CHAPTER TWO

3 wk

7d

24 h 3600 s 1000 ms

= 18144
.
10 9 ms
1 wk 1 d
1 h 1
s
38.1 ft / s 0.0006214 mi 3600 s
(b)
= 25.98 mi / h 26.0 mi / h
3.2808
ft
1 h

2.1 (a)

(c)

2.2 (a)

554 m 4
1d
1h
d kg 24 h 60 min

1 kg 108 cm 4
= 3.85 10 4 cm 4 / min g
1000 g 1 m 4

1
m
1 h
760 mi
= 340 m / s
h 0.0006214 mi 3600 s
1 m3
= 57.5 lb m / ft 3
35.3145 ft 3

(b)

921 kg 2.20462 lb m
m3
1
kg

(c)

5.37 10 3 kJ 1 min 1000 J

min 60 s
1 kJ

1.34 10 -3 hp
= 119.93 hp 120 hp
1
J/s

2.3 Assume that a golf ball occupies the space equivalent to a 2 in 2 in 2 in cube. For a
classroom with dimensions 40 ft 40 ft 15 ft :
40 40 15 ft 3 (12) 3 in 3 1 ball
n balls =
. 10 6 5 million balls
= 518
ft 3
2 3 in 3
The estimate could vary by an order of magnitude or more, depending on the assumptions made.
2.4 4.3 light yr 365 d 24 h
1 yr

3600 s 1.86 10 5 mi

1d

1 h

3.2808 ft
0.0006214 mi

1 step = 7 1016 steps

2 ft

2.5 Distance from the earth to the moon = 238857 miles

238857 mi

0.0006214 mi

1 report
0.001 m

= 4 1011 reports

2.6

19 km 1000 m 0.0006214 mi
1000 L
= 44.7 mi / gal
1 L
1 km
1
m 264.17 gal
Calculate the total cost to travel x miles.
Total Cost

Total Cost

American

European

= $14,500 +

= $21,700 +

$1.25 1 gal
gal 28 mi

x (mi)

= 14,500 + 0.04464 x

$1.25
1 gal
x (mi)
= 21,700 + 0.02796 x
gal 44.7 mi

Equate the two costs x = 4.3 10 5 miles

2-1

2.7
5320 imp. gal

106 cm3

14 h 365 d

plane h

1 d

1 yr

0.965 g

220.83 imp. gal

cm

1 kg

1 tonne

1000 g

1000 kg

tonne kerosene
plane yr

= 1.188 105

4.02 109 tonne crude oil 1 tonne kerosene

plane yr

7 tonne crude oil 1.188 10 tonne kerosene

5

yr

= 4834 planes 5000 planes

2.8 (a)
(b)
(c)

2.9

2.10
2.11

32.1714 ft / s 2

25.0 lb m

lb f

32.1714 lb m ft / s 2
25 N

1 kg m/s 2

1
9.8066 m/s 2

10 ton

1N

1 lb m
5 10

-4

50 15 2 m 3

500 lb m

= 2.5493 kg 2.5 kg

980.66 cm / s 2

1000 g
ton

= 25.0 lb f

1 g cm / s 2

2.20462 lb m

35.3145 ft 3
1 m3

85.3 lb m
1 ft 3

1 m3

kg

2.20462 lb m

1 dyne

11.5 kg

= 9 10 9 dynes

32.174 ft
1 lb f
= 4.5 10 6 lb f
2
2
1 s
32.174 lb m / ft s

5 10 2

FG 1 IJ FG 1 IJ 25 m
H 2 K H 10K

(a)
mdisplaced fluid = mcylinder f V f = cVc f hr 2 = c Hr 2

fh

(30 cm 14.1 cm)(100

. g / cm 3 )
c =
=
= 0.53 g / cm 3
H
30 cm
H (30 cm)(0.53 g / cm 3 )
(b) f = c =
= 171
. g / cm 3
(30 cm - 20.7 cm)
h

