HUSAIN M. AL-MUSLIM NADHIR I.

AL-NASRI

Outline
Introduction Sabkha area Road crossing Bend design Anchor blocks Conclusion

Saudi Aramco Pipeline Network

JOR DAN TURA IF QAISUM AH SAFANIY AH TANAJIB

IA AB F AR UL G N
Ras Tanoura QATIF BAHRAIN

ABUHADRIYAH KHURSANI YAH BERRI

ABU-ALI

JUBAIL JUBAIL CUSTOMERS JJ

CRUDE NETWORK GAS Network Product Network

TUFA IH

DHAHRA N RIYADH Southern Areas

ABQAIQ QATAR

Type of Pipeline Installation

Above ground unrestrained pipeline Above ground fully restrained pipeline Under ground restrained pipeline

Sabkha area
Sabkha means area of high-level water table The water is very salty and highly corrosive The pipe must not come in contact with water Special pad design and sequence of construction

Sabkha pad design

Sabkha sequence of construction

Prepare the construction pad Excavate the trench Lower the pipe and backfill Construct the pipe berm

Sabkha area

Construction of ROW and pad

ad P W Sa ar a h bk

RO

ea
ad p e n i l e Pip

p W O R

ad

Preparing the trench

Lowering the pipe and backfilling

Constructing the berm

Stabilizing the berm

Road crossing

Loads on Pipelines
Live Load

Earth Load

Internal Load Total Load on Pipeline = Live load + Earth load + Internal Loads

Minimum Depth of Cover

Minimum depth below ditch (0.9 m) Road (1.2 m) Railroad (1.7 m ) Drainage ditch

Carrier pipe Figure 1: Road Crossing

Minimum depth below surface

Stresses vs. depth of cover

15000 14000 13000

Absolute maximum stress (psi)

12000 11000 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

D/t = 50 D/t = 60 D/t = 70 D/t = 80 D/t = 90 D/t = 100 D/t = 110.1 D/t = 120 D/t = 129.9 D/t = 139.9 D/t = 150

Depth of cover (ft)

Absolute maximum stress variation for 60 inch pipe diameter and high density sabkha as native soil

Analysis of Pipeline Under Road & Railroads Methodologies

Crossi (two versions) Based on the API RP1102, 1968 edition Cornell/GRI developed PC-PISCESL software Included in the 1993 edition of API RP1102, Steel Pipelines Crossing Railroads and Highways Limitations

2 D 42 12.5 D/t 100 3 ft Backfill Height 10 ft

Pipeline toolbox

Aramco Study (Analysis and Design for Buried Pipeline. ADBP)

Limitations

50 D/t 150 Extended Study 12 D/t 150

ADBP 2.0

Minimizing The Pipeline Stresses Under Crossings

Installing concrete slab. Increasing the depth of cover. Increasing the pipeline wall thickness. Reinforcing the pipeline with sleeve.

Pipeline bends
Elastic bend Cold bend Hot bend

Bend design
The standard design is 210 m radius bend Smaller radii required calculation and/or thrust anchors Design was optimized by numerical analysis

Bend analysis model

Pipe Bend A A

Rb

Rb

t D Section - AA

D = Diameter of the pipe t = Thickness of the pipe Hc = Depth of cover Rb = Radius of the bend = Angle of the bend

Hc

Thrust anchor
Full thrust without considering soil friction Large size anchor blocks Block size was reduced significantly

Thrust anchors construction

Thrust anchor new software

Analysis

and Design of Thrust Anchor Blocks (ADTAB) Size Optimization of Thrust Anchor Blocks (SOPTAB)

Conclusion

Saudi Aramco standards are dynamic to capture

Lessons learned from projects Industry best practices Company funded research projects

Typical Pipeline Construction Activities

Route Surveying Mobilizing equipment and personnel Transporting and storing pipe and materials Topsoil stripping (as required) Grading Stringing (transport and laying of pipe on the ROW) Welding, ultrasonic, and NDE of welds Installing coating at the pipe joints Trenching Lowering pipe into the trench Installing crossings Backfilling Restoring the ROW

Clearing and Grading

Trenching

ROW Acquisition

Grading Cut and fills

Survey

Rock-Free Drilling

Rock Blasting

Trenching

Padding

Stringing

Welding / Coating

Lowering-in

Stringing

Welding

NDT

Coating

Lowering-in

Tie-ins

Backfill

Berming /stabilizing

Berm Backfill

Stabilizing

Road crossing concrete slab

Casing Requirements

Casing is required only for railroads.

Casing minimum wall thickness per table -3 Casing diameter 2 size larger than carrier pipe Insulators/spacers shall be installed Casing ends shall be sealed Vents/drains are not mandatory

Road crossing analysis model

18 m

1.2 min 2.0 max

H
6T 13 T 10 T 10 T

4 m

Scope of SAES-L-460
This standard defines the minimum design and installation requirements governing pipeline crossings under roads, parking lots, railroads, and airport runways. This standard applies to pipelines in all services. This standard supplements the latest edition of API RP 1102 Steel Pipelines Crossing Railroads and Highways. Additional requirements imposed by the Saudi Arabian Government shall apply to crossings of Government roads and railroads.