
uod ).
1|c cria o t|c hrst o cac| uout| uay also |c ouud dircctly rou t|c solar cyclc
usiug 1a|lc , iu |ic| agaiu t|c ycar |cgius it| Marc|. icucc, iu ycar o t|c
iy.autiuc solar cyclc, rcc|oucd rou Marc| to lc|ruary, t|c cria o Marc| is , i.c.
lriday.
lussiau c|urc| rcc|ouiug also |uos a '|cy o liuits' ||,.| r..:s or r...|.,. ),
|ic| is uot t|c sauc as t|c Vcstcru .|..s ::ro...ro |ut t|c uuu|cr o days, rou to
, |y |ic| Lastcr is su|scqucut to Marc|, i c call it i, Mcatarc Suuday Vcst-
cru Scxagcsiua) = i + |auuary i + iu lcap ycar), Clcau Mouday t|c Mouday
atcr t|c Vcstcru Quiuquagcsiua) = i + lc|ruary i + iu lcap ycar), Asccusiou =
i + April, icutccost = i + May, t|c Lvc o St ictcr's last = i + May, aud t|c
lcugt| o St ictcr's last to |uuc) = - i days. Scc l r:|..: C|r.| 1:.r or t|c
siguihcaucc o t|csc days.
z

V|cu iopc Grcgory Xlll c|augcd t|c stylc iu , |c did uot c|augc t|c dchuitiou o
Lastcr, |ic| rcuaiucd t|c Suuday atcr t|c t| luuc ou or ucxt atcr Marc|, |ut
advauccd Marc| uouiual |y days to t|c uatural day prcviously callcd t|c t|, it|
provisiou or urt|cr trauscrcucc to t|c t|, t|c t|, t|c t|, aud so ort|. As a rcsult,
t| luucs t|at |ad |it|crto prcccdcd Marc| uo ollocd it, aud coustitutcd iasc|al
tcrus. 1|c -ycar cyclc t|crcorc uccdcd to |c rcplaccd, t|c opportuuity as also
ta|cu to coupcusatc or t|c cxccss o t|c truc syuodic uout|. Morcovcr, siucc t|c
Goldcu iuu|crs could uo lougcr |c rittcu agaiust t|c uc uoous iu t|c calcudar uu-
lcss a uc calcudar crc prcparcd rou ccutury to ccutury, t|cy crc couhucd to t|c
aucillary uuctiou o iudicatiug t|c cpact, |ic| |ccauc oucc uorc t|c |asis o t|c
couputus, its scat as uovcd rou Marc| to Dcccu|cr iu t|c prcvious ycar, so
t|at Grcgoriau cpact : corrcspouds to prc-Diouysiau L - .
lu cac| ccutury dchucd or t|is purposc as ruuuiug rou to ) t|c Goldcu
iuu|crs, still cquivalcut to Y + uod ), corrcspoud to dicrcut cpacts, iucrcas-
iug |y it| a s.|:s at t|c cud o t|c cyclc, |ut t|c cpacts c|augc rou ccutury to ccu-
tury scc 1a|lc ). Lvcry tiuc au iutcrcalatiou is supprcsscd, t|c cpact is rcduccd |y ouc,
or casc o rcc|ouiug, t|c rcductiou, |uou as t|c 'solar corrcctiou', is uadc it| ccct
rou |auuary iustcad o lc|ruary. iocvcr, to coupcusatc a littlc too uuc|) or
t|c cxccss o t|c truc syuodic uout| ovcr . days, t|c cpact is iucrcascd cig|t tiucs
iu ycars, t|is 'luuar corrcctiou' is uadc scvcu tiucs atcr ycars aud t|c cig|t|
atcr . Ouly iu ccutcuuial lcap ycars docs it actually iucrcasc t|c cpact, ot|crisc it
cauccls t|c solar corrcctiou, as |cu it as hrst uadc iu , |ic| as dccucd t|c
last iu a -ycar cyclc. O t|c uturc corrcctious, duc cvcry ycars up to aud iu-
cludiug |ut uot agaiu till , ouly t|osc o aud ill actually augucut

t|c cpact, iu all ot|cr cascs , , , , , ) t|c solar corrcctiou ill
|c cauccllcd. icucc iu ycars divisi|lc |y t|c cpact riscs i t|crc is a luuar corrcc-
tiou aud ot|crisc rcuaius t|c sauc, iu ot|cr ccutcuuial ycars it rcuaius t|c sauc i
t|crc is a luuar corrcctiou aud ot|crisc diuiuis|cs |y .
Lac| sct o cpacts is sct out iu a liuc it| au iudcx-lcttcr, also uscd iu t|c louau
Martyrology scc App. L). 1|c cpacts rou Octo|cr to Dcccu|cr staud
ou liuc D, t|crcatcr t|c liucs arc
D uo corrcctiou)
C solar corrcctiou ouly)
C solar corrcctiou cauccllcd |y luuar)
i solar corrcctiou ouly)
i uo corrcctiou)
i solar corrcctiou cauccllcd |y luuar)
A solar corrcctiou ouly)
u solar corrcctiou ouly)
A luuar corrcctiou ouly)
icucc t|c cpacts o ill rcuaiu iu orcc dou to .
1|c auuual cpacts arc t|cu assigucd to t|c days o t|c ycar to iudicatc t|c uc
uoous scc 1a|lc ). V|cu t|c uoou is days old ou Dcccu|cr, t|c ucxt ycar's
cpact is statcd as , it is rittcu agaiust |auuary, aud agaiu agaiust |auuary, Marc|,
Marc|, aud so ou dou to Dcccu|cr, iudicatiug t|at t|osc arc t|c days o uc
uoou uudcr cpact . Ot|cr cpacts arc statcd iu t|c uorual ay, |ut iu oldcr |oo|s t|cy
arc sct iu rouau uuucrals aud rcqucutly priutcd iu rcd iu|), it| t|c cxccptiou o to
spccial cpacts to |c cousidcrcd. 1|us |auuary is uar|cd orucrly XXlX), ucau-
iug t|at |cu t|at day is uc uoou, Dcccu|cr solar as |auuary luuar, aud |auu-
ary t|c t|, |auuary is uar|cd orucrly XX\lll), aud so ou |ac|ards
t|roug|out t|c ycar. 1|c uc uoou o t|c lirst Mout| is t|c hrst iucidcucc o t|c au-
uual cpact atcr Marc|, days latcr coucs t|c iasc|al tcru. 1|c olloiug Suuday is
t|cu ouud |y t|c Suuday lcttcr t|c coucurrcut |ciug o|solctc iu iopc Grcgory's day),
|ocvcr, oucc cpact aud Suuday lcttcr arc |uou, t|c datc o t|c cstival uay |c ouud
dircctly rou 1a|lc .
lrou ouc ycar to t|c ucxt t|c cpact o cac| ycar iucrcascs |y uod ), cxccpt t|at
rou Gi to Gi it iucrcascs |y uod ) oiug to t|c s.|:s at Dcccu|cr,
uudcr cpact t|is causcs t|c cu|olisu |cgiuuiug ou Dcccu|cr, |ic| uorually cuds
ou |auuary uudcr cpact , to |ccouc a |ollo uout|, cudiug ou t|c st, t|c ucxt
ycar |aviug cpact + uod ), uudcr cpact t|c cu|olisu t|at ould uor-
ually |avc cudcd ou t|c st cuds ou t|c t|, so t|at t|c ucxt ycar's cpact uay |c , uc
uoou t|crcorc alls ou Dcccu|cr. 1|at |appcucd iu aud at -ycar iutcrvals to
, ailiug urt|cr rcoru, t|c ucxt iustaucc ill |c iu . 1|c casc is covcrcd iu t|c
ta|lc |y ritiug agaiust Dcccu|cr a spccial oru o t|c cpact uuu|cr iu t|c oldcr
|oo|s, |ic| gavc cpacts iu rouau hgurcs aud otcu iu rcd, t|is as ara|ic iu |lac|,
iu uodcru |oo|s, |ic| usc ara|ic t|roug|out, it is '. 1|is uar|cd stauds to t|c
-
lct o t|c uorual cpact or Dcccu|cr, , iudicatiug t|c uc uoou o luuar |auu-
ary t|at uudcr t|at cpact ollos t|c cu|olisu o Dcccu|cr.
lu t|c odd uout|s o t|c ycar, cpact is rittcu ticc, iu oldcr |oo|s as XX\
t|c |ciug |lac|), iu uodcru as ' , iu cvcu uout|s t|c uar|cd oru is rittcu |c-
orc aud t|c uorual oru |corc . 1|c cxplauatiou is as ollos.
i) Siucc t|crc arc possi|lc luuar agcs ou Dcccu|cr, |ut ouly possi|lc datcs
or t|c iasc|al tcru, to cpacts uust s|arc t|c sauc tcru as uudcr t|c Supputatio
louaua aud s|arcd Apr.).
ii) lu ordcr to o|taiu succcssivc iasc|al tcrus o Marc| aud April, as pro-
vidcd |y Diouysius or cpacts aud , Grcgoriau cpact uust |c ollocd |y a ycar
it| iasc|al tcru ou April. 1|is is t|c rcgular tcru uudcr cpact uc uoous |au.,
lc|., Mar., Apr.), |ut t|c ycar olloiug cpact uust |avc cpact , t|crcorc cpact
uust |c hctioually cquatcd or t|c purposc it| cpact .
iii) iocvcr, iu ccrtaiu Goldcu iuu|cr cyclcs cpact occurs iu its ou rig|t,
siucc uo to ycars o t|c Mctouic cyclc uay |avc t|c sauc iasc|al tcru, cpact ill
|avc to |avc its propcr uc uoou o April, it| iasc|al tcru ou t|c t|. 1|is is iu-
dicatcd |y distiuguis|iug t|c cpact cit|cr iu stylc or it| t|c stro|c.
iv) A iasc|al tcru ou April is also rcquircd iu t|c ycar atcr cpact , |ic| |as
it ou Marc|, |ut t|c cpact ill |c . icucc cpact uust |c hctioually cquatcd
it| cpact '.
lu uo Mctouic cyclc do cpact , , aud all occur, ouly aud or aud ,
t|c orucr pair ouly |cu is uudcr a Goldcu iuu|cr o or lcss, t|c lattcr ouly
|cu t|c Goldcu iuu|cr is or uorc. 1|crcorc ouc ritcs uudcr Goldcu iuu-
|crs - aud ' uudcr -.
1|c cquatiou o it| aud ' it| applics ouly iu |ollo uout|s, iu ull
uout|s |ot| cpacts uuctiou idcutically it| t|cir propcr valuc o . lu couscqucucc,
uudcr cpact t|crc is ...:r.r.. r:|. t|roug|out t|c ycar, ull luuar uout|s |cgiuuiug
iu t|c odd solar uout|s aud |ollo iu t|c cvcu, |crcas cpact ' o|cys t|c uorual
rulc, it| au cu|olisu |cgiuuiug ou iovcu|cr. Lpact |as ...:r.r.. r:|. to |uuc,
atcr |ic| t|c |ollo uout| rou t|c ud to t|c t| rcstorcs t|c uorual pattcru, so
|as cpact dou to May, to April, aud to Marc|. lu all t|csc cascs, t|c
uout| cudiug iu solar |auuary is ta|cu as cu|olisuic, cu|olisus arc also rcquircd ou
Dcccu|cr uudcr cpact aud progrcssivcly day carlicr uudcr cpacts Dcc.) to
iov.). Ludcr cpacts -, t|c |.ss:::s causcs t|c currcut luuatiou to couprisc
days iu lcap ycar, t|oug| t|c couutcd luuc rcuaius t|c sauc rou to lc|ruary.
z -
+ = , = + , Gi =
is ou liuc i
\cpact o Gi = 1a|lc )
\iasc|al uc uoou is Marc| 1a|lc )
\|.. XIJ = + Marc| = April, Suuday lcttcr C

Suuday lcttcr o = D
\Lastcr is April.
Or, usiug 1a|lc , cpact is , Suuday lcttcr is D, \Lastcr is April.
z
+ = , = + , \Gi =
is ou liuc C
\cpact o Gi = 1a|lc )
\last uc uoou |corc iovcu|cr as t|c t| 1a|lc )
\ iovcu|cr as t|c rd luuc.
lu act, t|c coujuuctiou as at . p.u. ou iovcu|cr at Grccuic|, or
uiuutcs atcr uiduig|t ou t|c t| at louc.
-
. r....|:s .; j|... L.s::r
C.|:. L..: .s.|.| ::ro .s.|.| L.: j... Clavis
No|:r r:|.r tcruiuoruu
L,:... .o..
i|aruout|i April
i|aucuot| Marc|
i|aruout|i April
i|aruout|i April
i|aucuot| Marc|
i|aruout|i April
i|aruout|i Marc|
i|aruout|i April
i|aruout|i April
i|aruout|i Marc|
i|aruout|i April
i|aruout|i April
i|aucuot| Marc|
i|aruout|i April
i|aruout|i April
i|aucuot| Marc|
i|aruout|i April
i|aruout|i Marc|
i|aruout|i April
. `.|.r .,.|:, ....rr:.:s, `.., L::::r
Au astcris| dcuotcs lcap ycar
`.|.r C...r~ `.., `.|.r C...r~ `.., `.|.r C...r~ `.., `.|.r C...r~ `..,
.,.|: r:.:s L::::r .,.|: r:.:s L::::r .,.|: r:.:s L::::r .,.|: r:.:s L::::r
Gl L C A
L DC i G
D i AG l
C A l LD
iA G L C
G lL D i
l D Ci A
-
. j|... .s.|.| .,.|:
lcap ycars arc uotcd iu |old
`.|.r C.|:. No|:rs
.,.|:


A M A A M A A A A M A A M A A M A M A
A M A A M A A A A M A A M A A M A A A
A M A A M A A A A M A A M A A M A A A

A A A A M A A A A A A A M A A M A A A
A M A A M A M A A M A A M A A M A M A
A M A A M A A A A M A A M A A M A M A

A M A A M A A A A A A A M A A M A A A
A M A A M A A A A A A A M A A M A A A
A A A A M A A A A A A A M A A M A A A

A M A A M A A A A M A A M A A M A A A
A M A A M A A A A M A A M A A M A A A
A M A A M A A A A A A A M A A M A A A

A M A A M A M A A M A A M A A M A M A
A M A A M A A A A M A A M A A M A M A
A M A A M A A A A M A A M A A M A A A

A M A A M A A A A A A A M A A M A A A
A A A A M A A A A A A A M A A M A A A
A M A A M A M A A M A A M A A M A M A

A M A A M A A A A M A A M A A M A A A
A M A A M A A A A A A A M A A M A A A
A M A A M A A A A A A A M A A M A A A
-
. j|... N: M...s
iold = cu|olisus. Ludcrliuc = luuar uout|s uaucd atcr solar uout|s iu
|ic| t|cy |cgiu |ut do uot cud.
CN j... I:|.
.
M.r. Jr. M., j.: j|, J. `::. .:. N.. L:..


, - ,

,



_

_

_
,



_
_
_
,

,
|

,



_

_
,
.

.

.
lu lcap ycar luuar lc|ruary is ull, all uc uoous iu t|is coluuu ill t|crcorc |c
day latcr cxccpt iu Gi , iu Gi , , aud t|c louau datc rcuaius uuc|augcd rc-
spcctivcly IJ, r., aud J I.|. M.r:.).
|
1|c st iu souc calcudars to avoid coiucidcucc it| Gi .
.
Souc calcudars givc uc uoous ou |uly, Aug., Scpt., aud Oct.
-
. j|... o..:||, :..:s
CN j... I:|. M.r. Jr. M., j.: j|, J. `::. .:. N.. L:..








.

.




., |









.

.

.
1|c luuar rcgular givcs a hgurc |ig|cr, otcu rccordcd iu ta|lcs dcspitc icdc's cavcat.
|
iut iu lcap ycar.
.
l t|c s.|:s is ta|cu iu |uly, t|csc cpacts s|ould |c |ig|cr.

1|is is t|c corrcct cpact |ct|cr t|c s.|:s |c ta|cu iu |uly or iov., |ut ta|lcs otcu givc .
. I:r..: .; ;rs: ., .; o..:| .. 3,...:..: s.|.r .,.|:
1:.r .; .,.|: (.s r:.|..: ;r.o M.r.| )




Marc|
April
May
|uuc
|uly
August
Scptcu|cr
Octo|cr
iovcu|cr
Dcccu|cr
|auuary
lc|ruary
-
. Cr:.r... :..:s |, .:.:r,
1:.r I.:: C.|:. No|:r

C
i '
A
u
t
s
r '
q
p
u '
u
l
| '
i
|
g

c '
d
c
| '
a
i
i '
M
i
G
l
L '
D
.

.
1|is liuc applics rou Oct. to Dcc. .
N.:: Atcr uovc ouc liuc dou at cac| ccutcuuial ycar uot divisi|lc |y , aud ouc liuc up at cac|
ccutcuuial ycar t|at, atcr su|tractiou o , lcavcs a rcuaiudcr to o , , , , , , ,
or , |cu |ot| cascs apply, rcuaiu iu sauc liuc as prcvious ccutury. icucc ill rcuaiu ou liuc C,
ill |c ou liuc i, , , aud ou liuc A, ou liuc u, ou liuc t, |ac| ou liuc u,
agaiu ou liuc t, , , aud ou liuc s, aud so ou.
-
. Cr:.r... .: o...s .:| `.., L::::rs
Agaiust cac| day is s|ou t|c cpact o t|c ycars iu |ic| t|at day is uc
uoou. 1|roug|out t|c ycar, usc cpact |cu Goldcu iuu|cr is or
lcss, cpact ' |cu Goldcu iuu|cr is or uorc.
L., j...r, I:|r.r, M.r.| Jr.| M., j.:
L..: L::. L..: L::. L..: L::. L..: L::. L..: L::. L..: L::.
A D D G i L
i L L A C ' l
C l l i D G
D ' G G ' C ' L A
L A A D l i
' l i ' i L G C
G C C l A D
A D D G i L
i L L A C l
C l l i D G
D G G C L A
L A A D l i
l i i L G C
G C C l A D
A D D G i L
i L L A C l
C l l i D G
D G G C L A
L A A D l i
l i i L G C
G C C l A D
A D D G i L
i L L A C l
C l l i D G
D G G C L A
L A A D l i
l i i L G C
G C C l A D
A D G i L
i L A C l
C l D
-
L., j|, Js: `:::o|:r .:.|:r N.:o|:r L:.:o|:r
L..: L::. L..: L::. L..: L::. L..: L::. L..: L::. L..: L::.
G C l A D l
' A D G i L G
i L A C l A
C l i D G i
D G C L A C
L A D l i D
l i L G C L
G C l A D l
A D G i L G
i L A C l A
C l i D G i
D G C L A C
L A D l i D
l i L G C L
G C l A D l
A D G i L G
i L A C l A
C l i D G i
D G C L A C
L A D l i D
l i L G C L
G C l A D l
A D G i L G
i L A C l A
C l i D G i
D G C L ' A ' C
L A D l i D
l i ' L ' G C L
G C l A D l
A ' D G i L G
' i L C '
.
A
.
Lsc cpact ' ou Dcc. |cu Goldcu iuu|cr is , t|is casc arosc iu , ,
, , , aud , |ut ill uot arisc agaiu till .
-
. :r::.| Cr:.r... L.s::r :.||:
L..: `.., L::::r (M.r.|-L:.:o|:r,
J 3 C L L I C
April April April April April April April
April April April April April April April
April April April April April April April
April April April April April April April
April April April April April April April
April April April April April April April
April April April April April April April
April April April April April April April
April April April April April April April
April April April April April April April
April April April April April April April
April April April April April April April
April April April April April April April
April April April April April April April
April April April April April Marc| April
April April April April Marc| Marc| April
April April April Marc| Marc| Marc| April
April April Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| April
April Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| April
Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| April
Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc|
Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc|
Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc|
Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc|
April April April April April April April
April April April April April April April
' April April April April April April April
April April April April April April April
April April April April April April April
April April April April April April April
April April April April April April April
-
- -
1|c aucicut louaus, |o o|scrvcd uar|ct-days at cig|t-day iutcrvals, la|cllcd t|c days
iu t|cir calcudars it| t|c cig|t-lcttcr cyclc A-i so t|at, oucc ouc uar|ct-day as
|uou, t|c corrcspoudiug lcttcr ould iudicatc all ot|cr uar|ct-days iu t|c sauc ycar.
V|cu t|c scvcu-day cc| |ccauc siguihcaut, a sccoud cyclc o lcttcrs, rou A to G,
as souctiucs appcudcd, t|c hrst |uou cxauplc datcs rou t|c rcigu o Augustus.
1|c cyclc as a rcgular caturc o liturgical calcudars aud o aluauacs, t|c appropriatc
lcttcr is givcu or cac| day iu iart l. 1|c ycar |cgius it| A ou |auuary aud cuds it|
A ou Dcccu|cr, iu lcap ycar aud lc|ruary arc |ot| uar|cd l.
I:|r.r, L:. ,:.r C.oo.. ,:.rs
l l
l G
G A
A i
i C
C
l iu a couuou ycar t|c hrst Suuday o a ycar alls ou |auuary, or iu lcap ycar i t|c
hrst Suuday o Marc| alls ou t|c ud, |ot| |ic| days arc la|cllcd L, t|cu all su|-
scqucut L days ill |c Suudays. 1|c ycar is t|crcorc said to |avc t|c |.:::r. .o.....|.s or
Suuday lcttcr L, |y cxtcusiou, t|c c|aractcristic lcttcrs iu t|c calcudar arc also callcd
Suuday lcttcrs.
lu ordcr to hud t|c Suuday lcttcr o a couuou ycar, hrst hud t|c displaccucut, or
uuu|cr o days |y |ic| |auuary is latcr t|au Suuday, rou t|c crial oruula Y +
Y, + i uod ), iu t|c |uliau calcudar t|c parauctcr i is alays , iu t|c Grcgoriau
it varics accordiug to t|c oruula i S, - S uod ), |crc S = Y,, or iu
ords, stri|c o t|c last to digits o t|c o.||s.o:, dividc |y , iguorc t|c rcuaiudcr,
ta|c aay t|c dividcud rou t|c quoticut, aud add as uauy tiucs as is uccdcd or a
positivc auscr. 1|us or t|c s, = rcu. ), - + = .
Cr:.r... ,:.rs .r.o:::r
Octo|cr - Dcccu|cr
-
-
-
Cr:.r... ,:.rs .r.o:::r
-
-
-
-
1|cu rcad o t|c Suuday lcttcr as ollos
L.s|..:o:.: j...r, I.rs: `.., `.., L::::r
Suuday |auuary A
Mouday |auuary G
1ucsday |auuary l
Vcducsday |auuary L
1|ursday |auuary D
lriday |auuary C
Saturday |auuary i
lu lcap ycar t|c lcttcr ouud |y t|is rulc applics rou lc|ruary to Dcccu|cr, rou
|auuary to lc|ruary t|c valid lcttcr, rittcu iu rout o t|c ot|cr, is ouc placc a|cad
iu t|c alp|a|ct, A |ciug trcatcd as ucxt atcr G.
1o hud t|c Grcgoriau Suuday lcttcr o auy ycar |ctccu aud
i) I. ..oo.. ,:.rs
1a|c t|c ycar , say
Dividc |y = +
lguoriug t|c rcuaiudcr, add t|c quoticut to t|c ycar
Add t|c parauctcr
1otal
Dividc |y = +
1|c displaccucut |ciug , t|c Suuday lcttcr o is C.
ii) I. |:. ,:.rs
1a|c t|c ycar , say
Dividc |y =
lguoriug t|c rcuaiudcr, add t|c quoticut to t|c ycar
Add t|c parauctcr
1otal
Dividc |y =
1|c displaccucut |ciug , t|c sccoud Suuday lcttcr o is A, t|crcorc t|c hrst is
i, t|crcorc t|c Suuday lcttcrs o arc iA.
Siucc iu t|c |uliau calcudar i is alays , iu t|c cxauplcs givcu a|ovc t|c |uliau Suu-
day lcttcrs rcquircd or calculatiug t|c Ort|odox Lastcr rou Vcstcru ta|lcs) arc
D, Ci. Lp to t|c |uliau lcttcrs ill |c alp|a|ctically ouc a|cad o t|c
Grcgoriau, iu t|c Grcgoriau lcttcr ill |c C, t|c |uliau lcttcrs DC, t|crcatcr, siucc
- -
t|c to calcudars ill |c cxactly to cc|s apart, t|crc ill |c uo dicrcucc iu Suuday
lcttcr till Grcgoriau L, |uliau LD.
iaviug o|taiucd t|c Suuday lcttcr o t|c ycar, ouc uay hud t|c ucarcst Suuday to
a givcu datc rou auy calcudar suc| as iart l a|ovc) iu |ic| t|c days arc providcd it|
t|cir Suuday lcttcrs, aud t|cu couut orards or |ac|ards iu criac to t|c day itscl.
1|us to hud t|c cria o lc|ruary
Suuday lcttcr o |auuary- lc|ruary is i
icarcst i day to lc|ruary is t|c t|
\ lc|ruary ill |c a Suuday,
\ lc|ruary ill |c a 1|ursday.
Scc too Appcudix G.
1|c Suuday lcttcrs crc applicd iu t|c latcr Middlc Agcs to t|c calculatiou o
Lastcr, as |ciug uorc iutuitivc t|au t|c prcvious coucurrcuts, aud crc rctaiucd iu t|c
Grcgoriau calcudar aud its iCi adaptatiou i t|c Suuday lcttcr o a couuou ycar, or
t|c sccoud Suuday lcttcr o a lcap ycar, is L, Lastcr is t|c hrst L day atcr t|c iasc|al
tcru. lrou Marc| t|c uotioual cquiuox) to April t|c 'last Lastcr') t|c day lct-
tcrs arc
A i C D L l G
Marc|
Marc| April
April
April
April
April
z
- -
liud t|c coluuu |osc |cadiug iucludcs t|c ccutury o t|c ycar iu qucstiou, aud t|c
liuc o t|c tcus aud uuits, t|c Suuday lcttcr or iu lcap ycar lcttcrs) o t|c ycar ill
staud at t|c iutcrscctiou. 1|us or , hud t|c coluuu it| iu t|c |cadiug aud
t|c liuc o , t|cy iutcrscct at l, |ic| is t|c Suuday lcttcr. lrou Octo|cr ou-
ards, ta|c t|c |uliau or Grcgoriau coluuu as appropriatc t|us or t|c lcap ycar ,
t|c |uliau Old Stylc) Suuday lcttcrs arc AG, |crc t|c |uliau coluuu o crosscs
t|c liuc o , t|c Grcgoriau ic Stylc) Suuday lcttcrs arc DC. lor t|c purposc
o t|is ta|lc t|c ccutury |cgius iu t|c ycar t|c ic Stylc Suuday lcttcr o
as G.
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j|... Cr:.r...
-


DC LD lL Gl AG iA Ci C L G iA
i C D L l G A i D l G
A i C D L l G A C L l
G A i C D L l G i D L
lL Gl AG iA Ci DC LD lL AG Ci DC
D L l G A i C D l A i
C D L l G A i C L G A
i C D L l G A i D l G
AG iA Ci DC LD lL Gl AG Ci LD lL
l G A i C D L l A C D
L l G A i C D L G i C
D L l G A i C D l A i
Ci DC LD lL Gl AG iA Ci LD Gl AG
A i C D L l G A C L l
G A i C D L l G i D L
l G A i C D L l A C D
LD lL Gl AG iA Ci DC LD Gl iA Ci
C D L l G A i C L G A
i C D L l G A i D l G
A i C D L l G A C L l
Gl AG iA Ci DC LD lL Gl iA DC LD
L l G A i C D L G i C
D L l G A i C D l A i
C D L l G A i C L G A
iA Ci DC LD lL Gl AG iA DC lL Gl
G A i C D L l G i D L
l G A i C D L l A C D
L l G A i C D L G i C
DC LD lL Gl AG iA Ci DC lL AG iA
N.::s
i) Ycars arc couuouly rcc|oucd accordiug to t|c |uliau calcudar, to hud t|c Suuday lcttcr, su|-
tract , aud ta|c t|c rcsult aay rou or a uultiplc t|crco) to o|taiu a positivc rcuaiudcr t|us
= - + ill couoru to t|c pattcru o , Suuday lcttcr i. iotc t|at lcap ycars arc
t|osc t|at |cu dividcd |y lcavc a rcuaiudcr o , c.g. , , .
ii) 1|c c|augc o Suuday lcttcr iu lcap ycar ta|cs placc |ctccu t|c to days ... JI I.|. M.r:.,
aud lc|., |ic| arc |ot| c|aractcri.cd l.
iii) lu Scdcu, |crc t|c lcap day o as supprcsscd aud a t| day addcd to lc|. , t|c Suu-
day lcttcrs arc G, l, L, D, Ci, A, G, l, LD, C, i,
A, GlL G Mou. |au.-Sat. lc|., l Suu. lc|.-lri. lc|., L Sat. Mar.-Vcd. Dcc.).
- -
-
-
- - - -
I.rs: ,:.r L.s: ,:.r
Villiau l Vill. l Dcc. - Dcc. Vill. l Dcc. - Scpt.
Villiau ll Vill. ll Scpt. - Scpt. Vill. ll Scpt. - Aug.
icury l icu. l Aug. - Aug. icu. l Aug.- Dcc.
Stcp|cu Stcp|. Dcc. - Dcc. Stcp|. Dcc. - Oct.
icury ll icu. ll Dcc. - Dcc. icu. ll Dcc. - |uly
lic|ard l lic. l Scpt. - Scpt. lic. l Scpt. - Apr.
|o|u |o|u May
.
- May |o|u May- Oct.
icury lll icu. lll Oct. - Oct. icu. lll Oct.- iov.
Ldard l Ld. l iov.
|
- iov. Ld. l iov. - |uly
Ldard ll Ld. ll |uly - |uly Ld. ll |uly - |au.
.
Ldard lll Ld. lll |au.
.
- |au. Ld. lll |au. - |au.
~ Ld. lll

|au. - |au. ~ Ld. lll |au.- May

Ld. lll May - |au. Ld. lll |au.- |uuc
~ Ld. lll |uuc - |au. ~ Ld. lll |au.- |uuc
lic|ard ll lic. ll |uuc - |uuc lic. ll |uuc- Scpt.
:
icury l\ icu. l\ Scpt. - Scpt. icu. l\ Scpt. - Mar.

icury \ icu. \ Mar. - Mar. icu. \ Mar.- Aug.

icury \l icu. \l Scpt. - Aug. icu. \l Scpt. - Mar.
;
Ldard l\ Ld. l\ Mar. - Mar. Ld. l\ Mar. - Mar.
~ icu. \l Oct. - Apr.
Ld. l\ Mar. - Mar. Ld. l\ Mar.- Apr.

Ldard \ Ld. \ Apr.- |uuc

lic|ard lll lic. lll |uuc - |uuc lic. lll |uuc- Aug.
icury \ll icu. \ll Aug.
|
- Aug. icu. \ll Aug. - Apr.

icury \lll icu. \lll Apr. - Apr. icu. \lll Apr. - |au.

Ldard \l Ld. \l |au. - |au. Ld. \l |au.- |uly

|auc |auc - |uly
Mary Mary |uly
.
- |uly Mary - |uly
i|ilip ~ Mary ~ i. ~ M. |uly
,
- |uly ~ i. ~ M. |uly- iov.
Lli.a|ct| l Lli.. l iov. - iov. Lli.. l iov. - Mar.
|aucs l ~ |ac. l
|
Mar.- |uly ~ |ac. l - Mar.
~ |ac. l |uly P Mar
~ |ac. l Mar.P |uly
C|arlcs l Car. l Mar. - Mar. Car. l Mar. - |au.
C|arlcs ll Car. ll |au.
|
- |au. Car. ll |au.- lc|.
|aucs ll |ac. ll lc|. - lc|. |ac. ll lc|.- Dcc.
lutcrrcguuu Dcc. - lc|.
Villiau lll Vu. ~ Mar. lc|. - lc|. Vu. ~ Mar. lc|.- Dcc.
~ Mary ll
Villiau lll Vu. lll Dcc. - lc| Vu. lll lc|.- Mar.
Auuc Auuc Mar. - Mar. Auuc Mar.- Aug.
Gcorgc l Gco. l Aug. - |uly Gco. l Aug. - |uuc
Gcorgc ll Gco. ll |uuc - |uuc Gco. ll |uuc - |uuc
Gco. ll |uuc - |uuc
o
Gco. ll |uuc - |uuc Gco. ll |uuc- Oct.
Gcorgc lll Gco. lll Oct. - Oct. Gco. lll Oct. - |au.
Gcorgc l\ Gco. l\ |au. - |au. Gco. l\ |au.- |uuc
Villiau l\ Vu. l\ |uuc - |uuc Vu. l\ |uuc - |uuc
\ictoria \ic. |uuc - |uuc \ic. |uuc - |au.
Ldard \ll Ld. \ll |au. - |au. Ld. \ll |au.- May
Gcorgc \ Gco. \ May - May Gco. \ May - |au.
Ldard \lll Ld. \lll |au.- Dcc.
Gcorgc \l Gco. \l Dcc. - Dcc. Gco. \l Dcc. - lc|.
Lli.a|ct| ll Lli.. ll lc|. - lc|. ViOM GOD ilLSLl\L
Datc o corouatiou.
.
Asccusiou Day, su|scqucut ycars ruu rou Asccusiou Day ) May , ) May , )
May , ) May , ) |uuc , ) May , ) May , ) May , )
May , ) May , ) May , ) May , ) May , ) May , )
May , ) May , ) May .
|
Datc o proclauatiou.
.
Datc o dcpositiou, uurdcrcd Scpt. .

V|cu Ldard lll claiucd t|c t|rouc o lraucc, |c addcd |is lrcuc| rcgual ycars to |is Luglis|, |ut
couutcd t|cu rou |is Luglis| acccssiou, so t|at |au. |cgius ' aud Ldard lll'. 1|is
lastcd dou to May ycar ' aud '), aud rcsuucd ou |uuc ' aud ') dou to
Ldard's dcat| ou |uuc ' aud ').
:
Datc o dcpositiou, dicd o starvatiou .) lc|. .
;
Datc o dcpositiou. ic as rcstorcd Oct. - Apr. , 't|c t| ycar rou t|c |cgiuuiug o
Our rcigu aud t|c hrst o Our rcadcptiou o t|c royal pocr', aud uurdcrcd ou May .

Ldard l\'s rcgual ycars crc uot acctcd |y icury \l's rcadcptiou.

|
icury \ll datcd t|c hrst ycar o |is rcigu rou Aug., to ua|c lic|ard t|c rc|cl.
.
icr succccdiug rcgual ycars datc rou |uly, iguoriug |auc.
,
i|ilip as |iug ouly duriug Mary's lictiuc, |ut ta|cs prcccdcucc iu datiug |uly - |uly is
aud i|ilip aud Mary, - |uly aud i|ilip aud Mary.
|
Luglis| docuucuts arc uorually datcd |y |aucs's Scottis| ycar as cll as |is Luglis|, |c acccdcd iu
Scotlaud as |aucs \l ou |uly .
|
C|arlcs couutcd |is rcgual ycars rou t|c dcat| o C|arlcs l |ut |is : ;..:. rcigu |cgius it| |is
rcstoratiou ou May .
o
1|is rcgual ycar spauucd t|c ouissiou o t|c days - Scpt. .
- - - - -

-
1|c hrst datc or cac| popc givcu |clo is t|at o cousccratiou |crc |uou, ot|cr-
isc o clcctiou. lrou luuoccut lll ouards, rcgual ycars |avc |ccu ohcially couutcd
rou cousccratiou, |ctccu clcctiou aud cousccratiou popcs issuc '|al-|ulls' .o...:
|||.:). lrrcgularitics arc ouud iu t|c hrst ycar's datiug, |ut rou t|c sccoud ycar ou t|c
popc's rcgual ycar alays |cgius ou t|c auuivcrsary o t|c corouatiou. 1|crc arc uo sur-
viviug papal docuucuts |corc , |cu datiug is |y cousulatc, rou to it is |y
iudictiou aud rcgual ycar o t|c iy.autiuc cupcror, rou to t|c tclt| ccutury t|c
rcgual ycars o Vcstcru cupcrors arc uscd. lrou t|c latcr tcut| ccutury t|c ycar is
addcd. 1|c popc's rcgual ycar, hrst attcstcd iu o t|c poutihcatc, is uot uorually
uscd till t|c clcvcut| ccutury, aud t|cu or papal privilcgcs, rou lc|ruary it is cx-
tcudcd to ot|cr papal docuucuts as cll. Autipopcs' t|rouc-uuu|crs arc givcu iu
parcut|cscs i t|cy crc rcuscd, |ut t|osc o t|c prccipitatcly clcctcd icucdict X aud
t|c Couciliar iopc Alcxaudcr \ crc rccogui.cd |y t|c ucxt |carcrs o t|cir uaucs.
Silvcstcr ll or Apr. - May
|o|u X\ll .|uuc- iov.
|o|u X\lll |au. -|uuc or |uly
Scrgius l\ . |uly - May
icucdict \lll May - Apr.
Grcgory \l) .May-Dcc. autipopc)
|o|u XlX Apr.-May - Oct.
icucdict lX . Dcc. -Scpt. , Mar.- May , iov.
- |uly dcposcd)
Silvcstcr lll or |au.- Mar. dcposcd)
Grcgory \l . May - Dcc. dcposcd)
Clcucut ll Dcc. - Oct.
Dauasus ll |uly- Aug.
lco lX, St lc|. - Apr.
\ictor ll Apr. - |uly
Stcp|cu lX X)
.
Aug. - Mar.
icucdict X Apr. -|au. autipopc)
|
iic|olas ll |au. - or |uly
Alcxaudcr ll Scpt. - Apr.
iouorius ll) Oct. - May autipopc)
Grcgory \ll, St or |uuc - May
Clcucut lll |uuc ), Mar. - Scpt. autipopc)
\ictor lll, il. May ), May- Scpt.
Lr|au ll, il. Mar. - |uly
iasc|al ll Aug. - |au.
1|codcric Scpt. -|au. autipopc)
Al|crt or Adal|crt lc|.-Mar. autipopc)
Silvcstcr l\ iov. - Apr. autipopc)
Gclasius ll Mar. - |au.
Grcgory \lll) Mar. -Apr. autipopc)
Callistus ll lc|. - Dcc.
Cclcstiuc ll) , Dcc.
iouorius ll Dcc. - lc|.
luuoccut ll lc|. - Scpt.
Auaclctus ll lc|. - |au. autipopc)
\ictor l\) uid-Mar.- May autipopc)
Cclcstiuc ll Scpt. - Mar.
lucius ll Mar. - lc|.
Lugcuius lll, il. lc|. - |uly
Auastasius l\ |uly - Dcc.
iadriau l\ Dcc. - Scpt.
Alcxaudcr lll Scpt. - Aug.
\ictor l\ Oct. - Apr. autipopc)
iasc|al lll Apr. - Scpt. autipopc)
Callistus lll) Scpt. - Aug. autipopc)
luuoccut lll) Scpt. -|au. autipopc)
lucius lll Scpt. - iov.
Lr|au lll Dcc. -, Oct.
Grcgory \lll Oct.- Dcc.
Clcucut lll Dcc. -latc Mar.
Cclcstiuc lll Apr. - |au.
luuoccut lll lc| - |uly
iouorius lll |uly - Mar.
Grcgory lX Mar. - Aug.
Cclcstiuc l\ . Oct.- iov.
luuoccut l\ |uuc - Dcc.
Alcxaudcr l\ Dcc. - May
Lr|au l\ Scpt. - Oct.
Clcucut l\ lc|. - iov.
Grcgory X, il. Mar. - |au.
luuoccut \, il. lc|.- |uuc
-
iadriau \ |uly- Aug.
|o|u XXl
.
Scpt. - May
iic|olas lll iov. - Aug.
Martiu l\ lc|. - Mar.
iouorius l\ May - Apr.
iic|olas l\ lc|. - Apr.
Cclcstiuc \, St ictcr Aug.- Dcc. rcsigucd)
iouiacc \lll |au. - Oct.
icucdict Xl, il. Oct. - |uly
Clcucut \ iov. - Apr.
|o|u XXll Scpt. - Dcc.
iic|olas \) May - |uly autipopc)
icucdict Xll |au. - Apr.
Clcucut \l May - Dcc.
luuoccut \l Dcc. - Scpt.
Lr|au \, il. iov. - Dcc.
Grcgory Xl |au. - Mar.
Lr|au \l Apr. - Oct.
Clcucut \ll) Oct. - Scpt. autipopc)

iouiacc lX iov. - Oct.

icucdict Xlll) Oct. - |uly autipopc)
:
luuoccut \ll iov. - iov.
Grcgory Xll Dcc. - |uly rcsigucd)
Alcxaudcr \ |uly - May autipopc)
;
|o|u XXlll) May - May autipopc)

Martiu \ iov. - lc|.

