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P Udhay Prakash & Dr. D Sreenivasa Rao JNTU Hyderabad uday3prakash@gmail.com, dsraoece@gmail.com
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Existing work Single hop vs. multiple hop SCN vs. MCN IEEE 802.16j Networks
Performance Analyses
Success rate Route sustaining time Connection sustaining time Connection duration-outage probability Maximum gain(gmax) Throughput gain
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Introduction
Current deployments suffer from
Limited Spectrum Low SINR at Cell edge Coverage hole due to shadowing
Introduction
Solution: Mobile Multi-hop relaying (MMR) based access network.
Improved data throughput and coverage area with relaying in networks. cellular
Existing work
Mobile radio channel Vary from LoS path to complex path, severely obstructed by buildings, mountains, and foliage. For multi-hop wireless network, a fundamental question is
to route over many shorter hops (short-hop routing) or over a smaller number of longer hops (long-hop routing).
In [4], it is shown that relaying is always not beneficial and the reasons why short hop routing is not as beneficial as it seems to be.
In [6], the analysis reveals that multi-hop transmission performs very well in the power-limited regime but can become inefficient in the bandwidth-limited regime without interference cancellation.
In [10], the optimal number of hops for a specified end-to-end spectral efficiency (throughput) was analysed for evenly spaced linear networks.
In [7, 8], the relative advantages of one hop versus two hop routing were compared, where a deployed relay could provide an improvement in spectral efficiency.
This presentation focuses on the mobile relays , which was less studied the above literature.
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Increased coverage
Capacity enhancement
Extending the coverage range of a BS using multi-hop techniques Addressing coverage hole problems (e.g., shadows of buildings). Use of multiple links with greater efficiency, as opposed to single-hop links over poor-quality channels. Multi-hop communications, which can support spatial reuse [9].
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Hop: The step from one router to the next, on the path of a packet on any communications network. SCN: Single-hop Cellular Network MCN:Multihop cellular network
Infrastructure-based cellular networks with adhoc networking concept SCN++ Fixed Base Stations + Adhoc networking Enhanced coverage, improved capacity and flexibility. Mobile relays are not (yet) of practical interest except in some specific applications such as professional radios for emergency response, police and security organizations. Provides cellular systems with opportunity of peer-to-peer (mobile to mobile) communication as well as communication relayed through other fixed and/or mobile terminals.
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MCN
Cell radius is half the distance between two neighbouring BSs. BSs need not always be reachable by MSs in a single hop. sub cell in MCN -- area reachable in a single wireless hop by a BS or a MS BS and MSs are not always reciprocally accessible in a single hop. transmission range of BS and MSs can be reduced than that in SCNs. accessible area by a BS or a MS is the area of a sub-cell. MSs can directly communicate with each other provided that they are mutually reachable and belonging to the same cell.
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MMR
MMR-Mobile multihop relaying
Concept of relaying user data and possibly control information between an MMR-BS
and MS through one or more relay stations (RS). Mobilebecause both RS & MS are mobile. Relaying
To enhance coverage, range, and throughput and possibly capacity of an MMR-BS To enable very low power devices to participate in the network.
Multipath routing between the MMR-BS and an MS to communicate user data and/or control/management information, to improve communications reliability.
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Relay selection
Relay Selection effects hop delay and the complexity involved. Assumed variables are
dij(t)distance between mobile i and mobile j at time t. Index 0 denotes the BS.
di0(t) & dj0(t)distances between mobile i and BS, & mobile j and BS respectively at time instant t. r transmission range for any mobile. Clearly, d00(t)=0 for all t.
M= { 1,2,..N }set of mobiles and N= { 0,1,2,, N}set of nodes including the BS (i=0).
R(t)Nset of relay nodes at time slot t. A(t) Mset of active nodes. i.e, the nodes that are not acting as relays.
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Relay selection
Node i A(t) selects relay ki as Ki = argminjFi(t){dij + (1- )dj0} for all i A(t) where 0 1 is a weighting parameter Fi(t)set of feasible relays for mobile i. Fi(t) ={ j/j R(t); dij< r; dj0 di0}
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Performance Analyses
Simulations were performed in MATLAB 7.12. End user is fixed at coordinates (l,0) and Mobile relay is at coordinates (r,) Since BS coverage has been normalized,
- Simulation consideration
M/M/ queuing model is used to capture relay mobility L distance between BS and end user rdistance between BS and mobile relay - angle between BS and mobile relay with end user 1and 2SNRs of BS and mobile relay respectively path loss exponent Naverage no. of usable relays in cell coverage area N=, with relay density
l >1 corresponds to out-of-coverage users, l 1 implies the end user is within the coverage area.
