ALGEBRA

FOR

BEGINNERS.

]^^y^^
^9
^

ALGEBRA

FOR

BEGINNERS

BT

H.
A1TTHOB8

S.
or

HALL
"Elemektasy "Elementaby

AND

S.

R.
fob

KNIGHT,
Schools,"
Etc. "Hiohsb Etc.

Algebra

Algbbea,"

Tbigonohetby/'

REVISED

AND

ADAPTED

TO

AMERICAN

SCHOOLS

BY

FRANK
Pbofessob
THE

L.
of

SEVENOAK,
and

A.M.,
AssiSTAin? Pbincipal

M.D.,
in of

Matbematios

Stevens
THE

School,

Academic
of

Depabtment Technology

Stevens

Instititte

THE
LONDON

MACMILLAN
:

COMPANY
"

MACMILLAN

CO.,

LTD.

1900

All

t*tghtt reserved

COPTBIGHT,

1896,

Bt

macmillan

and

00.

Set

up

and

electrotyped October,
1898

June,
;

1895. 1899;

Reprinted J^^Y*
^9^'

November,

1897

August,

July,

NotfsooTi
J. 8.

IhrcM
Berwick
"

Cuihing
If onrood

It

Co.

It

Smifli

Hmi.

U.8.A.

%j^ B

iTp'

Lcland

St

ford,

Jr.

PREFACE.

The Messrs. of

rearrangement
Hall and
to

of

the
was

Elementary
undertaken

Algebra
in the

of

Knight
give
to
our

hope
schools
in

being
work

able
that

advanced their

secondary requirements
were

would

fully Many

meet

this
ditional ad-

important

study.

changes
introduced.

made The the

and

subject-matter
Beginners,
class made of

Algebra
needs
that
we

for
the have

however,
students such
for

so

fully
it

meets

of

which
as

was

written,
to

only

changes

seemed better

bring
it to

out

more

clearly
schools. With from edition "Our

important

points,

and

adapt

American

reference Messrs.

to

the and

arrangement

of

topics,
to

we

quote
former

Hall

Knight's

preface

order

has

been

determined
to

mainly
as

by early
some

two

siderations: con-

first,
the
most

desire side
of

introduce

as

sible posof

practical

the

subject,
such
as

and

its
and all

interesting
and
to

applications, secondly,
the

easy

equations
that

problems;
reference into

strong
and until

opinion
their the in

compound
should
be have

expressions postponed
been

resolution
usual the tions operacase

factors
of

Algebra

exemplified
course

of

simple

expressions.

By

this
V

the

beginner

soon

noQ

(o

VI

PREFACE.

becomes
without he

acquainted

with

the

ordinary
many time
of

algebraical
their

esses proc-

encountering learning parts

the
at

too

difficulties
of

and

is

the of the

same

something

the

more

attractive
"

subject.
of of

As

regards

early

introduction

simple

equations
favors
the

and

problems,
that it

the

experience
not

teachers take

opinion
through Highest Involution,

is

wise

to

young of

learner

all

the

somewhat

mechanical Lowest
the

rules Common

Factors,

Common

Factor,
and

Multiple,
types
of tions, Frac-

Evolution, making through Moreover,

the
some

various
to

before

effort the medium view

arouse

his

interest

and
and

intelligence

of

easy
been

equations amply
ported sup-

problems. by
all

this
text-books

has

best

on

Elementary

Algebra

which

have work

been will

recently
be found

published."
to meet

The

the

wants

of

all

who

do

not

require
"

knowledge portion
for of

of

Algebra
the

beyond usually
classical

Quadratic
covered

Equations
in the American

that

subject
to

examination

admission

the

course

of

Colleges.
FRANK L.

SEVENOAK.

June,

1895.

CONTENTS.

CHAP.

PAGS

I.

Definitions.

Substitdtions

II.

Negative

Quantities.
Brackets.

Addition

op

Like

Terms

in.

Simple

Addition

rV.

SUBTRACrriON

16

Miscellaneous

Examples

I.

19

V.

Multiplication

21

VI.

Division
....

31

YII.

Removal

and

Insertion

of

Brackets

88

Miscellaneous

Examples

II.

42

VIII.

Revision

of

Elementary

Rules
.

44

DL

Simple

Equations
....

52

X.

St^ibolioal

Expression
.

59

XI.

Problems

Leading

to

Simple

Equations

64

XII.

Highest

Common

Factor,
Expressions.

Lowest

Common

Multiple

op

Simple

Fractions

Involving

Simple

Expressions

only

71

XIII.

Simultaneous

Equations

77

XIV.

Problems

Leading

to

Simultaneous

Equations

85

XV.

Involution

89

XVI.

Evolution
. . .

93

XVII.

Resolution

into

Factors.

Converse

Use

op

Factors

101

Miscellaneous

Examples

III

114

VIU

CONTENTS.

CHAP.

PAGE

XVIIL

Highest

CJommon

Factor

op

Compound

Expbessions

116

XIX.

Multiplication

and

Division

of

Fractions
. .

122

XX.

Lowest

CoimoN

Multiple

op

Compound

Expressions

126

XXI.

Addition

and

Subtraction

op

Fractions
. .

129
,

XXII.

Miscellaneous

Fracttions

139

XXIII.

Harder

Equations

146

XXIY.

Harder

Problems
. "

i53

Miscellaneous

Examples

IY.
.
.

158
r " .

XXV.

Quadratic

Equations

162

XX

VL

Problems

Leadinq

to

Quadratic

Equations
.
.

173

Miscellaneous

Examples

Y;

177

ALGEBRA.

CHAPTER

I.

Definitions.

Substitutions.

1.

Algebra

treats
;

of
for

quantities
the

as

in

Arithmetic,
used
one

but
arithmetical

with

greater
processes

generality
are

while

quantities
which denoted
to

in

denoted

by

figures
are

have

single
which

definite may

value,
have

algebraical
any value
we

quantities
choose
to

by
them.

gymhoU

assign

The

symbols
;
a

employed though
may it there

are

letters, usually
is
no

those
as

of

our

own

alphabet
values of

and,

restriction is understood

to

the
in

numerical the
same

symbol
work "let but
we

represent,
the do the
same

it

that

piece
we

keeps
we

value
mean

throughout.
that
a

Thus,
have
are

when value

say

a=l,*'

not

must
we

the

always,

only
may

in

particular
with value is

example symbols
at

considering. assigning
it is with
to

Moreover,
them such "We any

operate
numerical

without all
;

particular
that the x,

indeed

operations begin
+,
with
"

Algebra
definitions
will
-7-,

chiefly
of have

concerned.

Algebra,
the
same

premising meanings

that
as

the in

symbols
Arithmetic.

2.
it each
an

An

algebraical
consist of the
one or

expression
more

is

collection
are

of

symbols;
from is

may

termSt
and
"

which Thus

separated
"

other

by

signs

7a+56

3c

"

:F+2y

expression
Note.

consisting
no

of

five

terms.

When

sign

precedes
either
(me

term

the

sign

is

understood.

3.

l^cpressions
consists of
H.A.

are

simple
as

or

compound.
A

simpte

expression
consists
^

of
or more

term,
terms.
A

5a.

compound expressions

expression
may be

two

Compound

ALGEBRA.

[chap.

further
3a 2a
"

distinguished.
called
a a

Thus

2b, is
36 + c,

binomial
;
one

expression of of expression ; one

an

two

terms,
terms,
a

as as

three
terms

"

trinomial

of

more

than

three

nomial. multi-

4. When
result the In notation Arithmetic

two

or

is called

the

quantities are multiplied together the between One product. important difference
more

of Arithmetic the

and of

Algebra
2 and 3

should

be

here

remarked.

whereas 2x3, product of in any be written the in Algebra product of a and b may usual. most ab is the form the forms The 6, or ab. a x 6, a in if the a6 ax6 2x3=6 Thus, 6=3, a=2, product ; but Arithmetic 23 means twenty-three," or 2 x 10+3. is written
.

"

5. Each
factors

of

the

is called of the
one

quantities multiplied together to of the factor a 5, product. Thus 5a6. product

of
the

form a, 6

a are

product the

6. When

factors
the

of

an

quantity,
Thus in coefficient convenient the

it is called

coefficient
5 is the

expression is a numerical of the remaining factors.

coefficient.
sense,
or

the is
to

expression 6a6,
also

But it is of in
a

the

word

used

in any

wider

and

sometimes

consider of the
be

factor,

factors,
Thus the

coefficient
6a

6a6c,

may which coefficient

remaining appropriately is not merely

coefficient is
a.

factors. called numerical

the

product as product
of be. A
a

coefficient is sometimes

called

literal
Note.
we

coefficient.
When not write the

unity

it is

usually omitted.

Thus

do

la, but

simply

of times, quantity be multiplied by itself any number of that quantity, and is expressed the product is called a power the factors of the number to of the right quantity by writing

7. If

and

above
a X a

it.

Thus the

is called

second
third

power power

of a, and

is written

a' ;

axaxa

of a,

a';

and

so

on.

The

number
its

which
or

expresses

the Thus

power

of

any
are

called
the

index
of
is
a

exponent.

2, 5, 7

quantity is respectively

indices a^
'*

a^, a^, a^.

usually
the read
"

Note,

**a
; and

squared";
so on.

a'

is read

"a

cubed";

a^ is read When

to

fourth

the

index
a.

is

unity
a,

it is

omitted, and

we

do
same

not

write

a},but

simply

Thus

la, a\ la^ all have

the

meaning.

I.]

DEFINITIONS.

SUBSTITUTIONS.

beginner index. and coefficient

Example By
3a
we

8. The

must

be

careful

to

distinguish between

1.
mean mean

What
the the
a.

is the

difiference
of the of

in

meaning
; that

between
3 and
a.

3a

and

a' ?

product
third

quantities
a

By a^ we quantities
Thus,
if

power

is, the product of the

a,
a
=

a,

4,
3a a'
=

3xa
axaxa

3x4=:12;
=

4x4x4

64.

Example
Here

2.

If 6
462 26*

5, distinguish between
4x6x6 2x6x6x6x6
=

45^

and

2h\

4x6x5
=

100;
=

whereas

2x5x5x5x5

1250.

Example
Here

3.

If

a;

1, find

the

value
=

of hx^. 5xlxlxlxl=5.
1 is 1.

5a:*
The

5xa;xa:xa;xa; should obserye

Note.

beginner

that

every

power

of

9. In
factors
3x4

arithmetical of
a

multiplication
are

the

order

in

which

the

product
4
we

written

is
4x3

immaterial
means

For
3 sets

instance
4

means

sets

of

3 12

units,
units

and

of

units

in

each

case

have

in all.

Thus

3x4=4x3. In
a

similar

way,

3x4x5=4x3x5=4x5x3;
and it is easy
to
see

that

the

same

product
In
like

of any
manner

number in

of arithmetical

principle holds quantities.

for

the

the product Algebra ah and 6a each denote of the two quantities represented by the letters a and 6, and therefore the have value. same Again, the expressions a6c, the value, each same ac6, 6ac, 6ca, ca6, cha have denoting the in It is immaterial product of the three quantities a, 6, c. of written it is what order the factors usual, a product are ; in them order. to however, alphabetical arrange Fractional coefficients in the form of which
are

greater
fractions.

than

unity

are

usually kept
Example
Here
4.

improper
z
=

13

If

6,

a?

7,

5, find the

value

of
-

aocz.

T^"^ ^x6x7x5
=

273.

ALGEBRA.

[CHAP.

EXAMPLES
If
a

I 12,
3z.
z

a.

5, 6

4,

1,
a*. 46*.

a;

3, y

2, find

the

value

of

1. 6. 11.
If
a

2a. 4c.

2.
7.

3.

4.

z'. a:". 5z".

of

5. 10. 15.

c*.
Sx,

8.
13.
y
=

c". ^.

9.
14.
the value

7y2.
=

12.
=

8a3.

7c".

6, 2?

4, g

7,

6,

a:

1, find

16. 21. 26.

If A

ap, l?gr.

17. 22. 27.

= =

3/"g. 8agr.
8r*. 4, y
]

18. 23. 28.

=

3qx. Iqrx. 9npqx.

the value

19. 24. 29.

of

6/)'.
2a/)a:.
6*7.

20. 25. 30.

Saqx.
7a:*. x'^

3p*.
=

5, il; 3',a;

find
,

31.

J*^.

32.

Ikx.
-if'-

33.

Jy^

34.

^hkx.

35.

//.

36.

37. ^a:*.

38.

39. Jy". ji^A*.

40.

i^fciry.

10. When
a

several similar a^b*cd\

different

notation

to that

is written

And

quantities are multiplied together of Art. Thus aahhhhcddd 7 is adopted. the has la^cd^ same conversely meaning

as7xaxaxaxcxc/xG?.

Example
Here
Note. of the

1.

If
=

3, d
x

5, find the
=

value
=

of IGc^e^.
2000
a
x

16c*d"
The factors

16

3*

5"

(16

S^) x 3*
that

81

162000.
combination

beginner
some

should has

observe been

by

suitable

labour

avoided.

Example
He
^ e

2.

If

4, g

9,

6,

5, find

the

value

of

327r" 81/""

32gr"_32x9x6"_
81/?'
81x4"

32x9x6x6x6 81x4x4x4x4x4

_3
4*

11. If
be

one

factor

of

product
values
a zero

is the

equal
other

to

0, the

product
may have.

must

equal
0

to

0, .whatever
called
^=0

factors

factor For

is

usually

factor. ah^xy^
whatever contains be the
a zero

instance,
if c=0, have.

if

then

factor. of a,

Therefore

ah^xy^^^O when
then 0^=0

J7=0,

values

6,y.

Again,
a

; therefore

a6V=0,

whatever

values

and
Note.

h may

Eyery

power

of 0 is 0.

I.

DEFINITIONS.

SUBSTITUTIONS.

EXAMPLES
If
a
=

I. b.
a;
=

3, "

2, p

10, g

1,

0,

7, find the 4. 6agz.

value

of

1,

36j5.

2,

8aa:.

3. S/jgz. 8. 13.
=

5. 10. 15.
of

"?".

6. 36V II.

7. az*.

gV.
6"a8

9. qz\ 14.
r
=

Sft^^a:*. SaV.

a^P^,
I, ^
=

12.
2,
"i

8i?V.
=

i)icV.
the

If ifc =

0, 7)

3, g

4,

5, find

value

16.

21.

26.

12.
be

We which

now

proceed
more

to

find than

the
one

numerical
term.

value In these

of each

sions expresterm

contain with
terms

can

dealt

singly by
the

the

rules value

already given,
of the whole

and

by

combining

the

numerical

sion expres-

is obtained.

13.

We

have of

importance*
index;
error

already, in Art. 8, drawn carefully distinguishing between

between that these it may is
not

attention

to

the

and coefficient
source once

confusion
with

such be

fruitful

of
more

beginners
on

unnecessary

to

dwell

the

distinction.

Example.
Here

When

c^5,
c*
4c
=

find
=

the

value
=

of c*

4c 4- 2c*

3c*.

5*
4
X

6x5x6x5 5
=

625;

20
=

2c" 3c2
Hence

2x6" 3x62

2x5x5x6

=260;
=

3x6x5

76.

the

value
=

of the

expression
=

626-20+250-75
must

780.
the

14. The
between

beginner
the
sum

also

note

distinction
two
or more

in

and

the

product
is the

of

meaning algebraicsd

product of the two tities quanis obtained and value its and by multiplying them a b, of the two a+6 is the sum together. But quantities a and 6, and its value is obtained by adding them together. quantities.
For

instance, ab

ALGEBRA.

[CHAP.

Thusif

a==ll, ft=12,
the the
sum

of

and
a

6 is 11 +
and

12, that
x

is, 23

prodiict of
11

6 is 11

12, that
a

is, 132.
zero

15.

By

Art. and If

itself zero,

may
a
=

term any be called

which
a zero

contains
term.

factor

is

Example,

2, 6

0,

a:

5,

3, find

the

value

of

5a^-ab^-\-2x^
The

Sbxy,
x

expression

(5

23)

0 +

(2

5^

3) +

40 +
zero

150=190. terms do not

Note.

The

two

affect the

result.

16.
to

In

the
1.

working examples following hints.

much

the

student

should

pay

attention

Too and

importance
The

cannot

be

attached should

to

neatness

of that

style
neatness 2.

arrangement.
should
are

beginner
to
never

remember

is in itself conducive The

accuracy. be used

sign
which
to

except
be any in

to

connect

quantities
careful inexact 3. in the
4. not
sense.

equal. Beginners employ the sign of equality expressions

work be
are

should

particularly
vague and

Unless

the

steps of the
It the should
one

should

short very be placed

out

the
one

signs of equality
under
each the other.

clearly brought

how

step follows
sometimes be

from

before add
seen

advisable this will

to

it ; for this it will purpose short verbal explanations ; the

importance

of

be

later.

EXAMPLES
If

I. 7, h

c.

4,

1,

3, /=

5,

0, find
+ 2a.

the

value

of

1, 4. 7. 10.

3/+5*-76.
3flF-4^
3a-9"
+
+

2. 5. 8.
+
a.

7c-9A

3. 6.

4j/-5c-9".
96-3C
3c-4a
+ 4A.
+

7c.
c.

S/-2g-h,
2/-3sr
+

5a. 6A

0.
-

76.

3/+5^-2c-46
7c
+

H. 13. gb-Zhc+fb,
68-2A3+3a2.

76

6a
+
+

7/+ 9f/. if+lh.

12.
14.

56-4a

8A +

3gr. 15, iQ

dh + a-Sg

fg-\-gh-ab.

16.

fh

hb-Uc.

17. /^-3a2-f2c3,

IQ.

362-26"+4Aa-2^*

CHAPTEK

11.

Negative

Quantities.

Addition

of

Like

Terms.

17.

In
to

his deal
"

arithmetical with numerical in finding he

work

the

student
connected of
an

has

been

tomed accus-

quantities
the value that and the among
;

by

the such
to

signs
as

and
+

and

expression quantities
to

l|
the
"

7"-3j+6-4^
sign
is
+

understands
are

the those

which

is

prefixed
are

additive,
while

which

the

sign If,
terms. to

prefixed
no

siibtractive,

first the in

quantity,
additive

which The
same

sign
notions

is

prefixed, prevail
--2c?
we

is in

counted

Algebra

thus

using
7a

the and

sion expres-

7a

+36

-4c

understand

the 4c

symbols
2d
are

36

to

represent

additive

quantities,

while

and

subtractive.

18.

In

Arithmetic than the the

sum

the of result
not

sum

of

the

additive
terms
no

terms
;

is the

always
reverse

greater
were

the would

subtractive have may the but

a

if

the

case

arithmetical
sum

meaning.
subtractive
term

In
terms

Algebra,
exceed

however,
that and of

only

of subtractive

the

the

additive,
a

may

stand Hence

alone,
all

yet

have

meaning
may

quite
be

intelligible.
divided into
as

algebraical
and

quantities

positive they
is
are

quantities

negative
the any

quantities,
-for

according
sign
addition
-

expressed irrespective
This idea

with of

sign
actual

the

and and

this

quite

process clearer

of

subtraction.

may

be

made

by

one

or

two

simple

trations. illus-

(i^
total

Suppose gain
would

man

were

to But

gain
if he

|100
first
a

and

then

lose

$70,
and

his then

be result

$30.
of

gains
of

$70

loses

$100

the

his

trading

is

loss

The

corresponding

algebraical
$100
$70

statements

would

be

-$70 -$100=

=+$30,
-$30,

ALGEBRA.

[CHAP.

and

the

negative quantity
in

in the

second

case

is

debt,that is,a sum quantity, or gainy

possess other on
a

of money opposite in character first case the be said to it may ; in fact suotractive would quality which produce its effect

interpreted as a to the positive

transactions, or

perhaps wholly counterbalance

sum

gained.
to walk (ii) Suppose a man starting from a given point were road forwards and then 100 70 yards along a straight yards the from would be 30 backwards, his distance starting-point then and 100 70 yards forwards yards. But if he first walks his backwards distance the be from would yards starting-point the opposite side of it have As before we 30 yards, but on 100

yardsyards
cases
"

70yards=+30yards,
100

70
In each of these is

yards
man's but

"

30

yards.
distance the

the

absolute

from

the and

same by taking starting point positive ; is a distance from 30 negative signs into account, we see that the but in direction magnitude starting point eqtuxl opposite in Thus distance the to the +30. represented by negative sign here be taken reversal direction. as a indicating of may
"

the

(iii)
marked

The
zero,

freezing point
and
a

of

the

Centigrade

thermometer

is

freezing

point, while by
-

of 16** C. means 15** above the temperature below 15" the freezing point a temperature

is indicated

15"

C.

19.
be

Many

other here

illustrations
to

might
the

be

chosen that
an a

but

it will

sufficient

remind

student
to

subtractive

quantity is always opposite in character of equal absolute value. In other words addition. of
20.
differ
Dbfinition. When numerical
terms

additive

quantity
reverse

subtraction

is the

only
-

in

their
are

differ,or coeflicients,they are

do
not

when called

they like,
;

otherwise

they
4a^b^
are

called
of

imlike. like
terms

Thus
; and

3a,

7a
;

3a^b\

pairs
terms.

4a, 36

5a-6, 2a^b 7a^, 9a^b are

pairs of unlike

Addition I. II.
The

of
number
are

Like

Terms.
like terms is the like term.

Rule Rule

sum

of

of

If

all the terms

add positive,

coefficients.

n.]

NEGATIVE

QUANTITIES.

ADDITION

OF

LIKE

TERMS.

Example.
Here
same we

Find
have to

the

value

of 8a 8

+ 5a.

increase

like

kind,

and

the

aggregate
8 lbs. 8a 8a
+ +

is 13

of such
=

things by 5 like things of the things ;

13

for

instance,
Hence

5 lbs.
+
a

lbs.

also,
5a

6a
+

13a.
+

Similarly,
Bnle m.

2a

6a

22a.

If

all

the

terms

are

numerically arid prefix the minus

Example.
Here the To word find
sum

negative^ add sign to the sum.

3a:,
the
-

the

coefficients

the

sum

of

5x,

"

Ix,

x.

indicates In

quantities successively 3, 5, 7, 3 + 5 + 7 taking away

Thus the
sum

of like

character. 1
+

other

aggregate words, we
the

of
have

4
to

subtractive
take
same

away
aa

like 1 such

things,

and in the
-x

result

is

the

things
-Ix,
not

aggregate.
is
-

of

-3ar,

"5x,

I6x.

Bnle

rV.

If the
all the

terms

are

all all

of
the the

the

same

sign^ add

to-

of gether separately tJie coefficients

and the positive terms coefficients of differenceof these two negative terms ; resultSypreceded hy the sign of the greater^ will give the coefficient of tJie sum required.

Exam-pie
17
and

1.

The

sum

of Vlx

and is

"8a;

is

9x, for the

difference

of

8 is 9, and % To

the

greater
sum

positive.
of 8a,

Example
The
sum

find the

-9a,

-a,

3a,

4a,

-11a,

a.

of the

coefficients

of the

positive terms negative

the of the

is 16. 21.

The

difference
; hence

of these

is 5, and
sum

sign

greater

is negative

the

required
however
added
or

is

5a.

We

need

not

adhere

strictly to
in the

this

rule, for
we

the
most

terms may convenient.

be

subtracted

order

find

This

process When

is called

collecting
are

terms.

21.
the

quantities resulting expression

11a
"

connected their

by
that

the

signs

and

"

is called
"3a to

algebraical
the

sum.
sum

Thus of

27a
13a

+- 13a

states "3a.

algebraical

11a, "27a,
22.
Tlie
sum

is of

equal

two

quantities numerically
Tnus the
sum

equal
"

but is 0.

with

opposite signs

is

zero.

of 5a

and

5a

10

ALGEBRA.

[CHAP.

II.

EXAMPLES

n.

Find

the

sum

of

1.

2a,

3a,

6a,

a,

4a.

2.
56.

^"

^i

^"

6a;,

Sx.

3.
5.

66,

116,

86,

96,

4.

6c,

7c,

3c,

16c,

18c,

101c.

2p,

p,

4/),

7/),

6p,

12p.

6.

"^,

9c^i

3rf,

7d,

4rf,

6d,

lOd.

7.

-2x,

-6ar,

-10a:,

-8a;.

8.
10.

-36,

-136,

-196,

-56.

9.

-y,

-4y,

-2y,

-6y,

-4y.

-17c,

-34c,

-9c,

-6c.

11.

-21y,
-4", 3",

-5y,

-3y,
-

18y.

12.

-4m,

-13m,

-17m,

-69m.

13.
15.

",

28,

-2", 7a;,

-".

14.

lly, 8a6,

-9y, -6a6,

-7y,

5y,

7y.

3a:,

-lOar,
-

12a:,

2a:.

16.
18.

5a6,

-4a6.

17,

2xy,-Axy,-2xy,xyylxy.
a6c,
-

5pg,

-Spq,

Spq,

-4pq.

19,

3a6c,

2a6e,
-

5a6c.

20.
-

^^t

^xyz,

7xyz,

xyz,

Find

the

value

of

21.
23.

-9aa+lla2+3a"-4a".

22. 24.
8aV"^ 9a^h\

36"-26"+76"-96".

-Ila"+3a'-8a"-7a8+2a".

2x^-Sx^-ex^-9x^.

25.

a^b^-'1a^^

26.
28. 30.

a"a:-

Ila2a;+3a2a:-2a23!.

27.
29.

2p^q^-Zlp^q^+l7p^q^,
9a6cd-llo6cd-41a6c(;?.

7m*n
-

15m*n

3m*".

13pga?
-

5a;pg
-

19gpar.

CHAPTER

ni

Simple

Brackets.

Addition.

23.

When

number

of
+

arithmetical
and the
-

quantities
value
are

are

connected
is the

together
same

by
of
"

the

signs
order

of

the This

result also

in the Thus
case

whatever

the

terms

taken.

holds

in

algebraical
cis

quantities.
to

b +

equivalent
from
a, to to

a+c-by
a,

for
c

in
to

the the

first

of

the
;

two

expressions
second
c

b is taken

and

added the

result

in

the

is added

and

6 taken

from

result.

Similar Hence
-we

reasoning
may Thus write it

applies
the
terms

all of
an

algebraical expression expression

expressions.
in
a

any
"

order

we

please.
written in

appears form this of

that -b
we a

the
+
a.

may

be

the
To

equivalent
illustrate
a

may

suppose,
and the "b

as
a,

in loss

Art.

18, that
b the dollars:

resents rep-

gain
the

dollars,
whether

of

it
or

is

clearly
loss

immaterial

gain

precedes

loss,

the

precedes
Brackets
them

gain. ( )
are

24.
within of

used

to

indicate
as one

that

the

terms The
we

enclosed
full shall
use

are

to

be

considered
in

quantity.
vir.

brackets with

will the

be

considered
cases.

Chap.

here ;

deal

only
8
sum

simpler
means

+(13

+5)

that It is

13

and

are

to 13

be
5

added may

and

their added

added
or

to

8.

clear

that

and the
=

be

separately
Thus

together
8 +

without

altering
=

result. 26. of b and

c

(13+5)
means

8 +

13+5 the

Similarly
added Thus
8 + 5
;
now

a+(b+c)

that

sum

is

to

be

to

a.

a+(6+c)=a (13
"

+ 8
we are

6 +

c.

5)
we

means

that
13 to

to 8
we

to

add
5

the
too

excess

of and

13

over

if

add
5

have

added

much,

must

therefore Thus

take

from
8 +

the

result.
=

(13-5)

8+13-5
to
a we

16.
to

Similarly by
c.

(6

"

c) means

that

are

add

6, diminished

Thus

a+(6-c)=a+6-c.

12

ALGEBRA.

[CHAP.

In

like manner,

By considering these
Rule.
When
,

results

we

are

led

to

the is

following rule

an

expression within
can

brackets

sign

the brackets

be removed

mthout

preceded by the making any change in

the expression.

25,
take

The

expression a-{b+c)
of b and
c.

means

that will in
one c. we we are

from the

a same

we

are

to

the
c

sum are

The

result
or

be
sum.

whether

b and

subtracted
a

separately
"

Thus

(6 + c)=a
that
a we c

"

"

Again,
excess

"

ijb c)
"

means

from take
too

to
a
"

subtract

the

of b
we

over

c.

If from taken

get
and

doing
add In

shall a-K

have Thus

away

much,

must

6 ; but by so therefore

cto

a-(6-c)=a-6H-c.
like manner,
a
"

"

{c

"

d-e)=a"b
rule may

"

c-{-d-{-e.
enunciated
is
:

Accordingly
Bule.
When
,

the
an

following

be

sign

"

the brackets be

brackets within expression be removed if the sign may

preceded by
term

the

of

every

within

the brackets

changed.
Addition of Unlike
are

Terms.
to

"26i
have
as a

When
seen

two

or

more

like terms be

be the
terms
sum

added

that like

they
term.

may

collected
in
can

and
the

sinale

If, however,
thus be the

together we result expressed unlike are they

of
two

cannot

be
a

collected;
and

finding
done result

the

unlike them

quantities
the

b, all that
and

is to in the

connect

by

sign
We
1

of addition have
"

leave

form of
an

a-\-b,

27
like

now

to consider

the

meaning
the
a

expression
of
a a.

+(
--

negative
Now efiect b
as

find have to we 6). Here with "b together quantity implies a decrease, and to add subtract b ; thus

taking positive quantity

result
a

it to

is the

same

in

to

a-\'{ b)
"

a-b
"

that

is,the

algebraical sum
be observed than

of

and

6 is

expressed by
the word the
sum

6.

28.
in
a

It will
sense

that

in

Algebra
is to be

is used of

wider

in Arithmetic. b

Thus, in

language
from

Arithmetic,

a-b

signifiesthat

subtracted

a.

m.]
and
to

ADDITION.

13

bears
mean

that
the
sum

meaning
of

the

regard

to

the
1.
=

relative
Find the

Algebra quantities a and magnitudes of a and b.

two
sum

only

; but

in

it is also
"

taken any

b without

Example
The
sum

of 3a
+

56 + 2c, 2a
-

+ 36

d,

4a

26.

(3a

56+2c)
+

(2a
+

36

rf)+ (
+ +

4a+26)
26

3a-56 3a
a

2c + 2a

.36-rf-4a

+ +

2a-4a-56+36+26
2c
-

2c-d

c^,

by collecting like
The

terms.

addition
rule
;

is however

more

conveniently

effected

by
like

the

following
Bule.
may be

Arrange
in the with
2c -d
same

the

in lines so expressions vertical then columns: the

that

the each

terms

add

column

beginning
3a-56 2a 4a
a

that

on

left.
The

algebraical sum
is a, that column is zero. third down and without

of the of the The

terms
terms

in the in the

+ +

36 2b

first column
second in the

single
columns

terms
are

fourth

-\-2c-d

brought
Add
;

change.
;

Example
-2a6 5a6 8a6 -2a6 --3a6
+ +

2.

together
6c-3a6
+ 4ad.

5a6

66c

7ac

8a6

3ac

2ad

4ac 66c

+ 5arf

"

7ac
3ac-2arf
+

Here

we
so

first
that

+4ac
6c

5ac? the add

same

rearrange like terms

the
are

pressions ex-

in then

vertical

columns,

and

+4ad
+

up

each

column

separately.

-2a6

76c

7 ad

EXAMPLES
Find
the 3a
+
sum

m.

a.

of -4a
+

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

26-5c; 2y 3q
+ + + +

6-7c;

4a-36

+ 6c.

3a: +

6z; 5r;

a;-3y-32; -2p
lla -6/
+ +
+

2x-\-y-3z.
p-q 16a
+
r,

4p

3q-Sr;

7a-56
8/-2m

3c;
5n;

26-c;
7m
+

+ 56-2c.

4?i;
+

~l-4m-Sn.
b + 2c-d.

6.
7.

6a-76
2a
+

3c-4d;

66-6c

3d;
+

46-5ar;

2b-6x; 4a:+y;

-Sa

2y;

-Cb

8x

y.

8.

7a:-5y-7z;

6z;

5x-Sy+2z.

14

ALGEBRA.

[CHAP.

9.
10. 11. 12.

a~26

7c + 3;

26-3c+5; Sy-2z;
106 5x b +
+ + +

3c

2a;
+

a-8-7c.

6-X-1/;
25a-156 2a-36-2c 3a-5c p-q
+ + +

1 + 2x1
c; +

-4
a-c

a;-2y.
+ 206.

4c-

13a;

2a?;

^b-7c;

9c-6a:-2a. 5c +

13.
14.
15.

26-2d; 6q

2d-a; q-Zp-r;

3/+

3" -2a

36.

7r;

r-p;

Qq-7p.

17a6-13A:?-5a:y;
2aa;
-

7xy; 2hy-ax
+

12kl-5ab; lcz;
ax-icz

Zxy-AU-ah.
+ +

16. 17. 18.

36y

2cz ;

lbt/ ;

cz-^by.

3aa: +

cz-46y;

Iby-^ax-cz;
l-5cd;
-4

-Sby
+

9ax,

3 + 5crf; 6car +

2/g-Sst;
+

2""-/(7-3"-4
+

19. 20.
29.
thus

3/y-2
+

2";

-2/y
2ry
+

6-9";

2ca;-/y.
+

-3o6

7cd-5^r;

Sqr-cd;
the

2cd-Sqr
letter 2^ be and

ab-2ry.
unlike
terms be ;
pressed ex-

Different
the result

of powers of adding

same

are

together
must

Zar^ cannot form

hy
baV-3ab^
cannot

single term,
the b\

out

left in the

2^7^ + 3^. "6* is

Similarly
"

algebraical sum This expression

of is

5a^b\
in its

-3a6^,

and
form

simplest

and

be

abridged.
Find
=

Example.
The
8um

the
+

sum

of 62:^

5x, 2a:*,5x,
+

2a:^,

3a:*,2.

6a:"-5a:

2ar^ + 6a:-2a:"-3a:*

6a:3_2aJ"+2ar"-3ar"-5a:+6a;+2
4ar"-a:2
is in
+

2. powers of
x.

This

result

descending

30.
found

In

adding
with

together
different
to

several powers all

algebraical expressions
of the
same

taining con-

terms

letter, it
in

will

be
or

convenient

the

ascending powers following example.

Example
4a:-2ar"
+

of

arrange letter. that

expressions
This will

descending
made clear

be

by

1.

Add 3ar"
-

together
9a:
-

3a:" +
a:
-

7 +
-

6a:

6a:*

2a:*

9a:;

3ar^;

ar" ;

ar'

a:^ + 4. down

In
we

writing
put
in of
X,

the

first

the in

first the

term

the

expression highest
term
on

power
next

second
and
x

the

highest
term

last The the

we

power, in which

so

till the appear. in column

does
are

not

other
same

expressions
way,
so

arranged
each
same

that

in

have

like powers

of ike

letter^

m.]

ADDITION.

15

Example

2.

Add

together

-2""
-

3a6"

a" Here powers each of

expression
two

contains and ing descendis

a"2+

6a26-3a5

letters,
to

56'

+8aS

arranged
powers of powers

according
of
a.

h, and

ascending

36" + 3a62

14a26

4a3

EXAMPLES

m.

b.

Find

the

sum

of the

following expressions
-Sx^
+
+

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

x^ +

Zxy-Sy^;
+

xy+2y^;
+
+

2ar"-3ajy+j^.
"2-2ar-6. -5ar"
+
+

2a;2-2a: 53?-x^

3; x-l;

-2x^

5x

4:; 5;

2x2-2a:

5x-4. 2a^b
+

a^-a^h+^ah^+h^;

-a^-lOab^

h^;

5ai"^-l^,
-

3a:"-9iK2-lla;+7;
ixr^-5a^
+

2o(^-5x^+2;
+

5a:" +

15a;2

7a; ;
-

8a:-9.
-

Sx;

loi^
+

43i^ +

6x;
+

Sar'-Oa:;
-5m^

2a:*
+

To*

4a:.

49"3+2m2-5m aa:'-46a~*
+ + ca;;

7;
36a;2

3m3
-

6m2-2;
-

3m;
2ax^+d.

2ni-6.

8.
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

2ca:

c? ;

bx^ + 2d;

py^-9qy

lr;

-2py^+Sqy-Qr; -2y+6-7y2; 2a8-3a2+2a-2; -l+2y3-y;

5a: +

*Jqy-4r; -3y"-4
+

Zpy^, 2y"-y.

6^8+202/2+3^-1;
2-a
+

8a2-a";

-3a+7a"-5a2.

l+2y-3y2-5y8;
aV-3a3ar5+a:;

5y"
4aSa:2
-

3y2
-

4.

7a8a;2;

a2a:S
;

5a:.

x^-4x*y-5a^;
a"-4a26
+

Soc*y-i-23i^-Gxy*
a^ft
-

Zj?y^ + Qxy*-y^.
3a26
+

6a6c;
+

lOaftc + c^
+ + +

6" +

a6c.

ap^-ebp^
c7-2c" 4A8-7 3a:" +
+ +

lcp;

5-6cp
-2c7-3c"

56p";
5c5-

3-2a/?5; 4c"-10c5;
;
-

2cp-7.
4c7-c". 2^3_5,
~Sx
+

llc"; 3A4-2A;
+

18.
19.

7/i-3A3 2; 7a:3
-

2-^* 7a:

2A*

2y2-5a;

5y2 +

5 ;

9x^+11

4y^

ex-y^-lSx^-7, 20.
x^
+

2xy

Sy^;

Sz^

2yz

y^

x^ + Zz^

2xz;

z^-Zxy-Zyz;

xy+xz+yz-^^-4y^-2a?.

CHAPTER

IV.

Subtraction.

31,
under

The the

simplest
head of

cases

of of

Subtraction like

have of

already
which
some

come

addition

terms,

are

negative.
Thus

[Art.

20.]
6a-3a= 3a 3a
"

2a,
7a=

"

"4a,
"9a.

"

6a=

Since

subtraction

is

the

reverse

of

addition,

+6-6=0;
.*.
a=a

6"

6. side and
erase

Now

subtract

-6 thus

from

the

left-hand

"6

on

the

right

we

get

a-(-6)
This also follows

a+6.
rule for

directly

from

the

removing

brackets.

[Art.
Thus

25.]
3a-(-5a)=3a+5a
=8a,

and
"

3a

"

"

5a)=
=

"

3a+5a

2a.

Subtraction 32.
We

of

Unlike

Terms.

may

proceed
3a
"

as

in

the

following
4a
"

example.
+

Example.
The

Subtract

26
"

from

36

6c.

difference
The

expression
enclosed in

to

be

subtracted with removal

are a

is minus
of the

=4a-36 =4a-36

+ +

5c-(3a-26-c)
6c-3a+26+c

first

brackets
on

sign

prefixed,
the

then

=4a-3a-36+26+6c+c
=a"

brackets

like

terms

combined
in

6-f

6c.

by
Art.

the 20.

rules

already

exclaimed

CHAP.

IV.]

SUBTRACTION.

17
to the work as arrange line being changed.

It is, however,
the

more

convenient in the
+

follows,

signs of all the

terms

lower

4a-36
-

5c
e

The the
same

like

terms

are

written and

in each

3a + 26 +
a
-

vertical is treated

column,

by addition,
Rule.

b + 6c

column

separately.
expression
to

Change the subtracted^and add to

Note. the

in of every term sign the other expression.

the

he

It is not
should
to

signs

that in the necessary be actually changed ;

expression to be subtracted the operation of changing

signs ought Example

5o^+
xy

be

performed mentally.
5qi^ + xij take
In and the
-

1.

From

2x^ + %xy
column
we

*Jy\
combine of which the down
term
-

the

first

mentally 5x^
is 3j:*. In
to

2x'^,the
column

algebraic sum
the

last

3x^-7xy

ly^
2.

be

changed
Sx^
-

before

sign of it is put
1
-

7//^has
result.

in the

Example
Terms must stand

Subtract

2x

from of

a:*.
same

containing

different

powers

the

letter

being unlike

in dififerent

columns.
In the

-ar^ 3ar^-2a: -a;S-3ar^ The

+

+1

first and
to be

last

columns,
the

as

there
are

is

nothing
down and third

subtracted,

terms In
to

put

without

change
each

of

sign.
has

the be

second

2a:+l

columns in the

sign

changed.

re-arrangement
because of
x.

of terms it

first line

is not

it is convenient,
powers

gives the

result

of subtraction

but necessaryy in descending

EXAMPLES
Subtract

IV.

1, 2, 3, 4,

26-c
+
c

from from from

2a + 36 +

c.

2a-6

3a-56-r.

Sx-1 y-z
a:

a;-4y+32.

8y

+ 8z

from from

10a;-7y-6z.
-2m+n-dp, 4p-7g
-4a
-a

5,
6, 7, 8,

-m-Sn+p 3p-2q
a

from from from

3r.

-76

-3c 6 -9c

+ +

36 + 8c.

-a-

6-9c.
B

H.A.

18

ALGEBRA.

[CHAP.

Subtract

9, 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
From

3a:-6y-7"
-4a;-2y+llz -2a:-5y Sx-y-Sz w-2"-p 2p
-

from

2x+Sy-4z.
-a:

from

2y-13a.

from from from

-

x+Sy-2z,
x m

+ +
-

2y,
2n. 4r.

3^

from
from

2g

db-2cd-ac 3a6
+

-ah-3cd+2ac,
from 3a6
+

6cd-3ac-56d
from

6cd

4ac

66(t

-a:y+yz-za:

2a:y+za;.
from

-2/?g-3^r+4r"
-

gr-4r".
-

mn

llnp+

Spm Sxyz

from
from

Inp,
+

ix^'2xy^

2a:V

3icy*
-

a^

21. 22. 23.

a^'-Saj^+a:
-2x3-a:*

take take

-ofi+Sos^-x.
a^-x^-x,

a"+2"8-3a6c
-

take 62ca take

+

68-2a6c.
4
-

24.
25. 26. 27.

8 + 66c +
-

36c
_

56V.
+

3/)' 2p*g
7 + ar-a?
-4
+

Vpg^
5
-

take
a:

^j^g 3pga
ar^.

gS,

take

+ a~* +

a;2y.jgy2

take take

-3-2a:2y+lla:yz.
9a2a;2-8ar"-5.
+

28.
29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.

