Written Report In Psychiatric Nursing

Submitted to:
Professor Razel Julia Uba RN, RM

Submitted by:
BSN 3 - 3 Erika Aguila Marco Baltazar Raven Bautista Bea Marie Eclevia Adam Pineda Art Christian Ramos Ron Reyes

Hildegard Peplau Introduced the Interpersonal Model. She defined nursing as an interpersonal process of therapeutic interactions between individual who is sick or in need of health services and a nurse especially educated to recognize and respond to the need for help. She indentified four phases of the nurse client relationship namely: 1. Orientation: the nurse and the client initially do not know each others goals and testing the role each will assume. The client attempts to identify difficulties and the amount of nursing help that is needed. 2. Identification: the client responds to the professionas or the significant others who can meet the indentified needs. Both the client and the nurse plan together an appropriate program to foster health. 3. Exploitation: the client utilizes all available resources to move toward goal of maximum health or functionality. 4. Resolution: refers to the termination phase of the nurse- client relationship. It occurs when the clients needs are met and he/she can move toward a new goal.

Peplau's Developmental Stages of the Nurse-Client Relationship === Orientation Phase

Get acquainted phase of the nurse-patient relationship. Preconceptions are worked through Parameters are established and met Early levels of trust are developed Roles begin to be understood

Identification Phase

The client begins to identify problems to be worked on within relationship The goal of the nurse: help the patient to recognize his/her own interdependent/participation role and promote responsibility for self

Exploitation Phase

Clients trust of nurse reached full potential Client making full use of nursing services Solving immediate problems Identifying and orienting self to [discharge] goals

Resolution Phase

Client met needs Mutual termination of relationship Sense of security is formed

Patient is less reliant on nurse Increased self reliance to deal with own problems.

Peplau's Seven Nursing Roles Peplau's Seven Nursing Roles illustrate the dynamic character roles typical to clinical nursing. 1. Stranger role: Receives the client the same way one meets a stranger in other life situations; provides an accepting climate that builds trust. 2. Resource role: Answers questions, interprets clinical treatment data, gives information. 3. Teaching role: Gives instructions and provides training; involves analysis and synthesis of the learner's experience. 4. Counseling role: Helps client understand and integrate the meaning of current life circumstances; provides guidance and encouragement to make changes. 5. Surrogate role: Helps client clarify domains of dependence, interdependence, and independence and acts on clients behalf as advocate. 6. Active leadership: Helps client assume maximum responsibility for meeting treatment goals in a mutually satisfying way. 7. Technical expert role: Provides physical care by displaying clinical skills; Operates equipment

Hildegard Peplau was responsible in part for the emergence of theory-based psychiatric nursing practice. She believed that the nurse serves as therapist, counsellor, socializing agent, manager, technical nurse, mother surrogate, and teacher. Her Interpersonal theory incorporates communication and relationship concepts from Harry Stacks Sullivans Interpersonal theory. Her theory focuses primarily on the nurse-client relationship in which problem-solving skills are developed. Four phases occur during this interactive process: orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution. Analysis of this theory reveals that it is effective in long-term care, home health, and psychiatric settings where time allows for the development of a nurse-client relationship and, hopefully; a resolution to promote health. However, the theorys effectiveness is limited in short-term, acute care nursing settings, where hospitalizations last for only a few hours or a few days. It is also ineffective when the client is considered to be a group of individuals, a family, or a community.

