CHAPTER 5.0: CONDITION SURVEY & ANALYSIS The surveying process is being done accordingly, stage by stage.

The surveying process is being done accordingly, stage by stage. Firstly, images of defect

on the regarded elements were captured as this helps in giving a better view to analyses. Secondly,

5.1 Methodology defect spots were jotted down on the floor plan, as it shows the exact location of each defect.

Samples of defect on certain elements were taken to ensure the main causes of each defect

There were several methods being used in order to obtain an accurate data of defect occurred. At the final stage, the obtained data’s were transferred on measured drawings, elevations

analysis. Usage of equipments is needed during the surveying process, as it helps in obtaining and floor plan, and an analysis of defect report is produced for the usage of clients and future

data. purposes. The main purpose in producing an analysis of defect faultiness is to check whether the

regarded building is safe for future usage or it needs a refurbishment in terms of maintenance,

SURVEYING WORK STARTS extensions or restoration so that the length period of the building last long.

SKETCHES OF ELEVATION &

FLOOR PLAN

IMAGES OF DEFECT IS
CAPTURED

LOCATES THE DEFECT ON

FLOOR PLAN

SAMPLE OF DEFECT WAS

TAKEN
Figure 19: Measurement work Figure 20: Moisture meter
Source: Field Study Source: Field Study
ELABORATION OF DEFECT
DATAS

Equipments used for defect analysis:

ANALYSIS OF DEFECT
a. Moisture Meter

b. Laser Distance
PRODUCTION OF FULL REPORT
c. Measuring Tape (30 m, 50m)

Figure 18: Flow Chart of the Defect Analysis Process d. Binocular

e. Vernier Caliper

32
 REF NO: AT/TMBR/001/J3-1

BUILDING CONDITION SURVEY FOR DEFECTS OF INSTITUTE TECHNOLOGY OF

BANDUNG
PROJECT: Building Measurement and DATE: 22nd ELEMENT: Decorative
Analysis May 2008 landscape
AUDITED BY: Group 3, Department of TIME: Building component:
Building Surveyor, Universiti Malaya, 1300 External
Kuala Lumpur. WEATHER:
Sunny
Visual Information: Types of Defect: (Cause)
-Category 3
-Decay
Cause(s) of defect:
Durability of material: Insects and fungi on materials
Figure 21: Vernier caliper timber based easily attacked by insects.
Building design: Rain causes humidity, rot, and leakage
Source: Field Study Building element specification
Material: timber
Colour: Dark brown/black(originally)
Height: 2.84 m (measured from floor)
Each equipment tools being used has their own function. E.g; Moisture Meter is being used Description of defect
Timber was found in the state of decaying. It has become
to check the humidity reading on a specific elements. This will determine whether the humidity rotten; as shown white elements which are the fungi and
bacteria had appear on the surface of the timber. It has
become dirt. As the timber is exposed towards sun and
causes the defect failures to occur. Meanwhile, a Vernier Caliper is used to measure the size of rain, these become an influence for the fungi to grow.

crack and depth of crack failures in the specified elements.

5.2 Coding Systems

For professional view and purposes, each defect that is being detected is on each element

were labeled with a standard coding system. This is for reference usage in the defect checklist, as it

is also noted down on the floor plan accordingly on the grid lineage.

Example of a defect checklist is being attached below for a clear view; AT is the abbreviation of the

building, which is Aula Timur, whereas TMBR stands for the element involved which is timber,

numerical 001 shows the defect number accordingly, and lastly J3-1 shows the grid line which can

be referred on the floor plan.

