The Circulatory System

Chapter 44
Play song: http://www.dgs.k12.il.us/PumpY ourBlood.mp3 Sources: bio.kimunity.com worldofteaching.com

Why a circulatory system?

Cells exchange oxygen, nutrients, waste across the cell membrane Unicellular organisms and those with body walls only 2 cells thick can rely on diffusion
Example: flatworm, cnidaria

But what if you are more than 1-2 cells thick?

Solution:
Circulatory System moves materials to all areas of body so cells are always close to blood containing nutrients and fluids. Animals have blood, blood vessels, and a heart (pump)but 2 different types of circulatory systems:
Open circulatory system Closed circulatory system

Open Circulatory System

Molluscs (most), arthropods Blood (circulating fluid) and extracellular fluid of body tissues mix directly = hemolymph

Closed Circulatory System

Annelids, squid, octopus vertebrates Blood always enclosed in blood vessels which transport to/from heart (separate from interstitial fluid)

Lymphatic System
Interstitial fluid: water and solutes of blood plasma that filter through capillary walls due to pressure Lymphatic system collects this fluid (lymph) and returns is to circulatory system Also transports fats from digestive to circulatory system

Closed Circulatory system: blood vessels

Arteries: carry blood away from
heart

Blood vessel structure

Arteries/arterioles/venules/veins are too thick to permit exchange between inside and tissues outside of walls
Surrounded by smooth muscle layer

arterioles capillaries where gas and nutrient

exchange occurs with cells

Arteries: thick walls to withstand high pressure

Very elastic

Venules Deoxygenated blood begins to return

to heart

Veins: thinner walls b/c less pressure

Skeletal muscles contract around veins to function as a venous pump and squeeze blood Venous valves for one way blood flow

Veins (larger;empty into heart)

Capillaries
Only slightly larger than RBC Ensures every cell in the body is very close to blood supply (100 micrometers) Very thin walls Blood loses oxygen and nutrients and picks up wastemainly due to diffusion and pressure

Veins and valves

What is transported?
Respiratory materials
Oxygen to cells for aerobic respiration

Blood
Plasma: (55% of blood volume)fluid with dissolved substances:
Metabolites (glucose, AA, vitamins), waste, hormones Ions (sodium, chloride, bicarbonate) Proteins (albumin from liver, fibrinogen for blood clotting)

Nutritive materials
Dissolved products of digestion

Regulatory materials
Hormones from glands

Materials for protection

Immune defense: white blood cells Platelets for blood clotting

Wastes
Water, salts, CO2, urea (nitrogenous waste)

Also regulates temperature in endotherms

Vessels dilate if warm so heat is lost by radiation Vessels constrict is cold to divert warm blood to deeper vessels

Blood Cells (45% of volume)

RBC, WBC, platelets

Erythrocytes = Red Blood Cells

For oxygen transport Produced in long bone marrow from stem cells Donut shaped disc with central depression No nuclei or mitochondria Live 120 days; removed by spleen and liver Hemoglobin inside binds to oxygen for transport

Leukocytes = white blood cells

For defense Less then 1% of cells in human blood Can migrate to intestitial fluid (fluid that leaves capillaries)

Help blood clot Pieces of cytoplasm

Platelets

Evolution of vertebrate circulatory system

Fish= 2 chambers

Amphibians=3

Reptiles = 3

Mammals/birds=4

4 chambered heart
Adaptation for endothermy Increased pressure of blood to body Prevents mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood
Pulmonary circulation: blood to lungs and back to heart Systemic circulation: blood to body and back to heart

Diagram of Heart
2 atria (top
chambers; thin walls)

2 ventricles
(bottom; thick walls)

Right side:
deoxygenated blood

Left side:
oxygenated blood

Blood to the lungs (pulmonary artery)

Blood to the body (aorta) Blood from lungs

(pulmonary vein)

Cardiac Cycle
R/L pulmonary arteries to R/L lungs R/L pulmonary veins return from lungs Aorta: artery to leave heart
Branches 1st into coronary arteries which supply blood back to the heart

Blood from body (Vena cava)

right atrium

SL SL AV

Left atrium

AV valve Left ventricle Right ventricle

Superior vena cava: drains blood into heart from head Inferior vena cava: drains blood into heart from lower trunk

RIGHT SIDE

LEFT SIDE

Cardiac Cycle
Right side pumps to lungs = pulmonary Left side pumps to body= systemic Both sides operate simultaneously

Beating heart blood flow

2 pairs of valves: 1. Atrioventricular valves (AV)

Guard opening between atrium and ventricle Tricuspid on right Bicuspid on left Guard exits from ventricles to arterial system Pulmonary valve on right Aortic valve on left

The valves prevent the backflow of blood.

2. Semilunar Valves

Cardiac Cycle
Diastole: cycle of rest; atria refill
L/R atria fill with blood AV valves open; blood enters ventricles and atria contract to push it all in

Blood Pressure
Systolic pressure: peak pressure (ventricles contract) Diastolic pressure: min. pressure

Systole: cycle of contraction of ventricles

Slight delay and ventricles contract causing AV valves to close (= lub sound) SL valves open for blood to be pushed out arterial system Ventricles relax and SL valves close (=dub sound)

Electrical Excitation
Electrical impulses across heart regulates the cycle (membrane depolarization) Sinoatrial (SA) node (a.k.a. pacemaker): initiates depolarization
Located in wall of right atrium Stimulates atria contraction first at AV node Sends impulse through bundle of His (between ventricles) and into ventricles via Purkinje fibers Ventricles contract

Cardiovascular disease
Stroke: interference with blood flow to brain Atherosclerosis: accumulation of fatty materials in arteries Arteriosclerosis: hardening of arteries

Any Questions?