Orems Theory Like Peplau, Dorothea E. Orem has been a pioneer in developing nursing theory. The origins of her theory are not readily recognisable. It appears that the development of her theory was based primarily on her own observations, particularly the self-care behavioural capacities of clients and required nursing care behaviour, Orems theory is considered an inductive theory and is classified as a behavioural nursing theory. Orems theory is based on the premise that people need a composite of self-care actions to survive. Self-care actions consist of all behaviours performed by people to maintain life, health and well-being. The capacity of the client and the clients family to perform self -care is called Self-Care Agency. Orem state that a need for nursing care exists if the clients self -care demands exceeds the clients self-care agency. Thus the goal of nursing is to meet the clients self-care demands until the client or the clients family is capable of doing so. Orems theory describes three types of self-care: 1. Universal self-care behaviours, required to meet physiologic and psychosocial needs. 2. Developmental self-care behaviours, required to undergo human development. 3. Health deviation self-care behaviours, required to meet client needs during health deviations. The classification of self-care behaviours, in this manner helps ensure complete assessment of the clients self-care agency. Although Orems theory does not specifically incorporate the standard nursing process, three components of the nursing process are easily discernible; assessment, planning and implementation. Assessment focuses on the clients selfcare demand, self-care agency and self-care deficits. Orems theory does not specifically address nursing diagnosis derived from the analysis of the assessment information. However,, a plant is formulated from the information obtained in the assessment, which indicates the nursing approach needed to meet the clients needs and can be categorized as follows. 1. Wholly compensatory, in which the client does not participate behaviourally in self-care. 2. Partially compensatory, in which the client and the nurse participate behaviourally in meeting the clients self-care needs. 3. Educative development, in which the clients meets self-care needs with minimal nursing assistance. To implement the required nursing approach, the nurse uses one of five behaviours acting or doing for the client, guiding supporting, providing and teaching.

The nurse does not evaluate the effects or results of these behaviours but rather evaluates the effects whether the client still requires nursing care. According to Orem, the need for nursing intervention ceases when either the client or the clients family is able to meet the clients self-care demands.

Dorothea Orem (1995) proposed a general Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing, composed of three interrelated concepts- self-care, self-care deficit and nursing system- that are themselves based on six central and one peripheral concept. The central concepts are selfcare, self-care agency, therapeutic self-care demand, self-care deficits, nursing agency, and nursing system. The peripheral concept is that of basic conditioning factors to maintain life, health and well-being. Self-care agency is the ability to perform self-care and is influenced by the basic conditioning factors of gender, age, socio-economic status, developmental level, and health; health care system factors such as available diagnostic and treatment facilities; family; environment living patterns; and availability of adequate resources as well as by the self-care requisites, self-care requisites may be universal, developmental, or health deviation requisites. Universal self-care requisites relate to life processes and maintaining the integrity of structure and function, including such thing a as air, water and elimination. Developmental self-care processes and may include adjusting to life changes or learning to get along with peers. Health deviation self-care needs are those that arise from illness, injury, or disease or from medical measures taken to diagnose or treat such. Therapeutic Self-Care Demand consists of all the activities needed to meet self-care demand is greater than the persons capacity to meet the demand. Thus, nursing is needed when the person can no longer provide self-care. Nursing activities to help the person may include doing for the person teaching guiding, supporting, or managing an environment to be developmentally supportive. Nursing Agency is that complex characteristics gained through formal preparation and experiences that allows nurses to act for others in meeting therapeutic self-care demands through exercising or developing self-care agency.

After a self-care deficit is identified, the nurse designs the appropriate nursing system. The type of nursing system needed is defined by the type of self-care deficit that exists. A wholly compensatory system is needed when the patient is incapable of or should not be engaging is deliberate actions focused on meeting self-care needs. Incapability may be physical, mental, emotional or some combination of these contract, those who can perform some our not all aspects of self-care activities require a partially compensatory nursing system in this system, both nurse and patient are active participants. Finally, those who can perform all self-care actions but need assistance with gaining new knowledge or skills, making decisions, or achieving behaviour control require a supportive- educative or supportive developmental system Orems theory consist of a small group of summary statements or generalizations regarding nursing. These statements appear to be based on Orems observations and analyses

of nursing phenomena and are virtually devoid of deductive logic. Consequently, this theory cabe typed as an inductive theory. Because Orems work focuses primarily on behaviours related to self-care. It can also classified as a behavioural nursing theory. The strength of Orems theory likes in its emphasis on clients capabilities rather than limitations. Orems theory also explains the necessity of the clients and familys involvement in the nursing process. Furthermore, the theory does not permit the cient to be forced into a passive, dependent role. Orems theory has two major weaknesses. First, the theorys language is somewhat disorganised and unnecessarily complex and clumsy. for example, the term self-care agency could be rephrased as Self-care Capacity. The second and more important major weakness lies in the theorys failure to address the evaluation of the effects of nursing care behaviours. This failure precludes the use of the theory to guide evaluation research concerning the effectiveness of nursing care. This weakness however, could be easily eliminated through further development of the theory with regard to nursing diagnosis and criteria for evaluating the results of nursing care behaviour. Orems theory has proven popular with both practicing nurses and academicians. Many studies have tested hypotheses, derived from the Orems work. In contract to Newmans theory discussed preceding, Orems concepts of health is highly static and her view of the nurse-client intervention may seem somewhat one sided when viewed from the perspective of a theory such as Modelling and Role Modelling. Further, Orem s theory has little explicitly to say about psychiatric care or the issues of caring addressed in Watsons theory. Nonetheless, because it is concrete and widely known, Orems theory has potential utility in approaching the unique challenges psychiatric nursing care.