2.12

Vs =

R 2 H
3

Vf =

; Vf =

r 2 h
3

h Rh

H
H

h3
H2

= s

H3
= s
H 3 h3

f
h

R r
R
= r = h
H h
H

FG IJ = R FG H h IJ

3
3 H HK
3 H
H K
R F
R H
h I

=
H
G
J
3 H
3
H K

R H
2

f V f = sVs
f = s

R 2 H

FG h IJ
H HK

2-2

2.13

Say h( m) = depth of liquid

y
y= 1
dA
y=y=11+h
h
xx

A(m 2 )

1 y

dA = dy

x = 1 y 2
y= 1

dA

1+ h

( )=2

dx = 2 1 y dy A m
2

1 y 2 dy

1 y 2

1m

Table of integrals or trigonometric substitution

2
A m 2 = y 1 y 2 + sin 1 y = ( h 1) 1 ( h 1) + sin 1 ( h 1) +
1
2
h 1

( )

b g

W N =

4 m A( m 2 ) 0.879 g 10 6 cm 2
cm

1m

E Substitute for A
L
W b N g = 3.45 10 Mbh 1g 1 bh 1g
N
4

2.14

1 kg

9.81 N

kg
N

10 g

= 3.45 10 4 A

g g0

b g 2 OPQ

+ sin 1 h 1 +

1 lb f = 1 slug ft / s 2 = 32.174 lb m ft / s 2 1 slug = 32.174 lb m

1
1 poundal = 1 lb m ft / s 2 =
lb f
32.174
(a) (i) On the earth:
175 lb m
1 slug
M=
= 5.44 slugs
32.174 lb m
175 lb m 32.174 ft
1 poundal
W=
= 5.63 10 3 poundals
2
s 1 lb m ft / s 2
(ii) On the moon
175 lb m
1 slug
M=
= 5.44 slugs
32.174 lb m
175 lb m 32.174 ft
1 poundal
W=
= 938 poundals
2
6
s 1 lb m ft / s 2
(b) F = ma a = F / m =

355 poundals
25.0 slugs

1 lb m ft / s 2
1 poundal

= 0.135 m / s 2

2-3

1 slug
32.174 lb m

1m
3.2808 ft

2.15 (a) F = ma 1 fern = (1 bung)(32.174 ft / s 2 )

FG 1IJ = 5.3623 bung ft / s

H 6K

1 fern
5.3623 bung ft / s 2

3 bung 32.174 ft
1 fern
= 3 fern
2
6 s 5.3623 bung ft / s 2
On the earth: W = (3)( 32.174) / 5.3623 = 18 fern

(b) On the moon: W =

2.16 (a) (3)(9) = 27

(b)

(2.7)(8.632) = 23
(c) 2 + 125 = 127

(d)

2.365 + 125.2 = 127.5

2.17 R

4.0 104
1 105
40
(3.600 104 ) / 45 = 8.0 106

50 10 3 1 10 3 49 10 3 5 10 4
4.753 10 4 9 10 2 = 5 10 4

(7 101 )(3 105 )(6)(5 104 )

42 102 4 103 (Any digit in range 2-6 is acceptable)
(3)(5 106 )

Rexact = 3812.5 3810 3.81 103

2.18 (a)
A: R = 731
. 72.4 = 0.7 o C
X=

. + 72.6 + 72.8 + 73.0

72.4 + 731
= 72.8 o C
5

s=

(72.4 72.8) 2 + (731

. 72.8) 2 + (72.6 72.8) 2 + (72.8 72.8) 2 + (73.0 72.8) 2
51

= 0.3o C
B: R = 1031
. 97.3 = 58
. oC
X=

97.3 + 1014
. + 98.7 + 1031
. + 100.4
= 100.2 o C
5

s=

(97.3 100.2) 2 + (1014

. 100.2) 2 + (98.7 100.2) 2 + (1031
. 100.2) 2 + (100.4 100.2) 2
51

= 2.3o C

(b) Thermocouple B exhibits a higher degree of scatter and is also more accurate.