-8a2a;2

+ 5ar" + 15

p^+r^-Spqr
l-3a^" take

take

r*

s*+3pgr.

aJ"-3ar^+l. take 3a^'-3a;-2. 8a~"-5x-3. 8a"

take
+

2 + 3a;-7a^"

a:"+lla;2 a" + 5
-

take take

2a2

Sa^

7.

a:* + 3aJ"-a;2-8 l-2a:

+

2a:* + 3x*-a:+2.
+

3ar" take
take
+
-

7a:^-4a;2

3x+l.
-

x^yz+yhx
4a"ar"
l-a:
-

3yhx
take
take
-

2xyz^
+

x^.
-

3aa:*

a*

take

3aV

7a2a:8

a*.

a:*-a:*-a:'
+

a:*-l+a:-a:".
m^
-

-Smn'
1
-

lSm^n+n^

w^ + 8 wn*

7m%i.

1"^ take
The

2p3

3;?g2 2g".
tains miscellaneous

33.
on

the

foUowiug exercise foregoing rules.

cod

examples

IV.]

SUBTRACTION.

19

MISCELLANEOUS

EXAMPLES
"

L
of the
sum

1, When 3x1/, z^. 2,

Add

2j y
find

3,

4, find

the

value

of

5ai^,

Also

the

value
+

of 3z*H-3aH'. -ab
+

together
take 5ca
+

3a"
-

6c-ca,

ca,

a6-26c+5ca.

From

the

sum

"c

ab. of y
-

3,

Subtract

the -Sx

sum

x-y+Sz
4z.

and

-2y-2i5

from

the

sum

of

2a?~5y-3zand
4,

Simplify (1)
(2)

36

262

(26
+

362).

3a-26-(26
-

a)-(a-56).
-

5,

Subtract

Sc^ + 8c

2 from

c^

1.

6.

When

a?

3,

2,

4,

0, find

the

value

of

(1)
7.
Add

2a~"-3ay+4a:2".
3a2-7a
+

(2)
and

^.
3y
diminish the

together
3a2
+ 2,

2a'

6a

-3,

and

resultby
8.
36-7.

Subtract

26^-2

from

-26

6, and

increase

the

result

by

9.

Find the

the

sum

of from

3a;2-4z+8,
62:^ + 3.
must

2a;-3-ar*,

and

2a:"-2,

and

subtract

result

10.
9a8-7?

What

expression

be

added

to

5a^

3a

12

to

produce

11,
arrange

Find
the From be

the
result what

sum

of

2x,

-re*, Sx^, 2,
powers
must

-5x,

-4,

3a:", -5x\

8;

in

ascending

of the
a
-

x.

12,
7
-

2a

subtracted
a:
=

expression to produce

sum

of

5a^-2,

3a

a2,

and

Sa^ +

5 ? value

13,
2a;2-l,

When and
a;

6, find the numerical

of the

sum

of

a:

ar^^

-a:*.
of 6ax
+

14,
when
a

Find
=

the value
=

(26y
=

ca)
z
=

(2aaj
4.

36y

4cz)

(cz+ aa?),

0, 6

1,

2,
sum

a;

8, y
.

3,

15,
from

Subtract a:*+ 3:"+

a:

the

of a:3

^2^

2x^

7a?, 8a:

2,

air^,2a:"

+1.

20

ALGEBRA.

[chap.

IV.

16. 2p
+

expression must Sp*, in order 8, 2p2, 2p3

-

What

be
to

taken

from

the
-

sum

of

p^-Zp\

produce

4/)*

3 ?

17.
from

What
zero.

is

the

result

when

-'S2^+2qi^-IIx+6

is subtracted

18. 19.
the cube

By
Find of Take

how the

much

does

h +
sum

exceed of three

algebraic
+

times
+

the
l,

square

of x,

twice

a;, -2^

x-2ai^,
from and

andx^-x-os^

20.
sum

p^

of

4pq -p^-

q^ 3g^

Spq

2p^

4g', and 6^*.

-

add

the

remainder

to

the

21.

Subtract

36' +26^

-8

from

zero,

and

add

the

result

to

6* -268+36.

22.
2m3-2w2

By
+

how

much
+

does
+

the

sum

of of

-m*

2m-l,
+

"i^-3m,
3m?

6, 3w3
the

4m2

57?i +

3, fall short

Ilm3-8m3

23.

Find
+

y*-4a:y*
result in

7xh/-xy*, Sx^-ix^y\ + 3x*yy ar^y^ x'^-y'^+ a^y^ + xy*-xh^ of x. descending powers

sum

of

3ar^y2+ 2a:V
and arrange

6a:.y*,
the

24.
make

To
zero

what ? Give

expression
the
answer

must

Sx in

4^+7a:^

be of

added
x,

so

as

to

ascending unity,

powers

25.
add the

Subtract
results.

7a:'-3a;-6

from

and

x-6a^

from

zero,

and

26.

When

a=4,

6=3,
3a^-2bc-ad

c=2,

d=0,
+

find

the

value

of

(1)
Find
the the

3h^cd.

(2)

"

9a

27.
arrange

sum

of in

a,

-Sa\

4a,
powers

-5a,
of
a.

7, -18a,

4a',

-6,

and

result

descending
4 +

28.

Add
2qi^ +

together
x^-7
from

Sx^-\-a^, x^-x^-ll,
result.

7? -23?

!, and

tract sub-

the

29.
value of

If

a=5x-Sy

z,

6=-2a;+y-3z,

c=rc-5y

6z, find

the

a+6-c. If
a-

30.
vftlueof

a;=2a2-5a+3,
(y+z).

y=

-Sa^+a+S,

z=5a2-6a-5,

find

the

CHAPTER

V.

Multiplication,

34.
addition. Thus

Multiplication

in

its

primary

sense

signifies repeated

3x5

taken

5 +

times
3 + 3.

=3+3+3 Here
we

the take
3

multiplier
is the axh"a
=a same

contains
as

units,

and of

the in

number
5.

of

times

the

number

units

Again
Also numbers

taken
+

h times
the
a

a-\-a+a-^...,
so

number h denote

of

terms

being
whole

6.

3x5=5x3;
it is easy

and
to

long
that

?ja

and

positive

shew

Hence

a6c=ax6xc=(ax6)xc=6xaxc=6ac 6x(axc)=6xcxa=6ca.
=

can Similarly we integral quantities

show
a,

that
c

the the
same

product
in

of

three

positive
order the

6,

is

whatever

factors

are

written. 2ax3" the 2xax3x"

to 2x3xax"

Example,
35.
When

6a".

quantities
the

be

multiplied
of
3
on

positive whole
be 3

numbers,
For which
3

definition
to

modified.
that

example
when into 7

operation
must

is, we By
can

divide

multiply performed equal parts

in this include

not together are multiplication has to by f, we perform on unity gives f ; that

and

take the

of

them. ah
a
=

taking
be extended for

multiplication
so as

sense,

statement

ha h

to

every

case

in

which

and

stand It number factors

positive quantities.
as

follows of
are

in

the

previous
is the

article
same

that in

the whatever

product
order

of the

positive
written.

factors

36.

Since, by
.*.

definition, d^"aaa^
a^
-

and
aaaaaaaa

aJ'"aaaaa
=

;
=

a^

aaa

aaaaa

a*
sum

a' of

""" ^

that
of
a

is, the
in the

index
factors

of of

in the

product product.
and
=

the

is the

the

indices

Again,
/.

5a^=6aa,
5a2
X

7a^ 7
x

7aaa
=

7a^

aaaaa

35a^

22

ALGEBRA.

[CHAP.

When powers

the

expressions

to

be similar

multiplied
method Saahxxx

together

contain

of different 6a'6*

letters, a
x

is used.

Example.

8a'6ar^

6aaabh

40a"63aJ".
to

Note. of way
no

be careful beginner must indices the of one multiplication The those

observe
cannot

that

in

this
in admits

cess proany of

letter

combine

with further

of

another.

Thus

the

expression

40a*6'ic*

simpUfication.
To

simple expressions multiply two together^ multiply the coefficientstogether and prefix their product to the product of the differentletters, giving to each letter an index equal to the sum of the indices that letter has in the separate factors.
The rule may
are

37.

Rule.

be
to

extended

to

cases

where

more

than

two

expressions
Example
The

be

multiplied together.
product
x

1.

Find

the

of

x^, x^,

and

v?.
=

product

a;^ x ar*

a:^

2;2+3 y^^-

a;2+3+8

3.13,

The

product
product.

of

three

or

more

expressions

is called

the

tinued con-

Example
The

2.
=

Find

the
x

continued

product
-

of

hxh^^ 8y%^

and

3a"*.

product

hx^-^

8y

^xs^

V2!^yH^,
taken
...

38.

m"m-\-m-\-m-\By definition,("x-\-h)

6 times

=(7w.+m+m+... together with (wi+

=am+6m. Also
m

taken
+
. . .

times), times)

taken

(a

"

6)m=w
=

m+m+
...

taken taken taken

,,.

"

6 times

(m+m+w+...
{rn-\-m-\-m-\-

times), times)

diminished

by
=

am"

6771.
"

Similarly
Thus

(a

"

6+c)wi=am

6m+cw.

that the product of a it appears the is algebraic sum of the single factor

term

of

the

compound
3(2a
+

expression by
36
-

that

compound expression bv partial products of each factor.

Examples.

4c)

6a

96

12c.

v.]

MULTIPLICATION.

23

EXAMPLES
Find

V.

a.

the
X

value

of

1,

6a:

7.

2. 3x26.
6. ^jf 10.
5a
X X

3. x^xtx^. %*"
662.

4. 6xx6a^. 8. 4a"x6a* 12. 3jo*x55^.

5. 6c3x7c*. 9, 3a;x4y. 13,

6aa:x5aa:.

7. Sm'xSm'. 11. 4c2x5rf6. 15. ahxab. 19. a36"xa86*.

14. 3grx4gr.

16. 3acx5ad. 20.

a*
X

17, a?xY.ah?. 21. a2xa86x5a6*. 23. 25.

18. 3icV'xV.

3a663.

22. pr^x6jjh-x*lpr^,
24.
7a2x363x5c*.
X

6a:3yxa?yx9ary. 6a:y2X 7^2^ X arz*.

26. 3a6c(2

56ca2

4ca6(2.

Multiply
27. a6-ac 29. 5a2-362 31. a2-268

by a^c. by 3a62c*. by Zx^, by 2jp2. by 3yz. (a

c
"

28. oi^y-oAi+^y^ 30.

a26
-

by ar'yz^ by 3a"6. by ah:y. by 4mhi.

5a6

6a
+

32.

2aar"-63y
+

33. Tp^q-pq^+l 35. ary*-3a;2z-2

34. m^

5mn-3n^

36. a^-Sa^a;

by 2a26a:.

39.

Since

6)771
=

am

"

6m,
have

[Art. 38.]

by putting

c? in the

place
-

of m,

we

{a

"

b){c d)=a{c=^{c
"

d) d)a
"

"

h(c

d)

"

(c-'d)b
"

=(ac
=ac
"

ad)
ad-

{be

"

bd)

bc+bd.
side

If

we

consider
way

each

term

on

the

right-hand
find
=

of this

result,

and

the

in which

it

arises, we

that

(+a)x(H-c) (~6)x(-c0 (-6)x(

+

+ac.

+^.

c) =-6c.
-ad.
what is known
as

(+a)x(-cO=
These of Signs Bale results
in

enable

us

to

state

the

Bole

multiplication.
Signs.
The

of

product
two teniis

of
with

two

terms

with

like

signs is

positive; theprodiLCtof

unlike

signs is negative.

24

ALGEBRA.

[chap.

multiplier,will

especially the use of the negative to the beginner. probably present some difficulty be useful instances in illustrating Perhaps the following numerical may the interpretation that be given to multiplication may by a negative quantity.
To

40.

The

rule

of

and signs,

multiply
-

by
Now

"

4 "4

we

must
means :

do that

to

what

is done

to

unity
and
3

to

obtain result be taken

3

4.

unity
3
x

is taken
"

4 times

the
to

made
4

negative
and
4

therefore

4) implies that

is

times

the

product
+ 12 ;

made

negative.

But

taken

times

gives
.-.

3x(-4)=-12.
that first
"3

Similarly
and second Thus the +12.

"

3x

"

indicates the

is

to

be

taken

times,
the

sign changed;

operation gives "12,

and

(-3)x(-4)=+12.
that then
we are

Hence,

multiplication hy a negative quantity indicates to proceed just as positive^and if the multiplier were the sign of the product
Example By
the 1. rule

change

Multiply
of

4a

by

"36.
; also

signs

the
/.

product is negative
4ax(-36)=
"

4a

35

12a(

12a6.

Example
Here of the the

2.

Multiply
value is

bah^x
of the
;
X

by

df^x.
is

absolute

product

6a^bV,

and

by

the

rule

signs

product
.-.

positive
-

6ab^x)

a"x)

5a^"x^.

Example
Sa^h
X

3.

Find

the

continued

product
This down 3a-b
X

of

3a^6,

2a'6',

a6*. be

2a^h^')
=
-

6a"63
=

result,
at

however,
once :

may for

written

X 6a-'63) (

ab*)

6aW,

2a^b^
rule is

ab* of

6a"6^
the
quired re-

Thus

the is 6a"6^.

complete

duct pro-

aiid

by

the

product Multiply
6a' 5a^b
sum

signs positive.

Example
The

4.

^b^

by

3a6=.

])roduct is the algebraical according to the rule enunciated

thus

of the 37

partial products formed

;

in Art.
=

(6a3

5a26

4a62) x (

3ab^)

ISa*^^

I5a^0^

Ua-b*.

v.]

MULTIPLICATION.

25

EXAMPLES

V.

b.

Multiply together 1,
5.
a,

-2.

2, -3,4a:.
6. 10.

3, -a^,
7. 11. 6,
-

-^*

4. -Sw, 8. 4a^,
12. 3a6,
-

3w". -4a?*.
-4a6.

-4^,3^.
-4y.
-

-4y3, -4y".
-Sa^, 4a:. 14. 17.
-

-3w2", Sm".

9. -3a;, 13.
16. 3a2,

-3j32,-4^.
c^.
-

62, 2a6.

a,

15. 3a2,
6.

26,
-

4cS,
-

d.
".

-3a6,-4ac,36c.

2a3,

30^6,

18.

2p,

3g, 4",

Multiply 19.
21.

-a6+oc-6cby
a^c-oc^+c*

-ab.

20. 22.
the

-3a*-4aa:+5a:8
-2a6
+

by

-aV.

by

-a^c

cd-"/by
rule of of

-3a:2y2,

41.
a

To

farther

illustrate in

use

of where

the

few

examples
negative
I.

substitution

some

signs, we add the symbols

denote

quantities.
a
=
-

Example
Here

If a"
=

4, find
=

the

value

of a'.
=

(-4)8

(-4)x(-4)x(-4)
the rule of

-64.

By
shown
and

repeated applications of
that any
even

any power
2.

odd

signs it may easily be of is a negative quantity negative^ power of a negative quantity is positive.
=

Example
Here

Ifa=-1,6
-3x
=

3, c=-2,

find the We
once,

value write

of

^^h"?.
at

-3a*6c"=

(-l)4x3x(-2)8
+

down

-3x(
72.

l)x3x(-8)

(-1)*=
-8.

+1,

and

"=

(-2)"=

EXAMPLES

V.

c.

Ifa=-1,
1.
3c.

0, c=-2,

n=l,

^=-3, 3. 7. 11. 15. 19.

aw.

find

the

value

of

2. 6. 10. 14. 18,

-5a.

4. 8. 12. 16. 20.

(-a)'.
-ac.

5. 9. 13. 17,

-3o". a6. 2a6c3.

(-g)*.
-(Km,

-2a8.

-3a*.

^-cf. -3a2g. c"g".

-"?.

-(a)*.
-a"A

-aV.

ac".

26

ALGEBRA.

[chap.

I"a=-3, 21. Sa-2i/

l, k

0,

a?

5,

y=-l,
+

find

the

value -4a
+

of

+ 4k.

22. 25. 28. 31,

-4c-3a:

2y.

23. 26.

5y-a:.
+

24.
27.

ac-3cy-yife. -a3-ay
+

2ay-^+4Ar*.
aa:-ya:-cy.

a*-2c2

3y2.
+

3y3.

29.
32.

c^-y^-c^

yS,

30.

a"-a;2_2y.

cV-2aca+c/r".

acy-y*+2a2.

Multiplication
42.
From ^0

of

Compound
+

Expressions*
c+d.

^7W3?^A" product ofa

38,

b and

Art.
w

{ai-b)m=am-\-bm;
we

replacing

by c+c?,

have
=

(a + b)(c-\'d) a(c-\'d)-\-b{c-\'d) =(c Similarly it

be
shown that
"

d)a-\-(c-\-c[)b

^ac+ad-\-bc-hbd.
may

{a (a
43.
used.
When
one

"

b){c-{-d)=aci-ad
"

bc be

"

bd;
bd
;

{a+bXc
"

d)=
"

ac

"

ad

"

b)(c d)
-

ac

"

ad"bc+bd.

or more

both than

of
two

the

expressions
a

to

be

multiplied
may be

together

contain

terms

similar

method

For

instance

(a replacing
m

"

6
we

=aw -}-c)m

"

6m

cm

by

a?"

y,

have
+
"

{a-b-iccy,x-y)^a{x-y)-b{x-y)
={ax
=a"x
" "

c{x-y)
"

ay)
ayus

{bx

by)-\-(cx cy)

bx-hby+cx-cy.
to state

44.
for

preceding results multiplying together any

The

enable
two

compound

general expressions.

the

rule

Rule.

Multiply

of the second, prefix to the algebraical sum

of the firstexpression by each term vVhen the terms multiplied togetherhave like signs, unlike the product the sign +, when prefix ; the the of plete compartial products so formea gives
term
"

each

product,
45.
is It should be noticed that the

product
as as

of

6 and

briefly expressed by {a-\-b){x"y\ in the that indicate expression a\-b taken the taken multiplied by eiq)res8ion x-y

which
a a

the whole

x-y brackets
to

is

be the

whole.

By

v.]

MULTIPLICATION.

27

above

product the partial products +cu:, +bx, -ay, by the rule product beiug determined
Example
The
1.

rule, the

value

of

the

is the

of

algebraical sum "bt/; the sign of signs.

of each

Multiply

a:

+
=

by

a?

7.
+

product

(a: + S){x
x^+Sx
+

7)

'Jx + 66

x^+l5x-\-tQ.
as

The

operation
X x

is
+
+

more

conveniently arranged
We

follows

7
Sx

to

the

s^+
+

result
that
same

begin on the left and work right, placing the second one place to the right, so
terms

7a:+56
15a: + 56. 2a;

like

vertical

may column.

stand

in

the

by addition, Example
2.

ar* +

Multiply

dy by -3y

4a;

7y.

2a; 4a;

-7y

28

ALGEBRA.

[chap.

46.

We

shall
1. -5

now

give
the

few

examples
of term

of greater
and

difficulty.

Example
3aj22a?
-

Find

product
Each

3a;^-2a:-5 of the

2a: -5.

2x 5

6ar"-

4a;2-10a?
+

-15a:2

10a; + 25
+

expression is first term of the multiplied by 2a;, the second then each term the of expression ; first expression is multiplied by 5 ; like terms columns and placed in the same are
-

first

6a:3

I9a;2

25.

the

results

added.

Example

2.

Multiply
a

6 + 3c 6 + 3c 26 a6 + 2a6

by

26.

a^-

3ac

-26'+
3ac-262+66c.
not
some

66c

a2+

a6 +

47.

If

the
or

ascending
will

expressions descending,
found
Find

are

of

arranged according common letter,a

to

powers,

ment rearrange-

be

convenient. the
of 2a^ + 46'

Example,
2a2-

product

3a6

and

3a6

Sa' + 46^.

3a6
3a6

+462 +46^
is not re-arrangement but convenient, necessary, because it mak"s of easy. 166*. like the terms The

5a^+

10a4+15a36-20a262
+^

tion collecmore

6a86-

9a262 + 12a63 8a262-12a63+166*

-.10a4+21a36-21a263

EXAMPLES

V.

e.

Multiply together
1, 3. 5. 7. 9. 11, ar*-3a:-2,
2a:-l.

2. 4. 6. 8. 10.
2,

4a2-a-2,
3a:2 + 4a? 562-26
5c2-4c
+ +

2a+3.

2y2-3y+l,
2a2-3a-6,
Sar^-ar
+

3y--l.
a-2.

5,
3, 3,

4a; -6.

-26-3.
-2c
+

T, 2a;-7.
a;2-a: + 2.
a^-a a-6
+
c.

+
+

l.
+

ar^+a;-2, 2a2-3a-6,
a

ar'-2a;

5, ar*-2a:

5.

12. 14,

2F-3ib-l,
a

3ifc2_jt-l.

13,

6-c,

-26

-3c,

a-26+3c

v.] ix^-xy+y^,
o2-63-3c3,
a8-6a
5m2 2a: +
+
+

MULTIPLICATION.

29

15. 17^ 19. 21. 23. 25.

x^+xy+f^.
-a3-6^-3c2.
+

16,
18. 20.

a^ -Tax

+20?,

a'+2aa:

+ 2ar".

t^-^x^-x, '2y*-V
Sa^
a' + ar^
-

a;2-3a:+l.
+

5, a8

6a-5.
+

l, 2y^-^y^-\. 3a,
Sa^ + 1
~

3-4w,

6-4m

3m2.

22. 24.
-

2^2

5a.

2a:"-3x",

3a: + 2 + 2x2.

fe^-a^fca,a^fe^-a'+fe*.

a3 + ar"+ 3aa;2 +

3a2a:,

a^ + 3aa:2
+

3a2a:.

26. 27.
28. 29.

67"*-i?8+4/)2_2/) + 3, jy2_2^
"i"-2m*
+

3.
+

3m"-4wi^

4m"-3m5 a?-\
+

2m*.

a*+l+6a2-4a"-4a,
a2 +

Za-^\

62+c2

a6+ac-5c,

a-b-c.
-

30.
48.

ar*+6a:V' + y*-"4^y-4^"

ar*

y*

6a:V

4a?y* 4a:V-

binomial two multiplying together and ^+8 *7, by the can factors, such as x alw.ay8 oe obtained of the it is utmost methods importance that already explained, the product I'apidly down learn should the student to write soon 6y inspection.

Although

the

result

of
"

This
terms

is done in the

by observing in product arise, and

of
are

what

way

the that

coefficients

of

the

noticing

they
in

result the
two

from

the

combination

the

numerical

coefficients
; thus

bi-

nomiials

which

multiplied together

{x-8){x-1)=a^-8x-7x+56
=^215^+56.

(x+8)(X'-*7)=x^+SX'7x-56
=x2+x-56.

(^-8)"
each of these results consists

7)=ar'-ar+7a:-56
=x^"x-56.

In 1.
2.

we

notice of three

that
terms.

The
The

product
first term

is the

product

of

the

first terms

of the

two

binomial
3. two 4.

expressions.
third
term

The

is the

product
for with its their

of

the

second

terms

of

the

binomial
The

expressions.
middle
term

has

coefficient

the

sum

of

the

numerical
terms

of the

quantities (taken proper binomial two expressions.

signs) in the

second

30

ALGEBRA.

[chap.

v.

The

intermediate written down

step
at

in

the
as

work
in

products

once,

be omitted, and may the following examples

the
:

(j7+2)(47 + 3)=^4-5a:-f-6. (a;-3X^+4)=ar^4-^-12.

{x"^y){x
{x
"

10^)
+

=a^
=

\^xy+^OyK
%xy
"

%y){x
of

4y)
these

a?*

24^^.
we

By an easy the product of

Thus

extension any
two

principles

may

write

down

binomials.

+ 3yX^ (2.t7

-y)

^-\-^xy-2xy''^y^

=^^+xy-Zy\ (3^-4yX2^+y)=6^-8^
=^^
"

3^-4y^

bxy

"

Ay^,
16

(^+4X^-4)-=^+4:f-4^=^-16.

{2x+by){^x-by)^Aa^+\0xy-\0xy-2^
=

4r^-25/.

EXAMPLES

V.

f.

Write

down

the

values

of the

following products 3.
6. 9. 12. 15. 18. 25). 5d). 21. 24. 27. 30.

1 4

(a

3Ka-2).

2. 5. 8. 11. 14. 17. 20. 23. 26. 29.

(a-7)(a-6). (y-7)(y-l). (a:-9)(a:-3).

(a?
-

(a:-4)(a?+5). (a-l)(a-9). (y-4)(y

(a (c
+ + +

(6-6)(6+4). (c^5)(c (a-3)(a

+ +

7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28

4). 3).

7).

5)(a;

8).

7)(a-7). 7)(c + 7).

{k-Q){h-Q). (p
+

(a-5)(a+5).

9)(p-10).
+

(z+5)(z-8).
(a (c
-

(a;-9)(a?+9).
(a;
-

{x-Za){x (a
+

2a),
4c).

26)(a 5(/)(c
-

4y)({r

4y).
+

4c)(a

(p-2g)(i?

25).

(2a:-3)(3a:+2).
(3a; + 2a)(3a:-2a).

(3a:- l)(2a? + l). (6a;+a)(6a:-2a).

(5a:-2)(5a:+2). (7a: + 3y)(7a?

-

y).

CHAPTER

VL

Division.

49.
the

The

object by

of which

division
the

is

to

find
must

out

the
be

quantity,
so

called
as

qnotient,
the

divisor

multiplied

to

produce
Division

dividend. the

is

thus

inverse

of

multiplication. briefly
=

The

above

statement

may
x

be

written

quotient
or

divisor

dividend,

dividend
-r-

divisor
to

quotient.
this last result
as
a

It
;

is

sometimes

better

express

tion frac-

thus

dividend
=

quotient.

..

-^rr".

divisor

Examjde
when 4x is

1.

Shice

the

product
the

of

and

is

4x,

it

follows

that

divided

by

quotient
4^-7-x
=

is 4,
4.

or

otherwise,

Example

2.

Divide

27a'

by

9a*. We
and

27a*
The

2^aaaaa
9aaa

remove

from
the

the factors
as

divisor
mon com-

quotient
9a'
=

dividend
to

both,

just

in

metic. arith-

ikui

3a2

Therefore

27a"

-f

9a"

3a*.

Example

3.

Divide

36a"6M

by

lat^c^.

The

quotient
these

^^^"^ if
"a
.

'

^-^
=

5aa
.

6a"c.

bo
,

cc

In letter

each
in

of the

cases

it is the

should
difference

be

noticed of the

that

the of

index
that

of

any in

quotient
and

indices

letter

the

dividend

divisor.

32

ALGEBRA.

[chap.

50.
division. Thus

It

is

easy

to

prove

that

the

rule

of signs holds

for

a6-a="-*=^=6.
a a

-a6-;-a=^="-^"-^"=-6.
a a

a6-H(-a)=.g^J-")^(-^)= -6.
"

"a

"

a as

"a

Hence

in division

as

well

multiplication

like

unlike

signs produce +, signs produce

"

"

Bnle.
The

To index

divide

one

simple expression by quotient

from
that

another

of each
so

letter in the

is obtained in

by subtracting
the dividend.

the index
To

of that

letter in the divisor obtained

the result

prefixmth
by
by
-

of

the

of coefficient
1.
=

the dividend %^a^x^

x

its proper sign the that of the divisor.

quotient

Example
The

Divide

\2a^x. Or
at
once

quotient

7)

a^'h?-^

mentally,

-7aa;2

Example
Kote.
same

2. If
we

^oa^^x^M
the rule
we

Qa^ftar)
to

Sa^fta:*.
of a letter power any curious conclusion. a" ;

apply
rule

divide led
=

by

the

power

of the the

letter

are

to
-

Thus,
but
also

by

a^

-i-a^

a^ a?

a'-r a^

a^
:.

.i

=1,

aO=l.
to strange the Theory

This
its

result

full

somewhat appear significance is explained

will

the
of

beginner, but
Indices.

in

[See Elementary
Rule.
divide
sum

AUjebra^

Chap,

xxxi.]

To
each

of
This

the

compound expression by a single factor, that term factor, and take the algebraic separately by partial quotients so obtained.
divide
a

follows

at

once

from
+

Art.

38. -3a;

Examples.

(9x-

12y
_

3z)-r(--3)
-

4y-z.
=

(36a"62

24a2i*

20a^62) -f \a:^b

9a6

66*

Sa^ft.

VI.]

DIVISION.

33

EXAMPLES
Divide

VI.

a.

1. 2:^3 ]yy 4.
2167

2. Ca*^ by 5. a^y^ by

3a. -ary.

3. 5a7

by a*.

by 76".
-2;jg.
-

6. -3a:y" by 3y. 9.
-^wi^
-

7. 4/"23'' by 10.
-

8. ISrw'n
^^ 14. 17.
352.11

by by
-

-5m.

by by

-^wi.
-

48a:9

by

Gar^.

yz*.
-ar^.

12.
15. 18.

Wh

76.

13, 18. 19.

21.

-28p^q
-1262c5 -45a*63c"
-

by 28i)6, by GftV.

-^(xfi by
-9^1

24a:y23by
2W

-3zK -^/.

by
20. 22. 24.

-F".

by

by Qa^ftSc^o. by
x.
-

-ar^y^z*by
-

-a:3//z".

ima^b^caP
-

Taia:^^

35a"6"a:7
-

by

la^b^x^.
a6.

23. 3ar"
25.

2a;

by

6a'"

lab^ by
+

48/)2g-24pg2 by Spq,
.

26.
28.
-4aj.

-15a:" 1^'
-

25a;*
f a

by by

-5x^.
-

27,
29.

ar^

ary

arz

by

a?.

5a^"

a.

4x3+36ax2-16a; When
the 1.

by

30.
a

Sa^-9a^b-6ab^

by

-3a.

Divisor

is

Compound

Expression.
in

51.

Rule.

descending powers
2.
on

Arrange divisor and letter. common of some

term
on

dividend

ascending

or

Divide

the

the

left of

the

dividend
in the

by

the

term

the
3.

leftof

the divisor
^

and

put

the result

quotient.
put
the

Multiply the
Subtract
and

whole

divisor

by

this

quotient,and
as

product under
4.
as

the dividend.

bring down

from

the dividend

many

terms

may

be necessary. these

Repeat

operations

till all

the terms

from

the

dividend

are

brought doton.
Example
1
.

Divide work

a:* + lIa; + 30 thus

:

by

Q.

Arrange

the

a; +

6)a;2 + lla:+30(
dividend,
the dividend.
+

divide divisor the

a:^,the
; the

first term
is

of the
x.

by
We

x,

the

first term

of the

quotient

Multiply
the

whole

divisor then have

by

x, and

put

product

a^ + 6a; under
a;

6)a;2+lla;
g^46a; 6x

30(a;
30
we

by subtraction,
On
term

repeating
in the
H.A.

the

quotient

process is + 5.

above

explained,
C

find

that

the

next

34

ALGEBRiL

[chap.

The

entire

operation is

more

compactly
+

written
+

as

follows

a?+6)a;2

lla:+30(a;
6a? 5a: + 30 5a: -I-30

a;^+

separated complete parts many may found of all the partial quotients. quotient is by taking the sum the above is ^"2+lla:+30 separated into two parts, By process and each of these is divided and by :r+6 ; namely a:^-h6a:, 5^+30, obtain thus we the partial quotients +a: and +5.
reason

The

for

the

rule

is this be

the

dividend
and

is

into

as

as

convenient,

the

Example
8x
-

2.

Divide

24a:"

65a:y + 2ly^ by
Divide
-

8a?

3y.

24a:'

3y )24a;2

65a;y +21y2(3a:

7y

by

8a?;
the

this

gives 3a;, the

first term

of the whole
the

-56a:y -56a;y

21y* 21y2
the
of the

quotient. Multiply divisor by 3a;, and

result under the
we

place

dividend. obtain
so

By -56a:y
-

subtraction
of this

2ly2.
second

Divide
term

first terni

by 8a:,and

obtain

7y,

the

quotient.
-

Example

3.

Divide

IGa^

46a^
+

39a

by

8a

3.

8a-3)16a"-46a2
-40a2

39a-9(2a"-5a+3
39a

-40a2+15a
24a-9 24a-9

Thus

the

quotient

is 2a'

5a

3.

EXAMPLES
Divide

VI.

b.

1,

a' + 2a

by
by

1,
I.

2. 4. 6,

62 + 36 + 2
+ 5y t/^ +

by by by by
78

6 + 2.
y + 3. a?-2. g + 4.
m
-

3.
5. 7. 9.

ar" + 4a; + 3 a;' + 5a;-6

a:

by by by

a:-l. p + 8.
a

ar' + 2a;-8

p^
a-

+ +

3/7-40
5a-50

8.
10. 12.

^^^-4^-32
m'
+ +

+
a;

10.
+

7m

by

6. + 126.

11,

ic2+ aa;-30a'

by

6a.

a'

9a6-366'

by

VI.]

DIVISION.

35

Divide

13.
15. 17. 19,

-a:'+18a:-45 2ar2-13a?-24 ear' + 5a; -21

-5x^
+

by by by

a:-16. 2a: + 3.

14.
16. 18. 20.
-

a:*

42a? +441
+

by by

a?

-21. 3.

5ar" +16ar

ar+

2a: -3. -^x-y.

12a"+aa;-6a:2
Ba^
ac-

by by

3a-2a:.
2a -5c

xy

6y^ hy
+

350^

21. 22.
23.

I2p^
4m2
-

74pq
49"'

I2q^ by 2p
2m
+ 7n.

12g.

V
H-

12a2
-25ar"

31a6
+

206^

by
-5a:

4a
+

56.

24. 25. 26.

27. 28.

49y3 by
-

7y.
+

21;"2+ llpg

40g2 by Sp by
2a: +

5g.
l.

8a:S + 8ar"+4a;+l

-2a:'+13ar"-17a:+10
ar^ + aar"-3a2a:-6a"

by by

-a?+6.

a;-2a.

29.
30.

6a:"y-arV^-7a:3/S + 12y* by 2a:+3y.

Sx^
-

12ar"

14ar+21

by

2a:

3.

52.
the

Tlie

divisor

process consists

of of

Art.
more

51

is

applicable
terms.

to

cases

in

whicli

than

two

Example

1.

Divide

a*-2a'-7a2

8a

12

by

a'-a-6.

a2-a-6)a*-2a"-7a2+8a
a^-a8-6a^ -a'-a2
-a^
+

12(a2-a-2

8a

+ a^ + Qa

-2a2+2a+12
-2a2
+

2a

12

E3cample2,
First arrange

Divide
each

4a:*
of the

5a:2 + 6a:*

15 in

a:*

a:

by

3 + 2qi^-x. powers of
a:.

expressions

descending

2ar"-a;+3)6aH"-

a:*+4x"-5ar"-a:-15(3a:*+ar"-2a:-6
+

6ar^-3a:*

9a:g 5ar"

2a:*-5ar^2a:*-

x^+

Sx^ 8a:^2a~"-6a;
x

-4ar^-

-4x^+

-10ar"

5a:-15

-10ar"+5x-15

36

ALGEBRA.

[chap.

Example

3.

Divide

^Q(^-27^-~A7r^

V2-^Q[^-Z\x

by ^-Ix
+

b.

ar"-7a:

6)ar'-2a:4-4a:3
x^

23ar8-31a;+12(a:2_2a;
5a^"

-Ix^^ -2a:*+3a:3 -2a;*

+

i8a;2-31ar

+14a;2--10a: 3a:3+
3a;" 4a;2 4a;''' -21a; -21a;
+

12

+15
-

Now
carried
a

4a;*
on

is

not

divisible
; thus

by
the

a;^,so

that

the
-

division

cannot there

be
is

remainder In all
on

further any 4a;2- 3.

cases

quotient
is not in

is a:*

2a; + 3, and

where the

the

division power

exact,
the

the

work

should

be

carried that

until divisor.

highest

remainder

is lower

than

in the

be Occasionally it may expressions in ascending powers

53.

found of
some

convenient
common

to

arrange letter.

the

Example,

Divide

2a3

10

16a

39a2

15a*

by

4a

ba^,

2-4a-5a2)10-16a-39a2+
10 -20a

2a3+15a*(
-25a*
2a3

5 + 2a-3a2

4a-14a2+
4a-

8a2--10a3
-

6a2+12a3+15a* 6a2+12a3+15a*

EXAMPLES
Divide

VI.

c.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

a3-6a2+lla-6
ix?-4x^+xJtQ

by by

a2-4a

3.

a;2-a;-2.
+ +

y3 + y*-9y+12
21m^-m* 6a3-5a2-9a-2 6ifc3-F-14ifc
+

by y2-3y by by
3

3. 2m+l.

+ m-l

7wi*

2a2-3a-l. 3F
+

by

4A;-1.

6a;3_j.iia:2_39a._65
12a;3
_

by

3ar^+13a;+13.

8cuc2

27a2a; + 1 Sa^

by

Ga;*

13aa; + 6a".

VI,]

DIVISION.

37

Divide

9.

16x3

i4a:2y
5^2^
_

^^^^
-

\r^
by
+

by
Tc^
+

%x^ 3cd

"Tlxy
ci^.
+

3y".

10*.21c3
_

3ocP

2"Z3

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

3a:*-10a:3+12ar^-lla;
30a*
+

6
+

by
48

Sar^-x

S.

lla"-82a2-12a

by

3a2

2a-4.

7?"7?-%x-\^
a

by by

a:2 +

3a;+3.

3a3+6-10a2

a2-4a+3.

21m3-27m-26m2+20
ISa:^ + 24aS
-

by
iOa^x
-

Sm

lm^-^
+

Qcux^

by

9xr^

ISoa:.

3y*-4y3+10y2
6a3
+

3y_2 by

by

2/^-^2

3^+2.

18.
19. 20. 21. 22.

l +
+

10a*-4aa

5a3-2a+l.
i6

12a:*

5a:3_33a;2_3a.+
+

by

4x^-x-5.

/)*-6/"3+13p2-10;?
28a:*
+

by

p^-Sp-{-2. by
+

69x

Tla:^

35x2

4x2

+.5

133..

5a5-7a*-9a3-lla2-38a
x3-8a3 ar* + a8
+

40

by 24. 26.

-5a2+17a-10.

23! 25!
27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 40.

by

x2+2ax

4a2.

y*

9y2

81
+

by by

y2-3y+9.
3a2-4a+2.

43/* by
64
+

x2+2xy+2y2.
a4-4a2
+ +

9a*-4a2

by
36x2

8.

16x"

81
+

by

4x2

6x
+

9.

4m5-2"w-36 15x* 3a2

+
+

8m2-7m3
_

6m*

by
3
-

wi^
4x
+

2m2
5x2.
+

3m

4.

22

32x3
-

30x
+

50x2 86c
-3x
+
+

by
3c2
+

8a6+462+10ac

by

a+26

3c.

9x2-42^^+42^-22
4c2-12c-d2
+

by
9

2y-z.

by

2c

rf-3.

9i"2-16g2

3()p+25
+

by ^-y^

-3p-4g-5. by
by x3-x-2^.
x^ +

a^-x^+x^y^-oi^ x^+x*y-ar^y^
a3"3 ix^+l
+

oi^-2xy^
+

xy-y\
by
2a"+2
3-6
+

a6-9-"*

363
x

36-a*-3a3-3a
l.

o".

by

x3 +

x2 +

39.

by

a^ +

2a^+2a+l.

a:"-6x*-8x3-l

by

x3-2a;-l.

CHAPTER

Vn.

Removal

and

Insertion

of

Brackets.

54.

indicate Thus that

are Quantities that they must in the expression the 4a expression

sometimes all
2a
"
-

enclosed

within
in the

brackets
same

to

be 36

operated upon (4a 26) the

"

brackets has
to

way. indicate

26

treated

as

whole

be

tracted sub-

from It will be

2a

"

36.
here
to

convenient have

quote

the in

rules Arts.

for
24

removing
25.

brackets

which
an

already
within removed

been

given
is

and the

When
the

expression
can

brackets without

preceded by
any

sign +,
in

brackets

be

making
is

change by
term

the

expression.
When the
an

expression
mny be

within

brackets

brackets
be

removed

if

the

preceded sign of every

the

sign

"

within

the

brackets

changed.
Simplify,
(2a
-

Example.

by removing
36)
36
-

l^rackets,
46)
-

the

expression

(3a
3a
-

(6
2a

2a).

The

expression

2a
a

46

6 +

86,
is

by collecting
to

like

terms.

55.

Sometimes
of
an

it

convenient

enclose within of

within brackets. different

brackets
For

part
this Tlie

expression
it in is usual
common

purpose brackets When

already to employ
use are

enclosed

brackets

forma.

(),{},[].
more

56.

there

are

two

or

pairs
with
we

of the

bi'ackets
innermost the rules

to

be

removed,
In

it is with

dealing

generally best each pair in

to

begin

succession

apply

pair. quoted

above.

Example.

Simplify,

by removing

brackets,
+

the
+

expression c)}].

a-26-[4a-66-{3a-c
Removing
the the

(2a-46

brackets
=

one

by
26
-

one,
-

expression

[4a

66

{3a
+

+2a
+

46

c}]

a-26-[4a~66-3a
a-26-4a
+

c-2a
+

46-";]

66

3a-c like

2a-46+c
terms.
not

2a,

by collecting
will find it

Note.

At all the

first

the

beginner
have

best

to

collect

temit

mitil

brackets

been

removed.

CHAP.

VII.]

REMOVAL

OP

BRACKETS.

39

EXAMPLES

Vn.
and

a.

Simplify by removing
1
a+2b
2a -36
+

brackets

collecting like 2.
4, 6. 8.
a

terms

(2a-Sh).
-(2a
+ +

25

(2a

36).

8
5 7

26).

a-2-(4-3a).
a

(a:-3y) {x-Zy
2a+
+
-

(2a:-4y)-(ar-8y).
2z)-{z3a)
-

+
-

26-3c-(6-a-4c). {2y
+

iy "\-2x),
-

4a:

2x)

(3a? oy).
-

9 10
11 12

(6

(4a

86)
+

(66

5a).
+
-

m-(w-p)-(2m-2p
a-6 6x
-

3w)-(w-m
+

2p).

c-(a+c-6)-(a+6
+

c)

(6 + c-a).

(ly

3a:)

(2y
+

7a:)
-

(3a:+ By).

13
14

(p-g)-(g-2p)

(2i?-g)-(p-2^).
3m2)

2ar"-(3y2_a:2)-(ar5-4y2).
{w?
-

15 16 17 18 19
21

2"2)

(2n2

(3m2

An^).
+

(ar-2a)-(a:-26)-{2a-a:-(26
(a
+
-

a:)}.
g2)}.

36)-(6-3a)-{a+26-(2a-6)}.
-

2"2 2^2
a:-[y
+

((^2 + 2p2)

+ 3^2 {;"2

(2p2

{a:-(y-a;)}].

20.