Martha E. Rogers: Unitary Human Beings Major Concepts and Definition: Rogers conceptual model of nursing rested on a set of basic assumptions that described the life process in human beings. Wholeness, openness, uni-directionality, pattern and organization, sentience, and thought characterized the life process. Science of Unitary Human Beings was described by Newman as the study of the moving, intuitive experience of nurses in mutual process with those they serve. Roger postulates that human beings are dynamic energy fields integral with the environmental fields. Both human and environmental fields are identified by pattern and characterized by a universe of open systems. In her paradigm, she postulated four building blocks for her model: 1. Energy Field: An energy field constitutes the fundamental unit of both the living and the nonliving. Field is a unifying unit concept and energy signifies dynamic nature of field. Energy fields are infinite and pandimensional. Two fields are identified: the human field and the environmental field. The unitary human being (human field) is defined as an irreducible, indivisible, pandimensional energy field identified by pattern and manifesting characteristics that are specific to the whole and that cannot be predicted from knowledge of the parts. The environmental field is defined as an irreducible, pandimensional energy field identified by pattern and integral with the human field. Each environmental field is specific to its given human field. Both change continuously, creatively, and integrally. 2. Universe of Open Systems: The concept of the universe of open systems holds that energy fields are infinite, open, and integral with one another. The human and the environmental field are in continuous process and are open systems. 3. Pattern: It identifies energy fields. It is the distinguishing characteristics of an energy field and is perceived as a single wave.

The nature of the pattern changes continuously, innovatively, and these changes give identity to the energy field.

Each human field pattern is unique and is integral with the environmental field. Manifestations emerge as a human-environmental mutual process. Pattern is an abstraction; it reveals itself thorough manifestations. Manifestations of pattern have been described as unique and refer to behaviors, qualities, and characteristics of the field.

A sense of self is a field manifestation, the nature of which is unique to each individual.

Some variations in pattern manifestation have been described in phrases such as longer versus shorter rhythms, pragmatic versus imaginative, and time experienced as fast or slow.

Pattern is continually changing and may manifest disease, illness, feelings or pain. Pattern change is continuous, innovative, and relative.

4. Pandimensionality: It is defined as nonlinear domain without spatial or temporal attributes. The term pandimensional provides for an infinite domain without limit. It best expresses the idea of a unitary whole.

Major Assumptions: Nursing:

Nursing is a learned profession; both science and an art. It is an empirical science and like that of other sciences, lies in the phenomenon central to its focus.

Rogerian nursing focuses on concern with people and the world in which they live, a natural fit for nursing care, as it encompasses people and their environments. The integrality of people and their environments, operation from a pandimensional universe of open systems, points to a new paradigm and initiates the identity of nursing as a science.

The purpose of nursing is to promote health and well-being for all persons. The art of nursing is the creative use of science of nursing for human betterment. Professional practice in nursing seeks to promote symphonic interaction between human and environmental fields, to strengthen the intergrity of the human field, and to direct and redirect patterning of the human and environmental fields for realization of maximum health potential.

Nursing exists for the care of people and the life process of humans.

Person: Rogers defines personas an open system in continuous process with the open system that is the environment (integrality). She defines unitary human being as an irreducible, indivisible, pandimensional energy field identified by pattern and manifesting characteristics that are specific to the whole. Human beings are not disembodied entities, nor are they mechanical aggregate . . . Man is a unified whole possessing his own his own integrity and manifesting characteristics that are more than and different from the sum of his parts. Health: Roger uses health without clearly defining the term. She uses passive health to symbolize wellness and the absence of disease and major illnesses. Her promotion of positive health connotes direction in helping people with opportunities for rhythmic consistency. She wrote that wellness is a much better term . . . because the term health is very ambiguous. Roger uses health as a value term defined by culture and individual. Health and illness are manifestations of pattern and are considered to denote behaviors that are of high value and low value.