Clcucut \lll) |uuc - |uly autipopc)
icucdict Xl\) iov. -. autipopc)
Lugcuius l\ Mar. - lc|.
lclix \ iov. - Apr. autipopc) croucd |uly
)
iic|olas \ Mar. - Mar.
Callistus lll Apr. - Aug.
iius ll Scpt. - Aug.
iaul ll Scpt. - |uly
Sixtus l\ Aug. - Aug.
luuoccut \lll Scpt. - |uly
Alcxaudcr \l Aug. - Aug.
iius lll Oct.- Oct.
|ulius ll iov. - lc|.
lco X Mar. - Dcc.
iadriau \l Aug. - Scpt.
Clcucut \ll iov. - Scpt.

iaul lll iov. - iov.
|ulius lll lc|. - Mar.
Marccllus ll Apr.- May
iaul l\ May - Aug.
iius l\ |au. - Dcc.
iius \, St |au. - May
Grcgory Xlll May - Apr.
Sixtus \ May - Aug.
Lr|au \ll - Scpt.
Grcgory Xl\ Dcc. - Oct.
luuoccut lX iov.- Dcc.
Clcucut \lll lc|. - Mar.
lco Xl - Apr.
iaul \ May - |au.
Grcgory X\ lc|. - |uly
Lr|au \lll Scpt. - |uly
luuoccut X Oct. - |au.
Alcxaudcr \ll Apr. - May
Clcucut lX |uuc - Dcc.
Clcucut X May - |uly
luuoccut Xl, il. Oct. - Aug.
Alcxaudcr \lll Oct. - lc|.
luuoccut Xll |uly - Scpt.
Clcucut Xl Dcc. - Mar.
luuoccut Xlll May - Mar.
icucdict Xlll |uuc - lc|.
Clcucut Xll |uly - lc|.
icucdict Xl\ Aug. - May
Clcucut Xlll |uly - lc|.
Clcucut Xl\ |uuc - Scpt.
iius \l lc|. - Aug.
iius \ll Mar. - |uly
lco Xll Oct. - lc|.
iius \lll Apr. - iov.
Grcgory X\l lc|. - |uuc
iius lX |uuc - lc|.
lco Xlll Mar. - |uly
iius X, St Aug. - Aug.
icucdict X\ Scpt. - |au.
iius Xl lc|. - lc|.
iius Xll Mar. - Oct.
|o|u XXlll iov. - |uuc
iaul \l |uuc - Aug.
-
|o|u iaul l Scpt.- Scpt.
|o|u iaul ll Oct. -
.
lu Mar. au cldcrly prcs|ytcr as clcctcd popc, |ut dicd |corc |c could |c cousccratcd,
aud as uot cousidcrcd to |avc rcigucd, a dcacou, also callcd Stcp|cu, as t|crcupou
clcctcd, cousccratcd, aud |uou t|roug|out t|c Middlc Agcs as Stcp|cu ll or Stcp|cu l,
scc Aug.). Su|scqucutly, it as |cld t|at clcctiou suhccd to ua|c a popc cvcu it|out
cousccratiou, rou t|c t| c. ouards t|c prcs|ytcr as accouutcd iopc Stcp|cu ll, aud t|c
dcacou Stcp|cu lll. Siucc t|c prcs|ytcr Stcp|cu |as |ccu ouittcd, aud su|scqucut
Stcp|cus givcu a dou|lc uuucratiou.
|
lrrcgularly clcctcd |ilc t|c rcoru party as aaitiug t|c rcturu o iildc|raud latcr
Grcgory \ll) rou t|c iupcrial court.
.
1|c a|scucc o a iopc |o|u XX is duc to a uisrcadiug o t|c uoticc t|at |o|u Xl\ |ad
|ccu popc or cig|t uout|s, our o t|cu iu prisou, as rccrriug to to cousccutivc iopcs
|o|u, so t|at iopcs |o|u X\-XlX crc rougly couutcd as X\l-XX.

lirst Aviguou popc o t|c Grcat Sc|isu.

:
Sccoud Aviguou popc o t|c Grcat Sc|isu, dcposcd |y t|c Couucil o Coustaucc, |ut iu |is
ou cycs popc till |is dcat| ou May .
;
Llcctcd |y t|c Couucil o iisa to rcplacc |ot| rival popcs, |o rcuscd to acccpt t|cir
dcpositiou.

Llcctcd |y t|c Couucil o iisa as Alcxaudcr's succcssor, |ut dcposcd |y t|c Couucil o
Coustaucc.


- - --
Datcs, cspccially iu t|c Middlc Agcs, arc souctiucs givcu accordiug to t|c hrst ords
o t|c iutroit at Mass ou Suudays aud uajor casts iu t|c C|urc| ycar. lrou V|itsuu
ouards t|c Suudays arc uuu|crcd iu dicrcut ays iu dicrcut ritcs. lu t|c Saruu ritc,
aud iu souc rcligious ordcrs, t|cy arc uuu|crcd atcr 1riuity as iu t|c iCi. lu t|c
louau litc, siucc t|c lcast o t|c 1riuity t|c Suuday atcr V|it Suuday or icutc-
cost) as uot uuivcrsally cujoiucd uutil , Suudays crc uuu|crcd atcr icutccost,
|ut iu t|c rcorucd Missal o iius \ placcd t|c iutroits ou Suudays atcr icutc-
cost ouc cc| carlicr t|au iu ucdicval practicc. 1|crcorc |ctccu aud t|c
sauc iutroit as suug ou, say, t|c t| Suuday atcr icutccost as |ad |ccu suug ou t|c
t| Suuday atcr 1riuity iu t|c Saruu ritc. 1|c uuu|cr o Suudays |ctccu Lpip|auy
aud lcut aud |ctccu V|it Suuday aud Advcut dicrs accordiug to t|c datc o Lastcr.
l Lastcr is carly, t|c cxtra Suudays atcr Lpip|auy arc trauscrrcd to t|c cud o t|c
scrics o Suudays atcr V|it Suuday. lu t|c lC C|urc| rcuuu|crcd t|c Suudays
atcr Lpip|auy as 'iu Ordiuary 1iuc' up to lcut, rcsuuiug t|c uuu|criug ou t|c Suu-
day atcr 1riuity. Scc l h:s::r. C|r.| 1:.r.)
Siucc datiug |y iutroit is uost otcu to |c ouud iu ucdicval sourccs, |crc ollos a
list o iutroits accordiug to t|c liturgical calcudar |corc , Suudays arc uuu|crcd
rou 1riuity. Souc iutroits dicr iu t|c Saruu ritc.
J.r.:: :o rd to t| Suudays atcr Lpip|auy
J :: |:.. st Suuday iu Advcut
3:.:..:. s.: 1riuity Suuday
C..:.:: .o... t| Suuday atcr Lastcr
C.|..: :.s Corpus C|risti
C.r.o::r.: o: Scptuagcsiua
Co Lo) .|.o.r:o t| Suuday atcr 1riuity
L. ..:o t| Suuday atcr 1riuity
L:s .. ..:.r.o t| Suuday atcr 1riuity
L:s .. |... s...:. t| Suuday atcr 1riuity
L...: .o..s rd aud t| Suuday atcr 1riuity, st Suuday |corc
Advcut
L.o..:, .. :. o.s:r...r.. st Suuday atcr 1riuity
L.o..:, .: |..: ialu Suuday Saruu)
L.o..s ;.r:.:. t| Suuday atcr 1riuity
L.o..s .||o...:.. o:. t| Suuday atcr 1riuity
Lo Co) .|.o.r:o t| Suuday atcr 1riuity
Lo o:.o s.|:.:.o Suuday it|iu octavc o C|ristuas
L..: :s ...: t| Suuday atcr 1riuity
Ls:. o.|. Quiuquagcsiua
L:.. .o..: Suuday it|iu octavc o Asccusiou, aud t| Suuday
atcr 1riuity
L:.. ..s .o..: As| Vcducsday
L:sr: ,.r: .|.ro.s Scxagcsiua
I..:s :s: .o..s ud Suuday atcr 1riuity
C.::: .. .o... rd Suuday iu Advcut
I..|... .o..: .r:o :.o t| Suuday atcr 1riuity
I. ::.:|s. :|r... st Suuday atcr Lpip|auy
I. .||. ::o.r: ..: j.|...:s Suuday it|iu octavc o Lpip|auy Saruu)
I....|.: o: Quadragcsiua Saruu luvocavit uc)
I. .|.:.:: :. st Suuday atcr 1riuity
j|.|.:: :. .o..s ::rr. rd Suuday atcr Lastcr
j... o: iassiou Suuday
js:s :s .o..: t| Suuday atcr 1riuity
L.::.r: j:rs.|:o t| Suuday iu lcut
M:o:.:. ..s:r. t| Suuday iu Advcut Saruu)
M.s:r:r: o.|. t| Suuday atcr 1riuity
M.s:r:r.s .o..o As| Vcducsday Saruu)
M.s:r...r.. .o... ud Suuday atcr Lastcr
N.s .::o |.r..r. Mauudy 1|ursday Saruu)
.|. rd Suuday iu lcut
o.:s :.::s t| Suuday atcr 1riuity
o... ,.: ;:..s:. t| Suuday atcr 1riuity
o..s ::rr. ud Suuday atcr Lpip|auy
s.... ialu Suuday
.|s `... ud Suuday iu Advcut
r.::.:.r ..s::r t| Suuday atcr 1riuity
.s.o.. st Suuday atcr Lastcr lo Suuday)
:.:: ,.: s.: rd Suuday atcr 1riuity Saruu)
:o...s.:r: ud Suuday iu lcut
:s..: .o..: t| Suuday atcr 1riuity
:s..: .. o: rd Suuday atcr 1riuity
:srr::. Lastcr Suuday
.r.:: ..:|. t| Suuday iu Advcut
`.|s .|. t| Suuday atcr 1riuity
`. ...,.:.::s ud Suuday atcr 1riuity

`.:.:.::s Saturday |corc iassiou Suuday
`.r.:s .o... icutccost
`s.:.os :s t| Suuday atcr 1riuity
J.r. C.|.|.:. Asccusiou Day
J..:o ,...:.:.s t| Suuday atcr Lastcr
- - --

--
Ouc uct|od |y |ic| t|c ucdicval uou|, cspccially iu Ccutral Luropc, lcarut t|c iu-
uovca|lc casts |y |cart as a scqucucc o doggcrcl vcrscs, apparcutly origiuatiug iu
iolaud, lrcuc| aud Gcruau tcxts arc ouud, |ut usually t|c lauguagc is roug|ly) latiu
aud t|c ucasurc cvcu uorc roug|ly) t|c |cxauctcr, it| ouc sylla|lc or cac| day aud
to vcrscs or cac| uout|, t|c casts o iuportaucc iu t|c particular couuuuity crc
rcprcscutcd |y ouc or uorc sylla|lcs o t|cir uauc, |cgiuuiug iu t|c placc appropriatc
to t|c day, t|c ot|cr sylla|lcs crc uscd as hllcrs, aloug it| t|c uauc o t|c uout|
aud auyt|iug clsc t|at uig|t scrvc. lt as |uou as C.s.....s, rou t|c hrst hvc syl-
la|lcs, iudicatiug t|at Circuucisiou cll ou t|c st o t|c uout| aud t|c uout| as
|auuary. lu t|c uost idcsprcad oru t|c |auuary vcrscs rau
Cisio lauus Lpi si|i vcudicat Oc lcli Mar Au.
irisca la| Ag \iuccu 1i iau io uo|ilc luucu.
1|at is '|auus i.c. |auuary claius :....: is ucdicval latiu or .....: or |iuscl t|c
Circuucisiou C. iu sylla|ic placc , Lpip|auy L at , t|c Octavc . , lclix I: ,
Marccllus M. , Autouy J. , irisca r. , la|iau I.| , Agucs J , \iu-
ccut J.. , 1iuot|y 1. , Couvcrsiou o) iaul . , iolycarp . , glorious
lig|t.' 1|c rcst o t|c ycar as siuilarly givcu |y
iri iur ilasus Ag Dor lc|ru Ap Scolastica \alcut
|uli coujuugc tuuc ictruu Matt|iau iudc.
Martius Adria icr dccoratur Grcgorio Cyr
Gcrtrud Al|a icuc iuucta Maria gcuctricc.
April iu Au|rosii cstis ovat atquc 1i|urti
ct \alcr sauctiquc Gcor Marciquc \italis.
i|ilip Crux llor Got |o|a latiu Lpi ic Scr ct Sop|
Maius iu |ac scric tcuct Lr|au iu pcdc Cris Cau
iic Marccllc ioui dat luu iriui ia Cyriui
\itiquc Mar irotas Al saucti lo|au lo Dor lc ic iau
lul iroccs Ldal Oc Vil iili lra icuc Margar Apost Al
Aruolus irax Mag Ap C|rist |aco|iquc Siu A|dou
ic Stcp| Stcp| proto Six Dou Cyr lo lau 1i|ur iip Lus
Suuptio Agapiti 1iuo iart|olo lu Aug Coll Aucti.
Lgidiuu Scp |a|ct iat Gorgou irotiquc Crux iic
Lu laupcrtiquc Mat Mauricius ct Da Vcu Mic| lcr
lcuiquc lrauciscus Marcus Di Gcr Artcquc Calix
Gallc lucas vcl Lud Sc Scvc Crispiuc Siuouis Quiu.
Ouuc iovcu|rc lco Qua 1|co Martiu iriciusquc
iost |acc Llisa Cc Clc Crys iat|ariua Sat Au.
Dcccu|cr iar|a iico Couccp ct alua lucia
sauctus a|iudc 1|ouas uodo iat Stcp lo iu 1|ouac Sil
sylla|a quacquc dicu, duo vcrsus daut ti|i ucuscu.
lu April, '\alcr' is uot a saiut pcrtaiuiug to t|c t|, |ut t|c coupauiou o 1i|urtius,
siuilarly ictcr aud iaul occupy t|c last to placcs iu |uuc, t|oug| t|cir joiut day is t|c
t|, aud 'Cyr lo' iu August stauds or Cyriacus louauus. Souc saiuts arc ou t|cir
ucdicval Gcruau days t|c Scvcu Slccpcrs 'Dor' = `:::o L.ro.:.::s) |uuc, Margarct
|uly. Al|auus Mar.) is a uartyr also cultcd iu 1rcuto aud Copcu|agcu |ut uu-
|uou to t|c iollaudists, \italis aud \alcrius ou Apr.) crc sccoud-ccutury uar-
tyrs, 'Oc' |uly) is t|c octavc o SS ictcr aud iaul, |ustus Oct.) aud |is coupauious
crc saiuts too hctitious or t|c Goldcu lcgcud, 'iu' Dcc.) is t|c cast o t|c ioly
luuoccuts, callcd t|c :r. .....:.::s, t|c luuoccut ioys. 1|c ot|cr casts cau all |c ouud
iu iart l.
1|is uucuouic as also uscd or datiug. lu a iolis| c|rouiclc c hud iovcu|cr
rccordcd t|us '1ucsday |corc St Martiu, aud it as ou t|c sylla|lc |r:, t|at is .o.:
N.:o|r:.' lu act, |ad t|c c|rouiclcr siuply said 't|c day ou |r:', it|out saiut's day or
cvcu cria, t|c datc ould |avc |ccu uuiqucly dctcruiucd, |ut |ad it |ccu ., |ic|
uig|t |c |auuary, August, or Octo|cr, uorc iuoruatiou ould |avc |ccu
uccdcd.
--

-
lu souc prc-Grcgoriau uartyrologics t|c luuc o cac| day is statcd accordiug to t|c
Goldcu iuu|crs, rcprcscutcd |y t|c hrst uiuctccu lcttcrs o t|c alp|a|ct, c.g. or
|auuary
A | c d c g | i | l u u o p q r s t

lu t|c ohcial louau Martyrology pu|lis|cd iuucdiatcly atcr t|c rcoru aud su|-
scqucutly rcviscd |y Cardiual iarouius) a siuilar priuciplc as cuploycd to dcsiguatc
t|c cpact t|c locr-casc lcttcrs a to u o |ciug ouittcd to avoid couusiou it| ara|ic
) crc assigucd to cpacts -, ollocd |y t|c capitals A to L or cpacts -, l or
rittcu or '), G or , i or , i or , aud i or . 1|csc sauc lcttcrs arc
uscd iu t|c Grcgoriau cpact ta|lc as iudiccs or t|c liucs o cpacts, |crcas iu t|c |u-
liau calcudar |auuary |ad |ccu uc uoou iu Gi , iu t|c Grcgoriau calcudar t|c iudcx
o t|c ccutury corrcspoudcd to t|c cpact o Gi . l t|c lcttcrs arc sct out iu t|c ordcr
o t|c succcssivc cpacts rou to , i = , l = , C = , c = , p = , l, = ,',
= , s = , M = , i = , A = , a = , u = , D = , d = , q = , G = , g = ,
t = , i = , | = , i = , | = , u = , L = , c = , r = , i = , | = , u = ,
ouc huds t|c sccoud lcttcr callcd 't|ird' iu latiu) |corc t|c iudcx, assigus it to Goldcu
iuu|cr , aud t|c ucxt cig|tccu iu ordcr to Gi -, rcvcrtiug rou u to i as ucccs-
sary. 1|us |ctccu aud , iudcx i, t|c cpact o Gi ill |c i = , t|cu Gi
ill |avc | = , Gi ill |avc i = , Gi ill |avc | = , aud so ou dou to Gi
, cpact s = , |ic| is lcss t|au t|c cpact o Gi , |ut |ctccu aud ,
iudcx lcttcr A, t|c cpact o Gi ill |c M = , ollocd |y Gi it| i = , Gi
it| A = , aud so ou dou to Gi it| r = .
A|ovc cac| day iu t|c Martyrology, t|c luuc o t|c day is sct out or cac| Martyro-
logy lcttcr c.g. or |auuary
a | c d c g | i | l u u p q r s t u

A i C D L l G i M i i

1|crcatcr t|c luucs arc iucrcascd |y cvcry day, su|jcct to t|c lcap rou to atcr
a |ollo uout|, uotc t|at = ' prcccdcs l. 1|c s.|:s is ta|cu, uot ou Dcccu|cr,
|ut ou t|c last day o t|c luuar uout| currcut ou |auuary, |cucc uudcr Goldcu
iuu|cr t|c luuc uust, uudcr auy Martyrology lcttcr |ut i, |c rcduccd |y uutil t|c
hrst uc uoou. lor cxauplc, iu , Gi , cpact , Martyrology lcttcr i, t|c luuc
o |auuary as callcd uot , as t|c a|ovc ta|lc iudicatcs, |ut , siucc iu , Gi ,
cpact , t|c luuar uout|, |aviug |cguu ou Dcccu|cr, |ad rcac|cd ouly t|c t| luuc
|y ic Ycar's Lvc, ou t|c ot|cr |aud, |cu as iu t|c Martyrology lcttcr as i,
iudicatiug cpact aud uc uoou ou |auuary, it as callcd |.. r.o., t|c prcvious
luuatiou, |cgiuuiug ou Dcccu|cr uudcr cpact , cudcd it| |.. XXIX ou t|c st.
iocvcr, t|c rchucucut o Lpact ' as uot uscd, iustcad, accordiug to cxplicit prc-
scriptiou, t|c last luuatiou o , |aviug |cguu ou Dcccu|cr, as coutiuucd dou
to |.. XXX ou t|c st, so t|at |auuary , it| Martyrology lcttcr a, as callcd
|.. r.o. aud uot s:....
-

- -
-
lu ordcr to couvcrt a louau datc cxprcsscd as t|c so-uauyct| day |corc t|c ioucs or
ldcs iuto t|c uodcru oru, add to t|c datc o t|c ioucs or ldcs aud su|tract t|c
uuu|cr o days |corc, t|us ... III N... I... is + - =) |auuary, ... JI I. .:. is
+ - =) Octo|cr. 1o couvcrt a day |corc t|c ucxt uout|'s ialcuds, add to
t|c uuu|cr o days iu t|c currcut uout| aud su|tract t|c days |corc t|us siucc ...
XJI I.|. N.. alls iu Octo|cr, ta|c + - = , aud you |avc t|c datc Octo|cr.
lu lc|ruary, couut + = days cvcu iu lcap ycar uulcss t|c uuu|cr o days is or
lcss ... JIII I.|. M.r:. is alays - = lc|ruary, |ut ... III I.|. M.r:. is - =
lc|ruary iu couuou ycars, - = lc|ruary iu lcap ycar. lor prc-|uliau datcs
c.g. iu livy, aud iu uost o Ciccro's spccc|cs aud lcttcrs), su|tract rou + = iu
all uout|s cxccpt lc|ruary, Marc|, May, Quiuctilis, aud Octo|cr ... JIIII I.|. .:. =
- = Scptcu|cr.
1|c sauc uct|od uay |c uscd to couvcrt uodcru datcs iuto louau |cu ritiug
iu latiu, |ut cvcry day iu iart l is accoupauicd |y its louau datc accordiug to t|c
|uliau calcudar.
1o hud auy auuivcrsary o au cvcut
lct t|c cvcut |avc ta|cu placc iu Y , lct t|c auuivcrsary |c t|c .t|.
1|cu t|c auuivcrsary ill all iu . + - Y.
L:.o|:. V|at ycar ill |c t|c t| auuivcrsary o t|c |attlc o Marat|ou, |ic| as
oug|t iu .
J.s:r. + - = .
Siuilarly, t|c t| auuivcrsary o \crgil's dcat| iu cll iu , t|oug| it as o|-
scrvcd iu .
1o hud t|c iutcrval |ctccu a ycar aud a ycar
lct t|c ycar |c Y

aud t|c ycar |c Y

.
1|cu Y

is Y

+ Y

- ycars atcr Y

L:.o|:. io uauy ycars ill |avc clapscd |ctccu t|c uurdcr o |ulius Cacsar ou
Marc| aud t|c auuivcrsary ou Marc| .
J.s:r. + - ycars = ycars.
1. ;. :|: ,:.r ..rr:s.... :. . .:: .. .. :r. |.s: :..| .s
lct t|c cpoc| o t|c cra |c Y

aud t|c datc iu t|c cra |c Y

.
1|cu t|c cquivalcut o Y

, up to Dcccu|cr, is Y

- Y

.
L:.o|:. V|at ycar corrcspouds to iispauic cra , rcc|oucd rou |auuary .
J.s:r. - = .
V|cu t|c ycar to |c couvcrtcd docs uot |cgiu ou |auuary, t|c datc ouud |y t|is or-
uula ill uccd to |c iucrcascd |y i t|c corrcspoudiug day alls ou or atcr |auuary.
L:.o|:. V|at datc corrcspouds to May iu t|c iy.autiuc ycar o t|c orld ,
rcc|oucd rou Scptcu|cr .
J.s:r. Scptcu|cr corrcspoudcd to Scptcu|cr - = , |ut
May is latcr t|au |auuary, t|crcorc t|c datc rcquircd is May .
1. ...:r: . .:: ..:. .. :r. |.s: :..| .s
lct t|c cpoc| o t|c cra |c Y

aud t|c datc |c Y

.
1|cu t|c cquivalcut iu t|c cra o Y

, rou |auuary to t|c cud o t|c ycar iu

t|c ot|cr calcudar, ill |c Y

+ Y

- , |ut rou t|c uc ycar o t|c ot|cr

calcudar to Dcccu|cr Y

+ Y

.
L:.o|:. V|at ycars o t|c |cis| cra, rcc|oucd rou , ill corrcspoud to
.
J.s:r. ictccu |auuary aud Llul, + - = , |ctccu 1is|ri
aud Dcccu|cr, + = . Vc uay t|cu csta|lis| t|at |auuary =
1c|ct , 1is|ri = Scptcu|cr , Dcccu|cr = 1c|ct .
- )
-
s: .; J|::..r... o..:| M.:r. .::
1|ot| August Aug. iu |uliau prc-lcap ycar)
i|aop|i Scptcu|cr Scpt.
,, ,, ,, ,,
)
iat|yr Octo|cr Oct.
,, ,, ,, ,,
)
C|oia| iovcu|cr iov.
,, ,, ,, ,,
)
1y|i Dcccu|cr Dcc.
,, ,, ,, ,,
)
Mcc|cir |auuary |au. iu |uliau lcap ycar)
i|aucuot| lc|ruary lc|.
,, ,, ,, ,,
)
i|aruout|i Marc|
iac|ou April
iayui May
Lpcip| |uuc
Mcsorc |uly
Lpagoucuai - August - Aug. iu |uliau prc-lcap ycar)
- -
s: .; o.:r. o..:| J|::..r... .::
|auuary 1y|i 1y|i iu |uliau lcap ycar)
lc|ruary Mcc|cir Mcc|cir
,, ,, ,,
)
Marc| i|aucuot|
April i|aruout|i
May iac|ou
|uuc iayui
|uly Lpcip|
August Mcsorc
Scptcu|cr 1|ot| 1|ot| iu |uliau prc-lcap ycar)
Octo|cr i|aop|i i|aop|i
,, ,, ,, ,,
)
iovcu|cr iat|yr iat|yr
,, ,, ,, ,,
)
Dcccu|cr C|oia| C|oia|
,, ,, ,, ,,
)
-
-
Ir:..| :||.... :. o.:r.
l -) \lll -
ll - lX -
lll - X -
\ - Xl -
\l - Xlll -
\ll - l\ - Xl\ Xll -
vcuduiairc Scpt. Scpt. Scpt. Scpt.
|ruuairc Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct.
riuairc iov. iov. iov. iov.
uivsc Dcc. Dcc. Dcc. Dcc.
pluvisc |au. |au. |au. |au.
vcutsc lc|. lc|. lc|. lc|.
gcruiual Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar.
noral Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr.
prairial May May May May
ucssidor |uuc |uuc |uuc |uuc
t|cruidor |uly |uly |uly |uly
ructidor Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug.
jour dc la \crtu Scpt. Scpt. Scpt. Scpt.
jour du Guic Scpt. Scpt. Scpt. Scpt.
jour du 1ravail Scpt. Scpt. Scpt. Scpt.
jour dc l'Opiuiou Scpt. Scpt. Scpt. Scpt.
jour dcs lcoupcuscs Scpt. Scpt. Scpt. Scpt.
lu lcap ycar also
jour dc la lvolutiou Scpt. , Scpt.

M.:r. :. Ir:..| :||....
l-ll \lll-lX
ll-lll lX-X
\-\l lll-l\ X-Xl
\l-\ll \ll-\lll l\-\ Xlll-Xl\ Xl-Xll Xll-Xlll
|au. uivsc uivsc uivsc uivsc uivsc uivsc
lc|. pluvisc pluvisc pluvisc pluvisc pluvisc pluvisc
Mar. vcutsc vcutsc vcutsc vcutsc vcutsc vcutsc
Apr. gcruiual gcruiual gcruiual gcruiual gcruiual gcruiual
May noral noral noral noral noral noral
|uuc prairial prairial prairial prairial prairial prairial
|uly ucssidor ucssidor ucssidor ucssidor ucssidor ucssidor
Aug. t|cruidor t|cruidor t|cruidor t|cruidor t|cruidor t|cruidor
Scpt. ructidor ructidor ructidor ructidor ructidor ructidor
Oct. vcuduiairc vcuduiairc vcuduiairc vcuduiairc vcuduiairc vcuduiairc
iov. |ruuairc |ruuairc |ruuairc |ruuairc |ruuairc |ruuairc
Dcc. riuairc riuairc riuairc riuairc riuairc riuairc
- - -
lu ordcr to couvcrt a |cis| datc iuto a C|ristiau, or vicc vcrsa, it is uot cuoug| to |uo
|cu 1is|ri alls, |ct|cr t|c ycar is couuou or cu|olisuic uay |c dctcruiucd |y
ta|iug t|c rcuaiudcr to , |ut iu ordcr to csta|lis| |ct|cr it is dchcicut, a|uudaut, or
pcrcct, ouc uccds to calculatc t|c o.|. or t|at ycar aud t|c ucxt rou t|c uuu|cr o
cyclcs aud ycars t|at |avc clapscd rou t|c cpoc| iu , aud t|cu apply t|c rulcs
or dctcruiuiug 1is|ri. iocvcr, t|c |uliau cquivalcut uiduig|t to suusct) or
iisau iu auy ycar uay |c ouud rou a oruula pu|lis|cd |y t|c grcat uat|-
cuaticiau C. l. Gauss c. App. i), |c did uot rcvcal |is or|iugs, |ut au cxplauatiou
ill |c ouud iu S. i. iurua|y, -. Siucc 1is|ri is alays days cc|s days)
atcr iisau, t|c datc o los| ias|aua| iu auy C|ristiau ycar uay |c dcduccd rou
t|at o t|c prcvious iassovcr, aud its c|aractcristics csta|lis|cd |y couutiug t|c days to
1is|ri olloiug. 1|at douc, auy ot|cr datc uay |c ouud |y couutiug t|c uuu|cr o
days |ctccu it aud 1is|ri prcvious or olloiug accordiug to Scctiou \l, 1a|lcs aud
|clo.
lct t|c ycar |c 1, ycar at iassovcr = 1 -
1a|c . 1 + uod )
| 1 uod )
M aud o = rcspcctivcly t|c iutcgcr aud dcciual part o
. + . . + .| - . 1
. M + 1 + | + uod ), |crc or 1 c uay su|stitutc 1 uod
1|cu iisau = M Marc| |uliau), t|c cria |ciug .,
cxccpt t|at
i . = , , or ,
- -
i . = , . > , o .
iisau = M + Marc| |uliau), t|c cria |ciug . + ,
i . = , . > , o .

iisau = M + Marc| |uliau), t|c cria |ciug . + .

1|c datc t|us ouud uay |c couvcrtcd to t|c Grcgoriau calcudar scc p. ). lu cit|cr
calcudar, to hud 1is|ri olloiug, |cu iisau is day o t|c C|ristiau uout|
l alls iu Marc|, 1is|ri = + August = - Scptcu|cr
l alls iu April, 1is|ri = + Scptcu|cr = - Octo|cr
1|us, or iassovcr )
+ = + = = it|out rcuaiudcr,
\. = , | = ,
M + o = . + . - . = .
. + + + uod ) = uod )
\ iisau = Saturday, Marc| , \ 1is|ri = Mouday, August
\lu , . = , | = , M + o = . , . =
\ iisau = 1ucsday, Marc| , \ 1is|ri = 1|ursday, Scptcu|cr
. 1|is is days |corc August , \ as couuou rcgular.
icucc, to hud t|c C|ristiau cquivalcut o iislcv
Days clapscd |corc iislcv
Add ,..:.o:
1otal
\ iislcv = t| day o |cis| ycar = rd day atcr 1is|ri.
iut 1is|ri = Scptcu|cr
Days clapscd |corc Scptcu|cr
Add ,..:.o:
Add days atcr 1is|ri
1otal
\ iislcv = ud day o C|ristiau ycar = iovcu|cr
lor iassovcr iu =
. = , | = , M + o = . , . =
\ iisau = 1|ursday April OS = April iS.
icucc, to hud t|c |cis| cquivalcut o August iS, arguc as ollos. lu lcap
ycar, days |avc clapscd |corc August, \ August is t| day, days |avc
clapscd |corc April, April is t| day, |ut - = , \ day rcquircd is
days atcr iisau, ou iisau t|crc arc iuclusivcly days rcuaiuiug iu t|c ycar,
- = , ou A| t|crc arc days rcuaiuiug, - = , + = , \ day
rcquircd is A|.

l t|c calcudar is uot rcorucd, t|c valuc o M + o ill cvcutually |ccouc ucgativc, it
uust t|cu |c rcstatcd iu t|c oru -M + ) + - o), c.g. or =
. = + uod ) = uod ) , | = ,
M + o = . + . - . = -. = - + .
. = , |ut . < ,
\ iisau = - Marc| = Suuday, lc|ruary |uliau.
iut t|c Grcgoriau corrcctiou = - - = ,
\ iisau = Suuday, April Grcgoriau t|c last occasiou ou |ic| it
ill coiucidc it| t|c Grcgoriau Lastcr).
1|c valuc o . uay |c ouud dircctly rou t|c olloiug ta|lc, |ic| corrclatcs t|c
valuc o . it| t|c placc o t|c ycar iu t|c Mctouic cyclc, 1 uod ).
1 uod
.
lu cu|olisuic ycars iudicatcd iu |old) . > , iu prc-cu|olisuic ycars . . V|cu . =
, . > , o . , t|c cu|olisuic ycar prcccdcs a couuou ycar it| o.|. ou
Mouday at or atcr |ours uiuius, |cu . = , . > , o .

, t|c ollo-
iug ycar ill |c a couuou ycar it| o.|. ou 1ucsday at or atcr |ours uiuius.
- - -
M::|.
Siucc couputcd Musliu ycars, assuuiug iutcrcalatious, couprisc days aud
|uliau ycars days, su|tract rou t|c Musliu o.||s.o: aud dividc |y , add t|c
rcuaiudcr aud tiucs t|c quoticut to , uultiply t|c quoticut |y , aud add t|c
product to , rou t|c suu su|tract tiucs t|c rcuaiudcr, aud you ill |avc t|c
uuu|cr o t|c C|ristiau day corrcspoudiug to Mu|
.
arrau accordiug to t|c |uliau cal-
cudar. Lsiug Scctiou \l, 1a|lc |clo, add t|c uuu|cr o days rou Mu|
.
arrau to
t|c datc iu qucstiou, couvcrt t|c rcsultiug day o t|c C|ristiau ycar to t|c uout| aud
,..:.o:, aud corrcct to t|c Grcgoriau datc |crc appropriatc. 1|c uargiu o crror
causcd |y uou-coiucidcucc o iutcrcalatiou uay |c corrcctcd |y hudiug t|c C|ristiau
cria rou Appcudix G aud t|c Musliu as ollos
liud t|c uuu|cr o 'collcctcd ycars' couplctc cyclcs o ) aud rcad o t|c corrc-
spoudiug triccuuial parauctcr rou t|c olloiug ta|lc
C.||:.:: ,:.rs .r.o:::r







- -
Add t|c auuual parauctcr corrcspoudiug to t|c rcuaiudcr
lcuaiudcr
iarauctcr
lcuaiudcr
iarauctcr
Add t|c uout|ly parauctcr
Mu|
.
arrau la|: ll laja| S|aal
S
.
aar |uuada l S|a|au D|u 'l-qada
la|: l |uuada ll lauad
.
au D|u 'l-|
.
ijja
Add t|c ,..:.o:, aud dividc |y , t|c rcuaiudcr couutiug as ) ill |c t|c cria.
1|us, to hud t|c C|ristiau cquivalcut o |uuada l
- = = + , = , + + = .
= , + = , - = .
\ Mu|
.
arrau = provisioually) a lcap ycar), day .
Days clapscd |corc |uuada l
Add ,..:.o:
1otal
\ |uuada l is provisioually , day + - = day = ,
day - ) = = lc|ruary.
lt rcuaius to c|cc| t|c cria. iy Appcudix G, lc|ruary as a Mouday, =
+ , triccuuial parauctcr or = , auuual parauctcr or = , uout|ly para-
uctcr or |uuada l = , + + + = uod ), \ |uuada l as a
Vcducsday, \C|ristiau cquivalcut as lc|ruary .
M::|. ;.r Cr:.r... .::s ..|,)
1|c ucau lcugt| o t|c couputcd Musliu ycar is .
.
, t|at o t|c solar ycar .
days, |cucc t|c orucr is . o t|c lattcr. 1|c datc o t|c iijra, |uly ,
ould |avc |ccu t|c t| |ad t|c Grcgoriau calcudar |ccu iu opcratiou, |uly is t|c
t| day o t|c civil ycar, |ic| alls |cu t|c solar ycar is at souc . parts o its
coursc. Siucc |ot| Musliu aud C|ristiau ycars arc couutcd ou t|c currcut uot t|c
clapscd |asis, c uay call t|c cpoc| . , addiug t|is to . 1 - ), |crc
1 - is t|c uuu|cr o couplctc Musliu ycars rou t|c iijra to t|c datc c iutcud to
couvcrt, c o|taiu . 1 - . . 1|c iutcgral part ill givc t|c C|ristiau
ycar, t|c dcciual, uultiplicd |y , ill givc a provisioual C|ristiau datc o
Mu|
.
arrau su|jcct to a day's uargiu o crror, |ic| cau |c corrcctcd as a|ovc.
1o hud t|c Grcgoriau datc o lauad
.
au
. .
Add .
1otal .

\ Mu|
.
arrau = day provisioually) . .)
\ lauad
.
au = provisioually) day + + - = = Dcccu|cr
, |ic| is a Vcducsday,
|ut = + , parauctcr or = , parauctcr or = , parauctcr or
lauad
.
au = , + + + = uod ), \ lauad
.
au as a Vcducsday,
\provisioual C|ristiau cquivalcut is corrcct.
iocvcr, it uust |c rcucu|crcd t|at t|csc cquivalcuccs or| ouly or t|c couputcd,
uot t|c o|scrvcd, Musliu calcudar.
1o couvcrt C|ristiau datcs iuto Musliu, su|tract rou t|c ycar , dividc t|c
dicrcucc |y , add t|c quoticut, hud Mu|
.
arrau iu t|c ycar rcsultiug, aud procccd
rou t|crc, t|us to hud t|c t|corctical cquivalcut o August
- = = - - =
- =
=
\ Mu|
.
arrau = provisioually) |auuary
iut |auuary is a Saturday, t|c cria o Mu|
.
arrau = - ) - -
- = = lriday, \ corrcct C|ristiau cquivalcut is |auuary. Siucc t|is is latcr t|au
August , t|c datc soug|t ill |c iu , a couuou ycar.
lrou Scctiou \l, 1a|lc , t|c uuu|cr o days rcuaiuiug at t|c cud o |uly is ,
|cucc ou August t|c uuu|cr o days rcuaiuiug iuclusivcly to t|c cud o t|c C|ris-
tiau ycar is - + = , aud to t|c cud o t|c Musliu ycar |au. ) . At t|c
cud o |uuada, t|c uuu|cr o days rcuaiuiug iu a couuou ycar is , |cucc t|c day
ou |ic| t|crc arc days iuclusivcly) rcuaiuiug is - + =) laja|.
- -
. Co|.:.: :.:.| .; .,s .. r:.:.. o..:|s
C|r.s:... Ms|.o
C.oo.. ,:.r L:. ,:.r
|auuary Mu|
.
arrau
lc|ruary S
.
aar
Marc| la|: l
April la|: ll
May |uuada l
|uuc |uuada ll
|uly laja|
August S|a|au
Scptcu|cr lauad
.
au
Octo|cr S|aal
iovcu|cr D|u 'l-qada
Dcccu|cr D|u 'l-|
.
ijja
|auuary Mu|
.
arrau lcap ycar )
- -
...:.)
j:.s|
C.oo.. Lo|.|.so..
L:;..:.: :|.r J|...: L:;..:.: :|.r J|...:
1is|ri
C|cs|vau
iislcv
1c|ct
S|c|at
Adar
Adar ll
iisau
lyar
Sivau
1auuu.
A|
Llul
1is|ri
. 1.:.| .,s r:o..... .. :|: ,:.r .: :. .; r:..s o..:|
C|r.s:... Ms|.o
C.oo.. ,:.r L:. ,:.r
|auuary ) Mu|
.
arrau
lc|ruary ) S
.
aar
Marc| la|: l
April la|: ll
May |uuada l
|uuc |uuada ll
|uly laja|
August S|a|au
Scptcu|cr lauad
.
au
Octo|cr S|aal
iovcu|cr D|u 'l-qada
Dcccu|cr D|u 'l-|
.
ijja
j:.s|
C.oo.. Lo|.|.so..
L:;..:.: :|.r J|...: L:;..:.: :|.r J|...:
1is|ri
C|cs|vau
iislcv

j:.s|
C.oo.. Lo|.|.so..
L:;..:.: :|.r J|...: L:;..:.: :|.r J|...:
1c|ct
S|c|at
Adar
Adar ll
iisau
lyar
Sivau
1auuu.
A|
Llul
- -




lrou t|c icrpctual 1a|lc o Suuday lcttcrs uudcr ll `.., L::::rs, hud t|c Suuday
lcttcr o t|c ycar, t|cu calculatc t|c cria o t|c givcu datc rou t|c Mout| aud Day
ta|lcs |clo.
M..:|
|auuary Octo|cr A i C D L l G
lc|ruary Marc| iovcu|cr D L l G A i C
April |uly G A i C D L l
May i C D L l G A
|uuc L l G A i C D
August C D L l G A i
Scptcu|cr Dcccu|cr l G A i C D L
L.,
Suu. Sat. lri. 1|u. Vcd. 1uc. Mou.
Mou. Suu. Sat. lri. 1|u. Vcd. 1uc.
1uc. Mou. Suu. Sat. lri. 1|u. Vcd.
Vcd. 1uc. Mou. Suu. Sat. lri. 1|u.
1|u. Vcd. 1uc. Mou. Suu. Sat. lri.
lri. 1|u. Vcd. 1uc. Mou. Suu. Sat.
Sat. lri. 1|u. Vcd. 1uc. Mou. Suu.
1o hud t|c cria day o t|c cc| or auy datc)
lu t|c liuc o t|c uout|, hud t|c Suuday lcttcr o t|c ycar. ii. lu lcap ycar ta|c t|c
hrst lcttcr or |au.- lc|., t|c sccoud or lc|.- Dcc.) luu dou t|c coluuu iu
|ic| you |avc ouud t|c Suuday lcttcr uutil it uccts t|c liuc o t|c day, t|c cria
rcquircd ill |c at t|c iutcrscctiou.
1. ;. :|: ;:r.. .; Js: :.:| .; j.s,.. :s r:.)
Calcudar is |uliau t|crcorc t|c Suuday lcttcr o t|c ycar is l.
lu liuc o August, l stauds iu t|c ourt| coluuu.
lourt| coluuu iutcrsccts liuc o at 1ucsday,
t|crcorc August as a 1ucsday.
1. ;. :|: ;:r.. .; Jr.| N: `:,|: :.:| .; C:r..::s)
Suuday lcttcrs o Grcgoriau arc Ci, iu April ta|c i.
lu liuc o April, i stauds iu t|c t|ird coluuu.
1|ird coluuu iutcrsccts liuc o at Saturday,
t|crcorc April iS as a Saturday.
1. ;. :|: ;:r.. .; Jr.| | `:,|: :.:| .; `|.|:s:.r:)
Suuday lcttcrs o |uliau arc Gl, iu April ta|c l.
lu liuc o April, l stauds iu t|c scvcut| coluuu.
Scvcut| coluuu iutcrsccts liuc o at 1ucsday,
t|crcorc April OS as a 1ucsday.
1. ;. :|: ;:r.. .; I:|r.r, | `:,|: |.r:| .; h.s|..:..)
Suuday lcttcrs o |uliau arc iA, iu lc|ruary ta|c i.
lu liuc o lc|ruary, i stauds iu t|c sixt| coluuu.
Sixt| coluuu iutcrsccts liuc o at lriday,
t|crcorc lc|ruary OS as a lriday.
1. ;. :|: ;:r.. .; M.r.| :.:| .; 3:::|.:.)
Suuday lcttcr o Grcgoriau is G.
lu liuc o Marc|, G stauds iu t|c ourt| coluuu.
lourt| coluuu iutcrsccts liuc o at Mouday,
t|crcorc Marc| as a Mouday.
lor a ycar rcc|oucd accordiug to t|c |uliau calcudar, hud t|c Suuday lcttcr as cx-
plaiucd iu uotc i) to t|c icrpctual 1a|lc o Suuday lcttcrs, t|cu procccd as a|ovc.
1. ;. :|: ;:r.. .; M.r.| or:r .; j|.s C.:s.r)
corrcspouds to - - ) = - = , Suuday lcttcr A.
lu liuc o Marc|, A stauds iu t|c ht| coluuu.
lit| coluuu iutcrsccts it| liuc o at Vcducsday,
t|crcorc Marc| as a Vcducsday.

l you |avc uo ta|lc to |aud, |ut |avc ucuori.cd t|c crial oruula or dctcruiuiug
t|c Suuday lcttcr, you cau hud t|c cria o auy datc rou t|c rclatiou |ctccu t|c Suu-
day lcttcr o t|c ycar aud t|c cyclical lcttcr or t|c st o t|c uout|, supplicd |y t|c
uucuouic r|yuc
At Dovcr Dclls Gcorgc irou Lsquirc,
Good C|ristop|cr litc| Aud David lriar.
1|at is, |auuary A, lc|ruary D, Marc| D, April G, May i, |uuc L, |uly G,
August C, Scptcu|cr l, Octo|cr A, iovcu|cr D, Dcccu|cr l. 1|c lcttcr o t|c
st ill also |c t|at o t|c t|, t|, ud, aud t|.