2-4

2.19 (a)

12

X=

12

i =1

C min=

= 73.5
s=
12
= X 2 s = 73.5 2(1.2) = 711
.

( X 735. )

i =1

= 12
.

12 1

C max= = X + 2 s = 735
. + 2(12
. ) = 75.9

(b) Joanne is more likely to be the statistician, because she wants to make the control limits
stricter.
(c) Inadequate cleaning between batches, impurities in raw materials, variations in reactor
temperature (failure of reactor control system), problems with the color measurement
system, operator carelessness
2.20 (a), (b)
1
2
(a) Run
134 131
X
Mean(X) 131.9
Stdev(X) 2.2
127.5
Min
136.4
Max
(b) Run
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

X
128
131
133
130
133
129
133
135
137
133
136
138
135
139

Min
127.5
127.5
127.5
127.5
127.5
127.5
127.5
127.5
127.5
127.5
127.5
127.5
127.5
127.5

3
129

Mean
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9
131.9

4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
133 135 131 134 130 131 136 129 130 133 130 133

Max
136.4
136.4
136.4
136.4
136.4
136.4
136.4
136.4
136.4
136.4
136.4
136.4
136.4
136.4

140
138
136
134
132
130
128
126
0

10

15

(c) Beginning with Run 11, the process has been near or well over the upper quality assurance
limit. An overhaul would have been reasonable after Run 12.

2.21 (a) Q ' =

2.36 104 kg m 2

(b) Q 'approximate

2.20462 lb 3.28082 ft 2
m2

kg

3600 s

(2 104 )(2)(9)
12 10( 43) 1.2 106 lb ft 2 / s
3 103

Q 'exact =1.56 106 lb ft 2 / s = 0.00000156 lb ft 2 / s

2-5

2.22 N Pr =
N Pr

Cp

0.583 J / g o C

1936 lb m

0.286 W / m C
1

1 h 3.2808 ft

ft h

3600 s

1000 g

m 2.20462 lb m

(6 10 )(2 10 )(3 10 ) 3 10

15
. 10 3 . The calculator solution is 163
. 10 3
1
3
2
(3 10 )(4 10 )(2)
3

2.23
Re =
Re

2.24 (a)

Du

0.48 ft

2.067 in

1 m

1 kg 10 6 cm 3

0.805 g

s 3.2808 ft 0.43 10 3 kg / m s 39.37 in

cm 3

1000 g

1 m3

(5 10 1 )(2)(8 10 1 )(10 6 ) 5 101 ( 3)

2 10 4 the flow is turbulent

3
(3)(4 10)(10 3 )(4 10 4 )

kg d p y
D

1/ 3

= 2.00 + 0.600

d p u

1/ 2

1/ 3

1.00 105 N s/m 2

= 2.00 + 0.600

5
3
2
(1.00 kg/m )(1.00 10 m / s)
k g (0.00500 m)(0.100)
= 44.426
= 44.426 k g
1.00 105 m 2 / s

1/ 2

(0.00500 m)(10.0 m/s)(1.00 kg/m3 )

(1.00 105 N s/m 2 )

= 0.888 m / s

(b) The diameter of the particles is not uniform, the conditions of the system used to model the
equation may differ significantly from the conditions in the reactor (out of the range of
empirical data), all of the other variables are subject to measurement or estimation error.
(c)
dp (m)

0.005
0.010
0.005
0.005
0.005

0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1

D (m2/s) (N-s/m2) (kg/m3) u (m/s)

1.00E-05 1.00E-05
1
10
1.00E-05 1.00E-05
1
10
2.00E-05 1.00E-05
1
10
1.00E-05 2.00E-05
1
10
1.00E-05 1.00E-05
1
20

kg
0.889
0.620
1.427
0.796
1.240

2.25 (a) 200 crystals / min mm; 10 crystals / min mm 2

200 crystals 0.050 in 25.4 mm

10 crystals
0.050 2 in 2

min mm
in
min mm 2
238 crystals 1 min
= 238 crystals / min
= 4.0 crystals / s
60 s
min