(a-6)-{a-6-(a+6)-(a-6)}"

2"-|"-(g+p)-{/3-(2/)-g)}]. 3a:-y-[a:-(2y-z)-{2a:-(y-z)}].
3a2
-

22 23 !24 57.
every

[6a2

{862 ^9^2
_

2a2)}],
-

[3a
A

{2a

(a

6)}] [4a
-

{3a

(2a

6)}].
bracket
bracket there
are

coefficient
of that
to

placed
;
a

before
within when

term

the

expression

any the

indicates is to
two
must

that plied multimore

be
or

by
brackets
a

coefficient

but

be

considered,
when its

prefixed
own

coefficient is

be

used

as

multiplier only
Examples
1. 2.

bracket
12 8
=

being
-

removed.

2a: +

3(a: 4)
-

2a: + 3a:

6a;

12.

7a:-2(a:-4)

7a:-2a:

5a: + 8.

Example
The
=

3.

Simplify

5a

4[10a

3{a;
-

2(a

a:)}].

expression 4[10a 4[10a

+ +

6a 6a

3{a:
-

a a:

2a

2a:}]
by

On bracket
-2.

removing
each Then the
term

the is

innermost

3{

3a}]

multiplied

6a-4[10a-3a:-9a]
6a 5a
a
"

by 3,
its other bracket

4[a

3a:]

multiplying expression within is simplified. The

be

before

"

4a+12aj
12a:.

steps will

easily seen.

40

ALGEBRA.

[CHAP.

58.

Sometimes
to
as

line

called
;

a a

vinculum
"

is drawn is used with

over

the
same

symbols meaning
Note.
fraction

be
a
-

connected

thus

b+c
+

the

(6 + o),and
line between

lience
the

a-b

c=a-b-c.
and is denominator
to

The is
a

numerator Thus

of

kind

of vinculmn.

^^
o

equivalent

l{x

6).

Example
The

4.

Find

the

value

of
+
-

84-7[-lla;-4{-17a: expression
=

3{8-9-5a;)}].
-

84

7[

1 la:

4{

17a:

+ +

3(8

9 +

5a:)}]

84-7[-lla:-4{-17a: 84-7[-lla:-4{-17a:

3(5a:-l)}]

15a;-3}]

84-7[-lla:-4{-2a:-3}]
84-7[-lla:+8a:+12] 84-7[-3a:+12]
84 + 21a:-84 21a:.
a

When may be

beginner has had considerably diminished.

the

little

practice the number

of

steps

Insertion

of

Brackets.
of brackets be
are

59.
of those For Arts.
24

The

rules
on

for page

insertion

the

converse

given
the

12, and

may

easily

deduced

from

them. in

following
25
:

equivalents
a+b
a
" "

have

been

established

and

c=a-\-{b
c=a
"

"

c)y

"

(b+c\ (b
"

"

b+c=arules

c).

From

these
1.

results

the

follow.

Rule.
brackets brackets

Am/
the

part

and

sign 4remaining unaltered.

a-6
a:^
-

be enclosed within of an expression may the prefixed^ the sign of every term within

Examples.

+ c-rf-e
aa:

a-6
-

(c-d-6).
+

6a:

a6

(ar^ ax)

(6a: a6).
-

Rule.
brackets
within the

2.

and

within be enclosed Any part of an expression may the prefixed, provided sign of every term sign brackets be changed. the
"

Examples,
xy

-b
-

d
+

{b
-

c)
-

{d

+
-

e).

ax

-by

ah

{xy

by)

{aa:

ab).

VII.]

REMOVAL

AND

INSERTION

OF

BRACKETS.

41

60.
ways.

The

terms

of

an

expression

can

be

bracketed

in

various

Example,
may
or

The

expression ax-hx+cx-ay+hy-cy
(ax
-

be written

bx)

{cx-

ay)

{by

cy),

(a^-hx+cx)-{ay"by-\-q/), {ax'-ay)-{bx-by)
61.
When
+

or

{cx-cy),

term

of an mon term expression is divisible by a comevery factor, the expression may be simplified by dividing each brackets, by this factor, and enclosing the quotient within factor

the

common

being placed
ar-21
=

outside

as

coefficient.

Thus and ^^
"

3(^-7); 2a).

2ax

4a^

=a;^-2a{x"

EXAMPLES

Vn.
:

b.

Simplify by removing
1.

brackets

S{x-2y)-2{x-4y).
+ I6-3(2a:-3)-(2a:+3). io-'a\'zx-a)-\;zx

2.
a),
+
-

x
*i

-S{y-x)-4{X'2y).
-

4. 4,
5(5 8)
-

4(a:+ 3)

2(7 + ")

+ 2.

8(a:

3)

(6

2a;)
+

2(a:+ 2)

a:).
-

6 7 8 9 10,
11 12

2x 2x

5(3a:-7
-

y) + 4(2a: + 3y
-

7y.

5{3a: ^{4x

9)}.

x^ +

S{xhf + xy^) + y^-'X^--3{xh/--xy^)^y!^.

z)'].

4a:-3{a;--(I-y)+2(l-a:)}.
x-{y-z)-[x-y-z-2{y
+

a^-lx^-{x^-{z^-ix^-y^)-2y^}-hy^ 5x + 4(y z)}. 2z) ^x+2{y

-

13 14, 15 16 17, 18 19 20 21 22

3(c-d-e)}. {a2 (62 c2)} [2a2 {a2 (62 c2)} 2(63

+

{"

26

c^)].

Sp-{6q-[Gq

2{l0q-p)]},

4(6+")}J.

42

ALGEBRA.

[CHAP.

23.

Multiply
2x-Sy-4{x2y)
+

5{dx

2{x
^

y)}
+

by 4x-{y-x)In each of the the

3{2y

S{x

y)}.
the powers of
a; so

following expressioas bracket

before

that

signs

the

brackets

may

be

(1)

positive,

(2) negative.

24. 25.

ax*

2x^-cx^

2x^-bx^-x*.

cux^+aV-h3i^-5x^-cx^.

MISCELLANEOUS 1. 2.
Find the
sum

EXAMPLES
26 + c, 36 add 3a
+

H
-

of

(a
the

c), 3a
result

6 + 3c.
to
-

Subtract

l-a^
a

from 26
-

1, and
f

2y

a:*.

3.
4. 5.
what

Simplify
Find What
must

3c

(6

2c)

(36

2a
-

2c).

the

continued
must to

product
he
-

of

3a^,
to

2xy^,
p + q

Ixy^^
make

"

5a:V^. 2^?
And

quantity
be added

added
to
-x

to +

p^

3pq
1

make
+ Sx^.

+ 2pq pl^

q^1

6.

Divide

1 -6ar*+5a;3

i,y

7. 8,
9.

Multiply 362
When
a:
=

2a^

5^^

by

2a

36.
-

2, find the

value

of 1

a:

+ a;^

1 + Find the

a:

algebraic
7, 6
ax^ and

sum

of 3aa;,
+
c
=
-

2a:z,9aa;,
+

7a?z, 4aa:,
and

4xz. its

10.
value

Simplify
when
a
=

9a-(26-c)
=
-

2d4.

(5a

36)

4c-2rf,
the

find

3,

11.
sum

Subtract
of 2a:^
-

4 from

nothing,

and

add

difference

to

the

5x

unity.

12.
result

Multiply

*S3i^y-4xi^z+2xh/h^

by

-^xh/h^

and

divide

the

by Zxyh\

13.
14. 15.
result

Simplify by removing Simplify

Find the
+

brackets

5[x

4
-

{a:

3(2a:
a~^
-

3a? +

2) }].
+

2a:2

-{2xyof

Sy^) + 4y^ + {5xy 2x-*Jy

3a and

2x^) +

{2xy

6y2).
the

product
sum

3a:+8y, -2d,
a:^ the
+

and

multiply
5/,

by
+

a;

2y.
the of

16.
-2a-36

Find

+26,
11a; + 2
=

-5c

3e +

6-a+2(^

5c-2/.
ar*
-

i7.
18.

Divide If
a
=

4a:3
=

igx!^
c
=

by

7a: + 1.
value of

1, 6
ad
+

2,

0, d
+

1, find

ac-a2-crf

c2-a+2c

a26+2o*.

vn.]

MISCELIANEOUS

EXAMPLES

II.

43

Simplify 3[1 -2{1 -4(1 -3a:)}], and be added to it to produce 3 -8a;.

19.
20.
Divide

find

what

quantity
S{x*+3c^
+

must

the

sum

of

I0x^-7x{l

x^)

and

2) by

3{3^+l)-{X+l).
21.
the

Simplify 5a:*
from
a
=

8a:"
a: +

(2a:a 7)
-

(ar* + 5) + (3ar" x), and

-

subtract

result

4a:*

2.
=

22. 23. 24.

If

0, 6

1,

(l)3c*-d";
Find the

of 3, d=-2, 2, find the value e (S) e+aK (2) (c + a)(c-a) + 62;

=

product

of Ix^
_

y{x
from

2y)

amd

a^Ta; +
-

y )

2y\

Subtract

(a" + 4) + (a^

2)

(a"+ 4)(a"

2).

25.

Express by
(1) 6's
excess

means over

of
c

symbols
is
sum c.

greater
of
a

than

by 7.
is less

(2) 26.

Three

times

the

and

26

by

than

the

product Simplify
Find
the

of b and

3a2-(4a-62)-{2a2-(36-a2)-26-3a}-{56-7a-(ca-62)}.
27. 28.
29.
continued a^ +

product of xy-\^y^, T^-xy + y^^

-

xi^-xh/^ + y^,
-

Divide If
a
=

Aa?

4flM; + c^
c
=

by
=

2a

36 the

3, 6 -2, (1) c(a+6)

=

0, d
+

2, find

value

of

6(a

c) + a(c-6);

(2) a"+d'".
inches
are

30.
much

From

rod

a+6

inches

long 6-c

cut

off;

how

remains?

31.
he
then

A ?

boy

buys
2a

marbles,

wins

6, and

loses

how

many

has

32. 33. 34.

3x^
+

Simplify
Divide
1-

{5a
+

(a-6)[a2

(26 + a)] }, and [8a 6(a+6)] when a=l,

-

find 6
=

the 2.

value

of

5a:* +4a:" the

+
sum

by a:2-2a;+l.
of

Multiply 2/ y^ over

3a:*-5a:y

and

2xy-y^

by

the

excess

of

3ary.

35*

Express
(1)
Three

in

algebraical symbols
times times the
x a

diminished taken of
n

by the
three d. and

sum

of y

and.twice equal
to

z.

(2) Seven
times

from
c

times

6 is

five

product
of
m

(3) The
If

sum

and

multiplied by
of the find
+

their of
m

difference and
n.

is

equal
36.
a
=

to
=

the
c
-

difference
=

squares

2, 6

1,

0, d

-l,
-

the
-

value

of
-

id

6)(c

6) + (oc

hdf

(c^

d)(2c

6).

CHAPTEE

Vin.

Eevision

of

Elementary

Eules.

[If preferred,
on

this

chapter
and

may

be have

postponed
been

until

the

chapters

Simple

Equations

Problems

read.]

Substitutions. 62.
is that

Definition.

The whose Thus of

a

square square,
or

root

of

any

proposed
is is 9, because
more

expression equal
to

quantity expression.
square
root

second
root

power, of
81

the
=

given
The

the

square

9*

81.

is denoted

by

J/a, or

simply

sja.

Similarly
is that the

the

cube,
whose

given
The

quantity expression.
are

of fourth, fifth, "c., root any fifth, "c., power third, fourth,

is

expression equal to

roots

denoted

by
;

the

symbols
3^
2"
=

^, J/, Ij,"c

Examples,

y27 VS2

3 2

because
because

27.
32.

The

root

symbol
1. Find 5

sj is also
the value
=

called

the

radical
when
X

sign.
a
=

Example

of 5 5 5
X

J{Qa%^c)y
X

3, ^=1,0

8.

V(6a36^c)

V(6 V(6

33
27

1*
X

8)

8)

V(3x27)x(2x8)

=5x9x4
=

180.

Note. the of line the

An

expression

of

the
as
a a

form

,J{Wh^c)

is often

written the

\/6a^b*c
,

above

being

used
as

vinculum

indicating

square

root

expression
2. K

t(3c"n

whole.

Example

4, 6

3,
3

"

1, /=
6

0,

a;

4, find

the

valueof

7
The

X/{a^cx)

s/W
-

^iPx).
-

expression

7 7

V(-4)2(-l)4
^(-64)3^81

\/(

3)*{

1)2+

7x(-4)-3x9
-66.

CHAP.

VIII.]

REVISION

OF

ELEMENTARY

RULES.

45

EXAMPLES
If
a

Vm.
the value

a.

4, b

ly

6, d

Of find

of

1. 5. 9.
If

n/"*.

2. 6.

\/9^. V6^^.

3. 7.
10.

V6Pc. a\/9^.

4.

\/9^P.

'M*?. ^/^-^/9?.
a
=

8.

36j/3^.

3Va3^-dN/2^+\/6^.
0, find
the

-3,

2,

-l,

a;

-4,

valae

of

11. 15. 19. 21.

^/^2c^.
V3SP^.

12. 16.

n/3^. \/a^^.

13. 17. 20.

\/6^. 1^6^.

14.

5v^.

la

\/3H^.

\f^ac-"Jcx-\-"J"cx,
If
a;
=

VcV+\^^-\/9^.
value of

100,

81,

16,

find

the

vf22.
If
a
=

Vy+
a;
=

Viz.
y
=

-6,

2,

-l,
-

-4,

0, find

the

value

of

2v/^"cx

2\/a^64xV

N/8a26.

Fractional

Coefficients
The of
are

and

Indices.
rules

63.

Fractional

Coefficients*

which
coefficients

have
are

been still

already explained in the case the coefficients applicable when

Example
1
.

integral
fractional.

Find

the

sum

of

\7^

lxy-

Jy^

-7^-

\xy

2y",

|a:'+ia:y-ly"
Here and the the

each

column

is added

fractional

up coefficients

separately,
combined

by

rules

of arithmetic.

Example

2,

Divide

Jar^+yV^^+T^^
+

by

^x+\y,

\x

\y ) W

i^xjf^ + i^y^ ( ^x^-\xy+\y^

iary^

xVy*

46

ALGEBRA.

[CHAP.

64,

Fractional
the indices

Indices.
have been

In

all

the

integers,but
such with
as

fractional a~^
a
"

and
"

negative
be

indices

examples hitheii^ explained expressions involving a*, ^~^, Za^+x^ 2,

"

4a~^x

3.v^ may
discussion the

dealt
the

by

the

same

rules.

For is be of
vi.

the student theory of Indices will It xxxt. Elementary Algebra, Chap. here sufficient to that the rules for combination point out indices in multiplication and division given in Chapters v. and are universally true.

complete

of

referred

to

It

will

be

seen

from in the

these

illustrations
and

that

the may

rules

for
cisely con-

combining expressed by
(1)
where
m or

indices

multiplication
two

division

be

statements,

a*"xa"=a"*+",
have any

(2)
values

a"*-T-a"=a"*-";

and

integral
65.

n may fractional.

positive

or

negative,

We

shall

now

give

some

examples
by
4

involving compound
1.

expressions.
Example
1.

Multiply x^

3a;^ +

2a;*
-

x^-Sx^+ 2a;*-1
^

2a;

-6a;^+

Sx^

x^+
-

.3a;*-4

2a;

-7x*+lla;*-4
+

Example
c*

2.

Multiply

c"

2c

"

*
-

by

3c

"

2c*.

-7+2c-*
Here +63c-* 4
+

2c"

been
powers 10c-*

the expressions have arranged in descending of

c,

2c^-14c*+
+

and
in

it should this

be

5c* -35
-

noticed
the and terms

that

ment arrangeterms
-

numerical stand

3 + 21c-*-6c-^

+5

between
c*

the
c"*.

2c2"-

9c*-34+31c-*-6c-2*

involving

and

Vin.]

REVISION

OF

ELEMENTARY

RULES.

47

Example

3.

Divide

24a;^
-

16a;"

+ a;*

16a;"^
in

bx^

by 8x"^

x^ 2a;^+
-

4x^.

Arrange

divisor

and

dividend

descending

powers

of

x,

a.l_2a;^_4a;i+8a;"^)a:^-5a:^ 24a:^-16a;'^-16x~^(a;^-3-2a;'* +
x^-2x^4x^+
Sx*

EXAMPLES

Vm.

b.

1, 2, 3,
4, 5,

Find
Add From

the

suni

of

-Jm
+

in,

|wi

Jw,
^
+

27n

".

together -|a-i6
a

|c, ^-^,

T"ff6-f Jc, -Ja+Aft-^^,

^h-^c

take

^a-fr-f-^c.
from

Subtract

\a^ -hiab- {b^

^2

1
_

a6 +

^52,

Multiply
Find Divide Divide the

ia;2+ l2/2by ^x-^y.

6, 7, 8, 9, 10.

product
2a?h
-

of

^a^-ix+l -l^fihy
+

and

ia;-f-^.

ioc^-^y^ by ia;-^y.
a^
-

-H

^^^^
-

a?-^
-

IV^,

Simplify J(2a:
Find the
sum

3y)

i(3a:-f 2y)

,3j(7a; 5y).

of

11.

Find

the

product
\x-\y

of
+

^{z-\y)
brackets

and

^{x

z)

\{y

\x).

12.

Simplify by removing

8(|-^).5{2.-3("-|)}.
13. 14. 15. 16. 17. IB.
Divide Subtract
Add

\2?

\lx^
-

a;

i by

fa;
-

i.
-

^[Ix

9y) from. \{x

-

3y)

\{y
-

2a:).
-

together (a: iy K^a;

|a3
+
-

-f-y)

and
-

(2a:
2a:.

iy)(ia:

y).

Multiply
Divide

\a^x

iar" by |a

36a2

J62-|-^-4a6-6a-f
-

i" by 6a-i6-i.
-

Simplify 6{a: t(y

i)} {i(2a: y) -h 2(y

1)}.

48

ALGEBRA.

[chap.

19.

Multiply
when

|a2-^
a
=

+
=

6*

by a2+Ja6-|A2,

and

verify

the

result

1, 6

2.

20.
21. 22.

Multiply
4

a:-

a;^y^+yby a;^-y^.
s 1

1-1
.

Divide Find

x^ the

x^y^+y
of

by

a:*-a:'y*+y
and

product

x^y+y^

7r-y^.

23.
24.

Multiply
Divide Divide

a*- a:^ by c^ + x^.

by
c-i-3.

c-"-8c-i-3

25.

4x^y-2_i2ariy-i+25-24a:~*y+16a;'V by 2a:*y-i-3+4ar"V
26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.
Find Find
Find Divide

the the
the

value

of

(aa;

"

"

ia:)(aa;^
"

3a

"

^x).

square

of

a^-\-a

^.
of 3a
"

continued

product

^6

"

^x, aa:*

6^, and

aar

6.

a;-y

by

x^y^ + x^y^ + x^y^,

by
5 + a2-2a-2.

Multiply
Find the

a2 + 2a-2-7 value

of

(3a:"y-*-a:-'"y")(a:"y-a;-"y-i).

Important
66.
The

Cases

in

Division.
is a+6

following example
Divide
+

in division
3a6c

worthy
+
c.

of notice.

Example.
a+6

a^ +

6^ + c'"

by

c)a"-3a6c+
a*-f
-

y^-{-(?{a?-ab-ac
+ a?c

l"^-hc+"^

a^h

a^b-a^c-3abc a?h-aJtf^-

abc ab^
-

a^c +

2abc

-a?c ab^-

abc-ac^
abc
+

ac^ +

b^
+

a^
-

+68
o^c abc
+ oc^-^^c

yc

-l^c-bc^
ac^ + axi^ +

bc-+ bc^+

(? "?

Here
other a^b be

the letters

work
are

is

taken

arranged in descending alphabetically ; thus

3a6c. A

powers in the

of first

a,

and

the

remainder will

precedes a^c, and a^c precedes observed throughout the work.

similar

arrangement

vni.]

REVISION

OF

ELEMENTARY

RULES.

49

67.
;

following examples in division of great importance and they are

The

fied be easily verimay be carefully should

noticed.

x-y

x-y

^'^^=a^+x'y+xf+f,
\

x-y divisor index

and

so

on

the the

being
in the

and positive^

the terms x-y^ either dividend

in the odd
or

quotient aU
even.

(x^+y^_._ x^-xy+y\
x+y
II. "{

"^+^-^_a^
x+y
X

"

a^y+x^y^ x^y+x*y^

"

xy^ +^,

-4-1/^

^=jfi

"

"

xr^y^+x^y^ xy^+y^,
"

x+y
divisor

and

so

on

the

alternatelypositiveand always odd.

^=x
"

being x+y, negative,and

the the

terms

in in

the the

quotient
dividend

index

"

y. ^'

x+y
III.
H

-^^=ji^-a?y+xy^-f,
Jl =^
" "

x*y+x^y^
being x+y,

"

xhf^+xy^ "y^,
the the
terms

and

so

on

the

divisor

in in

the the

quotient
dividend

alternatelypositiveand altoayseven.
IV. index The is

negative, and

index

expressions x^+y\
and
or

even,

the

terms

a^+y^, afi+y^, both positive)are

be
more

...

(where
never

the

exactly
stated
as

divisible All

by x+y
:

by
cases

x"y. may

these

different

concisely
any any whole odd
even

follows

(1) af^"y" (2) x^+y** (3) x^"y** (4) x^+y'*

au even H.A.

is divisible is divisible is divisible is

never

by x-y by x+y by x+y

if if if
n n

be be

number.
number. number.
n

whole whole
x
"

be any
or

divisible

by x+y
D

by

y, when

is

whole

number.

60

ALGEBRA.

[CHAP.

Dimension

and

Degree.
a

68.
of the three

Each the

of

the

letters and
term.

composing
number Thus the of

term

is called involved abc is said

sion dimenis called

to to

term,
of the
or

the

letters

degree

dimensions^
or

"fivedimensions^ A
are

of of the

the

product degree ; and fifthdegree,

third is not counted.

be be

oar* is said

of q/^

numerical
each of
seven

coefficient dimensions.

Thus

Sa^ft* and

a*6*

69.
of

The

degree

of

an

expression

is the

degree
"

of

the
"

term

a* contained in it; thus 8a' + 3a 5 is highest dimensions the a^x and IhV is an fourth degree^ an expression of expression it is sometimes useful to speak of the of the fifth degree. But dimensions of an of the one expression with regard to some letters it involves. the expression ax' For instance d 6x^4- ex
" " "

is said

to

be

of three

dimensions

in

x.

70i

compound

all its terms

homogeneous
It is useful

expression is said to be homogeneous 8a"" a*"2+9a6^ of the same are degree. Thus the sixth degree. expression of
to

when is
a

notice

that

the

product

of

two

homogeneous

expressions
Thus

is also Art.

homogeneous.
lOa* + Sla't 2la^b^ + 166*.
of

by
Sab
+

47,
-

(2a2
two

46^)(

5a2 + 3ab of
two

462)

Here

the

product
is
a

dimensions Also the

expressions each homogeneous expression of four dimensions. homogeneous

another

expression by homogeneous quotient of one is itself homogeneous. expression homogeneous

For that is instance the divisor in
is

the

example homogeneous
three

of of

Art.
one

66

it

may

be
the

noticed

dimension,
and the

dividend
geneous is homo-

homogeneous
of two

of

dimensions,

quotient

dimensions.

EXAMPLES 1, 2,
Divide Divide Divide Divide a^ + 30a6
a^ +

Vm.
+

c.

12568
+

by
x

56 + 2.

y^-z^

San/z by

y-z,
+

3,
4,

a^-lr^+l+Sab IBcd
+

by
-

a-6

1. 3c

1 + 27c^

Srf^

by

1 +

2rf.

vm.]

REVISION

OF

ELEMENTARY

RULES.

61

Without

actual
cases

division
:

write

down

the

quotients

in

the

following

9.

}^.
l+a

10.

1?^*.
2 +
0

11.

^^T^.

12.

13.

^J!".
x

14.

^.
a

15.
x

^\
c

16.
1
,^.. ar' +

Sy
the

y"

17.

In

expression

which

terms

are

like,
term

and

which

are

Jiomogeneoits

18.

In

each

of

the

expression
-

7a36c2
introduce
some

oft^c
a

1253c4
-

65c,
make
the

power of the

of

which

will

whole

expression

homogeneous 19.

eighth
the

degree.
dimensions

By

considering
statement

of

the

product,

correct

the

following
(3a^"
it
-

bxy
known

'^){%x^ -2xythat there is

3y2)
no

24a:*
-

46ar^y
the

^x^y^

l^xf

Sy^,

heing
20.

mistake

in

coefficients,

Write

down
of

the the 1.

square
terms

of taken

3a^-2ab-b\
in

having

given
powers

that of
a

the
are

coefficients

descending

9,

-12,
Write

-2,

4,

21.
ah'^ + 5a^

down

the

value

of that of b

the the
are

product
coefficients

of

3a^b
of

5a^-cLb^
terms

and when

3a^",
in

having

given
powers

the
-

arranged 22.

ascending quotient

25,

0,

9, 6,

1.

The

of x^ +

a^-y^-locy +
x

Sxy

by

a:

is

y^-y+l.
divisor,
and of

Introduce
make two them

the

letter

into

dividend,

quotient
three,

so

as

to and

respectively

homogeneous

expressions

one,

dimensions.

CHAPTER

IX.

Simple

Equations.

71.
we

An
not

equation

asserts

that the word

two

expressions equation
in
so

are

equal,
a

but

do Thus

usually
the

employ

wide is

sense.

statement

a7+3+:F
x

4=ar+7,
an

which

always

true
or

whatever

value
an

may

have,

is called

identical

equation,

briefly
The

identity.
of
are an

parts

equation
members
the

to

the
or

right
sides

and of the

left

of

the

sign
and

of
are

equality

called
as

equation,

distinguished
72.
Certain

right
are

side

and

left side.
for is

equations employed.
an

only
of

true

particular
true
more

values

of

the and

symbols
is called

Thus

3a; =6

only
or an

when

^=2,
an

equation
an

condition,
is of
use

usually
which

equation.
always
whereas
true true
an

Consequently
whatever be

identity
values

equation symbols
the of In

is

the the

the

involved;
is

equation
value
2

(in

ordinary
the

word)
above
The

only

ioT

particular
the

values is said

of
to

symbols.
the how the
to

the

example

307=6,
of the the

satisfy

equation.
treat
an

object
of it.

present

chapter
kind
in

is to
to

explain
discover

equation
satisfies

simplest
73.
The

order

value

which

letter

whose

value The

it

is

required
of
so

to

find its is

is

called
is the

the called

unknown

quantity.
the

process The value

finding
found

value called

solving
or

equation.
of the

root

the

solution

equation.
involves
a

74.
the denote

An first the The

equation degree
unknown is

which called

the

unknown It

quantity
is usual

in
to

simple

equation*
letter
x.

quantity
of

by
a

the

process

solving
:

simple

equation

depends

only

upon
1.

the If If If If

following
to

axioms
we

equals

add
we

equals
take

the

sums

are

equal.
are

2.
3. 4.

from

equals
are

equals by

the

remainders the

equal.
are

equals equals

multiplied
divided

equals
the

products
are

equaL equal

are

by

equals

quotients

CHAP.

IX.]
Consider
is the

SIMPLE

EQUATIONS.

53

75.
It

equation

7a: =14.

required to find what this equation. satisfy Dividing both

sides

numerical

value

must

have

to

by

we

get
x=2,

[Axiom

4].

Similarly, if

-^" get

multiplying

both

sides

by 2,

we

a:

"

12,
a;

[Axiom
+

3]

Again,
terms,
we

in the have

equation

7a;"

2a:"

=23

15

"

10, by collecting

4a: =28.

Transposition
76.
This

of Terms.

To
case

solve

3a:

a;

12.

differs
on

from both
term

the sides

quantity changing
Subtract

occurs

preceding in that of the equation.

one

the We

unknown
can,

ever, how-

transpose
its

any

from
we

side
to

to

the

other

by simply get

sign.
x

This

proceed
of the
a:

show.
we

from

both

sides 3a:

equation, and
12,

[Axiom

2]

Adding

8 to both

sides, we

have
=12
+

3a: -a: Thus appears side one Hence

we as see "a:

8,
from
been
one

[Axiom
side,
removed

1].
and from

that
on

+x

has

been and the

removed
"8

the

other;

has

and
we

+ 8 on as appears enunciate the may

term

other. rule
one :

following

Rule.
to the

Any

may

be its

other appears

by changing
from this

transposedfrom sign.
we

side

of

the

equation
term

It in and
an

that

may

change

the

sign of

every

equation; for this is equivalent to transposing all the the left hand then members making right and

terms,

change

places.
Example,
Take
the

equation

"3a;"
"

12=

a"

24.

Transposing,
or

a;

+24=

3a; +12,

3x+12=-a;+24,
is the

which

original equation

with

the

sign

of every

term

changed.

64

ALGEBRA.

[cHAP.

77.
Here

To

solve

f-3=^+f.
2 4 5

begin by clearing the equation of fractional coefficients. This can always be done by multiplying both sides of the equation by the least common multiple of the denominators. [Axiom 3.]
to

it will

be

convenient

Thus, multiplying by 20,

10a'-60=5^+4^;

transposing,

1 Oo;

6:f

4r

60

.*.

:f=60.

78.

We

can

now one

give
unknown

equation
Rule.
the all

with

general rule quantity.

for

solving

any

simple

clear First^ if necessary, of fractions ; then transfpose the unknjovm side of the terms containing quantity to one Collect the terms equation, and the JcTiown quantities to the other. each both sides by the coefficient on side; divide of the unJcnown and the value required is obtained. quantity,

Example Removing

1.

Solve

5(a: 3)
-

7(6
-

a:)+ 3
7a: + 3
24-

24
=

3(8
-

x).

brackets,

5a:

15

42 +
=

24

24 + 3a; ;

transposing,

5a:+7a:-3a;
.-.

24+

16+42-3;

9a:
a:

64;
6.

/.

Example Forming

2. the

Solve

(a: + 1 )(2a: 1 )
-

5a:

(2a: 3)(a: 6)
-

47.

products,

we

have
=

2ar^ + a;-l-6a:

2ar"-13a:

15 + 47.

Erasing

the

term

27^
a;

on

each

side, and
=

transposing,
1;

-5a:+
.-.

13a: 9a:
a:

16 + 47 +

63;
7.

79.
habit the

It of

for the useful extremely verifjring, that is, proving is of and

case

beginner
the truth
to

to

acquire
his the

the

of

results;
student

habit

applying
confident of

such

tests
own

tends

make

self-reliant
In when
we

iti his

accuracy.
we

the
we

simple equations
the value of
x

have
two

only

to

show

that

substitute the
same

in the

sides of the

equation

obtain

result.

rx.]

SIMPLE

EQUATIONS.

55

Example.

To

show

that

*7
=

the satiafiea

equation
+

+ l)(2a;-l)-5a: (a:

(2a:-3)(a:-5)
-

47.

When

a;

7,

the
=

left side

(a;+ 1 )(2a; 1 )
=

oa;

(7 + l)(14-l)-35
-

(8x13)

-35

69.

The

right

side

{2x
=

3){x

5)

47
=

(14-3)(7-5)+47
two

(llx2)
the

47

69.
x
=

Thus,

since

these

results

are

same,

satisfies

the

equation.

EXAMPLES
Write down
=

IX.

a.

the

solutions

of the

following equations
3. 7.
11. 15.
9a: =18. 4a: 30 l 5
= =

1. 5. 9.

7a?

21.

2. 6. 10.
14.

3a: =15. 33
=

4.

5a: -10 4a: 3a: -24

5.
=

12a: =132. 4a; =18. 6a: 0

= =

11a:.
=

-12. -6a:. lla:. 15a:.

8. 12. 16. 20.

-5a:.

12a: 0
=

42.

0.

13. 17.

26. -2a:.

lla:.
=

-27.
=

18.

6a:

3.
:

19.

-8a:.

Solve

the 3
=

following equations
15.

21.
24.

6a: + 15
=

22.

5a:-7 4a:-7

28. ll.

23. 26.
4a: =13 0
=

13

2ar. -2a:.

37 -11a:.
=

25.

7a: =18
10.

27.
29.

3a:-18 3a:
=

7-2a:.
+

28. 30.
7a:.
=

-2a:+

7-2a:

8.
=

11 -2a:
--

7-

10a:.
-

31. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 39.

41.

8a:-3-5a:-5 5a:
-

32.
-

7a:

13

12

5a:

5.

1 7 + 3a:

6a;
+
+
=

7
=

8a: +

1 1 5.
+

7a:-21-4a:+13 15-7a;-9a:-28
5a:-6a:
+
=

2a:

41-5a:-7
=

6a:.
+

14a:-17
2a; +

21-3a:
+

13-9a:+8a:.

30-7a:

10-7a:

5a:-20.

5(a:-3)

4(a:-2).
=

38. 40"
=

ll(5-4a:)

7(5-6ar).
=

3-7(a:-l)

5-4x.

5-4(a:-3)

a:-2(a;-l).

8(a:-3)-2(3-a;) 4(5-a:)-2(a:-3)

2(a:+

2)-5(5-a:).
+

42. 43.

a:-4-3(a;

2).

lx-,lx
= =

x.Z.

44.

l--l-=l-^l i-|-4=^-+2.
4)
+ +

45. 47. 48. 49. 50.

--|-^ 3-.|.
(a; + 3)(2a:-3)-6a:
=

46.
(a;-4)(2a:
+

12.

+ 2)(a:+ 3) + (a:-3)(a:-2)-2a;(a: (a:

=

l)

0.

(2i+l)(2a:+6)-7(x-2) 4(a:+l)(a:-l)-9a:.
(3a:+l)2+6+18(a;+l)2
=

9a:(3a:-2) + 66.

56

ALGEBRA.

[CHAP.

51.

Show

that

5 satisfies the
=

equation
+

5x-Q{x-4:) 52. 53.

54.
Show that
0?
=

2{x

6)

5{x-4)-6,
the
-

15
-

is the

solution 2a;
-

of
=

equation
25)
-

7(25

a:)
-

15 the
+

2(3a:

re.

Verify
Show

that

3 satisfies
+

equation
=

2(a:+l)(a;
that
x
=

3)

(2a:+l)(a;

5).

4 satisfies

the

equation
=

{Sx 80.
We shall

\){2x-1)

6{x-Sf

1.

now

give
bx
-

some

equations
7)(Sx
-

of greater

difficulty.
-

Example

1
.

Solve
we

(4a?

5)

3(4a:

9)(a;

1).

Simplifying,

have
+

5ar-(12a:2-41a;
and

35)

6-3(4a;2-13ar

9);

by removing

brackets
+

5x-l2x^ Erase thus the term

-

4lx~S5
on

Q-l2x^+39x-2:7.
and

12ic2

each

side
=

transpose
+

5a; + 41a;-39a:
.-.

6-27
14 ; 2.

35;

7a;
a?

Note.

Since

the

sign

before
we

bracket
not
remove

affects the

every

term

within until
we

it, in
have

the

first line the

of "work

do

brackets

formed

products.
Solve
the
4

Example

2.

1"
=
"

Multiply by 88,

least

common

multiple
=

of the

denominators

352-ll(a;-9) removing
brackets,
.352
-

4a;-44;
4a;
-44-

1 1 a: +

99
4a;

44

;
-

transposing,

-11a;-

352
=

99

collecting terms

and

changing signs,
. .

15a;
a;

495
oo.

Note.

In

this

equation
it.

"

^
o

is

regarded

as

single term
to

with

the

minus

sign
or

before between bracket.

In the

fact

it is

equivalent
and

-(a;
o

9), the
the

vinculum
same

line
as
a

numerator

denominator

having

effect

[Art. 58.]
be
l.c.m.

In

certain

cases

it will

found of

more

convenient

not

ply to multito

throughout
of fractions

by

the
or more

the

denominator,

but

cleax

in two

steps.

13:.]

SIMPLE

EQUATIONS.

67

Example

3.

Solve

?^
+

^^^
=

^-"^3?
_

"+?.
28

35

9
we

Multiplying throughout

by 9,
35

have

28 2x 20.

'

transposing,
Now
clear

^^^^ ^-^~
+

of fractions
.-.

by multiplying by
+

5
-

4
;

or

140

72a;
.*.

108 2800

45a; + 405
+ 405

280a; 280a; 163a;

2800

-108
.-.

-72a;
;

-45a;;

3097
/.
a;

=19.

81
,

To
the

solve

equation
as

whose

coefficients

are

but

express it is often

decimals

common

fractions, and

decimals, we m ay proceed as before ;

in decimals.

found
Solve

more

simple
-

to

work

entirely

Example,

"375a;

1 -875
-

12a; + 1 -185 3 '06 ; 3 06;

+

1 -185. 1 -875
;

Transposing, collecting terms,

that

"375a;

12a;

( '375

"12)a;
"255a;

is,

. ""

^_306
"^^
=

12.

EXAMPLES
Solve the

IX.

b.

equations

1. 2.

(a;+ 15)(a;-3)-(a;-3)2
15-3a;
=

30-15(a;-l).
+

(2a;+l)(2a;-l)-(2a;-l)(2a;
+

3).

8.
4.

21-ar(2a;+l)

2(a;-4)(a; + 2)
=

0.
+

3(a;+ 5)-3(2a;-l)

32-4(a;-5)2
=

4a;2.
+

5. 6.
7

3ar2--7a;-(a:+ 2)(a;-2)

(a;+ l)(a;-l)
=

(a;-3)(a?+ 3).

(a;-6)(2a;-9)-(ll-22;)(7-a;) a?-l^a?-9_Q
-5a; +

5a;-:-4-7(a;-2).
Q

(.

-2--^-

8.

a;,a;-8

a;-6
,

6^-T-=^
"r-2^3a;

+,

-31
=
-.

".

8_"^^a:-6
"

-3

2+-7-.

,^ 10.

-^+-^

68

ALGEBRA.

[CHAP.

IX.

Solve

the

equations
=

11.

]^^-i
5

5x-2.

12.
a;

ar+3+^"o

7+2a:.

IQ ^^'

a;-6_a:-4_,
~r

,.

a:+12

"6""^
9
,

^^

gla:

lO*
,."

~6~
ll-6a?

**2

12*

1R

a;+5_a?+l_a?+3
~6
^7-6a:
^^

^^-

T"
4(a:-7)

"^"'

~5
4-5a:

9-7a:_5(a?-l) ~2 6 l-2a:_13

17

,"

TQ

.3a:-l

ly.

a:-l_2a:-31 -^o"""i^ 3~*

=

^^'

oa

l-2a;

2-3ar_|l.a;
"

~T"

2"^?

21.

?(a:-6)+j^. |(a:-l)-|(a:-4)
l(a;-l)-2. |(a:-4)-l(2a;-9)
=

22.

23.

4)-l(a:-3) ^(3a:-5)-?(a:-6)-i(a:-2). ^(a:

+
=

24.

8a;) ^(7 2a:) ^ ^(3

-

1(1
-

6a:).

25.

l(5a:-l)-l(6a;-13)H-8. i(a:+4)-^(20-a:)
=

no

x+l

5x

a:

6^K

a:-12

^'*

fy"

10a: +

^""^7
4 51

f,

a:_13a: 8"n[8

6(a;-4) 4""
=

28.

"^-^--(^-3)-:^(a:+10)+?^0.
1
^

^' 31. 33. 35. 37*

ri'*'44''"2(n~3^3)"66'*'3(^"^}
^a:3-35
=

6-4 -3
=

2a:.

32. 34. 36.

x

-63:+
"2a:'43:

-25 +'1 -013:+

1 -26=
=

"4a?. 11 7.

3-25-c--75a:
-Sa:Find

9+l-5a:.
11. of and will which

0053;

-63:= -753?the value

-SSa:
-

"?

'3.

makes

the

two

expressions

(3a:-l)(4a:-ll) 38.
What value
to of
-

G(2a:- l)(a:-3)
make
-

equal.
-

the

expression 77a;

3(2a;

1)(4"

2)

equal

337

8(3a:

l)(a:+

1) ?

CHAPTER

X.

Symbolical

Expression.

82.
the
means

In

solving
is
to

algebraical
express A found
no

problems
the conditions

the of in
a

chief
the

difficulty question
arithmetical
answer

of

beginner
of

by

symbols.
be

question

proposed
when

algebraical
similar the
"

symbols
the selfan

will

frequently
would
"

puzzling,

question

present
a

difficulty.
greater
than of "find which hint is
a

Thus,
^

to not
answer

question
evident
to

find the

number

by

may

be

beginner,
of the
60

who

would

course

readily
the

analogous by
which 6." The
case

arithmetical
process

question,
addition necessary

number

greater
answer as

than in

60

gives
;

the

second

supplies
greater
than

and,
so

just

the

number which is

is

by

50+6,

the

number

greater

than

by

is

07+0.

83.

The
to

following
the

examples
of this of

will

perhaps
After

be
the

the

best
we

duction introleave

subject
the

chapter.
arithmetical

first

to

the them

student

choice

instances,

should

he

find

necessary.

Example
Take The Hence
a

1.

By

how

much

does

exceed

17

numerical

InBtaDce
is
over

'*

by

how is

much

does to' 27

27
-

exceed

17

*'

answer

obviously
excess

10,

which

equal

17.

the

of

17
from

is

a:

17. 17
-

Similarly

the

defect

of

17

is

x.

Example Example

2.

If

a;

is

one

part

of

46

the

other

part

is 46
-

2;.

3.

If

a;

is

one/oc^or

of

45

the

other

factor

is

3r.
X

Example
4 miles
an

4. hour

How
? walks

far

can

man

walk

in

hours

at

the

rate

of

In

1
a

hour

he

miles.
a

Id

hours

he

walks

times

as

far, that

is,

4a

miles.

60

ALGEBRA.

[CHAP.

Example
of each

6.

If total

$20
sum

is divided

equally
by
the

among number

y persons, of persons,

the

share 20

is the

divided

or

"

Example
man

6.
z

Out

of

purse

containing
in
cents

i^x
the
sum

and

spends

quarters

; express

y half-4ollars left.

$a;^4ic quarters,
and y
.-.

half-dollars
the
sum

=2^

quarters;

left=(4x+2y"
=

2;) quarters,
"

26

(4x + 2y

2) cents.

EXAMPLES 1.

X.
5 ? 15 ?
to

a.

By how By
What What
how

much
much
must must

does

exceed than
to to
a

2. 3.
4.

is y less be be added added 5 be

make make
to

7 ?
h ? make
a

6 to

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
what

By
What

what

must

multiplied
when divided 6a: exceed

is the what how

sum

quotient
6a; be does

3 is divided
to

hy

By

must

get

2 ?