1|c hrst Suuday o cac| uout| uay |c ouud |y couutiug iuclusivcly rou t|c lct-
tcr o t|c uout| to t|c Suuday lcttcr o t|c ycar, aud su|scqucut Suudays |y addiug
or a uultiplc. l t|c Suuday lcttcr o t|c ycar is l, t|c hrst Suuday o |auuary ill
|c t|c t| couut A i C D L l), aud t|c ot|crs ill |c t|c t|, t|, aud t|, t|c hrst
Suuday o lc|ruary ill |c t|c rd couut D L l), ollocd |y t|c t|, t|, aud t|.
iaviug ouud t|c hrst Suuday, ouc uay i couvcuicut couut |ac| to t|c cria o t|c st
i |auuary is Suuday, couut |ac| six days, Suuday, Saturday, lriday, 1|ursday, Vcducs-
day, 1ucsday, |auuary ill |c a 1ucsday.

l t|c cria o auy datc iu t|c ycar is |uou, hud t|c uuu|cr o days |ctccu it aud
t|c datc |osc cria is to |c soug|t |y addiug t|c ,..:.o: o cac| datc to t|c cuuula-
tivc total o days iu t|c prcccdiug uout|s accordiug to t|c olloiug ta|lc.
M..:| Co|.:.: :.:.| .; .,s .. r:.:.. o..:|s
C.oo.. ,:.r L:. ,:.r
|auuary
lc|ruary
Marc|
April
May
|uuc
|uly
August
Scptcu|cr
Octo|cr
iovcu|cr
Dcccu|cr
Su|tract t|c suallcr hgurc rou t|c largcr, ta|c t|c rcuaiudcr to , aud couut so uauy
criac orards i t|c |uou datc is carlicr t|au t|c uu|uou, |ac|ards i it is latcr.
1|us, i c |uo t|at Marc| o a couuou ycar is a 1|ursday, c uay hud t|c cria
o Octo|cr as ollos
Datcs Marc| Octo|cr
1otal days iu prcccdiug uout|s
Add t|c ,..:.o:
1otal
Su|tract suallcr hgurc rou largcr -
Dicrcucc
Dividc |y , rcuaiudcr
1|crcorc Octo|cr is criac latcr t|au Marc|.
iut Marc| is a 1|ursday.
1|crcorc Octo|cr is a Saturday.

Or, to hud t|c cria o |auuary
Datcs |auuary Marc|
1otal days iu prcccdiug uout|s
Add t|c ,..:.o:
1otal
Su|tract suallcr hgurc rou largcr -
Dicrcucc
Dividc |y , rcuaiudcr
1|crcorc |auuary is cria carlicr t|au Marc|.
iut Marc| is a 1|ursday.
1|crcorc |auuary is a Vcducsday.
lu lcap ycar, assuuiug t|c sauc cria or Marc|, t|c day-total ill |c + = ,
t|c dicrcucc = + , so t|at |auuary ill |c to criac carlicr, ou 1ucsday.


-
1|c olloiug ta|lcs arc dcsigucd or hudiug t|c datc o Lastcr, |uliau aud Grcgoriau,
or auy ycar uutil i you alrcady |uo t|c Suuday lcttcr rou au aluauac or diary,
rou t|c 1a|lc givcu uudcr ll `.., L::::rs, or |y calculatiou). 1a|lc uay |c uscd
iudchuitcly, or Grcgoriau datcs |ctccu aud iuclusivc usc 1a|lc , |ctccu
aud usc 1a|lc , iu ot|cr ccuturics usc ll C.o:s, 1a|lcs aud .
M::|.. Add to t|c ycar aud dividc |y , t|c rcuaiudcr is t|c Goldcu iuu|cr trcat
as ), Lastcr ill |c at t|c iutcrscctiou o t|c Goldcu iuu|cr liuc aud Suuday lct-
tcr coluuu. lu lcap ycar, t|c Suuday lcttcr to |c applicd is t|c sccoud o t|c pair.
. :r::.| j|... L.s::r :.||:
CN `.., L::::r
J 3 C L L I C
April April April April April April April
Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| April
April April April April April April April
April April April April April April April
Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc|
April April April April April April April
April April April April April Marc| April
April April April April April April April
April April April April April April April
April April Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| April
April April April April April April April
April April April April April April April
Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc|
April April April April April April April
April April April April April April April
Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc|
April April April April April April April
April April April April Marc| Marc| April
April April April April April April April
Apr. iu Arucuiau, |aco|itc, aud icstoriau c|urc|cs.
N.:: l you |uo t|c coucurrcut, t|crc is a hxcd corrcspoudcucc |ctccu it aud t|c Suuday lcttcr as
ollos = l, = L, = D, = C, = i, = A, = G.
. Cr:.r... L.s::r :.||:, -
CN P P
`.., L::::r `.., L::::r
J 3 C L L I C J 3 C L L I C
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
M M M M M M M M M M M M M M
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A M M A A A A A A M A
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
A M M M M M A A A M M M M A
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
M M M M M M M M M M M M M M
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A M M M M M M M
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
A A A M M M A A A A A M M A
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
M M M M M M A A M M M M M A
N.:: lu lcap ycar, t|c Suuday lcttcr to |c applicd iu t|c a|ovc ta|lc is t|c ud o t|c pair.
. Cr:.r... L.s::r :.||:, -
CN `.., L::::r
J 3 C L L I C
April April April April April April April
April April April April April April April
Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc|
April April April April April April April
April April April April April April April
April April April April April April April
April April April April April April April
April April April Marc| Marc| Marc| April
April April April April April April April
April April April April April April April
Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| April
April April April April April April April
April April April April April April April
Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc|
April April April April April April April
April April April April April Marc| April
April April April April April April April
April April April April April April April
April April Marc| Marc| Marc| Marc| April
- -
lcadcrs it| a acility or ucutal arit|uctic uay prccr to hud Lastcr |y a oruula dc-
rivcd rou t|c cclc|ratcd uat|cuaticiau Carl lricdric| Gauss -), dircctcd at
dctcruiuiug hrst t|c uuu|cr o days |y |ic| |.. XJ uot |.. XIJ) alls latcr t|au
its carlicst possi|lc datc, Marc|, aud t|cu t|c uuu|cr o days rou |.. XJ to Suu-
day, |cu |ot| arc , Lastcr alls ou Marc|. lct ycar |c 1, ta|c t|c rcuaiudcr o
1 to , , aud rcspcctivcly
. 1 uod
| 1 uod
. 1 uod
lor t|c |uliau calcudar, put
. + uod )
: | + . + + uod )
Lastcr = + + : Marc|, or + : - April.
As alays, t|iugs arc uot so siuplc iu t|c Grcgoriau calcudar. iut
` = 1, i.c. dividc |y aud iguorc t|c rcuaiudcr)
s = ` - ), = dou to )

M + ` - `, - ` - s), uod )
. + M uod )
cxccpt t|at
i M = , , , , , , , , , , , aud . + M uod ) = , = .
i M = , , , , , , , , aud . + M uod ) = , = .
N ` - - `, uod )
: | + . + + N uod ).
1|cu, as |corc,
Lastcr = + + : Marc|, or + : - April.
C:.:r, M N
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1. ;. h:s::r. Cr:.r..., .. r:|..: j|..., L.s::r
= + = + = +
\. = , | = , . =
I. Cr:.r... ..|:..r.
+ = = + , \ =
+ + + = = + , \: =
\Lastcr = + - April = April
I. j|... ..|:..r.
+ = = + , \ =
+ + + = = + , \: =
\Lastcr = + - April = April OS = April iS.
1. ;. h:s::r. .. r:|..: L.s::r
= + = + = +
\. = , | = , . =
I. Cr:.r... ..|:..r.
` = = + , s = , = , ` - s =
+ - - = = + , \M =
- - = = + , \N =
+ = = + , |ut M = , \ =
+ + + = = , \: =
\Lastcr = + - April = April
-
I. j|... ..|:..r.
+ = = + , \ =
+ + + = = + , \: =
\Lastcr = + - April = April OS,
|ut Grcgoriau corrcctiou p. ) = - , - = ,
aud lcviscd |uliau corrcctiou p. ) = - , - - = ,
\Ort|odox Lastcr = April = |uuc iS = |uuc lcviscd |uliau.
- -- -- -
Oucc t|c datc o Lastcr is |uou, t|c ot|cr casts aud asts dcpcudcut ou it uay |c
ouud iu 1a|lc .
. M.:.||: ;:.s:s .. ;.s:s ::.:.: .. L.s::r
listcd arc Clcau Mouday |cgiuuiug o Ort|odox lcut), As| Vcducsday |cgiuuiug o
Vcstcru lcut), Mot|criug Suuday, Good lriday, Asccusiou, aud V|it Suuday. All
Ort|odox datcs uust |c uudcrstood accordiug to t|c |uliau calcudar.
C|:.. Js| M.:|:r.. C.. - Js.:.- h|.:
M...,
.
h:.:s.,
.
`.., Ir.., s... `..,
lc|. lc|. Mar. Mar. Apr. May
lc|. lc|. Mar. Mar. May May
lc|. lc|. Mar. Mar. May May
lc|. lc|. Mar. Mar. May May
lc|. lc|. Mar. Mar. May May
lc|. lc|. Mar. Mar. May May
lc|. lc|. Mar. Mar. May May
lc|. lc|. Mar. Mar. May May
lc|. lc|. Mar. Mar. May May
lc|. lc|. Mar. Mar. May May
lc|. lc|. Mar. Mar. May May
lc|. lc|. Mar. Mar. May May
lc|. lc|. Mar. Apr. May May
lc|. lc|. Mar. Apr. May May
lc|. lc|. Mar. Apr. May May
lc|. lc|. Mar. Apr. May May
lc|. lc|. Mar. Apr. May May
lc|. lc|. Mar. Apr. May May
lc|. lc|. Mar. Apr. May May
lc|. lc|. Mar. Apr. May May
lc|. lc|. Mar. Apr. May May
lc|. lc|. Mar. Apr. May May
lc|. lc|. Mar. Apr. May |uuc
lc|. lc|. Mar. Apr. May |uuc
lc|. lc|. Mar. Apr. May |uuc

C|:.. Js| M.:|:r.. C.. - Js.:.- h|.:
M...,
.
h:.:s.,
.
`.., Ir.., s... `..,
lc|. Mar. Mar. Apr. May |uuc
lc|. Mar. Mar. Apr. May |uuc
Mar. Mar. Mar. Apr. May |uuc
Mar. Mar. Mar. Apr. May |uuc
Mar. Mar. Mar. Apr. May |uuc
Mar. Mar. Mar. Apr. May |uuc
Mar. Mar. Apr. Apr. May |uuc
Mar. Mar. Apr. Apr. |uuc |uuc
Mar. Mar. Apr. Apr. |uuc |uuc
Mar. Mar. Apr. Apr. |uuc |uuc
.
lu lcap ycar, add to all datcs iu lc|ruary.
-
- - -

-
- -)
- --)
1|csc ollo au oldcr Coustautiuopolitau cyclc, iu |ic| t|c iasc|al tcru o t|c ycar
= Gi ) alls ou April aud uot t|c t|, couscqucutly, |cu t|at day is a Suuday,
Lastcr is April. 1|is |appcucd iu , , , , , , , , aud agaiu
iu April iS), April iS), aud April iS), t|c ucxt casc ill
|c April iS).
- -
Ou t|c |istory o t|c ..|.|s .s:r...o..s, or |ccpiug o Lastcr accordiug to t|c cquiuox
aud ull uoou at t|c lougitudc o Lraui|org, scc ll 1|: L.:: .; L.s::r. Js:r...o...| L.s::r.
Lvcu |cu t|corctically iu orcc it as |y uo ucaus alays o|scrvcd iu practicc iu
t|roug| iuadvcrtcucc, iu su|scqucut ycars |ccausc o t|c prcjudicc agaiust coiucidcucc
o Lastcr aud iassovcr.
1:.r L.s::r .ss.:r Js:r...o...| L.s::r .|s:r:
.
Js:r...o...| Cr:.r... j|...
|
C:r.
.
L:.. `. I...

April April Marc| April io io - -

April April April April Ycs io - -
Marc| April Marc| Marc| Ycs Ycs Ycs
:
Ycs
:
April April April April - - io io
April
;
April Marc| April - - io io
April April April April - - Ycs Ycs
April April April April - - Ycs Ycs
Marc| Marc| , A. April - - Ycs Ycs
April April Marc| April - - - Ycs
April April April April - - - Ycs
Marc| Marc| , A. April - - - Ycs
.
'Ycs' ucaus t|at t|c astrououical datc as acccptcd, 'io' t|at it as rcjcctcd, a das| t|at
t|c ..|.|s .s:r...o..s as uot iu orcc.
|
Givcu iu Old Stylc ouly uulcss dicrcut rou Grcgoriau Lastcr.
.
irotcstaut statcs, also uost irotcstaut cautous iu Sit.crlaud a c |cpt to t|c |uliau
calcudar).

liulaud as part o Scdcu till , aud t|crcatcr |clougcd to lussia till .

:
Dcsiguatcd Marc| iu Old Stylc scc Scctiou lll |clo).
;
So or t|c ucridiau o Lraui|org, or uost o Scdcu April as corrcct.
-
lu Scdcu ouittcd t|c lcap day scc ll M.:r. C.|:..r. Cr:.r... :;.ro. `::.),
it|out ua|iug urt|cr adjustucut, so t|at |ctccu Marc| aud lc|ruary s..)
, |cu t|c c|augc as rcvcrscd, t|c sauc uouiual day cll ouc day carlicr t|au iu t|c
|uliau calcudar. lu , , aud a iasc|al tcru t|at iu t|c |uliau calcudar cll ou
Suuday as a Saturday iu Scdcu, alloiug Lastcr to |c cclc|ratcd t|c ucxt day itali-
ci.cd iu t|c ta|lc |clo), iu t|c ot|cr ycars Lastcr as |cpt ou t|c sauc uatural day as
uudcr t|c |uliau calcudar, |ut t|c ucxt uouiual day or calcudar datc. lu aud
t|c Scdis| Lastcr agrccd it| t|c Grcgoriau agaiust t|c |uliau, iu t|c Grcgoriau
Lastcr cut its ou ay, as also iu , , aud . lu t|c ot|cr ycars Lastcr as
|cpt ou t|c sauc day uudcr t|rcc dicrcut datcs.
1:.r CN `::. j|... Cr:.r...
L::::r L.s::r L::::r L.s::r L::::r L.s::r `.o: ., .s
G April Gl Marc| C April S. aud |ul.
l April L April i Marc| -
L April D April A April S. aud |ul.
D Marc| C Marc| G April S. aud |ul.
Ci April iA April lL Marc| -
A Jr.| G April D April S.
G Marc| l Marc| C April S. aud |ul.
l April L April i April S. aud |ul.
LD April DC April AG April -
C Jr.| i April l Marc| -
i April A April L April S. aud |ul.
A M.r.| G April D April S.
lu , Scdcu adoptcd t|c ..|.|s .s:r...o..s or Lastcr, |ut dou to it| Old
Stylc datiug. 1|c astrououical Lastcr agrccd it| t|c Grcgoriau cxccpt iu , |ut t|c
datcs crc uouiual days carlicr
1:.r `:.s| Cr:.r... 1:.r `:.s| Cr:.r...
April April Marc| April
Marc| April April April
Marc| Marc| Marc| April
April April Marc| Marc|
M.r.| April Marc| April
April April Marc| April
Marc| April
lor astrououical Lastcr atcr , scc Scctiou ll a|ovc.
- - -
- -
-
1|c Grcc| |..:|.., diuiuutivc o |.:|.s, '|ric|', is souctiucs uscd or a uat|cuatical
ta|lc dividcd iuto squarcs. 1|c corrcspoudiug latiu diuiuutivc |.::r.|s, rou |.::r, ac-
quircd t|is scusc |y loau-trauslatiou, aud auoug C|ristiaus |ccauc a tcru or au Lastcr
ta|lc suc| as t|c -ycar ta|lc dcviscd |y Augustalis iu t|c t|ird ccutury. iocvcr, t|c
couputists o t|c iritis| lslcs, uot rccogui.iug t|c oruatiou, too| it to |c t|c uorual
diuiuutivc iu -|s o a priucipal |.::r.s, t|is |ar|arous, allcgcdly Lgyptiau, ord |ccauc
t|c spccihc uauc or t|c lusular -ycar Lastcr cyclc.
Siucc icdc did uot dcscri|c, aud pro|a|ly did uot |uo, t|c dctailcd rulcs o t|c
lusular Lastcr, uodcru sc|olars uutil t|c s |ad to |asc coujcctural rccoustructious
ou iuadcquatc |iuts iu scattcrcd sourccs. All t|csc crc rcudcrcd o|solctc |y t|c dis-
covcry o a couplctc latcrcus iu a uauuscript at iadua, hrst pu|lis|cd |y McCart|y
aud O Criuu, '1|c lost lris| -Ycar Lastcr 1a|lc', |ut dchuitivcly sct ort| |y
McCart|y, 'Lastcr iriuciplcs'. lt coupriscs six coluuus t|c cria o |auuary uar|cd
i iu lcap ycar), its luuc, t|c datc aud luuc o Lastcr, aud t|c datc aud luuc o t|c
luitiuu, or hrst day o lcut, |ic| iu t|c lusular C|urc| as t|c Vcducsday days
couutcd iuclusivcly) |corc Lastcr, ouc cc| atcr t|c uodcru As| Vcducsday. Al-
t|oug| uauy o t|c hgurcs arc uiscopicd, t|c structurc o t|c systcu cua|lcs crrors to
|c corrcctcd, aud t|c a|solutc valucs o t|c cyclical ycars dctcruiucd.
1|c cyclc |cgius iu , , , , , ctc., ou Saturday, |auuary, cpact ,
t|c s.|:s is ta|cu at -ycar iutcrvals, |cgiuuiug it| t|c lcap rou cpact iu cyclc
to cpact iu cyclc . iocvcr, t|c luuar calcudar o t|c latcrcus dicrcd s|arply
rou t|c louau uodcl a ull |auuary as ollocd |y t|rcc cousccutivc |ollo uout|s
it| t|c usual hlliug o lc|ruary iu lcap ycar), t|c rcuaiuiug cig|t uout|s all |ad ouc
day ccr t|au t|cir solar couutcrparts. As a rcsult, |ctccu April aud t|c olloiug
lc|ruary iuclusivc t|c uout|ly cpacts advaucc stcadily |y .
M..:| j... I:|. M.r. Jr. M., j.: j|, J. `::. .:. N.. L:..
Solar
louau luuar
Lpact = |au +
latcrcus
Lpact = |au +
1|c ucxt |auuary ill |avc au cpact a|cad, just as iu t|c louau systcu, aud lc|-
ruary a|cad. Lvcu iu t|c s a vcrsc uucuouic iu lris| or hudiug t|c luuc o t|c
day as |ciug rccitcd iu Vcst Cor| t|at prcsupposcd t|c luuar calcudar o t|c Ccltic
Lastcr cyclc, |ic| |ad |ccu a|audoucd ovcr ycars carlicr iu avour o auot|cr
sc|cuc itscl rcudcrcd o|solctc |y t|c Grcgoriau rcoru O'lcary, , c. McCart|y,
'Lastcr iriuciplcs', ). 1|c rulc is couut t|c uout|s rou Marc| iuclusivcly, t|us
ta|iug carc o t|c lcap |ctccu Marc| aud April), add t|c ,..:.o: lcss siucc t|c
cpact |clougs to t|c ialcuds), add t|c cpact, aud ta|c aay or i uccd |c. V|ct|cr
t|c s.|:s as ta|cu at t|c cud o luuar or solar Dcccu|cr is uot clcar, a couuscd statc-
ucut iu ouc sourcc iudicatcs luuar iovcu|cr, |ut t|at as alrcady |ollo.
V|cu t|c cpact as or |ig|cr, au cu|olisu o days as addcd, up to cpact
ouc uout| carlicr t|au iu t|c Supputatio louaua aud alays cudiug ou t|c ialcuds,
rou iovcu|cr- Dcccu|cr uudcr cpact to May- |uuc uudcr cpact . lt is
possi|lc, |ocvcr, t|at lusular couputists, or souc o t|cu, ould |avc said t|at t|c
uorual uout| cudcd ou t|c ialcuds, |ciug givcu a t| day i it lac|cd ouc, aud au
a|ortivc uoou ollocd rou t|c ud to r..: I.|:..s.) Ludcr cpact , |ocvcr, t|is
uout|ly advaucc ould rcquirc t|c cu|olisu to coiucidc it| luuar April, atcr t|c
|ollo luuar Marc| |ad cudcd ou t|c st solar, |ut or t|c April cpact to |c + =
accordiug to rulc, t|c cu|olisu ould |avc to |c Marc|- April. lu t|c to ycars
uudcr t|is cpact aud ), t|c surviviug ta|lc s|os t|c Lastcr luuc corrcctcd rou
t|at iuplyiug uout|ly cpact to t|at or cpact , t|c datc o Lastcr as uot acctcd.
Ludcr cpact , it is cvidcut rou t|c ta|lc t|at luuar Marc| |cgau ou t|c rd solar, aud
luuar April ou t|c st, siucc au cu|olisu |auuary- lc|ruary ould all out o sc-
qucucc aud rcducc t|c Marc| cpact to , t|crc uust |avc |ccu a ull uout| lc|ru-
ary- Marc|, it| uout|ly cpacts lc|ruary , Marc| , April . Ludcr cpact c
|avc cxprcss cvidcucc or a ull uout| |auuary- Marc|, giviug cpact iu |ot| lc|ru-
ary aud April.
1|c solar liuits crc Marc|, t|c day atcr t|c louau cquiuox, aud April, |ut
it as t|c luuar liuits t|at scaudali.cd outsidcrs, XIJ-XX, or |cu |.. XIJ cll ou
Suuday it as cclc|ratcd as Lastcr aud uot as ialu Suuday. 1|is as vigorously dc-
cudcd iu t|c trcatisc L: r.:...: .s.|.|. discusscd |clo, citcd |y St Coluu|au iu a lcttcr
to Grcgory t|c Grcat aud cxploitcd |y all partics to t|c lris| aud Luglis| polcuics o
t|c scvcut| ccutury siucc ou |.. XXI, lct alouc XXII, t|c uoou did uot risc till atcr
uiduig|t, dar|ucss prcvailcd ovcr lig|t, coutrary to t|c ucauiug o t|c cstival. Cclc-
|ratiou ou t|c |cis| |.. XIJ as siuply uot sccu as a pro|lcu as Coluu|au o|-
scrvcd, it as t|c lord's iassovcr Lxod. ) aud uot t|c |cs'.
L.. XIJ is April uudcr cpact , ouc day carlicr t|au iu t|c Supputatio louaua,
aud uovcs to t|c prcvious day it| cac| iucrcasc o iu t|c cpact up to Marc| uudcr
cpact , iu cyclc , |auuary |ciug Suuday, t|is givcs Lastcr ou Marc|, |.. XIX.
Ludcr t|is cpact, |ocvcr, |.. XIJ uay also |c April, iu cyclc , |auuary |ciug
1|ursday, t|is is a Suuday aud t|crcorc Lastcr. Ludcr cpact , |.. XIJ is April
c s|all scc |y Mar. is cxcludcd), uudcr , t|c t|, uudcr , t|c t|, uudcr ,
t|c t|. Ludcr cpact , it as at lcast accordiug to t|c corrcctiou) also t|c t|, uudcr
- - -
aud it is rcspcctivcly t|c t| aud t|, alliug ou t|c sauc days oiug to t|c cu-
|olisu as iu t|c Supputatio louaua oiug to t|c lac| o cu|olisu.
V|crcas t|c Alcxaudriau rulcs, |ic| dchuc t|c iasc|al tcru as t|c hrst |.. XIJ
it|iu au uppcr solar liuit, o ucccssity givc ouc aud ouly ouc Lastcr datc or cvcry ycar,
iasc|al liuits |ascd ou t|c datc o Lastcr ruu t|c ris| t|at souc ycars ill |avc to or
uouc. Ou t|c ot|cr |aud, |crcas t|c Alcxaudriau systcu o|ligcs cvcry |.. XIJ to all
ou cvcry cria, iu au -ycar ta|lc it is possi|lc |y carcul c|oicc o iuitial cpact to avoid
t|osc cou|iuatious o cria aud cpact t|at ould lcad to t|is rcsult, t|c Supputatio
louaua docs uot, |ut t|c latcrcus docs. Ludcr cpact , i |auuary |ad |ccu Mou-
day iu a couuou ycar or 1ucsday iu a lcap ycar, Suuday, Marc| ould |avc |ccu too
carly or |.. XIJ aud Mouday, April too latc, siuilar cousidcratious apply uudcr
cpacts to . Ou t|c ot|cr |aud, uudcr cpact , |ad |auuary |ccu a Suuday iu a
couuou ycar or Saturday iu lcap ycar, t|c |.. XIJ ou Mouday, Marc| ould |avc
poiutcd to Lastcr ou t|c t|, aud t|at ou 1ucsday, April to Lastcr ou t|c rd, t|csc
|ciug rcspcctivcly t|c hrst aud t|c last laul datcs. iouc o t|csc cascs occurs, |at-
cvcr t|cological judgcucut uay |c passcd ou t|c iasc|al liuits, t|c latcrcus is a cll-
coustructcd ta|lc su|jcct ouly to t|c discrcpaucy |ctccu t|c rcal lcugt|s o ycars
aud luuatious.
1|c latcrcus appcars to uodiy t|c |.::r.|s o Augustalis, |ic| uscs t|c staudard
altcruatiou o ull aud |ollo uout|s |ut |as s.|:s cvcry ycars aud luuar liuits
XIJ-XX, aud also |cgau it| cpact , Augustalis' cpact or , aud t|crcorc , is
, |ut t|c dicrcucc iu t|c lcugt| o luuar Marc| causcs |.. XIJ iu |ot| ta|lcs to all
ou Marc|. Ludcr cpact ou lriday , ) it sct Lastcr ou Marc|, |ic| a
latcr couputist trcatcd as justihcatiou or alloiug t|is datc iu , i as is uot ccrtaiu)
t|is as t|c carlicst datc aduittcd, t|cu uudcr cpact ou Saturday , ) Lastcr
uust |avc |ccu April as iu t|c latcrcus, |ut it ucvcr uccdcd to |c latcr.
Accordiug to Ald|clu, t|c rulcs o t|c latcrcus crc dcviscd |y Sulpicius Scvcrus,
t|c c|rouologist aud |agiograp|cr o St Martiu |o as tcuptcd |y iclagiauisu, iu
support o t|is asscrtiou McCart|y citcs Coluu|au's statcucut, iu |is lcttcr to iopc
Grcgory l, t|at \ictorius coupilcd |is ta|lcs ycars atcr St Martiu - = ,
t|c |cgiuuiug at lcast rctrospcctivcly) o a latcrcus cyclc aud t|c ycar o St Martiu's
|aptisu, or Sulpicius au auspicious startiug-poiut. ic ould t|us |avc applicd to
Augustalis' |.::r.|s rat|cr t|au t|c Supputatio louaua) t|c solar liuits Marc|-
April cx|i|itcd, aloug it| t|c uuusual distri|utiou o ull aud |ollo uout|s, |y t|c
uuor|a|lc -ycar cyclc it| ouly to lcap ycars o t|c trcatisc L: r.:...: .s.|.|.
ascri|cd to Auatolius o laodicca, it |as couuouly |ccu rcgardcd as au lris| or iritis|
orgcry o t|c sixt| ccutury, |ut McCart|y aud irccu arguc t|at it dras ou gcuuiuc
Auatoliau uatcrial, a casc t|cy ill sct out at grcatcr lcugt| iu t|cir ort|couiug cdi-
tiou.
1|c ta|lc o latcrcus datcs |clo is trauslatcd rou t|c iaduau ta|lc as corrcctcd
|y McCart|y, 'Lastcr iriuciplcs', |ut it| t|c ycars addcd or t|c hvc cyclcs duriug
|ic| it |ad at lcast souc currcucy.

L.::r.s L.s::r .. I..:.o .::s, P
C,.|: 1:.r j... L..: L.s::r L.: I..:.o L.:
Sat. Mar. lc|.
Suu. Apr. Mar.
i Mou. Apr. lc|.
Vcd. Apr. Mar.
1|u. Apr. Mar.
lri. Apr. lc|.
i Sat. Apr. Mar.
Mou. Apr. lc|.
1uc. Mar. lc|.
Vcd. Apr. Mar.
i 1|u. Apr. lc|.
Sat. Mar. lc|.
Suu. Apr. Mar.
S Mou. Apr. lc|.
i 1uc. Apr. Mar.
1|u. Apr. Mar.
lri. Mar. lc|.
Sat. Apr. Mar.
i Suu. Apr. lc|.
1uc. Mar. lc|.
Vcd. Apr. Mar.
1|u. Apr. lc|.
i lri. Mar. lc|.
Suu. Apr. Mar.
Mou. Apr. lc|.
1uc. Apr. Mar.
i Vcd. Apr. Mar.
S lri. Mar. lc|.
Sat. Apr. Mar.
Suu. Apr. Mar.
i Mou. Apr. Mar.
Vcd. Apr. Mar.
1|u. Apr. lc|.
lri. Apr. Mar.
i Sat. Apr. Mar.
Mou. Apr. lc|.
1uc. Apr. Mar.
Vcd. Apr. lc|.
i 1|u. Mar. lc|.
Sat. Apr. Mar.
- - -
L.::r.s L.s::r .. I..:.o .::s ...:.)
C,.|: 1:.r j... L..: L.s::r L.: I..:.o L.:
Suu. Apr. lc|.
S Mou. Apr. Mar.
i 1uc. Apr. Mar.
1|u. Mar. lc|.
lri. Apr. Mar.
Sat. Apr. Mar.
i Suu. Apr. lc|.
1uc. Apr. Mar.
Vcd. Apr. lc|.
1|u. Mar. lc|.
i lri. Apr. Mar.
Suu. Apr. lc|.
Mou. Apr. Mar.
1uc. Apr. Mar.
i Vcd. Mar. lc|.
S lri. Apr. Mar.
Sat. Apr. Mar.
Suu. Mar. lc|.
i Mou. Apr. Mar.
Vcd. Apr. lc|.
1|u. Apr. Mar.
lri. Apr. Mar.
i Sat. Apr. lc|.
Mou. Apr. Mar.
1uc. Apr. lc|.
Vcd. Mar. lc|.
i 1|u. Apr. Mar.
Sat. Apr. lc|.
Suu. Mar. lc|.
S Mou. Apr. Mar.
i 1uc. Mar. lc|.
1|u. Apr. Mar.
lri. Apr. Mar.
Sat. Mar. lc|.
i Suu. Apr. Mar.
1uc. Apr. lc|.
Vcd. Mar. lc|.
1|u. Apr. Mar.
i lri. Apr. lc|.
Suu. Mar. lc|.

L.::r.s L.s::r .. I..:.o .::s ...:.)
C,.|: 1:.r j... L..: L.s::r L.: I..:.o L.:
Mou. Apr. Mar.
1uc. Mar. lc|.
i Vcd. Apr. Mar.
S lri. Apr. Mar.
Corrcctcd iu MS rou . Corrcctcd iu MS rou .
- - -

- - -
- P
. h:s::r. .. r:|..: L.s::r -
1:.r L.s::r C.|:. L..: `.., L::::r
N.. Cr:.)
h:s::r. r:|..: Cr:.r... j|...
Marc| April L l
April April D L
April April C D
April April iA Ci
April April G A
Marc| May l G
April April L l
April April DC LD
Marc| May i C
April April A i
April April G A
Marc| April lL Gl
April April D L
April April C D
April April ' i C
April April AG iA
Marc| May l G
April April L l
April April D L
Marc| May Ci DC
April April A i
April April G A
April April l G
April April LD lL
Ort|odox datcs arc calculatcd |y t|c |uliau calcudar |ut statcd |y t|c Grcgoriau.
iu lct-|aud coluuu) lcap ycar.
. j:.s| ..|:..r, P
.s| H.s|...| C|..|.| :s..|
1| Oct. Vc Dcc. Sa Apr.

-
Mo Scpt. Mo Dcc. 1| Apr.

-
Sa Scpt. Sa Dcc. 1| Apr.

-
Sa Scpt. lr Dcc. Su Apr.
1u Scpt. Mo Dcc. 1| Mar.

-
Sa Scpt. Sa iov. 1| Apr.

-
Sa Scpt. Sa Dcc. 1u Apr.

-
1| Scpt. Vc Dcc. Su Apr.
1u Oct. Mo Dcc. 1| Apr.

-
Sa Scpt. Sa Dcc. 1u Apr.

-
1| Scpt. Vc Dcc. Su Apr.
1u Scpt. Mo Dcc. 1| Apr.

-
Sa Scpt. Sa Dcc. 1u Mar.

-
1| Scpt. 1| Dcc. 1u Apr.
1| Scpt. Vc Dcc. Sa Apr.

-
Mo Scpt. Su Dcc. 1u Mar.

-
1| Scpt. 1| iov. 1u Apr.
1| Scpt. Vc Dcc. Sa Apr.

-
Mo Scpt. Mo Dcc. Sa Apr.

-
Mo Oct. Su Dcc. 1u Apr.
1| Scpt. Vc Dcc. Sa Mar.

-
Mo Scpt. Mo Dcc. Sa Apr.

-
Mo Scpt. Mo Dcc. 1| Apr.

-
Sa Scpt. lr Dcc. Su Mar.
Lu|olisuic ycar.
-
Dchcicut ycar.
-
A|uudaut ycar.
. Ms|.o ..|:..r, P
M|
.
.rr.o .o.
.
..
lr May Vc Dcc.
1u Apr. Su Dcc.
Sa Apr. 1| Dcc.
1| Apr. 1u iov.
Mo Mar. Sa iov.
lr Mar. Vc iov.
Vc Mar. Mo Oct.
Su lc|. lr Oct.
1| lc|. 1u Oct.
1u |au. Su Scpt.
Sa |au. 1| Scpt.
- - - -
...:.)
M|
.
.rr.o .o.
.
..
1| |au. 1u Scpt.
Mo Dcc. Sa Aug.
lr Dcc. Vc Aug.
Vc Dcc. Mo Aug.
Su iov. Sa |uly
1| iov. 1u |uly
1u iov. Su |uuc
Sa Oct. 1| |uuc
1| Oct. 1u |uuc
Mo Oct. Sa May
lr Scpt. Vc May
Vc Scpt. Mo May
Su Scpt. lr Apr.
1| Aug. 1u Apr.
lcap ycar.

