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Deoxyribonucleic Acid
deoxy: no oxygen
ribo: sugar
nucleic: nucleotides
Nitrogenous Bases
A=T C≡G
DNA Replication
DNA RNA
No oxygen Has oxygen
Long Short
Double stranded Single stranded
Uses thymine for nitrogenous base Replaces thymine with uracil
Protein Structure
Types
1. mRNA
o messenger RNA
o single stranded copy of a segment of DNA
2. rRNA
o ribosomal RNA
o protein synthesis
3. tRNA
o transfer RNA
o transfers amino acids to ribosomes to make proteins
Protein Synthesis
RNA polymerase
1. binds to DNA molecule
2. causes separation of the complementary strands of DNA
3. directs the formation of hydrogen bonds between the bases of a DNA strand &
complementary bases of RNA nucleotides (that are floating in the nucleus)
4. moves along the section of DNA, establishing the sugar-to-phosphate bonds between the
RNA nucleotides (similar to DNA replication)
5. when it reaches the sequence of bases on the DNA that act as a termination signal, the
enzyme triggers the release of the newly made RNA
Translation
1. Initiation
o mRNA floats towards the rRNA and binds together
o tRNA finds start codon (AUG; Methionine) and brings the first amino acid
o tRNA has anticodons, which are the complimentary base pairs to mRNA codons
o each tRNA can carry or transfer one specific amino acid
2. Elongation
o Second tRNA binds next to the first
o Peptide bonds form between the amino acids
o First tRNA leaves
3. Elongation Continued
o rRNA moves down the mRNA
o more tRNA’s bind on transferring more amino acids
4. Termination
o rRNA reaches stop codon
o no amino acid for stop codon
5. Disassembly
o mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, polypeptides float away
o polypeptide heads for Golgi
o multiple rRNA’s can be on one mRNA at the same time to increase the
production of proteins