By
The

much

2a: ?
x

of two
? of

numbers

is

and

one

of the

numbers

is 10 ;

is the The

other
sum

10.
another

three

numbers third two ? factors

is 100

if

one

of them

is 25

and

is a:, what The

is the of

11.
what

product
other
?

is 4a; ;

if

one

of the

factors

is 4,

is the
The is the How The what The is the

12.
what

product
other many ?

of

two

numbers

is p,

and

one

of

them

is

13.
14.
is
a

times

is

contained
numbers

in

2y

? the

difference is the other

of two ? of two

is 8, and

greater

of

them

15.
what

difference other ?

numbers

is a:, and

the

less of them

is 6 ;

16. 17.
each

What
The number
sum

number of 12

is less

than

30

by

y ? is 48a; ; what is the

equal

numbers

value

of

18.

How

many

numbers

each

equal

to

must

be

taken

to make

15a:y ?
19. 20.
If there
are are x

numbers

each

equal equal

to to

2a, what
x, what

is their is their

sum

If there

5 numbers

each

product ?

X.]
K
,

SYMBOLICAL

EXPRESSION.

61

21

there

are are

x n

numbers books

each each

equal
worth

to p, what

is their what

product

22i
cost?

If there

dollars,

is the

total

23.
cost?

If

books

of

equal

value

cost

dollars, what
dollars

does

each

24,
for

How ?

many

books

each

worth

two

can

be

bought
cost

y dollars

26.
cents

If

of y

apples apples

are

sold

at

for

dime,

what

will

be

the

in

26.

What If I

is the

price
n

in

cents out

of
a

n sum

oranges of

at

six how

cents

score

27.
have

spend

dimes

of

$5,

many

dimes

I left ?

in

is the What 28. working p weeks,

daily wage 6 days a days day a

must

in dimes week
a man

of

man

who

earns

$12

29.
the
rate

How of If in How left How of

many dimes y
35

work

in

order

to

earn

$6

at

? to pay
a

30.
of each

persons dimes ?

combine

bill of

$y,
of

what

is the

share

31.
to

have

dimes many ? 30aj cents many

so

must

man

pay

out

sum

of

%"

so

as

32. 33.
an

$x,

that

contribute must persons the subscription of each will it

equally to equal may

x

fund

sisting con-

y quarters at 10 miles

How
?

many

hours

take

to

travel

miles

hour

34. 35. 36.

a

How
If I

far
call

can

I walk
m

in p in it

hours
n

at

the what

rate

of q miles
rate

an

hour

walk

miles will

days,
take to

is my y

per at

day
x

How

many

days

travel

miles

miles

day?
84.
We

subjoin
1. What

few

harder
sum,

examples
(2) the
is
n are

worked

out of

in full. three
secutive con-

Example

is (1) the the

product

numbers

of which

least
to

?
n

The

two

numbers
.*.

consecutive the
sum
=

+ +

l and

2;

(71 + 1) + (n

2)

371 + 3.

And

the

product
2. that A

n{n

1 )(7i +

2).
five years
father
;

Example
will In will be half

boy
of his

is

father: will
or

years how be
a:

old,
old

and is the

hence
now?

his

age

then

five years the boy be 2(a;+ 5),

5 years years

old

therefore

his age

father
must

22? +

10

old;

his

present

therefore

be

2a; +

10

or

2a; + 5 years.

62

ALGEBBA.

[CHAP.
; A
an

Example
and
that B A with has B
.'.

3.

and

B B

q dimes.
now

playing for wins. $x ; express

axe

money

begins with
the

fp
fact

by

equation

3 times
won

as

much

as

B.

What

has
A B

has

lost ;
that

hasp"x
has

dollars,
+x

is

10(p"x)
that is g+

dimes,
lOx

q dimes

dollars,
is

dimes.

Thus

the

required
4. A
man

equation
travels
the per
rate
a

10(p"

a5)=3(g+10x).
coach
an

Example
if the the coach rate

miles

by

and

b miles and the

by train;
train ? at

goes of 25 miles

at

of how

7 miles

hour,
the
;

hour,

long does
in 1 hour

journey

take

The
.*

coach

travels

7 miles
1

-hour;
7
Incurs.
^

that

is,
tntin

Similarly the
/.

travels

6 miles

in

^
"

hours.

the

whole

time

occupied
will be

is

^+

hours.

Example
what
q
men

5.

How
in np hours

do
np

many hours is the

men

required
men

to

do

in j" hours

time

occupied by

; men;

.*. 1 hour

qxnp

that

is,p

hours the

1^^
P

men.

Therefore

required number

of

men

is qn.

EXAMPLES

X.
numbers

b.
of which of
a

1. 2. 3.
middle

Write
Write

down
down

three four

consecutive consecutive

is the b

least.
is the

numbers

which

greatest.
Write
one.

down

five

consecutive

numbers

of

which

is

the

4.

What
What Write
one

is the is the down is 2^; +

next
even

odd

number
next of

after

2n

1 ? ?

5. 6"
middle

number

before odd

2n

the 1.
a man a a man man

product
who
x

three

numbers

of which

the

7. 8. 9.

How How In 2x

old is old
was

will years be

be
ago

years if his

old

in

15

years is
n

? years ? ?

present
what

age

years

will

y years

old,

is his

present age

X.]

SYMBOLICAL

EXPRESSION.

63

10.
his
son

How
now

old

is 20

man

who ? will be
as

in

years

will

be

twice

as

old

as

aged

years

11.
age of

In his A

6 years a father if he has each

boy

is twice B
same

old ; what years ? old as his son dimes

; after A has

is the

present

12.
from

%ra
has

and the

has

won

dimes

B^

amount.

Express
13 much dollars
as

this

in

algebraical
B has

symbols. 13.
X

has he

25

dollars has four

and

has
as

; after

won

dollars

then

times

A.

Express
if he

this

in

algebraical symbols.
14.
1 mile

How
in
x

many minutes
many

miles ? miles ? will ?

can a

can

man

walk

in

30

minutes

walks

15.
X

How in How in How ? A

man

can

man

walk

in

50

minutes

if he

walks

miles

minutes

16.
15 miles

long
q hours far

it

take

man

to

walk

miles

if he

walks

17.
7 minutes

pigeon
miles

fly in
by

hours

at

the

rate

of 2 miles

in

18.

travels

boat train

and goes

long
10

will
an

the

journey
?

take

if the

y miles miles 30

by
and

train, how
the

boat

miles

hour
X men

19.

If
to

do the
same

work
work it take ?

in in /)

5a; y
men

hours,
?
mow

how

many

men

will

be

required
20.
mun
mows

do

hours to

How
r

long
acres

will
a

acres

of com,

if each

day
a

21.

Write h and What What

r

down

number
c.

which,

when

divided

by

a,

gives
?

quotient
22.

remainder is the is the

remainder

if

divided
m

by
is

gives

quotient
n

23.
remainder

quotient

if when

divided

by
and ?

there

is

? l^ill is shared many has dollars

24.
75

If

equally
does his

cents, 25.
A

how
man

n among persons, billamount the to

each

pays

%x

in in

receives

y cents How many and What

cost
a

; express

purse, dimes the

a a man

he
sum

pays he
save

25 away has left. in

a

dimes,
if he

and

26.

dollars

does

year, ?

earns

%x

week

spends
is the

y quarters total and

cost

calendar
6a5
nuts

month and times

27.

of
are

4x
as

plums,

when

x as

plums
nuts?

dime

plums

three

expensive

28.
a z

If how ?

on

an

average pages

there will be

are

words for

in
a

line, and
which

page,

many

required

book

y lines in contains

words

CHAPTER

XL

Problems

leading

to

Simple

Equations.

85.
to solve The

The

principles

of

the

last

chapter

may

now

be

employed

various method the of

problems. procedure
unknown the is
as

follows

Represent
in

quantity
conditions which IX.
can

by

symbol,
the solved

as

x,

and
;
we

express thus

symbolical
a

language equation
in

of be

question by
the

obtain

simple given
I.
is 4.

methods

already Example
dififereDce

Chapter
Find
two

numbers

whose

sum

is

28,

and

whose

Let Their

xhe

the is

smaller

number,
which

then is
+

a;

is

the
to

greater.
28.

sum

{x-{-4),

to

be

equal

Hence

a:

a;

28;
24
;

2a:
.-.

12, 16,

and that the

a:

4=

BO

numbers

are

12

and

16.

The whether

beginner
it satisfies

is

advised the conditions

to

test of

his the

solution

by
or

finding

question
B, C,
so

not.

Example
$10
Let
a; more

II.
than

Divide

$47
B

between
more

A,
than

that

may

have

5,

and the

$8
number x-h

C.
that

represent
and

of

dollars dollars.

has

then

has

-1-8 dollars,
Hence

has

8-1-10

x+(x-|-8)4-(x+84-10)=47;
x-|-x+84-a;+8-h

10=47, 3x=21;
.-.

x=7;

80

that

has

$7,

$15,

$25.

CHAP.

XI.]

PROBLEMS

LEADING

TO

SIMPLE

EQUATIONS.

65

EXAMPLES 1,
.

XI.

a.

Six
Find

times
a

number

increased which when 15. and

by

11

is

equal

to

65 11

find it.
and

2.

number 18 is

multiplied
the
sum

by

then

diminished

by

equal
to
a

to

3.
result

If 3 be is 84 One

added the

number,

multiplied by 12,
their
sum

the

find ; number

number. exceeds another

4.
them.

by 3,

and

is 27 ; find

5.
is

Find

two

numbers the other

whose

sum

is 30, and

such

that

one

of them

greater 6.
Find the Find the Find 8.

than two other.

two

by

8. differ

numbers

which

by 10,

so

that

one

is three

times

7.
twice

numbers

whose

sum

is 19, such

that

one

shall

exceed

other two

by

1.

8. 9.
than

numbers

whose

sum

shall

be

26

and

their

ence differ-

Divide
A.

$100

between

and

so

that

may

have

$30

more

10.
more

Divide
than

^^
and and

between

A^ B,
than

and B.

so

that

may

have

$8

A^
B

C Q

$14
have less

more

11.
as

A^ 5,
How
so

$72
than of

By and 12.

has
must

$4

among A ; find 73 8

them the

has

twice

as

much

share be

of each.

sum

dollars

divided than

and
more

Cf

that

may

have

dollars

less

among 4 and

A^ B,
dollars

than

C ?
Divide 100 60 into much two
as

Example
greater
of 200. Let Three
X

ill. exceed

parts,
8

so

that the

three less

times falls

the
short

may

by

as

times

be

the

greater part,
the

then

60

a:

is the its

less.
over

times

greater part

is 3:r, and
-

excess

100

is

3a;

100. and
-

Eight
Whence

times

the

less is

8(60
200

x\
-

its defect

from

200

is

8(60

a:).

the

symbolical

statement
=

of the 200 200

question
-a;); 8a;,

is

3a; -100 3a; -100 480 -100 -200 5a;

.'.
a;

-8(60
-480+

8a; -3a;, 180

;

36, the 24, the

B

greater
less.

part,

and
H.A.

60

a;

66

ALGEBRA.

ICHAP.
half ^^s

Example
exceeds

FV.

^
of B'b

is

4 age

one-sixth
X

years older by 8 years

in B'a

than
find ; then

B,
their ^'s

and ages. age

age

Let

be

the

mtmher age years.

of years is

age,

is
and

a;

4 years.

One-half of ^'s Hence age

of ^'s

represented J(a; + 4)

by J(a:-|-4) years,
Ja;
-

one-sixth

by ^x

8 ; 48 36 18. years. three

;
;

multiplying by

3a; -h 12
.-. .-.

a:

2a:
X

Thus

B's

age

is 18 years, 75
into
two

and

^'s

age
so

is 22 that

13.
be

Divide
of the

parts,

times

one

part
be

may

double

other. 122 into the two

14.
above

Divide

parts,
is below

such 60. and the 28

so

that

one

may

as

much

72
A

as

twice

other

15.
the

certain is less much times the

number

is doubled three times to

then number that

increased
;

by 5, and
it.

result How be
8

by
the

1 than
must

find

16.
may

be

added

the

resulting number by
9. its

added

part
whose

17. 18.
part 19.
of the

Find What
1 ? Divide other.

number

double

exceeds

its half

is the

number

whose

seventh

part part them,

is the
so

exceeds

eighth

by

48

into

two

parts,
$76

so

that

one

may

be

three-fifths

20.
double

If -4, Bt
of ^'s Divide of ^ is and

and
(Ts

have

between

and share 5's and

A*b

one-sixth

of ^'s, what

money of each shall

is
? be

21.
one-third

^11

between

Aj

B,

and

C,

that of A^s

share ^'s age

^'s, and
16
years

C*b share
younger

three-fourths than
are

together.
is

22.
to

A^
?

and

one-half

^'s

equal
C;

one-third

of A^s
is 8 of ^'s years

how

old

they

23.
one-sixth
amount

'^

age,
;

younger one-half find their

than of

B, and ^'s, and

24 years one-third

older of (7b

than

together
the

to

38

years
two

ages. numbers whose

24.
square

Find of the 'I'he

consecutive

product
1.]
of two

exceeds

smaller difference
;

by
the

7.

[See

Art. the

84, Ex.
squares

25.
numbers

between
numbers.

consecutive

is 31

find

86.

We

shall

now

give

examples
six

of

somewhat

greater

difl"culty. Example
from much A
a

I.
certain B win

has

$6,
A

and

B then

has

dimes
of

sum, 2

has

five-sixths

; after B has won what B has ; how

did

XI.]

PROBLEMS

LEADING

TO

SIMPLE

EQUATIONS.

67

Suppose
has 6 +x

that dimes.

wins

dimes, A

has

then

60"

a;

dimes, and

Hence

60-x=l(6-\-x);
360-6a;=30
lla;=330 +

6x,
;

x=30. Therefore
B

wins

80 A

dimes,
is twice

or

ifS,
old
as

Example
times
Let Ten years
as

II.
; what he

as

B,
ages

ten ? is 2x

years

ago

he

was

four

old

are

their

present
^'s
were

B^s

age

years,

then

age

years.
x"

years ; thus

we

their ago have

ages

respectively
;

10

and

2aj"

10

2a;-10=4(a;-10)
2aj-10=4a5-40,
2x=30
.*.

a;=16,
years.

so

that

is 15

years

old, A

30

EXAMPLES
1,
A has
is and

XI.
; after

b.
lost
a

his money

$12 and B has $8 only three-sevenths

B

has
; how

certain did

sum

to A ?

of

A's with

much
; if

win

2,
money

begin
have times

to

is four-elevenths

play each of -4's, what

between much

$15
B ; A B as

they
?
to

play

till JB's

does

lose

3,
finds
at

A
he

and has

B six

$28
as

them money

gives |3
] how

and had

then each

much

first ?

4,
B he

A had
A be ^ B How

had

three twice

times
as

as

much

only
father
twice is 20
; find

much times

money had ; what old ages.

as

as

; after at

giving

$3
he

to

each
son

first ? 16 years will

5,

is four
as

as

his

; in

only 6,
old
as

old

; find older ages.

man

their than

years

B^

and

years

ago

was

twice

as

their
is be
a

7,
of what

old

whose years
as

age
?

10

years

ago

was

three-eighths
three

it will ^

in
as

15 old

8,
old

is twice
are

; 5

years ?

ago

he

was

times

as

; what

their is 24

present

ages

9,
age

father
be

will

two-fifths

older than years of his father's

his age

son

; in

7
are

; what

the son's years their present

ages?

68

ALGEBRA.

[CHAP.

Example
ducks the he

III.
goose of

person
cost

spent
and
was

$66.40
each

in

buying
3 many

geese and
of each

and
if

; if each total number

birds

dimes, bought

duck how

dimes,

108,

did

buy questions of this quantities expressed

In instance Let Since And dimes.
a

kind in the

it is of
same

essential denomination

importance
;

to

have

all

in in

the

present
of

it will be the

be

convenient of
costs

to

number goose duck each

each
since

geese, 7 dimes, 3

the express money 108" then a; is the

x

dimes. ducks.

number

costs

dimes,
is

geese 108"

cost
x

7x

dimes.
cost

ducks

3(108"

x)

Therefore

the

amount

spent

7x4-3(108-x)
But dimes. Hence the

dimes.
is also

question

states

that

the

amount

$56.40,

that

is 564

7x+3(108-x)

=564

7x+324-3x=564, 4x=240,
.".

x=60, x=48,

the the

number number be

of of

geese,

and Note.
In

108"

ducks.
that the
known un-

all these
x

examples
a

it should number
to

noticed

quantity
and the

represents
be the

of avoid x=J.'s and

student
of

must

careful

dollars, ducks, years, solution a beginning

share'' inexact.
or

etc. ; with

a supposition ducks,'' or any

kind,
so

"let
vague

**let

x=the

statement

It will

sometimes

be

found

easier

quantity directly required, but in the question ; by this means Example

that how Let and 16 9 of them many
X

equal to the other to some quantity involved the equation is often simplified.
not to

put

IV.
cost

A
as

woman

spends
over

$1

in
as

buying
16
cost

eggs,
under

and

finds
cents ;

much

25

cents

75

be eggs

eggs the
cost

did

she of

buy
an

? egg in
cents

price
16x

; then

0 eggs

cost

9x

cents,

cents
.-.

9x-25=76-16x, 25x=100;

Thus
=

the

price

of

an

egg

is

cents,

and

the

number

of

eggs

100^4=25.

10.
men

A each of

sum

$30 is divided receiving 75 cents,

each
sex.

of

between and the

50
women

men

and
50

women,

the
the

cents;

find

number

XI.]

PROBLEMS

LEADING

TO

SIMPLE

EQUATIONS.

69

11,
the

The

price
12,
A

of 27

price of yards

13

yards

of

cloth
; find

is

as

much

less per made worth

than

$10

as

exceeds of
a

$20
tea,

the

price
$68,
is

yard.
up 60 of
cents two
a

hundredweight
worth much 80
cents

worth and
sort
on

sorts, part

pound
of each

the ?

rest

pound 13,
he

; how

is there for

man

is hired shall for his

60

days
but the

condition each he

that that

for he

each is idle

day
he many

works pay had A

he

receive board ?

$2,
:

for end

day
received

shall

$1
he
sum

at

$90

; how

days
14,

worked of
; how
sum

$6

is made
are

or

dimes
A ; the

many

of up there

30 of

coins,
each in ?

which

are

either

ters quar-

15,
dimes of

of

$11.46
of times

was

paid
number

half-dollars, quarters,
was

and

number

half-dollars the

used

four dimes

times
; how

the many

number
were

quarters
of each A

and
?

ten

of

there

16,

person

buys
;

coffee

and

tea

at

40 in

cents

and 24

80

cents

pound
much

respectively
of A than he Two each
man

he

spends
? for he

$16.10,

and

all gets

lbs.

; how

did

he
a

buy

17, by
what

sold half pay the for

horse

sum

of
for

$68

price
the

paid
? marbles

money it, and

which

was

greater

gained

thereby

$18;

did

horse 240 the many

18, heaps
19,
one

boys
of 6

have

between

them 9 each. ?

one

arranges
are

his in heaps

each,
; how

other

in

heaps
has

of each

There

36

altogether
A man's

marbles
tunes
as

of whom ages

age is three will ages.

is four times be 12

the
as

combined the than other their

ages

of his

two

old

combined their

years

less

; in 24 father^s

years age

sons, their
; find

respective
A such
sum a

20, C,
have
in

of money way C that and A A

is divided and have

a over were

between have

three between is the

persons,

J., B,
B each and ?

and

$42

them,
of

$46,
A

and

$53
number 24

; what

share for

21,
12
cents

person
cost
as

bought
much oranges eggs
a man

of them
; how

oranges cei\ts as 16

of

$3,

and
cost

finds under

that 60

of

them

many

bought
for
a

? and

22,
dozen

By
for I 15

buying
cents
a

at

16

quarter
find ; of the

selling
of for
a

them eggs.

at

lost

$1.50

number
at

23,
sixteen

bought
of

certain number I

number
at

apples
for
a

four
;

cent, and
them I
at

three-fifths
for

that

three 4 cents lbs. of of

cent

five cents

gained
and 45 24 lbs.

; how

many

by selling apples did $7.20, and price of

buy

24,
of
tea

If 8 lbs.
cost
as

of tea
as

much

cost sugar find the sugar,

if 3 lbs. each pei

pound.

70

ALGEBRA.

[CHAP.

XI.

25.
a

Four of

dozen

of 26

port
cents

and
more

three

dozen

of

sherry

cost

$89
find

if

bottle

port
per

costs

than

bottle

of sherry,

the

price 26.
and

of each
A
man

dozen.

sells

50 10

acres acres

more

than than

the the

fourth third
;

part

of the

his

farm

has
acres

remaining
in the
a

less

idnd

number

of

farm. number number

to

27.
divide which divided

Find
10 is

such and

that add of

if the

we

divide

it
we

by

10

and
a

then result when

by

the

quotients,
number

obtain

equal
10.
sum

the

quotient

the

increased

by

20

by
A

28.
and tlie

of
a

money way B is

is that receives

divided A

between

three
more

persons, than

-4, B,
of

C,

in

such

receives

$10
than

one-half and A the the

entire

amount,
which

$10
the
two

more

one-third, by
and

G
B.

the

remainder,
29.
The
from A he

$10

; find

amounts

received is

and

difference

between the

numbers the less that money

at

15,

quotient
numbers.

arising
30.
per he had

dividing
person would in

greater
silk of

by
found

is 4 ; find if he

buying $16
an

should
to

pay pay

$3.50
for it ; and

yard
therefore

lack

having
did he
are

enough $2.60
?

purchased
; how two

inferior

quality buy
to

per

yard

$26

left Find
sum

many

yards
which

31.
whose

numbers

each

other

as

to

3,

and

is 100. man^s of whom

son

32.
the old years

age

Is twice is 3 times 10

the
as

combined old
as

ages the

of

his
and ages

three

sons,
as

eldest
as

youngest
combined

times will be

the

second than
sum man

; in

years age
was

their ; find

less
The

their of

father^s

their
to
woman some

respective
men,

ages. women,

33. children,
50 cents.

$34.50 receiving
of
men

given $2,
was

and
child of the

each The and of A

women

each 4

$1,
twice
more

and the than

each number twice

number the number

;

less
was

than 1 of

women, number

of the
a

children total number of them

find

persons.
at

34.
3
cents.

man

bought
sold 2 for

number of

apples
at

the 3

rate cents

of and

for the he

He
at

four-fifths
a

4
cents

for

remainder

cent,

gaining

10

; how

many

did

buy? 36.
2". B D of A
owns

farm

of

350

acres as

was

owned
as

by
C

four

men.
as

A,
; find

B,

C, and
as

five-sixths
as

much
as

^,
and

four-fifths C

much the

B,

and

one-sixth
acres

much

A,

B,

together

ber num-

owned

by

each.

CHAPTER

XIL

Elementary

Fractions.

Highest
bb.
more

Common
The

Factor

of

Simple
common

Expressions.
factor
of of
two
or

Definition.

highest
is the each is

algebraical [Art. 68]

The

expressions
divides H.C.F.

expression
of them

highest

sions dimen-

which

without used

remainder.

abbreviation

sometimes

instead

of

the

words

highest
In
can

common

factor,
of

89.
factor

the be
1.

case

simple by
common

expressions inspection.
factor of

the

highest

common

written
The

down

Example Example
a%^ h*
;

highest highest highest

of

a^, a?, a^,

of

a^

is

aK a^b^c
a*
a

2. a^ is

The the

common

factor of
a

a^6*, 6^
"

a%^c^,
and

is
;

for

power

that

will

divide
;

a^, a\
c

is the

highest
factor.

power

h that

will

divide

6^

is not

common

90.
Arithmetic coefficient

If

the

expressions
greatest
the
The

have
common

numerical
measure,
common

coefficients,
and factor.

find it
as

by
a

their
to

prefix

algebraical
highest
of
common

highest

Example.
is

factor

of

21a*ar^,

Z^^x^,

2"ahnf

la^xy
(1)
(2)

for

it consists

the

product
of letter

of
the numerical

the the

greatest

common

measure

coefficients
every
one

highest
the

power

of

each

which

divides

of

given

expressions.

EXAMPLES
Find
the

Zn.
factor of

a.

highest

common

1.
5.

.3a62, 2a6". a%^c,a^hc\ 12a"6c2,

8aa:,

2.

^y^,

^xh/,

3, 7. 10. 12.
14.

6c", Sft^c.

4. 8.

^^,

2xy^,

6. ISaftV,
lOdtth^,

Sa^ft, 9a6c.

%xYz,2xy,

ISy^, Sxy^z".

9.
11.

loi^y^zS 2\xh/7?. aVy, h^xy\ cvS^,

Ga^y,

13. 15.

14ftc2, 636a^

5662c.

loar^y, COar^y^^s^ "l^oM.

TTaSft^c^, SSa^ftSc*, aif^ifi.

Hxy^z,

h\xyz\

Uxhp.

16.*

72

ALGEBRA.

[CHAP.

Lowest

Oommon
The

Multiple
lowest

of

Simple

Expressions.
multiple
of of
two
or

91.
more

Definition.

common

which The words

algebraical is divisible hy
abbreviation lowest In
can common

is the expressions each is

expression
without

lowest

sions dimen-

of them sometimes

remainder.
instead of the

L.C.M.

usei

multiple,
of

92.

the be
1. 2.

case

multiple
Example Example
aHi^
; for

written
The

simple expressions the down by inspection.

common

lowest

common

lowest
lowest lowest

multiple
of that

of

a*, a', a^,

of

a* is a". a^" is

The

common

multiple
a

a' is the
a,

quantities a^
Dy
each of the

a^

and

power " is the

is divisible power of h

a'6*, a6*, by each

that

of the

lowest

is divisible

quantities b*, b\

",

93.
eflBcient

If

the

expressions
least
common

have

Arithmetic
to

their the
The

algebraical lowest
lowest for
common

coefRcients, find multiple, and prefix it as a common multiple.

numerical

by
co-

Example.

2Sa^xy

is

420a*a;*y ;
least
lowest
common

it consists

multiple of 21a*a:^, 35a^x*y, of the product of

of the letter

(1) the

multiple
of letter each

numerical
which in the

coefficients

(2)

the

power

power of that

occurring

by every given expressions.

is divisible

EXAMPLES
Find
the lowest
common

ZII.

b.

multiple of

1. 4.

aryz,

3y".

2.* a^\
5.

abc.

3.
6.

^x^y, ^xyh.
2a6, ^xy. 2xy, SyZy 9ab^
4zx,

4a2, Sahx*,
win,

4a*bc^, 5ab\

7.
10.

nZ, Im,

8. 11.

^,

^yz^t Ssx^.

9. 12.

P'qr, q^p^, Ipq.

27a8, 8168, X8a266.

I6xh/, 2Dxy:^.
14. 16.

2\a^c.

13.
15.
Find

6aa;", 6cy, laV(^z,

15a263, 20oarV, 30ar".

both
of the

72;"V^"
and

lOSp^gV.
the lowest
common

highest

common

factor

multiple
17. 20.
22.

2a62, 3a26", 4a^6. 57aary, 76a:y2.7.

18.

Ib7^y\ ^x'^yz^
21. 23. Z^a^'h^

19.
4"a'bc\

2a*, Sa^feSc?.

51mV,

pn,

34mnp*.

49a*, 566*c, 21acS,

24.

eea^ft^cxS ^dab^xyh,

\2\^\

xn.]

ELEMENTARY

FRACTIONS.

73

Elementary
94.
Definition. and
a

Fractions.
x

If these If
x

quantity
be

be

divided
result

into

equal
the

parts,

of
x.

parts
be
the

taken,
the

the

is called of
^

fraction simply
"

=-

of
the b

unit,

fraction

is called

fraction

"

so

that

the

fraction

j-

represents

equal parts,
95.
kinds In of

of

which

make
we

up

the unit easier

are

this

chapter

fractions,
reduction

where

the to deal only with propose the and denominator numerator

simple expressions.
Their usual reader and arithmetical is
xv.

rules.
to

referred

simplification will be performed by the rules the For the proofs of these the Elementary Algebra for Schools, fraction to its lowest by every factor which highest comm^on factor.
denominator of
a

Chapter
Rule.
numerator

To and

reduce

terms:

divide
to

denominator is

is

common

them

bothy that
factor

by

their and

Dividing

numerator

fraction

by

mon com-

is called

cancelling that

factor.

Examples,

(1)
9ac2
3c 1

(2)

"Jocrh/z
_

SSa^h^c

5a*b
__

(3)
lab^c

5a*6.

EXAMPLES
Kedace
2a
,

XXL

to lowest

terms 3a2
o

2"c3
Q

2aJ)c

^'

4. Wc

5.

^^.
15aW

I2mn
o

14ay
21x^2^'

9og"

'"

8.
I2a6V

Q ^*

11. ISahc^'

^^.
24x^7/

\6mn^p'

,o

15ifcV?w*

,.

27o*"^ar"
^c

56a^c*z^

^^'

25l(^pm^'

^^

45a^"x*'

74

ALGEBRA.

[cHAP.

Multiplication
96.
and

and

Division

of

Fractions.
as

mvltiply cdgehraiccdfractions : for a new multiply together ail the numerators denominator, all the denominators for a new
Bnle.
To

in

metic^ Arith-

nmnercUory

by cancelliDg like factors

Lxample
all the
2.
"

in numerator

and

denominator.

"

x
_-

_-

1,

bc^ factors

3a^

ib^ each other.

cancelling
To

97.
divisor

Bole.
and

divide
as

one

fraction

by

another:

invert

the

proceed

in

mtdiiplication.
I5b^xy^
28aV

Example. ^

T^^^^:^^^
4x^y^ 4x"y2
5a"2

bai^

?".
=

all the

other

factors

cancelling each
EXAMPLES

other.

Xn.
:

d.

Simplify
T

the

following expressions
ab
n

xy ab

a^l^

^4c"rf*
a63-

2acc"

yz"
25fa

^'

^
146^0

^*

2^

"^^

Sp^^'i^'
7c^

6aV
-

*"

7a6a''l2aa;*
fl^^2ccP
6V
3^5

^ "*

3a"2^15"V
'

^*

Sfe^c

9a26
"

bbc'"" l^bc
"

9my
4^2-

4a^
Q^

Sp^q^^pq
8a'262

'"

"""

x^i^*
'

Q
^'^

2aV^10".^"V
'

in

y^^l7y^3V
za:^ ISfe^

5ax*
,,

4ar^

3a:"'
,"

"*

iV

'

a:"y

"*-^'

SaH\9aT'^xy '2Ei baH ^S

Reduction to
find
a

l4cP^81d"
^6^'27c^'

40c

Common
sum or

Denominator. difference
reduce
to

98.
we

In

order
as

to

the

of

any
to
a

fractions,
commou mon com-

must,

in
; and

Arithmetic-,
it is most denominators

first

them take

denominator

convenient

the

lowest

multiple

of the

of the

given

fractions.

xn.]

ELEMENTARY

FRACTIONS.

76

Example.

Exprees

with
a

lowest
h

common

denominator
c

the

fractions

3a?y' 6x^3* 2i/z'

The

lowest
the

common

multiple
of each

of

the

denominators

is

6xyz.
is fractions

plying Multi-

numerator

fraction
we

by
Sex

the

factor

which

required

to

make

its denominator

Gxyz,
2az

have

the

equivalent

6^'
Note. lowest and

6^*
each

6^
obtained

The
common

same

result denominator

would

clearly be
of

by dividing
in

the

multiplying quotients.

the

by corresponding

the

denominators

turn,

numerators

by

the

respective

EXAMPLES

XLL
with
common

e.

Express
1.

as

equivalent

fractions

denominator

5.

9.

12.

Addition

and
add

Subtraction
or common

of

Fractions.

99.

Rule.

To

subtract

fractions with their lowest of the numerators, sum

Example
The
rp, The

all the fractions: express denominator algebrai; form the cal the
common

and

retain

denominator.

1.

Simplify

-^

',^"' ^"
is 12. 15a?
= ="

least

common

denominator 20a; + 9a;-14a:

=

5x

expression

j^
Sab
ab 2x

T*

db
10a; 0
t\
=

Example

2.

Simplify
bx

6a6-5a6-o6
rrii

The

expression ^

10a;

^-

r^r-

0.

10a;

76

ALGEBRA.

[CHAP.

XII.

Example
The

3.

Simplify

-^_

^r^.
admits

expression
The

^~^^,
must

and

of

no

further

simplification.
between

Note.

beginner
terms

he

careful

to

distinguish
as

Example 2, and equal erasin^T of the in cancelliziff course multiplication, or iii equal factors tions in simplifying fracterms. Moreover, reducing fractions to lowest factor from remember that he must a can only be removed
with different

signs,

in

nomerator

and in

denominator cannot

when

it divides

each

taken

a^

whole.
cv

Thus and
not

^^75^,
3a'c*

be

cancelled

because
a

it

only
be

divides

the
it

whole

numerator. 6aa; its

Similarly
and
not

cannot

cancelled The

because fraction When

only

divides in

the

whole

numerator.

is therefore
no

simplest
is

form.

denominator

expressed

the

denominator

1 may

be

understood.

Example^.
If
a

Sx

^
4y

^-^^" ^^
=
-

""".
it should

4y

4y
terms

fraction

is not

in its lowest

be

simplified

before

combining
"r

it with

other

fractions.

r^^^^^R Example^.

---^---EXAMPLES

a^

_ax

x_Sax-2x ^-. Xn.

f
.

Simplify

the

following expressions:

CHAPTER

XIII.

Simultaneous

Equations.
which

100.
unknown

Consider

the

equation

2^iH-5y=23,

contains

two

quantities. transposition
we

By

get 5y=23-2^;

that

is,
this will
to

y=?^^'
it

(1).
value value values of
as we

From
to
jc

appears
be
as one

that

for

every

choose Thus
we

to

give
shall

there

corresponding
many

y.
we

be

able

find

pairs

of

please
21

which

satisfy
For

the

given

equation.
if ^=1, then from

instance,

(1)

we

obtain

v=

"

27

Again,
But

if

J7=

2,
have

then

==-"

; and

so

on.

if also

we

second
as

equation

containing

the

same

known un-

quantities,
we

such

3a;+4y=24,
y=

have

from

this

"

^
^

"

(2).
y
must

If

now

we

seek of

values y in

of

and

which be

satisfy both
identicsd.

tions, equa-

the

values

(1)

and

(2)

Therefore

23-2x^24-ar
5 4 So?
=

Multiplying

across

92
.-.

1 20

1 5.r ;

7^=28;

Substituting

this

value

in
8 +
/.

the

first
=

equation,

we

have

5y

23;

5y=15;

and

^=4./
Thus,
if both y, there

equations
is

are one

to

be

satisfied

of

and

only

solution

by possible.

the

same

/alues

TS
101.
When of the

ALGEBRA.

[CHAP.

Definition.
same

two

or

more

by

the

values

unknown

equations are quantities they

for
we

satisfied
are

called

simultaneous *We

equations.
taneous solving simulcontine
our

proceed to explain the different methods equations. In the present chapter the in which attention to the simpler cases involved in the first degree. are
102.
method
term

shall

unknown

quantities

In of

the

example
which

already worked
best but illustrates in of

we

have

used of

the the that borne

solution

the

meaning
be
must

simidtaneoiis is mind

equation ;
readiest the
two

practice it
solution.

will It

found be

this in
any

rarely
that

the

mode

since formed and y

equation
of will the
x

values

object only of
103.
consider

always
unknown

simultaneously true, equations are will be satisfied by the by combining them the which original equations. Our satisfy involves be to obtain one an equation which quantities. by which disappear is
we cause

The

process
to

either

of

the
We

known un-

quantities
two

called

elimination.

shall

methods.

Elimination

by

Addition

or

Subtraction.

Example

1.

Solve

3x+7y=27 6a;+2y=16

(1), (2).
to make

To the

eliminate coefficients

we
a;

of

in both

multiply (1) by 5 and (2) by 3, so as equations equal. This gives

15a: + \bx+

35y=135, 6y 29y
=

48;
87 ;
3. of y

subtracting,

.*.

To

find

X,

substitute

this

value

in

eitTier of

the

given

equations.
Thus from

(1 ),

3ar + 21

27

and

Note. which the of

When the

one

of the

unknowns
use

has

been

foand,
the
we

it is immaterial

equations we present example, if we

to

complete
3 for

solution.

Thus,

in

substitute 5a; + 6
.'.
x
=

y in (2),

have

16; 2,
as

before.

xni.]

SIMULTANEOUS

EQUATIONS.

79

Example2.

Solve

7a: + 2y

47
1

(1),

5a;-4y=
Here it will be
more

(2).
y.

convenient
14a; + 6a:
-

to eliminate

Multiplying (1) by 2,
and from

4y-94,
4y
19a:
-

(2)

1 ; 95
;

adding,
.*.

a:

5.

Substitute

this

value

in (1),
.'.

35+2y
.*.

47 5

6,
one

Note.
unlike in

Add

when

the

coefficients
when the

of

unknown
are

are

equal
and like

and
in

sign

; subtract

coefficients

equal

sign.
Elimination

by

Substitution.
1

Example

3.

Solve

2a;=5y+

(1), (2).
value obtained

24-7x=3y
Here from
we
can

eliminate

by substituting in (2) its

(1).

Thus

l) 24-^(5y
+
=

3y; 6y;

/.

48-35y-7
.-.

41=41y;

and

from

(1) methods
certain work.

a:

3.)

104.
sufficient will

Any
;

one

of

the
are

given above
arithmetical

will

be

found which

but

there
shorten

artifices

sometimes

the

Example.

Solve

28a;-23y 63a:-55y

22

(1), (2).
factor
to

17

Noticing
the

that

28 of
x

and

63

contain
two

common

7,
the

we

shall

make

coefficients of 28

in the if
we

multiple
Thus

and

63

equations equal multiply ( 1 ) by 9 and

-

least 4.

common

(2) by

252a:

207y

=.

1 98,

252a:-220y3

68;
=

subtracting,
that

13y
y

130

is,
therefore from

10,
9.

and

(1),

a:

80

ALGEBRA.

[cHAP.

EXAMPLES
Solve the

XTTT.

a.

equations 19,
7.

1.

a:+y=
x-y=

2.

a?+y
x-y=

23,
5,

3.

x+y
a:-y

lh
-9.

4.

a;+y
a:-y=

24,
0.
=

5.

x-y
x

6,
0.

6.

a5-y
x

25,
l3.

+ y

7.

3ar+5y
4a; +

60,
41.

8.

a:+5y=18, 3a:+2y
=

9.
41.

4a:+ 6ar +

y=10,

3y

7y

47.

10.

7a?-6y 6a:+4y

25,
51.

11.

6a:+4y 4a:+5y

7,
2.

12.

3a:-7y=l,
4a?+
y
=

63.
=

13.

7a:+5y 2a;-3y

46,
4.

14.

4a:+5y 5a;-3y

4,
79.

15.

lla:-7y 2a;-3y
=

43,
13.

16.

4a;-3y

0,
36.

17.

2a;+3y
6a: +

22,
0.

la

7a: + 3y

65,
32.
=

7a;-4y
19.

2y

7a:-8y
21.
14a: + 21a: +

13a:-y=14,
,

20.

9a;-8y=14, 15x-14y
=

13y 19y
=

36,
66.

2a:-7y 22.
5a:
=

9.

20.

7y-21,
=

23.

66a: 10x

33y, 7y-16.

24.

5a;-7y
18x
=

ll,

21a:-9y
25. 13a?-9y
11a:
-

76.

12y.
=

46,
=

26.

6a:-5y=ll,
28a? +

27.
=

lly-lla:
7a: + 8y
=

66,

12y
=

17.

21y

7.

3.

28.

6y-6a:
4a:
=

ll,

29.

3a: +

10=6y,
4a:+13.

30.

4y
6a:

47 + 3a:,

7y-22.
=

7y
7,

30-16y.

31.

lla:+13y

32.

13a:-17y=ll, 29a:-39y
=

33.

19a: + 41a: +

17y

7,

13a:+lly=17.
105.
We it will add
a

17.

37y=17.
to

few

cases

in

which,
the

solve,

be

necessary

to

simplify

proceeding equations.
14 38

before

Example,

Solve

6(a:+2y)-(3a;+lly)
7a:-9y-3(a:-4y)

(1), (2).

From(l),
From

6a: +

10y-3a;
.-.

-lly=14; 2a:-y=14 (3).

38 38 42.
;

(2),

7a;

9y
/.

3a: + 4a: +

12y 3y

(4).

Prom

(3),
10a;
=

6a;-3y
80
;

By addition,

wheuce

a;

8.

From

(3)

we

obtain

2.

Xin.]

SIMULTANEOUS

EQUATIONS.

81

106.
the

Sometimes

the

value

of than

the

second

unknown the

is

more

easily found
unknown

by already
Solve

elimination found.

by substituting

value

of

Example,

Zx-^^
/

^^
2
=

(1),

?""i-J(ar-6)
Clear
from

y....

(2).

of fractions.

Thus

(1),

42a;-2y+10
/.

28a:-21 -31

14a:-2y
-

(3).
;

From

(2),

9y

12
/.

10a; + 25 10a; +

15y
37

6y

(4).

Eliminating

y from

(3) and

(4), we

iind that

^-~I3Eliminating
x

from

(3) and

(4),
^

we

find

that
.

26

107.
solved

Simultaneous

equations
and
-

may the

often
unknown

be

conveniently

by considering

as

quantities.

Example.

Solve

?_?
=

(1),

y
=

l?+?
x

(2).

y 3 ; thus

Multiply (1) by

2 and

(2) by
16
X

18^.^
"

'

y
=

""+?8
X

21j

adding,
multiplying up,
.-.

^
=

23;
23a; ; 2 ; 3.
V

46
a;

and

by substituting in f 1),
H.A.

82

ALGEBRA.

[CHAF.

13.
14.

3(a:-y)

2(a?+y)
=

15,

3(a?+y)+2(a;-y)

25. 0.

3(a:+y-5)
4(2a:
-

2(y-a:),
=

3(a:-y-7)
-

2(a:+ y-2)
+

15. 16. 17.

6)
+

3(3a;

2y
+

5),
=

2(a:-y
5(y"a; 18.

l)+4a?
+

3y+4.

7(2a;-y)

5(3y-4x)

30

0,

3)

6(y-2a;).

^=y=i
i-^r^,
?-l
=

2x-fy+4.

^=y^=?^
21.

W-

20.

yI_?
a;

S7.

^-?
o;

8,

2".

13.