(25.4) 2 mm 2
in 2

(b) r =

b g

(c) D mm =

b g

D in

FG
H

IJ
K

crystals 60 s
25.4 mm
crystals
= 25.4 D ; r
= r
= 60r
s
1 min
min
1 in

g b

60r = 200 25.4 D 10 25.4 D

2-6

b g

r = 84.7 D 108 D

2.26 (a) 70.5 lb m / ft 3 ; 8.27 10 -7 in 2 / lb f

8.27 107 in 2 9 106 N
14.696 lbf / in 2
(b) = (70.5 lb m / ft 3 )exp

lbf
m 2 1.01325 105 N/m 2

70.57 lb m 35.3145 ft 3 1 m3
1000 g
=
= 1.13 g/cm3
3
3
6
3
ft
m 10 cm 2.20462 lbm

(c)

F lb IJ = g
G
H ft K cm
F lb IJ = P' N
PG
H in K m
m
3

f
2

1 lb m

28,317 cm 3

453.593 g

1 ft 3

0.2248 lb f

12

m2

39.37 2 in 2

1N

= 62.43
= 145
. 10 4 P '

id

62.43 = 70.5 exp 8.27 10 7 1.45 10 4 P ' = 113

. exp 120
. 10 10 P '

P ' = 9.00 10 6 N / m 2 ' = 113

. exp[(1.20 10 10 )(9.00 10 6 )] = 113
. g / cm 3
cm
= 16.39V ' ; t bsg = 3600t b hr g
d i V ' din i 28,317
1728 in
16.39V ' = expb3600t g V ' = 0.06102 expb3600t g

2.27 (a) V cm 3 =

(b) The t in the exponent has a coefficient of s-1.

2.28 (a) 3.00 mol / L, 2.00 min -1
(b) t = 0 C = 3.00 exp[(-2.00)(0)] = 3.00 mol / L

t = 1 C = 3.00 exp[(-2.00)(1)] = 0.406 mol / L

0.406 3.00
For t=0.6 min:
(0.6 0) + 3.00 = 14
. mol / L
Cint =
1 0
Cexact = 3.00 exp[(-2.00)(0.6)] = 0.9 mol / L
For C=0.10 mol/L:

t int =
t exact

1 0
(010
. 3.00) + 0 = 112
. min
0.406 3
1
C
1 0.10
=ln
= - ln
= 1.70 min
2.00 3.00
2 3.00

(c)
3.5
C exact vs. t

3
C (mol/L)

2.5
2

(t=0.6, C=1.4)

1.5
1

(t=1.12, C=0.10)

0.5
0
0

t (min)

2-7

p* =

2.29 (a)

(b)

60 20
(185 166.2) + 20 = 42 mm Hg
199.8 166.2

MAIN PROGRAM FOR PROBLEM 2.29

IMPLICIT REAL*4(AH, 0Z)
DIMENSION TD(6), PD(6)
DO 1 I = 1, 6
READ (5, *) TD(I), PD(I)
1
CONTINUE
WRITE (5, 902)
902
FORMAT (0, 5X, TEMPERATURE VAPOR PRESSURE/6X,
*

(C)
(MM HG)/)
DO 2 I = 0, 115, 5
T = 100 + I
CALL VAP (T, P, TD, PD)
WRITE (6, 903) T, P
903
FORMAT (10X, F5.1, 10X, F5.1)
2
CONTINUE
END
SUBROUTINE VAP (T, P, TD, PD)
DIMENSION TD(6), PD(6)
I=1
1
IF (TD(I).LE.T.AND.T.LT.TD(I + 1)) GO TO 2
I=I+1
IF (I.EQ.6) STOP
GO TO 1
2
P = PD(I) + (T TD(I))/(TD(I + 1) TD(I)) * (PD(I + 1) PD(I))
RETURN
END
OUTPUT
DATA
98.5
1.0
TEMPERATURE
VAPOR PRESSURE
131.8
5.0
(C)
(MM HG)
100.0
1.2
#
#
215.5
100.0
105.0
1.8
#
#
215.0
98.7