Events manifested in the life process indicate the extent to which a human being achieves maximum health according to some value system. In the Rogerian science, the phenomenon central to nursings conceptual system is the human life process. The life process has its own dynamic and creative unity, inseparable from the environment, and is characterized by the whole.

Environment: It is an irreducible, pandimensional energy field identified by pattern and integral with the human field. Each environmental field is specific to its given human field. Both change continuously, creatively, and integrally. Environmental fields are infinite and change is continuously innovative, unpredictable, and characterized by increasing diversity. Environmental and human fields are identified by wave patterns manifesting continuous change.

Theoretical Assertions: The principles of homeodynamics postulate a way of perceiving unitary human beings. The life process is homeodynamic . . . These principles postulate the way the life process is and predicts the nature of its evolving. Roger invents the word homeodynamics(similar state of change and growth), helicy(evolution), resonancy(intensity of change), and integrality (wholeness), all definitions are etymologically consistent and logical. Rogers identified the principles of change as: 1. Helicy: It describes spiral development in continuous, nonrepeating, and innovative patterning. Rogers articulation of the principle of helicy describing the nature of change evolved from probabilitistic to unpredictable, while remaining continuous and innovative. Continuous innovative change growing out of mutual interaction of man and environment along a spiraling longitudinal axis bound in space-time. (an introduction to the theoretical basis of nursing, 1970)

Nature of change between human and environmental fields is continuously innovative, probabilistic and increasingly diverse manifesting non-repeating rhythmicities.

2. Resonancy: It is the patterning changes with development from lower to higher frequency, that is, with varying degrees of intensity. Resonancy embodies wave frequency and energy field pattern evolution. It is the continuous change from lower- to higher- frequency wave patterns in the human and environmental fields. 3. Integrality: Also known as, reciprocy stresses the continuous mutual process of person and environment. *Synchrony the continuous, mutual, and simultaneous change or interaction between human and environmental fields at any given point in space-time The principles of homeodynamics evolved into a concise and clear description of nature process, and context of change within human and environmental energy field. Rogers identified the following five assumptions that are also theoretical assertions supporting her model derived from literature on human beings, physics, mathematics, and behavioral sciences: 1. Man is a unified whole possessing his own integrity and manifesting characteristics more than and different from the sum of its parts (energy field) 2. Man and environment are continuously exchanging matter and energy with one another. (openness) 3. The life process evolves irreversibly and unidirectionally along the space-time continuum (helicy) 4. Pattern and organization identify man and reflect his innovative wholeness. (pattern and organization) 5. Man is characterized by the capacity for abstraction and imagery, language and thought, sensation and emotion. (sentient, thinking being)

Application to Psychiatric and Mental Health Practice Nursing participates in the process of human individual evolution and tries to understand how a person and his environment have previously interacted. Nursing interventions cannot return a client to his previous state of health but can only work to move him forward toward more colex human state. The nurse is viewed as part of the clients environmental energy field, as the nurse is external to the client. Because of the initial interaction between the individual and the environment, the nurse works with the client to achieve maximum potential, as opposed to working TO/FOR the client, as in many other theories. Additionally by focusing on the nature of human evolution, Rogers theory has the potential to contribute to psychiatric mental health nursings understanding of family, group, and community systems.

Teaching Strategies: interactive discussion, games

Sister Callista Roys Theory of Adaptation Roy's theory of Adaptation, modeled from a behavioural theory, defines adaptation as the process by which an individual or group makes conscious choices to cope with his or her situation. It states that human beings use coping mechanisms to adapt to both internal and external stimuli. Two major internal coping mechanisms are the regulator and the cognator. The regulator mechanism refers to an individuals physiologic response to stress, whereas the cognator mechanism pertains to perceptual, social and information-processing functions. Adaptive responses increase people's ability to cope, and to achieve goals including survival, growth, mastery of their lives and "personal and environmental transformation." Successful adaptation integrates a bad situation into an individual's life, or at least helps compensate for the problem. This model comprises the four domain concepts of person, health, environment, and nursing and involves a six step nursing process. Andrews & Roy (1991) state that the person can be a representation of an individual or a group of individuals. Roy's model sees the person as "a biopsychosocial being in constant interaction with a changing environment" (Rambo, 1984). The person is an open, adaptive system who uses coping skills to deal with stressors. Roy sees the environment as "all conditions, circumstances and influences that surround and affect the development and behaviour of the person" (Andrews & Roy, 1991). Roy describes stressors as stimuli and uses the term 'residual stimuli' to describe those stressors whose influence on the person is not clear (Andrews & Roy). Originally, Roy wrote that health and illness are on a continuum with many different states or degrees possible (Rambo, 1984). More recently, she states that health is the process of being and becoming an integrated and whole person (Andrews & Roy). Roy's goal of nursing is "the promotion of adaptation in each of the four modes, thereby contributing to the person's health, quality of life and dying with dignity" (Andrews & Roy). These four modes are physiological, self-concept, role function and interdependence. The Four Modes of Adaptation