?+?=-3|.
y

jB

108.
two

In

order

to solve

simultaneous
have

equations which
that
we

contain
have
two

seen quantities we that find in equations. Similarly we three contain equations which three have must equations.

unknown

must to

order unknown

solve

taneous simulwe

quantities

Rule.

Eliminate

one

of

the the

unknowns
same

equations^and then eliminate Two equations involving two

he solved

from any unknown from

are

pair of the another pair.

which may

unknowns

thus

obtained^

by

the

rules

already
any

then

in found by substituting

given. one of

The the

remaining given equations.

unknown

is

Xin.J

SIMULTANEOUS

EQUATIONS.

83

Example.

Solve

Ix + hy-lz4a: +

-% 0

(1), (2), (3).

2y-3z
+

5a:-4y
Choose y
as

4z

35

the

unknown 20a: +

to

be
-

eliminated.
15z 14z
=

Multiply (2) by 5,
1 ) by 2, Multiply "(

lOy lOy

0 ;
-

14a: +

16

;
*"...

by subtraction, Multiply (2) by 2,

from 8ar +

6a;-z

16 0 ;

(4).

4y

6z

(3),

6a:-4y+4z
13a; 12a:
-

35;
35. 32 3.

by addition, Multiply (4) by 2, by subtraction,

From and from

2z 22
a;

(4)

we

find

2,
-

(2),

3.

109.
used
with

Some

modification

of

the

foregoing

rule

may

often

be

advantage.
Solve

Example.

?-l=|4.l
2

?+2,
7

From
have

the

equation
.

?
-

|+
o

1,
(1).

ji we

3a;-y=12

Also

from

the

equation

^- 1

1+
42

2, (2).

we

have And

7a:-2z from the

equation

|+ ^

13, 78
have

we

have

2y+3z
z

(3).

Eliminating

from

(2) and
21a; +

(3), we 4y 4y
=

282;
48
;

and

from
a;

(1)
=

12a;
s

whence

10| y

18.

Also

by

substitution

in (2)

we

obtain

14.

84

ALGEBRA.

[CHAP.

xm,

EXAMPLES
Solve the

Zni.

c.

equations
+
2
=

1.

3a;-2y
2x
x+

4,

2.

3a?+4y-6z=
4x+
yz
=

16, 24,
1.

Sy~-z
y +
z

S,
8.

a:-3y-2z= 4.
x-

3.

a:

2y

32=:32,
=

y+

2=

6,
=

4a:-5y+6z 7a;+8y-9z=
5.

27,
14.

6a: + 3a; +

3y 4y 3yy

2z 62

84,
13.

7a;-4y-3z= 6x-3y+2z=12, 3a;+2y-52=

0,

6.

4a; + 9a:-

2=

9, 16,
2.

5z=

0.

a:+4y-32=

7.

3y-62-5a;
22 -3a:y

4, 8,
2
=

8.

3y

2z

5a: y=

21, 3,

8a?-3z+
0. 22
+

a:-2y+2"
9.

2a:

3y

39.

\x^ y^\z \.
=

10.

i--Jy-5-Jz,

a:+

y-92=l.

2y

1(2
-

").

11.

^a:+l(y z)
+

l",

4a: +

l(2-.y) 11,
= =

|(z-4a:)
=

y.

12.

2a:-l(2-2y)
=

2,

1(3- z), |(a;+y)

=

a:

4y+3z.

13.

Z"yz^
=

y-^

a:-z

z-3.

14.

|-|=y+|=a;+y+z+2=o.
2a:-y-2_2y-z-a:_2z-a:-y
2 3

IK 15.

;^
=

a:-y-a-6.
"
,

"

16.

|+y

l.

|-*

3.

z+2y

3a;+8

0.

CHAPTER

XIV.

Problems

leading

to

Simultaneous

Equations.

110.
seen

In

the

Examples
to to

discussed have
as

that

it is essentisd

unknown of

quantities
which

determine.

have chapter we are equations as there many the statement Consequently

last

in

the

problems

contain between determined.

give rise to simultaneous conditions, as independent many the unknown quantities, as there

equations
or are

must

different

relations to

quantities

be

Example
fifth
Let then of
X

1.
sum

Find

two is 9.

numbers

whose

difference

is

11, and

one-

whose be

the

greater

number,

the

less

x"y=:ll

(1).

Also

^"i^=9,
5

or

aj+y=45
By
The

(2). 2y=M.

addition
numbers 2. 25

2a:=56
are

; and

by
28
tea

subtraction and
and 13 lbs. 17. 10 lbs.

therefore
lbs.
tea

Example $15.50,
find and

If 15
lbs. of of

of and

of

coffee

together
cost

cost
*

of

coffee

together

$24.55

the

price
a

each of

per tea

pound.
to

Suppose
and

pound

cost

cents,

coffee the

Then

from

question

we

have

15x4-

102/=

1550

(1), (2).
we

25x4-13y=2455 Multiplying (1) by

5 and

(2) by

3,

have

75a; +502/

=7750,

75a;+

302/ =7365. ll2/=385, 2/=35.

Subtracting,

And

from

(1),

15x+350=1550
1 5a;
.-.
=

whence

1200

a=80.
is is 80 35

*.
.

the

cost cost

of

a
a

pound pound

of of

tea

cents,
cents.

and

the

of

coffee

86

ALGEBRA.

[chap.

Example
number twice black the balls of

3. white

In

iR

bag containingblack of equal to a third

of How of balls many exceeds

and the

white number times

balls, half
of the black number ?

the

and ;

whole

number four.

three the

of

by

balls

did

bag
y the

contain

Let

be

the the

number

white x+y

balls, and
balls.
:

number

of black

balls;
We

then

bag

contains

have

the

following equations

2(a;+y)

3y+4

(2).

Substituting from

(1) in 2,

we

obtain

^
whence and
from

2y
y

3y
12 %. black

4;

(1),
there
are

Thus

8 white

and

12

balls.

111.
student number

problem involving the digits of a number should in which the value carefully notice tne way of its digits. is algebraically expressed in terms
In
a a X

the of
a

Consider
4
X

number
10+5.
are

of

three
a

digits
number

such

as

435

its value

is

100+3
the

Similarly
x, y^
=x z

whose

digits beginning

from

left

hundreds

+y

tens+^

units

100^+10^+0.
number be added

of its
lind Let

A Example, and digits,

the number. be the

certain if 45

of two
to

it the

digits is three digits will

times be

the

sum

reversed

place, y the digit in the units' place will be number then the represented by 10a: + y, and the number the formed by reversing digits will be represented by lOy + a:.
X

digit in

the

tens'

Hence

we

have

the

two

equations
10a: + y
=

3(x

y)

(1), (2).

and

10a; + y + 45

10y+a:

From(l),
from

lx-2.yi
y-x-b.

(2),
these the

From
Thus

equations we
is 27.

obtain

2,

7"

number

XIV.]

PROBLEMS

LEADING

TO

SIMULTANEOUS

EQUATIONS.

87

EXAMPLES
Find numbers wliose

XIV.
is

1,
12.

two

sum

64, and
their

whose

difference

is

2,
the

The

sum

of

two

numbers

is 97 and

difference

is 51

find

numbers.

3,
of their
"

One-fifth
sum

of

the

difference the
sum

of

two

numbers

is

3,

and

one-third

is 17

; find

numbers. of
two

4.

One-sixth is 13

of ; find

the the

numbers

is

14,

and

half

their

difference

numbers.
cows are

5,
and

Four five

sheep sheep are

farmer 10

and worth

seven

worth is the 9 for

cows

$131,
value
for
same

while of each

three

cows

^66.
7 horses

What and

animal He could

6,
have

bought
horses

$330.
money

bought
of each Twice of Half

and

cows

the

; find

the

price
7,
the
sum

animal.
A's their age ages ^'s of age B^a

exceeds is 61

three how
a

times old

B^s
are

age

by
?

years

; if

years,

they
5's years age

8, tliree-quarters
each ? In
seven

of

exceeds

quarter
^'s

of 11

by
j find

age

exceeds

by

and year, the of age

9,
and how in

eight hours
hours D does
a

walks

3 miles 9 miles walk travels the per

one

more more

than than ?
more

D C

does does

in six in six

hours,
hours
;

walks each coach 3 hours

many

miles
In 9 hours but in of

hour mile

10,
in the
2

than 2 miles per and twice

train
more

does than

hours,
coach

in 13

train the
rate

travels of each

does A bill the

hours is of many

; find

hour.

11,
three

$15

paid
of is

with

half-dollars exceeds used ?

quarters,
the number

and of

times

number

half-dollars

quarters 12,
times A the

by

6 ; how of

each

are

bill number

$8.70
of of

paid
are

with

quarters
seven

and the

dimes,
number

and of

five
ters quar-

of dimes many
tons

exceeds each

times ? be

by 13,
and
or

6 ; how

used
are

Forty-six
it is found 13 wagons carry A
sum

goods
this

to

carried
10 tons

in

carts and each

and 14 wagon

ons, wag-

that and

will
; how

require
many

wagons
can

carts,
and

else

9 carts

each

cart

? of $14.50 have and been each number be is

14,
amount much

could each A

given to 17 boys given to 13 boys

and and

16 20

girls;
girls j
the

the find

same

how

boy
certain and find

girl receives.
of taken
two

15,
the

digits
the

is

seven

times
the

sum

of be

digits,
;

if 36 the

from

number

digits will

reversed

number.

88

ALGEBRA.

[CHAP.

XIV.

16. digits,
find the

A and

certain if 27 be

number added

of
to

two

digits
number

is

four the

times

the will be

sum

of

the ;

the

digits

reversed

number. A certain and number the number 9

;

17.
of the

between

10 exceeds

and the

100

is

six

times formed

the

sum

digits,
the

number

by

versing re-

digits digits
and the

by
of

find

the

number. between 10 times

18.
each

The

number

and
the

100
sum

are

equal
the

to

other,
8
;

the number. has

number

exceeds

of

digits

by

find

19.
the
a

man

$380
coins oz., kind
a

in is

silver

dollars,
and their

half-dollars, weight
and
a

and 235

quarters
ounces.

number dollar many

of

the

852,

is

If oz.,

weighs
of A He and How Divide each
as man

^
each has

half-dollar of worth the coins

^
he

oz.,

quarter

find

how

has.
in

20.
dimes.
dimes coins.

man

$22
all

of

silver If he

half-dollars,
the

quarters,
half-dollars then have

and for 180

has the

in

70

coins. for

changed
he ? 4
woman

quarters
of each

half-dollars,
had 3
as

would

many

he

at

first 5
as

21.
so woman a man

$100

between have

men, much
a

women,
a

boys,
and

and
a as

girls,
each
as

that

shall
as a

girl,
much

much
a

boy

and

girl,

and

each

boy

half

and If sugar and The

girl.
lbs. and of 10 sugar lbs. of and 6

22.
lbs. sugar of

17

lbs.
cost

of

coffee find

cost the

$2.50,
cost

and

10 of

coffee

$3.80,

per

lb.

coffee.
value
amounts

23.
half-dollars times the

of

number

of
;

coins number 6.

consisting
of Find 11 among receives. the dollars

of

dollars exceeds of

and five
each.

to

$22.50

the

number A of could

of

half-dollars
is divided

by

number and
men

24.
the Find
same

sum sum

$23.80
have
man

among

men

16

women; 6
women.

been and and person

divided
woman

19

and

how Two

much

each articles
;

26.
per If he lb.

A
a as

are

sold

for

20 in and

cents

and such

30

cents

respectively

spends again

$6.50
of A

buying
one-third

articles.
as

had of ?

bought
J5, he

half

much

much

again
he

would

have

spent

$9.00.

What

weight

of

each

did

buy

CHAPTER

XV

Involution.

112.

Definition.
an

Involution

is the
so as

general
to

name

for

multi
third

plying fourth,

expression
any other

by
power.

itself

find

its

second,

or

Involution

may
we

always
shall

be

effected
some

by
rules

actual for

multiplicatioa writing
down
at

Here,
once

however,

give

(1) (2} (3)

113.

any the the

power square square

of and of

simple
cube of

expression
any binomial

any

multinomial.

It

is

evident

from of

the

Rule

of
can

Signs
be

that

(1) (2)
the

no

even

power odd power itself.

ani/ of
a

quantity quantity

negative;
the
same

any

will

have

sign

as

quantity
Note. It is

especially worthy
positive
or

of

remark is

that

the

square

of

every

expression,

whether

negative,

poaitive,

11^

From

definition

we

have,

by

the

rules

of

multiplication.

(-3a3)4=(-3)V)*
Hence
we

81ai^
a

obtain

rule

for

raising

simple

expression

to

any

proposed
Rule.

power. the

(1)

Raise the

the

coefficient

to

required by
the Rvle the

potoer

metic, by Arith-

andprejuc
(2) Multiply
exponent

proper index

signfouTid
of
every

of Signs,

the

factor

of

ejspression

by

the

of

th/e

power

required.

90

ALGEBRA.

[cHAP.

ExampUa.

(-2a^*)"
(
-

=-32a:i".

3a6")" 729a"6"
=

" .

/2a6"y
\3x2y/
It will be
are seen

_16a^6"

8laV'
case

that

in the

last

the

numerator

and

nator the denomi-

operated

upon

separately.

EXAMPLES
Write down

XV.

a.

the

square

of each

of the

following expressions ^xy^.

-2a263c.

1.

a%. 4a26c".

2.

3ac8.

3.

4.

66V. -3da:".
^

5. 9.

6. 10.

-3a:y.

7. 11.

8. 12.

?^

??-!.

13..

-?^
down 2a:.

14.

g.
of each

.6.

-^
42r".

16.

-^^
:

Write

the

cuhe

of the

following expressions
20. 24. 28.

17.
21.

18. 22. 26.

3aR -62cd".

IQ. 23. 27.

-Sa^fc.

-4xY.

-6y*.

-4/?"g".

^5.

^.
Write
down the

--^2^.
of each

-^3.

-g^:*.
:

value

of the

following expressions
*

29.

{ab^)'.

30.

(-a:V)^

31.

Zm^n^.

32.

(-arVf.

(i.)"""

i-W)'- ^
To

(-")'"'"" (-I-)*

Square
we

Binomial.

115.

By multiplication

have
+

(a + 6)2=(a
=

6)(a

6)

a2 + 2a6 + 62

(i).
(2).

(a-b)^=(a-b)(a-b)
=

a^-2ab+b^

XV.]

INVOLUTION.

91

These

formulae

may

be

enunciated
sum

verbally of
two

as

follows

Rule
the
sum

1.

of
2.
sum

The square their squares The square

of the
increased

quantities is equal

to

by

ttcice their

product,

"Rule
to the

of

the

of their
1.

squares
=

diminished ix^+ 2

difference of two quantitiesis equal by twice their product.

,

Example

{x-\-2yf

2y+{2yf

Example

2.

(2a8-362)2=

(2a8)2-2

2a^
. .

36H

(362)2

=4a6-12a86H9"*.
To

Square

Multiuomial.

116.

By the preceding (a+"H-c)2={(a

=

article
+

6)+cp
+

(a + 5)2+2(a
aH 6H
prove

6)c+c3
+

c2 H- 2a6

2ac + 26c.

In

the

same

way

we

may

(a-6+c)2=a*H-"Hc2-2a6+2ac-26c. (a+6
In
+

c+flO^="^+^Hc2+c?2
of these instances

+
we

2a64-2ac+2ac?+26c+26c?+2cc?.
observe
that the square
sists con-

each of

(1) the

sum

of

the

squares

of

the

several

terms

of

the

given

expression (2)
terms,
the have twice taken

the

sum

with
+
or

si^n
bke

is
or

"

unlike
square

products two and two of the several their signs ;,that is,in each product proper according as the quantities composing it signs.
of the
terms
are

Note.

The
same

always positive.
be
the number

The

laws
to

hold

whatever

of terms

in

the

expression
Rule.

be

squared.
multinomial twice the

find the square of any the squares add of the several terms each each into term sign) of of proper
Ex,
1.

To

the terms

of sum product {with tJie that follow it.

:

to

the

(a:-2y-as)2

a?3 + ar* +

43^ + 92*-2.a:.2y-2.a:.32+2.2y.3z 4y2 + 922.4a;y_6a"

+

12yz.

Ex,

2.

(l+2a:-3a;2)2=H-4arJ+9a:*+2.1.2a;-2.1.3ar"-2.2a:.3a:*
=

l+4a:'^

9ar* + 4a;-6a:2-12a:"
+

l+4a:-2a;2-iac8
and

9a:*,

by collecting like

terms

rearranging.

92

ALGEBRA.

[chap.

XV.

EXAMPLES
Write

ZV.
each
of the

b.

down

the

square

of

following
a

expressions
4.

1. 5, 9. 13. 17.

a?+2y.
3a
+

2. 6. 10. 14.

a?-2y.
a:-5y.
a6c
+

3. 7,

36.
+

2a-36.
9-a?. 2ab
+

h.

2m

7n,

8.
12. 16.
2a+6+c.
x^+x
2-3a;
+

2 -ah.

l.

11. 15.

oft-cei. a:" -3a;.

xy.

l-a:".
a

S+2pq.
18.
a-6-c.
a: +

2a+a6.

b-e.

19. 22. 25.

20. 23.
26.

2x-y-z.
3ar +

21. 24.
27.

3y-22.

l,

2;?-g.

l-2a:-3a:a.

ar".

x+y+a-b.

m-n+p-q.

28.
Binomial. have

2a+36+a;-2y.

To

Cube

117.

By

actual

multiplication, (o+6)3=(a
+

we

6)(a+6)(a+6)

==c^+3a^b+3ab^+b\
Also

(a observing
we can

")3
law down

a^
of the

Ba^ft +
formation cube

30^2
_

53,
the binomial
terms

By
results

the write

of of any

in

these

Example

1.

(2a:+ y)"

(2a:)" + 3(2a?)2y+ 3(2a:)y24- y*

8ar^ +

12ar^y + 6a;y3+ yS,

-

Example

2.

(3a:

2aa)"

(3a;)" 3(3a;)2(2a2) + 3(3a:)(2a2)2 (2a")"

27a:"-54ar"a"+36a"*-8a".

EXAMPLES

XV.

c.

Write

down

the

cabe

of each

of

the

following
0-26.

expressions
4. 8.
12,

1. 5.

P +
a?

q'

2.
6.

m-n,

3.
y-

2c+d.

3y.

a?

7, 11.

2a:y-l.
2aS-363.

5a+2.

9.

""-l.

10.

2ar^-^y".

4y3-3.

CHAPTEE

XVL

Evolution.

118.
that
number The the

proposed being multiplied quantity which by itself of times produces the given expression.
any

Definition.

The

root

of

expression is the requisite

it is

operation
of

of

finding

the

root

is

called

Evolution:

reverse

Involution.
Rule
root

119.

By
any

the
"ve7i

of of
a

Signs

we

see

that may

(1)
or

positive quantity
have

be

either

positive

negative (2) (3)

no

;
can an even

negative quantity
root

root

odd every quantity itself.

Kote.

of

quantity

has

the

same

sign

as

the

It
has

is

especially
square

worthy
roots

of

remark
in

that

every

in

quantity sign. Example,

In the

two

equal

magnitude,

but

positive opposite

tJ^oM chapter, however,

"3aa;'.
we

present
root.

shall

confine

our

attention

to

the

positive

Examples.

tja%*

a'ft^,because
because

(a'fe*)*
=

a^h*.
-

XI

-7^

=.-7?^
=

a:*)'
= =

a:*.

Vc2o V81^2
120.
rule for From the

c*, because 3a;', because

(c*)*

c"

(Sa:^)*
=

%\x^. deduce

foregoing examples extracting any proposed root (1)

Find the
root

we

may
a

of

simple

general expression :
a

Bnle.

of the coefficientby Arithmetic, of

and

prefix (2)
index

the

proper
the

sign.
exponent
root.

Divide

every

factor of the expression by the

of

the

proposed

Examples.

V-64a:"

-4ar*.

Vl6a?=2aa.

5Ig^V9a:" s/' 5^
26c*

94

ALGEBRA,

[CHAP.

EXAMPLES
Write
down

XVL
of each
of the

a.

the

square

root

following expressions
4. 8.
,"

1. 5.
p

9a:V*. 36a:"y8".
42^

2. g^
,^

25a"6*. i6a:".
a3"
,,

3.
7.

49c2d".

a"6V".

a?Vz'.
lex"

9;?V'144

Write

down

the

cube

root

of each

of the Sx^,

following expressions
16.
'^"'

13.
"*"'"

A*.
27'
down the

14,
"'^^'

-a""".

15.
^*

-27a:".

1^"~'
of each

"

27c"
of the

~""^"~*
;

Write

value

following expressions
23. 26. 29.
able
to

21.
24.

V^.
V64^.
V
-

22.
25.

V^^8. V^^^^6^

ar"y".

27.

ar"yw.

28.
formulae binomial. in

Vsl^.
Art.
115
we are

V^V^ V32^W^.
write down

121.
the square

By

the of any

Thus

(2^ + 3y)*
=

4^?^ +

12^

9f.
terms

of Conversely, by observing the form sometimes be it may recognised as its square

root 1.

the
a

of

an

sion, expres-

complete

square,

and

written
Find the

down

at

once.

Example
The

square
-

root

of 25a^

iOocy

16y^.

expression

{5x)^

2
.

20a:y + (4y)3

+ (4y)a (5a:)2-2(5ic)(4y)

(6a;

4y)2.
root is 5a:
-

Thus

the

required
2. Find

square

4y.

Example

the

square

root

of -^^

"*"'*"*'~5I*

The

expression

)' (2)' 2(.^|*) (|f

+

Thus

the

required square

root

is
a/

+2.

XVI.

EVOLUTION.

95

b}^ easily determined the in rule the to must explained recourse inspection we is quite general, and next applicable to all cases. article,which and But the stvdent is advised, here elsewhere, to employ methods of inspection in preference to rules.
122.
When the square have
root cannot

be

To

Find
Since
a

the

Square
square which

Root
of
a a

of
+

Compound

Expression.
have

123.
found The

the

" is

we a^-\-2ab-\-l^,

cover to discan

by process when a^+2ab-\-lP'

first term, the is
a, is the terms

and

", the

terms

of

the

root,

be

is

given.
loot to

square

of a^. of Set
one

Arrange
The the first term

according
its square
root.

first term

a^,and

powers is a. root Subtract

or

letter down the 6.

a. as

this

of the the

required
remainder

a^ from

given
of the

expression
Now
2a

and

is 2ah-\-b^ of the
we

(2a +6)
the first found

the b.

first term Thus

to

2ab
obtain of

remainder divide

is the

product
term
; if

and

b
the

of
we

remainder this The

new

by
term

the
to

double
2a
we

term

obtain
as

the

already complete divisor

:

add

2a

b.

work

may

be

arranged
a2+2a6
a2

follows

62(a+6

2a+b

2ab

b^

2ab+b^

Example

Find

the

square 9ar"-

root

of 9a:^

^2xy

49y'.

42a;y + 49y* ( 3a;-

7y

93?

%x-ly

|-42a:y+49y"
+ 49y' |-42a:y

Explanation,
term of the root.

The

square

root

of

^v^

is 3a;, and

this

is the

first

"y
we

doubling
Divide
-

this
-

we

obtain
the in the

62;, which
first term

is the
has

first

term

of %x

the
and both

divisor.

4i2xy,
term

of the

remainder,
to

by

get
the

7y,

the

new

root, which
the

be

annexed divisor

to

root

and

divisor.
the result root

Next
from

multiply
the

complete

by
now

ly
no

and

subtract and

first remainder.

There

is

remainder

the

has been

found.

96

ALGEBRA.

[cffAP.

124.
any

The

rule

caii

be extended
The When first
we

so

as

to

find the
of the

square
root

root

of

multinomial.
as

two

terms

will the

be

obtained

before. the first

or

have the
new

brought
divisor

down

second

remainder^

part
the

of
root

is obtained We then of in

by
new

doubling
the first

the
term

terms

of
set

the

remainder the We

already by the
as

found.

divide the the

first term
next term

divisor,
and the last last

and

down
the If

result
next

the

root

in the

divisor.
of

multiply
subtract
now no we

the

term

root

and is

the

complete product
the the

divisor from
root

by
the has

remainder.

there is
a

remainder continue

been

found

; if there Find

remainder
root
+

process.

Example,

the 2"x^a^

square
-

of 16a:* + 4a* of
-

12a""

24a^a.

Rearrauge

in

descendlDg
-

powers
+

x.

1 6a:*

24xi^a

25ar^a2

1 2xa^

4a*

( 4ar"

3aro + 2a^

16a:* 8ar*-3a5a
24a:3a
+

253:2^2

-24ar^a+ 8a:2-6a;a
+

9zr^a^ 163:2^2 _i2a?a5 16a~^a2-12a:a3

+

2a'

4a*

4a*

Explanation,
4a:^
-

When
a

we

have

obtained

two

terms

in

the

root"

3a;a,

we

have

remainder

16ar2a2-12a:a3
Double

4a*
found and Divide of the

the
as

terms the

of

the

root of

already
the

place

the

result,
first

8a:^-6a;a,
term
+

first

part
oy

divisor. first term

root

16a:^a',the
divisor
Now
; we

of the which

remainder,
we
annex

8a:^,the
to

get

2a^

both

the

and

divisor.

multiply
remainder

the and

complete
the
root

divisor is found.

by

2a^

and

subtract.

There

is

no

125.

Sometimes
Find

the

following method
the

may
root

be
of

used.

Example,

by inspection
4a2
+

square

62+c2
in

4a6-4ac-26c.
of
a,

descending powers letters be arranged alphabetically ; then

terms the

Arrange

the

and

let

the

othej"

expression

4a* 4a2

+
+

4a6

4ac
+

6^

2bc +

c^

4a("-c)
2.

(6-c)2
+

(2a)2 +
root

2a(6-c)
+

(6-c)2;

whence

the

square

ia2a

{b-c),

[Art. 121.]

XVI.]

EVOLUTION.

97
XVI.
b.
root of

EXAMPLES

By

inspection

or

otherwise,
:

find

the

sqnare

each

of the

following expressions
1. 3.
5. 7. 9
4

a"-8a

16.

64+48a;+9s".

4.

25-30m 81 +

+ 9w2.

36n"-81n=+49.

6.
8.

144y3 + 64y".

4a264-i2a62c6+9ci"".
9a2
24ac

10.

16c3

11 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21

9o"_o
^

256^
"

2562

9a2
-

12 ^^*
8a: +
+

^^
-

L6^+l^+2"(. ^^
U:x?

16ar*
25

32a:" + 24a:2
+ 29a"
-

1. 4a*.

30a

12a"

9a8-12a"-2a*+4a2+l.

25/?*
8a:3 +

+ 3()p"

121

101/"2 + 66p.

l+4a:*-4ar. 108a3
+

201a2

100

36a*

180a.

a2 + 62 + c' + 2a6-2ac-26c.

yh?

+ 1^7? +

xh^

2xhfz + 2xyH

2xyz^.

16

22
9
n^ 4 4

23 24 25 26 27

9 16
+

9ar* + 144ar"
a:8_4a;7
+

12aa:3 + 4a2

72a:"

48aa:.

4a:" + 6aH^-14a:*
+

+ 4a:3 +

9a:"-6a?+L

aa + 962 + c2-6a6

66c-2ac.

!L*-2!?L' 6^'-4!?^ + + 4.
n*
W n-n

9a2

28
H.A.

-^62
"

6a.
+

26
"

-""-=-

a"

98

ALGEBRA.

[cHAP.
this

[
and

If

preferred,
at
a

the

remainder

of

chapter

may

be

postponed

taken

later

stage.]
Cube
cube

To

Find Since
a

the
the

Root
of
a

of
+

Compound

Expression.
we

126.
to
can

5
a

is

a^-{-Sa%-^^ah^-\-",
6, the
is terms of

have

discover
be The

found

by process when a^-\-Sa%

a

which
+

and

the

root,

3ab^+b^
root to

given.
of Set letter down the then the

j"rst term the

is the

cube

of a\ powers
root
a. one a

Arrange
the first
term

terms

according
and its cube
root.

;
as

first term of

is the

a\

this

required
remainder

Subtract

a^ from

given

expression
Now and 6. the

and

the

is
or

Za^b + Sab^ + b^
first term
to

(Sa^+ Sab
remainder divide the

b^)x
first

b.

of b the
can

the
we

is the

product of
term

3a^
mainder re-

Thus

obtain times b
we

of

the

by
Having
of the
1.

three

square

of the the

term

already

found.
consists

found

complete
:

divisor, which
of the
root

following
Three times

three the

terms

square

of

a, the

term

already
the
new

found.
2. term 3.

Three b. The work

times

the

product

of

this first term

a, and

square may

of b.
be

The

arranged

as

follows

3(ay
3xax6=

=3a

3a^6

3a62+63

+3a6
=

(6)2

+62
3a264-3a62
+

63

Example

1.

Find

the

cube

root

of 8ar"

SQx-y
+

54a;y2
-

27

y^,
-

Sx^

S6a^y

54xy^

2^1y^ ( 2a?

3y

3(2a?)3 3x2a:x(-3y)=

12ar"

36x^y

5ixy^

21y^

-ISxy

(-3y)2= l2siP-lSxy

4-V
+

dy'

-S6a^y

54xy^-27y"

XVI.]

EVOLUTION.

99

I CO

u o

"

53 -e

"1

'^

4a

"

9
*
W

S
o
i-H

+
" I

S^

"IjCCJ

1i
I

I
"^
43

-"* o GO CO
I-H

-^
s

"" .ja

o8
4J

"'H

ns
"

eg

4-

+
o o

1i
o I
CO CO
CO

5-3.2
o

S
o

Od

S
^

"

%
o

^
"43

"0
a^

GO

CO

5
"

.^-^^-^

i'%
CD 00 00

+
CO CO

S
o O
-*3 "^3

"
43

S
o

i
+

.2

f-l

00

.a

ti

I
o

O
I-H

1^^
^

'1
S--*
.

II

II

II

"
08 " o

'd II
CO
,_^

s
00

43

II

II d

"Bgr%
-

iSP^

tH

?."

^5tg
dp^
4

X CO
'fH
_

d e8
,

CO

Id

1
^

cc

." ^
I"
CO X
^

"

"1
a
I

fl

""^
-^

"^
-n""H,ia

""'

"
o

CO

043

d e8

100

ALGEBRA.

[chap,

xvl

EXAMPLES

XVI
of the

c.

Find

the

cube

root

of

each

following expressions 2.
4. 6.
Sas^ +
l2a^
+

1, 3. 5. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

a3+12a2

48a

64.

6x

l.

64a:3_i44a45+io8a:-27.
m5-18m2
+

8i3"
-

36;?*+ 54p2
+

27.

108m

-216.
+

a:"+6aV

12xV+%*-

l-3c+6c2-7c8+6c"-3c"
8 + 36m
+

c".

66m2
+

63m"

33m*

9m^

m".

216-108A;

342P-109P+171ifc*-27P+27ifc".
+

48y"

108y

6(y-9(y-27
+

+ +

8y"-80y".
+

64+192)fc+240P

160P
+

60it*+12A:"

ifc8.

12.

x^-6xh/-Sxh
additional

l2xy^

l2xyz

Sxz^-Sy^--l2yh-eu:^--^. Algebra,']
cube
roots

[For

examples
rules

see

Elementary
for

127.
in in

The

ordinary
are

Arithmetic the

based

present
the

chapter.

upon The

the

and extracting square methods algebraical following example

explained
is given
to

illustrate

arithmetical

process.

Example.
Since
614125

Find

the

cube

root

of

614125.

lies its

between cube root

512000

and

729000,
80 and

that
90 and

is

between therefore

(80)^ and
consists of

(90)^
two

lies

between

figures.
a

b
=

614125(80+5
512000

85

3a2 3xax6 62

(80)2

19200
1200 25

102125

3x80x5=
6x5=

20425

102125

In other

Arithmetic
modifications

the
of

ciphers are usually omitted, and the algebraical rules.

there

are

CHAPTER

XVn.

Resolution

into

Factors.

128.

Definition.

When
or more

an

algebraical
each the of of

expression
these latter of

is

the

product
is

of

two
a

expressions
of

ties quantithese its into

called is

factor
the

it, and

determination
the

quantities
factors. In the this

called

resolution

expression

chapter
of

we

shall

explain
into

the

principal
component

rules

by

which
may

resolution

expressions

their

factors

be

effected.

Expressions

in

which

Each

Term Factor.

is

divisible

by

Common

129i
term

Such

expressions by this
factor

may

be

simplified enclosing placed

by
the

dividing

each within

separately
; the

factor, and

quotient
as a

brackets

common

being

outside

coefficient.

Example
factor
3a
;

1.

The

terms

of

the

expression
3a(a

3a^

Qah

have

common

.-.

3aa

6a6

26).
-3a-

ExampU

2.

5a^bic^

I5ahx^
-

20b^x^

Sbsc^ahic

4^),

EXAMPLES

ZVIL

a.

Resolve

into

factors

1. 5. 9.

ar^+oar.
Sm^-"mn, 5a"-25o"6. 27
-162a;.

2. 6.

2a^-Sa,

3.
7.
12ar
+

a'-a^. JC*-5ar".

4. 8. 11. 14.

a*-a^b.

F^+^p^q10.

y^

xy.

48arV.

10c"-25c*d.

12.
15. 17.

13.

tx^yh^+Sxy,
16. 18.

17a:* -51a:.
3o"a:.
-

2a"-a2+a.

3ar^ +
46"
+

6o V

7i5'-7p"+14p*.

6a"6"-262.

19.

a:y-"*y2+2ay.

20,

26a"6"+39a*6",

102

ALGEBRA.

[CHAP.
be

Expressions
contain

in
a

which

the

Terms Factor
in the

can

so

grouped

as

to

Compound
is shown into
terms

that

is Common.

130. Example
Smce

The
1.

method
Resolve

following examples.

factors contain

x'^"ax-\-hx"ab.
a common

the terms

first two
a common

factor

x, and

the

last two

factor
+ +

b,

we

have

a^'-ttx+hx-db

{o^"ttx)
x{x -a) (x-a) {x-a) {x-a){x
into

{bx-CLb) b{x
-

a)
times

=:

taken taken
+

plu8 {x
times

a) taken

b times

{x+b)

b).
62:^
-

Example

2.

Kesolve

factors

9ax
+ +

4bx

6a5.

6Ji^-'9ax-{-4bx-6ab

(6x^-9ax) Sx{2x
-

{4bx-6ab) 2b{2x
-

3a)

3a)

(2a:-3a)(3a; + 26).
I2a^ + ba^
-

Example

3.

Resolve

into

factors
=

4a6

3aa:'.

12a^+bx^-4ah--Saa^

{l2a^-4ab)-(3aa^'bx^)
4a(3a
-

6)

ar"(3a 6)
-

(3a-6)(4a-ar').

EXAMPLES
Resolve into

ZVn.

b.

factors

1. 3, 5, 7, 9. 11.
13. 15.

ar'+ary+ax+yz.
a" + 2a
+ +

2. 4. 6. 8, 10, 12.
14.

x^-ocz+xy-yz.
a^ +
ac

a6 + 26.
ax

4a

4c.

2a'\-2x am-bm-an

+ +

oi^.
bn,

Sq-Sp+pq-p^. ab-by-ay
2mx
+
nx

+ +
-

y^.
36c.

pq-\-qr-pr-r^.
aar-2ay-6a:
ac^
+ +
a.

2my+ny.
2ac
-

26y.

2a2 + 3a6

b + bc^ +
+

ac^

2a

fec^ + 26.

a"-o2

a-l.

16. 18,

2x!^ + S + 2x+3x^.

17.

a^"aby-\-2ax-2by.
Trinomial

axy-\-hcxy"az"bcz.

Expressions.
attention the
terms

131,

In

Chap. V.

Art.

48

has

been
two
so as

drawn

to

the

in which, in way coefficients of the result.

forming
different

product
combine

of

binomials, the to give a trinomial

XVII.]

RESOLUTION

INTO

FACTORS.

103

Thus

(x+5){x+Z)=j:^+Sx+l6 (^-6X^-3)=a:2-ar+15 (:F+5X.r-3)=^+2:F-15 (:F-5X^+3)=ar^-2^-15

now

(1),
(2^ (3),

(4). problem
similar
to
:

We the
occur

propose resolution of
on

to
a

consider

the

converse

namely,
which

trinomial side

expression,
of the

those

the

right-hand
the above

above

identities,into
that

its

component

binomial

factors.

By examining
1. 2.

results, we
the second the of +6 the of
x

notice is
x.

The The
to

first term

of both of
term

factors
terms

product
the
15

the of

of

the in

two

factors
we

is

equal
see

third is the

trinomial
"5

; e.g.

that
-

product
of of
sum

and
"3.

"3

and

in

(2) above (3) we

two

see

that
3.

15

is the

product
coefficient

and

The
to "5

algebraic
the

second in the the

terms

of

the

factors

is
sum

equal
of

trinomial

and

+3

gives -2,
laws

coefficient

; e.g. in (4) the of ^ in the nomial. tri-

The the

application of these following examples.

Resolve
terms their of
sum

will

be

easily understood

from

Exa'ffiple 1.
The is and second and

into the +11.

factors
factors

a:^ +
must

11a; + 24. be such that

that

their must

product
be +8

+24,
+3.

It

is clear

they

.-.

a:"+llar
into the
-

+ 24

(a:+ 8)(a;+ 3).

a?^
-

Example
The is

2.

Resolve
terms

factors

10a; + 24.

second
and to

of
sum

factors
Hence be
+
-

mast

be

such

that both

their

product
and

+24,

their
see

10.
must

they
6 and

must
-

be negattve,

it is easy

that
.-.

they

4.

ar"-10a;

24=(a;-6)(a;-4).
=

Example

3.

x^

18a; + 81

(a?
-

9){x 9)2.

9)

(a;

Example

4.

a;*+ lOa;^ + 25
"

(a;^ + b){7? + 5)
+ 5)2. (a;2

Example
The is
+

5.

Resolve
terms

into the
-

factors
factors

x^
must

llaa; be

lOa*.
that be
-

second

of
sum

such
must

their 10a

product
and
-

lOa^,

and

their
/.

11a.

Hence
=

they

a.

ar"-llaa;+10a2
this the has kind

(a;-10a)(a;-a).
student
should
as

Note.

In

his

results,

examples of by forming
factors

the

product
chosen.

{mentally,

always verify explained in

Chap. V.)

of the

he

104

ALGEBRA.

[chap.
XVn.

EXAMPLES
Kesolve into factors
:

1. 4. 7.

a^+3x+2. a^-Sa+Z
62 +

2.
5.

y^+5y+6.
a^-^
6"+

3.
S,

y"+7y+12.
6^-6ft+6. z"-13z+36. 22 + 152+44. a^12a

6. 9. 12.

136+42.

8.
11.

136+40.

10,
13. 16. 19. 22. 25.

x^-l5x+56,

ar"-15a:+54. a"+15a
+

62-126+36. x"+9x+20,

14.
17. 20.

56.

15. 18.

+27.

ar"-10a;+9.

x^-\6x+^.

y2-23y+102.
a'+10a6
+ 2162.

y*-24y
a2
+

+
+

95.

21.
24.

y"+64y+729.
a2-23a6+13262.
6-5ar+a:". 216-35a+aa.

23.
26.

12a6

1162.

m*+8m2+7.
64-15a
+

w*+9mV+14n*.
13 +

27. 30.

28.

a2.

29.

14y+y2.
where the

132.

Next is

consider

case

third

term

of

the

nomial tri-

negative.
1.

Example
The is

Resolve
terms their and to of

into the

factors
factors
sum

x^ + 2xmust

35. such Hence

second and

be +2.

that

their
must

product
have in

-35,

algebraical
the their

the^
be

opposite signs, to give its sign

The

greater
sum.

of

them

must

positive

order

required

terms
/.

are

therefore
=

7 and

5.

x2+2a:-35
into
the

(x

7)(a;-6).

Example
The is
second and

2.

Resolve
terms

factors factors
sum

7^-Zx~^,
must -3. them

of

be

such Hence

that

their
must

product
have in

-54,

their and

algebraical
the

opposite signs,
to

greater
sum.

of

must

be

they negative

order

give its sign

The

to their

required terms
.-.

are

therefore
=

9 and

6.

ic2-3a:-54 in these

(a;-9)(a:+ 6).
the the numerical

Remembering
miLst

that

cases

quantities
method
may

have

opposite

signs,if

preferred,

following

be

adopted.
Example
Find
two

3.

Resolve

into whose

factors

2^

23xy
and

420. whose

numbers
are

product
hence have 420
=

is 420,

differenceis
so

23.

These

35

and

12;
we

inserting
(ay
+

the

signs

that

the

positivemay

predominate,

"V^

23jcy

35)(a:y 12).
-

XVII.]

RESOLUTION

INTO

FACTORS.

105

EXAMPLES
Resolve into factors
:

XVn.

d.

1.
4. 7. 10.

7^+X'-2.

2.
5.

x^-x-e.

3. 6. 9.
51,

x^'-x-20,

y2 + 4y-12.
a2 + 8a-33.
6* -126 -45.

y^ + 4y-2l.
a^-ISa-SO.
62 + 145
_

y*-6y-36.
a2+a-132.
62 + w2
+

8.
11.

12. 15. 18. 21.

106-39. w"-56.

13.
16.

m^-m-56.

14, 17. 20.

w"-5m-84.

p'-8/)-65.
a:"+ 2a:-48.

p'-^Sp-lOS.
ar"-7a;-120.

;)2+^_iiQ,
ar"-a:-132.
+ 7a^ jr*
_

19.
22.

y*+13y2-48.
a4 + a26a-726*.

23.
26. 29.

y^+^xy-96x^.
a2 + a6-

24.
27. 30.
into the

gsa^i.

25.
28.

24062.

14 -5a

-a*.

35-26-62.

96-46-62.

72

6-62.

133.
not

proceed now expressions when unity.

to

We

to

the

resolution of

factors

of power

nomial triis

the

coefficient

highest
write

Again, referring

Chap.

v.

Art.

48,

we

may

down

the

following results

(3a7+2)(^+4)=3^+14:p+8 (3a7-2X^-4)=ar2-14:F+8 (3a7+2)(a7-4)=3a^10^-8

(1), (2), (3), (4).

than difficulty the
cases

(3^-2)(:r+4)=3^+10a7-8
The
we converse

problem

presents
to

more

have

yet considered.

Before
it will

endeavouring
while

give

general
in detail

method
two

of

procedure
identities

be worth

to

examine

of the

given above.
Consider
The The The
two

the

result

Zx^

14:r + 8

(So? 2)(a? 4).

-

first term

3a;2 fs the
+8
"

product of
is the
a? x
"

3x -2

and and

x.

third
middle

term term 3j: X

-4.