--
- t|c C|ristiau cra it| ycars couutcd rou Marc|. Scc 'llorcutiuc stylc',
'iisau stylc'.
- - a ycar o hxcd lcugt| uot adjustcd |y iutcrcalatiou to |ccp pacc it| t|c suu or
uoou c.g. t|c aucicut Lgyptiau, lrauiau, Arucuiau, aud Mcsoaucricau ycars o days.
- tiuc ucasurcd |y suu's positiou rclativc to cart|, c.g. |y a suudial.
- propcrly t|c doctriuc, propouudcd |y t|c prcs|ytcr Arcios or Arius |ut coudcuucd
at t|c Couucil o iicaca iu , t|at t|c Sou as crcatcd |y t|c lat|cr, t|c tcru is applicd
polcuically |y supportcrs o t|c couucil to auy C|ristology it| |ic| t|cy disagrccd, iu
particular t|c iouoiau.
B t|c pcriod o lig|t |ctccu suurisc aud suusct.
t|c couutiug o days iu t|c louau calcudar aud t|c ...s::. 3.....:.s.s),
cc|s iu t|c lcclaudic calcudar scc ll :|:r C.|:..rs. I.:|....), or ycars iu datiug) |c-
orc a givcu poiut.
- -- t|c calculatiou o Lastcr accordiug to t|c |cst availa|lc astrououical iuor-
uatiou iu prccrcucc to cyclical ta|lcs scc 'luprovcd Calcudar').
- - scc 'llorcutiuc stylc'.
- -- scc 'iisau stylc'.
t|c pcriod rou a ,..:.o: iu auy uout| to t|c sauc ,..:.o: iu ucxt uout|.
a collcctiou o c|rouological iuoruatiou, C|ristiau aud pagau. Scc ll .o..
C.|:..r.
- t|c suuucr aud iutcr solsticcs aud t|c spriug aud autuuu cquiuoxcs.
pcriod o ycars, couutcd iu auy cra rou t|c ycar cudiug t|us t|c hrst ccutury
is -, t|c sccoud -. 1|is also applics iu |ac|ard rcc|ouiug t|c hrst ccutury is
P t|c sccoud P
- - sauc as 'uodcru stylc'.
t|c pcriod o tiuc dchucd as a day |y la or custou, a calcudar day.
- '|cy', t|c datc rou |ic| a uovca|lc cast is to |c ouud |y couutiug orards, iuclusivcly,
a uuu|cr o days |uou as t|c .|..s ::ro...ro aud varyiug it| t|c auuual cpact.
a ycar it|out iutcrcalatiou, opp. :o|.|.so.., |:. ,:.r.
- t|c calculatious pcrtaiuiug to t|c calcudar, iu particular or hudiug Lastcr.
t|c cria o a givcu day, cspccially iu Lastcr couputus o Marc|, rou latiu .:s
....rr:.::s, 'days ruuuiug it| t|c suu', i.c. iu cxccss o a couplctc cc|.
- -- t|c couutiug o days up to ull uoou as '|cu t|c uout| is cutcriug'
..:r..::), atcr ull uoou as '|cu t|c uout| is dcpartiug' :::.::).
- datiug t|at iucludcs t|c ycar iu progrcss, opp. :|.s:.
- - sauc as 'llorcutiuc stylc'.
auy scqucucc o ycars or ot|cr uuits o tiuc) t|at rcpcat t|cusclvcs iu a particular rc-
spcct atcr a hxcd iutcrval, also a ycar it|iu a cyclc 'cyclc ', i.c. t|c t|ird ycar o t|c givcu
cyclc).
rcspcctivcly Luglis| or a pcriod o tcu ycars aud lrcuc| or a pcriod o tcu days,
|ot| rou Grcc| :|s, 't|c uuu|cr tcu', 'group o tcu'. 1|c lrcuc| or a dccadc is .: .:...:.
t|c Mctouic cyclc uscd to calculatc Lastcr at Alcxaudria, ultiuatcly
adoptcd |y t|c Vcstcru C|urc|, rcc|oucd rou .
- a saiut's |urial-cast.
Alcxaudriau cra rcc|oucd rou August .
- supposcdly t|c |ottcst o t|c ycar, or au cxplauatiou o t|c tcru scc l L.,s. L. L.,s.
t|c pat| o t|c suu's apparcut auuual coursc t|roug| t|c |cavcus, so callcd |ccausc
cclipscs occur ouly |cu t|c uoou crosscs it, scc also '.odiac'.
- - datiug t|at cxcludcs t|c ycar iu progrcss, opp. .rr:.:.
- iutcrcalatiou o a uout|, or t|c uout| so iutcrcalatcd rou Grcc| :o|.|.sos, 'iutcr-
calatiou').
- a ycar it| au iutcrcalary uout|.
(- a Mctouic cyclc, iu particular t|c Alcxaudriau cyclc callcd 'dcccuuovcual' iu
t|c Vcst) aud t|c 'iy.autiuc' luuar cyclc q.v.).
t|c agc o t|c uoou ou a givcu day o t|c solar ycar, cspccially iu Lastcr couputus t|at
ou |auuary, Marc|, or Dcccu|cr, rou Grcc| :.|:. |:or.., 'additioual days', oug|t
strictly to |c plural.
- days uot couutcd it|iu auy uout| |ut addcd to t|c ycar iu ordcr to ua|c
up t|c rig|t lcugt|.
t|c datc rou |ic| au cra is rcc|oucd.
rcc|ouiug o ycars iu coutiuuous uuucrical scqucucc rou au cpoc|, t|c ycars uay |c cit|cr
currcut or clapscd qq.v.), t|c orucr |ciug uorc usual outsidc ludia.
t|c day o t|c cc| ou |ic| auy givcu datc alls, cxprcsscd cit|cr |y its uauc or |y a
uuu|cr = Suuday, = Mouday, = 1ucsday, = Vcducsday, = 1|ursday, = lriday,
= Saturday.
t|c gcucral rulc or hudiug t|c cria o auy datc iu a calcudar o |uliau or
Grcgoriau typc, |y addiug to t|c ycar o t|c cra a quartcr o itscl, uot couutiug ractious, to-
gct|cr it| t|c appropriatc parauctcr, aud ta|iug t|c rcuaiudcr to , it uay |c rittcu l
Y + Y, + i uod ). Scc ll C.o:s, L,:... C.|:..r, `.., L::::rs.
latiu or 'aud t|c Sou', t|c p|rasc addcd to t|c Crccd iu t|c Vcstcru C|urc| to asscrt
t|at t|c ioly Spirit procccds rou t|c Sou as cll as t|c lat|cr.
- t|c Auuuuciatiou stylc rcc|oucd rou Marc| olloiug t|c |cgiuuiug o t|c
uodcru ycar.
t|c rcc|ouiug o days it|iu t|c uout| as st, ud, ctc. till t|c cud.
iu a luuar or luuisolar calcudar, a uout| o days, opp. |.||..
- auy o scvcral C|ristiau aud ot|cr sccts claiuiug a spccial |uolcdgc iu Grcc| .s.s)
cit|cr |audcd dou iu sccrct rou t|c Apostlcs or diviucly rcvcalcd to t|cir ouudcrs, aud typ-
ically distiuguis|iug t|c suprcuc God rou t|c iucrior Dcuiurgc or crcator.
t|c collcctiou o saiuts' livcs aud ot|cr c|urc| traditious collcctcd |y |aco|us
dc \oragiuc.
a||rcv. Gi) t|c uuu|cr iudicatiug t|c placc o t|c ycar iu t|c dcccuuovc-
ual cyclc as uscd |y t|c Vcstcru C|urc|, ouud |y addiug to t|c ycar aud dividiug t|c
suu |y , t|c rcuaiudcr is t|c Gi, or i t|crc is uo rcuaiudcr, t|c Gi is .
--
Alcxaudriau Coptic, Lt|iopic) cra calculatcd rou 1|ot| Dioclctiau =
August , |ut t|c tcru 'ycar o Gracc' as souctiucs applicd to t|c cra o Dioclctiau.
lt is also a couuou syuouyu or t|c ycar .
t|c rcorucd calcudar prouulgatcd iu |y iopc Grcgory Xlll, cou-
prisiug t|c ic Stylc q.v.) aud t|c Lastcr ta|lcs o Aloysius lilius.
- t|c ycar rcc|oucd iu uodcru as|iou rou |auuary, irrcspcctivc o t|c systcu
iu usc at t|c tiuc aud placc uudcr discussiou.
iu a luuar or luuisolar calcudar, a uout| o days, opp. ;||.
t|c oruula t|at t|c Sou is 'li|c' t|c lat|cr, avoidiug tal| o 'su|staucc' scc |.o...s..s,
|.o..s..s).
-- t|c oruula t|at t|c Sou is 'o li|c su|staucc' it| t|c lat|cr.
-- t|c oruula t|at t|c Sou is o t|c sauc su|staucc iu latiu ...s|s:..:..|.s) it| t|c
lat|cr.
t|c calcudar adoptcd |y Gcruau, Siss, aud Scaudiuaviau irotcstauts iu
t|c s, acccptiug t|c ic Stylc q.v.) |ut uot t|c Grcgoriau Lastcr ta|lc scc ..|.|s .s:r.~
..o..s). Acccptcd iu priuciplc |y Dutc| irotcstauts uudcr t|c uauc o luprovcd |uliau
Calcudar, t|oug| iu practicc t|cy ollocd t|c Grcgoriau calcudar.
au cra rcc|oucd rou t|c supposcd datc o C|rist's lucaruatiou, usually t|at o
t|c ycar , ot|crisc callcd t|c iativity, C|ristiau, or Couuou cra, |ut iu au Alcxaudriau,
Coptic, or Lt|iopic coutcxt au cra rcc|oucd rou August . 1|c distiuctiou |ctccu
lucaruatiou aud iativity as uot drau uutil t|c latc uiut| ccutury, |cu iu souc placcs t|c
lucaruatiou cpoc| as idcutihcd it| C|rist's couccptiou, i.c. t|c Auuuuciatiou ou Marc|,
scc 'Auuuuciatiou stylc'.)
a -ycar cyclc dcviscd iu t|c latcr louau cupirc or taxatiou purposcs, aud loug
uaiutaiucd as a datiug oruula scc ll C|r...|.,. C,.|:s).
adj. ) t|c additiou o ouc or uorc days or uout|s to t|c ycar |cyoud
its uorual lcugt| iu ordcr to |ccp pacc it| t|c uoou or suu. 1|c Grcc| uauc :o|.|.so is
souctiucs uscd or t|c additiou o a uout|.
iu politics) a supportcr o t|c cxilcd |aucs ll or |is dcsccudauts, iu rcligiou) a Syr-
iau Mouop|ysitc, so callcd atcr |aco| iaradacus ..-), |o crcatcd au uudcrgrouud
clcrgy iu oppositiou to t|c ocial C|urc|.
t|c louau calcudar as rcorucd |y C. |ulius Cacsar aud adoptcd |y t|c C|ris-
tiau C|urc|, |ut uot su|jcctcd to t|c Grcgoriau rcoru, i.c. rctaiuiug Old Stylc aud t|c uu-
rcorucd Lastcr couputus.
- sauc as 'llorcutiuc stylc'.
- t|c lusular iritis| aud lris|) -ycar Lastcr ta|lc.
a ycar coutaiuiug au iutcrcalary day.
t|c t| day o t|c hrst luuar uout| o spriug, also callcd t|c 'iasc|al tcru' |ccausc
Lastcr is t|c Suuday atcr it.
a calcudar |ascd ou t|c uoou it uay |c cit|cr purc, ta|iug uo uoticc o t|c suu
scc ll Ms|.o C.|:..r), or luuisolar.
a Mctouic cyclc spccihcally t|at uscd |y t|c iy.autiuc C|urc|, |ic| ruus t|rcc
ycars |c|iud t|c dcccuuovcual q.v.).
a uout| o a luuar calcudar.
- uuu|crs t|at |cu addcd to t|c cpact yicld t|c luuc o t|c st o a givcu uout|.
t|c syuodic uout| rou coujuuctiou to coujuuctiou.
a day o t|c luuar uout|.
--
- a luuar calcudar adjustcd |y cu|olisus to ta|c accouut o t|c suu c.g. t|c
|cis|, C|iucsc, aud souc iiudu calcudars.
- au ascctic rcligiou iuvcutcd iu icrsia .., uaucd atcr its ouudcr Maui, aud
|lcudcd out o Zoroastriau, iudd|ist, aud Guostic C|ristiau |clics.
- tiuc rcc|oucd accordiug to t|c avcragc lcugt| o t|c apparcut solar day.
a -ycar cyclc o luuar uout|s, iucludiug scvcu cu|olisus, uaucd atcr t|c
At|cuiau astrououcr Mctou {. ).
- t|c uuu|cr o t|c ycar iu au cra.
- t|c ycar rcc|oucd rou |auuary, sauc as 'Circuucisiou stylc'.
'to t|c uodulus o a uuu|cr)', i.c. dividiug |y t|at uuu|cr aud ta|iug t|c rcuaiudcr.
1|us is cquivalcut 'cougrucut') to uodulo uotatcd uod ), siucc ou |ciug
dividcd |y it lcavcs a rcuaiudcr o .
-- t|c doctriuc t|at C|rist |ad ouly ouc uaturc, t|c diviuc.
- t|c doctriuc t|at C|rist, iu iis to uaturcs, |ad ouly ouc ill.
- - t|c C|ristiau cra it| ycars couutcd rou t|c Lastcr olloiug t|c |cgiuuiug o t|c
uodcru ycar.
- - t|c C|ristiau cra it| ycars couutcd rou t|c Marc| olloiug t|c |cgiuuiug o
t|c uodcru ycar.
- t|c C|ristiau cra it| ycars couutcd rou t|c Dcccu|cr |corc t|c |cgiuuiug
o t|c uodcru ycar, also callcd 't|c stylc o t|c louau curia'.
t|c tiuc ta|cu or t|c cart| to rotatc oucc ou its axis rclativc to t|c suu, also t|c day
dchucd |y t|c passagc o tiuc as agaiust a uouiual day. io souctiucs uscd or 'artihcial day'.
- t|c C|ristology o icstorius |uuc uudcr Cyril), |o rcuscd to call Mary
1|:.:.|.s, aud as accuscd |y |is cucuics o tcac|iug t|at ic cxistcd iu to pcrsous as cll
as to uaturcs. 1|c tcru |as traditioually |ccu applicd to t|c Mcsopotauiau C|ristiaus, |o
uo prccr to |c callcd t|c C|urc| o t|c Last.
i) t|c coujuuctiou o suu aud uoou, ii) t|c hrst sig|tiug o t|c crcsccut.
t|c datc accordiug to t|c Grcgoriau calcudar, c. ll M.:r. C.|:..r. Souctiucs uscd
or o.:r. s:,|: a usagc alrcady attcstcd iu lrcuc| |corc t|c Grcgoriau rcoru, |ut |cst
avoidcd as au|iguous), aud iu Grouiugcu o t|c |uliau calcudar rcstorcd iu .
t|c vcr|al cxprcssiou o a datc, irrcspcctivc o its rclatiou to au actual day.
t|c datc accordiug to t|c |uliau calcudar. 1|c tcru is otcu uisapplicd to t|c lady
Day ycar uscd iu Luglaud aud |cr Aucricau colouics |corc , |y couusiou o t|c to rc-
orus, iu t|c s it as souctiucs uscd iu lraucc o t|c Grcgoriau calcudar iu coutrast to
t|c lcpu|licau.
- pcriod o ycars atcr |ic|, iu t|c |uliau calcudar, Lastcr datcs rcpcat t|cu-
sclvcs.
- - t|c luuar or solar i.c. civil) datcs it|iu |ic| Lastcr is allocd to all.
- uuu|cr addcd to t|c coucurrcut to givc t|c cria o iasc|al tcru.
- sauc as |.. XIJ.
- t|c doctriuc t|at uau is rcc |y |is God-givcu uaturc to c|oosc t|c good, aud
t|crc|y ta|c t|c hrst stcps to salvatiou, it|out t|c uccd or diviuc gracc.
- - t|c Auuuuciatiou stylc rcc|oucd rou t|c Marc| |corc t|c |cgiuuiug o t|c
uodcru ycar.
- pl. -- a syu|olic calcudar iorcgiau r.os:.), usually callcd 'ruuic cal-
cudar' iu Luglis| |ut uot ucccssarily usiug ruucs scc ll C.|:..rs .s hr.:::. |,:.:s).
t|c scrial uuu|cr o t|c day iu t|c uout|, or t|c day so uuu|crcd.
--
ouc |o |ccps Lastcr ou |.. XIJ irrcspcctivc o cria, polcuically cxtcudcd
to t|osc |o did uot dccr Lastcr |cu |.. XIJ as a Suuday.
a uajor cast, rccordcd iu c|urc| calcudars it| rcd iu|, iu Grcat iritaiu also a
day ou |ic| t|c judgcs o t|c Quccu's icuc| Divisiou car scarlct ro|cs. Scc l L.,s. :~
L::::r L.,s (j....|,.)
to apply a calcudar, cspccially t|c |uliau, to t|c pcriod |corc its iuccptiou.
- t|c rcoru adoptcd or rcc|ouiug iuuovca|lc casts |y souc Ort|o-
dox c|urc|cs, iu |ic| ccutcuuial lcap ycars atcr arc ouittcd uulcss t|cy lcavc a rc-
uaiudcr to o or .
rcc|ouiug |y ialcuds, ioucs, aud ldcs, aud days |corc t|cu. Scc ll .o..
C.|:..r.
propcrly a calcudar iu |ic| Goldcu iuu|crs aud souctiucs Suuday lcttcrs)
arc iudicatcd |y ruucs, |ut souctiucs cxtcudcd to ot|cr Scaudiuaviau syu|olic calcudars c.
'priucsta').
-- t|c ouissiou o a day iu t|c luuisolar calcudar iu ordcr to |ccp iu stcp it| t|c solar
calcudar. 1|c plural o s.|:s is s.|:s it| loug , souctiucs rittcu s.|:s.)
-- lit. 'scat', t|c day to |ic| a couputistic parauctcr is cali|ratcd, s::s ....rr:.:.o,
Marc|, s::s :..:.ro, variously |auuary, Marc|, Dcccu|cr.
- t|c cart|'s or|ital pcriod rclativc to t|c stars = . d. =
d

|
'. .''.
- a calcudar ta|iug uotc o t|c suu |ut uot o t|c uoou c.g. t|c |uliau aud
Grcgoriau calcudars, |ascd ou t|c tropical ycar, aud ccrtaiu iiudu calcudars |ascd ou t|c
sidcrcal ycar.
- - uuu|crs t|at |cu addcd to t|c coucurrcut o a givcu ycar yicld t|c cria o t|c
hrst o a givcu uout|.
- sauc as 'iativity stylc'.
t|c Lastcr couputus |ascd ou au -ycar cyclc aud louau iasc|al liuits.
- gcucral tcru or Luglis| clogs aud Scaudiuaviau 'ruuic calcudars', iu |ic|
iuportaut days arc uar|cd it| syu|ols.
- t|c uoou's or|ital pcriod rou uc uoou to uc uoou = . d. =
d

|
' ''.
- t|c uauucr o couutiug t|c days it|iu t|c uout|.
- Grcc| or 'S|c |o |orc God', titlc o t|c \irgiu Mary iu latiu L:..r.).
- o a saiut or a rclic) rcuoval iu a dicrcut c|urc|, or a uorc |ououra|lc placc
it|iu t|c sauc c|urc|.
t|c cart|'s or|ital pcriod rou vcrual cquiuox to vcrual cquiuox = . d.
=
d

|
' .''. lt is dccrcasiug |y a|out . sccouds iu a ccutury.
a cclcstial |clt souc idc ccutrcd ou t|c ccliptic, so callcd atcr t|c tclvc 'littlc
|casts' ....) or star-sigus iuto |ic| it is dividcd, alt|oug| t|csc coustcllatious uo lougcr oc-
cupy t|c placcs t|cy |cld |cu t|c scctors crc uaucd atcr t|cu, t|c 'sigus' cxccpt iu
iiudu astrououy) rcuaiu uuc|augcd.
--
--

A-, L-, 1|: C.|:..r ;.r L:r,..: ic Yor|, ).

--1|: h.r| C.|:..r ic Yor|, ).
A-, |, I.o.|..r L::::rs .; j.|. J.os .. |.s h.;: J|...| J.os, r.. :|: :.|:..., cd. C|arlcs
lraucis Adaus iostou aud ic Yor|, ).
A-, 1-, H:.:. M.: `r:, iu 1|: h.r|:s .; 1|.o.s J.os loudou, ).
.|;r..`s C.:|.|.. H.o.|.:s. 1|: I.rs: `:r.:s, 1:::, cd. ictcr Clcuocs LL1S, -- , Oxord, ).
A, i, L. . o:r|:. ;.||:|: :.sr:|... . o:r|:.s:r..s,.. Oslo, ).
A-, |, C.s:o.r. ..:.|. :| .rs : |`..,, vols. iarccloua, -).
Jr.s:.:|:`s L.s: L:..,. .r, |.s C.|:. C.|..:: .; `:.r::s :.:, ;.r 1.:|`s L:|.|:;| .s:.o: . . . 1r..s|.:: ..:.
L.|.s| |, Lr. `.o.., `::.: .. Js:r.|., loudou, ).
Jrr: L.r:.:..r: ::.:.; ,. r:s.r.: :s o:sr:s .r |. s:r..:: .|s:r.:... C.|:.r.:r ||...... L
C:ro...|, .. JI : |. ||.,: ;r....s:, .: :: ....s.||: iaris, ).
A, |, :o...:s .; C:.:.|.so: .. j..so: -), cd. |aucs irittcu loudou, ).
A-, |, j..: Js::.`s L::::rs, cd. Dcirdrc lc layc Oxord, ).
1|: 3.|,|..... 1.|o 1r..s|.:: ..:. L.|.s| .:| N.::s, C|.ss.r, .. I...:s, cd. l. Lpstciu, vols.
loudou, -).
i, l-, H.s:.r.: .; :|: ...: .; I.. H:.r, :|: `::.:| loudou, ).
i, M, L.s|.. .. :|: 1:.rs , , .. loudou, ).
i, |, prcacc to 1|: L.|.r,:s: j.r.:, .. `:r.|: .; j.|. L:,|..: ;.r L.|..:s J.:.,.:::s, rcpr. iu
1|: L.:s .; :|.s: Lo..:.: J.:.,.r.:s j.|. L:|.., 1|.o.s H:.r.:, .. J.:|.., h.., vols. Oxord,
).
i-, M. M, 3r.:.s| C.|:..r Cs:.os. `..:|.., ii 1|c lol|-lorc Socicty, , loudou,
).
i, i C., J h:|s| C|.ss...| L..:....r,. :.|: .. H.s:.r, .. L::. :. .|.: J.L.
Cardi, ).
i, l. V., C.|:.:r ;.r J.r:.: ;r. :.| :;::r C|r.s:. I.s:| Copcu|agcu, , rcpr. \i|org,
).
i, l 1., C.|:..r .. C|r...|.,, j:.s| .. C|r.s:.... 3.||...|, I.::r::s:.o:.:.| .. .:r.s:..
`:.:s lcidcu, ).
i, 1-, 1|: :|.,:s .; .o:, ...:.,... .|| s.| o.:::rs .; :|...., .s |.: .. :.o:s .s: |:.: |r.|:
..:. :|: C|r.| |, :|: .: .. |.s .|:r:.:s loudou, ).
i, t|c \cucra|lc, 3:.: .:r. : ::o.r.|s Cau|ridgc, Mass., ).
--:r. ..s..|..., cd. C|arlcs V. |oucs, ascs. - Corpus C|ristiauoruu, scr. latiua
i-C, 1uru|out, -).
i, M, 'Luoc| Soaucs', iu `::. M:. loudou, ).
3:r:|.|. J...|:s, cd. G. i. icrt. Mouuucuta Gcruauiac iistorica, Scriptorcs, v, iauovcr,
), -.
i-, i, r.| L....o, .. 1.r|s|.r: .. Surtccs Socicty, , Dur|au, ).
3.||..:|:.. `...:.ro, vols. aud iudcx louc, -), appcudix vol. louc, ).
i, L. |., C|r...|., .; :|: J...:.: h.r| loudou, , rcv. ).
i, G-, b.::rs.|.:. |:r .: Z:.:r:.|.. :r C:ro..:. i. L.s .|:..r.s.|: j.|r Stuttgart,
).
-i , M

1|: C|r...|., .; J...:.: N.:...s traus. C. L. Sac|au loudou

)
i, i |., 'Music aud lcstivitics at t|c Court o lco X A \cuctiau \ic', L.r|, Ms..
H.s:.r,, ), -.
i, l, 1|: C..s:r.:.: .r:, ;r.o ::| :. 1|.:.|:r loudou, ).
i, l V-, 'Lxtracts rou t|c |ourual aud Accouut-ioo| o 1iuot|y iurrcll,
Lsq., iarristcr-at-la, o Oc|cudcu iousc, Cuc|hcld, rou t|c Ycar to ', `ss::
Jr.|.:.|....| C.||:.:...s, ), -.
i, 1-, Ir.o:.:. J.:.,.:.:.s. J.:.:.: 1:.r:s .; L.., .. j..|.r Cs:.os .; s.o: M....rs.
M.: ||..| ;.r :|: .:rs... .; s.o:, .. ..s:r.:... .; .:|:rs loudou, ).
i, i, H:.r 3:....s :|: H,s:.r, .. Cr...||.s .; `..:|.., traus. |o|u icllcudcu Ldiu|urg|,
).
1|: 3..| .; `...:s, coup. |y t|c icucdictiuc uou|s o St Augustiuc's A||cy, lausgatc t| cdu.,
loudou, ).
i-, |-, 3.s:||`s L.... j.r..| -, cd. lrcdcric| A. iottlc loudou, ).
i- i-, J .r.s... j.r..| -. 1r..s|.:: ;r.o :|: J...,o.s j.r..| `. 3.r:..s
: .r.s |y |auct S|irlcy Oxord, ).
i, V, 3r.;.r`s H.s:.r, .; |,o.:| |..:.:... -, cd. Villiau 1. Davis
Origiual iarrativcs o Larly Aucricau iistory, ic Yor|, ).
i, |, C|..s C.|:..r.., vols. rd cdu., loudou, ).
i, |, |s:r.:...s .. .|.r J.:.,.:.:s. C|.:{, I||s:r.:.. :|: r... .; .r J|.r Cs:.os,
C:r:o...:s, .. `:rs:.:...s, rcv. icury Lllis, vols. loudou, ).
i, l, 3r.:|.,::`s :s, .r |.|.o:|`s 1:.rs, cd. Sir Lgcrtou irydgcs lcc iriory,
icut, ).
--1|: h|.o..:s, .r . N: C.s: .; C|.r..::rs loudou, ).
i, A. L., J L:s.r.:... .; :|: .r: .; L:..s|.r: 3.r:r.. .. :|: 1.o.r .. :|: 1.:,, vols. loudou,
).
i, |, aud M, l, 1|: M... 1:.r , rcpr. ioug ioug, ).
i, i-, I..:.s:..|s. `:r.. ;.r . :r::.|| r...s:...:... loudou, ).
3r::r`s L..:....r, .; |r.s: .. I.||:, t| cdu., cd. lvor i. Lvaus loudou, ).
i, A-D , 'ico|ac|tuugcu .uu Au|ouucu dcr rctrospc|tivcu
lu|aruatiousra', Jr.|. ;r L.|.o.:.|, ), -.
i'A, i, L: C.|:.r.:r r.o.... r:.|:r.|:s .|r...|..,:s Collcctiou d'tudcs aucicuucs dc
l'Luivcrsit d'Ottaa, , Ottaa, ).
i-- V, |. i., N: 1r.:|s .. :|: b..:: `:.::s .; Jo:r.... :r;.ro: .. , :r..s|.:: ;r.o
:|: Ir:..| loudou, ).
i, i, J 1.r :|r.| `...|, .. M.|:.. I. . `:r.:s .; L::::rs :. h.||..o 3:.|;.r, Ls,. .; `.o:r|,
.. `.||, vols. loudou, ).
i, |-, , s.: M:o.r.|.|.o .o r.o.s C:ro.....:, C.||...:,: |...:, s:.::.~
:..ro, L.:... ..ro..: :s.r.:.. ;..:. Cologuc, ).
--
i, M i, L..r, .; . 1.r .. Jo:r... -), cd. iatc iuc|lcy Du|liu, ).
i, V C, l, r:.::s .r, L.r:.:...s ;.r :|: h:|| r:r.. .. C.rr..: .; . M..`s L.;:,
:|r.| :|: h|.|: C.rs: :|:r:.;. L:;: |, h.||..o, L.r 3r||,, :. |.s `...: loudou, ).
i, A, 1r.:|s :|r.| :|: M.|: `:::|:o:.:s .. N.r:|~Jo:r..., .. :|: 1:.rs .. , .:|
|s:r.:...s .. :|: `:.:: .; :|: C.|...:s loudou, ).
i, S i, L|:o:.:s .; :|: j:.s| .. M|.oo... C.|:..rs loudou, ).
i, C-, Lr. 3r.:,`s Ms...| 1.rs .. Lr.:, cd. icrcy A. Sc|olcs, i J. L.|:::.:|~C:.:r,
Ms...| 1.r .. Ir...: .. I:.|, loudou, ).
i-, l, 1|: L::::rs .; .|:r: 3r.s, cd. |. Dc lauccy lcrgusou ud cdu., cd. G. loss loy),
vols. Oxord, ).
--1|: .:os .. `..s .; .|:r: 3r.s, cd. |aucs iiuslcy, vols. Oxord, ).
i-, M, h.r:|.:s .; J|| `.|s. I.r C:.:r.:s .; L.|.s| H.s:.r, I||s:r.:: ;r.o :|: C.||::
Jr.|.:s loudou, ).
i, i, J L...: 1r.:.:, |.::|, J.::, .r . C.||:.:... .; `.r, M:o.r.||: L:.o|:s .; C.s j:~
o:.:s .. `.||.:|~|r:.|:rs loudou, ).
i, l, 1|: J..:.o, .; M:|...|.|,, cd. 1|ouas C. laul|ucr, iicolas i. iicssliug, aud
l|ouda l. ilair, it| au iutroductiou |y |. i. iau|oroug|, vols. Oxord Luglis| 1cxts,
Oxord, -).
3:|:r`s L.:s .; .:r.. `...:s, cd. aud it| additioual uatcrial |y Mic|acl Vals| 1uu|ridgc Vclls,
).
i-, i., L,::`s Lr, L...:r loudou, ).
3,r|:;:r:|`s L..|.r...., cd. ictcr S. ia|cr aud Mic|acl lapidgc LL1S, -- , Oxord, ).
C- l-, l-, L:.:...:s ..:.,.: iaslc, ).
C.|:.r.:r : |. ||.,: ;r....s: dccrcc o riuairc ycar ll iaris, ).
C, V, 1|: J.:.:.: .. M.:r. Cs:.os .; :|: Ir.s|, iu C.o:.`s 3r.:..... ), traus.
Lduuud Gi|sou loudou, ).
C, 1-, 1|: Ir:..| :.|:.... J H.s:.r,, vols. loudou, ).
C, A, C.ro... C.:|... ud cdu., Ldiu|urg|, ).
C, V, :o.r|s .; :|: C.:r.o:.: .; s::r.|| .r:s .; C:ro...:, L:.o.r|, `::|.., H.o|r,
L|:.|, .. H..s...:.,: 1..:s, |: o.r: .r:..|.r|, .; :|: b..:: r....:s, .:| s.o: ;: .r:.:...s |.
:. 1r.:|| .. :|: `:.::s L.o.....s Austcrdau, ).
C, 1-, 1|: L..r, .; Lr. 1|.o.s C.r:r.|:, 3.s|. .; C|:s::r, cd. |oscp| iuutcr
Caudcu Socicty, , loudou, ).
C-, A-, L.s ..|:..r..s r:|.s....s Mcxico City, ).
C, i, 3.::|.s. 1|: C..s.|.:...s .; Ms.., L..., 1|:.|.,, .. |.|.s.|, Oxord, ).
C-, l cd.), 1|: 3..| .; L.,s. J M.s.:||.., .; .|.r J.:.,.:.:s .. C...:.:... .:| :|:
C.|:..r, vols. loudou aud Ldiu|urg|, ).
C-, M- , 1r.:|s .. N.r:| Jo:r... .. :|: 1:.rs , .. |, :|: M.r,.s :
C|.s::||:, a rcviscd trauslatiou it| iutrod. aud uotcs |y ioard C. licc, |r., vols. C|apcl
iill, iC, ).
C, C. l. cd.), H..|..| .; L.::s ;.r `::.:s .; L.|.s| H.s:.r, loudou, , rcpr. ).
C-, t| Larl o, L::::rs hr.:::. |, :|: L.:: .|: H...r.||: |.|. L.ro:r `:..|.:, L.r| .;
C|:s::r;:|, :. |.s `.., |.|. `:..|.:, Ls,., L.:: L.., L::r..r...r, .: :|: C.r: .; Lr:s:.. 1.::|:r .:|
`::r.| :|:r .:.:s .. J.r..s `|,:.:s, cd. Lugcuia Stau|opc, vols. loudou, ).
C, l M, L::::rs ;r.o N:~1.r| ic Yor| aud iostou, ).
C|r...... : L..:r..s: M.CC.I-M.CCC.XLJI, cd. |oscp| Stcp|cusou Ldiu|urg|, ).
C|r...... .s.|.|:, cd. ludig Diudor, vols. iouu, ).
--
C, C-, .:os, vols. loudou, ).
C, L i, st Larl o, 1|: H.s:.r, .; :|: :|:||... .. C..| h.rs .. L.|.., 3:. ..
:|: 1:.r , vols. Oxord, ).
C, V. G., 'iaplcs aud Gari|aldi', iu lraucis Galtou cd.), J...:... 1.r.s:s .. N.::s .; 1r.:| ..
Cau|ridgc aud loudou, ), -.
C-, C--, .o... ..|:..r.. . Cr:.r.. XIII. . M. r:s:.::. ::|...:.. `. L. N. C|:o:.:.s
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C, |-, 1|: L..r, .; j.o:s C|: .; C|.:| :. |: Ir.:| -, cd. \aucssa S. Doc Dcr|ys|irc
lccord Socicty, , , , Matloc|, -).
C, O-, L::.|.os, h.r:....., .. `:.r.r.;: .; L.r|, L.|.., vols. lolls Scrics, lou-
dou, -).
C, 1-, 1|: H.:. .; H:.|:| loudou, ).
C.|:r.:. 1|: L.r|, I.o.|, L::::rs, cd. |aucs Augcll Oxord, ).
C-, V, 1|: Jr: .; `.o|... J. I.:r..:... :. :|: I..|:: .. C.:|:r.. .; |..:s loudou,
).
C.o|.: s..|..: :.:r: |: .o...|: :: |: ... u.p., u.d.).
C-, i , 1|: H.s:.r.: .; |.|. : C.oo..:s I..|:, L.r .; Jr:.:.., traus. 1|ouas
Dauctt loudou, ).
1|: C.o|.,.: .; `..:|..:, ,:| ..: L:.r:.:...: :. :|: 1|r:: Ls:..:s :. |: ..|..:: .. :|: L::.s .; :|:.r ||..
:.| = :.| ), cd. |. A. i. Murray, pts. LL1S, - -, loudou, -).
C, 1- i., '1|c lcgcud o St. Cccilia', `:. os...|., ), -, ), -
--M.r... ..:. j., ic iavcu, ).
--'1raccs o a |cis|-C|ristiau Couuuuity at S. Cccilia iu 1rastcvcrc', |...s.. .. M:.:.|
Ms.., ) P.
C..s|:.:... sr .:::: ,:s:.... ..:~.. :r..s;r:r |: .o...|: . .... 'lait iaris lc Dccu|rc ,
prcuicr diuauc|c dc l'Avcut lriuairc au \l)').
C, L, J J.,.: :. :|: `.:| `:., .. .. :|: h.r|, :r;.ro` .. :|: 1:.rs , , , ..
loudou, ).
C, A A-, autograp| iu t|c iu|lic lccord Occ, priutcd iu David iovarr
cd.), `::.:::.:|~C:.:r, L.|.s| r.s: ic Yor|, ), -.
C, Q, aud S, i, M.,.|:s, M.r:,rs c M.,|:o loudou, ).
C, L \., I...... J. J;r....~Jo:r.... C:|:|r.:... .; C|:r: .. C..|.. ic Yor|, ).
C, 1-, C.r,.:`s Cr.:.:s |.s:.|, .||: .. ;: M..::|s :r.:||s .. Ir...:, `..,, I:.|,, |::.. ..o~
o..|, ..||: :|: Cr.s..s ...:r,, H:|::.. .|..s `.:.:r|.., s.o: .r:s .; |.| C:ro.., .. :|: N::|:r|..s,
N:|, .:s:: .. :|: |.r, ..r: .; ..o|: .. :|: C..:, .; `.o:rs::, .. .. .s:rs: :. :|: ..r.s|o:.:
.; :|: :r.:||.. M:o|:rs .; :|.s I...o:, vols. Glasgo, ) orig. pu|l. ).
C, |, 1|: H.s:.r, .; .|:rr., . I.s|.. 1.. .. :|: `.:| C..s: .; C.r..|| 1ruro, ).
1|: C..:r, J|o....| ;.r :|: 1:.r loudou, ).
C, M, L..r, .; M.r, C..::ss C.:r, L., .; :|: 3:.|.o|:r :. :|: r...:ss .; h.|:s -
loudou, ).
C, V, 1r.:|s ..:. .|.., ss.., `::., .. L:.o.r|. I.::rs:rs: .:| H.s:.r...| :|.:...s ..
.|.:...| I.,.r.:s, vols. rd cdu., loudou, ).
C, |. V., 'iistorisc|c \cr|audcliug ovcr dcu .oogcuaaudcu uicucu stijl cu dcs.cls iu-
vocriug iu ous vadcrlaud, |ij.oudcr iu \ricslaud', iu i. V. C. A. \isscr aud i. Aucrsoordt,
Jr.|.:; ..r .:r|...s.|:, :. .....:r|:. r.:s.|: :s.|.::..s, .|:.~ :. :..||.:lccuardcu, ),
scparatc pagiuatiou.
C-, i-, 1|: j.r..| .; N..|.|.s Cr:s:||, - ic Yor|, ).
--
C, 1. C, :s:.r.|:s .. :|: `.:| .; Ir:|.. loudou, ).
C-, 1-, 1|: L..r, .; 1|.o.s Cr.s;:|, cd. lrcdcric| S. ioas loudou, ).
C, \, `... s:.r... s||. r..|....: ...|::... :| , s:.:. .| r..r:. .| C.::.... C.r..:
. Ir...:s.. L.oo..., cd. lausto iicoliuo iari, ).
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Mass., ).
D, i, 1|: 1:.r .. Ir:|.. Cor|, ).
D-, L M. coup.), H.|,~L.,s .. H.|..,s. J 1r:.sr, .; H.s:.r...| M.::r..|, `:ro..s .. I||
.. .. 3r.:;, `:s:.: 1|.|:s, .. .::r,, :|.:.. :. H.|, L.,s .. H.|..,s ic Yor| aud lou-
dou, ).
D, D, J 1.r 1|r.` :|: h|.|: Is|.. .; Cr:.: 3r.:.... L..: ..:. C.r..:s .r j.r.:,s. C... .
.r:..|.r .. L.::r:..... J....: .; |.:::r .s Cr..s .. .r:| |s:r.:... . . . |, . C:.:|:o.., vols.
t| cdu., loudou, ).
D, 1-, 1|: .:.s J|o....|: I.r:::||.. .; . |.:, I.o..:, .. C..|| h.rr: :|.: s|.|| |.:. ..
:|.s r:s:.: ,:.r: loudou, ).
D, 1., 1|: |:.s..: H.s:.r, .; I.|. h...|..o|, .. |.s 1..:r 1:.r:s C.||: I..| .; N:|:r,t| cdu.,
loudou, ).
D, M. A., J C.||:.:... .; r.:r|s .. .|.r `.,..s :|.:.. :. :|: `:.s..s, :|: h:.:|:r, .. Jr.~
.|:r.| rs.:s icrcy Socicty, loudou, ).
D-, i, aud l, L M., C.|:.r...| C.|.|.:...s Cau|ridgc, ).
D-, C-, L::::rs ;r.o C|.r|:s L..|:.s :. J.:|. 3r:::~C.::s, -, cd. Ldgar |o|usou
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D-, l, J r...s:...:... .; .|: C.. L:.: loudou, ).
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D-, G V, 1|: Jo:r.... 3..| .; L.,s ic Yor|, , rcv. cdu., cd. iclcu
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D--, l, 'V|at to t|c Slavc is t|c lourt| o |uly.', rcpr. iu 3|..| `.|.|.r,
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D, `:.|o .... .r .. J|o....| ;.r :|: 1:.r .; .r L.r C. various ycars).
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L-, V, 1|: C..:r, H.s:.;:`s I.o.|, C.o..... loudou, ).
L..,.|..:.. Ir....., 'Calcudars' iv ), -.
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L-, C-, aud l, |., M..s.. rs:.,: .r :|: C..:r.: I.ro: ), traus. lic|ard
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--
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--1|: H.|, `:.:: Cau|ridgc, ).
G, , 'lcc|crc|cs sur lcs uous dcs uois ct lcs graudcs tcs c|rticuucs', C.o::~r:.
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G-, i, 'Zur lattcuugcrragc', Z:.:s.|r.;: ;r ::s.|: |.|.|..:, ), -.
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G-, i i., N: .. I|| M...s 3.C :. J.L Mcuoirs o t|c Aucricau
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C.s:||:s .; L,s:.:s Vyu|cu dc Vordc, loudou, ).
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Cr:.: 3r.:...`s L..r,. .r, :|: b....~J|o....| I.r :|: 1:.r .; .r L.r loudou, ).
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i, D, 'Zuu gyptisc|cu ialcudcr uutcr Augustus', Z:.:s.|r.;: ;r .,r.|..: .
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i, l, 'icitrgc .ur Gcsc|ic|tc dcr Grcgoriauisc|cu ialcudcrrcoru. l.
Dic Couuissiou uutcr Grcgor Xlll. uac| iaudsc|ritcu dcr \ati|auisc|cu ii|liot|c|',
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|.s:.r.s.|:. C|.ss: :r I..s:r|..|:. J|.:o.: :r h.ss:.s.|.;::., \icuua, ), -.
--'Dic \orgcsc|ic|tc dcr Grcgoriauisc|cu ialcudcrrcoru', `.:..s|:r..|:: :r |.|.s.|.s.|~
|.s:.r.s.|:. C|.ss: :r I..s:r|..|:. J|.:o.: :r h.ss:.s.|.;::., \icuua, ), -.
i, D- l, H.s:.r, .; :|: .rs.s, vols. loudou, ).
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i-i--, A, b

1|c 1clvc Mout|s iu lol|-

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i-, V, Cr.r.| :r ..:.|:. Z:.:r:.|.. iaud|uc| dcr Altcrtuusisscusc|at,
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l-, l, 'Giauts it| lcct o Clay Ou t|c iistoriograp|y o t|c Ycar ', articlc
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l, l, .r..::` s::r.::. .o Cr:.r....s.|:. I.|:.:r . .|r: 3:::. ;r .: o.:r.: I.|:.~
:rr:;.ro Sit.uugs|cric|tc dcr iaycrisc|cu A|adcuic dcr Visscusc|atcu, i|ilosop|isc|-
p|ilologisc|c uud |istorisc|c ilassc, , uo. , Muuic|, ).
l, i, 1|: `,::: `:ro.. .; M..s::r H|: L.:.o:r, |,.|: |: r:..|: |:;.r: :|: |,.:s M..:s:,: . . .
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l, A, J `.. C..:, J|o.... .. `|::.|:s H:r: .. 1|:r:, iutrod. |y lo|crt liuc| ic
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l, L M, '\isious o Aucrica iu|lic iolidays aud Aucricau Culturcs, -
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l, l, 1|: I.rs: .r: .; :|: L..|| .; L..:s loudou, ).
--1|: 1r.|...:.: .; 1r.o|:s loudou, ).
l, 1-, h.:s M.s:r.: loudou, ).
l, G, 1|: I.|||.r: C.|:..r loudou, ).
l, V. Dl--, |r., 1|: I.s: .. 1|..|s... L.,s .; N: L.|.. iostou aud ic Yor|, ).
l, |, L..r, .; . 1.r .. , :|r.| .r:s .; L.|.., h.|:s, Ir:|.. .. `..:|.. lox|urg|c
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l, 1-, J 1|.s.. N.:.||: 1|..s .; `.r.: `.r:s . . . .:|, ..rr:.:: loudou, ).
l, M, L. M.r:.. L:|:rs h:r|:. Ir.:.s.|: C:s.o:.s.|:. 1.s.|r::., vols. Vciuar, -).
--
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MC, D, '1|c C|rouological Apparatus o t|c Auuals o Llstcr -', :r.:..,
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--'Lastcr iriuciplcs aud a luuar Cyclc Lscd |y lit| Ccutury C|ristiau Couuuuitics iu t|c
iritis| lslcs', j.r..| ;.r :|: H.s:.r, .; Js:r...o,, ), -.
--'1|c luuar aud iasc|al 1a|lcs o L: r.:...: .s.|.|. Attri|utcd to Auatolius o laodicca',
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--'1|c Origiu o t|c L.::r.s iasc|al Cyclc o t|c lusular Ccltic C|urc|cs', C.o|r... M:.:.|
C:|:.. `:.:s, Viutcr ), -.
--aud i, A, 'Astrououical O|scrvatious iu t|c lris| Auuals aud 1|cir Motivatiou',
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--aud O C, D, '1|c lost lris| -Ycar Lastcr 1a|lc lccovcrcd', :r.:.., -
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M, |, J j.r.:, :|r.| L.|... I. I.o.|..r L::::rs ;r.o . C:.:|:o.. H:r:, :. |.s Ir.:. J|r..,
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M, D-, 'Martiuuas ', 1|: N..::::.:| C:.:r, .. J;::r, , Dcc. ),
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M, D, 1|: Jo:r....s .: H.o:. :.~..~I.| `|::.|:s .; Jo:r.... M:., M...:rs .. I.s:.::...s,
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M, |, 1|: `..::.s| C.||..... L..,.|.:... .r, :|: r....|, J.:.,.::, .. N.:r.| Cr..s.:.:s
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M, L, H..|.| :r ,.s.|:. C|r...|..: lcip.ig, ).
M-, V , L: C:s:.s ..:.;.o J.|.ro |.|r. ,..,:, cd. i. L. S. A. iauiltou
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M-, i-, I.s:.ro |.|r. .:..o Stras|urg, ).
M, G-, C..:r:, C..::.:o:.:s, .r :|: L.|.s| Hs.;: loudou, ).
M, l, L..r, .. Jo:r..., cd. |ulcs Zaugcr loudou, ).
M, G, .o. s...:. ), cd. Gcorgc iruucr iar|s louc, ).
M, M, J L:s.r.:... .; :|: h:s::r. Is|..s .; `..:|.. ud cdu., loudou, ) orig. pu|l.
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M, i, ::r.s:.: .; h:s::r. 1r.:|, vols. loudou, ).
M, l-, L..r, |, I..r:.s: M.:|:r, M.r.|, -L:.:o|:r, , :.::|:r .:| L::r..:s ;r.o J.~
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M, l, 1|: J...o|.s|: C..|, .r :|: Jr: .. M,s::r, .; C..|:r, loudou, ).
M-, G A., Cr::| C.|:..r Cs:.os At|cus, ).
M, |, Js:r.|..s::r, .r, :|: I.r:~C.s::r loudou, ).
M-, A- i-, 1|: C.|:..r .; :|: .o.. :||.. iriucctou, ).
M M), M, 'Das Ludc dcs juliauisc|cu ialcudcrs uud dcr
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M, l-, 'lcncctious ou t|c 1rial o |csus', iu i. l. Davics aud l. 1. V|itc cds.), J 1r.|~
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M--, M, J N: J.,.: :. I:.|,. h.:| Cr..s |s:r.:...s .. s::r.| :|:r C..:r.:s, vols.
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M-- \, i, M. M.ss..`s M:o..rs .. |s:r.:...s .. |.s 1r.:|s .:r L.|... h.:| s.o:
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Mr. .:|| loudou, ), orig. Mo..r:s :: .|s:r.:...s ;..::s .r . .,.:r :. J.|:::rr: 1|c
iaguc, ).
M-, 1, L.: ro.s.|: C|r...|..: |.s .; C.:s.r icrliu, ).
M, M , 1|: Lss.,s .; M..|.:|, `.:r : M..:...: . . . o.: L.|.s| |, C|.r|:s C.::.., Ls,.
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--1|: j.r..| .; M..:...:`s 1r.:|s .. I:.|, |, h., .; `.:.:r|.. .. C:ro.., .. .. , traus.
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M, l-, J.: `::||.ro, |:.. .. J|o....| ;.r :|: 1:.r .; Ho.. ::o:... . . . |, Ir....s
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M, G-, j.r..|, iu lo|crt Villis ilcucoc, 'Lxtracts rou t|c |ourual aud Accouut ioo|
o t|c lcv. Gilcs Moorc, lcctor o iorstcad icyucs, Susscx, rou t|c Ycar to ', `s~
s:: Jr.|.:.|....| C.||:.:...s, ), -.
M, 1-, L::::rs .. j.r..|s .; L.r 3,r.., .:| N.:..:s .; |.s L.;:, vols. loudou, ).
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M, V, j.r..| .; r..r h.||..o M.r:, cd. Lt|cl S. lcgau Vorccstcrs|irc iistorical Soci-
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M, l S, I:.|,, vols. iaris, ).
M-, C, N:s ;r.o :|: L.|.s| C..:r,s.: - loudou, ).
M, l-, |ourual, iritis| li|rary, Sloauc MS . 1|crc is also a uodcru cditiou
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i i, C.rr:s.....: : N..|.. I
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i, O, L:|.... Js:r...o, .. C.o:s Sit.uugs|cric|tc dcr stcrrcic|isc|cu
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--1|: L:..: `..:..:s .. J.:.,.:, ud cdu., irovidcucc, ll, ).
--'Ou t|c Spauis| Lra ', C|.r.., ), -.
--' Ycars iu loyal Cauous ', iu J L..s:`s L:. `:.:s .. H...r .; `. H. 1.,...:| loudou,
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i, |, J L..r, .; ||.. 1r..s..:...s .. :|:r ..rr:..:s, C|.:{, .. 3....:,.: iauuatyuc
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i, |, N.::s .. :r.:s ;.r h.r.:s::rs|.r: loudou, ).
--
O C, D, '1|c lris| irovcuaucc o icdc's Couputus', :r.:.., ), -.
--'A Scvcut|-Ccutury lris| Couputus rou t|c Circlc o Cuuuiauus', r..::..s .; :|: .,.|
Ir.s| J..:o,, C ), -.
O'l, i i l), Ir.s| No:r.|s .. H. :. bs: 1|:o Du|liu, u.d.).
O-, G, 1|: C.|.s| C.|:..r iouu, ).
O, l, aud 1, M cds.), J L..:....r, .; `:rs:.:...s Oxord, ).
O'S, i, 1|: L..r, .; Ho|r:, ``||..., cd. aud traus. Mic|acl McGrat|, S|,
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i, l A., 1|: C.|:..rs .; J...:.: L,: Studics iu Aucicut Oricutal Civili.atiou, ,
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i, |- i, J `|::.| .; | L.|.., |, . N: L.|.. M.. loudou, ).
i, 1-, 1|: j.r.:, :. `.... loudou, ).
--J 1.r .. `..:|.., MLCCLXIX C|cstcr, ).
--J 1.r .. `..:|.., .. J.,.: :. :|: H:|r.:s, MLCCLXXII, .r: II loudou, ).
--J 1.r .. h.|:s MLCCLXX loudou, ).
i-, S, 1|: L..r, .; `.o:| :,s, cd. lo|crt lat|au aud Villiau Matt|cs, vols. lou-
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i-, D--, L: ..:r... ::o.ro, vols. iaris, ).
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i-, |, C|r..... :r `..|s:. . N.:rs..|s:. Vittcu|crg, ).
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l-, i l., C|r.s:o.s .. Jo:r.... J H.s:.r, ic Yor| aud Oxord, ).
l-, L. G., M... 1.o:. 1|: C.|:..rs .; :|: h.r| Oxord, ).
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l-, V., J.:..::s .; :|: ss... Lo.r:. I. . `:r.:s .; L::::rs, hr.:::., . I: 1:.rs .., ;r.o `:.
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l, l, C|r...|..: :s M.:::|.|::rs . :r N:.:.: icrliu, ).
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--:.|:o... C|r...|., Muc|cucr icitrgc .ur iapyrusorsc|uug uud auti|cu lcc|ts-
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S-, l, J.||. J.|....s, 1|: L.|.s| J.||. . . . |, ..|.r `..:rs various ycars).
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--
S, L, C|r.s:|..|: . ,.s.|: s::r:.;:|. A||audluugcu dcr iuiglic|cu Gcscllsc|at
dcr Visscusc|atcu .u Gttiugcu, i|ilologisc|-|istorisc|c ilassc, ,, icrliu, ).
S, l, 1|: L.s..:r.: .; h.:.|.r.;: ), cd. iriuslcy iic|olsou loudou, ).
S, i. i., I:s:..|s .. C:r:o...:s .; :|: .o.. :||.. loudou, ).
S-, i, `:.|o J.... .r, `:.s.. .. :|: `:.s..s, |:.. .. J|o....| ;.r :|: 1:.r .; .r L.r . . . |,
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S, S, 1|: L..r, .; `.o:| `:.|| -, cd. M. ialscy 1|ouas, vols. ic Yor|,
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S, l, I.... C|r...r.|, loudou, ).
--1|: `.|..:.s .. :|: I.... C.|:..r loudou, ).
--aud D-, S