Assuming N = 20 to represent a low density cell N = 100 to represent a high density cell for numerical evaluation.
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Performance Analyses
Simulation Environment with respective Nodes coordinate positions. 20 nodes (node may be MS, BS or a relay) forming a network, with every nodes connected to its nearby nodes, is created. The relay movement is randomized in distance and direction.
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Success rate
For r = 10, = 35, and SNR of BS and
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Success rate
Impact of SNRs 1 and 2 on two-hop routing success probability is depicted here for an end user 10% away from the BS coverage area l = 1.1 and considering 1= 2 dB, 3 dB, 4 dB and 5 dB. For two hop relaying to be useful, the relay SNR at unit distance 2 should be closer to that of the BS, 1, as 1 increases. Even with 1= 2, higher SNRs reduce probability of feasible relays. Two-hop relaying is less favourable in high SNR regions for line networks.
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due to possibility of new relays entering the feasible region as current feasible relays leave. So, allowing mobile relay hand-off is an effective method to extend connection time.
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Maximum gain(gmax)
For = 4 with 1= 3 dB, 2= 1 dB, 2 dB and 3 dB and for = 3 with 1= 3 dB, 2= 1 dB, 2 dB and 3 dB. Gmax can be determined by searching for the optimum relay position. Graph depicts how Gmax varies with user distance l. Assumin has a big impact on Gmax. Gmax increases with increasing l, as end users close to BS already enjoy a high throughput. So, multi-hop is less favourable in the high spectral efficiency regime.
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Throughput gain
For = 3 , and end user is located at cell boundary. With the upper bound Gmax,
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Throughput gain
For = 4, and end user is located at
cell boundary.
With increasing relay density, probability that relaying achieves a
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Conclusions
Concluding where single hop is better and where multihop is better. For the two-hop links, success rate is inversely proportional to the coverage distance. two hop networks are unfavourable in high SNR regions for line networks. Average route sustaining time is much longer than the average burst duration. Connection sustaining time is directly proportional to the relay density and inversely proportional to the relay speed. With increasing relay density, the achievable throughput reaches the maximum gain level. For an out of-coverage end-user, mobile relays offer substantial coverage extension benefits.
With randomly placed moderate number of mobile relays, significant average throughput gains
can be obtained for end users near cell boundaries.
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Future Scope
Above presented work can be extended for different SNR values. Power consumption and security aspects of relay supported cellular networks can be analysed. Alternative techniques for delay reduction such as decreasing packet size can be analysed.
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References
1) Y. D. Lin and Y. C. Hsu, Multi-hop cellular: A new architecture for wireless communication, in IEEE INFOCOM '2000, 2000, pp. 12731282.
2)
3)
4)
M.
Haenggi and D.
Commun. Mag., vol. 43, pp. 93-101, Oct. 2005. 5) A. Florea and H. Yanikomeroglu, On the Optimal number of hops in infrastructure-based fixed
relay networks, in Proc. IEEE Globecom, St. Louis, MO, Nov. 2005.
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References
6) M. Sikora, J.N. Laneman, M. Haenggi, D.J. Costello Jr., and T. E. Fuja, Bandwidth and Power efficient routing in linear wireless networks, IEEE Transactions on Inf. Theory, Vol.52, pp. 26242633, June 2006. 7) S. V. Maiya, Spectral efficiency and its relation torouting strategies in simple communication networks, Master's thesis, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, 2007.
8)
S.V. Maiya and T.E. Fuja, One hop vs two hop routing in simple networks with fading: an outage
probability analysis addressing spectral efficiency, in Proc. Wireless Communication Networks Conference (WCNC 2008), Las Vegas, Mar. 2008.
9)
Vaskengenc, Seanmurphy, Yangju and Johnmurphy, IEEE 802.16j Relay-based Wireless Access Networks: An Overview, IEEE Wireless Communications, October 2008.
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