2.30 (b) ln y = ln a + bx y = ae bx
b = (ln y 2 ln y1 ) / ( x 2 x1 ) = (ln 2 ln 1) / (1 2) = 0.693
ln a = ln y bx = ln 2 + 0.63(1) a = 4.00 y = 4.00e 0.693 x

(c) ln y = ln a + b ln x y = ax b
b = (ln y 2 ln y1 ) / (ln x 2 ln x1 ) = (ln 2 ln 1) / (ln 1 ln 2) = 1

ln a = ln y b ln x = ln 2 ( 1) ln(1) a = 2 y = 2 / x
(d) ln( xy ) = ln a + b( y / x) xy = aeby / x y = (a / x)eby / x [can't get y = f ( x)]
b = [ln( xy ) 2 ln( xy )1 ]/[( y / x) 2 ( y / x)1 ] = (ln 807.0 ln 40.2) /(2.0 1.0) = 3
ln a = ln( xy ) b( y / x) = ln 807.0 3ln(2.0) a = 2 xy = 2e3 y / x
[can't solve explicitly for y ( x)]

2-8

2.30 (contd)
(e) ln( y 2 / x ) = ln a + b ln( x 2) y 2 / x = a ( x 2) b y = [ax ( x 2) b ]1/ 2

b = [ln( y 2 / x ) 2 ln( y 2 / x ) 1 ] / [ln( x 2) 2 ln( x 2) 1 ]

. ) = 4.33
= (ln 807.0 ln 40.2) / (ln 2.0 ln 10
ln a = ln( y 2 / x ) b( x 2) = ln 807.0 4.33 ln(2.0) a = 40.2
y 2 / x = 40.2( x 2) 4.33 y = 6.34 x 1/ 2 ( x 2) 2.165
2.31 (b) Plot y 2 vs. x 3 on rectangular axes. Slope = m, Intcpt = n
(c)

1
1 a
1
= +
x Plot
vs.
ln( y 3) b b
ln( y 3)

x [rect. axes], slope =

a
1
, intercept =
b
b

(d)

1
1
= a ( x 3) 3 Plot
vs. ( x 3) 3 [rect. axes], slope = a , intercept = 0
2
2
( y + 1)
( y + 1)
OR
2 ln( y + 1) = ln a 3 ln( x 3)
Plot ln( y + 1) vs. ln( x 3) [rect.] or (y + 1) vs. (x - 3) [log]
3
ln a
slope = , intercept =
2
2
(e) ln y = a x + b

Plot ln y vs.

x [rect.] or y vs.

x [semilog ], slope = a, intercept = b

(f) log10 ( xy ) = a ( x 2 + y 2 ) + b
Plot log10 ( xy ) vs. ( x 2 + y 2 ) [rect.] slope = a, intercept = b

(g)

x
b
x
1
vs. x 2 [rect.], slope = a , intercept = b
= ax + = ax 2 + b Plot
y
x
y
y
OR

b
1
1
b
1
1
vs. 2 [rect.] , slope = b, intercept = a
= ax +
= a + 2 Plot
y
x
xy
xy
x
x

2-9

2.32 (a) A plot of y vs. R is a line through ( R = 5 , y = 0.011 ) and ( R = 80 , y = 0169

.
).