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S, i L., 'luuar \isi|ility aud t|c Crucihxiou', .r::r|, j.r..| .; :|: .,.| Js:r...o~
...| `...::,, ), -.
S, |, 1|: `:.:.s:...| J....: .; `..:|... Lr.. ;r.o :|: C.oo....:...s .; :|: M...s::rs .; :|:
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S, |, j.r..| .; . `.o:rs:: :.:.r -, cd. ioard aud ictcr Coou|s iat|, ).
S-, i, 1|: L..r, .; `.r H:.r, `|..s|,, .; `.r.:., 3.r:., cd. Dauicl iarsous loudou, ).
S, C, C..:rs.:...s, I.:r.... .::r, loudou, ).
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--L::::rs .; .|:r: `.:|:,. J `:|:.:..., cd. Mauricc i. lit.gcrald loudou, ).
S, D G-, I:s:..|s .; h:s::r. Lr.: ic Yor|, ).
S, l- V., 1|: H.s:.r, .; :|: L.o. I|.:.| C:r:o.., C|clusord, ).
S-, M, 1|: 1:|: M..::|s loudou, ).
S, l, L: C.|:.r.:r ||r.,: iaris, ).
S, |, J `r., .; L.... C..:.,... :|: r....||, J.:.,.:,, I..r:.s:, M.:r.: Ls:.::, .. L:s.r.~
:... .; :|.: C.:.:, hr.:::. .. :|: 1:.r , cd. icury Morlcy loudou, ).
S, A-, 1:::: .r C:s.|..|:: :s ;r|.|r.s:|..|:. s::r|.|:.:rs liturgicisscusc|atlic|c
Qucllcu uud lorsc|uugcu, , Muuic|, ).
--brsr. . C:s.|..|:: :s ;r|.|r.s:|..|:. s::r|.|:.:rs 1cxtc uud Lutcrsuc|uugcu .ur
Gcsc|ic|tc dcr altc|ristlic|cu litcratur, , icrliu, DDl, ).
S-, i, 1|: J..:.o.: .; J|s:s loudou, ).
S, L l., 1|: L.;: .. J.:s .; `...: .:r..| . . . :r..s|.:: ;r.o :|: r....| L.:.. .; j..:|..
Du|liu, ).
S, |, 3..|:rs:. .:rs .. .o||::s .. :|: C|r.|, cd. icr|crt Davics Oxord, ).
--j.r..| :. `::||., cd. iarold Villiaus, vols. Oxord, ).
1, S. i., '\arious Lras aud Calcudars uscd iu t|c Couutrics o lslau', 3||::.. .; :|: `.|..|
.; r.:.:.| `:.:s b..:rs.:, .; L....), -), -, -), -.
1, V, L..r, .; h.||..o 1.,|:r, I..:o.., , cd. Dorot|y Visc loudou, ).
1, |, C|r.s:o.s I. .. : loudou, ).
--C.o|...: .; C|r.s:o.s loudou, ).
--h..:r.. :. `:: :|: h..:rs .; :|: h:s: loudou, ).
1- D, 1. l., 3r.:.s| .|.r Cs:.os, r:s:.: .. .s: loudou, ).
1, l |-, C|r.s:o.s, . .:o iristol, ).
--
1, A, 1|: .. C|r.s:o.s. 1|:.r |..: .. :|: C:ro.... 1:.r loudou, ).
1- l, C-, 'la cra |ispuica', :.s:. : .r.|..s, |.||..::..s , os:.s, ),
-.
1, A, r.:..`s r.r:ss, .. I.;.ro.| J....:. ; C:r:... r.:..s c :|:.r L:s.:...:s ;r.o :|:
Jo:r.... :.|:... :. :|: r:s:.: 1.o:, :|:.r M...:rs c Cs:.os, :|:.r J.r::s .. J..:sic Yor|, ).
1, |-, J. H.s:.r...| .. `:.:.s:...| J....: .; :|: Is|: .; M.., vols. Douglas, lslc o Mau,
).
1 l-C' D l ), 1..,. . `s|,, 'lccord o a Ycar's 1iuc at Ycuc|iug = icijiug'
), traus. rou icijiug cdu. aud auuotatcd |y Dcr| ioddc, J...| Cs:.os .. I:s:.~
.|s .. :|.. , rcv. cdu. ioug ioug, , rcpr. ).
1, D-, J....: .; . 1.r .. N.ro.., loudou, ).
1, 1-, 1|: L..r, .; 1|.o.s 1r.:r -, cd. David \aiscy Oxord, ).
1--, 1-, I.: H.r: ...::s .; C.. Hs|..r.:, cd. V. iayuc aud Siducy |. icrrtagc
loudou, ) cdu. o collatcd it| cdus. o aud ).
1, M, 1|: L..r.:s .; J.o .. L: 1|c Oxord Mar| 1aiu, ic Yor|, ).
--1|: I....:.:s J|r.. 1|c Oxord Mar| 1aiu, ic Yor|, ).
L, i-, J.|:|:o:s loudou, ).
L, |, 'Zogcu dic iauclucr Aussicdlcr uac| M|rcu. Dic lattcuugcrsagc aus
uaucu|uudlic|cr Sic|t', N.::rs.|s.s.|:s j.|r|.| ;r L..:s:s.|..|::, ), -.
L, Z- C , L.... .. ;r.o :|: 1r.:|s .; Z..|.r..s C..r. .. b:.|..|,
traus. aud cd. V. i. Quarrcll aud Margarct Marc loudou, ).
L, V, b.s:r I.|:.:r .. s:..:r L.:..||. .. :. |::s::. J.;.:. |.s |::: iadcr|oru,
).
L-, A, 1|: C|r....|: .; J.o bs|, -, cd. aud traus. C. Givcu-Vilsou Oxord
Mcdicval 1cxts, Oxord, ).
\, |, aud Y, L cds.), C|r...s, I..r.s, C|r.s:.s. N.:..:, .. C|r...|....|
`:.:s r:s:.:: :. j..| I...:.. Viuoua la|c, lud., ).
\, i, J. J|r.:o:.: .; :|: N.:.||: h.r|: .; .|..r: J.r.|: L: r:ro ..:.:.r.|s, traus.
1|ouas lauglcy loudou, ).
\-, l, J :s:.::... .; L:..,: I.::||.:..: Autcrp, ).
V-, |, J 1r:.:.s: ....:r... `:. M.::|..s L.,, M.s|..: .. :|: :;.r J|o....| ;.r :|: 1:.r
|:.. L:.~1:.r) .: I:|. Oxord, ).
V, i, `:|:.:: L::::rs loudou, ).
V-, M, aud O C, D, Coo...`s L::::r Dc Coutrovcrsia iasc|ali .. :|: Dc ra-
tiouc couputaudi ioutihcal lustitutc o Mcdiacval Studics, Studics aud 1cxts, , 1orouto,
).
V-, V S., Cr..s.:.:s .; .|.r Cs:.os .. .; .::s, C:r:o...:s, |s:r...:s, .. M.s.:||..:.s
J.:.,.:.:s loudou, ).
V, l, 1|: C.o|:.: J.|:r, .r :|: C..::o|.:.: M..`s :.r:.:... ud cdu., loudou ).
V, L, J 1r. :. N:~L.|... h.:| . C|.r..::r .; :|: C..:r, .. :.|:, |.:| L.|.s| .. I.~
...s loudou, ).
--1|: h|.s b.o.s|`. 3:.. :|: `:.r:: H.s:.r, .; :|: C.|;`s~H:.~C|| t| cdu., loudou, ).
V, V, 1|: I.rs: .. :|: `:... .r:s .; J||...s L.|.. loudou, ).
V-, G, 1|: L..r.:s .; C:.r: h.s|..:.. -, cd. |o|u C. lit.patric|, vols.
iostou aud ic Yor|, ).
V, l-, |r., 1r.:|s :|r.| :|: `:.::s .; N.r:| Jo:r..., .. :|: r....:s .; b:r .. L.:r C....,
r.. :|: 1:.rs , , .. , vols. t| cdu., loudou, ).
--
V, V. i., `.., .. 1.r .. `:.r: 1.o:s loudou, ).
V, G, C.||:r: h|.::`s j.r..|s, cd. Valtcr |o|usou loudou, , rcpr. ).
V, l, 1|: j.r..| .; `.r .:r h.||r.|.o, `.|...:.r~C:.:r.| .. Ir:|.. .. M.s::r .; :,:s:s
;.r :|: 1:.rs -, cd. iarold Spcuccr Scott Caudcu Misccllauy, , rd scr., , loudou,
).
V, 'S', J...:.: L::.s, M,s:.. C|.ros, .. `:rs:.:...s .; Ir:|.., vols. loudou, ).
V, V. l., Ir.s| .|.r `:rs:.:...s Du|liu, ).
V-, D cd.), C....|.. M...: 3r.:.....: :: H.|:r...:, iii loudou, ).
V-, |, 1|: j|... .. Cr:.r... 1:.r. r, :|: L.:r:..: |::::. :|: | .. N:~`:.|:, `|:.., :|.:
:|: :;.ro: C|r.|:s s|.| ..: .|::r :|: | `:,|:, .. :|.: :|: .o...s:s s|.| r::r. :. .: loudou,
).
V-, 1-, N.:r:s `:.r::s loudou, ).
V, M, 1|: ss... j.r..|s .; M.r:|. .. C.:|:r..: h.|o.:, cd. t|c Marc|ioucss o lou-
doudcrry aud i. M. iydc loudou, ).
V-, |- G, '1|c 1clt| o August', H.r:r`s N: M..:||, M.....:, ), -.
V-, 1-, 1|: Jr:: .; |::.r.,: loudou, ).
V, O, aud M, i, L::.|.. :r N.o:. . H:.|.:., cd. aud suppl. |y |osc
Gclui luus|ruc|, ).
V, A, L..o .:.:, vols. \cuicc, ).
V, A, H.s:.r, .. J.:.,.:, .; :|: C.||::s .. H.||s .; :|: b..:rs.:, .; :;.r, cd. |o|u
Gutc| Oxord, ).
V, O-, I.s:. L....., ..:rs.o ::o.r. ..o:... r.:...:o ..:.,.:s .. L.... :: .....s r:....|s
.|s:r.:.o |.|r.s :r.|s ::|.|:.::s Copcu|agcu, , hrst pu|l. ).
V-, C-, J C|r....|: .; L.|.. r.. :|: :..s .; :|: 1.rs, ;r.o J.L. :. .
3, C|.r|:s hr..:|:s|:,, h..s.r H:r.|, cd. Villiau Douglas iauiltou Caudcu Socicty, , lou-
dou, ).
Z, M, 'Zuu Ostcr|ric dcs |ciligcu Au|rosius uud .ur ruisc|cu Ostcrcst-
|crcc|uuug dcs . |a|r|uudcrts', h.:.:r `:.:., ), -.
Z, L, 1|: `::.~L., C.r.|:. 1|: H.s:.r, .. M:.... .; :|: h::| C|icago, ).
Z.oo:r.s.|: C|r...|, cd. iarl August iarac|, vols. ud cdu., lrci|urg iu ircisgau aud 1|iugcu,
-).
--
A||o o llcury , , ,
A||oudio, St -
A||ots|ury, Garlaud Day
A|dou, St
A|cl
A|clard, ictcr
A|gar \, iiug , , ,
A|gar lX, |iug o Osr|ocuc
A|iugdou -
Acacius, patriarc| o
Coustautiuoplc ,
Acacius t|c Soldicr, St
Acca larcutia
Accius, lucius
accouutauts, patrou saiut o
Ac|ciropoictos lcou -
Ac|clis, Llisa|ct| ,
Ac|illcus, St ,
actors, patrou saiuts o ,
Adau , P ,
day o crcatiou aud all ,
diary
Adauuauus, s:: Adouuu
Adaus, |o|u , , ,
Adclaidc, St
Aduar o C|a|auucs
adolcsccuts, patrou saiut o
Adouuu, St ,
Adoratiou o t|c Cross
Advcut -
advcrtiscrs aud advcrtisiug, patrou
saiut o
.l|ca| Alp|cgc), St -
.lric , , ,
Aclius Douatus
.lla, |iug o Dcira ,
Aclrcd o licvaulx, St
Acucas ,
Acsculapius ,
s:: .|s. Asclcpius
Ag|auistau
Ara, St
Aricau lrccdou Day
Agapitus, St
Agat|a, St
Agat|o, iopc ,
agcs o uau
Agiucourt, |attlc o , ,
-
Agucs, St -
Agucs o Moutcpulciauo, St
Aguus Dci, iutroductiou iuto
Mass
Aguus Dci iuagcs, uauuacturc o
-
Agouia or Agoualia , ,
agouiuu Martialc
Agrigcuto, patrou saiut o
Agrippa, Marcus |ulius, |iug o
|udaca ,
Aidau, St
aircrat pilots aud crc, patrou
saiut o
air |ostcsscs, patrou saiut o
A|at|istos
Ala|aua , , , , , ,

Alacoquc, St Margarct Mary

Alauo Day
Alas|a ,
Alas|a iurc|asc
Al|au, St , ,
Al|au o Maiu., St
Al|auia ,
ol|lorc , , ,
Al|auy, iY
Al|crt t|c Grcat, St , P
alco|olics, saiut to iuvo|c
Alcuiu, St ,
Aldcrsgatc Lxpcricucc
Ald|clu, St
Alcxaudcr ll, iopc
Alcxaudcr lll, iopc , , -,
,
Alcxaudcr l\, iopc
Alcxaudcr \l, iopc , ,
Alcxaudcr \lll, iopc
Alcxaudcr, patriarc| o Alcxau-
dria -
Alcxaudria ,
s:: .|s. Lastcr, datc o
Alcxaudriau Ycar -, -
Alcxius o Ldcssa, St ,
Alrcd t|c Grcat, iiug , ,
, ,
Algcria ,
All lools' Day -
All Saiuts' Day
All Saiuts o lrclaud
All Saiuts o Valcs
All Souls' Day
All Souls' Saturday ,
Allcgri, Grcgorio, M.s:r:r:
Allcluia ar-cry
Allcuaud, louis
Allcu, lic|ard, |irt|day
All|allou suuucr
All|allos day
All-iallos Lvc P
Allia disastcr ,
Aluac|ius, St
aluauacs , P
Aluic|, St Mar|'s Day iu -
alp|a|cts , ,
Alpiuc troops, patrou saiut o
'au . Mai gc|orcu'
a-uayiug, goiug -
Au|arvalia
Au|rosc, St , , ,
P , ,
Au|rosiau ritc
Aucricau colouics
datiug iu ,
iutroductiou o Modcru stylc

Aucricau ludiau Day

Aucricaus, c|aractcr traits o
Aup|i|alus, St -
auputccs, proposcd patrou saiuts
o
Auatolius o laodicca ,
Aucoua

Saiuts |oru atcr arc listcd uudcr t|cir suruaucs. distiuguis|cs t|c uaiu cutry.
Audorra
Audrc, St , ,
patrou o lovcrs
Audrc t|c ioly lool
Audrccs, laucclot
Audroclcs ,
Audrouicus, St
Augcla Mcrici Augcla o
ircscia), St
Augclico, lra ,
Augclo o Sicily, St
Augcroualia
Auglo-Saxou calcudar
Augola ,
Auguilla
auiuals
uauiug o
saiuts ricudly to , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , , ,
-
Auua icrcuua
Auuc, St , , ,
Auuc, ili iriuccss
Auuc, Quccu
Auuc o io|cuia
Auuiauus , , ,
.... L.o...
Auuuuciatiou o t|c i\M o
t|c lord) , , ,

coiucidcucc it| Lastcr

coiucidcucc it| Good lriday
-
Spauis| datc
Auuuuciatiou stylc
...s .s
Ausclu, St , , , ,

Ausgar Aus|ar), St
Aut|ouy, Susau iroucll
Auti|cs
Autigua aud iar|uda
Autioc|, datiug at
Autioc|us l\ Lpip|aucs, iiug
, ,
Autipasc|a
Autouiuus o llorcucc, St ,

Autouy o Lgypt Autouy

A||ot), St , P, ,

Autouy o iadua, St P
AiZAC Day ,
Aosta
Ap|roditc
Apiou o Alcxaudria
apodosis
Apo|rcos
Apolliuaris, St
Apollo , , , , ,
,
Apollouia, St
apot|ccarics, patrou saiut o
apparcut solar tiuc
Apparitiou o St Mic|acl
apparitious, atc|iug or
Appcaraucc o t|c Sigu o t|c
iouourcd Cross iu t|c
icavcus
Apprcuticc ioys o Dcrry
uarc|
apprcuticcs, patrou saiuts o
April, dcrivatiou o uauc
April lools' Day -
May vcrsiou
Aquitaiuc, supposcd apostlc
o
Arausio
Ar|or Day , , , ,
Ar|or iutrat
arc|augcls
Arc|augcls' Lvc
arc|crs, patrou saiuts o , ,

arc|itccts, patrou saiuts o ,

,
Arduorc
Argci ,
Argcutiua ,
Ariauisu , , , , , ,
, , ,
Aristodcuus
Aristotlc , ,
Jr.s:.:|:`s L.s: L:..,
Arius
Ari.oua , ,
Ar|ausas , ,
Aruag| ,
Arucuia , , , , , ,
, ,
acccptaucc o Grcgoriau
calcudar
calcudar -
Arucuiau Ort|odox C|urc|, datc
o Lastcr ,
aruics, patrou saiuts o , ,
, , , ,
Aruisticc Day , -
Aruul o Mct., St
Arpiuuu
Artcuis
Art|ur, iiug , , , , ,

Arval irct|rcu
Asap|, St
Asara| |c-1cvct
Asccusiou Day -
Asclcpius
s:: .|s. Acsculapius
Ascoli, patrou saiut o
As|cu laggot iall at 1auutou
As| Vcducsday , P
carlicst day or
Assisi
|asilica
S. Giorgio
Assuuptiou o t|c i\M ,

Astartc
Astou-ou-Cluu
astrology , ,
astrouauts, patrou saiut o
astrououical Lastcr -
Atatr|, Mustaa icual
At|auasius, St , , P
At|cus, du|c o
at|lctcs, patrou saiut o
At|os, Mouut
Attila t|c iuu , ,
Attis , , il.
Au|rcy, |o|u , , , , ,
, -, , , -,
, -
Audrcy, St ,
trauslatiou -
Augs|urg
patrou saiuts o
SS Llric| aud Ara
Augs|urg Coucssiou
August, origiu o uauc
Augustalis ,
Augustiuc, St , , , , ,
P , , , ,
,
Augustiuc o Cautcr|ury, St ,
, , , , ,
, ,
Augustus , , , , ,
, , ,
|irt|day
calcudar rcoru ,
Scxtilis rcuaucd iu |ouour o
,
Aurcliau, Lupcror ,
Aurclius, Marcus
Aurclius Autouiuus, Marcus
Ausc|it., li|cratiou o
Ausouius ,
Austcu, |auc
Australia
|olidays , , , , ,

Austrcuouius o Clcruout-

lcrraud, St
Austria
apostlc o
patrou saiuts o , ,
autuuu -
cquiuox
Aviguou ,
ialais dcs iapcs
Avila ,
Ayc, St
Aylcsord
A.cr|aijau
|a|ics, patrou saiut o
ia|iu Dcu
ia|ylouiau calcudar -
iacc|us ,
iacc|us, St
iac|, |o|auu Sc|astiau ,
|ac|ard couut
|adgcrs
iadou, sicgc o Mouut
ia|a : calcudar, -
ia|auas ,
ia|raiu
ia|rau \
iaillic, Mariauuc
|a|crs, patrou saiuts o , ,

iald|ild iat|ildis), St P ,

ialdiu ll, Lupcror ,

ialc, |o|u ,
ialt|a.ar
iau|crg
|audagcrs, patrou saiut o
iaus|irc
iaugladcs|
|au| |olidays , , , , ,
, ,
iauuoc||uru, |attlc o , ,

|aptisu
|y |crctics
day or
iu |ad latiu
rc|aptisu atcr c|ristcuiug |y
iovatiouists
scl-
o youug iuc
iaptisu o C|rist
iaptists, rst couuuuity iu ic
Vorld
iar|ados ,
iar|ara, St , P
iar|auld, Auua lactitia
|ar|crs, patrou saiuts o ,
iarducy
iar|au, lic|ard iarris -
iari
cast o St iic|olas
iarlaau aud |osap|at, SS

rouaucc o ,
iarua|as, St ,
iarr, St -
iarra
iart|olouc, St ,
iarvas
iasaut iaucaui
iasil t|c ilcsscd
iasil t|c Grcat, St , , ,

iasilissa, St
|as|ct-ua|crs, patrou saiut o
iastillc Day -
iat|
iattista Spaguoli, il
iattlc o iritaiu
iattlc o t|c ioyuc
iavaria, apostlc o
iaxtcr, lic|ard -
icau ialcuds
|cards, cualc saiuts it| ,

|cars , , , ,
icaticd Martyrs o Luglaud aud
Valcs
|catiug t|c |ouuds -
icatrix, Quccu
icc, a||cy o , ,
icc|ct, s:: 1|ouas icc|ct
iccou, 1|ouas
icdc, \cucra|lc
as couputist , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , -, ,
, -, -,
as |istoriau , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, ,
icc or icga, St
|ccr
lrcuc| disli|c o Luglis|
:..|:.:s:|.:
iccr|o|u, Max
|ccs aud |cc|ccpcrs, patrou saiut
o
icaua
|cggiug custous
iu Advcut
ou All-iallos Lvc
ou All Souls' Day
at C|ristuastidc , ,
ou Lpip|auy
iu Grcccc
iu lcut ,
at ialloc'cu
ou ioguauay
ou May Day ,
ou ic Ycar's Day ,
ou Old May Day
ou Old ic Ycar's Day
ou iloug| Mouday
ou St iridc's Lvc iu lrclaud
ou St Clcucut's Day
ou St Grcgory's Day
ou St |aucs's Day
ou St Stcp|cu's Day
ou St 1|ouas Day
ic|cadiug Dccollatiou) o |o|u
t|c iaptist -
icijiug, 1iauauucu Squarc
iclarus , ,
ol|lorc
iclgiuu , , ,
Lpip|auy iu
patrou saiuts o
icli.c , , , ,
icll, Adau Sc|all vou, S|
icllaruiuc, St lo|crt
|cll-ouudcrs, patrou saiut o
|cll-riugiug , , ,
icluout Sta|cs
icltauc , ,
|auuoc|s
icu|o, iictro
icucdict o iursia, St , P
, ,
lulc o
icucdict iiscop, St ,
icucdict t|c Moor, St
icucdict Xlll, iopc ,
icucdict Xl\, iopc
icucdict X\, iopc , ,
icucdictiucs, patrou saiuts o ,

icucvcuto ,
icuiu
icrcuicc, St ,
icruuda , ,
icruadcttc, St, s:: Sou|irous,
icruadcttc
icruard o Aosta, St
icruard o Clairvaux, St , ,
, , P ,
icruardiuo o Sicua, St P

icruiui, Giaulorcu.o
icuuo, St ,
icvcrlcy
i|ratri Dvitiya
i|utau
ii|iaua, St
ii|lc
diviuatiou it| ,


iu Luglis|
ii|lc Suuday
iic|crsta, lsaac |ouat|au Sit)
-
iiuscy, St Margarct's
iiuyou, laurcucc ,
iird Day , ,
|irds
c|oosc t|cir uatcs ou
\alcutiuc's Day
day ou |ic| |cgiu to siug
-
day ou |ic| ccasc to siug
saiuts associatcd it| , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , ,
iiriuus, St
|irt| o Ltcruity to t|c Maid ,
,
|irt|day o t|c Lucouqucra|lc
Suu
|irt|days
aud t|c day o t|c cc|
Grcc| o|scrvatiou o
|isscxtus, |isscxtilc ,
|lac|
lriday
Mouday , ,
uout| ,
ilac| iart|olouc
ilac| Crou's Suuday -
'ilac| Crosscs'
ilac| ia.arcuc licsta
ilac|riars Couucil
|lac|-lcttcr days
|lac|suit|s, patrou saiuts o ,
,
ilac|cll, 1|ouas
ilaiuc, |aucs G.
ilaisc, St ,
ilcssiug o t|c Spougc-Divcrs
ilcssiug o t|c Vatcrs
|liud, patrou saiuts o t|c ,

|lood, liqucactiou o ,
|lood |au|s, patrou saiut o
|lood-li|cl
iloody Mouday
iloousday
ilouut, 1|ouas , ,
iluc las
|oar's |cad ccrcuouy
|oatucu, patrou saiut o
io||io, a||cy o ,
io| Marlcy Day
iod|isattva
ioduiu lidiug
ioccc, icctor
ioct|ius , , P
io|cuia ,
patrou saiuts o ,
iorivoj, rulcr o io|cuia ,
iolcyu, Auuc ,
iolvar, Siuu
iolivia , , ,
iologua
Cat|cdral
couvcut o ioor Clarcs
Corpus Douiui
littlc iig cstival -
patrou saiuts o ,
\ialc Xll Giuguo
iolscua
ioua Dca , ,
tcuplc o
ioua o iisa, St
iouavcuturc, St
iourc iig|t
|ourcs ,
ou All-iallos Lvc
to couucuoratc acccssiou o
Lli.a|ct| l
iu Dcccu|cr
ou Guy la|cs Day
ou ludcpcudcucc Day
ou May Day
ou Midsuuucr Lvc
ou Quadragcsiua
ou St |o|u's Day ,
ou St iaul's Day
ou Sau|aiu
ou 1clt| Lvc
o vauitics , ,
ou Valpurgisuac|t -
iouiacc, St , , ,
iouiacc, St, |is|op o lausauuc

iouiacc o 1arsus, St
iouiacc l\, iopc ,
iouiacc \lll, iopc
ioo| o iila|ar aud Yudasa

ioo| o Couuou iraycr

casts
|oo||iudcrs, patrou saiut o
|oo|scllcrs, patrou saiuts o
ioot|, Villiau
iorgia, St lraucis
ioris, St
iorrouco, St C|arlcs , ,

iorrouiui, lrauccsco ,
|orroiug days ,
ioscardiu, icrtilla, St
iosco, |o|u, St
iosuia-icrccgoviua
iosporus
iostou liucs)
iostou Mass.)
iuu|cr iill Day
Massacrc
1ca iarty
ioscll, |aucs -
iosort|, |attlc o
iotsaua ,
iotulp|, St
ioudicca
iouuds 1|ursday
iourgcois o iaris -, -,
,
iourgcoys, Margucritc, St
ioxiug Day -
ioxlcy A||cy
|oy |is|ops ,
|oy scouts, patrou saiut o
iradord, Villiau , ,
irady, |o|u , , ,
irauc| Suuday
iraud, |o|u ,
iraudcu|urg
irat|ait, lic|ard ,
ira.il , ,
Dia dos iauorados
|olidays , , ,
uidsuuucr cvc iu
patrou saiuts o ,
irca|spcar, iic|olas, s:: iadriau
l\
|rcast, discascs o, saiut to iuvo|c
agaiust
ir|cu, St |o|u dc
ircudau, St
irctou, iic|olas , , , ,
-, , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
,
|rccrs, patrou saiut o
iricc, St ,
|ric|laycrs, patrou saiut o
irictiva, St
iridcscll
|ridgc-|uildcrs, patrou saiut o

iridgct iirgitta) o Scdcu, St

,
iridgcttiuc Ordcr
iridgatcr
irig|t Vcc|
irigid, St -, P, , ,

|riudlcd co, lcgcud o ,

irissot dc Varvillc, |. i.
iritis| Suuucr 1iuc, cud o
irittauy, patrou saiut o
irouiug, lo|crt , , ,

irugcs, iroccssiou o t|c ioly
ilood
iruualia
iruuci ,
iruuo, St ,
irusscls
patrou saiut o
r.:....
irutus, Marcus |uuius ,
iryaut, Villiau Cullcu
irydouc, iatric|
iuc|lcr, |o|auucs ,
iuc|lcy, Mic|acl icruard ,
iudd|a
|irt|day ,
iudoc or icu.cc, St
iudoc \cau
iudoc|
|uildcrs, patrou saiut o ,
iulgaria , , , ,
acccptaucc o Grcgoriau calcu-
dar
iulliou's Day
|ulls , , , ,
iuu|cr iill Day
iuuyau, |o|u -
iurord
iurg|cad
iur|iua laso
iurlcig|, Villiau Cccil, lord
iurua|y, Audrc
iurucy, C|arlcs -
iurus, lo|crt , , -
iurus iig|t
iurut 1|ursday
iurrcll, 1iuot|y
|ursars, patrou saiut o
iurtou, icury
iurtou, lo|crt , -,
iuruudi
iury St Lduuuds
|us|, |uruiug a
|usiucssucu, patrou saiut o
iussi, Giovauui Audrca -
|utc|crs, patrou saiut o
iutlcr, |oscp|iuc
|uttcr, roastcd
iuttcr Vcc|
iuttcs, i.
|uttou-ua|crs, patrou saiut o

iun- uud icttag

iyr|tcrt| , -, , il.
iyrou, Gcorgc Gordou, lord ,
,
iy.autiuc ritc
iy.autiuu calculatiou o Lastcr
-
datiug
s:: .|s. Coustautiuoplc
Ca|riui, lrauccs Xavicr, St -
Cacus
Cdi.
Caduou, St -
Cacu
Cacsarca Maritiua
Cacsarius o Arlcs ,
Cajctau, St
Cajctau, Cardiual -
Calasau., St |oscp|
Calcauuou iig|t
..|.|s .s:r...o..s
Caldcru dc la iarca, icdro
calcudar, |uliau
aud lcap ycar ,
lcugt| o uout|s
calcudar, uodcru, -
Calcudar o , , , ,
-, , il.
calcudars Alcxaudriau C|ristiau)

Alcxaudriau louau)
Auglo-Saxou
Arucuiau -
At|cuiau prytauy
ia|ylouiau , , P
icdau luuar -
Ccltic -
C|iucsc, -
C|ristiau, -
clog -, il.
Coptic
diagoual Lgyptiau
Lgyptiau, -, , -
lrcuc| lcpu|licau P
Gaulis|
Grcc|, -
Grcgoriau P -,
iiudu, -
lcclaudic
lrauiau, -
|cis|, P , -,
-
|uliau rcoru -
iaraitc
liturgical -, il.
luuar ,
luuisolar
Maccdouiau
Mcsoaucricau -
Musliu, P -, -
iarsi -
prc-Cacsariau
lcviscd |uliau ,
louau, , P
ruuic , il.
solar
Sovict Luiou -
syu|olic ,
tcu-uout|
1ur|is|
as rittcu o|jccts, -
Zoroastriau P
cal 's |cad, diuiug ou ,
Calioruia
Callau , ,
Calliuicus, St
Callippus o Cy.icus
Callistus l, iopc
Callistus lll, iopc ,
Calvary, Mouut
Calviu, |o|u , , ,
Calviuisu
Cau|odia
Cau|rai
Cau|ridgc Luivcrsity , ,

Magdalcuc Collcgc
icu|ro|c iall
tcrus
Caudcu, Villiau
Caucuac
Caucroou ,
Caucs, lus \a. dc
Caupiou, St Lduuud
Cauada
|olidays , , , , ,
,
patrou saiuts o ,
Caudidatcs' Suuday
Caudlcuas , P
caudlcs, |lcssiug o
Caucpauova, ictcr
cauicular days, s:: dog days
Cauisius, St ictcr
Cauuac, |attlc o
Cauucra, St
cauoui.atiou, rst orual
Cauossa
Cautcr|ury ,
St Augustiuc's ,
Cat|cdral
C|rist C|urc|
SS ictcr aud iaul
Cautius, Cautiauus, aud
Cautiauilla, SS
Cautou, Villiau
Cauutc uauc)
s:: .|s. Cuut, iiug
Capc St \iuccut
Capc \crdc
Capcruauu
Capistrauo
Cappadociau lat|crs
captivcs, rausou o
Cara Coguatio
Caradog, St ,


Cardca
Carc or Cariug Suuday
Car|auptou
Cari||cau or Caricou Day
Cariut|ia, Apostlc o
Caristia ,
Carliug Suuday ,
Carlos l\, iiug
Carlylc, 1|ouas
Carucl, Mouut , ,
Caruclitc Ordcr
Carucutalia ,
Carucutis ,
Carua
Caruival , , , P
Caruival 1|ursday
clcrics'
rst day o
Ort|odox
carols , , -, , , ,

carpcutcrs, patrou saiut o

Carr, Villiau -
Carr|ac
Cartrig|t, 1|ouas
Casiuir o iolaud, St
Caspar
Cassiau o luola, St
Cassius, lougiuus Quiutus
Castlctou -
Castor, St
Castor aud iollux
tcuplc o ,
Castriota, Gcorgc Scaudcr|cg)

catacou|s
Catalouia
ol|lorc
patrou saiut o
St Gcorgc's Day iu
Catauia, patrou saiut o
catcc|ists, patrou saiuts o ,

catcc|uucus, patrou saiut o

Cat|arisu ,
Cat|criuc o Alcxaudria, St ,
, , ,
Cat|criuc o iologua Catcriua
\igri), St
Cat|criuc o Sicua, St
Cat|criuc o Scdcu, St
Cat|criuc o Aragou , , ,

Cat|criuc t|c Grcat

Cat|criuc dc Mdicis
Catiliuariau couspiracy
Catiliuc ,
Cato, Lldcr -,
Cato, Youugcr
cats , , ,
cattlc
patrou saiut o
assailiug
cattlc-|rccdcrs, patrou saiut o

Catullus
Catulus, Quiutus
cavcrs, ltaliau, patrou saiut o
Cayuau lslauds , , ,
Ccadalla, iiug
Cccilia, St , P
Ccdd, St ,
Cclcstiuc \, iopc, s:: ictcr
Cclcstiuc
ccli|acy, clcrical
Ccltic
calcudar -
Lastcr, s:: Lastcr, lusular
cstivals
Ccusoriuus ,
Ccutral Aricau lcpu|lic ,
Ccutral Aucrica, patrou saiut o

ccuturics P
Ccp|as St ictcr)
Ccrcs , , , , , ,
, , , ,
last o
Ccrialia , , , ,
Ccriut|us
Ccruc
Ccrvautcs, Migucl
C|a|aucl, St iocl
C|ad , ,
C|ad, St P ,
C|adic|, icury
C|air o St ictcr at Autioc|

C|al| Suuday
C|au|crs, lo|crt , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , , -, ,
,
C|aucl, St iicrrc-Maric-louis
C|auucl lslauds
c|aut, Grcgoriau
C|autal, St |auc lrauccs dc ,

C|auu|a| ,
c|apcl, origiu o tcru
C|ar 1|ursday
C|aralau|os, St
C|ari|crt, iiug ,
c|ariot raccs
c|arita|lc socictics, patrou saiut o

C|arlcuaguc , , , , ,

C|arlcs l, |iug o Luglaud

, , , , , , ,

C|arlcs ll, |iug o Luglaud ,

,
rcgual ycars
lcstoratiou , ,
C|arlcs ll o Aujou, |iug o
iaplcs ,
C|arlcs l\, Lupcror ,
C|arlcs \, Lupcror ,
C|arlcs \ll, |iug o lraucc
C|arlcs lX, |iug o lraucc ,

C|arlcs, iriucc o Valcs, |irt|day

C|arltou
C|artist dcuoustratiou
C|artrcusc
C|astcllux, Marquis dc
C|auccr, Gcorcy , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , -
C|ccsc Suuday
C|ccsc Vcc|
C|cllcs, uuuucry o
C|clsca, Mass.
C|cltcu|au raccs
c|cuists, patrou saiuts o ,
C|cucy, C. l.
C|cstcr
patrou saiut o
plays
C|cstcrcld, lord
C|cstcrtou, G. i.
C|icago, May Day stri|c
C|ic|clc, Arc||is|op
c|il|laius, saiut to iuvo|c agaiust

C|ild, lydia Maria

c|ild|irt|
goddcsscs o , , ,
patrou saiuts o oucu iu ,

supcrstitious associatcd it|

C|ildcric ll o Austrasia ,
C|ildcruas , P
c|ildrcu
a|audoucd, patrou saiut o
couvulsivc, patrou saiut o
|o to dccidc |ct|cr t|cy
s|ould attcud sc|ool
patrou saiut o
C|ildrcu's Day
C|ilc , , ,
c|iliasu
c|iuucy sccps, day o -
C|iua , ,

calcudar, -
cstivals
C|irou
c|risu, |oly
C|rist
|aptisu o
iuagcs o -
C|rist t|c iiug, cast o
C|ristiau yout|, patrou saiut o

C|ristiaus, patrou saiut o

C|ristiua t|c Astouis|iug, St
C|ristiua o iolscua, St
C|ristiuc dc iisau
C|ristiuc o Stouuclu, St
C|ristuas -
|oxcs , -
ca|c
cards
crac|crs
dccoratious, rcuoval o
diuucrs -, -, -
Lvc, -
pautouiucs
pics , -
pro|i|itcd |y iarliaucut
rcvival iu uiuctccut| ccutury
stoc|iugs
trccs , -
s:: .|s. Old C|ristuas Day, Old
C|ristuas Lvc
C|ristop|cr, St , P
C|rist-tidc
C|r...... : L..:r..s: ,
C|r...... .s.|.|: , ,
c|rouology, -
C|ristiau, -
C|rysaut|cuuu Day
C|rysap|ius
C|rysogouus, St
C|ulaloug|oru, iiug
c|urc| alcs
C|urc| o Luglaud, |oly days
C|urc| o |csus C|rist o lattcr-
day Saiuts ,
C|urc| o t|c Last icstoriaus),
Lastcr datcs
C|urc|ill, C|arlcs
C|urc|ill, Sir Viustou d. )

c|urc|iug o oucu -
Ciarau, St
Ciccro , , , , ,
|irt|day
Ciu|ri
Circuucisiou, cast o -
Circuucisiou stylc
Cisioiauus, datiug |y -
Ctcaux, a||cy o ,
Civil Var Aucricau)
Clairvaux, a||cy o
Clap|au, Villiau
Clarc, |o|u ,
Clarc o Assisi, St
Clarcudou, Ldard iydc, Larl o
,
Clarct, St Aut|ouy Mary -
Clar|, V. G.
Clar|c, L. D. -
Claudius, St
Clavic, |uruiug o t|c
.|..s ::ro...ro -,
Clavius, C|ristop|cr
Clcau Mouday -
Clcgg, |aucs
Clcucus, 1itus llavius
Clcucut, St , , P ,
,
Clcucut o O|rid, St -
Clcucut \ll, iopc ,
Clcucut Xl, iopc ,
cauoui.atious
Clcucut Xll, iopc -
Clcucut Xlll, iopc ,
Clcucut o Alcxaudria ,
-
Clcop|as
Clodius iulc|cr, iu|lius
Clodoald, St ,
clog calcudars P il.
Cloucuag|, uouastcry o
Clopas ,
Clot|ar l ,
Clot|ar ll , , ,
Clot|ar lll o icustria aud
iurguudy ,
Clot|ilda, St ,
Cloud, St
Clovis l, |iug o t|c lrau|s ,
, , , ,
Cluaiu lcarta Cloucrt)
Cluuy ,
Clyuuog lar ,
Cuut, iiug ,
Coc| Crocr, iiug's
coc|-g|tiug
coc|s, t|roiug at
Codc o Adouuu
Cocugcu, St -
Cogau, 1|ouas
Cogitosus
Coill 'Old iiug Colc')
Coiu|ra
patrou saiut o
coius aud ucdals, patrou saiut o
collcctors o
cold spclls, saiut to iuvo|c agaiust