33
 5.3 Condition Survey Checklist

5.3.1 EXAMPLE OF DEFECT CHECKLIST.

REF NO: ___________________

BUILDING CONDITION SURVEY FOR DEFECTS OF INSTITUTE TECHNOLOGY OF BANDUNG
PROJECT: Building Measurement and Analysis DATE: ELEMENT:
AUDITED BY: Group 3, Department of Building Surveyor, Universiti Malaya, Kuala TIME: Building component:
Lumpur. WEATHER:
Visual Information: Types of Defect: (Cause)

Referring to the
inspection form, the main
cause
Captured images of defect Cause(s) of defect:
failures
There may be several factors
that contribute to the defect

Building element specification

The element involved is described in
terms of colour, thickness, type of
material and etc.

Description of defect
Defect failure is described in detail. If a
equipment is used during surveying work,
the reading is noted down.

The person involved in the surveying

work, who inspects the defect failure.

INSPECTED BY:

34
 -Erosion on materials that can’t stand heavy loads, frictions and -Blister
5.3.2 EXAMPLE OF INSPECTION FORM repeatedly usage.

INSPECTION FORM -Corrosion

-Crack
-Corrosion happens as the materials are being exposed to sun, -Can’t be close
rain without no anti-corrosion coating. -Can’t be lock
(1). DEFECT CATEGORIES: PLEASE MARK ONLY -Disengagement of materials happen as it is easily broken, -Can’t be open
fragile to debris. This is because of exposure to sun. -Collapse
-CATEGORY 1 (1>25%): still in good condition, can be -Others. -Curve
observe, replace & repair (__) -Damp
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION -Decay
-CATEGORY 2 (26>50%): averagely, need to be observed & -It doesn’t have quality observation during construction -Dirt
replace/repair as scheduled (__) -Quality of material is not being proper observed, from the -Disengage
aspect of how it is being used or installed. -Electrocuted
-CATEGORY 3 (51-75%): serious, need to be replaced a.s.a.p -Weak quality of inspection. Lack competency of inspection. -Erosion
(__) -Lack preparation of protection towards sun exposure and rain -Fade
during construction works. -Friction
-CATEGORY 4(76-100%): critically, must be replaced (__) -Unstable of site preparation problem happens as the soil is -Fiber
now well compacted. -Hole
(2). CAUSES OF DEFECT(S) -Others. -Hollow
-Impact of the surrounding developments is something that -Leak
BUILDING DESIGN can’t be avoid. It can gives impact towards surrounds building. -Lost
-Exposure to sunlight causes the building façade to crack, fade. -Mold
-Changes of temperature cause crack and building materials USAGE AND OUTER PRESSURE -Not functioning
contract. -Misused of existing facilities by the parties for private usage. -Poor Installation
-Rain causes humidity, rot, and leakage. -Vandalism towards material, building components and -Relocation of building
-Wind and dust causes dirty stain, erosion that can spoil certain elements by irresponsible parties. -Rough surface
components. -Chemical agents being used to clean up the building as it can -Rust
-Humidity can affect the stability of the building structure, can erode the surface of the building. -Sagging
cause the growth of algae, fungi and plant growth on buildings. -Others. -Settlement
-Increase of water level causes dampness on building walls, -Split
weakens the strength of a building as corrosion occurs, and OTHERS -Spotty surface
spoils the paint of a building. -Animals -Stagnant
-others -Plant growth -Torn
-Late repair -Unstable
DURABILITY OF MATERIALS -Changes in structural element -Unsuitable Installation
-Short term of usage and easily spoil as the strength of material -Others -Untidy
is low and sensitive towards outer environment. -Vandalism
-Insects and fungi on materials timber based easily attacked by (3).TYPE OF DEFECT -Vibration
insects. -Weather
-Absorption of water. -Abraded
-Bend

35
 5.4 Building Survey and Analysis Major defect shows that the defect that can cause serious damage in a short time length if it

is not being treated. From the analysis being made, it is shown that the major defect in Aula Timur

As the measurement data’s had been obtained, a surveying process on defect analysis was is crack. This type of defect can be found in the internal and external component of the building.

done. Crack can be found on the drainage area which is hazardous for the people who walks on it.