Roy's theory states that a patient's adaptation involves four different modes: Physiologic Physical Mode, which covers the physical and chemical processes involved in the function and activities of living organisms; the underlying need is physiologic integrity as seen in the degree of wholeness achieved through adaptation to change in needs. It includes basic needs, such as eating, sleeping and protecting the body. Self-concept - Group Identity Mode, which refers to an individual's beliefs and feelings about him or herself. It focuses on psychological and spiritual integrity and sense of unity, meaning and purposefulness in the universe. Role Function Mode, which involves the perception of where the individual fits in the social network, how he or she relates to other people and should behave toward them. It refers to the roles that individuals occupy in society, fulfilling the need for social integrity. It is knowing who one is in relation to others. Interdependence Mode, which refers to the personal relationships he or she has with people (friends, family and life partners) and their purpose, structure and development individually and in groups and the adaptation potential of these groups.

This theory is used in the psychiatric setting as the nurse assesses client behaviour and stimuli and develops a plan of care to assist the client in adaptation in the four modes-contributing to health, quality of life and dying with dignity. Veritivity Identify the common purposefulness of human existence Adaptation is the process and outcome whereby thinking and feeling persons, as individuals or in groups, use conscious awareness and choice to create human and environmental integration. Nursing sees persons as co-extensive with their physical and social environments. 4 major concepts of RAM: 1. Human as adaptive systems as both individuals and groups 2. Environment 3. Health 4. Goal of Nursing Human Adaptive System -Roy conceptualizes the human system in a holistic perspective. -Holism is the aspect of unified meaningfulness of human behavior in which the human system is greater than the sum of individual parts. -There is constant interaction within the system that requires exchange of information, matter and energy. Adaptation -Human adaptive system has input coming from the external environment called as stimuli and adaptation level. Stimulis 3 categories: 1. Focal Stimuli -Demands the highest awareness from the human system. 2. Contextual Stimuli -All other stimuli of the human systems internal and external worlds that can be positive or negative. 3. Residual Stimuli -Internal or external factors whose current effects are unclear. Adaptation level conditioning of stimuli that represents the condition of life processes for the human adaptive system 3 levels: 1. Integrated Processes -It is present when the whole adaptation level is working as a whole to meet the needs of the human system. 2. Compensatory Processes -Occur when the humans response systems have been activated. 3. Compromised Processes -Occur when the compensatory and integrated processes are not providing for adaptation.

Outputs -Are considered as behavioral responses

-It can be external or internal. -Feedback to the system and environment. 2 categories of outputs: Adaptive responses -Promote integrity of the human system. -When the system is able to meet the goals in terms of survival, growth, reproduction, mastery, and transformations of the system and environment Ineffective responses -Do not support the goals of humans as adaptive systems. -Can gradually threaten the systems survival, growth, reproduction, mastery, or transformations. Coping Mechanisms -Inherited/genetic such as the white blood cell defense system. -Others are learned such as using antiseptic to cleanse a wound. Regulator Subsystem -has the components of input, internal process, and output. -It could be chemical, neural, or endocrine in nature. -For example: Increased carbon dioxide will stimulate chemoreceptors in the medulla to increase the respiratory rate. Strong stimulation can increase ventilation up to six-seven folds. Cognator Subsystem -It can be both internal and external. -Output responses of the regulator subsystem can be feedback stimuli to the cognator system. -Cognator control processes are related to the higher brain functions of perception or information processing, learning, judgment and emotion. -For example: Learning is a correlated process of imitation, the internal factor would that be of learning and the external would that be of imitation. Control Mechanisms -Inherent to the functioning of groups. Stabilizer -Are those who established structure, values, and daily activities where the work group contributes to the general well-being of society. Innovator -Identifies structures and processes that promote change and growth. Example: -The whole health care team is responsible for the patients well-being and also devises a plan of care for the patient. An innovator is when they choose to promote a certain kind of diet for the patient and to remodel his/her lifestyle for his/her health. The Four Adaptive Modes -Roy identified the four adaptive modes as categories for assessment of behavior resulting from regulator-cognator coping mechanisms in persons or stabilizer-innovator coping processes in groups. Physiologic-Physical Mode -Human systems physical responses and interactions with the environment/ -The complex processes of this mode are associated with the senses, fluid, electrolyte, and acid