Colc, icury
Colc, Old iiug, s:: Coill
Colcridgc, Sauucl 1aylor
Colcs, Villiau
Colcttc, St P
Colcy, icury -
colic, saiuts to iuvo|c agaiust ,

collatiou, dcrivatiou o ord

collcgcs, patrou saiut o
Colliuc Gatc
Collop Mouday ,
Coluau o liudisaruc, St
Cologuc ,
C|urc| o t|c Macca|ccs
Colou|ia ,
patrou saiut o t|c old iu
Colorado
Coluu|a, St , , P ,
, ,
Coluu|au, St , , ,
, -
Coluu|us, C|ristop|cr ,
Coluu|us Day
coucdiaus, patrou saiuts o ,

couiug o agc, day iu aucicut

louc
Couucuoratiou o all t|c
lait|ul Dcpartcd
Couucuccucut , P
Couuodus , ,
couuuuiou iu |ot| |iuds
Couuyucs, i|ilippc dc ,
Couo, patrou saiut o
Couoros
Coupariui, ioupilia
Coupiguc
Coupitalia
Coupostcla, s:: Sautiago dc
Coupostcla
Couputist o , , ,
, , -
couputus, P , ils. ,
-
Coutc, Augustc
Couccptiou o St Auuc
Couccptiou o t|c i\M
Couccptiou o St |o|u t|c iaptist

Coucordia, tcuplc o ,
coucurrcuts -, ,
ta|lc o
Coudulucr, Ga|riclc
s:: .|s. Lugcuc l\
coucctioucrs, patrou saiut o
Coucdcratc icrocs Day
Coucdcratc Mcuorial Day ,
, , , ,
coucssors, patrou saiut o
Cougo
Cougrcvc, Villiau
coujuuctiou o ,
C.....ss:r
Couuolly, 1|ouas


Coustautiuc t|c Grcat, Lupcror,
St , , P , ,
, , , , ,
Coustautiuc \ll, Lupcror ,

Coustautiuoplc ,
ilac|cruac ,
datiug
ouudatiou-datc
patrou saiuts o
s:: .|s. iy.autiuu
Coustautius, Lupcror , ,
, , , ,
Coustautius, llavius \alcrius
C|lorus)
Cousualia , ,
...s::. 3.....:.s.s ,
cousuls, louau, day o cutry iuto
occ
Cousus ,
couvcrsiou o datcs, -
|ctccu Alcxaudriau aud uod-
cru calcudars -
|ctccu lrcuc| lcpu|licau aud
uodcru calcudars
|ctccu |cis| aud C|ristiau
calcudars , -
|ctccu Musliu aud C|ristiau
calcudars -
|ctccu louau aud uodcru
calcudars -
distaucc |ctccu cvcuts aud
-
coo|s, patrou saiut o
coopcrs, patrou saiuts o
Co-Ordiuatcd Luivcrsal 1iuc
Coptic C|urc|
datiug iu
Cor|ic, a||cy o , ,
Cordula, St
Cor|, St liu iarrc's C|urc| o
lrclaud cat|cdral
Coruclius, iopc
Coruclius, Gaius -
Coru|ill
Coruall , , ,
Corouoto
Coroticus
Corpus C|risti -
carol -
corrcctiou
Grcgoriau -
lcviscd |uliau
Coryat, 1|ouas -, ,
Cosuas aud Dauiau, SS ,
P
Costa lica ,
Couucils, C|urc|
iaslc -) , ,
Coustaucc -)
Lp|csus ) 'lo||cr
Couucil') , ,
llorcucc -)
iicaca ) , , , ,
, , , ,
iiaccu.a )
1rcut -) , , ,

1yrc )
lirst Couucil o
Coustautiuoplc ) ,
1|ird Occuucuical Couucil
Lp|csus )
lourt| Occuucuical Couucil
C|alccdou, ) , , ,
, ,
Sixt| Occuucuical Couucil
Coustautiuoplc, -) ,
,
Quiuiscxt Couucil or Couucil ..
1r||. )
Scvcut| Occuucuical Couucil
)
Sccoud Couucil o 1ours )

Sccoud \aticau Couucil

-)
Covcutry
Cocld
Co|crd aud t|c Vcaviug
Maidcu, cstival o
Copcr, Mary, Couutcss
Copcr, Villiau
cos , , , , , ,
,
Coxc, Villiau
craups, saiuts to iuvo|c agaiust
,
Crauucr, 1|ouas -
Cras|a, lic|ard
Crcatiou
datc o , , ,
aud t|c cud o t|c orld
rst day o ,
o suu, uoou, aud stars, day o

Crccpiug to t|c Cross

Crcuoua, patrou saiut o
Crcsccutia
Crcscll, iic|olas
Crctc, ol|lorc ,
cripplcs, patrou saiut o
Crispiu aud Crispiuiau, SS
Crispus
critics, critcria or
Croag|patric| Cruac| i|draig)
-
Croatia
Cro|cr, 1. Crotau
Crou Cruac|
Croucll, Olivcr , ,
Croscld, 1|ouas
cross-drcssiug
as puuis|ucut
iu aucicut louc , ,
iu pautouiucs
iu t|c lslcs o Scilly
oucu |cruits
Cross, ioly , ,
day |cu uadc
discovcry o
ragucuts o
visious o ,
Crouc|uas
Crolaud A||cy ,
Crucixiou, datc o
carly C|ristiau coujccturcs
-
Gospcl data
uodcru t|corics -
placcd ou Marc|
placcd ou Marc| ,
Crui|s|au|, Gcorgc ils. ,
Crusadcs , , , , ,
, , , , ,
Cu|a
patrou saiut o
Cu|crt
cuc|olds)
origiu o tcru
patrou saiut o
Cuc|oouass
cuc|oos
rst appcaraucc o , , ,

aud cuc|olds
Culdccs -
Cullodcu, St Mary's Vcll
Cuu|ria
Cuuuiau ,
Cuudall, |oscp|
.r `Jrs
Curry-Ycovill
Curcu, Sauucl -, , ,
, , -, , -
Cur.ou, Gcorgc iat|auicl -
Cusauus, iic|olas ,
custous occrs, patrou saiut o

Cut||crt, St P , ,
Cy|clc , ,
cyclcs P
-ycar -
-ycar iasc|al -, -,

-ycar iasc|al ,
-ycar iasc|al

-ycar iasc|al , -
Alcxaudriau iasc|al
dcccuuovcual
luuar
uar|ct
Mctouic , , , -,

iasc|al , ,
scxagcuary
solar
Cyui|urg, St
Cypriau o Autioc|, St ,
Cypriau o Cart|agc, St ,

Cyprus
Cyriac o louc, St ,
Cyriacus or Cyricus, St -
Cyril, St Coustautiuc-Cyril) ,
P ,
Cyril, St, patriarc| o Alcxaudria
, ,
Cyril o |crusalcu, St , P
Cyriuus, St
C.cc| lcpu|lic
patrou saiuts o , ,
Dago|crt l , ,
dairyuaids, patrou o
Dauasus l, iopc , ,

Dauuartiu, Cat|criuc
dauccrs, patrou saiut o
dauciug
liturgical ,
saiuts associatcd it|
Daucgcld
Dauicl, St Autouy
Dauicl t|c Stylitc, St
Dautc , , ,
datc vs. day
datcs
couvcrsiou o, s:: couvcrsiou o
datcs
o uovca|lc casts dcpcudcut
ou Lastcr
datiug
Marc| stylc
Marc| stylc ..|.|s .s..s)

August stylc
Scptcu|cr stylc
Scptcu|cr stylc
Scptcu|cr stylc
Scptcu|cr stylc
Scptcu|cr stylc
Octo|cr stylc
Dcccu|cr stylc
, iutroductiou o
|y arc|ous -,
|y astrououical rcc|ouiug
'|corc C|rist') -
|y |i|lical cras
Circuucisiou stylc
|y cousuls -, ,
day aud uout| -
Lastcr stylc o.s C.||..s)
Modcru stylc |au.)
iutroductiou iu Scotlaud
o.s J:.::s
ic Stylc, iutroductiou iu
Grcat iritaiu
ic Stylc vs. Modcru Stylc
-
Old Stylc aud ic Stylc
-
papal c|auccry
o iipc lolls
|y rcgual ycars , P
|y ycar o Crcatiou
Davcuport, lo|crt
David, St P ,
Davis, |ccrsou ,
Day o Atoucucut
Day o Luropc
Day o Gcruau Luity ,
Day o lutcrccssiou aud
1|au|sgiviug or t|c
Missiouary Vor| o t|c
C|urc|
Day o iraycr aud lcpcutaucc

Day o t|c Luity o t|c icoplcs

Daylig|t Saviug , P
cud o
days
-|our
articial ,
astrououical
|cgiuuiug o ,
|lau|
|liud
cardiual
c|aractcrs o -
civil P,
...s::. 3.....:.s.s
day o cc| or auy |uou
datc, udiug, -
droppcd rou t|c calcudar ,
, , , il.
clapscd aud rcuaiuiug iu t|c
ycar -
cpagoucual , , , ,
-, ,
cqual or cquiuoctial
orard couut ,
|oly
judicial -
lougcst
luc|y , -, -, ,
, ,
uatural ,
uouiual
uuu|criug o
o rccrcatiou
rcd-lcttcr
s|arp , ,
sidcrcal
solar
talc o P -,
uuivcrsal
uuluc|y , , , , ,
-, , -, , ,
, , , -, , ,
, ,
s:: .|s. disual days, Lgyptiau
days
D-Day
Dca Dia
dcacous, patrou saiut o
dcad, couucuoratiou o t|c
dca, patrou saiut o
dcat|
oucus orctclliug , , , ,

scc|crs o a |oly, patrou saiut

o
suddcu, saiut to iuvo|c agaiust

..:
Dcclau, St
Dcclaratiou o ludcpcudcucc
-
Dccoratiou Day
L:.r::o C:|.s...o
Dcdicatiou o a C|urc| -
Dcdicatiou o t|c iasilicas o SS
ictcr aud iaul
Dccudcrs o t|c lat|crlaud Day

Dcoc, Dauicl
Dc Gaullc, C|arlcs
dcgrcc caudidatcs, patrou saiut o

Dciuiol, St
Dcira, |iugdou o
Dc||cr, 1|ouas , , ,
Dclaarc , , , , ,
Dcloucy, 1.
Dclta ia.)
Dcuctcr ,
Dcuctrius, St , ,
Dcuctrius, Graud iriucc o
Muscovy ,
Dcuocratic lcpu|lic o Cougo

dcuouic posscssiou, saiut to

iuvo|c agaiust
Dcuuar| , ,
acccptaucc o Grcgoriau calcu-
dar
datc o Lastcr
cud o coutract-ycar
ol|lorc , , , , ,

|olidays , ,
lcap-day traditious
patrou saiut o
start o |crriug-s|iug scasou

dcutists, patrou saiuts o ,

Dcuys Diouysius), St , ,
, , P
:.s.:..
Dcpositiou o t|c iououra|lc
Girdlc o t|c 1|coto|os
Dcpositiou o t|c iououra|lc
Mautlc o t|c 1|coto|os

Dcr|y ,
Dcrcl, St
Dcrry
dcspcratc cascs, patrou saiuts o
,
Dctcctivcs' Day
Dcvcutcr
Dcvil
day ou |ic| |c lct t|c lord

|is gouruct diuucr

salvatiou o
Dcvous|irc ,
Dcvota, St
Diaua
diarics
Diaspora, cxtcusiou o casts iu

Dic|cus, C|arlcs , -, ,
,
Dic|iusou, Luily , , ,
Dicgo, |uau
Dicppc
Dics Allicusis
.:s Cr:o:r:.s.s -
dictary couuscls , , , -,
, , , , , ,
dicult situatious, patrou saiut o
t|osc iu
diuucrs, iuportaucc o giviug
good
Dioclctiau , , ,
|cgiuuiug o Grcat icrsccutiou

Diodorus Siculus ,
Diouysius Lxiguus , , ,
, -, -, , ,
-
Diouysos,Diouysus , , ,

diplouatic scrviccs Spaiu,

Argcutiua), patrou saiut o

disual days , , P
Disuas, St
Disuorc, St
Disracli, icujauiu
Diva Augcroua
Divalia
L.:s .. .:r , ,
diviuatious
ou All-iallos Lvc
ou C|ristuas Lvc ,
ou May Lvc
ou Midsuuucr Lvc
ou ic Ycar's Day
ou Old ialloc'cu
it| ouious
ou St Agucs' Lvc aud Day ,

ou St \alcutiuc's Lvc
ou 1clt| Lvc
Divisio Apostoloruu
Diali, Dipavali
Dji|outi
doctors, patrou saiuts o
dog days , -, -,
P
dog uig|ts
dog-|itcs, saiut to iuvo|c agaiust

Dogc o t|c iicolotti

Doggctt, 1|ouas
dogs , , , , , ,
, , , , , ,

crucicd iu louc
Dol
Dolciug Day
Dolls' lcstival
Doucsday ioo|
Douiugo dc Silos, St -
Douiuica
Douiuicau lcpu|lic ,
patrou saiut o
Douiuic, St , ,
Douitiau, Lupcror ,
Douitilla, llavia , ,
catacou| o
Douui|c, St
Douatiou o Coustautiuc -
Douatists ,
Douatus o licsolc, St
Douuc, |o|u
Dorc|cstcr-ou-1|aucs
Doruitiou o Auuc, uot|cr o
1|coto|os
Doruitiou o 1|coto|os ,
Dorot|cus, St
Dorot|y, St
Dortuuud, patrou saiut o
Douglas, lrcdcric|
Dovc, `:.|o .... , , ,
, , ,
Dovcr, St Martiu's priory
dragous -, , , , ,
, , ,
Dra|c, lraucis
Droitic|, cll-ocriug at
droug|t, saiuts to iuvo|c agaiust

druids ,
druu|, |o to driu| it|out
|ccouiug
druu|ards, |o to curc
druu|cuucss, at ic Ycar
Drydcu, |o|u
Du|liu
piratcs o
aud St \alcutiuc
Du|ricius, St
Dugdalc, Villiau -
Du|c o Yor|, ili
duu| ca|c
Duurics
Duu|ar, iaul larcucc
Duu|ar, Villiau
Duucau's Day
Duuuo |acou itc| -
Duustau, St -, ,
Duraudus, Villiau , ,
Dur|au ,
Cat|cdral
Duss|cra, Durga iuja
Dyu, St
Dydd Dci
dycrs, patrou saiut o
Dyrig, St
dyiug, patrou saiut o t|c
Dyup|ua, St
Lart| Day
cart|qua|cs, saiuts to iuvo|c
agaiust ,
Lastcr, P
|uuuy -
cggs , , ,
Lvc -
Mouday
Ort|odox -
1ucsday -
Lastcr, datc o -, -
Alcxaudriau , -
Alcxaudriau vs. louau datc
-, , -

astrououical P
calculatiug datc o , -,
il.
to |c cclc|ratcd |corc iarilia

Ccltic calculatiou , ,
coiucidcucc it| Auuuuciatiou

coiucidcucc it| iassovcr

-, , , -
carlicst day o
'alsc Lastcrs'
xcd , -
Grcgoriau
Grcgoriau Lastcr ta|lcs -
lusular, , , , ,
-, -
irrcgular datcs siucc -
|uliau
|uliau Lastcr ta|lcs ,
|uliau iasc|al cyclc
latcst possi|lc datc
liuit o April
uct|od o udiug Grcgoriau

iu Mosco
ou iisau
Lastuau, Gcorgc
Lastuau ilau
L|roiu -, , , ,
cclipscs o t|c uoou
ccliptic
ccologists aud ccology, patrou
saiut o
Lcuador ,
patrou saiut o t|c old iu
Lddius Stcp|auus ,
Ldgar, |iug o Luglaud , ,
,
Ldgcort|, Maria
Ldiu|urg|, St Gilcs' Cat|cdral
Ldit|, St -
Ldit| Godiusdaug|tcr ,
-
cditors, Cat|olic, patrou saiut o

Lduuud o A|iugdou, St -
Lduuud t|c Martyr, St , ,

Ldard t|c Coucssor, St , ,

, , , ,
trauslatiou P
Ldard, iiug o t|c Vcst Saxous
t|c Martyr) , ,

Ldard l, iiug , ,
Ldard lll, iiug , , ,
rcgual ycars
Ldard \l, iiug , , , ,

Ldard, ili iriucc

Ldiu o iort|uu|ria, St ,

Lg|crt, St ,
Lgg Mouday
Lgg Saturday ,
Lgiu, St ,
Lgypt ,
acccptaucc o Grcgoriau calcu-
dar
patrou saiut o
rcturu o ioly lauily rou
Lgyptiau calcudar, , P
, -
Lgyptiau days , , P
Lic|sttt, patrou saiut o
Llcctiou
Lliau, St
Lligius, St , ,
Lli.a|ct|, St uot|cr o |o|u t|c
iaptist)
Lli.a|ct| l, Quccu , , ,
, , ,
acccssiou
|irt|day, cclc|ratiou o -
Lli.a|ct| ll, Quccu
acccssiou
|irt|day
Ocial iirt|day
cddiug-day
Lli.a|ct|, t|c Quccu Mot|cr
Lli.a|ct| o iuugary or
1|uriugia), St , ,
Lli.a|ct| lsa|cl) o iortugal, St

Llliot, |auc
Lllis, Villiau
Lluo, St
cloqucucc, patrou saiut o
Ll Salvador
Lly , ,
Luaucipatiou Act o
Lu|cr Days , ,
cu|olisu , , , ,
cu|roidcrcrs, patrou saiut o
Lucrsou, lalp| Valdo ,
cuigrauts, patrou saiut o
Luua o ioruaudy ,
Luygdius, St -
cud o t|c orld, prop|ccics ou

cugiuccrs, ltaliau, patrou saiut o

Luglaud
iattlc o iritaiu Day
calcudar rcoru o -
datiug iu ,
lrcuc| vic o iu t| c.
patrou saiut o
prc-Couqucst datiug
St Gcorgc's Day -
Luglis| Saiuts aud Martyrs o t|c
lcoruatiou Lra
:..:.|..:|.:::r.s
Luoc| Soaucs Day -
Lutry o t|c 1|coto|os iuto t|c
1cuplc
cpacts , , , -, ,

Grcgoriau -,
iu |ollo uout|s
|uliau
s::s :..:.ro
cp|cucris
Lp|racu t|c Syriau, St
cpilcpsy, saiuts to iuvo|c agaiust

Lpiuac|us, St
Lpip|auius
Lpip|auy , P
cpoc|s
Lpuluu lovis , ,
Lquatorial Guiuca
Lquirria ,
Lquoruu iro|atio ,
cras, P
o A|ra|au
o Autioc|
o Augustus
ia|a :
C|iucsc
C|ristiau, -
Couuou
o Dioclctiau, or t|c Martyrs
-, -, ,
lascist
o t|c ouudatiou
o Gracc
iijr:
iiudu
iispauic
lucaruatiou ,
ludiau
o t|c Magi -
o t|c Martyrs
o ia|ouassar
o i|ilip Arr|idacus
Sa|a , ,
Sclcucid , , ,
S|a|us|a|i
o t|c Vorld , -
Ycar o Gracc ,
Lrasuus, St ,
Lrasuus ,
crgotisu
Lri| lX |cdvardssou, St ,
Lri| ilovpcuuiug, St


Lritrca
Lrucsto, Sau
Lrra iatcr , ,
crysipclas
Lspcrautists, patrou saiut o
Lspousals o Our lady -
Lst|cr
Lsticuuc, C|arlcs ,
Lstouia ,
Lt|cl|crt o icut, St , ,
,
Lt|cl|crt, |iug o t|c Last Auglcs,
St
Lt|cldrcda, St
trauslatiou -
Lt|clrcd ll , , , , ,
,
Lt|clold o Viuc|cstcr, St ,
,
Lt|iopia , , ,
calcudar
Lt|iopiau C|urc|
datiug iu
Lastcr ta|lcs -
Ltou Collcgc, Spccc| Day
Ludcs, St |o|u -
Lugcuius lll, iopc -,
Lulalia o iarccloua, St
Lulalia o Mrida, St , P
Lup|cuia, St
Lup|rasia, St
Luropc, patrou saiuts o ,
Lusc|ius, St coupauiou o i|ilip
o icraclca)
Lusc|ius o louc, St
Lusc|ius o \crcclli, St
Lusc|ius o Cacsarca c|rouiclcr
aud C|urc| |istoriau) , ,
, , , -, , ,
-, -, ,
Lustacc, St ,
Lut|yuius, St
Lvacuatiou Day
Lvaudcr ,
Lvaus, St i|ilip
Lvc , P ,
day ou |ic| scduccd |y t|c
Scrpcut
Lvclyu, |o|u , , , , ,
, , ,
Lvcs|au A||cy ,
Lvil May Day
Lvurtius, St
Lald, |o|auu
Lxaltatiou o t|c iouourcd aud
lic-Giviug Cross -
cxauiuatiou caudidatcs, patrou
saiut o
Lxclusiou Crisis
Lxpcctatiou o t|c Couucucut
o t|c \irgiu Mary
Lxpcctatiou Vcc|
Lxpcditus, St -
cxplosious, saiut to iuvo|c agaiust

Lyrc, Mary
la|iau, iopc , , ,
,
la|ius Maxiuus Cuuctator,
Quiutus
la|rc d'glautiuc, i|ilippc-
lrauois-ia.airc ,
lacrocs ,
lait|, St
lal|laud lslauds, origiu o
Spauis| uauc
alliug sic|ucss, saiut to |c iuvo|cd
agaiust
alscly accuscd, patrou saiut o

aru auiuals, patrou saiut o

arucrs, patrou saiuts o , ,

laruc
lart|iug loa Day -
;.s:.
astiug
iu Advcut
iu Arucuiau C|urc|
to couutcr pagau rcvclliug , ,

ou day o iiug C|arlcs's uar-

tyrdou
as dictary couuscl
aud diviuatious ,
iu Lu|cr Vcc|
|corc casts -
ou lriday
iu lcut , -,
iu Ort|odox C|urc| -
at lauadau
ou logatiou days
o saiutly iuauts
ou Saturdays iu lcut
ou vigils ,
iu Vcstcru C|urc|
ou You iippur
lat Mouday ,
lat 1|ursday ,
lat|cr C|ristuas
lat|cr's Day
at|crs o auilics, patrou saiut o

ltiua
lauuus ,
lausta
laustulus
lavcrs|au
lcast o Asscs
lcast o lools P
lcast o lools louau)
lcast o Stic|s
casts aud asts dcpcudcut ou
Lastcr, ta|lc o -
lc|rua, goddcss
lc|ruary
dcrivatiou o uauc
as last uout| o t|c ycar
lc|ruus ,
lclicissiuus, St
lclicity, St coupauiou o
icrpctua)
lclix o iola, St
lclix l, iopc
lcll, |o|u
lclstcd
clt, lcgcudary origiu o
cuccrs, patrou saiut o
cuciug-uastcrs, patrou saiut o

lcralia
lcrgil o Sal.|urg, s:: \irgilius
cria, criac
o uout|ly ialcuds, calculatiug

crial oruula ,
lcruaudo lll, |iug o Castilc, St
,
lcrouia
lcrrar, iic|olas
cstivals daugcrous or virgius
liacrc, St
liciuo, Marsilio
lidclis o Siguariugcu, St
licuucs, Cclia , -,
lig Suuday ,
liji , , ,
l|crt uuts
I.|..,: , , ,
lillau loclau), St
lilluorc, Millard -
lilocalus, lurius Diouysius
uaucial prospcrity, |o to cusurc

liu|arr, St -
liuc|alc
liulaud
datc o Lastcr
|olidays , , ,
latc Lastcrs ,
patrou saiut o
liuuiau lo||ar, St -
liuuis| iuuigrauts to t|c LSA,
patrou saiut o
liuuis| viucyard or|crs, patrou
saiut o

rc
saiuts to iuvo|c agaiust , ,
, ,
supcrstitious couucctcd it| ,
, , , ,
rcg|tcrs, patrou saiuts o ,

rcal|iug
lirst Martyrs o t|c C|urc| o
louc
lirst Vorld Var , ,
rst-ootiug , ,
s|
April -
o St iatric|
saiuts associatcd it| , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , , ,

lis|cr, St |o|u , P
lis|cr, |a|c. Maud ,
s|crucu, patrou saiut o
lis|guard
llauiuius, Gaius
llaudcrs, Apostlc o
llaviau, patriarc| o
Coustautiuoplc ,
llcc|uoc, lic|ard
llcury, a||cy o
ig|t attcudauts, patrou saiut o

ittiug
s:: .|s. rcuoval days
lloddcu licld, |attlc o
llood, day ou |ic| |cgau
oods, saiuts to iuvo|c agaiust ,

llora , , ,
lloralia -, ,
llorcucc
aud St Auuc
caruival iu
datiug iu , ,
patrou saiut o
iia..a dclla Siguoria
Sau Marco , ,
llorcutiuc stylc
lloriauus, St ,
llorida , , , ,
orists, patrou saiuts o , ,

llorus
llocr-icariug Suuday
ocr-grocrs, patrou saiuts o
,
lloycr, Sir |o|u -
yiug, patrou saiut o
lous
loutaualia or loutiualia
loutauc, 1|codor
ood
acccpta|lc to icrculcs
|auquct or t|c poor ou
Mauudy 1|ursday
ou iurus iig|t
ou C|ccsc Suuday
traditioual at C|ristuas ,
,
ou Clcau Mouday
at collcgc casts
Dcvil's gouruct diuucr
at Lastcr -
at Lpip|auy
ou cast o iiug C|arlcs's uar-
tyrdou
or lc|ruary -
ou Gustavus Adolp|us Day

au ltaliau scct ta|lc dcscri|cd

|y laupcdusa
at |ac|sou Day diuucr,
iu |auuary
or lcut
or Mic|acluas Day
at ic Ycar
icpys's C|ristuas diuucr
at St iart|olouc's lair
ou St |o|u's Day
ou St lucy's Day iu Scdcu

ou St iatric|'s Day
or Scptcu|cr
or S|rovc 1ucsday
ou Suuday
ou Surstruuiugsprcuir iu
Scdcu
1|au|sgiviug diuucr -
iu \cuicc ou lcast o t|c
lcdccucr
s:: .|s. C|ristuas diuucrs
ood ocriugs , ,
oot-as|iug, ccrcuouy o -
lord, |o|u
lordicidia
orgivcucss or uucoucsscd sius

loruacalia
lors lortuua
lorstcr, 1.
lortuua
tcuplc o
Lqucstris
iuiuscc Dici
iopuli louaui Quiritiuu
iriuigcuia, tcuplc o
iu|lica, tcuplc o
lcdux
\irilis
lorty Martyrs o Luglaud aud
Valcs , , , ,
lorty Martyrs o Sc|astc -
orard couut
ouudliugs, patrou saiuts o
louutaius A||cy -
lour Croucd Oucs
lourtccu Auxiliary Saiuts ioly
iclpcrs) , , , ,
, , , , , P
, , , ,
lox, iarclay ,
lox, Gcorgc
oxcs , , , , ,
lraucc
acccptaucc o Grcgoriau calcu-
dar
iastillc Day
c|auccry datiug
datiug iu ,
gat|criug o::
|olidays , , , ,
iutroductiou o Modcru stylc

patrou saiuts o ,
lrauccs o louc, St
lraucis o Assisi, St , , ,
, P
iuprcssiou o stiguata ou ,

lraucis o iaola, St
lrauciscau Ordcr
lraucouia, Apostlc o
lrau|urt au Maiu
lrau|liu, icujauiu
lrau|s, Apostlc o t|c
lrascr, Mary Craord -
lratrcs Arvalcs
lrcdcric| ll, Lupcror ,
lrcdcric| iar|arossa ,
lrcdcric| t|c Grcat
lrccuau, 1|ouas
lrccuasous
lrcuc| iuvasiou orcc, dccat o
-,
lrcuc| lcpu|licau calcudar
P
lriday , , P
as au uuluc|y day
proguosticatious |ascd ou
t|c t|irtccut|
t|osc |oru ou
lridcsidc, St -
lrisia
apostlc o
lroissart, |cau
Ir.s:....
rost-uig|ts
lruucutius, St -


lulda, uouastcry at ,
lullcr, 1|ouas , , ,
-, ,
ullcr gurc, patrou saiut o t|c

lulvius io|ilior, Marcus ,

lurriualia
lurry Day -
lsscu
Ga|ou lcpu|lic
Ga|ricl, arc|augcl , -
Gad|ury, |o|u , ,
Gacta ,
Gactauo Cajctau), St
.|:::: :s ..s
Galla, St
Gallipoli
Gallus, St
Galvcstou
Gau|ia
gau|liug, days custouary or ,
, -
gaucs, louau , , -,
, , , , ,
Gaud|i, Ma|atua ,
Gaucs| C|aturt|i
Gaug Days
gardcucrs, patrou saiuts o ,
,
Gari|aldi, Giuscppc
garlaudiug
Garuicr, St C|arlcs
Garric|, David
Gascoiguc, Gcorgc
Gatiauus, St , ,
Gauss, Carl lricdric| ,
Gaut|icr o ioutoisc, St
Gay, |o|u
Gcc, |o|u
Gccl
gccsc -, , , , ,
, -
patrou saiuts o ,
Gccsc Day
Gclasiau Sacraucutary ,
Gclasius l, iopc ,
Gcllius, Aulus
Gcllouc
Gcuiuids
Gcucsius o Arlcs, St
Gcuctyllis
Gcucvicvc, St P
Lxccllcucc o
Gcuoa
patrou saiut o
C:.:|:o..`s M.....: , , , ,
, , ,
Gcorcy o Mouuout| , ,

Gcorgc, St P , , ,
-
Gcorgc l, |iug o Luglaud ,
,
Gcorgc lll, |iug o Luglaud ,
,
Gcorgc, du|c o Clarcucc -
Gcorgc o Cappadocia
Gcorgc Cross
Gcorgia , ,
Gcorgia LSA) , , , ,

Gcorgiau C|urc|
datc o Lastcr
Gcrasiuus, St P
Gcr|crt o Aurillac Silvcstcr ll)
,
Gcrcou, St -
Gcruauus o Auxcrrc, St , ,

Gcruauus o iaris, St
Gcruauy
acccptaucc o Grcgoriau calcu-
dar -
Apostlc o
3.:r:.
couucuoratiou o victius o
ia.isu
datc o lut|crau Lastcr
ol|lorc ,
May Day iu
patrou saiut o
lcoruatiouscst
1ag dcr Dcutsc|cu Liu|cit
Day o Gcruau Luity)
Valpurgis iig|t
Gcrtrudc t|c Grcat, St
Gcrtrudc o iivcllcs, St
Gcrvasc, St
Gcsuas Gcstas)
G|aua ,
G|cut
Gi||ou, Ldard P, , , ,
,
Gi||ou, |o|u ,
git-giviug ,
iu aucicut louc ,
at C|ristuas , , -
at Lpip|auy
ou iaudscl Mouday
at t|c ic Ycar , -
ou St iic|olas Day ,
Gigglcsic| -
Gil|crt o Scupriug|au, St
Gildas, St
Gilcs, St , , P
girls, patrou saiut o
Giustiuiau, St lorcu.o
Gla|cr, lodulus -
Gladstouc, Villiau ,
Glasgo, arus o
Glastou|ury , , ,
gla.icrs, patrou saiut o
Glc|, St
Glcudaloug| uouastcry, Co.
Vic|lo
Glorious lirst o |uuc
Glorious lcvolutiou
Glorious 1clt|
Guosticisu , ,
go 1|ouasiug, a coruiug, or a
goodiug
Godc|ard, St
Godridus ,
Godric, St
Goct|c ,
I.s:
ou St i|ilip icri
goldcu
uout|
strcau
Goldcu lcgcud , , , ,
, -, -, , ,
, , , ,
Goldcu iuu|crs , , ,
, , ,
Goldcu losc, prcscutatiou o
goldsuit|s, patrou saiuts o ,

Gou.aga, St Aloysius
Good lriday , P
coiucidcucc it| Auuuuciatiou
-
Good 1|ic ,
Googc, iarua|y
goosc airs
goosc-dauciug
Gordiau, St
Gorctti, St Maria
Gorgouius, St -
C.s:||:s .; L,s:.:s -,
Gotcddcssc Day oot|all uatc|

Goupil, St lcu
Gracc|us, Gaius ,
Grauada
Graudat|cr lrost
Graudparcuts Day ,
Graud 1|ursday
Graut| Sa|i|
Graut Stcart, V. ,
Grasucrc -
gravcdiggcrs, patrou saiut o ,

Grcat lirc o loudou

Grcat llood, datc o
Grcat lriday

Grcat lrosts o
o -
Grcat lcut Ort|odox), carlicst
datc or
Grcat Mot|cr o t|c Gods ,

tcuplc o
Grcat Octo|cr Socialist
lcvolutiou
Grcat Sc|isu
Grcat 1|ursday
Grcat Vcc|
Grcatcr Autip|ous
Grcatcr litauics
Grcccc , ,
acccptaucc o Grcgoriau calcu-
dar
ol|lorc , , , , -, ,
, , -, , , ,
-, , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
,
St Autouy's Day iu
Grcc| calcudar, -
Grcc| calcuds
Grcc| Cat|olic C|urc| ,
grccu uau
Grccu 1|ursday ,
Grccuc, lo|crt
grccucry, dccoratiug it| , ,

Grccuic| ,
Grccuic| Mcau 1iuc -
Grccu-ood Suuday
Grcgoriau Lastcr ta|lcs
-
-
Grcgoriau luuar calcudar -
Grcgoriau rcoru o calcudar, s::
Grcgory Xlll
Grcgory o ia.iau.us, St ,
,
Grcgory o iyssa, St
Grcgory l, iopc Grcgory t|c
Grcat) , P , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , , -
aud Grcgoriau c|aut
uiraclcs attri|utcd to
Grcgory ll, iopc , ,
Grcgory l\, iopc
Grcgory \ll, iopc , ,
Grcgory lX, iopc ,
Grcgory Xlll, iopc ,
rcoru o calcudar, , ,
, P -
protcsts agaiust Grcgoriau
rcoru , -
Grcgory X\l, iopc ,
Grcgory, |o|u
Grcgory o 1ours , , -,
,
Grcuada
Gricrsou, Villiau
Griu|ald, St
Griuu, irot|crs
groccrs, patrou saiut o
Grouiugcu, acccptaucc o
Grcgoriau calcudar
Grossctcstc, lo|crt ,
Grouud|og Day
grousc scasou
grot|, goddcss o
Gruydd a| Adda ap Daydd

Guadalajara
Guadalupc Mcxico) ,
Guadalupc Spaiu)
Guardia Civil Spaiu), patrou saiut
o
Guardiau Augcls
Guatcuala , ,
patrou saiut o
Gu||io
Corso dci Ccri
Gudulc, St
Gucvara, Lrucsto C|c)
Guiuca ,
Guiuca-iissau ,
Guiscard, lo|crt ,
Gulc o August
Guudap|ar, iiug
guuucrs, patrou saiut o
Guupodcr ilot , -,
Guupodcr 1rcasou Day
Guutcr, Villiau , -, -
Gustavus Adolp|us Day
Gut|lac, St
Guy o Audcrlcc|t, St
Guy o iouposa, St
Guy o |crusalcu, iiug
Guy la|cs Day , P il.

Guyaua , ,
Gyu, St lic|ard
Gyt|criu, couvcut o
gypsics -
iac|ucss
iadassa|
iadriau Adriau) o Cautcr|ury,
St ,
iadriau, Lupcror ,
|acuorr|oids, saiut to iuvo|c
agaiust
iaggai, St
iaiuorr|oousa
|airdrcsscrs, patrou saiuts o ,
,
iaiti ,
ia|ou ialssou
|alcyou days ,
ialc, Sara| |.
iall, Ldard ,
iall, |oscp|
iallcy's Couct
ialloc'cu , P , ,

iallouas
iallvard \cgjorussou, St
iauclu
iauiltou, |o|u
iaudscl Mouday , , P
|audscls ,
|aud-as|iug
iauua|
iauui|al , , ,
iauuiugtou, |aucs
iardy, 1|ouas , , ,
|arcs, Marc|
iarold Godiusou, |iug o
Luglaud ,
|arpists, patrou saiut o
iarry, ili iriucc
iarvard Luivcrsity
iarvcst Moou ,
iarvcst-iouc
iar.gc|irgc
iascl|ury iluc|uctt
iastiugs, |attlc o , P
iastiugs, icury
iatcld C|asc
|attcrs, patrou saiut o
iattou, iug| dc
iaaii , , , ,
|at|oru , ,
iat|oruc, iat|auicl , ,
, ,
iaxcy iood Gauc
|ay |arvcst, day or
|a.cluuts
|cadac|cs, saiuts to iuvo|c agaiust
, , -,
|cad-carryiug saiuts -, ,

icadiugtou -
|calcrs, patrous o
icaruc, 1|ouas
|cart paticuts, patrou saiut o
icat|, lo|crt ,
ic|rc iasc|a
ic|ridcs ,
iccatc
icc|t, Aut|ouy
icdig, St -
icidcu|ciu, a||cy o
iclcua, Luprcss, St , , ,
,


iclicou, Mouut
icll, day ou |ic| uadc
ilory, Yvcs
iclstou lurry Day -
icudcrsou, Villiau ,
iculcy loyal lcgatta, iculcy-ou-
1|aucs ,
icuri| icury), St -
icury ll, St, ioly louau
Lupcror ,
icury lll, Lupcror ,
icury ll, |iug o Luglaud ,
-
icury lll, |iug o Luglaud ,
, , , , ,
icury \, |iug o Luglaud ,
, ,
icury \l, |iug o Luglaud ,
u.
icury \ll, |iug o Luglaud ,
, , , ,
rcgual ycar
icury \lll, |iug o Luglaud ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , , ,

proclauatiou agaiust saiuts'

days
supprcssiou o Lvcs|au A||cy

icury l\, |iug o Gcruauy

icury o Avrauc|cs
icurysou, lo|crt
icut.ucr, iaul
icortius, St
icra
icraclius, Lupcror ,
icr|crt, Gcorgc
icrculcs , ,
aud t|c uuscs ,
icrculcs luvictus -
icrcords|irc Vassailiug
icri|crt, St
icruauuus Coutractus ,
icrucucgild, St ,
icrucs, St
icrucs ,
|cruit, rst C|ristiau
icrod Autipas , , ,
-, -,
icrodcs Atticus ,
icrric|, lo|crt , , , , ,

icsiod ,
icurigcu
icx|au
icyood, |o|u
iilaria
iilariou, St
iilarius, Quiutus |ulius ,
-
iilary o ioiticrs, St
iilary 1cru
iilda, St , , P
iildc|raud, s:: Grcgory \ll
iildcgard o iiugcu
iiucuar o lcius
iiudu calcudar, -
iiutou St Gcorgc
iippolytus, St , ,
-
|iriug airs -
iirossa Ap-lcciu -
iitc|ius, lortcscuc , ,
iitlcr, Adol , ,
ioarc, lic|ard Colt ,
|oarscucss, saiuts to iuvo|c agaiust
, -
|o||y-|orscs
io|y, 1|ouas
ioc| Mouday ,
ioc| 1ucsday
ioc|days, ioc|tidc
iodigu uouastcry
iogart|, Villiau ,
ioguauay , , P
iol|crg, ludvig
ioli
|olidays
iollautidc ,
|olly , -,
coutcutiou it| ivy , -
iolocaust
iolocaust Mcuorial Day
ioly ilood, proccssiou o t|c

ioly Cross Day , P

|oly days vs. |olidays ,
ioly lacc, occ o t|c
ioly lauily
ioly Grail
ioly luuoccuts -, -,
P
ioly laucc , -
s:: .|s. lauccs, |oly
ioly laud, pilgriuagcs to ,
,
ioly lcaguc
ioly Macca|ccs
ioly iauc
ioly iauc o Mary
ioly louau Lupirc, datiug iu

ioly lood Day

ioly Saturday , P
ioly 1|ursday , ,
ioly Vcc| -
iolycll -
|ouclcss, patrou saiut o
iouo|ouus, St
|ouoiau doctriuc , ,
|ouoousiau doctriuc , , ,
,
|ouoscxual
Gcruau cup|cuisu or
prostitutcs at louc
ioustrou
iouduras
iouc, Villiau , , ,
iouitou
iouolulu
iouoratus o Auicus, St
iouorius l, iopc , , ,
,
iouorius lll, iopc ,
iood, 1|ouas
ioo|cr, lic|ard
iopc, 1|ouas
iop|ius, Gcrard Maulcy ,
ioracc , , -, , ,
,
ioruau, Villiau
ioruisdas, iopc ,
ioruuug
|orsc-raciug , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
|orscs , , , , , ,
, , , -, ,
|lccdiug
patrou saiuts o ,
ios|aua| la||a| ,
|ospitals, patrou saiut o ,
|ot-cross |uus
|otclicrs, ltaliau, patrou saiut o

|ours -
- aud -|our cloc|
cauouical
dou|lc ,
su|divisiou o -
uucqual
|ouscivcs, patrou saiuts o ,

iocll, |aucs
ioclls, Villiau Dcau ,
ira|auus Maurus, St
iu|crt, St ,
iudsou, 1|ouas
iug| o Grcuo|lc, St
iug| o liucolu, St
iug|, littlc Sir, o liucolu ,

iugo, \ictor
iuuau lig|ts Day
iuugary , -,
iuutcr, lo|crt, |r. -,

|uutcrs, patrou saiuts o , ,

iuutcr's Moou ,
|us|aud, saiuts to iuvo|c to ud
, , ,
|us|auducu, Grcc|, patrou saiut
o
iussitcs ,
iyaciut| o iolaud, St
iyaciut|us, St uartyr)
iya|iut|os, St ,
iydc iar|
iypapautc , ,
iypatia ,
l|cria, datiug iu
lcau|oc, uouastcry o
lcc Saiuts -, -
lcclaud , ,
calcudar
rst day o suuucr
patrou saiut o
lcouoclasu ,
lda o lccu, St
lda|o ,
ldcs
o Marc| -
lciuuiuu Ccrcris
lguatius o Autioc|, St , ,
,
lguatius o loyola, St ,
,
lldcousus, St
llliuois , ,
llltud, St ,
lu|olc
luuaculatc Couccptiou o t|c
i\M , , , ,
P
luuortal ioucs o Dcccu|cr

iupotcucc, saiut to iuvo|c agaiust

luprovcd Calcudar , ,
luprovcd lupcrial Calcudar
luprovcd |uliau Calcudar
lucaruatiou
lucaruatiou stylcs
iucouc tax
Li ,
LSA
ludcpcudcucc Day LSA) -
ludia
iiudu cstivals -
|olidays , , ,
patrou saiut o
ludiaua ,
iudictious , P
|cgiuuiug o iudictiou ycar
ludics, Apostlc o
ludoucsia ,
ludustry Day
ligo, St
luis||ou, uouastcry at
iuu|ccpcrs, patrou saiut o
luuoccut ll, iopc , , ,