0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
y

0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0

20

40

60

80

100

y=aR+b

U|
V|
W

.
0.011
0169
= 2.11 10 3
80 5
y = 2.11 10 3 R + 4.50 10 4
3
4
b = 0.011 2.11 10 5 = 4.50 10

a=

ib g

ib g

(b) R = 43 y = 2.11 10 3 43 + 4.50 10 4 = 0.092 kg H 2 O kg

b1200 kg hgb0.092 kg H O kgg = 110 kg H O h

2

2.33 (a) ln T = ln a + b ln T = a b

b = (ln T2 ln T1 ) / (ln 2 ln 1 ) = (ln 120 ln 210) / (ln 40 ln 25) = 119

.
ln a = ln T b ln = ln 210 ( 119
. ) ln(25) a = 9677.6 T = 9677.6 1.19

(b) T = 9677.6 1.19 = 9677.6 / T

T = 85o C = 9677.6 / 85

0.8403

b
g
T = 290 C = b9677.6 / 290g
T = 175o C = 9677.6 / 175
o

0.8403

. L/s
= 535

0.8403

= 29.1 L / s

0.8403

= 19.0 L / s

(c) The estimate for T=175C is probably closest to the real value, because the value of
temperature is in the range of the data originally taken to fit the line. The value of T=290C
is probably the least likely to be correct, because it is farthest away from the date range.

2-10

ln ((CA-CAe)/(CA0-CAe))

2.34 (a) Yes, because when ln[(C A C Ae ) / (C A0 C Ae )] is plotted vs. t in rectangular coordinates,
the plot is a straight line.
0

50

100

150

200

0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
t (m in)

Slope = -0.0093 k = 9.3 10-3 min 1

(b) ln[(C A C Ae ) /(C A0 C Ae )] = kt C A = (C A0 C Ae )e kt + C Ae

C A = (0.1823 0.0495)e (9.310

C =m /V m =CV =

)(120)

+ 0.0495 = 9.300 10-2 g/L

9.300 10-2 g 30.5 gal 28.317 L

= 10.7 g
L
7.4805 gal

2.35 (a) ft 3 and h -2 , respectively

(b) ln(V) vs. t2 in rectangular coordinates, slope=2 and intercept= ln(353
. 10 2 ) ; or
V(logarithmic axis) vs. t2 in semilog coordinates, slope=2, intercept= 353
. 102
(c) V ( m3 ) = 100
. 10 3 exp(15
. 10 7 t 2 )
2.36 PV k = C P = C / V k ln P = ln C k lnV
8.5

lnP

8
7.5
7
6.5
6
2.5

lnP = -1.573(lnV ) + 12.736

3.5

lnV

k = slope = ( 1573
. ) = 1573
.
(dimensionless)
Intercept = ln C = 12.736 C = e12.736 = 3.40 105 mm Hg cm4.719
G GL
1
G G
G G
= ln K L + m ln C
=
0
= K L C m ln 0
m
G0 G K L C
G GL
G GL
ln (G 0 -G )/(G -G L )= 2 .4 8 3 5 ln C - 1 0 .0 4 5

3
ln(G 0-G)/(G-G L )

2.37 (a)

2
1
0
-1
3 .5

4 .5

ln C

2-11

5 .5

2.37 (contd)

m = slope = 2.483 (dimensionless)

Intercept = ln K L = 10.045 K L = 4.340 10 5 ppm-2.483

G 180
. 10 3
= 4.340 10 5 (475) 2.483 G = 1806
10 3
.
3.00 10 3 G
C=475 ppm is well beyond the range of the data.

(b) C = 475

2.38 (a) For runs 2, 3 and 4:

Z = aV b p c ln Z = ln a + b lnV + c ln p

ln( 35
. ) = ln a + b ln(102
. ) + c ln(9.1)

b = 0.68
c = 1.46

ln(2.58) = ln a + b ln(102
. ) + c ln(112
. )

a = 86.7 volts kPa 1.46 / (L / s) 0.678

ln(3.72) = ln a + b ln(175
. ) + c ln(112
. )

 . Slope=b, Intercept= ln a + c ln p
(b) When P is constant (runs 1 to 4), plot ln Z vs. lnV
2

lnZ

1.5
1
0.5
0
-1

-0.5

lnZ = 0.5199lnV + 1.0035

0.5

1.5

lnV

b = slope = 0.52

Intercept = lna + c ln P = 10035

.