14:p

result
2.
-

of

adding

together
4).

the

products

"

4 and

Again, consider
The first term third middle
term term 3^
X

the
3^^
-8

result

^^

IOj?

"

(3x + 2X^
x.

is the

product
is the
^

of 3^ +2

and and of

The
The
two

-4.

-10a?
"

result

the

products greater of

4 and two

2 ; and

these

products

is

adding together the sign is negative because negative.

its

106

ALGEBRA.

[chap.

134,
to

The the him

beginner
proper to detect
so as

will

frequently
at

find

that

it is not alone

select

factors
at to
a

the

first trial.

Practice

easy will

enable will

combine
to

pair he has glance whether any give the correct coefficients of the

chosen sion expres-

be

resolved.

Bkample,
Write must first have and down

Resolve

into

factors

*loi^ 19a;
-

6. that -6 3 and for 2 the

(7a; 3)(a; 2) for opposite signs. These

terms.
correct

trial, noticing factors give Ix^ and

first

third

But

since

7x2-3x1
of the middle

11, the
term.

combination

fails to Next Since

the

give

the

coefficient

try (7a;
7x3-2x1
so

2)(a; 3).
=

19, these

factors shall

will

be

correct

if

we

insert

signs

that

the

negative
=

predominate.

Thus

7a;2-19a;-6
mental

(7a;+ 2)(a;-3).

[Verify by

multiplication.]

135.
all these

In

actual
at

work

it will

not

be

student length. The different be cases rapidly reviewed, may combinations at once. rejected attention It is especially important to pay

steps

necessary will soon and

to

put

down the

find the

that

unsuitable

to

the

two

ing follow-

hints 1. second If

the

third of its
as

term

of

the have

trinomial
both the
term

is

terms

factors that

positive,then same sign, and

of the trinomial. then

the this

sign
2.

is the If

same

of the of the have

middle

the

third

term

trinomial

second

terms

of its factors

negative, opposite signs.

14a;^ + 29a;14a:2-29a;-lo 15

is

the

Example

1.

Resolve

into

factors

(1),
(2).

In

each

case

we

noticing
And

that

3 and

down write (7a: may have 5 must opposite

-

3)(2a;

5)

as

first

trial,

signs.
now

since in each

29,

we

have

only

to

insert

the

proper

signs
In in

factor.

(1) the

positive sign negative

14ar" 143-^
+

must

predominate,

(2) the

Therefore

29a; 29a;

16 16

(7ar

3)(2a; + 5).
-

(7a;+ 3)(2a;

5).

XVILJ

RESOLUTION

INTO

FACTORS.

107

Example

2.

Resolve

into factors

52:^+173; 5ar"-17a:

(1),

+ 6

(2).
are

In In

(I) we
(2)

notice

that

the

factors

which

give

both

positive. negative.

And

therefore

for

(1) (2)

we

may

write

(5a;+ (5x-

)(x+

). y.

)(x-

And,

since

5x3+1x2
5ic2 +

17,

we

see

that

17a; + 6

(5a:+ 2)(a;+ 3). (5a;-2)(a;-3).

term

5a;"-17a;+6
Hote. 6 and

In
1 ; but wonld

each
this

expression
is
one

the the
as

third
cases

6 also to

admits above

of

factors
the

of
once

referred

which

stndent

reject at

nnsnitable.

When

an

Expression multiplying
be

is the
a

Difference
a"

of Two obtain the

Squares. identity

136
"

By

+ 6

by

we

(a+6)(a-6)=a2-63,
a

result which
The

may

verbally expressed
and the their squares. squares the and

as

follows
any

is

product of the sum of equal to the difference

difference of

two

quantities

Conversely, the differenceof the is equal to the product of the sum quantities.
Thus may
at

of any two quantities differenceof the two

of
two

any
once

expression
be resolved

which

is the

difference

squares

into factors.

108

ALGEBRA.

[CHAP.

Example,

Resolve

into

factors
-

25a:'
=

16y'.
-

25a;2
Therefore the

IQy^
is the

{5x)^
sum

{4y)\
and and
-

first factor
factor
/.

of 5x
of 5x

4y, 4y. 4y).

and

the

second

is the

difference
1

253^*

6y2

(5a;+ 4y){5x
be

The

intermediate

steps
1
-

may
=

usually

omitted.

Example.
The difference of

49c"

(i + 1c^){l
of
two

7c").
numerical of the

the

sometimes

conveniently

squares found

quantities
formula

is

by

the

aid

Example.

(329)2-(171)2

(329
500
X

171)(329158

171)

79000.

EXAMPLES
Kesolve
into

XVn.

f.

factors

1. 5. 9. 13. 16. 19. 22. 25. 28.

Find

a2-9. a^"-25.

2. 6. 10.

a2-49.
ic2_i44.

3. 7^
n

^2-81. 64-a:2.

4.
3^ 12. 15. Ig. 21. 24. 27. 30.

a2-100. 81-4ar".

4y2-l.
4m2-81. 9a2-2562.
25

y2_9aa.
14. 17. 20. 23. 26. 29.

4y2-25.

9y2-49ar".

36a2-l.

ifc2-64^2^ 121-36a;2. 49a*-10062. a*6*c2-9.

121-16y2.
a^b^-2^y\

-c*.

64a:2-49z2. a:"-4a*. 16a^"-96".

4/)2g2-81.
ar*-25z*. 25ari2-4. of

a^^-p^qK
a"68c4-9ar".

by

factors

the

value

31. 34.
When

(39)2-(31)2. (82)2-(18)2.
an

32. 35^

(51)2-(49)2. (275)2 -(225)2.

Sum
or
a

33^ 36.

(1001)2-1. (936)2
of Two
-

(64)2.
Cubes.
62.

Expression
we

is the
a' +6^

Difference
the

137.
and if
we

If

divide
a'" 6*

by

+6

divide

by

a"

6 the

quotient is a2"a6+ quotient is a^'\-ah+h\

:

We

have

therefore

the

following

identities

a8-6"=(a-6)(a2+a6+"2).
These which
can

results be

enable
as

us

to

resolve
sum or

into the

factors

any

expression
cubes.

written

the

difference

of two

XVII.]

RESOLUTION

INTO

FACTORS.

109

Example

1.

8ar^

27y3

{2xf
(2a:
-

(3y)"
+

3y )(4rc2 +%xy

9y").
Sy.

Note.

The 2.

middle

term

%xy
+

is the 1

product

of 2a; and

Example

64a3

(4a)"+ (1 )"
(4a
+

l)(16a2_4a

l).
write

We the

may factors

usually
at
once.

omit

the

intermediate

step and

down

Examples,

343a"

27a:"
=

{7a^- 3a;)(49a*+

21a2a;

9a^.

S3^+129

(2x^+d){4x^-l8si^+Sl).

EXAMPLES
Resolve into
factors
:

XVII

g.

1. 5. 9. 13. 16. 19. 22.

as-6s. Sa^
+

2.
L

a" +

63.

3. 7. 11.

I +

a:8.

4.

l-y". xY-U
64

6. 10.

^-Sz\
6' -8.

a" + 2763.

8.
12.

l-8a8. 125a"
+
+

27 + a:".

-p".

l. l.

14. 17.

216-6*. 512a3-l.
x^ +

15. 18. 21. 24.

a:V

343.

1000a:"

a^b^(^-

27.

8a:"-343. w"-1000n".

20.
23.
shall

2lGy^,

a:*-27z3. 125a"+
51263.

a' -72963.

138.
all the

We

now

foregoing rules, followed

processes
1. of
a

of this
Resolve
+

harder applications of the give some exercise in which miscellaneous by a chapter will be illustrated.
factors
a a

Example
The and
sum

into

(a

26)*

16a:*.

26

and is

4a: is

+
+

26 + 4a:, 26
-

their

difference
.-.

4a:.
+

(a

26)2

1 6a:2

(a

+ 26

4a:)(a + 26

4^), be collected
so

If
as

the

factors the
2.
=

contain

like

terms

they should
form.

to

give

result

in its

simplest
-

Example

(3a:+ 7y)*

(2a: 3y )*
-

{(3a: + 7y) + (2a:

(3a:+ 7y
+

+ 7y) 3y )} {(3a:
-

(2a: 3y)}
-

2a:

3y)(3a:+ 7y

2a: +

3y)

+ 4y)(a:+ 10y). (5a:

110

ALGEBRA.

[chap.

By suitably grouping together often be expressions can expressed as

squares,

139.

the the

terms,
difference

compound
of
two

and
1.

so

be

resolved

into

factors.
9a^
c^ + 4cx
+

Example

Resolve

into

factors
=

4a^,

iki?-'C^+4cx-4x^

9a^-(e^-4cx (3a)2-(c-2a:)a
(3a
+
c
-

4x^)

2x)(3a
-a*-c* the

c +

2a;).
2cm;.

Example
Here the

Resolve
terms

into
and

factors 2ck;

2M

6' + cP+ proper

2bd

suggest
Thus
=

preliminary

arrangement

of

the

expression.
+

26d-a2-c*+6"

cP + 2ac

6"+26ci+da-a"
6" + 26d
+

2ac-c'
+

cP-(a"-2ac

c2)

(" + d)"-(a-c)"

{h+d+a-c){h+d-a+c).

140.

The

following
Resolve

case

is
factors

important.
x^ +

Example,

into

xh/^ + y*.

(a:2 + y*)"-(a:y)" {(X^ + y^-^xy){x^ + y^-xy) (a:" +

a:y +

(a~" j/^)
-

ary +

y2).
into

141.
than
two

Sometimes
factors.

an

expression

may

be

resolved

more

Example

1.

Resolve

into 816*

factors
=

16a*-81"*.
+

16a*

(4a2

W){Aa^

962)
-

(4a2 + 962)(2a + 36)(2a

36).

Example

2.

Resolve 3ifi
-

into

factors

afi-i^, y^)
+

1^

{x^ + y^){a^
{x
+

y)(x^-xy
can

i/^){x-y){ix^+xy+y^,
be

Kote.

When of two

an

expression
or as

arranged
of two be will the

either

as

the

ference dif-

methods

explained
be the found

squares, in

the

difference

Arts.

136,
to

137
use

cubes, each of the It will, applicable.

for

however,
factors

simplest
of two

first

rule

resolving into

difference

squares.

xvii.j

RESOLUTION

INTO

FACTORS.

HI

142.
a

In

all

cases common a

where
to
as

an

expression
of

to

be

resolved should

contains

simple

factor

each

its terms, in Art.

this 129.

be

first

taken

outside

bracket

explained
factors

ExampU,

Resolve

into

28a:*y + 64ar^
=

GOix^.
-

2%3i*y+ Usi^y

60arV

^xhf[lx^

16a:

15)

4a;V(7a:-5)(a; + 3).

EXAMPLES
Resolve
into two factors

XVn.

h.

or

more

1 4

(x-{-yf-z\
(a
+

2. 5.

[x-yY-zK
{2x-\f-a?,

3. 6.

{a

2hf-c^
+

3c)2-l.

a''-{h

cyK

7 10
12 14 16 (18a; + y)2-(17a7-y)2.
4a2
_

U. -^Z, 15. 17^ 19^

(6a

3)2

(oa

4)2.

(2a

36)2.

x^-{2b-^c)\
(3a;+ 2y)2-(2a:-3y)2.
ic2 + a2 + 2aa?
-

(x

yf-{m-n)\
+

a2-2aa:

ar2-462.

z2.

18
20 22 24

l-a2-2a6-63.
c^-a?-h'^ ar* +
+

\2xy
a;2
-

2^-^x^-^.
1
-

2ab.
+

21.

2a; +
+
n

w2
-

4mn
-

4n\

2^-z*-a*
+

2a:3y2-2a2z2.
'25.
28. 31.
a*h^-\Q,

23.

{m

j?)2 (m
256a;*

71

+p)\

aHa2

l.

26. 29.

-Sly*.

27 30 33
36

16a"62_56^
a26"-81a26.

6477i7-wi?i".
4ma?x-7?, 25023
+

x^-x*yK
l-7293/".
1029
-

32.
2.

2166"
(u? m*
+
-

a363.
-

34.

35.
o^^
+

33^.
-

ax^

240ax,
^

37. 39.
41
.

^c^

"^^

^'

38
40 42 44

4m2"2p2

4n*p*.

8a:y-a:".
2 wt^rt*
-

6x^y^+l5xY-^^xy\
9Sx*x^-2x^-x a?y?
-

7 w*"^
+

4?i8.
i.

7 x^y^-y*.
+

43. 45.
+

a262_a2-62

2. ^''^^
-

{a

hf

l.

46 47 49
51

Sahf
3^
_

3252y3.
48.
50.
119+10m-w2.
240a;2
+

2p

4/?2 9g2.
30a63
-

24a262

366*.

a:y-a;^V-

52. 54.

x*-\-y*-7x^yK
a:^+ a;* + l.

53

[For

additional

examples

see

Elementai'y

Algebrar\

112

ALGEBRA.

[CHAP.

Converse

Use

of

Factors.

143.
often It has
converse

The be

actual

processes

of

partially or
be

wholly
in this

avoided
the

multiplication and by a skilful use

formulae which
as

division

can

of factors. the student in their for

should
seen

observed

that

exemplified
as

in

their factors
us

direct
the
to

chapter are just application. Thus

of
at two
once

useful the

formula

resolving
useful
sum as

into

difference down

enabling
the

write

is squares the product

equally
of the

and

difference

of two

quantities.
by
2a thus

Example
These

1.

Multiply
may
+

2a

36

36 +
:

c.

expressions

be

arranged
and

2a Hence the

(36-c)

2a-(36-c).
-

product

{2a+ (36
(2a)2
-

c)}{2a
-

(36

c)}

(36

cf

4a2_(962-66c+c2)
4a2-962+66c-c".

Example

2.

Find

the

product
x-2y
with

of

x+2,

ar*-2a:+4,
the

sB"+2r+4.
the

Taking
fourth,
the

the

first factor

third, ai\d

second

with

the

product

{(x + 2){x^ -2x

(ar' + 8)(a:"-8)
a:"-64.

4)} {{x

2){x^ +

2a? +

4)}

Examples.

Divide

the

product

of

2oi^ + x-6

and

Qa^-Sx

by

Sx^

6x-2. the division

Denoting
the

by
=

means

of

fraction,

required quotient ^ ^

(2^^+^-6)(6a?^-5a:-H)
Sx^
+

bx-2

_(2a;-3)(a:

2)(3a;-l)(2a?-l)

(3a:-l)(a: + 2)
=

(2a:-3)(2a:-l),
are common

by cancelling factors

which

to

numerator

and

ator. denomin-

XVII.]

CONVERSE

USE

OF

FACTORS.

113

Example

4.

Prove

the
-

identity
2{40a:
first
+

17(5a: + 3a)2
Since each
term
=

27a)(5a; + 3a)

25ar"

9a". factor

of the

expression

contains
+

the

5a;+3a,

the

first side

+ 3a) -2(4(te (5a:+3a){17(5a;

27a)}

(5a;+3a)(85a:+51a-80a:-64a)
(5a;+ 3a)(5a;-3a)
25ar"
-

Oo^.

EXAMPLES

XVn.
the

k.

Employ
1, 3. 5. 7.
Find
a-h

factors
+

to

obtain

product 2.
4. 6.
+

of

Cf

a~h-c,

2a;-y+z,
c*+3c p-q+x-y,
+

2x+y+z,
2, c2-3c-2. p-a-x+y.

l+2a;-ar",
a

\-2x-ii^,

6-c

+ +

rf,

" + c-d.

a3-4a26

8a62-86",

a"+4a26

8a6a + 86".

the

continued

product

of

8.
9. 10. 11. 12.

(a-6)",

(a

6ft (a" + "T. d+ar')'.

a^ + 5a 9 +
+

(l-a:)8, (l+x)',
a2-4a
+

3, a^-a-2,

6.
+

3-y,
l+c Divide Divide Divide Divide a^
-

3 + y,
+

9-3y+y3,
+

3^
c*.

^3.

c2, l-c

c^, l-c^
-

13.
14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

a"(a
the

2){a^

66) by
ar* + a;-2 a:2 +

a^ + 7o. and a;_12.

product

of

a:2+4a:+3

by afi+5x+ti.

3a~^(a;+4)(a;2-9) by
the 49.

product

of

20:84.11^-21

and

3a"-20a-7

by

Divide Divide

(2a2
a:"
-

-a-

3)(3a3 '-a-2)
-

hy ea^-5a-e.
+

7a:^

by

+ 2a: (a?+ 1 )(ar"

4).

Prove

the

following identities
-

19.
20.

(a + 6)'

(a

")2(o + 6)
+
-

4a6(a

").

c*-d*-(c-d)3(c
(w*
-

d)

2cd(c2-cP).
=

21.
22. 23.

n)( w
-

n)^

771* + n*
=

2mn(m8
+

n').

(a:+ y)*

+ y)^ 3a:y(a?
=

{x

+ y*). y){oi^

3a6(a-")2+(a-6)*
H.A.

(a-6)(a8-"").
H

114

ALGEBRA.

[CHAP.

MISCELLANEOUS

EXAMPLES

m.
2x-4k value

1, 2.

Find If
a
=

the

product
=-

of
c
=

lOa;^ 2,
d

12
=

3a:

and the

3a^.

1, 6

1,

0, find

of

gg-b^ a^ + b^
+
:

h^~cd

(^-b^

2b^+cd

3abc' (a:+

3. 4,

Simplify 2[4a:-{2y
Solve
(I)
^

(2a; -y)-

y)}].

the

equations

a?-3_2-ar_l-2a?.
^

3 the square and

15

'

/
-

f^^

3a:-4y
5a: +

25,
7.

'

2y

5, 6.

Write

down the

of 2a:* L.C.M.

a? +

5.

Find

H.C.F.

of

Sa^b^c, 12a*6V,

15a"5"c

7, 8,
9,

Divide
Find Find in

0*4-46*
dollars square
=

by
the

a2-2a6+263.

price
of

of a:*
-

bk

articles
-

at

8a

cents 16.

each.

the
a
=

root
c
=

Sa:* + 24ar"
the value

32a: +

10.

If

5, 6

3,

1, find

of

{cL-bl
a+b

jb-c)^
^
^

{a-c)\
a+c

b+c

11. 12.
times
as

13-|(a:-l). Solve|(7a:+5)-7f
=

is

twice Find

as

old

as

twenty

years

ago

he

was

three

old.

their

ages.

13. 14.

Simplify (1
The

2a:)

{3

(4

6a:)} + {6
is

(7

8a;)}.

product

of two

expressions
Qxh/^
; +

6a:* + 5x^1/ +
and
one

5xy^
the

6y*,
other.
was

of How
now

them old

is 2a^' + is 40
a

3a:y + 2y^
who 2a:

find years

15.
father

boy

ago

half

as

old

as

his

aged
the

?
common

16
.

Find Find

lowest factors

multiple

of

2a^j Sab, 5a'6c, dabr^c,laPh,

17.

the

of

(1)

ar^-a:y-72y2.
numbers exceeds which differ one-fourth

(2)

6a:2-13a;

6.

13.
third

Find of the

two

by
of the

11, and
less

such

that

one-

greater

by ?"

xvn.]

MISCELLANEOUS

EXAIMPLES

III.

115

19.

If

1,

1,
+

2,
+

0,

find

the

value

of

ad-hc hd
+
ac

_c^-cP
a^
+

a-b

c-d

b^'

20. 21.

Simplify
Solve
the

|'B-y-{5te-ly-7-(|-4) (2-iar)}
+

equations
+

(1)

(3a;-8)(3a;

2)-(4a;-lI)(2a:

l)

(a;-3)(a;+7);

(2)

^+"+y
which
two

^,
at

.+y-5
the what

|(y-a:).
of p be miles the
an

22.
q hours

train between

travels stations ? of

rate

hour
of
a

takes
trsdn

will

rate

which

takes

hours
sum

23.

Find

the

'

3 into

2'

2/'

24.

Kesolve

factors

(1)

12ar"+aa?-20a8;

(2)

a"-16-6aa:+9:c".

25.

Solve

(1)

a:+l+2(a;+3)

4(a;+6);
=

(2)

4a;+9y
the value

12,
"

6a:-3y

7.

26. 27.
IS

Find

of

i,\~ ^f f,"^
a;(l+3a:)-ar
,

when

?.
a?
=
-

3 of ft' +

Find

the

quotient
262c
-

when
-

the

product

c*

and

h^-"?

divided

by
-4"

"3

2bc^

c'. between
is them
;

28.
than

-S" aJ^"l

^ and

^*v" C*b

^168
share

-4*8
of

share ^'s.

is

greater
the

^'s of

by
each.

$8,

three-fourths

Find

share

29.

Find

the

square

root

of

9oi*

12a?*
-

22ar*

a:^ +

12a:

4.

30.

Simplify

by

removing

brackets

a^
-

[(6

c)^ -{(^-{a-

6)'^.

CHAPTER

XVni.

Highest

Common

Factor.

144.
more

Definition.

The

highest
is them the of

common

factor

of

two

or

algebraical
which divides

expressions
each

without

of expression remainder.
mejdsurt

highest

sions dimen-

Note. instead

The of
our

term

greatest
common

common

is usage is

sometimes

used
for which concerned The metical ariththe in

highest object
to two

facUyr}
to
more

but
factor

this of

incorrect,
not

Algebra
is with
term
common

is
or

find

the

highest
we or

dimensions
are

the

numerical
common

values
measure

of

expressions, and the expressions ought

to

their

divisors.

greatest

be

confined

solely

to

quantities,

for
common

it

can

easily
factor

be is

shown
not

by always

trial the

that

algebraical
common

highest

greatest

measure.

145.

We

have
the

already

explained
factor An
common

how
of

to two

write
or more

down

by

inspection

highest common expressions. [See Chap, xii.] readily to find the highest us pressions which are given as
can

simple
enable
ex"

analogous
factor

method of

will

compound
or

the

product

of

factors,

which

be

easily
1.

resolved

into

factors.

Example

Find

the

highest
and
out

common

factor
+

of

4"S(^ It
are

2c^
the

^c^ot^,

will

be

easy
as

to

pick
:

common

factors

if the

expressions

arranged

follows

2cx^

ic^x^

2ca^{x

2c)

therefore

the

H.C.F.

is 2cx^,

Example

2.

Find 3a2
+

the

highest

common

factor
a^ + ea^ft
+

of

9a6,

a^-^aJb\
into its

ga^a. have

Resolving

each

expression
3a2 a^ a^ + 6a26
is
-

factors,
+ + +

we

9a6 9a62 Oab^

3a(a
a{a a{a

3"), Zh)[a 36)(a

-

3ft), 36)
;

therefore

the

H.C.F.

a(a+3").

CHAP.

XVIII.]

HIGHEST

COMMON

FACTOR.

117

146.
different
be the

When

there of the

are same

two

or

more

expressious coutainin^
student
must

powers careful to notice

compound factor, the

highest common compound factor
which

should
contain to

that

the

factor

all the

of the highest power given expressions.

1. The

is

common

Example

highest

coDimon

factor

of is

x{a-xf^

a(a-a;)?,
the
+

and

2"Lx{a-xf
factor
-

{a-x)\

Example

2.

Find a7p+2a^x

highest
a\
2ax^ into a^
=

common

of

^a^x

%a\
we

^ax+a^^.
have

Resolving

the

expressions
ax^
+

factors,

2a^x

aJ{7?+2ax+a^)

a{x+af
20(2-5
-

(1),
2aa?
-

2ax2

4aaa?

6a"

3a") (2),
(3).
the

2a(a: + a)(a;-3a)

3(aa:+ a2)2
Therefore factor from

3{a(a?+a)}" 3a2(a;+a)a
=

(1), (2), (3), by

inspection,

highest

common

i8a(a;+a).

EXAMPLES
Find
the

XVm.
factor

a.

highest x^-xy,

common

of

1.

^-y^y

2.
4.

3(a-6)s,
^^-^h\

a2-2a6

6".

3. 5. 7. 9,
11.

3a3-2a26, c^-c(P, a^7?{a

ax-hXf
-

3a2-2a6.

^h,

c*-c2cP.

6.
-

vf^-x^^,
2x2
_

ix?y^+x^,
(x-

x)\
a*x
+

2a^x^[a
ax,

x)^.

8. 10.

8a; + 8,

2)".

^x^-y^t

a^y^ + y*, xy-y\

7?+x^, {a^-ax)\

7?+xy,

x^+aey^,

12. 14. jg^ 18. 20.

ix^y^-y^, y^ipcy-^^f,
{abc-U^)\ {3i?-b7?)\
3a2 + 7a-6,

13, 15, 17.

19. 21. 22,

{ax-x^)\
ar* -49a:2

{a^c-ac^)\
ar".-8ar*+15a:". 2a2+7a
+

a?-7?-4^2Xy o"-36a,

o"+2a2-48a. 3x2-7a:-20.

3.

2a:2-9a;+4,

3c*+5c8-12cS

6c"+7c*-20c".

4m*-9mS

6m"-6m2-6m,
-

6m*+5m"-6m2.
llaV
+

3a*a:"-8a"aJ"+4a2a:3^ Sa^ar^ 3aV+16aV-12a2a:".

6aV,

118

ALGEBRA.

[chap.

factor should highest common always be determined but it when will sometimes by inspection possible, happen that be into factors. find To readily resolved expressions cannot the factor in such we highest common adopt a method cases, used for that in Arithmetic to finding the greatest analogous

147.

The

common

measure

of two shall

or

more

numbers.
out

148.

We

now

work

algebraical process the proof of the

Algebra^
two Arts.

of rules

finding
the We

the

reader may

examples illustrative of the factor highest common ; for consult the Elementary may
here

102, 103,
the which

conveniently
bear
in mind

enunciate

which principles,

student

should

in

reading

the I. the

examples

follow.

certain If an a expression contain expression is divisible by that factor.

factor^ any factor^

the
sum

multiple of
vrill divide

XL

their

mm

of any

expressions have a and their difference;and multiples of them. If

two

common

it

aUo

and

the

difference

Example.

Find

the

highest

common

factor 8a:"
-

of
-

43fi-Sx^-24x-9

and

2ar"

63a;

39.

Therefore

the

H.C.F.

is

a:

-3.

Explanation,

First

arrange powers of the the

the
of
same

given
x.

expressions according
'expressions
we so

to

descending or ascending having their first terms

whose in

The

arranged
tnat

order,
the
x
-

take

for

divisor the
-

highest
the when the

power
as \i'e

has

smaller When

coefficient.
the
-

parallel columns
divisor the

above.

first remainder
to

Arrange ia?

work
5a:
-

21

is made

put
2 is

the

quotient
2a:^
to

left of the
is in turn
;

dividend. made
on.

Again,
divisor,

second

remainder

3a:

the As in

quotient
the last

placed
a;

the is the

right

and

so common

Arithmetic,

divisor

-3

highest

factor

required.
149.
factor

This
of the

method

is

only

useful

to

determine

the

compound

of the highest common Simple the be first removed from them, and given expressions must factor of these, if any, be observed and must highest common the into factor the rule. multiplied compound given by factor. factors

xviil]

HIGHEST

COMMON

FACTOR.

119

Example,

Find

the

highest
-

common

factor 18ar*

of

24a:* -23(?We and have 24a;* 18a:*

60ar"

32a;

and

Gar^

39a;2
30a; 13a;

18a;.

2a;3

60ar" 39ar"
the

32a: 18a;

2a;(12ar"
-

a;2 2a;2

16), 6).
the

6ar"

3a;

(6a;"
-

Also factors
as

2a; and 2a; and Art. 148.

3a: have

common

factor
common

x.

Removing
factor
a;, we

simple

3a:, and

reserving their

continue

in

2a;

-2

Therefore

the

H.

C. F.

is

a:

(3a;+ 2).

150.
But method understood the
common

So

far
to

the the
cases

process certain

of Arithmetic

has
we

been

found

exactly

applicable
in

algebraical expressions
modifications
These found

have
of the be

considered.
arithmetical
more

many will

necessary. if it is remembered
must
we are

be

will

clearly
work,

that,
a

remainder factor

contain

as

every factor of Art.

at

stage
itself

of the the

highest

seeking.

[See

148, 1. "

II.]

Example

1.

Find

the
+

highest
23a;-21

common

factor

of
+

3aJ"_13x2

and

6ar^ + a;2-44a:

21.

3a;'-13ar*

23a;-21

6a;3+
6a;^-26a:^

a;2-44a;H-21
+

46a;-42
+

27a:2-90a;

63

Here contained

on

making
in

27a;*

90a:

63

3a;'-

13a;2 + 23a;-21
90a: + 63 mind H. C.

with

find that it divisor, we an integral quotient. in the form in the

two

is not

But
+

noticing that 27a:' and also bearing in

work contains the

maybe
we

written

9(3a;2- 10a;
course

7),
the
are

that

F.,

every conclude

remainder that But their 9 the

the H.

of
we

C.F.

seeking
We
may

is contained
no

in 9(3x2 ^n)x^i). therefore

original
can

sions expresnone.

have

simple factors,

H.

C. F.
go
on

have

therefore

reject

the

factor

and

with

divisor

8a:^-10a:+7.

120

ALGEBRA.

[chap.

Resuming

the

work,

we

have

3x2-10ar+7

3a:"-10a:"+
-I
-

^x

3a:*-

7a: 3a;+7 3a:+7

-1

3a:"+16a:-21 Sar'+lOx7
14

2) 6a:3a:the

7
factor
on

Therefore The above. factor

highest
been

common

is 3x
same

7.

2 has

removed

the

grounds

as

the factor

151.

Sometimes
are

the

expressions
Example,

arranged
the

is more convenient process in ascending powers.

common

when

the

Find

highest

factor

of

3-4a-16a2-9a"
and As

(I), (2).
divide
one

4-7a-19a2-8a5 the

cannot we expressions stand begin to The without other using a fractional quotient. suitable obviated factor, just as by iiitroducing a

by the
be
we case

difficultymay
in the
no

last

found

it useful

to

remove

factor

when way. their

we

could

longer proceed
be

with
no we

the
common

division

in the

ordinary
hence

The

given expressions have

cannot

simple
either

factor,
of them 4 and
use

H.C.F.

affected

if

multiply

by

any
a

simple factor.
divisor
:

Multiply (1) by
45 20 20 -35a-28a-

(2) as
Sa^

7a-

19aa-

12-16a-64a2-36a8

12-21a-57a2-24a'
95a248aa

40a"

5a5-

7a2-12a"
7a
5a -12a -12a2
-

-12a2

7a-

47a2-

40a3

5+

-6 35a 35a284a2

-12a

7a

235a2
49a2284a2

200a3 84a^

12a

12a2

284a'

l+o Therefore
the

H.C.F.

is 1 +

a.

XVIII.]

HIGHEST

COMMON

FACTOR.

121

After Art. 4 At 284a*

-

the
;

first
the 8a*

division factor is
a

the 5 is

factor
introduced

is

removed because

as

explained
first 5 -lathe
term

in of

150

then
-

the of

7a
the

19a*
next

not

divisible -5 is

by

the

first term
and

I2a^, factor

stage

factor

introduced,

finally

is removed.

152.

From
or

the divide which

not

last either
occur

two

examples
the the of

it

appears

that
or

we

multiply
remainders which

of in

given
course

expressions,
of the

any any

of

may the

does

divide

both

the

given

by expressions.
work,

factor

EXAMPLES

XVni.

b.

Find

the
2x^

highest
3x^+x+ey
+

common

factor

of

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

2x^

x^-h2x
+

3.

2y"-9y2
2x3 as +
+

9y-7,
5a:
-

y^-5^
20, 12,

^-^.

8ar"

ea^-4aP-l5x+lO,
a3 +

3a*-16a

a2-10a

8.

ex^-x^-1x-2,

2x^-7x^+x+6,

g'-3^
a*
+

2,

g3-5g*+7g-3.
+

a"-2a2

a-3,
-

Sa^+Sa^-

17a

6.

3y*

3y"
-

15y2

9y,
_

4y"-

16y*-44y8-24y2.
+

9.
10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

15ar*

16a:* +

lOa:^
+

jQa;, 30a:" 357",

120a:*

20a:3

gOar*.

2m*+7m"+10m2

4m*+14?n"-4m*-6m+28.
-

3a:*-9a:8^.i2a;2-12a:, 2a"-4a*-6a,
ar" + 4ar^-2a:-15,
9a* 2-3a
+

6x^

6x^

I6x

Q,

a5+a*-3a8-3a2.
a:3-21a;-3e. 8a3a: + 5aV
+

2aV
+

a:*, 3a*

2aa:8.

6a2-2aS,

2-5a

Sa2-3a".

Sx^-oxi^-l5x^-^x^y

6a;-7ar^-29ar'-12ar*.

[For additional

examples

see

Elementary

Algebra,

CHAPTEE

XIX.

Fractions.

153.
be

The
to

principles
the

explained
and

in

Chapter

xviii.

may

now

applied

reduction

simplification

of

fractions.

Reduction

to

Lowest

Terms.
muLtir

154.

Rule.
divide the

The
numerator

value

of
and may

fraction
denominator therefore

is not

altered the
same

if

toe

ply
An

or

by
be and

quantity.
to
an

algebraical
fraction

fraction

reduced denominator
common

valent equiby
any

by
;

dividing
if this is said

numerator

common

factor

factor
to

be be

the in its

highest
lowest

factor,

the

resulting
Example

fraction

terms.

1.

Reduce

to

lowest

terms

ISa^x^
-

12aV

The

expression

=
-

.,

3a

-2a:*

Qx^
"

Sxv

Example ^

2.

Reduce

to

lowest

terms
"

-^.

9xy-l2y^
2x{3x-4y)
rvu The

2x
=

expression ^

=
-

3y{3x-4y)
Note.

; x^

-,

x-.

3y
not to

The he has

beginner expressed by

should both

be

careful and

begin
in

cancelling
the
most

until

numerator

denominator where necessary.

convenient

form,

resolution

into

factors

EXAMPLES
lowest

XIX.

a.

Reduce

to

terms

3a;"
1 """" ^'

a^-2a p
"

Sah
^' Qa^''
+

b^

iix'-'Sxy

4a3-8^

2ai/l'

CHAP.

XIX.]

FRACTIONS.

123

Bedace

to lowest

terms

*"

6arV

10A'

6arV-i^

"

3^+6"'
.

TO

a:*-4a:-21
-"
"

ar"-2a;-16
,"

13.

3ara+iac

,^

""

14.

,k 7r-:k
"

2ic3 + a?-3

3ar'-12a:-16

TK

i-^"

15.
^'

2ar^+lla:+12

156.
cannot to

When be

the

factors

of

the

numerator

and

denominator

the

be reduced by inspection, the fraction may nator denomiand its lowest numerator terms by dividing both which be found the by factor, by highest common may rules given in Chap, xviii.

determined

Example. ^
The
H.C.F.

Reduce

to

lowest

terms

^^fZ^^^t^^^l]'
15a:*-38jB2-2a;+21
is 3a;-

of numerator
numerator

and and

denominator

7.
we

Dividing

denominator
5x^
-

by
a:
-

3a; -7"

obtain

as

respective quotients
3a:"-lSar"
Thus
+
-

a:^

2a: + 3 and

3.
+
-

23ar-21
~

(3a;-7)(a^"-2a;
(3a;
-

3)
""

ar"-2a; 5ar"
-

+ 3
a:

153c3

38ar"

2a; + 21

7)(5ar"

a;

3)

3*
-

156.
resolved

If

either factors

numerator
we

or use

denominator the

can

readily be

into

may

following

method.

Example.
The numerator

Reduce

to

lowest

terms

7a^-18ar"+6a:+5
=

3a: a;(a;2+ the

4)
one

+ 4)(a; a;(a;
-

1).
be
a

Of
a;
-

these

factors

only
the

which

can

common

divisor
a;
-

is
a

1.

Hence,

arranging

denominator

so

as

to

shew

as

factor,
the
.,

fraction

..

ss"

+ 4)(a;-l) a;(a: / ,/ y 7a:*(a; 1 ) 1 la;(a: 1 )

3"
. .

^r
-

5(a;

,.

1)

+ 4)(a;-l) a;(a;

y(a: + 4)

"(a?-l)(7ar"-lla;-6)"7a;2-lla;-6

124

ALGEBRA.

[chap.

EXAMPLES,
Reduce
1 "*""

XIX.

b.

to lowest
+

terms

a?^-a?^

2a:-2
#"
'

a^+a
a^-4a^
+

3ar*-|7x2
n

^*

5a-e

y"-2yg-2y-3
3y3
+

m^-m^-2m m^-m'^-m-2 9a^-a^x-2a^

*^'

4y2

+ +

4y
2W

i*

*"

R
""

a^-2a"

a3-4a2ft-21a62'
5a^-4x-l

^ ^"

3a^-l0ax^-7a^x-4a*' c3-f2c2d-J2ccP-9rfs^
2c3 +

"

'"

23:3-30-^+1*
ar*-21a?
8a:*-21a?^
+ +

p
"'

6c2d-28ccP-24cP'

8,
l

""

,^

^^'

y" + 63A+2y^zM t/^+7y^ + Sy^-Uy

"

"*"" 2-a:

+9a:s'
examples
see

4 +

4a: +

9ar5 +

4a:3_5a^*

[For additional

Elementary
Division

Algebra.']
of
two

Mnltiplication
157.
Rule. the
a

and

Fractions.
or more

To
numerators

multiply
for
a

together
new

fractions:
the nators denomi-

multiply

numerator,

and

}or
rni

new

denominator,
a T X c ac

Thus

0
ace

j=

bd
ace

r^

Similarly,
and
In
so

ct*

_x^x^=j^;
number
the
course

for

any

of fractions. this rule is

practice
in the

application of
of the work denominator.

modified
are

by
common

moving re-

factors

which

to

numerator

and

Example,

Simplify

-^"x^^^"^^.
=

The

expression ^

^(^+5) x^|2a-^)
4a3

6(2a

3)

_2a-3
12a
*

by cancelling those
denominator.

factors

which

are

common

to

both

numerator

and

158.

Rule.

To

divide
as

one

fraction by

another:

invert

the

and divisor^

proceed

in

multiplication.

XIX.]

FRACTIONS.

125

rrx%

a
,

c
'

d__ad
c

d^h

be'

Example.

Simplify
^
"

Xj^o

"

."

o^^s

t^-s*

rpi. The

631^
=
_

ax

-2a^
^
,

expression

x-a
x

_3aa?
x
-

2a-

aa;

a^
+

^r-^"r-,

dai^

^a?
x
-j~j

2x-^a
r

2a)(2a; (3a; -2a){2x

_

a)
^

(5;;v 2a)
2a; f
a

a{x
=

a)

{Sx

2aj{^x

2a)

1,
cancel each other.

since

all the

factors

EXAMPLES

XIX.

c.

Simplify
"'""

x^ + Sx
r.

x' +

'

4a2-12a6 d 4

aW-'i'

2c^ + 4c2
-

3cd^
9rf2
"

c +

^*

5y-10y3^1-2y
12y2
+

2cd

3d2*

*'

6y3

'

2^h^
'

"*

ar" + 4x
"

4'a;

2'
+

^*

36-4a 7a;+10
"

6^-25

ar^ +
'"

9a?+20^ar"
'

y^-yy^-lG

ar' +

5a; + 4

a;'-^ + 3a? +

2'

"*

12^y2-2y-24
+ 6y y=*

9*

Q ^'

08 + 27 a2 + 9a+14'

_^o^~4a-21
,^

2o^-3a-2^.3ag-8a-3
*

a2-49 25b^
-

a:'-a-Q Sm^-m-2

3a2-5a-2*

6^+125 56-*+246
-5

'

1 ,p
*

"*""*""

^63-56-^+256'
+

^4m^
8w
'

m-^
'

3m2

w+2

,Q

2/?8 + 4/?^pg-5p

6^j?g-2jP-15
a;-7
^

Id "*"*"

640^68-1
JC3-X-66

ar^-49 8a36
-

a2
a; +

"

a^a; 8

8a2-

^^

4ar^ + 4a;-15

_^2a:g +
1262

5a:

ft 1 "*"""

a^ + 8o6-96" a2 + 6a6-2762 oar'

a^-7a6
a^-b^

a3+a26

Ho6"

o2-3a6-46"'

17.
sc^-ax,p ^^*

16a"
^

ar^+ aa?-20a'
aa~^ + 9a-a: a^ + a6 +
ar!

^a:g-8aa;+16a'
'

30a2

20a3
+ +

x^ + 8aa: +

loa*^'

(a-6)^-c^
a2-a6
+
ac

(a (a

6)^-c^
6 +

(a-c)--^-62

c)2*
Algehra.l^

[For additional

examples

see

Elementary

CHAPTER

XX.

Lowest

Common

Multiple.

159.
or more

Definition.

The

lowest
is each of

common

multiple expression of

of
lowest remainder.

two

algebraical
which lowest is
common

expressions by

the of

dU-

mensions The
are

divisible

them

without

multiple product
can

compound
or

expressions
which
can

which

given

as

the

of be

factors,
found

be

easily

resolved

into

factors,
The

readily

by
of

inspection.
a;)^, 8a'(a

Example
and

1.
-

lowest

common

multiple
x)K
of

6a:^(a

a;)',

\2a^{a
f
or

xf

is

2iaV{a
the

it

consists the the that L.C.M. lowest

of

product
the

(1) (2)
power of

of
power

numerical
of each in

coefficients
factor which is

divisible

by

every

factor

occurring
the
+

the

given

expressions.
of

Example

2.

Find 3a2

lowest

common

multiple
a^
+

9a6,

2a^-lSah\
into
+

6a^b

9ab^.
have

Resolving

each

expression
3a^
2a3
-

its

factors,
+ +
+

we

Qah

Sa{a 2a{a
a{a a(a

Sb), 3h){a 36)(a 36)2.

+
-

18a62
+

36), 36)

a3

6a^b

9a62

Therefore

the

L.C.M.

is

6a(a+36)2(a-36).

Example

3.

Find

the

lowest

common

multiple
z^+2xz^
+

of

iyz^-xyz)^, ilesolving
each

y\xz^-3?)y
into
=

x^\
have

expression (yz^
-

its

factors,

we

xyz)^
-

{yz{z

x)}^
-

V(z
-

x)^,
x){z
+

y^{xz^
z* Therefore
the
+

ar*)
tx^z^

i/^xiz^
z^z^
+

a^)
2xz
+

xy^(z
ar^)
=

+x),

2a:z8

z^{z

x)\

L.C.M.

is

xy^z^z

xf(z-x)^.

CHAP.

XX.]

LOWEST

COMMON

MULTIPLE.