luuoccut lll, iopc , , ,

luquisitiou
iusauc, patrou saiut o t|c
iusauity, saiut to iuvo|c agaiust

iutcrcalary uout| ,
iutcrcalatiou , , , ,

iu C|iucsc calcudar
iu Lgyptiau calcudar
iu Grcc| calcudar -
iu Grcgoriau calcudar
iu lrauiau calcudar -
iu |cis| calcudar
iu Musliu calcudar
iu louau calcudar -
lutcruatioual Atouic 1iuc -
lutcruatioual Datc liuc
lutcruatioual lixcd Calcudar
-
lutcruatioual Voucu's Day
lutcruct, proposcd patrou o
lutcrrcguuu
iutroits, datiug |y, -
luvcutiou o t|c Cross
iuvisi|lc, |o to |ccouc -
iuvulucra|lc, |o to |ccouc
loua , , , , ,
loa ,
lrau
calcudar, -
|olidays
lraq
lrclaud
rst C|ristiau |is|op
ol|lorc , , , , ,
, , , ,
|olidays , ,
patrou saiuts o ,
St iatric|'s Day
lrcuacus, St , ,
lris| lrcc Statc, csta|lis|ucut o

lrviug, Vas|iugtou
lsaac, St
lscruia
ls|au, 1|ouas -
lsidorc o Scvillc, St , ,
-, ,
lsidorc t|c icasaut, St
lsis ,
lslc o Mau
1yuald ccrcuouy -
lslc o 1|auct
lslcs o Scilly , ,
lsliugtou
lsuardo da C|iaupo, St
lsracl
|olidays
lta, St
ltaly
Lpip|auy iu
lcsta dcl iorco
ol|lorc
|olidays ,
patrou saiuts o ,
\ia Maggio
lulus
luuius iu|ulcus, Gaius
luppitcr lulgur
lvau t|c 1crri|lc ,
lvo o C|artrcs, St -
lvory Coast lcpu|lic
ivy -
lvy Day
|ac| iu t|c ius|
|ac| iu t|c Grccu
|ac| o lcut ,
|ac|sou, Audrc
|ac|sou, iclcu iuut
|ac|sou Day
|aco|itc
|aco|s, iarrict
|aco|us dc \oragiuc -,
, ,
|adiga, St -
|alisco
|auaica , , ,
|aucs t|c Ascctic, St
|aucs t|c Grcatcr, St , , ,
P , , , ,
|aucs lutcrcisus, St
|aucs t|c lcss, St , ,
,
|aucs t|c icrsiau, St
|aucs l, |iug o Luglaud -,
, , , ,
|aucs ll, |iug o Luglaud ,
, , , , , ,
, ,
|aucs, icury
|aucs t|c |rot|cr o t|c lord
, ,
|aucs lraucis Stcart, iriucc
'Old irctcudcr') , ,

|auc Grcy, lady Quccu |auc) ,

|auuas|taui
|auuarius, St , , P
|auuary
as rst uout| o ycar
dcrivatiou o uauc
|auus , , , , il.
tcuplc o ,
|apau
Apostlc o
|olidays , , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , ,
rcgual ycars iu
\alcutiuc's Day custous
|arro, uouastcry o ,
|arvis, Auua ,
|cau, Graud Du|c o luxcu|ourg

|ccrsou, 1|ouas
|irt|day
|cuuiugs, Lli.a|ct|
|cuuiugs, iatc
|crouc, St , , , P ,
-
|crouc Luiliaui, St
|crusalcu
c|urc| o St Mary
C|urc| o t|c ioly Scpulc|rc
,
ic St Mary's
pilgriuagcs to , , , ,
, , , , , ,
|crusalcu Day
|csus
|rot|crs o ,
day ou |ic| |cgau prcac|iug

pro|i|itiou ou rcprcscutiug as a
lau|
jccllcrs, patrou saiut o
|cis| calcudar, P ,
-, -,
|cis| |oly days -
|iuua|, Qaid-i-A.au Mo|auucd
Ali
|oac|iu, St ,
|oau o Arc, St P
|o|, St
|irt|day
|occliu o lurucss ,
|ogucs, St lsaac
|o|u, St louau uartyr)
|o|u t|c Alusgivcr, St
|o|u t|c iaptist, St , , ,
P , , ,
ic|cadiug -
couccptiou ,
|o|u o icvcrlcy, St
|o|u Cautius, St -
|o|u o Capistrauo, St
|o|u Cassiau, St ,
|o|u C|rysostou, St , , ,
, , , , ,
|o|u Cliuacus, St
|o|u o t|c Cross, St
|o|u Dauasccuc, St , ,
P
|o|u t|c Diviuc, s:: |o|u t|c
Lvaugclist
|o|u o Lgypt, St
|o|u t|c Lvaugclist, St , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , P
|o|u o God, St -
|o|u o icpouu|, St
|o|u l, iopc
|o|u Xll, iopc ,
|o|u XXlll autipopc)
|o|u XXlll, iopc ,
|o|u l, |iug o Luglaud -,
, ,
rcgual ycar
|o|u o ioliood dc
Sacro|osco) ,
|o|u iaul l, iopc ,
|o|u iaul ll, iopc , , ,
, , ,
|o|u|auuaus
|o|usou, lyudou i.
|o|usou, Sauucl , -, ,

|oucs, St |o|u
|oucs, C|arlcs V.
|oucs, Lvau
|ousou, icu -,
|op|icl
|ordau
patrou saiut o
|osap|at, St
|oscp|, St P
|oscp| t|c Vor|cr ,

|oscp| o Ariuat|ca, St , ,

|oscp| o Cupcrtiuo, St
|oscp|us ,
|osquiu dcs irc. ,
|ossc, St, s:: |udoc
|osscliu, lalp|
jourualists, patrou saiut o
jouruals
|oycc, |aucs ,
|udas = Cyriac)
|udas Day
|udas lscariot ,
|udc, St , ,
|udoc |ossc), St
|uliau o Lgypt, St
|uliau t|c iospitallcr, St -
|uliau t|c Apostatc , , ,

|uliau Day ,
|uliau o ioric| -,
|uliau icriod -
|uliaua o ligc
|ulitta o lcouiuu, St -
|ulius ll, iopc , ,
|ulius Cacsar , , , , ,
,
|irt|
uurdcr o -
occasiou o '\cui, vidi, vici'
Quiuctilis rcuaucd iu |ouour
o ,
rcoru o calcudar , , ,
, ,
|uly, origiu o uauc
|uuigcs, uouastcry o
|uuc, dcrivatiou o uauc
|uuctccut|
|uuo ,
Caprotiua
luciua
Moucta, tcuplc o
Sospita
|upitcr god) , , , , ,
,
|auquct o
icst aud Grcatcst , -
li|crtas, tcuplc o
Stator ,
\ictor, tcuplc o
|upitcr plauct) ,
|ust, St o Coruall)
|ustiu Martyr, St
|ustiu l, Lupcror ,
|ustiu ll, Lupcror ,
|ustiua o iadua, St
|ustiua o Autioc|)
|ustiuiau l, Lupcror , ,
aud iuricatiou
|ustus o icauvais, St -
|uturua ,
ialcuds
sacrcd to |uuo
o |auuary, o|scrvaucc o
iausas
iarcuga, Maulaua
ia.a||stau
icats, |o|u
ic|lc, |o|u
icupc, Margcry
icu, 1|ouas
icudall, icury ,
icuclu, St

icutigcru Muugo), St
icutuc|y , , ,
Dcr|y
icuya ,
icruartiu
icviu, St -
icyuc, St
|cys, lost, saiut to iuvo|c
i|osra ll, |iug o icrsia ,
iiddcruiustcr -
iicluauscggc, lrcdcric|
iicrau, St, s:: Ciarau
iildarc, uouastcry o
iiliau, St
iillccdy
iilvcrt, lraucis -, , , ,
, ,
iiug, Ldard
iiug, Martiu lut|cr, |r. -
|irt|day
'iiug C|arlcs's |cad'
iiug iauc|auc|a l Day
|iug o t|c |cau
iiugs, 1|rcc, s:: Magi
|iug's rausou, valuc o
iiri|ati ,
iir|cud|rig|t
iir|all
iir|ood, |aucs
iitc|iucr, Villiau
iuccliug Suuday
iuig|tou, icury
|uig|ts, patrou saiut o
iuig|ts o la|our, ltaliau, patrou
saiut o
iuig|ts o Malta, patrou saiut o

iuig|ts o St |o|u
iuig|ts 1cuplar
iuud lavard, St
iuud l\ Svcudscu, St, |iug o
Dcuuar| , ,
iuud t|c Grcat, s:: Cuut, iiug
iuut's Day
iuutsord
iol|c, St Maxiuiliau
iorca, iudd|a's iirt|day
iosovo
ira|, patrou saiut o
iuli|ovo
iuuccic., St |.cat
iuuiguudc, St
iuait
iau.aa
iaZulu,iatal
iyrgy.stau
la Sallc, |cau-iaptistc dc
la Spc.ia, patrou saiut o
'l'a|| |oit'
la|or Day
la|our, oucu iu, saiut to iuvo|c

la|our |oliday ou May Day -

la|rc, St icucdict |oscp|
laccua|crs o iouitou, cstival o

lady Day
lady Day stylc
lady ast
laclius, Gaius
laaycttc Day
lag |a'Oucr
lala or lara
lalaudc, St |o|u
lalcuaud, St Ga|ricl
lau|, C|arlcs ,
lau|ard, 1|ouas
lau|crt, St P
lau|s , , , ,
|lcssiug o |y t|c iopc
lau|'s ool , -
lauuas Day P , il.
laupcdusa, Giuscppc 1ouasi di

lauccs, |oly -,
s:: .|s. ioly laucc
lauc Lud
laurauc o Cautcr|ury, il ,
, -, , , ,
,
lauuviuu, goddcss o
laos
larcutalia or larcutiualia
larcs ,
Coupitalcs ,
iracstitcs
latcrau iact, auuivcrsary o
latcrcus , , P
latiucr, iug| ,
lattcr lauuas
latvia ,
laudus lauto) o Coutauccs, St

laurcucc, St , , ,
laurcucc o iriudisi, St
laurcucc Giustiuiaui, St -
lavacruu, cast o t|c
la o t|c luuoccuts
lasuits, victius o uujust, saiut to
iuvo|c
la, Villiau
laycrs, patrou saiuts o ,
laycrs' Day
la.arus, St , , ,
la.io, ol|lorc
lcaguc o iatious
lcaudcr o Scvillc, St ,
lcap day P , -, ,

|irt|days ou
positiou o -
lcap uout|s
lcap sccouds
lcap ycar P , ,
iu |uliau calcudar
uaucs -
Statutc o lcap Ycar -
supcrstitious
oucu's prcrogativcs ou
lcat|cr or|crs, patrou saiuts o

lc|auou ,
lc||acus
lc|uiu, St
lcc-|ac|sou Day
lcc|s
catiug ,
cariug -
lcc, lo|crt L. , ,
|irt|day
lcgal iasc|a , ,
lci Lri|sou Day
lcllis, St Cauillus dc
lcuuria , ,
lcuiu Day ,
lcut P
|cgiuuiug o
t|rccold
lco l, iopc lco t|c Grcat) ,
, , , , P ,

aud t|c datc o Lastcr

lco lX, iopc ,
lco X, iopc , , ,
lco Xlll, iopc , , , ,

lco \, Lupcror ,
lco \l, Lupcror ,
lcouard o io|lac, St ,
P
lcouardi, St |o|u
lcouids
lcopards
lcopold lll, uargravc o Austria,
St
lcpauto, |attlc o ,
lcprosy -
patrou saiut o lcpcrs
'lc roi |oit' , il.
lcric|
lcsot|o , ,
lcsscr litauics
lcudcgar lcgcr), St -
lcuvigild, iiug ,
lcvcllcr uutiuy
lcvitatiou ,


lccs -
lcis, St David
lcxiugtou Mass.)
lcxiugtou aud Coucord, iattlc o

li|cr iatcr , ,
li|cra
li|cralia
li|crata, St
li|cria ,
li|crius, iopc ,
li|rariaus, patrou saiut o
li|ya, lcvolutiou Day
lic|cld, St C|ad's Vcll
liciuius, Lupcror , ,
lidc , , ,
litiug, custou o
lig|t|ousc-|ccpcrs, patrou saiut o

lig|tuiug
gods rcspousi|lc or ,
saiuts to iuvo|c agaiust ,
,
liguori, St Alp|ousus Mary dc

lilius, Aloysius
lilly, Villiau ,
liua
liuogcs
liucolu, A|ra|au , , , -
siguiug o t| Aucuducut
liucolu Cat|cdral ,
liudisaruc , , ,
liuguistics, patrou saiut o stu-
dcuts o
liuu, Carl vou Carolus
liuuacus)
lious -, , ,
lis|ou , , ,
lis|card
lisuorc lslaud
lit|uauia ,
patrou saiuts o -,
litorius
littlc C|ristuas Lvc
littlc Lastcr
littlc-Lastcr Suuday
littlc Giddiug
littlc lcut
liturgical calcudars -
liviuus, St
llau y Moddy
llau|adaru lar
llauda ,
llauddcrcl
llauddyu
llaudcgla
llaudrillo, cll o St Lliau
llaucly, uouastcry o
llauairpllgyugyll
llaugollcu
llauidlocs ,
lloyd, St |o|u
lloyd, lodoic| , -
llyuart|
llyu y lau lac|
loc| icss uoustcr
lodgc, 1|ouas
lollardy ,
loudou
iritis| li|rary ,
iritis| Muscuu lcadiug loou

Ccuotap|
Grcat lirc
Grcat lrost o
Grcat lrost o -
Guild|all , ,
|oly cll o St irigid
lord Mayor's iroccssiou aud
S|o , , P
loyal Lxc|augc
St Audrc Ludcrs|at
St iart|olouc's
St Gilcs Cripplcgatc
St |aucs's Day iu
St larcucc |cry
St iaucras
St iaul's , , , , ,
ocriug o a doc ou St
iaul's Day
1ocr o loudou
Vcstuiustcr A||cy , ,
-
loudoudcrry
lougcst Day
lougcllo, icury Vadsort|
, , , , , , ,
, , ,
loug, iucy i. -
lougiuus, St , ,
lord C|auccllor, custou o giviug
gits to
lord Mayor's S|o , , ,
P
lord o Misrulc
lorcto -
los Augclcs ,
lost causcs, patrou saiut o
lost o|jccts, saiuts to iuvo|c or
,
louis o 1oulousc, St
louis \ll, |iug o lraucc ,
louis lX, St, |iug o lraucc ,
,
louis Xl, |iug o lraucc , ,
-
louis Allcuaud
louisiaua , , , -,
lourdcs
lovcday, |o|u
lovc, uct|ods o iuduciug
lovcrs, patrou saiuts o , ,

lo Couutrics, acccptaucc o
Grcgoriau calcudar -
lo Suuday -
locll, |aucs lusscll ,
lucaria -,
lucca
datiug iu
Sau lrcdiauo
luciau o icauvais, St
luciau pricst o |crusalcu) ,

lucius, St -,
lucy, St , P
ludi
Apolliuarcs ,
Augustalcs ,
Ccrialcs
luvcutatis
Magui -
Martialcs
iatalicii
ilc|cii ,
louaui ,
1aurci
\ictoriac
\ictoriac Cacsaris
\ictoriac Sullauac ,
luduilla, St
lugaid|, St
lug| ,
lug|uasad|
lu|c, St , P
as paiutcr ,
luuar
calcudar, icdau -
corrcctiou
rcgulars
luuatiou
|.. XIJ -, , , , ,
, ,
luuc|, callcd a spurious ucal
luucs
luc|y aud uuluc|y -
uct|od o udiug
o t|c ialcuds, ta|lc o
lupcrcalia , ,
luptou, 1|ouas
lupus, St P
lut|crau c|urc| ycar
lut|cr, Martiu , , P
, , , ,
aud St Auuc
luuu, |auaui

luxcu|ourg
patrou saiuts o ,
luxcuil, a||cy o , ,
lauga, St C|arlcs
lydda
lydgatc, |o|u , ,
lyly, |o|u
lyous
Macao ,
MacArt|ur, Douglas
Macaulay, 1|ouas
McCart|y, Dauicl ,
Macclcscld, lord
Maccdouia
McGiulcy, i|yllis
Mac|iavclli, iiccol
Mac|utus, St
Mac|yu, icury
Mciillop, il Mary
Mac|y, |o|u -,
Maclcauc, Douglas -
Maclou, St
Macrac, David
Macro|ius , , , ,
Madagascar ,
patrou saiut o
Madouua di irovcu.auo
Madrid ,
Macccuas ,
Maclruaiu, St , P
Macs Garuou
Magi -, ,
Magua Carta -,
Maguus Maug), St
Maguus o Scotlaud Maguus
Lrlcudssou), St
Ma|a Sivaratri
Maia ,
Maiuc , , ,
Malac|i prop|ct)
Malac|y O'Morc, St , P
Malai
Malaysia
Malcolu lll, |iug o Scotlaud
,
Maldivcs
Mali
Mallard Day -
Malus|ury A||cy
Malo, St
Malta , , , , , ,
,
s|iprcc| o St iaul
Maucrtus, St
Mauuas, St
Mauuralia
uaudcliou , -
Maug, St, s:: Maguus
Mauia
Mauic|acisu , , ,
Maulius, lucius
uauua o St iic|olas
Mautuauus, s:: iattista Spaguoli
Mar Sa|a
Mara.iou -
Marcclliuus, St |is|op) ,
Marcclliuus, St pricst)
Marccllus, St
Marc|
as rst uout| o ycar , , ,
,
origiu o uauc
Marcius i|ilippus, lucius
Mardi Gras
Margarct o Autioc|, St ,
, ,
Margarct o Scotlaud, St
Margarct, ili iriuccss
o.r..: ||... , , ,
Mariauus Scotus
Mariua, St , P
uariucrs, patrou saiut o
uariucs, patrou saiut o ltaliau

Mariuus, St -
Mar|, St -, P
trauslatiou o
Marloc, C|ristop|cr
Maruouticr, uouastcry o
Marou, St
uarriagc
closcd scasou
|o to cvadc
iu aucicut louc ,
patrou saiut o uu|appily uar-
ricd couplcs
supcrstitious orctclliug , ,

uuluc|y days or
uuluc|y iu May ,
oucu's rig|t to as| ucu iu ,

Marryat, lrcdcric|
Mars , , , , , ,
, ,
luvictus
Lltor, tcuplc o
Marscillc
Mars|all lslauds
Mart|a o ict|auy, St , ,

Martial o liuogcs, St ,
P
Martiu o 1ours, St , , ,
, , ,
trauslatiou o -
St Martiu's lcut
St Martiu's Suuucr
Martiu l, iopc
Martiu, Grcgory , ,
Martiu, Martiu , -,
Martiu, i|ilip ,
Martiuiau, St
Martiucau, iarrict -,
Martiuuas
Lvc
Martyu, icury
uartyrology lcttcrs -
Martyrs, cast o All
Martyrs o iicoucdia
Marvcll, Audrc
Mary i\M), s:: Auuuuciatiou,
Assuuptiou, Couccptiou,
luuaculatc Couccptiou,
iativity, ircscutatiou,
iuricatiou
Mary o ict|auy, St ,
Mary o Lgypt, St ,
Mary Magdalcuc, St , P
,
Mary Magdalcuc dc' ia..i, St
Mary Salouc, St
Mary l, quccu o Luglaud ,
, , , , ,
Mary ll, quccu o Luglaud ,

Mary Clcop|ac
Mary o Modcua -
Marylaud , ,
Massac|usctts , , , ,
, , ,
Massacrc o t|c luuoccuts
Mastroui, Marco ,
Matcr Matuta
Mat|cr, lucrcasc
Matroualia
Matt|c, St , P
day ou |ic| callcd
Matt|c iaris -
Matt|ias, St , , , ,
,
datc o cast iu lcap ycar -,
,
Mauudy uoucy
Mauudy 1|ursday , P
Maura, St
Mauricc, St ,
Mauritauia
Mauritius
Maxiuiau, St
Maxiuiau, Lupcror , , ,
,
May
|alls ,
|oy
dcrivatiou o uauc


sougs
uuluc|y or uarriagc
May, lo|crt -, ,
May Day , P
iu colouial Massac|usctts
Lvil May Day
la|our |oliday -
supcrstitious
May Lvc -
May uoruiug iu Oxord
Mayau loug Couut
M.,;|.:r, laudiug o t|c
Mayo
uaypolcs , -,
ucau solar tiuc
ucat
Luglis| aduiratiou o
Mcat Vcc|
turucd iuto s| , ,
Mccca
Mcc|tild o iac|c|oru, St
Mdard, St
Mcdici, Cosiuo dc'
Mcditriualia
Mcdusa
Mcctiug o Our lord
Mcgalcusia ,
Mcl, St
Mclc|ior
Mclitcuc Malatya)
Mcllitus, St
Mclrosc
Mcltou, |o|u
Mcuorial Day , -
Mcua|ga
Mcuas, St
Mcus
Mcp|istop|clcs
Mcrccdariaus
ucrc|auts, patrou saiuts o ,
, ,
Mcrcurius, St ,
Mcrcury ,
tcuplc o
Mcrcury plauct)
Mcsoaucricau calcudar -
Mcsrop Mastots', St
uctal or|crs, patrou saiuts o
,
Mct|odist C|urc|
Mct|odius, St , P ,

Mct|odius l, iatriarc| o
Coustautiuoplc
Mctou , ,
Mct.
Mcxico
Lpip|auy iu
cstivals o St lldcousus
ol|lorc
|olidays , , , , -,
, , , , , ,
, ,
patrou saiuts o , , ,
Mic|acl, St -
Apparitious , -,
Mic|acl aud All Augcls P

Mic|acl |oscp|
Mic|acluas
Day -
Lvc
Mic|claugclo, .::
Mic|icl, Marcautouio
Mic|icl, Sc|astiauo
Mic|igau
Middlctou, 1|ouas ,
Mid-lcut Suuday -
Midsuuucr
Day
Lvc -
Vatc| -
Midic's Day
Midiutcr ,
uidivcs, patrou saiuts o ,

uigraiuc, saiut to iuvo|c agaiust

Mi|i, iaul, aud coupauious

Milau
|cgiuuiug o opcra scasou
Cat|cdral ,
patrou saiut o
Milau|ovic, Milutiu
Mild|urg, St
Mildrcd, St
uilitary c|aplaius, patrou saiut o

Military Couuissariat, Spauis|,

patrou saiut o
uilitary cugiuccrs, ltaliau, patrou
saiut o
uil|, oiug rou vcius
uil|uaids, paradc o -
Millay, Ldua St. \iuccut
uillcuuiuu, uillcuuia -
rst
Millcuuiuu lslaud
uillcrs, patrou saiuts o ,
o.||s.o:
uilliucrs, patrou saiut o
Milos cvic, Slo|odau
Miltou A||as
Miltou, |o|u ,
uiucc pics , , , , -
Miuc|cad
uiucrs, patrou saiut o
Miucrva , , -
tcuplc dcdicatcd to , ,

Miuucsota , , ,
Miustcr-iu-1|auct
uiustrcls
court
air at C|cstcr
uiut, origiu o uauc
uiut julcp |cucactiou at ic
Collcgc
uissious, patrou saiuts o ,
,
Mississippi , , ,
Missou, Maxiuiliau -
Missou dc \al|ourg, icuri ,
, , , ,
Missouri , ,
uistlctoc , ,
Mit|ridatcs
uodcru stylc
Modcstos, St
uodulo
Moiug|iouu
Moldova
Moliug, St
Moluag, St
Mouaco , ,
Mouday -, , P
ilac| Mouday
proguosticatious |ascd ou
s:: .|s. iaudscl Mouday
uoucy, origiu o uauc
Mougolia
patrou saiut o
Mouica, St -
Mouop|ysitisu , , , ,
,
Mouot|clctisu , , ,
Mourcalc Sicily)
Mous, Saiutc-Vaudru
Moutaiguc, Mic|cl dc , ,
, -,
Moutaua, Aduissiou Day
Moutc Carlo, patrou saiut o
Moutc Gargauo , -
Moutc la \crua ,
Moutc Sau Giuliauo
Moutccassiuo ,
Moutcucgro
Moutcpulciauo
Moutgoucry, Alcxaudcr
Moutgoucry, |aucs
uout|s, -
calcudar
cu|olisuic , , ,
ull ,
iu Grcc| calcudars -
|ollo ,
iutcrcalary

luuar
uuu|criug o -
Qua|cr uuu|criug
syuodic , ,
Moutrcal
C|apcllc iotrc-Dauc dc iou-
Sccours
St iatric|'s Day iu
Mout-Saiut-Mic|cl ,
Moutscrrat, a||cy o
uoou ,
sacricc to
saucticatiou o uc
ors|ippcd ou t|c Avcutiuc

s:: .|s. |.. XIJ, luucs, uc

uoou
Moorc, Clcucut
Moorc, lraucis ,
Moorc, Gilcs
Moorc, Sir |o|u
uop airs
Moravia
Morc, Sir 1|ouas , , ,
P ,
Morc, Villiau ,
Morgau, lady Syducy -, -,
, -
Morlcy, 1|ouas ,
uorris dauciug , , , ,

Mortot, lraucis , ,
Mosco
Cat|cdral o t|c irotcctiou
Lastcr iu
May Day paradcs
St iasil's
o.s C.||..s
o.s J:.::s
Mot|criug Suuday , P
Mot|cr's Day , ,
uot|crs, patrou saiuts o ,
Mot|crs' iig|t
uotorists, louau, patrou saiut o

uotorays, suggcstcd patrou o

uouutaiuccrs, patrou saiut o

uoviug |ousc -, , ,
Moycuuouticr
Mo.au|iquc , ,
Mllcr, |o|auu lcgiououtauus)
,
Muuucrs' iaradc
Muupiug Day
Muuday, Aut|ouy ,
Muuditia, St
Muudus opcucd Muudus patct)
, ,
Muugo, St
Murdac, icury -
Muscs ,
uusic
c|aut at Silos
dcacous or|iddcu to siug
uiustrcls' court
iu i|ilip icri's Oratory
atcr a rus|-|cariug
at Saiut-Martial
saiuts associatcd it| ,
-, , ,
visiou o St Clarc
uusic, occasious or
Asccusiou iu Oxord
C|ristuas , , ,
Corpus C|risti proccssious
court uasqucs
iclstou lurry Day
May uoruiug iu Oxord
St Cccilia's Day
St iic|olas's Day
cast o St losalia
Vcls| |,...
s:: .|s. carols
uusical coupositious
Au|rosiau |yuus
Dutc| |yuu ou Siutcr|laas
L:r Ir:.s.|:.
C.. I.. h:..:s|.s
|y icruauuus Coutractus
|y iildcgard o iiugcu
|y lut|cr
uotct iu |ouour o 1|ouas o
ialcs aud 1|ouas icc|ct

|y St Godric
assailiug soug -
rcu-|oys' soug
uusical pcroruauccs
ou t|c cast o Saut'A||oudio,
Couo )
at lco X's uauc-day party
) -
at Sauta Maria Maggiorc )

at St ictcr's )
ou St iatric|'s Day iu Moutrcal
)
at Sistiuc C|apcl duriug
1cuc|rac ) -
Musliu calcudar P -
|oly days -
Myt|oluroyd
ia|or, St -
iaga iauc|aui
uail-ua|crs, patrou saiut o
iauc o |csus ,
iaui|ia
iaua|, Guru
iaogcorgus, 1|ouas , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, -,
iaplcs
Cat|cdral
proccssiou o St |auuarius
Sauta C|iara
iapolcou , , ,
ias|, Ogdcu
ias|c, 1|ouas
iatioual Calcudar ludia)
iatioual Maritiuc Day
iativity o Our lord
datc o ,
datcd Marc| -
carly C|ristiau coujccturcs
-
Gospcl data -
uodcru t|corics
iativity stylc
iativity o t|c i\M
iativity o St |o|u t|c iaptist

iauru ,
uavigators, patrou saiut o
iavigiuu lsidis
uavy, Spauis|, patrou saiut o
ia.arct|, C|urc| o t|c iativity

ia.arius, St -
icalc, |. M.
ic|ras|a ,
ucc|laccs
icctau, St
icctarius, St
icilsou, |o|u S|a
icot, St
icpal , ,
icptuualia
icrcus, St
icri, St i|ilip , P
icstoriau
icstorius ,
ict|cr Stocy
ict|crlauds , ,
Lpip|auy iu
patrou saiut o
icuuauu, St |o|u icpouuccuc

icvada
icvs|i, Alcxaudcr
ic Calcdouia
ic lorcst
ic iaups|irc ,
ic Mcxico , ,
uc uoou


Grcgoriau
|uliau
ic Orlcaus, |attlc o -
ic Stylc
aud couiug o agc
ic Suuday
ic Ycar, |cis| ,
ic Ycar or 1rccs
ic Ycar's Day P
ou iovcu|cr
ic Ycar's Lvc P
ic Yor| City ,
C|ristuas iu
Lvacuatiou Day -
uoviug day -
ic Ycar custous
St iatric|'s Day paradc
St iaul's C|apcl
1auuauy iall
\alcutiuc's Day iall iu
Vas|iugtou's iirt|day cclc|ra-
tious )
ic Zcalaud , , , , ,
,
icar|-ou-1rcut
icuiustcr
ictou St Cyrcs Dcvou)
iicaragua ,
patrou saiut o
iicctas, St
iic|olas, St , , P
1rauslatiou -
iic|olas o 1olcutiuo, St
iic|olas \, iopc ,
iic|olas, |cuiua
iic|olsou, lo|crt
iicolaus o Dauascus -
iicoll, |o|u ,
iicoucdcs, St
iicostratus
iigcr
iigcria
iilc , , ,
iiuc ioly C|ildrcu
iiuiau, St
iiuo t|c llluuiuatrix, St
iivcllcs, uouastcry at
ioa|
datc dcpartcd rou Ar| ,

day cutcrcd Ar|

ioa|, Mrs
ioa|c, |o|u
io|cl, Alrcd icru|ard
io|cl iri.c
ioiruouticr, uouastcry o
iola
iou, St ,
iouac Caprotiuac ,
ioucs
iouuus, St
ior|crt, St
iordcus|ild, Adol Lri|
iort| Arica, patrou saiut o
iort| Aucricau Martyrs
iort| Caroliua ,
iort| Da|ota
iort| iorca
iort|cru lrclaud
ag
Oraugcuau's Day -
iort|cru 1asuauia
iort|cru 1crritory, Australia
ioray
day or oruiug s|iug crcs

cud o C|ristuas cstivitics

ol|lorc , , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, ,
.|so:ss:
|olidays , ,
iupositiou o C|ristiauity
I.||,.r. o: |.|s:. day
uidiutcr day
opcuiug o |.:..
patrou saiuts o ,
1,:.:.:.
ioric| ,
iossa Scu|ora da iarraca
iostradauus
uotarics, patrou saiuts o ,
iot|cud
iot|cr ial|ulus, St
iott, |o|u
iottiug|au Goosc lair
iovatiau autipopc) -
ioyou
iuua, iiug , , ,
iuuc Diuittis
uuudiuac ,
iurcu|crg
Sc|aldus|irc|c
patrou saiut o
uurscs, patrou saiuts o , ,

uursiug uot|crs, patrou saiuts o

,
O Autip|ous
O Criuu, Di||
O Sapicutia ,
Oa|-applc Day -
Octavcs , ,
Octo|cr cquus
Octocc|os -,
Odilo o Cluuy ,
Ocugus t|c Culdcc, St
Oa, |iug o Mcrcia ,
ocials, statc, patrou saiut o
Ogilvic, |o|u, St
O'Goruau, Martyrology o
O|io
O|rid
O|la|oua , , , , ,
, , ,
Olav ll, St, |iug o ioray ,

Old C|urc| Slavouic ,

Old irctcudcr, s:: |aucs lraucis
Stcart, iriucc
Old Saruu
Old Stylc ,
Old Stylc |olidays
C|ristuas Day ,
C|ristuas Lvc
littlc St |o|u's Day
May Day
Mic|acluas
ic Ycar's Lvc ,
lood Day
S|ortcst Day
St |aucs's Day
1clt| iig|t
Olucy iuc|iug|aus|irc)
Olyupiads
Ouau
Ouau
Oucsiuus, St
Ouup|rios, St ,
Opalia ,
Opccousiva
Opiuius, lucius
Ops
Cousiva
Oraugcuau's Day
Ordcr o t|c Gartcr
Ordcric \italis
Ordiuary 1iuc ,
ordiuatiou, traditioual days or

Orcgou ,
orgauists, patrou saiut o
Orgaui.atiou o Aricau Luity

Origcu
Or|ucy
patrou saiut o
Orlaus
Oru, ro|o
Orosius , , ,
orp|aus, patrou saiuts o ,
Ort|odox C|urc| -
calculatiou o Lastcr ,
casts -
uajor asts
Ort|odoxy Suuday

Oslo, patrou saiut o
Osuuud, St
Osucy A||cy
Ostia
O'Sullivau, iuup|rcy , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
,
Osald, St, |iug o iort|uu|ria
, , ,
Osald o Vorccstcr, St
Oscstry
Osiu, |iug o iort|uu|ria ,
, , , ,
Osyt|, St , P
Otto lll, Lupcror , , ,

Ottouau Lupirc, |cgiuuiug o

uaucial ycar
Oucu Audocuus), St ,
Our lady o
Corouoto
ltiua
Guadalupc
lourdcs
Mcrcy -
Mouut Carucl
Sorros
t|c iillar
t|c losary
t|c Suos
\ictory
Ovcr|ury, 1|ouas
Ovid , , , , , , ,
, , , -, , ,

Ocu, iic|olas
oxcu, |uccliug o ou C|ristuas
Lvc ,
Oxord , , ,
May uoruiug
patrou saiut o
St Gilcs' lair
Oxord Movcucut
Oxord Luivcrsity -, , ,
, , ,
All Souls Collcgc -
ialliol Collcgc ,
irascuosc Collcgc
Cautcr|ury iall
C|rist C|urc| -, ,
Corpus C|risti Collcgc
doctoratc rcuscd |y Millard
lilluorc
ic|lc Collcgc
Magdalcu Collcgc , ,
Mcrtou Collcgc , , ,

ic Collcgc , ,
Oricl Collcgc
patrou saiut o
Quccu's Collcgc , -
St Lduuud iall
St |o|u's Collcgc
tcrus
Luivcrsity Collcgc
Oxords|irc clcctiou coutcst o

oystcrs ,
|o to opcu aud cat
Oystcr Day -
scasou , ,
pacc-cgg plays
iac|ouius, St
iadaru, St
iadsto |o||y-|orsc day
iadua, patrou saiut o
pagau cclc|ratious supplautcd |y
C|ristiau -, , , ,
, ,
paiutcrs, patrou saiuts o ,
ia|istau , , ,
patrou saiut o
ialcruo, patrou saiuts o ,
,
ialcs
ialcstiuc
partitiou o
pilgriuagcs to , , , ,

ialladius, St ,
palliuu
ialu Suuday -
iau Aucricau Day
iauaua
pauca|cs)
|cll
days ou |ic| to ua|c
raccs
iauca|c Grca.c at Vcstuiustcr
Sc|ool
iaucratius iaucras), St P

paucttouc
'iaugc liugua gloriosi'
iauuouia
iauodorus ,
iautalcou, St
iutogoug
pautouiucs
iap|uutius, St ,
iapua ic Guiuca ,
iaraguay , ,
paralysis, patrou saiut o sucrcrs
rou
iarauouc o t|c 1|cop|auy
iarcutalia , -
iarilia ,
iaris
gypsics iu -
itcl Saiut-liacrc
iaut|ou
patrou saiut o
Saiut-Dcuis
Saiutc-C|apcllc ,
Saiutc-Gcucvivc
Saiut-Gcruaiu-dcs-irs
Saiut-Gcruaiu-l'Auxcrrois
Saiut-iouor
St Mar|'s Day iu
Saiut-Mcrry
iaris Mcau 1iuc
paris| pricsts, patrou saiut o
iarucll, C|arlcs Stcard
iarsi calcudar -
iart|cuou
iartridgc, |o|u -
partridgc-s|ootiug scasou
iasadcua
iasc|al
cyclc
liuits
rcgular
tcru , , ,
\igil -
iasc|asiuus o lily|acuu
iasc|asius lad|crtus, St -
iasquiuo
iassiou ilay O|crauucrgau)
-
iassiou Suuday -
iassovcr , ,
datc o
Luglis| uauc
pastry-coo|s, patrou saiuts o
,
iatras, patrou saiut o
iatric|, St , , , P
-, ,
C|air
Cross
iatric|'s pot
aud St irigid
Socicty
iatric|, t|c Lldcr ,
iatriots' Day ,
iattcu, Villiau -,
iattcru cc|
iattcsou, |o|u Colcridgc -
iaul, St , , , P ,
, , ,
Couvcrsiou o
iaul, St louau uartyr)
iaul t|c Coucssor, St
iaul o t|c Cross, St
iaul t|c icruit iaul o 1|c|cs),
St


iaul o iar|ouuc, St
iaul lll, iopc ,
iaul o Alcxaudria
iaula, St
iauldiug, |aucs iir|c
iauliuus o iola, St
iauliuus o Yor|, St ,
iavia ,
Sau iictro iu Cicl d'Oro ,

pau|ro|crs, patrou saiut o

icacc o irtiguy
icac| lcstival
icarl iar|or
attac| ou
Day
pcasauts, patrou saiut o
icasauts' lcvolt o
icdro Gou.lc., St
icgasus
iclagia, St
iclagia t|c icuitcut -
iclagiauisu , , ,
pclota playcrs, patrou saiut o
icu|a
icuda, |iug o Mcrcia , , ,
, , ,
icuiusular Var
icuuaut, 1|ouas , , , ,
, , , , -, ,
,
icuusylvauia
icutccost -
icutccostariou -
icu.aucc
icppcrcoru Day
icpys, Sauucl , , , , -,
, -, , , ,
icrpctua, St
icrrauport|
icrscids
icrscus , -
icru ,
patrou saiuts o
:r..|.o J:.:r.s
icsac|
icsac| S|cui
ictavius, Diouysius
ictcr, as papal uauc
ictcr, St , -, , ,
, P , , ,
, -, , , ,
,
cousccratiou at Autioc| ,
cousccratiou at louc -
daug|tcr
ocrs uaucd atcr
St ictcr's C|aius , ,
ictcr, St cxorcist)
ictcr ll iopc)
ictcr Cclcstiuc, iopc -
ictcr C|rysologus, St
ictcr Dauiau, St
ictcr Martyr, St
ictcr iolasco, St
ictcr t|c Grcat ,
ictcr|oroug|
ictcrs, Sauucl
ictcrort
ictrarc|
ictrograd, iols|cvi| coup
pctrol-statiou attcudauts, patrou
saiut o
ictrouilla, St -
ictrouius, St
ictrovaradiu
i|alaris ,
p|allic siuulacra , , ,
p|aruacists, patrou saiuts o ,

i|aruaccs
i|iladclp|ia , , ,
Vas|iugtou's |irt| cclc|ratious
)
i|ili|crt, St ,
i|ilip, St apostlc) , ,

i|ilip, St dcacou) -
i|ilip icui.i, St
i|ilip o icraclca, St
i|ilip icri, St
i|ilip l, |iug o lraucc ,
-
i|ilip, du|c o Ldiu|urg|
i|ilippiucs , , , ,
patrou saiut o
i|illip, Art|ur
p|ilosop|crs, patrou saiuts o ,
,
p|t|isis, saiut to iuvo|c agaiust

p|ysiciaus
o Myddai
patrou saiuts o ,
|o rcusc payucut ,
iicd iipcr Day -
pics, stucd it| livc rogs aud
|irds
pigs , , , , , , ,
, -, , , , ,
, , , ,
iilatc, ioutius , , P
-
pilgriuagcs to
Austria
Luglaud , , ,
lraucc , , , , ,
Gcruauy ,
lrclaud ,
ltaly , , ,
luxcu|ourg
Mccca
Mcxico
iortugal
Scotlaud
\cuc.ucla
Valcs , ,
s:: .|s. |crusalcu, ialcstiuc,
louc, Sautiago dc Coupo-
stcla
pilgrius, patrou saiuts o ,
pillar to post, to scud rou
pillar-saiuts
iiu|crtou, Allau
iiutard, |o|u , , , , ,
, , , , ,
iipc lolls, datiug o
pipcrs, louau, cstival o
iippiu ll t|c Youugcr) , ,

iippiu lll, uayor o t|c palacc

= iiug iippiu l) , ,
iippiu t|c Lldcr, uayor o t|c
palacc
iirau, St
iisa, datiug iu iisau stylc) ,
,
iius ll, iopc ,
iius l\, iopc ,
iius \, iopc , , ,

iius \ll, iopc , ,

iius lX, iopc , ,
iius X, iopc , ,
iius Xl, iopc , -
iius Xll, iopc , , , ,
-
plagucs) , , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,

saiuts iuvo|cd agaiust , ,

, ,
plaiuc|aut ,
s:: .|s. .:r Grcgory l, uusic
plaucts, iuucucc o ,
plastcrcrs, patrou saiut o
ilato, |irt|day
plays
o St iic|olas
ou 1clt| Day
ilciadcs
iliuy t|c Lldcr , , , ,
-
iliuy t|c Youugcr
ilot, lo|crt -

ploug|, lcadiug arouud a rc
iloug| Mouday , , P

ilouriu
pluu puddiug , , , ,
,
iluu|ctt, St Olivcr
ilutarc| ,
iluto , , ,
|,...
ilyuout| loc|
pocts, patrou o
poisou, saiut to iuvo|c agaiust
poisoucd c|alicc
ioiticrs
iolaud , , , ,
Apostlc o
patrou saiuts o
policc, patrou saiuts o , ,

iolluit., Carl ludig ,

ioltava
iolycarp o Suyrua, St , ,
P , ,
iolycratcs
polygauy
iouarius, |o|auu
ioucrauia
iouposa, a||cy o
ioucc dc lcu, |uau
ioutiauus, iopc
iouticx Maxiuus titlc)
ioutiguy, uouastcry o
ioutoisc, a||cy o
ioolc
poor, giviug to t|c , ,
..r .|.. , , , , , ,
, , ,
iopc Day
popcs
|urut iu cgy -,
c|augc o uauc ou clcctiou ,

prop|ccics couccruiug -
iopliugiuu ,
ioppy Day
iorrcs, St Martu dc
iortcr, |crouc -
iortugal , , ,
patrou saiuts o , ,
iortuualia
iortuuus
ioscidou
ioscy, Alcxaudcr l.
iosidouius
posscssiou, saiuts to iuvo|c agaiust
,
postal or|crs, patrou saiut o

postcousulatcs -,
poultry, patrou saiut o
pox, saiut to iuvo|c agaiust
iracucstc ialcstriua)
iraguc, St \itus' Cat|cdral ,

iraxcdis, St
prcac|iug, patrou saiut o
irca|ucss
prcdcstiuatiou, dou|lc
prcguaut oucu, patrou saiuts o

ircscutatiou o t|c i\M

ircscutatiou o t|c lord
prcscuts, s:: git-giviug
irctcudcr, t|c Old, s:: |aucs
lraucis Stcart
iriapus ,
priucsta, priucstavcs , ,
, , , , , ,
, P
iriurosc Day
iriucctou, iattlc o
iriucip, Gavrilo
priutcrs, patrou saiuts o
irisca, St
iriscus o Capua, St
iriscus, Malc|us, aud Alcxaudcr,
SS
prisoucrs, patrou saiuts o ,
, ,
irit|viuarayau, iiug
iro|us, St
iroccssiou o t|c Cross
iroccssus, St
iroclauatiou Vcc|
proupt solutious, patrou saiut o

propcrty, saiut |o protccts

iroscrpiuc , ,
irospcr o Aquitaiuc
prostitutcs
|oy, cstival o
as gladiators
cstival iu |ouour o \cuus
sacrcd
irotasc, St
irotcctiug \cil o t|c 1|coto|os
,
irotcrius o Alcxaudria
irotus, St
provcr|s
Catalau
Dauis| , ,
lrcuc| , , ,
Gcruau , , ,
Grcc|
Mcxicau
iorcgiau , , , , ,
, , ,
iortugucsc
lussiau ,
Scaudiuaviau
Scottis|
Spauis| , ,
\cuctiau , , , ,
Vcls| ,
irudcutius ,
iryuuc, Villiau ,
iscudo-Diouysius ,
itolcuy lll
itolcuy, Claudius, astrououcr
, ,
pu|lic cducatiou iu icru, patrou
saiut o
pu|lic |calt| scrvicc o icru,
patrou saiut o
pu|lis|crs, patrou saiut o
puddiugs , , , -
praisc o
puddiug-tiuc
s:: .|s. pluu puddiug
iucrto lico , , , ,
iu~as|i, ia.iuicr. Casiuir
iulas|i) ,
iuu|y iig|t
iuuxsutaucy
iurccll, icury
iuricatiou P ,
iuriu
iuritauisu
aud C|ristuas , ,
ius||iu, Alc|saudr , ,
Qatar
QlCl
Quadragcsiua
Quadrautids
,..:.o:
Quarryvillc
quartcr days , -, P
Quartodcciuau Lastcr ,
Quasiuodo Suuday -
Quattuor Corouati
Quccu o t|c May , -
Quccus|ip o Mary
Quiuctilis ,
quiudcuc
Quiuquagcsiua
Quiuquatrus -,
uiuusculac
Quiricus, St
Quiriualia -
Quiriuus o Siscia, St
ra||its ,
ra|ics, saiuts to iuvo|c agaiust
, ,


lacc Luity Day
ladcguudc, St , P
radiologists, patrou saiut o
raiu, saiuts couucctcd it| , ,
, , , , , ,
, , ,
la|s|a iaud|au
lau iavaui
lauadau
lap|acl laacllo Sau.io)
lap|acl, St ,
lat|ayatra
rats , -,
saiuts to iuvo|c agaiust ,
cddiug day
lavcllo
lavcuua
Saut'Apolliuarc iu Classc ,