When V is constant (runs 5 to 7), plot lnZ vs. lnP. Slope=c, Intercept= ln a + c lnV
2

lnZ

1.5
1
0.5
0
1.5

1.7

lnZ = -0.9972lnP + 3.4551

1.9

2.1

2.3

lnP

c = slope = 0.997 10
.
Intercept = lna + b lnV = 3.4551

Plot Z vs V b P c . Slope=a (no intercept)

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0.05

Z = 31.096VbPc

0.1

0.15

0.2

Vb Pc

a = slope = 311
. volt kPa / (L / s) .52

The results in part (b) are more reliable, because more data were used to obtain them.

2-12

2.39 (a)

sxy =
sxx =

a=
b=

x y

1
n

1
n

sx =

1
n

i i

= [(0.4)(0.3) + (2.1)(19
. ) + (31
. )( 3.2)] / 3 = 4.677

i =1
n

= (0.32 + 19
. 2 + 3.2 2 ) / 3 = 4.647

2
i

i =1
n

xi = (0.3 + 1.9 + 3.2) / 3 = 18

. ; sy =

i =1

sxy sx s y

b g

sxx sx

sxx s y sxy sx

b g

sxx sx

1
n

= (0.4 + 2.1 + 31
. ) / 3 = 1867
.

i =1

4.677 (18
. )(1.867)
= 0.936
4.647 (18
. )2
( 4.647)(1867
. ) (4.677)(18
. )
= 0.182
2
4.647 (18
. )

.
y = 0.936 x + 0182
(b) a =

sxy
sxx

4.677
= 1.0065 y = 1.0065x
4.647

y = 0.936x + 0.182

y = 1.0065x

1
0
0

2.40 (a) 1/C vs. t. Slope= b, intercept=a

a = Intercept = 0.082 L / g

3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

2
1.5
C

1/C

(b) b = slope = 0.477 L / g h;

1
0.5
0

1/C = 0.4771t + 0.0823

2
C-fitted

(c) C = 1 / (a + bt ) 1 / [0.082 + 0.477(0)] = 12.2 g / L

t = (1 / C a ) / b = (1 / 0.01 0.082) / 0.477 = 209.5 h

(d) t=0 and C=0.01 are out of the range of the experimental data.
(e) The concentration of the hazardous substance could be enough to cause damage to the
biotic resources in the river; the treatment requires an extremely large period of time; some
of the hazardous substances might remain in the tank instead of being converted; the
decomposition products might not be harmless.

2-13

2.41 (a) and (c)

10

1
0.1

10

100

(b) y = ax b ln y = ln a + b ln x; Slope = b, Intercept = ln a

ln y = 0.1684ln x + 1.1258
2

ln y

1.5
1
0.5

b = slope = 0.168

0
-1

2
ln x

Intercept = ln a = 11258
.
a = 3.08

2.42 (a) ln(1-Cp/CA0) vs. t in rectangular coordinates. Slope=-k, intercept=0

(b)

600

800

ln(1-Cp/Cao)

400

ln(1-Cp/Cao)

0
200
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
ln(1-Cp/Cao) = -0.0062t

100

400

500

Lab 1

600

400

600

-4

-6
ln(1-Cp/Cao) = -0.0111t

Lab 2

k = 0.0111 s-1

800

0
ln(1-Cp/Cao)

ln(1-Cp/Cao)

200

300

-2

k = 0.0062 s-1

200

-2
-4

200

400

600

800

0
-2
-4

-6
ln(1-Cp/Cao)= -0.0064t

-6
ln(1-Cp/Cao) = -0.0063t
t

Lab 3

k = 0.0063 s-1

Lab 4

k = 0.0064 s-1

(c) Disregarding the value of k that is very different from the other three, k is estimated with
the average of the calculated ks. k = 0.0063 s-1
(d) Errors in measurement of concentration, poor temperature control, errors in time
measurements, delays in taking the samples, impure reactants, impurities acting as
catalysts, inadequate mixing, poor sample handling, clerical errors in the reports, dirty
reactor.