base balance; neurologic function; and endocrine function. Oxygenation -The process by which cellular oxygen supply is maintained by the body. Nutrition -The series of processes by which a person takes in nutrients, then assimilates and uses them to maintain body tissue, promote growth, and provide energy. Elimination -Expulsion from the body of undigested substances, fluid wastes and excess ions. Activity and Rest -Body movement that serves various purposes and changes in such movement so energy requirements are minimal. Protection -Nonspecific and specific defense processes to protect body from foreign substances. Senses -The process by which energy, sound, heat, mechanical vibration, and changes to neural activity becomes perception. Fluid, electrolyte, and base balance -The process of maintain a stable internal environment in the body. Neurologic function -Key neural processes and the complex relationship of neural function to regulator and cognator coping mechanisms Endocrine function -Patterns of endocrine control and regulation that act in conjunction with the autonomic nervous system o maintain control of all physiologic processes. Self-Concept-Group Identity Mode -Relates to the basic need for psychic and spiritual integrity or a need to know the self with a sense of unity. Self Concept -consists of a persons beliefs or feelings about him/herself at any given time. Physical self -Body sensation how the body experiences the physical self -Body Image how the person views the physical self Personal self -Self consistency the persons efforts to maintain self-organization and disequilibrium -Self-ideal What the person expects to be and do -Moral-ethical-spiritual self persons belief system and self-evaluator -The mode consists of interpersonal relationships, group self-image, social milieu, and culture Role Function Mode -Category of behavior for both individuals and groups -A role consists of a set of expectations of how a person in a particular position will behave in relation to a person who holds another position -The need underlying this mode is social integrity. -Focuses on the role of the individual in the society or role clarity. -Functions of members of the administration and staff, information management, decisionmaking systems, systems to maintain order and the need to understand exceeding

responsibilities. Interdependence Mode -Adaptive behavior to both individual and groups -The underlying need of this mode is relational integrity or security in nurturing relationships. -The mode focuses on the giving and receiving or love, respect, and value and support systems. Environment -Stimuli from within the human adaptive system and stimuli from around the system represent the element of environment, according to Roy. -All conditions, circumstances, and influences that surround and affect the development and behavior of humans as adaptive systems, with particular consideration of person and earth resources. Health -A state and a process of being and becoming an integrated and whole human being. -The integrity of the person is expressed as the ability to meet the goals of survival, growth, reproduction, mastery, and person and environment transformation. -Roy coined the term integrity which meant soundness or an unimpaired condition leading to wholeness. Goal of Nursing -Roy defines the goal of nursing as the promotion of adaptive responses in relation to the four adaptive modes. -The aim of the nurse practicing the RAM is to promote the health of the human by promoting adaptive responses in all life processes, including dying with dignity. teaching strategy: lecture discussion, games (by group & individual); role playing for the better study of the application of Roy's theory in mental health.

Flow of Reporting: Hildegard Peplau o o o o o o o o Reporter is Ms. Erika Aguila Interactive Discussion, in between reports will have class activities

Dorothea Orem Reporters are Mr. Raven Bautista and Mr. Adam Ron Pineda Interactive Discussion, in between reports will have class activities

Martha Rogers Reporters are Ms. Bea Eclevia and Mr. Art Christian Ramos Interactive Discussion, in between reports will have class activities

Callista Roy Reporters will be Mr. Marco Baltazar and Mr. Ron Reyes Interactive Discussion, in between reports will have class activities

Running Time of Discussion will be a total of 6 hours, 1 hour 30 minutes for each reporter.