Saut'Apolliuarc iuovo ,
laliugs, |crry
layuoud iouuatus, St
layuuud o icaort, St
rccipcs
lau|'s ool
siuucl ca|c
tausy puddiug
assail |ol
lcd Aruy Day
rcd-lcttcr days, ccclcsiastical
lccsc, li.cttc Voodort|
lcrcs|ucut Suuday -
lcgata storica
lcgcucdis, St
lcgcus|urg
lcgiugiuu
lcgillus, victory o la|c
lcgiuo o iru
lcgiououtauus , ,
rcgual ycars -
o Luglis| aud iritis| sovcr-
cigus -
papal -
rcgulars
luuar
iasc|al
solar
lcic|s|ristalluac|t ,
lciu|old o Cologuc, St
lclcasc Vcc|
rclics, |ogus
lcucu|raucc Suuday
lcuigius, St ,
rcuoval days , , , -
lcuus
lcucal Vcc|
lcpu|lic o ialau
lcpu|lic o Ycucu
lcstoratiou
Day
lcsurrcctiou, ou Marc|
rctrcats, patrou saiut o
lcvcrc, iaul
lcviscd |uliau Calcudar
l|odc lslaud ,
l|odcsia
licc|icri, lodovico
licci, Cat|criuc dc', St
lic|, lic|ard P
lic|ard l, |iug o Luglaud ,
, , ,
lic|ard ll, |iug o Luglaud ,

lic|ard lll, |iug o Luglaud ,

, ,
lic|ard o C|ic|cstcr, St
lic|ard o Luglaud, St ,
,
lic|ardsou, lo|crt -
lic|ardsou, V.
ridcrs, patrou saiut o
ridiug Stcp|cu
lidiug Suuday
lidout, 1|ouas G.
licvault, a||cy o
liu|ault, Ldard l.
riugs, uiraculous rctricval o ,

lio dc |auciro, patrou saiut o

riots, supposcdly agaiust t|c uc
calcudar
lita o Cascia, St
lo||cr Couucil, s:: .:r Couucils,
C|urc|
lo|crt, St
lo|crt l t|c irucc) -,
-,
lo|crts, St |o|u
lo|igalia -,
lo|igus
lo|iu iood , , ,
loc|, St ,
loc|
Day
Mouday ,
lodrguc., St Alouso
lodulus Gla|cr -,
logatiou
days , , , P
Suuday
logcr o Vcudovcr
louau couut
louau curia, datiug
louauia
acccptaucc o Grcgoriau calcu-
dar
louauos t|c Mclodc, St ,

louc, aucicut
Agcr \aticauus
Aup|it|catruu llaviuu
Ara Maxiua ,
Atriuu Sutoriuu
Avcutiuc , , , , ,
,
Caupus Martius , , , ,
,
Capitol , , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
,
Circus llauiuius , ,
Circus Maxiuus , , ,
,
Colliuc Gatc
Collis Quiriualis
Lsquiliuc
loruu , ,
loruu ioariuu
lusula 1i|criua , ,
|auiculuu
ialatiuu , , ,
iaut|cou
ious Acuilius
ious Su|licius
iorta Capcua ,
iorticus Octaviac
Quiriual , ,
lcgia , ,
rcuoval day
sacriccs atcr ialcuds, ioucs,
ldcs
t|catrc o Marccllus
1rastcvcrc
1urris Mauilia
louc, c|urc|cs iu
C|icsa iuova
Gcs
Oratorio dci lilippiui
iaut|cou , , ,
S. Agucsc uori lc Mura
S. Agostiuo
S. Alcssio
S. Augclo iu icsc|cria
S. iartolouco
S. ii|iaua
S. Cccilia , , ,
S. Clcucutc -, ,
S. Crisogouo
S. Crocc iu Gcrusalcuuc ,

S. Giorgio iu \cla|ro
S. Giovauui dci liorcutiui
S. Giovauui iu Olco
S. Grcgorio Maguo ,
S. lvo alla Sapicu.a
S. lvo dci irctoui
St |o|u |corc t|c latiu Gatc

St |o|u latcrau , ,
-, , , ,
S. lorcu.o uori lc Mura ,

S. lorcu.o iu Dauaso
S. lorcu.o iu luciua
S. Marco
S. Maria ad uartyrcs ,
S. Maria ad iracscpc
S. Maria dclla \ittoria
S. Maria iu Araccli
S. Maria iu \allicclla
S. Maria Maggiorc , , ,
, ,
S. Maria sopra Miucrva ,

St Mic|acl ou t|c \ia Salaria

SS. icrco c Ac|illco

S. Ouo|ouo ,
S. iaucra.io uori lc Mura
S. iaolo uori lc Mura ,
,
St ictcr's , -, , , ,
, , , , ,
S. iictro iu \iucoli , ,
S. irasscdc
SS. Quattro
S. Sa|iua ,
S. Sc|astiauo , ,
louc ot|cr)
caruival iu -
Castcl Saut'Augclo
Cocliau iill
Colosscuu
datc o ouudatiou , ,

Lsquiliuc |ill
iadriau's 1ou|
largo Argcutiua
Moutc 1cstaccio -
o|clis| at St |o|u latcrau
iasquiuo
pilgriuagcs to , , , ,
, , , , , ,
,
iropagauda
Quiriualc
louau Collcgc
Scala Sauta
sccrct uauc o
1rc loutauc
\illa Sciarra
louuald, St
louulus , , , ,
louulus, iiug ,
louulus Augustulus, Lupcror
lood-Day or looduas Day ,

looscvclt, lrau|liu D. ,
|irt|day
lopc Mouday
losalia
losalia, St ,
rosary
losc
iol
Day
Mouday
Suuday
losc o liua, St
losc o \itcr|o, St ,
los| C|odcs|
los| ias|aua| ,
lossiui, Gioacc|iuo ,
lossuar|ic
loucu
lolcy, Villiau
loyal Acadcuy o Art
loyal Ascot
loyal iavy, ouudcr o
luadau, St
ludol ll, |iug o iurguudy
-
luuold, St -
ruuaay airs
lupcrt, St
rus|-|cariug -, ,
lussia , ,
acccptaucc o Grcgoriau calcu-
dar ,
|cgiuuiug o ycar iu
C|ristuas iu -
datiug iu -
Dcuctrius' Saturday
|olidays , , ,
iutroductiou o Modcru stylc

patrou saiuts o , ,
St Gcorgc's Day
lusticus, Quiutus |uuius
lauda ,
ly|all lutlaud)
Sa|as, St , , ,
Sa||atariauisu
Sa||at| -, , ,
cquatcd it| Suuday
Sa|iua, St
Sac| o louc
Sacrcd icart o |csus , ,

sacrcd oratory, patrou saiut o

Sadc, uarquis dc
Sadic ia|ius Day
Saig|ir, uouastcry o
sailors, patrou saiuts o
St Al|aus ,
St Autouy's rc
St. Augustiuc, lla.
St iaddclcy's Ca|c
St iart|olouc's Day Massacrc

St iart|olouc's lair
St iavo, a||cy o
St iccs icad
St icruard
dogs
iass
Saiut-icrtiu
St iriavcls
St iricc Day uassacrc , ,

St iridcs, llcct Strcct

St iudcaux
St Cat|criuc's iill
St C|ristop|cr aud icvis
Saiut-Cloud, uouastcry o
Saiutc-Colou|c, uouastcry o

Saiut-Dcuis, a||cy o ,
St Dista's Day
St Lluo's rc
St Gcorgc's C|auucl
Saiut-Gildas-dc-l|uys
Saiut-Gillcs ,
Saiut-iouor, gtcau
St |o|u's Day P ,
St icyuc
St lucia ,
Saiut-Martial, a||cy o
St Mary's Vcll, Cullodcu
St Mic|acl's Mouut
St Mouday
St icot
St icots
St Osyt| ,
St iautclciuou, uouastcry o
St iartridgc Day
St ictcr o ilaudiguy, a||cy o

St ictcrs|urg, St lsaac's Cat|cdral

St ictcr's, Coru|ill
St Stcp|cu's crou
St Suuday ,
St 1auuauy's Day
Saiut \iuccut aud t|c Grcuadiucs
,
St \itus' daucc
saiuts
callcd druu|cu
crcatcd |y dcuocratic votc
|c, s|c, aud ucutcr
portraycd as |lac|
s:: .|s. .:r .....| ..o:s


Saiuts aud Martyrs o Luglaud

Saladiu
Salcs, lraucis dc, St P
Salii lcapiug iricsts)
Salis|ury, Cat|cdral ,
Sallo Suuday
Salouc ,
s.|:s |..: , , , ,
Salus iu|lica iopuli louaui
Salvatiou Aruy louudcr's Day
`.|: :...
Sau|aiu or Sau|uiu , ,
Sauuitcs
Sauoa ,
Sausou, St
Sauucl
Sau lraucisco
Sau Mariuo
Sau Millu dc la Cogalla, a||cy o

Sau Sc|astiu dc Silos, uouastcry

o
Saucrot, Villiau ,
Saucta Maria ad iivcs, s:: louc,
c|urc|cs S. Maria Maggiorc
Sau|t lloriau, uouastcry o
Sau|t Gallcu, uouastcry o ,
, ,
Sau|t-Gott|ard-iass
Sauta Casa di lorcto -
Sauta Claus ,
Sautiago dc Coupostcla , ,

pilgriuagcs to , , ,
,
Sautiago dc Cu|a
Sauto Douiugo dc Silos,
uouastcry o
So 1ou aud irucipc , ,

Sarapis
Saruu, usc o
Sassocrrato
Saturday , , -
proguosticatious |ascd ou
Saturualia , , P
Saturuiuus t|c Cart|agiuiau, St

Saturuiuus o 1oulousc, St ,

Saturu plauct)
Saturu, tcuplc o
Saudi Ara|ia
Sauudcrs, lic|ard , , , ,
, , , , , ,
Sausurrc, Csar dc
Sava icuaujic, St
Savauua|, sicgc o
Savoua
Savouarola, Girolauo
Scaligcr, |oscp| |ustus ,
scapular, dcvotiou to
Scar|oroug|
Scarp ic|ridcs) ,
Sc|clliu|s, Villiau -
Sc|crcsc|cs|y, Sauucl lsaac
|oscp|
Sc|illcr, lricdric|
Sc|isu iill
Sc|isu Scruou
sc|olars, patrous o
Sc|olastica, St P
sc|oolc|ildrcu, privilcgc o loc|-
iug up sc|ooluastcrs
sc|ools, patrou saiuts o ,
sc|ooltcac|crs, patrou saiuts o

scicutists, patrou saiut o

Scot, lcgiuald ,
Scotlaud , ,
adoptiou o |auuary stylc ,

April lool's Day iu

|au| |olidays
icltauc Day
iulliou's Day
C|ristuas iu -
datiug iu
rst-ootiug custous
ol|lorc , , , , ,
, ,
ioguauay -
ic Ycar's Day iu -
patrou saiuts o ,
rcuoval day , ,
tcru days , , , , ,
, , ,
Scott, Mic|acl
Scott, Sir Valtcr , -
Scott, Gcu. Viucld
Scottis| praycr |oo|, rcvolt
agaiust
Scripturc, patrou saiut o t|osc
|o study
sculptors aud stouccuttcrs, patrou
saiuts o ,
sca, patrou saiut o t|c
scaarcrs aud sca voyagcrs, patrou
saiuts o ,
Scasou, icury , -
scasous -
Sc|ald, St
Sc|astc, lorty Martyrs o -
Sc|astiau, St ,
Sc|orga, patrou saiut o
Sccoud Vorld Var ,
sccrctarics, patrou saiut o
Sccrctarics Day
sccular dicrcucc -
sccurity guards aud orccs, patrous
saiuts o ,
s::s
Scdgccld Co. Dur|au)
Scrat |a-Oucr -
Sclcucid cra, s:: .:r cras
sclliug a |ouc, |clpul saiut or

Scuoucs
Scuouia
Scuprouius 1uditauus, lucius

Scuau, St
Scucca ,
Scucgal
Scuucu, St
Scusa iu \cuicc -
Scptiuius Scvcrus ,
Scptiuoutiuu
Scptuagcsiua -,
Scrau o Sarov, St
Scrapis
Scr|ia
acccptaucc o Grcgoriau calcu-
dar
patrou saiut o
\idovdau
Scrgius, St louau occr)
Scrgius o ladouc.|, St
Scrgius l, iopc -,
Scrgius l\, iopc ,
Scrgius iaulus, lucius
scruous to t|c |cs
Scruiu, St
scrvauts, patrou saiuts o
Scrvatius, St -
Scrvctus, Mic|acl
Scrvitcs
Scrvius 1ullius, iiug , ,
Sctou, Lli.a|ct| Auu iaylcy, St
Sctsu|uu
Scvcu irot|crs
Scvcu louudcrs o t|c Ordcr o
Scrvitcs
Scvcu ioly C|ildrcu
Scvcu Slccpcrs o Lp|csus ,
,
Scvcu Sorros o Mary
Scvcrus, St
Scvillc ,
Scall, Sauucl , ,
Scard's Day
scx, |cu to a|staiu rou or |c
uodcratc ,
Scxagcsiua
Scxtilis ,
Scxtus |ulius Aricauus

Scyc|cllcs
S|ats|ury, Aut|ouy As|lcy
Coopcr, Larl o
S|a|a Day
S|a|cspcarc, Villiau , ,
datc o |aptisu
dcat| datc
J.:.., .. C|:..:r.
Js 1. L.|: I:
H.o|::
1 H:.r, IJ , ,
H:.r, J ,
1 H:.r, JI ,
I.. j.|. ,
L.:`s L.|.r`s L.s: ,
1|: M:r.|..: .; J:...:
1|: M:rr, h.:s .; h..s.r
M.soo:r N.|:`s Lr:.o
..|.r II
..|.r III
1|: 1.o.. .; :|: `|r:
1:|;:| N.|: ,
S|arp 1|ursday
S|arpcvillc Massacrc
S|avuot , , -
s|ccp, protcctor o
S|ccr 1|ursday ,
S|cuiui Atscrct
s|cp|crds
god or goddcss o
patrou saiuts o ,
S|ctlaud, Lp-iclly-Aa
S|: L: cstivals -
S|ic|-s|ac| Day
S|iva Asar |c-1auuu.
s|ocua|crs, patrou saiuts o
S|ouy
s|ort|aud-ritcrs, patrou saiut o

S|rit 1|ursday
S|rovctidc -
S|rovc 1ucsday P
S|us|au iuriu
S|uttlc, icuclopc -, -
Sicily, uartyrs o
sic|, patrou saiuts o
Sicua
ll ialio ,
patrou saiut o
Sau Doucuico
Sicrra lcouc
Sigc|crt, iiug o Austrasia ,

Sigrid, St
siguals rcgiucuts, patrou saiut o

Silcut Goddcss
Silvcrius, iopc
silvcrsuit|s, patrou saiut o
Silvcstcr ll, iopc ,
Siuc|at 1ora|
Siucou
Siucou, C|arlcs
siuucl ca|c -
Siuou, St, Apostlc ,
Siuou Stoc|, St P
Siuou Magus
Siuou o 1rcut
Siuouidcs o Ccos
Siuplicius, iopc
Siuai, Mouut ,
Siuclair, |o|u
Siugaporc
sius, tax ou
Siutcr|laas
`.r C.... .. :|: Cr::. I..|: ,
-
Siricius, iopc ,
Sirius ,
Sirocco
Six Vcls| Martyrs aud
Coupauious
Sixtus ll, iopc
Sixtus lll, iopc
Sixtus l\, iopc , , , ,

Sixtus \, iopc ,
Sixty-iiuc Martyrs
S|cltou, |o|u
s|iu discascs, saiut to iuvo|c
agaiust
S|iuucr, |o|u
slaudcr, saiut to iuvo|c agaiust
Slattcry lslaud
slavcs aud slavcry , , ,
a|olitiou o slavcry iu LSA
C|ristuas ou a slavc plautatiou

cuaucipatiou o iu iritis|
colouics
Luglis| ,
rausou o
louau , , , ,
Slavouic C|urc|, calculatiou o
Lastcr -
Slavs, Apostlcs o t|c
Sliugs|y, icury
Slova|ia , , ,
Slovcuia
slugs ,
suallpox, saiut to iuvo|c agaiust

Suit|, C|arlottc
Suit|, Captaiu |o|u
Suit|, |oscp| ,
Suit|, 1ou
Suit|cld
Suollctt, 1o|ias
suails , ,
sua|c|itc, saiut to iuvo|c agaiust

sua|cs , , , , , ,
, ,
Soaucs, Luoc|
Socratcs, |irt|day
Sol ludigcs , ,
solar
iy.autiuc cyclc
corrcctiou
cyclcs, ta|lc
rcgulars ,
tiuc
soldicrs, patrou saiuts o , ,
, ,
Solcsucs
Solouou lslauds
Soucrsct custous
Sous o 1|uudcr
Sop|ia, St
Sou|irous, icruadcttc, St , ,

soul ca|cs ,
Soul-uass Day
souls iu purgatory, patrou saiut o

Sout| Arica , , , , ,
, ,
Sout| Aucrica, patrou saiut o
,
Sout| Caroliua ,
Sout| Da|ota , ,
`.:| L.|.s| L::..r,
Sout|cy, lo|crt -, ,
Sout| iorca , ,
Sout|cll, lo|crt , , ,
,
Sovict Luiou
lc|ruary iu
ic Ycar custous
So Day
Socto
Solcgrovc
Spaiu , , , ,
Lpip|auy iu
patrou saiut o
Spauis| cra, s:: cras, iispauic
Spauis|-Aucricau Var
spas, patrou saiut o
Spcuscr, Lduuud , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , , ,
spiustcrs, patrou saiut o
Spital scruous
spriug , , -
spriugs
goddcss o
ucdiciual, patrou saiut o


uiraculous , , , ,
s:: .|s. clls, |oly
Spyridou, St
Spy-Vcducsday
Sri lau|a
stag
it| cross |ctccu autlcrs
|uut iu Oxords|irc
stallious, day to sct to stud
Stauord iridgc, |attlc o
Stauord |ull-ruuuiug -
Staup Act
staup-collcctors, patrou saiut o

Staudard 1iuc -
Stauis~a o ira|, St
Star o ict|lc|cu , ,
Stcp|cu, St dcacou) , ,
,
iuvcutiou -
Stcp|cu, St iiug lstvu l) ,

Stcp|cu iardiug, St
Stcp|cu l, iopc
Stcp|cuiug
stcrility, saiut to iuvo|c agaiust

Stcvcus, Gcorgc Alcxaudcr

Stcvcus, Vallacc
Stcvcusou, Matt|c ,
Stigaud
stiguata , ,
portrayal o
Stir-up Suuday ,
stolcu propcrty, saiuts to iuvo|c
or rccovcry o
stouac| paius, saiut to iuvo|c
agaiust
stoucuasous, patrou saiuts o ,

Stouy|urst Collcgc
Storc icdcdag
Sto, |o|u , -, ,
Strat|clydc ,
Stro..i, 1ito \cspasiauo -
Stu||cs, i|illip -,
studcuts, patrou saiuts o , ,
, ,
Su|iaco
Su|ura
Succot|, Su||ot
Sudau
Su||ot
Suliau, St
Sul|y 1ucsday
Sulla, l. Coruclius
Sulpicius Scvcrus , ,
Suuuauus, tcuplc o
suuucr , , , P
Luglis|, dcuitious o
solsticc
Suuucr 1iuc , -
Suuucr, Mary
suu
|irt|day o t|c
dauciug
aud uoou, tcuplc o
Suuday -
as couucuoratiou o
lcsurrcctiou
uuu|crs
proguosticatious |ascd ou
puuis|ucuts or or|iug ou
, -
t|osc |oru ou
Suuday lcttcrs , , ,
P
pcrpctual ta|lc o -
Suuday o
t|c iliud Mau
t|c llocrs
t|c ioly lat|crs
t|c Myrr|-icariug Voucu
t|c iaralytic
St 1|ouas
t|c Sauaritau Vouau
Suudays
atcr C|ristuas
atcr Lpip|auy
uuu|criug o -, , ,

iu Ordiuary 1iuc ,
atcr icutccost, iu Ort|odox
C|urc| ,
atcr 1riuity or icutccost
suu-god, ors|ip o ,
Suuu: cstivals
suppcr
Supputatio louaua
surgcous, patrou saiuts o ,
,
Suriuauc
Susa, Sau Giusto
Suttou
Svcud, |iug o Dcuuar| 'Sciu
lor||card') , ,
sallos, arrival aud dcparturc
,
Sa.ilaud ,
Scdcu , , , , , ,
,
lc|ruary iu
acccptaucc o Grcgoriau calcu-
dar
apostlc o
datc o Lastcr -
ol|lorc ,
irtprcuir
liuudagcu
Midsuuucr Day
patrou saiuts o ,
St lucy's Day
Surstruuiugsprcuir
.||.rsoss..;:..
\cgadagcu
Sit, |ouat|au , -
Siss Guards
Sit|uu, St , P
Sit.crlaud , ,
acccptaucc o Grcgoriau calcu-
dar
datc o Lastcr
ol|lorc
Sords, a||cy o
Sydcu|au's c|orca
Sylvcstcr l, iopc , P
Syucou Mctap|rastcs, St
Syuuac|us, iopc , ,
Syup|oriauus, St
Syuaxis ,
o t|c Arc|augcl Ga|ricl
o t|c Arc|istratcgos
o |o|u t|c irccursor
o t|c Scvcuty Disciplcs
o Siucou t|c God-lcccivcr
aud Auua t|c irop|ctcss
o t|c 1|copatorcs |oac|iu
aud Auua
o 1|coto|os
o t|c 1clvc Apostlcs
syp|ilis, sucrcrs rou, patrou
saiut o
Syria ,
Syriau Ort|odox C|urc|, Lastcr
datcs ,
S.|csc|rvr
1a'auit ic||oriu
1a'auit Lst|cr
1a|cruaclcs
1a|or, Mouut
tailors, patrou saiuts o ,
1aiau , , , , ,
1aji|istau
talc o days -
1allag|t, uouastcry o
1alliuu
1auuauy, St
tauucrs, patrou saiut o
tausy puddiug , P
tautouy
origiu o ord
pig -
1au.auia ,
1ap-up Suuday
1arac|us, St
tarautclla

1arascou
tari or sius
1arpou Spriugs, lla.
1arquiu t|c iroud
1artariu dc 1arascou
1arutius o liruuu
1asso, 1orquato -
1atiaua, St
1aurids
'tadry', origiu o ord
tax ycar
Li
LS
tax-collcctors, patrou saiut o
taxi drivcrs, patrou saiut o
1ay railay |ridgc disastcr
1aylcr, Villiau
1aylor, |crcuy
1aylor, |o|u -,
1ccj
1cg| ia|adur
1cilo, St
tclccouuuuicatious, patrou saiut
o
tclcvisiou ritcrs, patrou saiuts o
,
1llc., lray Ga|ricl
1cllus ,
1cluo, Sau
1cuc|rac -
1cuucsscc
1cuuysou, Alrcd lord -,
1crcsa, Mot|cr
1crcsa o Avila, St -,
P
1crcsa o |csus |ouct c l|ars)
,
tcru days
Scottis|
1cruiualia ,
1cruiuus
tcrus
la -
uuivcrsity
1ct.cl, |o|auu
1cxas , , , , ,
1|addcus, St ,
1|ailaud , ,
1|ais, St ,
1|aucs, cstivals ou ro.cu ,
1|au|sgiviug
Cauada
LSA , P
1|c|au lcgiou ,
1|ccla o lcouiuu, St -
1|codcric t|c Ostrogot| ,
1|codorc o Sy|cou, St -
1|codorc o 1arsus, St o
Cautcr|ury) , , ,
,
1|codorc t|c lccruit, St
1|codosia Git o t|c God)
1|codosius l, Lupcror , , ,

t|cologiaus, patrou saiuts o ,

,
1|cop|auy ,
1|cop|ilus, St
1|:.:.|.s -
dcvotiou to
1|rsc o lisicux, St -
1|csuop|oria
t|icvcs, saiuts to |c iuvo|cd
agaiust ,
1|ouas, Dylau -
1|ouas t|c Apostlc, St , ,
,
trauslatious -
1|ouas Aquiuas, St , ,
,
1|ouas icc|ct, St , , ,
, , , P ,
icc|ct 1raitor ,
1|ouas dc Cautilupc, St
1|ouas o ialcs
1|ouas ialacologus
1|ouas Suuday , ,
1|ouasiug, to go
1|ouastou
1|ousou, |aucs
1|orlac, St
1|oru, louaiuc |oscp|
1|ot|
1|rcc Grcat iicrarc|s -
t|roat, rcucdics or sorc
t|roat discascs, saiuts to iuvo|c
agaiust , ,
1|ucydidcs , , ,
t|uudcr
uout|
proguosticatious |ascd ou
1|uudcriug lcgiou ,
1|ursday , , P
proguosticatious |ascd ou
t|osc |oru ou
1|yrsus, St -
1i||a, St
1i|crius, Lupcror , , ,
, ,
1i|ullus
1i|urtius, St ,
1ic||oruc Dolc -
tiuc
|cgiuuiug o ucasura|lc
dcciual divisiou
.oucs
1iuoliu 1ig| Moliug)
1iuot|cus, St
1iuot|y, St coupauiou o iaul)

1iuot|y, St |us|aud o Maura)

tiuuiucrs, Coruis|, patrou saiut o

1iutorctto, |acopo
1ippliug Suuday
1ircc
1irso dc Moliua
1is|a |c-Av -
1itiau, 3...|...| .; :|: J.r...s
1itus, St
1o|ias -
1ogo
1olstoy, lco
1olstoy, ictcr
1ouga ,
toot|ac|cs, saiut to iuvo|c agaiust

1otcusouutag
1oulousc
tourisu, patrou saiut o
1ouruaucut o loscs iaradc
1ours
a||cy o Saiut-Martiu ,
,
Saiut-Gaticu
1raalgar Day
1raiu, |oscp| ,
1raiuiug Day , -
1rajau, Lupcror ,
traups, patrou saiut o
1rausguratiou o t|c lord

1rausylvauia, acccptaucc o
Grcgoriau calcudar
1rasiucuc, la|c
1ravcctio cquituu
travcllcrs, patrou saiuts o ,
-, ,
trccs, assailiug
1ricr
1riuidad aud 1o|ago , , ,

1riuity Collcgc Du|liu

1riuity Suuday
1riodiou -
1riuup| o t|c Cross -
1roits|y uouastcry
1rop|iuus o Arlcs, St ,
1ruc Cross, ragucuts o
1ruuau Day
1ryp|acua, Quccu
1ryp|ou, St
1sou Gcdalya|
1u |c-Av
1u |i-S|vat
1u|ilustriuu ,


1ucsday , ,
proguosticatious |ascd ou
t|osc |oru ou
1ullia
1uuis
1uuisia , ,
1uri|ius o Mougrovcjo, St
1uriu, patrou saiut o
1ur|cy ,
acccptaucc o Vcstcru calcudar

calcudar
patrou saiut o
tur|cys ,
1ur|ucuistau ,
1ur|u Cat|cdral
1urucr, iriau
1urucr, Dasou
1urucr, 1|ouas ,
turucrs, patrou saiut o
1uruus
1ut|ury
1uvalu ,
1aiu, Mar| , ,
1clt|
ca|c , -
Day -
Lvc -
1cutict| Day -
1ydcc|o, St
1yudalc, Villiau
1yuald ccrcuouy -
1ysilio, St
L|aldus, St
Ldall, iic|olas
Lcu|ac|, Zac|arias Courad vou

Lgauda , ,
L|laud, ludig
L|raiuc ,
Llric|, St
Lucouqucra|lc Suu
Lucuu|cr, St
uudcrta|crs, patrou saiut o
uu|appily uarricd, patrou saiut o

Luiatc C|urc| ,
Luitcd Ara| Luiratcs
Luitcd iiugdou
iau| iolidays , -,
ioxiug Day
Couuoucalt| Day ,
Corouatiou o iM Quccu
Lli.a|ct| ll
Lupirc Day ,
Guy la|cs Day
lady Day
quartcr days ,
Luitcd iatious , , , ,
, , , , ,
Luivcrsal C|urc|, patrou saiut o

Luivcrsal 1iuc -
uuivcrsitics, patrou saiut o
Lp-iclly-Aa
Lppsala
upardly uo|ilc, patrou saiut o

Lr|au, St iopc Lr|au l)

, ,
Lr|au l\, iopc ,
Lr|au \l, iopc ,
Lr|au \lll, iopc , ,
Lr|o, St
Lricl
Lrsiuus
Lrsula, St , P
Lruguay ,
LSA , , , , , , ,
,
Arucd lorccs Day
Coluu|us Day
Lart| Day
Llcctiou Day
lat|cr's Day
llag Day
Graudparcuts' Day ,
Grouud|og Day
luauguratiou Day
ludcpcudcucc Day -
la|or Day
liucolu's iirt|day
Martiu lut|cr iiug |r.'s
iirt|day ,
Mcuorial Day ,
Mot|cr's Day
icarl iar|or Day
ircsidcuts Day
Sadic ia|ius Day
Susau i. Aut|ouy Day
1|au|sgiviug , P
\ctcraus Day ,
\ictuau \ctcraus Day
Vas|iugtou's iirt|day
Ls|, Adau -,
Lss|cr, |aucs ,
Lst, St
Lta| ,
Ltrcc|t, patrou saiut o
L.|c|istau
\clav, St ,
\clav l\, iiug o io|cuia ,

vails
\alcucia, St |oscp|'s Day iu
\alcus, Lupcror ,
\alcutiuc, St
Gcruau cquivalcut o
Grcc| cquivalcut o ,
Vcls| cquivalcut o
\alcutiuc's Day , P
ira.iliau vcrsiou
\alcriau, St ,
vauity, puuis|ucut or
\arro ,
\asauta iauc|aui, Sri iauc|aui
-
\aticau City aud ioly Scc ,
, , ,
li|rary
Sistiuc C|apcl
\L Day
\cdiovis , ,
\cuautius lortuuatus, St ,
\cudc, apostlc aud patrou saiut
o t|c
vcucrcal discascs, patrou saiut o
sucrcrs rou
\cucrius, St -
\cuc.ucla , , ,
patrou saiut o
\cuicc , ,
|cgiuuiug o ycar iu
datiug iu
clcctiou o Dogc o t|c
iicolotti
lcast o t|c lcdccucr ,
lido ,
iala..o ducalc
patrou saiut o
rcgattas ,
S. Gcrcuia
S. Giorgio dcgli Sc|iavoui
S. Giorgio Maggiorc
SS. Giovauui c iaolo
S. Grisogouo
S. |ustiua
S. iictro di Castcllo
S. lcdcutorc ,
S. locco
St Mar|'s , , ,
Scusa
\cuus
Lryciua, tcuplc o
Gcuctrix, tcuplc o
li|itiua, tcuplc o
\crticordia ,
\cuus plauct)
\crgil , , , , , ,
\crgil, iolydorc
vcruiu, saiuts to iuvo|c agaiust
,
\cruout , , ,
vcrual cquiuox
aud datc o Lastcr

datc o -, , , -,

vcruiclc
\croua, patrou saiut o
\crouica, St P , ,
\crra.auo, Giovauui da
\crstcgau, lic|ard -
\crtuuuus
\crus, lucius
\csta ,
tcuplc o ,
\cstal \irgius , , , ,
,
\cstalia
\csuvius
vctcriuariaus, patrou saiut o
\cttius \alcus
'\cxilla rcgis prodcuut'
\iauucy, St |o|u Mary -
\iar, St
\ictor l, iopc ,
\ictor o lrius, St
\ictor o 1ouucuua
\ictoria, Quccu , ,
\ictoria Day ,
\ictorius o Aquitaiuc , ,
-, -, , P
,
\idovdau -
\icuuc
\ictuau
patrou saiut o Sout|
\igil o t|c Lpip|auy
\igilius, iopc ,
vigils, riotous
\igri, Catcriua, s:: Cat|criuc o
iologua
\iualia ,
\iuccut dc iaul, St
\iuccut lcrrcr, St
\iuccut o Saragossa, St -
viucs, protcctor o
\iolct 1ucsday
\irgilius o Sal.|urg, St ,
P
\irgiu lslauds , , ,
\irgiuia , , , ,
virgiuity
disproos o
|crouc's polcuics iu avour o

proos o ,
\irgius, Llcvcu 1|ousaud
\isitatiou o Our lady -
\italiauus, iopc , , ,
\itcr|o
\iticulturists' Day
\itus, St , ,
\ladiuir o iicv, St \olodyuyr
t|c Grcat) ,
\olcaualia
J.||s:r.:r:.
\olos
\oltairc
\olturualia
vos, ua|iug ,
voyagcrs, patrou saiut o
r:s:|:. -
\ulcau , ,
Vaitaugi, 1rcaty o
aitcrs aud aitrcsscs, patrou saiut
o
a|cs, c|urc|
Val|urg, St , ,
Valcs
C|ristuas iu
dccat o lrcuc| iuvasiou orcc
-
Coruall vcrsiou o dccat
ol|lorc , -, ,
patrou saiut o
Vallis, |o|u , ,
Valpolc, ioracc , , -
Valpolc, lo|crt
Valpurgisuac|t ,
Vals|, V. S.
Valtcr \l o iricuuc, du|c o
At|cus
Valtou, l.aa|
Vard, Ldard ,
Vard, Mrs iuup|ry
Varucr, Villiau
arrior saiuts , ,
Vas|iugtou, Aduissiou Day
Vas|iugtou, Gcorgc , , ,
, ,
|irt|day , -
iritis| attitudc toards
rst ag
ic Ycar's Day rcccptiou
o|scrvcs ludcpcudcucc Day,
-
assail |ol -
assailiug -, , , ,
atcr
|oly
sacrcd
saiuts to iuvo|c agaiust , ,

Vatcrloo, |attlc o -
Vat|ius, \cruou
Vaylaud
Vcaruout|, a||cy o ,
cat|cr
Luglis| aud Aucricau cou-
parcd
proguosticatious , , , ,
, , , , , , -, ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , , -,
, , , ,
cavcrs, patrou saiut o
Vcducsday , ,
proguosticatious |ascd ou
cc| -
vc-day
|udaco-C|ristiau
Mouday start
uuu|criug o days iu ,
plauctary -
r|yucs ou
Vciugartcu, a||cy o
Vcld, lsaac, |r.
Vclliugtou, Art|ur Vcllcslcy,
du|c o
clls, |oly , , , , -,
, , , , , -,
, , -
Vcuccslas, St, s:: \clav, St
Vcr|urg, St
trauslatiou
Vcslcy, C|arlcs
Vcslcy, |o|u
Vcstcru Sauoa
Vcst ludics, patrou saiut o
Vcst \irgiuia
Vcstoodsidc
V|artou, Gcorgc
|cclrig|ts, patrou saiuts o
,
V|ic|uour
V|ip-dog day -
V|ispcriug Suuday
V|it Mouday aud 1ucsday
V|it Suuday , P
carlicst datc or
last possi|lc datc o
traditioual day o rst
V|it|y ,
Auouyuous o
uouastcry o
Syuod o ) , -, ,
-
V|itc
Mouday
Saturday
1|ursday
Vcc|
V|itc, Gil|crt ,
V|itc losc Day
V|it|oru
V|itsuutidc , P
idos, patrou saiuts o ,
Vil|crorcc, Villiau -


Vil|ra|au, logcr ,
Vildc, Spcrau.a ,
Vildc, V. l.
Vilrid, St , , , , ,
P , -
Vilgcortis, St -
Vil|ius, David
Vill logcrs Day
Villard, lrauccs
Villcs, |o|u
Villctt, Villiau
Villiau l t|c Couqucror) ,
, , ,
Villiau ll, |iug o Luglaud
Villiau lll Villiau o Oraugc),
|iug o Luglaud , ,
,
Villiau, ili iriucc
Villiau o Aquitaiuc, St
Villiau lit.|cr|crt, St -
Villiau o Malucs|ury ,
,
Villiau o ioric|
Villiau o los|ildc, St
Villiaus, logcr
Villi|ald, St
Villi|rord o Yor|, St , ,
,
Villo Suuday ,
Villsord, 1|ouas
Vilsou, |. G.
Vilsou, 1|ouas
Viltou
Viuc|cou|, uou| o
Viuc|cstcr
ic Miustcr
Old Miustcr
iuc
icaujolais iouvcau ,
iy.autiuc uc iuc cstival
driu|iug as proo o ort|odoxy

cstivals
|o to provo|c |atrcd o
uc , ,
uot to |c druu| |y louau
oucu
ocrcd to |upitcr
provcr|s a|out
saiuts associatcd it| , ,
, ,
uscd to scttlc stri|c o louau
pipcrs
atcr turucd iuto
iucgrocrs, patrou saiut o ,
,
Viugcld, lic|ard
Viuircd, St , , P
iutcr , , P
solsticc
Viscousiu -, , ,
Vis|ord Magua
itc|cs , , -, , ,
, , ,
ltaliau, ucctiug-poiut
protcctor o
Vittcls|ac|, |o|auu Clcucus vou

Volc, C|arlcs
Volc, 1|ouas -
Volrau vou Lsc|cu|ac|
Volscy, 1|ouas ,
olvcs , , , ,
saiuts to iuvo|c agaiust ,
oucu
to |c avoidcd iu |uuc
|arrcu, patrou saiut o
callcd guardiau dcvils
day ou |ic| aduittcd to
Sistiuc C|apcl
allcu, patrou saiut o
cstivals o , -, ,
ucs or violcucc agaiust
as uau's cllo iu lovc aud
|clpcr
prcac|iug
prcguaut, saiut to iuvo|c ,

rig|t to |avc |us|auds iu |cd

saiuts uuricudly to
siguicaucc to o suoot| |olly
at C|ristuas
uu|appily uarricd, saiut to
iuvo|c
youug, patrou saiut o
Voucu's Day ,
Vood, Autouy
Voodordc, iarsou
ool-cou|crs, patrou saiut o
Vorccstcr
St Mary's
Vordsort|, Dora, Dorot|y,
Mary, aud Villiau
or|iug ucu, patrou saiut o
Vorld ioo| aud Copyrig|t Day

Vorld Calcudar -
Vorld Luvirouucut Day
Vorld Maritiuc Day
Vorld Mctcrcological Day
Vorld icacc Day
Vorld lcligiou Day
Voru, Olaus , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , ,
Vrcu Day
Vrig|t, Orvillc aud Vil|ur
Vriot|cslcy, C|arlcs
ritcrs, patrou saiuts o , ,

Vroxall A||cy
Vulric o iascl|ury, St
Vulstau, St ,
Vuui|ald, St ,
Vycli, |o|u
Vyouiug, Aduissiou Day
Xavicr, St lraucis
Xavicr, |oaquiu |os dc Silva
Y.dcgird l
Y.dcgird lll , ,
ycar
-uout| -
|cgiuuiug o , , , , ,
, P
|istorical
rcgual
tropical
Ycar o Gracc , ,
ycars -
|isscxtilc
couuou
currcut
clapscd
cu|olisuic ,
cpouyuous
rou t|c ouudatiou
lcap -
sidcrcal
tropical
Yc Suuday ,
You |a-S|oa|
You |a-Zi|arou
You iippur , ,
datc o
Yor| ,
Miustcr , ,
Youug, irig|au
yout|, Aricau, patrou saiut o
Yugoslavia
Yulc ,
|rosc
caudlc
log ,
Yvcs o irittauy, St -
Zaccaria, St Autouy Maria
Zac|arias, iopc , , ,

Zad|icl
Zau|ia , , , , , ,

Zau.i|ar
Zarago.a, uartyrs o
Zc|cdcc ,

Zcla, |attlc o
Zcuo, St -
Zcuo, Lupcror ,
Zct|iu, Clara
Z|u|ovs|y, \asilii -
Ziu|a|c , ,
Ziou, Mouut
Zita, St -
.odiac
sigus
Zoroastriauisu
calcudar -
Zosiuus, St
Zicaltcu