First of all, types of defect were being categorized into four different categories; Without realizing, it can cause fatal accidents and can lead to injury. Besides that, crack weakens

the building structure. The management people of the building should take precaution steps before
• Category 1 (one) - defect that is being categorized in this category is said that it is slightly
it collapse.
faulty in certain parts, and it does not need any repair.

• Category 2 (two) - defect is in an averagely state, needs to be observe, replace and repair
On top of that, there were several elements being detected involved with the defect faulty.
if possible.
As shown in the pie chart below, elements can be found such as ceiling, window, drain, column,
• Category 3 (three) - defects are in serious state, needs to be repair as soon as possible
floor and others. Others consist of skirting of columns, doors and etc. Drain and window carried out
• Category 4 (four) - defect in critical state, and must be replace and repair for future
the highest percentage of defect occurred. This is due to the external factor that influenced by outer
purposes.
climate.

From the surveying results, it showed that 44% of the total defect found, is categorized in 11%
category 3 (three), this shows an immediate maintenance work is needed so it would not affect the

structural elements in the worst part. 33%

OTHER CEILING
17%
17%
CATEGORY2 WINDOW DRAIN

39% CATEGORY3
11% COLUMN FLOOR
CATEGORY4
11%

17%

44% Figure 23: Elements of defect

Source: Field Study

Figure 22: Chart of Categories of Defect

Source: Field Study

 There are several types of defect that can be found in Aula Timur. As each defect has it own 5.4.1 List of Defect

causes, what causes the defect occurred. As listed in the chart below, there five main types of
REFERENCE NUMBER TYPE OF DEFECT
defect which is by consideration of decaying, poor installation, hole, crack, and broken. Meanwhile

other consist of several small types of defect. As described previously, crack which is the major type 1 AT/TMBR/001/J3-1 Decay

of defect holds the highest number of defect occurred on the elements. Followed by decays on the 2 AT/CEIL/002/J-1A Sagging

timber elements and broken on several types of elements. 3 AT/GUT/003/J1-1 Corrosion

4 AT/WNDW/004/G1-2 Vandalism

5 AT/DRN/005/E-1 Crack
Each element is analysed in a detail way, by examining the material that made up the

element, the colour of the element involved, the thickness and size of the element, and etc, as this 6 AT/COL/006/D2-1 Crack

conclude the building element specification. These specifications helped in deciding what causes 7 AT/FLR/007/B3-3 Hole

defect failures on each element. Each defet failures may be caused by several factors, as it 8 AT/DRN/008/E2-1 Crack

become a contribution to the defect itself. 9 AT/TMBR/009/E-2 Decay

10 AT/WNDW/010/B-4C Decay

11 AT/DOOR/011/K2-6C Crack

12 AT/WNDW/012/J-9 Split

13 AT/WLL/013/I1-9 Broken

14 AT/CEIL/014/F1-7 Poor Installation

15 AT/SKT/015/F1-2 Broken

16 AT/LMP/01/J-2 Poor Installation

17 AT/FLR/018/K-3A Hole

18 AT/SKT/019/K-4B Broken

Figure 24: Types of Elements Pie Chart

Source: Field Study

5.4.2 Crack

It is found the major defect which is crack occurred on external compounds. Crack is said to

be the major defect because it can cause severe damage to the structural compounds. Cracks in

column, either vertical or diagonal, are common symptoms of structural instability.