2-14

2.43 yi = axi (a ) =

di2

i =1

a=

i =1

2.44

i =1

axi

=0=
da

2b y
n

i =1

axi xi

y x

i i

i =1

2
i

i =1

by
n

yi xi /

2
i

i =1

DIMENSION X(100), Y(100)

READ (5, 1) N
C
N = NUMBER OF DATA POINTS
1FORMAT (I10)
READ (5, 2) (X(J), Y(J), J = 1, N
2FORMAT (8F 10.2)
SX = 0.0
SY = 0.0
SXX = 0.0
SXY = 0.0
DO 100J = 1, N
SX = SX + X(J)
SY = SY + Y(J)
SXX = SXX + X(J) ** 2
100SXY = SXY + X(J) * Y(J)
AN = N
SX = SX/AN
SY = SY/AN
SXX = SXX/AN
SXY = SXY/AN
CALCULATE SLOPE AND INTERCEPT
A = (SXY - SX * SY)/(SXX - SX ** 2)
B = SY - A * SX
WRITE (6, 3)
3FORMAT (1H1, 20X 'PROBLEM 2-39'/)
WRITE (6, 4) A, B
4FORMAT (1H0, 'SLOPEb -- bAb =', F6.3, 3X 'INTERCEPTb -- b8b =', F7.3/)
C
CALCULATE FITTED VALUES OF Y, AND SUM OF SQUARES OF
RESIDUALS
SSQ = 0.0
DO 200J = 1, N
YC = A * X(J) + B
RES = Y(J) - YC
WRITE (6, 5) X(J), Y(J), YC, RES
5FORMAT (3X 'Xb =', F5.2, 5X /Yb =', F7.2, 5X 'Y(FITTED)b =', F7.2, 5X
* 'RESIDUALb =', F6.3)
200SSQ = SSQ + RES ** 2
WRITE (6, 6) SSQ
6FORMAT (IH0, 'SUM OF SQUARES OF RESIDUALSb =', E10.3)
STOP
END
$DATA
5
1.0 2.35
1.5
5.53
2.0
8.92
2.5
12.15
3.0 15.38
SOLUTION: a = 6.536, b = 4.206

2-15

=0

2.45 (a) E(cal/mol), D0 (cm2/s)

(b) ln D vs. 1/T, Slope=-E/R, intercept=ln D0.
(c) Intercept = ln D0 = -3.0151 D0 = 0.05 cm2 / s .

3.0E-03

2.9E-03

2.8E-03

2.7E-03

2.6E-03

2.5E-03

2.4E-03

2.3E-03

2.2E-03

2.1E-03

2.0E-03

Slope = E / R = -3666 K E = (3666 K)(1.987 cal / mol K) = 7284 cal / mol

-10.0
ln D

-11.0
-12.0
-13.0
-14.0

ln D = -3666(1/T) - 3.0151

1/T

(d) Spreadsheet
T
347
374.2
396.2
420.7
447.7
471.2

D
1.34E-06
2.50E-06
4.55E-06
8.52E-06
1.41E-05
2.00E-05

1/T
2.88E-03
2.67E-03
2.52E-03
2.38E-03
2.23E-03
2.12E-03
Sx
Sy
Syx
Sxx
-E/R
ln D0

lnD (1/T)*(lnD)
-13.5
-0.03897
-12.9
-0.03447
-12.3
-0.03105
-11.7
-0.02775
-11.2
-0.02495
-10.8
-0.02296
2.47E-03
-12.1
-3.00E-02
6.16E-06
-3666
-3.0151

D0

7284

0.05

2-16

(1/T)**2
8.31E-06
7.14E-06
6.37E-06
5.65E-06
4.99E-06
4.50E-06