Trigonometric Functions

Definitions
When an angle is placed so that its vertex is at the origin, its initial side is along the positive x-axis, and its terminal side is anywhere on the coordinate system, it is said to be in standard position. abscissa = x-coordinate ordinate = y-coordinate tan = sin cot = cos cos sin Angle is the acute angle formed by the x-axis and the terminal side. Angle is the acute angle formed by the y-axis and the terminal side. o Any function of = the cofunction of , and vice-versa o and are complementary angles (their sum is 90) Sine and cosine, tangent and cotangent, and secant and cosecant are cofunctions Cofunctions of complementary angles are equal

Arcs and Angles

Relationship between degrees and radians: radians = 180 Convert degrees to radians: n ( / 180) Convert radians to degrees: n radians (180 / ) Circle Formulas o Length of an arc: s = r o Area of a sector: A = rs = r2

Special Angles
Any angle that is a multiple of /2 (or 90) is known as a quadrantal angle or 30 6 1 2 3 2 or 45 4 2 2 2 2 or 60 3 3 2 1 2 or 90 2

sine

cosine

Graphs
All of the six trigonometric function are periodic functions because they repeat themselves at regular intervals o Sine, cosine, secant, and cosecant have periods of 2 o Tangent and cotangent have periods of o f (x) = f (x + p), where p is the period of the function General Form of a Trigonometric Function: y = A f (Bx + C) o | A | = the amplitude of the graph o normal period of f = the period of the graph B o C = the phase shift (the distance to the left or right the graph is moved) B frequency = 1 period

Trigonometric Identities
Pythagorean Identities: 1. sin2 + cos2 = 1 2. 1 + tan2 = sec2 3. 1 + cot2 = csc2 Sum and Difference Formulas: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. sin(A + B) = (sin A)(cos B) + (cos A)(sin B) sin(A B) = (sin A)(cos B) (cos A)(sin B) cos(A + B) = (cos A)(cos B) (sin A)(sin B) cos(A B) = (cos A)(cos B) + (sin A)(sin B) tan(A + B) = tan A + tan B 1 (tan A)(tan B) 6. tan(A B) = tan A tan B 1 + (tan A)(tan B) Double Angle Formulas: 1. sin 2A = 2(sin A)(cos A) 2. cos 2A = cos2 A sin2 A 3. = 2 cos2 A 1 4. = 1 2 sin2 A 5. tan 2A = 2 tan A 1 tan2 A

y = f (nx), where n is an arbitrary constant and f is a trigonometric function o Make sure enough coterminal angles are chosen to determine all values of x o n 1 angles coterminal to the principal value are necessary

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

If the graph of any trigonometric function f (x) is reflected about the line y = x, the graph of the inverse of that trigonometric function, f -1(x), results Sin-1 = Arcsin Cos-1 = Arccos Tan-1 = Arctan -1 -1 Csc = Arccsc Sec = Arcsec Cot-1 = Arccot To obtain a function, the range of the inverse relation must be severely limited Each inverse trigonometric function represents an angle

Triangles
Law of Sines: sin A = sin B = sin C a b c 2 2 2 Law of Cosines: c = a + b 2ab cos C Area of a Triangle: A = ab sin C

Forming Triangles If the length of two sides of a triangle and the angle opposite one of those sides are given, it is possible that two triangles, one triangle, or no triangle can be constructed with the data. This is called the ambiguous case. o Case 1 (angle A > 90) If a b, no triangle can be formed If a > b, one triangle can be formed

o Case 2 (angle A < 90) If a < b sin A, no triangle can be formed If a = b sin A, one triangle can be formed If a > b, one triangle can be formed If b sin A < a < b, two triangles can be formed

All Students Take Calculus Sine, cosine, and tangent are positive in quadrant I Sine is positive in quadrant II Tangent is positive in quadrant III Cosine is positive in quadrant IV csc = 1/ (sin ) SOHCAHTOA sin = opposite hypotenuse cos = adjacent hypotenuse tan = opposite adjacent sec = 1/ (cos )

S T

A C

cot = 1/ (tan )