127

EXAMPLES

XX.

a.

Find

the

lowest

common

multiple
2. ^,
^
+

of

1.
4.

a", a^-a\ 6ar", a:* + 3a:2. 9a26-6,

m2-5w
a:2-9a:
+
+

x^-Zs?.

3.
6.

4m", ar*-4,

6m"-8m"
ar^ + g.

5.

^. ^'^'

Y, 9, 11. 13. 15. 16. 17. 19. 21.

6a2 + 2a.

8.
5m-14.

ifc^-ifc+1,ifc'-l. y^
+

6, ma

10.

Sy*, y^.g^s^ 27y8,

x^ +

14, a:2 + 4a:-12.

62 + 5_20. a"-8a
+

12. 14.

a:^ +

xy-^\

62 + 95 + 20,

c^-Sca;-

18a;2, c"-8ca:+12a:".

a2-4a-6,
22^^
-

15, a?-2a^-Za,
-

4a:y

16y=,

ar'

6a:y + 8y2,

3ar*

12y".
a"c-aV, (2a-a2)3, (a^c + oc*)*.
4a?--id-+a\

3a:3_i2a2a;, 4ar^+lGaa;+16a2. (a^a; 2aar^)2, (2aa;

-

18.
20.

4ar")2.

2a;2_ar_3^ 2a^'-7a:-4,

(2a:-3)2, 4a;2-9. 6ar"-7a:-5,

a:3_8a:2+16a:.
-

22.
23.
24.

10a;y(a:S-y3), I5y4(a:-y)3, 12a:8y(a: y)(a:" jr*).

-

2a:2 + a._6^

Ta-' + llar-G,
-

(7ar^-3a:)2.
-

25.

6a"

7a2a;

Soar',

lOa^ic

Uaar*

ea:^, lOo^

21aa;

10a^".

160.
cannot

When be the

the

determined

given expressions are such by inspection, they must

common

that be

their

factors

resolved

by

finding

highest

factor.

Example.

Find

the 20a?2

lowest 7a. + 24

common

multiple
2a:* + 3a:"
-

of .Sa~"
-

2a:* + a:*

and

7a; + 15.

The

highest

common

factor

is a:^ + 2a7

3.

By division,

we

obtain 20ar" 13a:2 7a; + 24 7a: +

is 15

2a:* + aJ^
2a:* +

(a:" +
+ (a:2

2a; 2a:

3)(2a:a
-

3a:
a:

8). 5).
-

3a;"
the

3)(2a:2
-

Therefore

L. C. M.

+ (a:^

2a:

3)(2ar"

3a;

8)(2a;*

a:

6).

128

ALGEBRA.

LcHAP.

XX.

EXAMPLES

ZX.

b.

Find

the

lowest

common

multiple

of

1. 2. 3. 4.
5.

ix^-23^-lSx-lO

and

a^-x^.-lOx-

8.

y^
m^

Sy^-Sy-9
+

and

yS
m^

3^2
+

gy
+

24.
_

3m2
-

7?i

3
-

and

6m^

11m

6.

2x*-2x^-\-x^

^x-Q

and

4:X*-2x^

3x-9,

Find of

the

highest
-

common

factor

and

the

lowest

common

multiple
6.
{ax
-

{x
the

ar'-y,
lowest

{aiP

T^fy

a^-oi^.

Find

common

multiple

of

{a^-a^x^f,

{a^

axY,

x^)\
Find
+

7.
of 6a:^

the

highest
and Qxr is
+

common

factor
;

and show

lowest that of the the

common

multiple
of sions. expresthe

5a;-6 and

x-ll
to

and

product given

H.C.F.

L.C.M.

equal

the

product

two

Find of

the a^
+

highest
bdb
+

common

factor

and

the

lowest

common

multiple
9,
Find

W,

a^-4Jb\

a^-3db^-{-2l^,

the

lowest

common

multiple

of

l-ar^-aj^

aH^

and

10,

Find

the

highest

common

factor

of

{a^-Acbb^)^,

{a? "\-2a^h)\

{a^x

2abx)\
Find
of

11,

the

highest
-

common

factor

and iSa?x
-

the IZa^x^

lowest
+

common

multiple
12,

[Sa^

2axf,
lowest

2a?x{9a'^

4ar^),

Qaoi^,

Find

the

common

mvltiple

of

T^

x^y

xy^^

^-y^y

7?y-\-7?\^-\-X}f^, [For
additional

examples

see

Elementary

Algehra.'\

CHAPTER

XXL

Addition

and

Subtraction

of

Fractions.

161.
we

To
as

find in

the

algebraical
this

sum

of reduce

number them
most to

of
a

fractions
common

must,

Arithmetic,
purpose

first

denominator.
take the

For

it is

usually

convenient

to

lowest
To

common

denominator.

Rule.

reduce the L.C.M,

fractions

to

their

lowest

common

ator: denominand

find
for
the
common

of

the
;

given
divide
numerator

denominators,
it

take

it the the

denominator and

by

the

denominator this

of by
other

first fraction,

multiply
and

the do

of
with

fraction
the

quotient

so

obtained;

the

same

all

given

fractions.
Example, Express
with ^^ and

lowest

common

denominator
^"

2a{x-a)
The We lowest
must
common

3a:(ic2-a2)'
is the

denominator

Qax{x

a){x

a). *6x(x
+

therefore

multiply

numerators

by

a)

and

2a

respectively.
Hence the

equivalent

fractions

are

15ar^(a? + a)
^^^

Sa^

^x{x-a){x-\-a)

^x{x-a){x

a)

162.
subtraction Bale. lowest

We

may of To

now

enunciate

the

rule

for

the

addition

or

fractions. add

or

subtract

fractions: find
the

reduce

them
sum

to

the the

common

denominator;
and retain

algebraical

of

numerators,
Thn"

the

common

denominator, ad+bc

^A.^

and

a_c_ad
b~d

"

bc

bd~'

H.A.

"

130

ALGEBRA.

[chap.

163.
those

We

begin
discussed

with in

already
1.

in examples Chapter xii.

further

illustration

of

Example
The lowest

Find

the

value

of

?^"?
+

^^"f^^.

comroon

denominator

is 9a*.

Therefore

the

expression

?f^i2"+a)"l^zi"?
=

9a*

"

9a*

Example
The Thus lowest the

2.

Find

the

value

of

^^^
+

^^^ Z^
_

^Ez^.
aas

xy
common

ay

denominator

is a;xy.
+

expression

^(^
=

2y)

^(3y

"

^)

y(3a:

2a)

ttxy
ax
~
-

2ay

^xy

-ax-

Zxy

2ay

a"xy
=

0,

since

the

terms To
as

in the

numerator

destroy
beeinner above.

each is

other.

Note.

ensure

brackets

in

the

the accuracy first line of work

recommended

to

lue

EXAMPLES
Find the a-2
T

XXI.

a.

value a-1 2 6-3

+

of
a

^-

-3"+
2fe-l 6

+^67fe + 3
""

o ^-

3a;-l

a? +

3
+

2ar-l

1"

-6m+3

-3"
w-5^
"^

2m-5
"

^'

^
"

JO^
*

12

"'

"

"^

""
a;
g
*

"

"

5
IT
*

7
z-x za:

35 x-y ary
o

a;

3ar"''
a:-5a_
6a

y^
ys 2a* -5a
a

a:

2x

2a 9a'
+

3a
a?

9
,

a^ + 3a*
"

-a*
t^
"

10.

a:-v
-+

+
x

6a:y-4a:'
"

a^

a^

%
Zxy
"

"

y ah-he
,"

,,

a^-W-(?
-

3a"-3c"
'

a^_2a*-a6
"3c~
6-c
' '

"*"'""

J-^"

563
^Q ^^'

152^
+

26c
,^ ^^*

2a6 2c*
-oc
'

2ay-a:y
2a;y

4a?
"

i_a

a^a6
d'b

2a;"

be

"^

XXI.]

ADDITION

AND

SUBTRACTION

OF

FRACTIONS.

131

164.
of The

We

shall
whose
common

now

consider denominators

the
are

addition

and

subtraction

fractions lotpest

compound

he written

down

multiple of by inspection when

the

denominators

shoidd

expressions. always

possible.

ExampUh
The

Simplify

2a?-3a_2a?-a
X

-2a

"

lowest

common

denominator
the numerators

is {x

2a){x
a;
-

a).
and
x-'2a

Hence,
^

multiplying
have

by

tively, respec-

we

the

expression ^

(2^-3a)(a;-a)-(2a:-a)(a:-2a)
=

{x-2a){x-a)
23^-5ax
+

Za^-{2a^-5ax+2a^) 2a){x
2a;
-

{x2ar"
-

a)
+

5ow: +

3a V
-

5aa?

2a'

(a?
a'

2a)(a:

a)

(a:-2a)(a;-a)

Note.

In

findiug

the

value

of such

an

expression
2a),

as

(2a; a)(a;
-

the
remove

beginner
the be able
to

should

first express
as we

the

product
After

in

brackets,
a

and

then he

brackets,
take

have

done.

little

practice

will

both

steps together.

Mmmple
The

2.

Find

the

value

of

?^^
x^-lQ
is
+

^"^
+
+ 4)^ (a:
.

lowest

common

denominator

(a;-4)(a;+4)^.

Hence

the

expression

(Sx+2){x
=

4) +
^f\X

{x-^)(x-4:)
T
"

\X

_3a:^

14a: + 8 + ar^-9a;+2Q

(a:-4)(a:

4)a

^4ar'+5a:

28

"(a:-4)(a; + 4)a*
165.
If
a

fraction

is not

in

its with

lowest other

terms,
fractions.

it

should

be

simplifiedbefore

it is combined

132

ALGEBRA.

[chap.

Example,

Simplify

5a:y-4y^

/-yV
y^^-'^^^)

The

expre88ion

g^^^-^y'
=

_a:^ + 5a:y-4y'_

y
a; +

ar^-16y^
a:^ +
_ "

4y
-

hxy

4y^ 4y2

y(a;

4y)

^^16y3
a^ +
__
"

5xy

ary +

4y"

a:2_l6y3

^a^ + 4xy a:*-16y^

_

ar(a: + 4y)
~

a:

(a:+ 4y)(a;

4y)

a;

4y'

EXAMPLES
Find the
value of

XXI.

b.

1.

1+1
a-2'^a-'6'
a
"

2. ^'

'-'
x-4
ob-x

'

'
+

x^
a+x 1
"

3. "'

b-2''b
a+3
^

2'

h
c i*

a-3
;;"

4.
x-a

0"
a

D.

x-o

a-x

a-3

'"

x-l 1

ar^-l*
1

"*

a2-4

2'
3a
*

^'

x^-4y^'^x+2y
2a

-rt

,,

a(a-6)

a(a

6)

2a;(a:-a)

3x(a: + a)

12.

-^-.
a:-2 1
i

-'f
.,. (a;-2)(a;+ l)' a

13. "^"*
3
r-r---;
"

-^i" o+^^^'^
y2-2y-3"^y2-y-6*
36
.^

-.

14.

,r; TVs'

2a;

l-a"^(l-a)2'
2a; + y 2a? -y

71

"

10" "^^*

a?+y

(aj+y)''
,p "^"' 6 + 6a-26c

r-rv

16. ^''^

jir.

(6 + 1)2
"~2c

5^.1-

17

"""'"

ar*-y2'"(a;+yj2'
a?

ca

^^^*
a_
a

jg^

ay

^q
*

a" + 2a a2 + a-2 a^ 1
+

ary-y*
",

aj'-a^
4a
00

l*

4a2-"^

"^^^

2^^6^6a"2STF
26-4

^"^^

a:3+i-a.

l-

^^'

QQ

1_

".

_^-V_
ar" + a:y +

F+8'^6+2'

"**"

^y^-V y2+ a^V^

XXI.]

ADDITION

AND

SUBTRACTION

OF

FRACTIONS.

133

Find

the

value

of

27.

x+2-^.
a;-l 1 2 1

28.

4+^-2a.
2 +
a
n,

29.

A+
ar* 2

"^ a;+l

^
x

n^

following examples the simplificationof fractions.

E^n.ple. Simplify

166.

The

furnish

additional

practice in

^^-^^+'^.

The

expreaaion

^-^-^j+g"5
+

_20(6-l)-6("

l) + 7"

-1) 16(6'-^
216-21
_ _

21(6-1)
_

15(62-1) 167.
two
common

15(62-1)
will be

5(6+1)*

Sometimes
the fractions

the

work

by combining simplified
of
at

of

together,

instead

finding
once.

the

lowest

multiple

of all the

denominators

*~^^

Example, Taking
the the

Simplify
S{a-x)
first two fractions

S{a

x)

^a'^

x^)

together,
a-2x
_

expression ^

3(ci+a?)-(a-a;)
=

8(a*
a+2x

x')
a-2x

4(a2 + ar")

{a
_

2x){a^

x^) -{a4(a*-x*)

2x){a^-a^)

_a^

2ah;

ax^

2x^-{a^-2ah:'-aa:^+2x*)
4(a*
-

X*)

4a'a? + 2a3i^
^ "
_

ax{2a 2{a*
-

a?)
'

'^a*^x*)

X*)

134

ALGEBRA.

[CHAP.

EXAMPLES
Find the
6 2a;n

XXL

c.

value
3 1 2x
+ +

of

2-3a?
o

1
_

1
^

6c

l 2a

ix^-l'
,

2a+3c
.

2a-3c 5
_

4a^-9d^'
4a:^-9a;

l+2a_3a'
3-3a

^*

2a7 9-6a;

2-2aa

'

*' 6 + 4ar a-3

27-12a:a*
2
^

Kl.2a,a"
a;-a

(a;-a)"
a'
a

(a;-a)"*
ah

fl "*

(a+l)^
^

(a+1)*
1,1

(oTI?'

rr

__L_-__L_
10
1
+

11 "^"^'

1-2
z(2+l)
3

z(z-l)
2

a2_i-

19 J-^-

2
-

a;

1 a:-2

(a;-2)2
1

ar"+4

13 '^*
3-a 14

(2+a)(3-a)(l+2a) y-2
-

(3-a)(l+2a)*
y-4

2(.V-3)

(y-3)(y-4)
nf-

(y-2)(y-4)'^(y-2)(y-3)*
2 +
a?

1
_

2 + 3x

3a:'

1-x

(l-a;)(2-a;)
2
_

(l-a;)(2-a;)(3+a:)*
3
^

10

17

5a
_

3
,

a+1

6(a2_lj
IR "'""* ar-5

2(a2+2a-3)
2a: ar' + 2a;

3a2

6a+3*

_3a?-6
a~" +

ar"-4a:-6

a:-6'

19.

_a

b^
+

a^ + b^

a-6~a2
3(6

a6 +

ft2"a"-6"*
1
+

"^

-X)

J^-S_
i2-3x
1
_

^"*

a:" + 27

a;

3*

21.

4a:y
+

\x-y)^
22.
(a:
-

a^ +
o
_

2xy
_

y^
gar

a:*-2aV+y*'
a)^*
^^

a:

a)*
J.

jc^
1

"

a*

(a:
-

OQ

"^^^

3_
4+a:"*

2^'^2+i

QA

_"
Hl
+

3
+

x)

4(1

-xy

2(1+^)'

XXL]

ADDITION

AND

SUBTRACTION

OF

FRACTIONS.

135

3 9R

2
no

2a-6

2a-3

^''

97

tt
_

"
_

ft^ a^
+

no

a?-3_a;-l_
a;-4 a:-2

a-6

a+6

ft^*
x

'^"'

(ar-2)a'

OQ
"

a;-3_a7-6
a:-6
a?-3

g-3_
a;

x-S'

30

J
a-6

1
+

1-1
3(a+2)

3(a-2)
To find

a+6*
for

168.
the is

meaning

the

fraction

^^,
"

we

define 6 ; and

it

as

0 a

quotient resulting from the division of obtained by dividing a by 6, and, by the

"

by

this

"

rule

of

signs, prefixing (1).

+.

Therefore

^=
"

+?=?
0 0 0

Again, by
of b ; and

-^

is the

quotient resulting by dividing

from

the

division

of

"

this

is obtained
-.

by 6, and, by

the

rule

signs, prefixing
Therefore

-=^= -?
o 0

(2).
the

Likewise

-^

is the this

quotient resulting from by dividing

a

division

of the

by

6 ; and

is obtained
"

by 6, and, by

rule

of

signs, prefixing

Therefore

A=-?
may

(3"
as

These

results

be

enunciated

follows

and denominator (1) If the signs of both numerator whole fraction will fraction be changed, the sign of the

of
be

changed, un-

(2) (3)

the whole

If the sign of the numerator fraction icill be changed. If

the

alone

be

changed,
be

the

sign of

of the

whole

sign of the fraction will

denominator be

alone

changed, the sign

changed.
a)
-b -y
+ +
+
a

Example

1.

hj:a
^

{b

^a^^
x-y

y-x

-{y-x)
-x

x-oi^
vt 7 ExampUi. o

a^

x^-x

-^^

^.

136

ALGEBRA.

[CHAP.

Sx

Sx
"

Sx x^

Example

3. 4-x^ -4
+

aP-4'

Example
Here
two

4.

Simplify -^
that
-

-?^+?^(^Z^
common

it is evident is ar^

the

lowest

denominator
be convenient

of the
to

first
the

fractions of the

a^, therefore
in the

it will

alter

sign

denominator

third

fraction.

Thus

the

expression

_^+
x

-?^
_

^^^^-^1
x^-a^
+

x-a

a{x -a)+
"

2x{x

a)-

a(3x

a)
~~

x^-a?
ax
"

a^ +2x^

2ax

Sa^

a^

a^-a^ 2x^

a^-a^'

Example ^
Here observed
considered in

5.

Simplify ^ ^
"

=;;
"

{a-b)(a-c)
L.C.M.
not

{h-'C)(h-a)
of the

{c-a)(c-b)
it
must to

finding
there
; for

the
are

denominators

be be in

that

six

different
from

compound
the
other

factors

three

of them

differ

three

only

sign.
Thus

{a-c) (6
"

-{c-a),

a)=-(a-6),
=

{c-b) Hence,

-{h-c).
in each

replacing the
we

second the

factor

denominator
form 1

by its equivalent,

may

write 1

expression
1

in the

{a-b){c-a)
Now
the

(6-c)(a-6) (6
-

{c-a){b-c)
;

L.C.M.

is

c){c

a){a"b)

and

the

expression ^

--("-c)-(c-a)-(a-")
=

{b-'C){c-a)(a-b)
-b+c-c+a-a+b
_

ib-c){c-a){a-bY
=

0.

Note. arrange

In the

b by c, and

it will be found convenient to examples of this kind that that is followed is, so a expressions cyclicaUy, by b, c by a.

XXI.]

ADDITION

AND

SUBTRACTION

OF

FRACTIONS.

137

169.
the

If the of the

sign of each of

two

factors

in

product

is

changed,

sign

product

is unaltered

; thus

Similarly,
In other the the

(a
words,
in each the of

a?)* ={x-

a)*.
fractions
we

simplification of
two

may

change

si^
sign

of

factors
;

in

denominator

without

altermg

of the

fraction
11

thus

(6-aXc-6)""(a-6)(6-c)'
170.
The

arrangement

adopted

in

the

following example

is

worthy

of notice.

Example,
Here Ij.C.M.
it

SimpUfy
should he

_J-

-J-

^^
-

4^.
denominators
to

evident

that

the

first two
with

give

a^-3^,

Mhich

readily

comhines with

a'+a:*
to

a* -a:*, which again comhines it will he convenient to Hence

a*+ar*
as

give
:

give L.C.M. cfi-sfi. L.C.M.

proceed
--

follows

The

expressions
a*

5-^" s
"

"

sir

2x

2x

At?
a* -a?*

4a*

a*+5^

cfi

a:**

EXAMPLES
Find the
6
1

XZL

cL

value
3a? l-2a:

of 13a: ^^
'

,4-

*
_i_

l+2a:
g"^
a
^*

4ar"-l'
1 ^
+ A

9-^

3 +

o-3'

2y
_

12y+8

6(aa-l)
x-"a
--"

2(l-a)
4aa?
T^

3(a+l)*
"
"

2y-3
3-2c,2c
+
o^ o 3+2c
.

6y+9
+
ol
"

27-12y"'
3.
+
0

x-a

12

0.
x-a

x+a

a^-a?"

Zo

Z3'

Ot "*

2c-3

4c2-0*

138

ALGEBRA.

[chap.

XXI.

Find

the
ct
_

value
6

of 6 aha a^-b^
a^ +

'"

a-b

a+b

h^

Q ^

b^^W^^

""

a^-a:
1

a:-a:"

ar"-l*

'^"*

y"-a:"
1

st^-t/^

11

,2

12.

%"r,-,
2

7^"^.+
(x-b){a-b)
(a
-

{x-a){a-b)
^

a;)(6 a;)'
-

13.
a;-l

3^.
(l-a:)2
_

1^
2x-l

^^
'

ah

a-b
ar-z

[a-b)^

{b-af
y-z
_

IR

g-fc

h+e

iig
*

{a-b){x-a)
17
g

(6-a)(6-a?)
o^
-

(a;
-

2/)(a a?)
-

(y-a:)(y-a)
b^
a

"
_

2a

a^6
,p

a^

ah
_

a^

19.

J-f
a+a:

1 a-2a:

-i-+.
a;-a

1
2a; +
a

20.

-^-,A-+-^+
a

^
x-a

3x+a
^

a-3x y
g

21

(x-y)(x-z) 22.

(y-2)(y-a;)
^
"

(z-a;)(z-y)
'

^r"
(b
,-."
-

.+

c){b
y-g

a)
+

(c

a){c -b)
g-^

(a+

b){a
^-y

c)

23
"

{x-y){x-z) 1+p
^

{y-z)(y-x)
l + g
^

{z-x){z-y)'
l +
r

24
"

{p-q)(p-r)
^ ^
-

{q-r){q-p)
^

{r'p){r-q)
^
+

"^^^

Qfi

4(a:+a)
1
'^'^*

4(a

a:)
1

2(a:2 ^2)
_

^^-a:**
2a*
.

Oft

"
_

1_
aV^
+

2a3(a
Q7 ^'*

a:)

2a"(a:-a)

a:^) 5^^:^*
--.

_JL_-_L_+^^"^+-^-^^5"
^rp
a2 +

62^64-a*

(a

6)(aa+"")

28.

^,+7.^.+-^'
a?-2"^(2+a:)a^(2-a)*

'

a:+2

CHAPTER

XXIL

Miscellaneous

Fractions.

171.

Definition.
are

A numbers which
a

fraction
is called
numerator

whose
a

numerator

and

minator deno-

whole of

Simple
or

Fraction.
is itself
a

fraction

the

denominator

fraction

is called
a

Complex
a

Fraction.

Thus
-, 0

-,
X

"

are c

Complex

Fractions.

d of these

In
are

the sometimes

last

types
to
as

the the the

outside

quantities,
while the
two

and
middle

dy

referred b and of
c,
are

extremes,
means.

quantities,
Instead and

caJled

using
it

the is

horizontal sometimes

line

to

separate
to

numerator

denominator,
in

convenient

write

complex

fractions

the

forms lb
a

ale

"r^

ir

his

Simpliflcation
172.
It is

of

Complex

Fractions.
that

proved
a

in

the

Elementary

Algebra,

Art.

141,

b
c

_a
^

a
.

d_ad
c

'

bo

d The

student be able

should
to

notice down
a

the the

following
results b

particular readily.

cases,

and

should

write
1

b
a

, -=l-i.-

, =

lx-=-.
a

"
.

1
r r

140

ALGEBRA.

[chap.

173.

The

following examples

illustrate

the

of simplification

complex

fractions.

Example

1.

Simplify

^.
a"

The

expre8sion

(a:-f )-f(a;-^j
"

a:3+a"
.

a:"-rt*

a?*

a*

T^-cfi'

?+^2
Example
2.

Simplify

^ a

'^
1 3

6^2"o
Here fractions the reduction
and above may below he

simply
6a,

effected
is

by multiplying
the

the the

by

which

L.C.M.

of

denominators.

Thus

the

expression

^^t^*~V^
a^+3a
"

18

_2(o"-6o+9)

2(a
a

3)

"(a

6)(a-3)~

+ 6

Examj^eZ.

Simplify

^Jl::^L-iilt-^
a+o
a"o

a-b~a+b
The numerator

ia'-^^)'-ia'-^?
=

^^^^
^

similarly

the

denominator

"
=

{a
Hence the fractions

h){a-h)
4ab
-

4a^b^

{a^ + 62)(a2
4a26a

62)

^ "^

(a (a

+ +

6)(a

b)

6)(a-6)
4ab

(aH62)(a2-62)''
ah

"a^
Note.

^aand in the neatness, above

when the the numerator is advised

To
each

ensure are

accuracy

and
to

denominator

somewhat
as

complicated,

simplily

separately

beginner example.

XXII.]

MISCELLANEOUS

FRACTIONS.

141

174.
the

In

the

case

of

Continued

Fractions

we

begin

from

lowest

fraction,and
Find the

simplify step by step.

of
4
0"^"-

Example,

value

?
"

24
1-a: 1

The

expressions
42-2a: 1-a: 1
+
a?

4_3(l-ar)
2-x

8-4a:-3
2-a: 2-'X 5
"

3a;"'5-a 2-x

EXAMPLES
Find the value
of

XXn.

a.

1.

-1-.
*+-

2.

-2-.
j._c

3.

4^.
a^

4.

4
1
.^^ 1-a

y
2

6-^
a

:^-l
,

5.

"3
11
a:a

6.

^^'.

7.

^
al

8.

4'
Ir

'ya; a:~y

6""^

P^" 1^

a+6_6

y-3+l^
*
"
"

i-1-1
"^^* le.
" n"

IX* I
+

9^
y"

a^

-5

"

y 6-2
3
,"

a:-2+_5_
1Q
a;

^
"

^-i
3
,.

fe +

6^

a^

^-^"*-?T3
c+d
ic-

^-^^6T3
a^b
"

^6+6^
x+3
a?

c-d
c

x+S
"""

c-d
c

T/j

1 -ah

7
a?-3 4

+ d

c-d
+

i_"^i^LZ^^
d

a;-3 a;-l

c-d"^c
18.

1-ab

i+-i^.
1+i
a

19.

0:+-!-.
"-!
a;

20.

2"

i..

4-^
ci

142

ALGEBRA

[CHAP.

Find

the

value

of

1-1
X

"+?
X

i_i
y

^-^

24.

25.

? 1"1^
28.

26.

"

L
"

d^?

27.

^7j
l_.
X

"^-^
|_3(a-c)
3a-2c

a;-l

175.
as
a

Sometimes

it is convenient

to

express

single fraction

group

of fractions.

lOxV

'"lOa:V "2^

lOarV
2ar"*

lOarV

a:

176.

Since

fraction

represents the
often

quotient of

the

rator nume-

by the denominator, we may equivalent form, partly integral and

Example ^
1.

a express fractional partly

fraction

in

an

""7,(x
x

+
x

2) +
+

5^j

_5_^
x

+ 2

ExampU2.
"

^
x

3(x+5)-15-2^3(a:+5)=

17,3.
^

H
x+6

x+5

x-\-5

Examples,

Shew

2ar"-7g-l
that x-3 ^gar-l
-

a?-3
-

By

actual

division,

x-S)

2x^

7a;

1 ( 2a:

2a:3-6a:
-

ar-1
ar

-4

Thus

the

quotient

is 2a;

1, and

the ^

remainder

"

4^

Therefore

?^rl^=2a;-la:-3

aj-3

xxn.]

MISCELLANEOUS

FRACTIONS.

143

177.
result in

If

the
we

numerator

be

of

lower
the

dimensions
and

than

the

denominator,
a

form

may which

still is

the division, perform express and fractional. integral partly partly

^^

^^^'
"" '^-^
"

Example, By
division

Prove

that

-"-"

whence
Here

the
the

result

follows.
may
can

division and the whose

we
we

be

carried
at

on

to term

any
we

number

of terms

in
for

the
our

quotient,
remainder and

stop

fraction denominator
on

whose

any numerator divisor. to four

please by taking
is the remainder

last

found, Thus,

is the

if

carried
^ 1 + 3jc3

the

quotient

terms,

we

should

have

=2a:-6a:"+18x"-64a;7+^^^^
l+3ar"*
the
"

The

terms

in

is divided
1
-A X
"

by
ofi +

a^

quotient a^, the first

the remainder

may four is

be
terms

fractional
of the

thus

if

x^
are

quotient

a^

aP +

ci}^ and x^^

-j..

a^

x^

-t;

x^^

-tt:,

178.
which

The

following exercise
most

contains

miscellaneous connected with

examples
fractions.

illustrate

of

the

processes

EXAMPLES

XXn.
:

b.

Simplify
1

the

following

fractions

1-ar^

12a^i + ar-l

^l+6a?+ftg"

ft

4a6

2a

a~h

'^-d^'

a2-a6-263

aa-46a"

g
*

x^-l_x^+x^+l Qt^+x+V x-l

p
*

{x+y?_(x-y)^^
'

sp-y

x+y

144

ALGEBRA.

[chap.

Simplify the following fractions

n

ahx^

OCX

hxy

cy
'

1/
p
*

o
_

\_
a

^
+

aa^+Qcy-aa:-y
9.

x\a-x

a-^Sx)

Sx'

2+35
7^-6x+S
1 Sa-

a2-lla;+28

a:"-9a:+14'
^+"'

in

3a

n-t

12.

"^
1-

TT^'
JL.
x-\

^"^

18.

JL.-1
x+\

3a^-3(a^-27a;T54)
\-x
,-

-iM

cd{a^

W)+ah{(^+"P)

^l+a:\_l

16.
a:*
-

1
_

Soar* + 4a*

a:*-aa:*-4a^+4a'*

a'+4
^

~2~
17

"^-4
,.

S^r-9)
a

2/.

1\

"'"^'

10

2a:^ + a?^-3ar
35ar^ + 24a:-35

5ieg-8ar-21
,
*

2a:"-3a:-9

a:8+ 7a:-^-8a:

7ar'+ 61a:-40
p + g-r

20

g+y-P
^

r+p-g
^

(i"-g)(2"-"*)

{q-rM-p)

{r-p){r-q)'

\\x-y
Q9

'

jc +

y/

\a;-y

y/J

2a:2y+2ary*

a^-("-c)8

b"-(c-a)g

c"-(a-fe)^

23.

(^\y'](
\y
gg-l aa +

)x^
+

y +
+

^
-

^
,

xl\y'^-x^l
^ra^-4a

xy

xy-'ip
a^-9

x+y

OA

3^/ \a*

^ag-a-2\n
"

^^

a-6'La2-4a+4*
"^

a2 +

a^ +

llj*

^^'

"

"*

\2i

2^^/

V3a

3a^/

6a"(a; 2a)(a;
-

3a)*

xxn.]

MISCELLANEOUS

FRACTIONS.

146

Simplify the followingfractions

26 "*

_J
60-6

-L-+-^
60+6
'

.2"'
SaF+S'

3o"+3

27.

*?^+
2o"+325"

8a+166

4a^+lW
26"-36
.,

8(26

a)'

00

3^+6

j.2"-7.

29.

on

(jg^-y^)'

x/

Qi

wi^

m"+m

82.

\
+
c a
"

~Vc"^a/' |l_c(a-g) ^_o(a-c)|

1 1

84 ^*

"3^^i^, "S,
J
a

1.1
3(a:+ 3a)

"*'"^^

(a;-3o)"'
a

H.A.

CHAPTER

XXm.

Harder

Equations.

179.
useful

Some
exercise

of
for add often

the

equations
of

in the

this methods
more

chapter

will

serve

as

revision

already difficulty, special

will

explained
the

but
of

we

also will

others be

presenting
facilitated

solution

which The

by
in

some

artifice. trate illus-

following
the
most

examples
useful

worked

full

sufficiently

methods.

Example

1.

Solve

?^
=

??^.
have

Clearing

of

fractions,
(6a:
-

we

3)(a:

5)

(3a:
6ar"

2)(2a?

7),

6a:2 +

27a:-15
.-.

17a:-14;

IOa;=l;

""
"

To'

Note.

By
in

simple
the

reduction
above

many

eq^uations
is

can

be
When

brought
this
is

to the

the
case,

form the
across

which

equation
is
as

given.

necessary
or
"

simplification

readily
it is

completed

by
called.

ing multiply-

miitiplying
Solve

up,"

sometimes

Example2. ^ Multiplying

?^-|^=?"+3.i^
20 3a;+4 5
we

by

20,

have

8a:+23-??i^^"?l=8a;+12-20,
3a:+4

By

transposition,

31

^^^^'
20(5a;
7a;;
+

Multiplying

across,

93a?

124

2),

84

/.

ar=12.

CHAP.

XXIII.]

HARDER

EQUATIONS.

147

180.

When should

two

or

more

fractions

have and

the

same

ator, denomin-

they
ExampU

be

taken

together
+

simplified.
13.

1.

Solve

?iz^
have

?^zi?
^

_??_
-

By transposition, we

8ar-49_^,"_28-(24-5a:).

'T^r^'^^^
3-5a:_4
.

^:^
+

"

'

5ag

4-a;

a:-2*

Multiplying

across,

we

have
+

3a;-5a:'-6 that

10ar=16-4a:+20a:-6"";
-

is,

3a;

22

X..

-.

Example
This the
work

2.

Solve

^laborious.

^
+

f =^
by
The at
once

^.
clearing of fractions, but will be much simplified

equation might be solved

would
as

be

solution

by proceeding
The

follows.
may

equation

be

written

in the
+

form
+ 2
"*"

(a:-10)+2
x-\0

(a:-6)
"*"

2
"

(a:-7)
x-1

(a?-9)
x-9

2,
*

x-%

whence

we

have 2
,

2
,

2
,

*"

a:-10

a;-6

x-1
+

a:-9'

which

gives

"

"

"

a:-10

a;-6 1

x-1 1
_

x-9 1
.

Transposiug,

_A
a:-

10 3

x-1

a:-9 3

a;-6'

(a;-10)(a:-7)""(a;-9)(a:-6) Hence,
since
the numerators
are

equal,
{x-

the

denominators

must

be

equal
that

is,

{x

\Q){x -l)
+

9){x

6),

ar"-17a?
.-.

70
16

ar"-15a:+64j 2a:;

"*"

x^S.

148

ALGEBRA.

[OHAP.

XXTTT.

a.

Solve

the 3

following equationa
1

1.
6x-9

2.
4a:-10*
6ar-17

4x-13'
0.

8.

7^3-4a; 4^^5? 9

4.
6 -5a;

17a:+3

6.

5a?~8_5ag+14'
'

6.

8a?-l_4a;-3
6a:+2
3a; -T

x-4:

x+7

7.

22a?~12_o
8a:-6

3ar+7
4a: +

8'

8.

9a-22_3a?-5
=

3.

2a;-6

2a;-7

9.

8a?-19_l_3a?-4
4a:-10 2

7a;+2

2a:+r

10.

_1

6a;~l

3(a;-l)"3

3"+T

"'^"'^* 2 3a; + 2

"

10

6'

IQ ^^'

5a;-17_.2a;-ll_23_3a;-7
13 -4a; 14

42"

21

"'

7^^T4
2i

-6
1
_

8~

24^^*

14.
x+l

x+2 18

x+3

Sx+6'
7
4 x-6

15.

3^
_

a;-4

3a;-18 I

4a;-16

16.
a;+6

3a;+12

2a;+10

6(a;+4)"

17.

a?-l_a;-5_a;-3_a;-7
ar-2 1 x-6 1
+
.

a;-4 '

a;-8'
1
+.

1"
a;-9

a;-17

a;-ll^^=lS'

1.11.1

19.
2a;-l

2a;-7
a?

2a;-3

2"^

20.

fl?-l_
a;-2

_a;-4_a:-3
x-o

a;-l

a;-

4'

21.

5a;-64_4a;-55_2a;-ll_a?-6

a;-13"a?-14"

x-Q

x-f

XXIII.]

HARD"R

EQUATIONS.

149

Solve

the

following equations

oQ

5a?+3I_2a7+9_a:-6
x+Q
x+5 a;-5

2a?-13
'

x-Q

Qo

12a?+l
.

ll-H2a?

ar"-9

a;-3

a;+3

[For

additional

examples

see

Elementary

Algebra.^

Literal

Eqnations.
have

181.
involve will

In

the
have

equations
been

we

discussed

hitherto
When
to

the

efficients co-

numerical

quantities.
are

literal

these coefficients, solution.

supposed

be

equations known, and

appear
1

in the

Example

Solve
.

(x+a)[x+h)
have

c{a+ c) ^ {x

c){x+c)

ab.

Multiplying out,

we

whence

oa?

"a;

oc,
a^i

{a+h)x
" "

=:

"*"

"
-

Example

2.

Solve

-^x-a

-Ax-b

r^?^.
x-c

SlmpUfying

the

left side,

we

have

a{x -b)-

h{x

a)
_

(x-a)(x-b) {a-b)x
{x
-

x-c* _a-b
.

a){x -b)
X

x-c'
1
x-c

(a;
-

a){x -b)

Multiplying

across,

Qi^-cx-o^-ax-bx-\-ob^
=

ax+bx-cx

ab, a6;
'"
-

{a+6-c)"
. "

"

a-j-b-c

150

ALGEBRA.

[chap.

Example

3.

Solve

the

simnltaneons

equations

CKC-ftyaC
px+qy To
thus
=

(1),
r

(2). (2) by h
;

eliminate

y,

multiply (1) by
ctqx
-

g and
=

hqy bqy hp)x

cq,

hpx By addition,
(og
+

6r.

cq+hr;
=" "

"

"

"""

"

ag We

op

of a; in either of the might obtain y by substituting this value ing conveniently found by eliminatequitions (1) or (2) ; but y is more
X,
as

follows.
i? and apx apx

Multiplying (1) by

(2) by
-

a,
=

we

have

hpy
aqy

cp,
ar.

+
+

By subtraction,

(ag

hp)y

ar-cp;

0/1 +

op

EXAMPLES
Solve
the

XXm.
:

b.

following equations

1. 3. 5. 7,

oM+h^^a^-hx.
*

2. 4. 6.
=

a:*-a2

(2a-ar)".
=

a\a-x)-\-ahx=h\x-h).
a(a; + 6)-6"
=

("+l)(a:+a)
i^x-cP
6c + ca).
=

(6-l)(a:-a)

a2-6(a-a;).
-

dh:+"?,

a(a:

a)

h{x

6) + c(a? c)
-

2(a6

10.
,,

ar+(a:-a)(a:-6)+a"+6"s=6+a*-a("-l).

2a;-o_3a;-6_3a^-86'
'

^o

g-a?_6-a?_a^
*a-ba
a?4-a
ar

6'

6
ax

ab
e

ba^-b^'
+

^Q

^bx

^a

ex

,-

-6_ar
64-c
a:

6-c
a

COO

15.

l"(i"-a:)-?(x-gr)"-p(jp-2)+W?-iy a
=

van,]

HARDER

EQUATIONS.

151

Solve

the

following
+
=

simultaneous

equations
=

16.

x-y-a

b,
0,

17.

cx-dt/
"+y
=

c^+cP,

18.

ax

hy,
=

ttx+hy
19.

2c.

x-y

c.

'+l 3 2

a+b.

20.

1-1
X

0,

21.

''ty
x-y

",
b

"+y=6.
22.

?+|=2.
23.

^=".
*+y-^^=o.
P Q

t-^=^+K
D
a 0 a

a(a+x)^b{b-y). 2a?--6,2y+a_3a?+y a+26* b a

^+^+^=^+^3.
gg
*

oa:

6y_I_
"2

o^-"^

OA

6a: + ay

""6x4- ay

Irrational

or

Surd
root

Eqnations.
of
a

182.

Depinttion.
the

If indicated

the

quantity
a

cannot

be

actly ex-

obtained Thus
A

root
are

is called
surds.

surd.

^/2, V5,
surd is which

VA

\/a2TP
called
not

sometimes
are

an

irrational
for the sake

quantities
termed

surds

are,

and quantity; of distinction,

rational Sometimes

quantities.

183.
discussion

equations
appears under

are

proposed
the radical

in

which
For

the
a

known un-

quantity
of surd

sign.

fuller

BlC' equations may Here shall we a Algebra, Chap, xxxii. only consider mentary be solved ing few can by the followgenei-ally simple cases, which of the side to method. a one single radical Bring equation term by itself : on squaring both sides this radical will disappear. in turn remaining radicals can By repeating this process any
consult the

the

student

be

removed.

Example

Solve

2Va;-V4a:-ll
2

1.

Transposing, Square
both aides
; then 4a:
-

^/ar
-

1 1

V4a:-ll.
4a:
-

^a? +

11,

4Va:=12,
^/a: 3,"
=

.-.

a:

9.

152

ALGEBRA,

[CHAP.

xxin.

Example

2.

Solre

2+

Vx-5 fjx -5

13.

Transposing,
Here whence
we

11. x~5
x
=

must

cvbe both

sides

thus

1331

1336.

ExarnpU^.

Solve

^i^^==?JV^i^
we

Multiplying
that

across,

have
=

(6Va:-ll)(Vx+6)
is,

3Va?(2/s/a?+l); 6a:+3Va:,
66, 66,

6aJ-llVa:+36Va:-66
-

11

V"+36n/"-

Vx

22^/a;

^/a: 35
=

EXAMPLES
Solve the

:#:"ii

equations

1. 4.

Vi^=l. 2^/x+I sf]T5x

3.

2. 5.

^/6^^2^=7. 3N/r=2"=-l.
8.
10.

3. 6.

V?^=2.
i
=

l/2i.
0.

7.
9. 11. 18.
IR

3^fr^.
=

2n/6x^-7"/x
3

N/4a:*-lla?-7
1+

2a:-3.

N/iT7i+4?

6a:.

V""-3ar"+7a;-ll
=

a:.

12. 14.
""/"

s/x^^=
3+

^x-l.
=

N/4a:+13 + 2V"
s/g-l,

13.

\/l2a;-33
i
_

2\/3S;

"v^a?-3

^/g +

Va:4-5

"^^*

^/a:+3

~V^

3^/a:-8

3Vx-7*
1^

2Ja:-3_^^^"S
17.
^g^

hJlzl.2+.

19.

"/l+4x+2V"
fJ^c+l"

-;^.
\fx-3. 22.

20.

N/g+\^a;-3=^" ^"
V"+3
=

21.

fJx+Ts

V4a;-3-

/s/"^

CHAPTER

XXIV.

Harder

Problems.

184.

In

previous
which
of lead somewhat

chapters
to

we

have

given
We

collections add here

a

of few

problems examples
Example
the
and

simple
greater

equations. difficulty.
of
a

1.