 ELEMENT REFERENCE CAUSES OF VISUAL INFORMATION Where the routines of building inspections and maintenance have been neglected, the rainwater
NUMBER DEFECT(S)
1 DRAIN AT/DRN/005/E-1 goods can be easily exposed to all sorts of defects.
Selection of site and
location: Impact of
the surrounding
developments is
something that can’t
be avoid. It can gives ELEMENTS REFERENCE CAUSES OF DEFECT(S) VISUAL
impact towards NUMBER INFORMATION
surrounds building
Durability of
materials: Absorption
1 GUTTER AT/GUT/003/J1-1 Durability of Materials:
of water
Corrosion happens as the
2 COLUMN AT/COL/006/D2-1 Building design:
materials are being
Changes of
exposed to sun, rain without
temperature cause
no anti-corrosion coating
crack and building
Building Design: Increase
materials contract
of water level causes
Selection of site and
dampness on building
location Vibration
walls, weakens the strength
causes crack on any
of a building as corrosion
part of the buildings
occurs, and spoils the paint
Building
of a building.
3 DRAIN AT/DRN/008/E2-1 construction: Lack
preparation of
protection towards
sun exposure and rain
during construction
works.
Building Design:
Humidity can affect
the stability of the
building structure; can
cause the growth of
algae, fungi and plant
growth on buildings.

5.4.3 Corrosion

Corrosion can be found on the external component. It occurred on gutter. This is due to the

exposure of outside climate which is rain and sun. Common problems associated with the defective
5.4.4 Decay
rainwater goods is corroded or broken galvanized iron down pipes; or leaking rainwater heads.

There are a few possible causes to the defective of rainwater goods. Lack of proper fixings of the
Timbers are widely used in many historic buildings and that applies to Aula Timur.Some of
wall, particularly by means of projecting lead ears or lugs can cause instability to the down pipes.
the timbers are badly abused with serious damages on the surface and deteriorated; leading to
further structural problems and unsafety of occupants. The main causes to the deterioration are Short term of
usage and
insect and termite attacks. easily spoil
as the
strength of
material is
ELEMENTS REFERENCE CAUSES VISUAL INFORMATION low and
NUMBER OF sensitive
DEFECT(S) towards
outer
1 DECORATIVE AT/TMBR/001/J3- Durability environment
LANDSCAPE 1 of material:
Insects and
fungi on
materials
timber
based easily
attacked by
insects.
Building
design:
Rain causes
humidity,
rot, and
leakage

2 DECORATIVE AT/TMBR/009/E-2 Durability

LANDSCAPE of
materials:
Insects and 5.5 Summary of Findings
fungi on
materials
timber based
easily Overall from the surveying process of analyzing the defects in Aula Timur, it is found that
attacked by
insects Aula Timur is in a severe condition. It needs a proper maintenance on regular check, as this will

3 TIMBER AT/WNDW/010/B- Building holds the length of the building age. Other than that the historical usage is being persevered.
WINDOW 4C Design:
FRAME Humidity
can affect
the stability Defect on earlier stages which is being categorized in category 2 (two) and 3 (three), must
of the
building be observe and replace if needed. This is to prevent severe damage occurrence. Meanwhile,
structure,
can cause defects that had been categorized in category 4 (four) should be taken serious action as it can be
the growth
of algae, hazardous to people who may not know about it.
fungi and
plant growth
on buildings.

Durability
of
materials:
 A proper scheduled maintenance should be done and manage by a professional team in

repairing the building for restoration. It may be cost in terms of finance as can be seen that Aula

Timur had not have its proper maintenance for several years.

Extra attention is needed for severe defect such as crack. It is found that crack is one of the

major defects in Aula Timur and can cause structural damages and be hazardous towards people.

Each defect has their own main cause, what causes them to occur. This may due to the

factor of climate changes, the rain and sun causes corrosion as it is being exposed externally.

Other than that, durability of materials is another concern that causes defect failures on elements

such as timber. This causes the timber to decay when there are growth of mould on it. This defect

is also caused by humidity. With the existence of humid air around the timber, it provokes the

growth of mould. Meanwhile for defect of poor installation is caused by lack of responsibility by the

management team of Aula Timur. Each defect failures need to be observed and report quickly as

earlier precaution steps.

With the findings of overall defect failures in Aula Timur, it is advised precaution steps need

to be taken by responsible parties. As defect failures can cause severe damages, this will lead in

giving bad reputation of the building image as the building holds a historical record for ages.