Chapter 1 Glial cells Astrocytes Elaborate Maintain chemical environment May maintain certain stem cell characteristics Can

form most cells Oligodendrocytes Provide myelin in CNS Oligodendrocyte precursors retain stem cell properties More oligopotent Microglia From hematopoietic (blood-like) cells Remove cellular debris from nervous system Secrete cytokines Neurocircuits Neuropil-dense region between cell bodies where synapses are Myotatic reflex-knee-jerk Nervous systems Associational systems-mediate more complex functions Ganglia-clumps of peripheral neurons Nerves-collections of peripheral axons Nuclei-collections of neurons in CNS Tracts-collections of axons in CNS Commissures-tracts that cross midline of brain Gray matter-regions rich in cell bodies White matter-region rich in axons (white from fat) Enteric system-visceral neurons which influence the gut Neural Systems Anterograde-neural connections from source to terminus Retrograde-neural connections from terminus to source Receptive field-region of space which, when stimulated, causes an action potential in a neuron Brain Imagin Computerized Tomography (CT)-fires thin plane of x-rays Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)-measures disruptions in magnetic fields to find matter density Diffusion tensor imagin (DTI)-type of MRI that can see axons better Positron emission tomography (PET)-give patient radioactive reagent and measure positrons Single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT)-measure photons from radioactive reagent Functional Magnetic Resonance Imagin (fMRI)-measures effects of hemoglobin on magnetic field Magnetoencephalography (MEG)-measures magnetic consequences of electric signals Magnetic source imaging (MSI)-MRI + MEG Chapter 2 Electrical signals Receptor potential-change in membrane potential of sensory cell from reception of stimulus Synaptic potential-change in membrane potential in postsynaptic cell from activation of synapse Passive electrical response-response not effected by neuron

Nerst Equation: E x =

RT [ X ] out ln zF [ X ] in (page33) R = gas constant T = absolve temp (K) Z = valence (electrical charge) of permeant ion F = Faraday constant2

Goldman Equation: V = 58 log

PK [ K + ]out + PNa [ Na + ]out + PCl [Cl ]in PK [ K + ]in + PNa [ Na + ]in + PCl [Cl ]out

Chapter 3 Ohms Law: IR = V Iion = gion(Vm - Eion) Saltatory-jumps from node to node Chapter 4 Patch clamping-method of studying single ion channels SCN Gene-various Na+ channel genes CACNA Gene-various Ca2+ channel genes ATPase pumps-ion pumps that hydrolyze ATP Electrogenic-having the property of producing a current Journal Club: Targeted mini-strokes produce changes in interhemispheric sensory signal processing that are indicative of disinhibition within minutes Ischemia-loss of blood to a region (Peri)-infarct: (Around) dead tissue resulting from lack of oxygen Ipisilateral-on the same hemisphere Contralateral-on the opposite hemisphere Chapter 5 Connexons-channels that make up gap junctions Connexins-protein subunits which make up connexons End plates-groups of synapses at neuro-muscular junctions End plate potential (EPP)-depolarization of post-synaptic muscle cell of an endplate Miniature end plate potential (MEPP)-small spontaneous potentials without presynaptic action potential Synapsin-keeps vesicles tethered to reserved pool Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, type II (CaMKII)-phosphorylates synapsin to mobilize vesicles NEM-sensitive fusion protein (NSF)-primes synaptic vesicles for fusion Soluble NSF attachment proteins (SNAPs)-primes synaptic vesicles for fusion SNAP Receptors (SNAREs)-protein complexes which help vesicles fusion Synaptobevin-SNARE protein on vesicle surface that binds to other proteins to make SNARE complex Syntaxin-SNARE proteins on plasma membrane that bind to vesicle protein to make SNARE complex SNAP-25- SNARE proteins on plasma membrane that bind to vesicle protein to make SNARE complex Synaptotagmin-protein on vesicles which is modulated by Ca2+ Dynamin-causes the final pinching off of a coated pit from the membrane Hsc70-removed clathrin Auxilin-recruits Hsc70 to clathrin

Synaptojamin-protein that helps in clathrin uncoding Ionotropic receptors/ligand-gated ion channels-NT receptors that are also ion channels Metabotropic receptors-G-protein coupled NT receptors End plate current (EPC)-current in postsynaptic cell of neuro-muscular junction Reverse potential-potential of cell where EPC goes from positive to negative Postsynaptic current (PSC) Postsynaptic potential (PSP) Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) Tripartite synapse-idea that three element (pre-synaptic, post-synaptic, glia) effect synapse Chapter 6 Na+-dependent choline co-transporter (ChT)-cotransporter using Na+ gradient to uptake choline Vesicular Ach transporter (VAChT)-loads ACh into vesicles Nicotinic Ach receptor (nAChR)-ionotropic Ach receptor in postsynaptic cell Muscarinic Ach Receptor (mAChR)-metabotropic