If

the

nnmerator

fraction to

is
;

increased
if

by equal

and

denominator denominator the fraction.

by
are

1, it
each

becomes

equal

and

the.

numerator to

diminished

by

1, it becomes

find

Let ^he

a:

be

the Is

numerator

of

the

fraction,

the

denominator

then

fraction

-.

From

the

first

supposition,
a?+2
6

iH^"8
from
the

^^

,|,

second,
a;-l 1

(2). y-1
From
and from the 2

first

equation,

8a; 2x"

5y
^

11,
1
"

the
x
=

second,
S,
y
=

whence

l5.

Thus

the

fraction

is
--.

15

Example
minute-hand

2.

At of
a

what watch

time

between
minutes in

and

5 of

o'clock
the

will hour-hand?

the

be

13

advance

Let

X as

denote
the

the

required

number
twelve

of

minutes times
as

after fast
as

o'clock
the hour-

then, hand,
At and
4

minute-hand

travels

the

hour-hand

will

move

over

minute-divisions
-"

in

minutes.

o'clock

the
the

minute-hand
hand
over

is is 13

20

divisions in

behind
advance
more

the
;

hour-hand,
therefore the

finally

minutemoves

divisions
or

minute-hand hand.

20-f

13,

33

divisions

than

tiie

hour*

154

ALGEBRA,

[caA^.

Hence

"=^+33,
".
;.
a:
=

33;
36.

Thus
If 4 and
we

the

time

is 36 be

nlinutes asked be

past
as

4.
* '

the

question
will take also

follows minutes the

At

what the the

times
two

between
hands ?
"

5 o'clock

there into

13

between
case

must

consideration the

when
case

minute-hand minute-hand

is 13

divisions 20
-

behind
or

hour-hand.

In

this

the

gains

13,

7 divisions.

Hence

x=^+'J,
7

which

gives
the times
are

a:

7
11

7'

Therefore

past 7:^^
11
"

4, and
-

36' past 4^

for

Example $2.60
at

3.
;
a

by gain
per

grocer selling the of 30

buys 15 figs at a
pay of

lbs. loss

of of

figs and
10 30 ? in the per

28

lbs. of currants
the
rants cur-

cent., and
on

how

much Let

pound
the

per did he number

cent., he
for

clears each

cents

his

outlay

X, y denote currants

cents

price
is

of

pound

of

figs and

respectively

; then

the
cents.

outlay

16a;-f 28y
Therefore The loss upon
Q

15a;-f28y=260
the

(1).
and

figs is
cents

"

\hx

cents,

the

gain upon
is

the

currants

is

"

28"

therefore

the

total

gain

10

^y-??cente;
6 2
'

that

is,

28y-6aj=

100 and

(2).
y=6
5 cents
; that
a

From
cost

(1) and
a

(T\

we

find the

that

a;=8,

8 cents

pound,
Two miles

and

currants

cost

is, the pound.

figs

Example two places,

at

4.
c

persons apart, and

an

A walk and

and in B

B the
at

start
same

simultaneously
direction.

from travels far

the A

rate

of p

miles

hour,
he

the B ?

rate

of

q miles

; how

will

have

walked

before

overtakes

XXnr.]

HARDER

PROBLEMS.

155

Suppose
A

has
at B

walked the will

miles,
of p

then

has
hour *in

walked
will

x-c

miles.
x

walking
and

rate

miles
x-c

an

travel

miles

in two

? hours;
times

travel have

miles

^^

hours;

these

being equal,

we

x_x-c
"

ZT'*

fif

qx=px-pc;

whence

-^^.
p-q

Therefore

has

travelled

-^-

miles.

Example
rate. have Had

5. the

train

travelled
6 miles
;

a an

certain hour the

distance
more,

at

uniform would
hour the

speed

been

the been

journey
6 miles
an

less, the
distance.

occupied 4 hours less journey would

and

had

speed
6

have

occupied

hours

more.

Find

Let

the
be

speed
y

of the

train
the

be

miles

occupied by xy miles.
'

hours

; then

distance

hour, and let the time per traversed will be represented

hour
the is
a:

On

the taken

first

supposition
-

the
In
-

speed
this

per
case

miles,

and

the will

time be

Is y

hours.
+

distance

traversed

represented by (x
On
-

6)(y 4) miles. second the supposition the distance by {x 6)(y + 6) miles.

these

traversed

will

be

sented repre-

All

expressions
.-.

for the
=

distance
-

must

be

equal

xy

{x+ 6)(y
we

4)

("

6)(y + 6).

From

these

equations

have
xy
+

ary
or

6y

4a: 24

24, (1);

6y-4a:
jcy
=

and
or

a:y-6y

+
=

6a;-36,
36
=

6a;-6y
From Hence

(2).
24.

(1) and
the

(2)

we

obtain
is 720

a;

30, y

distance

miles.

EXAMPLES 1.
and If the
if the numerator denominator of
a

XXIV.
is increased

fraction

by

5 it reduces
to

to

},

is

increased

by

it reduces

find

the

fraction.

156

ALGEBRA.

[chap.
if 7 be 3 from
a

2. Find a fraction and its denominator, 3. i

If
;

snch reduces

that
to

it reduces

to

sabtracted

from

"

on

subtracting
it reduces

its numerator. it reduces the

unity

is taken
to

from th^

the

denominator

of

fraction to

to

if 3

is added

numerator

required
numerator

fraction.

4.
and

Find

fraction
1 from the

which the

subtracting
4 from

{ on denominator,
and

becomes

adding
and

5 to the
to

reduces the

on

tracting sub-

numerator to

adding
a

7 to

denominator.
fraction the will

5.
reduces

If

is added

the

numerator

certain

be

increased
to

from by ) ; if 6 is taken " : required the fraction. what time ? the 6 ? time of the time
same

the

denominator

fraction

6.
watch

At

between

and

10

o'clock

are

the

hands

of

together
When
of 5 and
are

7.
hours

hands

of

clock

minutes

apart between
is the

the

8.
minutes

At

what ahead

between
minute-hand between

10

and ?

11

o'clock

hour-hand

six

9.
watch

At

what

1 line of
?
a

and

o'clock

are

the

hands

of

in the When of 5 and At at A

straight
the

10.
hours

are

hands

clock

at

right angles
the

between

the

6 ? times ? 20 cloth he

11.
watch

what

between

12

and

1 o'clock

are

hands

of

right angles
person

12.

buys
the per cent,

yards
at
a

of cloth

and 16

26

yards
cent,

of

canvas

for
canvas

$36.
at
a

By

selling
of 20

gain yard.
13.
cows

gain of clears $6.76

in

per ; find

and

the of

the

price

each

per

A
at

dealer each
cent,

spends
;

$1446

baying
he loses

horses
20

at

$76
at of

each

and horses

$20
per for

through
cows.

disease

and
he he

26 gave

of the

them

he

receives

By selling the $1140 ; find how

certain These the

per cent, animals many

of the tlie each

price
land

bought.
14.
The

population
read 3 per
nor

of

district
consist
:

is of 2

33000, of
cent,

whom of of

835 all the

can

neither and

write.

males

cent

of all

females

find

per the number

midea

and

females. Two apart,

ana

16.
a

miles

C persons and walk

one

and
to

D
meet

start each

simultaneously
other

from
p

two

places
per D

hour,
walked

D when
can

mile meet?
a

per

hour

faster

; if G walks far than G, how

miles

will

have

they
walk
a

he

A 16. gives far

miles
c

per when

hour and

faster that B

than walks B

B
n

supposing
miles

that

start

of

miles,

per

hour,

how

will A

have

walked

he

overtakes

XXIV.]

HARDER

PROBLEMS.

157

17,
a

A,
miles B

B,
an

start hour

from

the

same

place
B that then
two
can

at
n

the

rates

of

a,

+6,
how the

+26

respectively.
C
how
start

starts

hours

after
A

A,
at

long
same

after

must

in

order

they
have
towns

may

overtake ?

instant, 18,
Find

and the

far

will between
a

they

walked when the hour

distance
per

by

increasing
in 1

the hour the

speed less,

7 miles and in

hour,

train

perform
miles per

journey
can

by

reducing
more.

the

speed

perform

journey
A
more

1 hour

19,
7
acres

person each
more

buys
acre

certain
would

quantity
have cost obtained

of

land.

If he
and

had
if
:

bought
acre

$4
15

less,
acres

each how

had did

cost he pay A

$18

he land

would ?

have

less

much

for

the

20.
quarters
C
hours

can

walk mile

half
per

mile

per

hour than
an

faster

than walk than per

B,
a

and certain

threetance distwo

of

hour

faster
of

CI
hour

To
more

takes
than A

three-quarters
A
:

B,

and

more

find

their
for 2

rates

of if

walking
each but
more

hour. cost
ton

21,
more

man

pays have he

$90
received
have

coal
tons

ton

had
each
;

60 had

cents cost tons

he cents he

would less

less,
4
tons

if

76 did

would

received

how

many

buy
A of B then still The and

22,
one-half
what B has

and
his

are

playing
but When than

for
in

money
the

in

the he

first
wins A has did and

game
one won

loses of and ? the of and

money,

second

quarter

has.

they
A ;

cease

playing,
what amounts

$10,

$26
area

more

with is

they
area

begin
of
area

23.

of

three

fields exceeds

616

acres, 30 had
acres

the twice

largest
the the have other

smallest field.
two

fields
If the half less than

by
field

the
as

middle

smallest
their

been the of

twice total each in of

large,
area

fields
acres

actual

size,
area

would fields. different

been

42

it is ; find the
same

the

24. qualities
than A

A,
of and of
a

jB, C
cloth.

each B

spend
pays

amount of
a

buying
per
;
one

three-eighths
of than
a

dollar
more

yard
pays

less
five-

obtains dollar each per

three-fourths

yard
and

eighths
how much

yard spend
more

more

obtains

yard

less

does B of

? rent and

25,
fourths

pays
an acre

$28
A

for
pays

field

than per
acre

he

has

three-

more

$1.76
of

more.

C
but

pays pays

$72.50
26 cents

more

than
acre

; he

has find

six the

and size

one-fourth

acres

more,

per

less

the

fields.

158

ALGEBRA.

[CHAP.

MISCELLANEOUS
1.
When

EXAMPLES

IV.
the

=-

3,

5,

=-

1,

0, find

value

of

2.

Solve

the

equations
=

(1) (2)

lx-^yS-29:,
1 =y
+
z
=

ly-3a:
= =

3-y;

2(z+a;)

3(a:+y).

3.

Simplify
fy.
a-x

^x^
+
x

-3a
,

a^-x^

x-a

6^-36
m

6^

"-30^""-3""-106

4.

Find

the

eqnare

root

of

f5

f"

f7

c"i

6.
are are

In

base-ball
of the of the the
score

match
runs,
runs.

the and The

errors

in

the

first four

innings
the
errors
ber num-

one-fourth one-third
5 ; find

in the
score

last five is

innings
the

16, and

errors

in the

first four

innings.
1

6.

Find

the

value

of

-iilz^x^.
!-_?.+ I
a^
ax
*

as^

7.

Find

the

value

of

|(a2)-3(l-l6)-|(2a-36 |)+36.4(la-|).
+

8.

Kesolve

into

factors

(1)

3a2-20a-7;
to

(2)
"^

a*b^-h*a\
J

9.

Reduce

lowest

terms

^^ ^^ ^^
-

4^^^ + 52:2 -7

a?

-2

XXIV.]

MISCELLANEOUS

EXAMPLES

IV.

159

10,

Solve

the

equations
3

(1)

"

T^-T'
=

(2) (3)
,-""

a:+y-z
ax +

0,
+
e

x-y+z
-,

4,

5a:+y+a

20;

dx

^fzJLr+^friZ^r: / c

1.

11.

Simplify

_^+?__^+2
ar"-6x
+

ar^-9a;+14 divided
one

ar^-10a:

+ 2l

12.
firbt remainder

purse and the

of half
one

sovereigns
of them and
more,

is

amongst
more,

three second Find the

receiving

and the

the six.

persons, half of number

the
the

third

of

sovereigns

purse

contained.

13.

If

^=-1,

ife =

2,

0,

"i

1,

ro

-3,

find

the

value

of

fn{l-h)-2hm^+
14.
Find the L.C.M. of
+

Vihk

15(7)8 + g3), 5(/"a-^g

15.
Find
the square root

g2), Mp^-^-pq

q^), 6(i""-g3).

of

(2)

l-6a+5a2

12a3+4a".

16.

Simplify

i5^.^i9^^6^12x^ +
equations
:

17a:

6'

17.

Solve

the

"

b '^
_L

"

^
(0\
^
'

^
-

^
"!"

x-'i

x-S~x-9
money
to

x-'S'
be divided will
:

18.
; if

sum

of

is to each be

among be

number and of

$8
each

is

given
there

there

^3
the

short,
number

sons perif $7.50 is persons.

of

given

to

will

$2

over

find

160

ALGEBRA.

[chap.

19.

Resolve

into

factors
+

(1) 20.
arrange

2ar"-3a6

(a-66)ar;
-

(2)
3x
-

ix^

Axy

I5y*.
-

Ill the
the

result

expression x^ according

2x' to

4, substitute
powers

2 for a;, aivl

a.

the

descending

of

21.

Simplify

22.

Find

the

H.C.F.

of and form

3a:8-lla:"+a:+16

5a?"-7a:"-2(te*-llx-a

23.

Express

in the ay

simplest

(1)
a:

y +

^
.

(2)

/a^-1
+

a^+lUf
ic+1/

^
+

M
jb+I/

'

y_y+a;
X

\x-l

\ar-l

24.
times
amount
as

person
much
at

possesses

95000
and when

stock,
the

some

3^ per

cent.,

rest

at

of each

kind

of stock

his income

3 per at cent., four the 4 per cent. : find is $176.

26*

Simplify

the

expression

-3[(a+6)-{(2a-36)-(5a+76-16c)-(-13a+26-3c-5d)}],
and find its value Solve the when
a
=

1, "

2,

3, c^

4.

26*

following equations
=

(1) (2) 27*

lly-a:
a:+y-2
the

10,
=

llar-lOly
a;+z-y fractions
=

110 y +

;
"-a:
=

3,

6,

7 form
:

Express

following

in their

simplest

x+-

2-a:

28.

What
to

value

of

will
+

make
and 3

the
-

product
4a ?

of 3 -8a

and

3a -f 4

equal

the

product

of 6a

11

XXiV.J
29. 30.
sum

MISCELLANEOUS

EXAMPLES

IV.

161

Find
A its

the

L.C.M.
number if the

of a:"-a:"-3ar-9
of two in

and

""

2a:"

5a?

12. the

ceHain

digits is equal
the units'

to

seven

times

of and

digits :
in

digit
sum

place

be

decreased

by
thus

two

that be

the

tens'

formed
the

divided

by the

place by one, and if the number of its digits, the quotient is 10.

Find

number.

31.

Find

the

value

of 3g"
-

ex^-Sxy-Qy' 2x^+xy-y^
32.
Resolve
each of the

a?y

4yg

9ar"

6ay

Sy*

2a^-5xy+Sy^'

2x^-Sxi/+yl^'
:

following expressions into four factors

(2)

(1)

4a*-17a26a+46*;
the
-

aJ"-256y".
which will divide

33.
24a*6
-

Find 2a^b^ Find

expression
and
root

of highest
-

dimensions without

9ab* the

18a" + a*0^
of

6a^b^

remainder.

34.

square

(1)

+ 2)(a: + 3) + l; a:(a:+l)(a:

(2) 35.

(2a2+13a+15)(a2+4a-5)(2a2

a-3).

Simplify
2g-6
_o

g'+3a?-4

"aJ"-6a:+9
36.
at the

a~"+a:-12*
and

A
rate

quantity of land, partly pasture

of the

partly arable, is sold

$40
for the per acre If the average price 10 per cenL higher : much

$60

arable, and
per
acre were

per whole

acre sum sum

for

the

obtained obtained

pasture and is $10000.

would and be how

$50, the
of the

find how

much

land

is pasture,

arable.

B.A.

CHAPTER

XXV.

Quadratic

Equations.

185
"

Definition.
unknown

An

equation
but
no

which
power, second square

contains
is called

the
a

square

of

the

quantity,
or an

higher
of the the

ratic quad-

equation,
If of the

equation
both
an

degree.
and the
;
"

equation
unknown square 2a;*^" of 5x'=3 5x''^=20

contains it is called the is is

first if

power

the the

affected quadratic
it is said
to

it contains

only
Thus and

unknown
an

he

pure

quadratic.

affected pure

quadratic,

quadratic.

Pure

Quadratic
be

Equations.
considered

186.
in

A which

pure the

quadratic
square
9

may

as

simple
be

tion equa-

of

the

unknown
25

quantity

is to

found.

Example,

Solve x2-27 x^-n

99
-

Multiplying

across,

9x2
.-.

26x2

676

16x2=576; x2=36;
of these

.".

and

taking

the

square

root

equals,

we

have

x="6.

[In regard
187.
In

to

the

double

sign

see

Art.

119.]
of
we

extracting
it the
to

the

square
seem on

root that both

the

two to

sides

of

the
the

equation
double But
an

x^=^Q,

might
of
the

ought
and

prefix
"x= to

sign

quantities

sides,
cases

write this

"6.
be
necessary. un-

examination For

various

shows
cases
:

"x="Q
+2;=

gives
-6,
in when

the

four

H-x=+6,
and

-x=+6,
the
we

-x=-6,

these
x="

are

all
6.

included

two
extract

already
the
to

given,
root

namely
of the

a-=+6,
two

Hence,

square the

sides the

of

an

equation,
root

it is sufficient
one

put

double

sign

before

square

of

side.

CHAP.

XXV.]

QUADRATIC

EQUATIONS.

163

Affected

Quadratic Equations.

equation a;^=36 is an instance of the simplest form be of quadratic equations. The equation (x" 3)2=26 may of Doth in a similar root solved ; for taking the square way have two simple equations, sides, we
188.
The
^-3=

"5.
3 3
=

Taking taking
.'.

the the

upper lower is

sign

a? a:

+
"

5, whence 5, whence
or

a? ^=

8 ;
"

sign,

"

2.

the

solution the

^=8,
"

"2.

Now
may
or

given equation (^
x^
"

3)^=26 (3)^ 25,

=

be

written

6x+

0:^-61^=16.

Hence,

by retracing our
solved the

steps, we

learn

that

the

equation
side, and
we

.r2-6a7=16
can

be

by

first

adding (3)^ or
root
;

to

each

then
9 to

extracting
each side

is that

square this

and

the

reason

why

add
makes

quantity quantity

added

to

the

left side

it

perfect sgtiare.
Now whatever the
a

may

be,

472+2ar+a2=(ar+a)',
and
so

a^
that has if
a

"

2oux;-\-a^=(a:-df;
a

trinomial
its
to

is

perfect square,
must

and

its

highest poiDer^
the of
x.

x',

unity for
a:

we coejicient,

always
the

have

term

without

equal

the

square

of
x

half
are

coefficient
square

If,
be

therefore, the

terms

in x^ and
the square

given, the
the

completed by adding
Example.
The square Solve
of half

of half

may coefficient of x.

2:^+143;
14 is

32.

(7)^.
+

.-.

a:"+14a:

(7)3

32+49; 81;
"9;
-7
+
or

that

is,

(a; + 7)2
.*.

a;+7
.*. .'.
a;=

9,
-

or

-7-9;

a;

2,

16.

189.
are

expression is a perfect square, the always positive. Hence, before completing the
an

When

square square

terms

the

coefficient

of z^ should

be made

equal to

1,

164

ALGEBRA.

[CHAP.

Example Transpose
square Thus
term

\,
so

Solve
as

*Jx
have

7?-%,
the
terms

to

involving

on

one

side,

and

the

positive.
ar"-7a:
the
square,
=

8.

Completing
that

a:*

7" + (

8 +

r?

is.

(^-2-)' T'
=

""

"^

2-2'
a;
=

/.

8,

or

1.

Example

2.

Solve

8
4
-

3a~"+5
3a: + 8
one
=

3a:+l

Clearing bringing

of

fractions,
terms

12a; + 4
x

Sa:^ + 5 ;

the

involving

to

side,
=

we

obtain

3ar'-12a:
Divide

-9.

throughout

by

3 ; then

a:2-4a:
/.

-3; 4-3;
1 ;

ai2-4ar+(2)2
(a: 2)2
-

that

is,
/.

a:-2
/.
a:

"l; 3,
or

1.

EXAMPLES
Solve
the

XXV.

a.

equations
=

1. *'
.

7(a:'-7)
a;2+8
=

6a:2.

2.
J. S"

(a?+8)(a:-8)
11
^./^.

17.

3.
a

(7+a:)(7-ar) a?(3a:+5)+21

24.

^T^
a:"+2a:
a!"+
a?
= =

28. 6.
=

3^-*(^+^"ar"+ 6a;
x^-\b^
=

"v

69.

(3a:-2)(2a:-f3)
a:2+35=12a:.
lla; + 12
=

_,

7.
10. 13.

8.
11. 14.

40.
=

x,

12. 16.

a~'.
34
a

a:"+4ar

32.

9a: + 36"=a:2.

a:'+ 16a:

0.

XXV.]

QUADRATIC
the

EQUATIONS.

166

Solve

equations

16.

17. i(a""+7)-(6-a?)=|(ar'+3). |"|=^-^.

x+S

,"

x-2_

,(|

a!"-4!c+II5_,

20-

^-^
We when have the

^+2.

190.
reduced

shown

that
of

the

square

may

readily be
All may

pleted com-

coefficient

a;^ jg

to

this of ^.

by dividing

the

cases unity. throughout equation

be the

by

coefficient

Example

I,

Solve

32-S3^

l0a.

Transposing,
Divide

3iB2 + 10a:=32.
bo as

throughout by 3,

to make

the

coefficient

of a^

unity.

Thus

f*'+?"^
=

10

/6\^
o

32

25
"

Completing

the

square,

^+-o*+(

) ""o''*"q'

:.

"I- "'i a:=-|"y=2,or-6i.

"""
""

ExampUi.

Solve

6"*+lla;=12.

Dividing by 6,

*" +

Ua: H
=

Completing thesquare, aP+llx+

that

(11J=^+ 121
.

18.

i*+Io)=iOo'

n
.

19
=

4
,

..

a!"-j^"jg g,or-3.
-

166

ALGEBRA.

[cHAP.

191.

We
an

see

then

solving
x^ and
091

affected necessary
are on one
J

following steps quadratic equation :

that

the

are

required
the
term terms

for

(1) If
X

simplijvthe
side of the

equation

so

that
the

in x

arid equation-,

vjithout

the other.
and

the coefficient (2) Make of x'^ unity throughout by the coefficient of x^.

positive by dividing
the square

(3) Add

to
x.

each

side

of

the

equation

of half

the

coefficient of (4) Take (5) Solve

192"
be used. When

the square the

root

of each side,

resultingsimple equations.
the coefficients
are

literal

the

same

method

maj

Example,

Solve

7(a:+2a)^
7"*
+

Sa*
+

5a{7x
Sa^
=

23a).
+

Simplifying,
that
or

2Sax

28a"

S5ax

1 15a*

is,

7ar"-7aa:
x*-a"x the

84a2,
I2a\ 12a2
+

Completing
that

square,

a^^ax+(^j
V^"2/
^
"

16,

"~4~' a_.A.7a.

^-2-*T^
.*.
a;
=

4a,

or

-3a.

193.

In

all have

the
had

instances
two

considered

hitherto

the

quadratic
there is

equations only one

whence similar
tUK"
cases

roots.

solution. is the
we

Thus

if

Sometimes, a^-2x+l=0,
to

however,
then

(^-1)^=0,

07=1

only

solution.

find

it convenient

Nevertheless, in this and say that the quadratic has

equal

roots.

EXAMPLES
Solve the

ZZV.

b.

equations
=

1, 3a:8+2a: 4.
3-lla?
=

21.

2.

5ar"

8a:+21.
=

3.
6.

6a:2-a:-l

=0.
=

4ar".
=

5. 21a~"

2a:+a Ua:
=

10 + 23a:+12a:=

0. 0.

7. 15a:"-6"

9.

8*

4a?'

15.

9.

Sar^

19a:

16

XXV.]

QUADRATIC

EQUATIONS.

167

Solve

the

equations

10.

10ar^+3a:=l.
2aa:
=

H.
15a". 3a;-.

12a:2+7a:
2a:2
-

12. I5aa:. 6ca:.

12.
15.

20a:2 3ar" =
2a2a:a

a?

0.

13. ar"+ 16.

19.

14. 17.

Sa^
143c2

lc{2h
=

5a:).

116a: + 20ft2

9ar^

18.

aa;+l.
+

(a:-3)(a:-2)

2(ar"-4).
=

20. 5(a;+l)(3a:+5)
2a;(2a;+ 3).
2
_

3(3a:a+lla;

10).

21. 3a:a^i3+(a._i)(2a;+i)
00

7x-3_3a:

qq

ar-1
qa

3a?-l_2a?-9

25.

?^=?-5.
a;

26.
*

.^+iF
Ix+l
2

^^

2(3

2a:)

27. 3(2a:+ 3)2 + 2(2a;+ 3)(2-ar) 28. (3a:-7)"-(2a;-3)2

[For additional
=

(a:-2)2.

(a:-4)(3a:+l).
see

examples

Elementary

Algebra."}

194.
it

Solution
that

by

Formula.
suitable
can

From

the

appears

after

reduction be written

preceding examples and transposition

in the

every

quadratic

equation

form

where therefore

a,

6,
we

c can

have numerical may any solve this quadratic we

values
can

whatever. any.

If

solve

Transposing,
dividing by
a,

aa^ + 6^ a;^+

"

_^ a

"

_.

--j
\2a/ 4a^

; thus

that

is.
square

(^+i)'=
root,

b^

"

4ac

4a^

extracting the

b_
2a~
.

"V(6"-4ao)
2a
'

6"V(6'-4ae)

168

ALGEBRA.

[chap.

195.

In

the

result

^^''f"" JQ"^'^)
that

it must
square

be
root

remembered
of the

We

cannot

compound simplify the solution

a,

expression Jih^ Aac) quantity h^ 4ac, taken as a

" "

the

is the whole.

unless

we

know that
a

the

numerical values
exact

values do
not

of

5, o.
6'^
"

It
Aac

may
a

sometimes

happen
In such

these
case

make

numerical

solution Solve

of the 5jb^

perfect square. equation cannot

13a; -11
=

the

be

determined.

Example.
Here
a
=

0.

6, 6=-13,

c=-ll;

therefore

by

the

formula

we

have

^-_("13)"\/(-13)^-4.5(-ll)
2.5

_13"n/169+220
10

13"y389
^

10

Since

389

has
thus

not the

an

exact
roots

square
are

root

this

result

cannot

be

simplified ;

two

13+

V389
10
"

13

^/389
lO
'

196.
found

Solution
the

by

Factors.
of
a

Tliere

is which

still will

one

method
sometimes

of

obtaining

solution than

quadratic
methods
-a:

be

shorter

either

of the ^
+

already given.

Consider

the
of

equation

2.

Clearing

fractions, 3^

7^-6=0
into
+

(1);
factors
we

by resolving the left-hand

Now
zero.

side

have

(aF-2)(a?
if either of Hence the the factors
3:r
"

3)=0.
be
zero,

2, a?+3

their

product
of

is

quadratic equation
aF-2=0,
orjF

is satisfied

by

either

the

suppositions
+

3=0.

Thus
It

the

roots

are

"3.
-,

appears

from

this

that

when

quadratic equation

has

been

brought to the form of equation (1),its solution simplified and if the expression on be the left-hand can readily obtained always

XXV.]

QUADRATIC

EQUATIONS.

169

8i.de
to

can

be

resolved
a

into

factors. and

Each
a

of these

factors
root

equated
of the

gives quadratic.
zero

simple equation,

corresponding

Example

1.

Solve
aoasto

2ar* -ax+ have

2bx

ah.
on one

Transposing,
we

all tlie terms

aide

of

the

eqtuxtion^

have

2a?-ax+2hx-ah Now

0,
+ +

2si?-'ax+2bx-ah-x{2x-a)
=

h{2x-a) 6).

(2a;-a)(a:
0 ;

Therefore vhence

(2x

a){x
2a;

+
-

6)
a

0,

or

a;+

0,

/.

or-6. a:=:|,

Example
We have

2.

Solve

2{x^

6)

3(a: 4).
-

2a^"-i2=
2j? 2a:^
-

3a:Zx

12;

that

is,

(1),

Transposing,

3a;

0,

a;(2a;-3)=0.
.*.
a:
=

0,

or2a;-3

0.

Thus

the

roots

are

0,

-.

Note.

In

equation (1)
the

above

we

might
2a;
=

have

divided
a;
=

both

sides

by
is
one

Old
of

obtained the

simple equation
of the
to term

3, whence
But
the
an

which
-,

solutions

given
notice of
an

equation.
that

student
a;

must

be

particularly
division since the the roots. from

careful every

whenever

is

removed

equation

is

satisfied

equation it must by a; 0, which

=

not

be

by neglected,
one

is therefore

of

197.
now

Formation
to 1.

of
an

Equations
whose
whose

with
roots roots
a;
=
-

given
are

roots,

It

is

easy

form Form

equation
the

known.
are

Example
Here

equation
a;
=

4 Mid

-^3,

4, 0,

or
or a;

3 ;

.'.

a;-4
are

3 in

0;

both

of these

statements

included

(a:-4)(a:+ 3)
or

0,

a:S-a;-12

0,

which

is the

required equation.

170

ALGEBRA.

[chap.

Example
Here

2.

Form

the

equation

whose

roots

are

and

h
x
=

a,

ora;

--;

.'.

the

equation

is

{x-a)(x+ ^]=0;
{x
-

that
or

is,

a)(Sx

6)

0,
0.

^-3ax-^bx-ab

EXAMPLES
Solve

XXV.
:

c.

by

formula
=

the 0.

equations
2. 5.
ar*
-

1. 4.

ar^+ 2a:-3 32-5-20; 4ar*-14

=

2a:

1
=

0.

3,
6.

x^-Sx^zS. Sa^ + 7x 12a:2 + io

=

1. 3a:.

2a:2-9a:

4.
=

e,
=

7.

8.
into

6a^-3'7x

0.

9.

23a?.

Solve

by

resolution

factors

10. 13. 16.

19. 21.

ix^- 9x^90. 2ar"-3a: 5ar5-lla: 12a:2_

=

11.
2.
+ 2
=

ar"-lla:=:152.

12.
=

ar"-85=12a:.

14.
0.

3x^+5x+2
a^-a^^O,

0.

15. 18.

4ar5-14

a;.

17.
=

ix^-7ax
=

SaK

2,^2,2.+ 1062
=

0.

20. 22.

3ast^+2bx
JC^- 2a: +46

1x.
=

24a;2 + 22ca;

21c2.

26a:.

Solve

the

equations
=

23.
24. 25. 28.

2a;(a: + 9)

(a:+l)(5-a:).
=

(2a;-l)2-ll 6(a:
-

6a: +
-

(a;-3)3.
-

2)2 + 13(1
=

x){x

2) + 6ar"

6(2a:

1).
"

-^-"^
a;-6a;-6 a;-4a;a;-5

1.

27.
2a:-la:+la?

28. 80.

^-?=-^".
3ar

29.

'^-"|+1(^)=3. --3 6
a; a: + "

JL
=

^
X

"^"^

2.

31.
"
'

3(a;+4)

^^+jy

3("+6).

83.

"3-5-6-

XXV.]

QUADRATIC
the

EQUATIONS.

171

Solve

equations

86.

""+J+#^="
"+8
3a!1 12

37.
""

.Jk.+
2(a:-l)

^ ar'-l

-^
4

o"

0-a

40.

-5-+
x-a

"

=2. x-b

41.

(X- !)"=

'Y". (*\c
0/

[For

additional

examples

see

Elementary

AlgehraJ]

198.
of
two

Simultaneous

Qnadratic
involve
a:

Eqnations.
and
v

If value

from
of
one

either
of the

equations
can

which

the

miknowns

be the

in may

be

solved

of the other, then stitution expressed in terms by subobtain second a quadratic which equation we of methods the by any one explained in this

chapter.
Example,
Solve
the

simaltaneous

equations
=

6a?+7y=l,
From in the
the

4a^+Socy-2y^

lO.

first

equation,
we

"

="

^,

and

therefore

by

substitution

second

equation,

have

4(l-7y)^
whence that
4

3y(l-7y)_go-,io.
=

66y

196^8 +l%-105y2-60y2
4

260;

is,

V
/.

41y

246

0 ;

y2-y-6
(y-3)(y+2)

0;
0;

.-.

.'.

y
we

3,

or

-2.

From y="

the

first

equation,

see

that

if

y=3,

then

a;=

"

4,

and

if

2, then"=3.

Homogeneous
199i
y=mx
x

Equations

of

the

Same

Degree.
is to substitute
we

The in each

most

convenient

method

of solution

of the
a

given equations.
to

By division
the values

eliminate
m.

and

obtain

quadratic

determine

of

172
Solve

ALGEBRA.

[c^AP.

XXV.

Example.

the

Bimultaneous

equations

Put

mx

and

substitute

in

each

equation.
=

Thus

a^^(5 + 3m2)
and

32 16

(1), (2).
-

ir2(l-m+2m2)
'
=

By"^ division,
that

-^^"
-

7n

2/71^

"

t"

-^ 5

16

is,
/. .*.

wi2-2m-3=0;

(w-3)(m
"i
=

+
or

l)

0;

3,

-1. either

(1) Take
From

3 and

substitute S2x^
=

in

(1)
a;=

or

(2).
1.

(1),

32
mx

;
=

whence 3a:
=

"

/.

"

3.
Thus

'

(2) Take

m=

1 and

substitute
=

in whence

(1).

Sa^
.*.

32
mx

;
=

x="2.
+

a:

2.

EXAMPLES
Solve
the
+

XXV.

d.

simultaneous
=

equations
2. 3a;-4y
xy

1.

a:

3y
xy

9,
6.

2,
2,

3.

2a:+y 6x^-xy

5,
2.

4.

x-2y

3,
29.

5.

3aj

+y

=9,
=

6,

2a;-5y

=1,

ar"+42r'
=

3xy-y^
8.
---

9.

x^-Sy^==1.
9.

--y=

1,
24.

"-|
a:y-y2

=3,
=

a:y

10a:y=l. 11.

4.

10.

1-^ 2.
=

3.

12.

^-1=1.
''-I-'2ar" +

14-'13.

l-t14.

3a:2+7y2=55,
2x2
+

16a:y-3a;2= 77, 7a?y+3y2=110.

15.

Sy^

143,
195.

7a:y

60.
=

8a:y + 3y3

16.

a:"+2a:y+2y2

17,
119.

17.

21ar^ + 6a?2 +

3a:y-y2 3a:y+5y2

371,
266.

a"*-9ajy-y*

CHAPTER

XXVI.

Problems

Leading

to

Quadratic

Equations.

200.
to

We

shall

now

discuss

some

problems

which

give

rise

quadratic
Example
1. been less

equations.
A 5
:

train miles

travels
an

300
more,

miles the train.

at

uniform would

rate have

if the
taken

speed
two

had hours

hour
rate

journey

find

the

of

the

Suppose
time

the

train

travels

at

the

rate

of

miles

per

hour,

then

the

occupied

is

^
X

hours.

300

On

the

other

supposition

the

time

is

hours

300_300_2.
ar

whence
or

a^

5x-

750

0, 0, 25,
or

(a:+30)("-25)
.*.
X

30.
-

Hence

the

train

travels

25

miles

per

hour,

the

negative

value

being

inadmissible.
an

[For
Elementary Example
for many Let

explanation

of

the

meaning

of

the

negative

value

see

Algebra.']
2. all he be but A
man

buys
at

number

of

articles
more

for than

$2.40, they

and

sells
how

$2.52
did
X

two

cents

apiece

cost;

buy
the

? of

number

articles sale

bought
is
"

then

the

cost

price

of

each

is
"

cents,
X

and

the

price

^
x"2

cents.

252
.
" " ^ ^

240
_o.
-^-~

"

^A
,

"

X'-2

thatis, ^

m.^m^i.
x-2
X

174

ALGEBRA.

[cHAP.

After
OP

simplification,

6a; + 240

a:^

2ar,

a:2-8a:-240

0; 0; 20,
or
-

thatxa,

(a:-20)(a:+12)
/.
a;

12.

Thus

the

number

required
cistern
takes time
can

is 20.

if the

A Example 3. larger pipe

be

filled

by

two than

pipes
the each

in 33} minntea
to

15

minutes be

less filled

smaller

fill the

cistern, find

in what

it will

by

pipe singly.
fill the
of the
a:
"

Suppose
in
X

that

the

two

pipes running
; then

singly
fill
-

would

cistern
cistern

and

a;

15 minutes

they

will

and
X

15

respectively in
will fill (
-

one

minute, ) of
the

and

therefore
in

when minute.

running together they

cistern

"

one

Hence

1+_1^
X a;

^,
100

-15
=

100(2a:-^15)
3a:* -245a:
+

3a:(x-15),
0, 0;

1500

(a:-75)(3a:-20)
.-.
X

75,

or

6".

Thus
The

the
other

smaller
solution

pipe
6"

takes

75 minutes,

the

larger

60

minutes.

is inadmissible.

201.
one

Sometimes

it will

be found

convenient

to

use

more

than

unknown.

Example,
of second square
a

Nine
second

times

the

side

of

one

square foot : find

by one square exceeds twenty-nine

the

foot, and
times side

exceeds square the six times

the
area

the
area

meter periof the

of

the

first

by

one

length

of

of each

square. squares
;

Let the

feet and

perimeter

y feet represent the sides of the two is 4y feet ; thus of the second square

then

9a:-4y=l.
The
areas

of the

two

squares

are

t^ and

square

feet ; thoft

6y"-29ar"=l.

XXVI.]

PROBLEMS

LEADING

TO

QUADRATIC

EQUATIONS.

175

9a:"

1
"

From

the

first equation,
in the

"

By

Bubstitntion

second

equation,

that
or

is,

lla;2-54a;-5

0,

(a;-6)(ll2;+ l)
a;
=

05
inadmissible.

whence

5,

the

negative

value

being
=

Also,
Thus the

?^
11

ll.

lengths

are

5 ft

and

ft.

EXAMPLES
Find
Divide

XXVI.
than its square that the
sum

1. 2.
is 130.

number 16 into

which
two

is less

by 72.
of their squares

parts

such

3.
squares

Find
is Find

two

numbers
to

differing by
which when

such

that

the

sum

of

their

equal
a

233. increased

4.

number number.

by
such

13

is 68

times

the

reciprocal of the
5.
is 330. Find two

numbers

differing by
a

that

their

product
than the

6. 7.
its

The and

breadth
the side
area

of

length,

is 374
a

rectangle is five yards yards : find the square

is 7 the

shorter sides. the

One

of

rectangle
:

yards

longer

than

other,
whose

and

diagonal
Find

is 13
two

yards

find

area.

8.
9. 10.
numbers

consecutive

numbers

.the
numbers

difference

of

procals reci-

is s^, Find two consecutive

even

the

difference

of

whose

reciprocals is 7^.
The is A difference of them.
a

the

reciprocals
certain number

of

two

consecutive

odd

-^^^ :
farmer

find

11.

bought
he he gave

of

sheep
how

for
at

$315
cents

through
each he
more

disease
than ?

lost 10, but

for

by selling the remainder them, be gained $75 :

of mile than

75

many

did

buy
12.

pace

per

By walking hour, a man

miles
:

three-quarters
finds that he is the

more

his ordinary usual

to

takes

\\
?

hours

less than

walk

29|

what

ordinary

rate

176

ALGEBRA.

[CHAP.
the

XXVI.

13.
less cistern could be

cistern

can

be

filled

by
When
:

larger
the the time

of

two
are

pipes
both

in

utes minthe

than is

by by

the in 6 each

smaller.
minutes of
a

taps

running
the

filled

find

in

which

cistern

filled A
man

the

pipes.
eggs, and

14,
been twelve
a

buys
dozen what

dozen

calculates
have ?
one

that
two

if

they
more

had for

cent

per
:

cents The than

is wheel small

he could cheaper the price per dozen of

a

bought

16,
mile

large
the the

carriage
and of each 12

is

foot 48

more

in

ference circum-

wheel,

makes

revolutions

less

per

find A

circumference
was

wheel.
cents' worth
to

16,
ate

boy
and dozen

sent master

out

to

buy
market

of
at

apples.
the
rate

He of did
a

two,
per

his

had than the

in

consequence

pay How

cent the

more

price.

many

apples
of uniform find

boy 17,

buy
A

? 45

lawn

feet
the

long
area

and of the

40

broad

has

path

width width.

round

it ; if

path

is 60

square

yards,
she
:

its

18,
a woman now

By

selling
finds that

one

more

apple
a

for

cent

than dozen

formerly
much

did,
does

she ?

gets

cent

less

per

how

she

get per
Four
times

dozen the

19.
of
a

side

of

one

secoDd than

is less the

by 12 square five times the

of
a a

feet, and
area

square eleven the

is less than
times the
area

the

perimeter
of the
feet
:

first find,

of

second

by

9 square

length
20.
Find of

side

of

each of

square. two

number

product
the number

its the person

that if it be divided digits such if 27 be subtracted digits the quotient is 7, and order of the digits is reversed. (Art. 111.]

by tha
froir.

21.
been
his money

buys
would what of

some

$5 less he
:

have

per received did he two than

:

5^

cent,
one

stock

if
more

the

price had
interest
on

at
area

price
each
more

buy
that their of

the

i)er cent, stock ? is 1008

22.

The of
one

of

rectangles
of the

length
of their

is 8 feet

other,

square the and

feet

the

difference

breadths There
are

is 3 feet three less the

find

sides.
the second If the is

23.
the three

numbers
than the

which

greater

than
of

first

by
Find

and

third find the

by
such

9.

product product
two

all

is 280

times four is

greatest,

numbers.
that has the the of

24.
two

consecutive

integers by
B
a

the for

greatest

represented
A
and 260

number

which

least

its

digits. 25.
Two
trains
are

start

simultaneously
A
:

from

two

stations and

P
"

and

which

miles

apart.

reaches

in

3f hours,
of each

reaches

Z' in 4" hours

after

they

meet

find

the

rate

train.

MISCELLANEOUS

EXAMPLES

V.

[The following examples

he taken Chap.
The
xx.

are

: arranged progressively

1-24

may

after

Chap.

xiii.

; 25-36

after
xxii.

Chap.

xvii.

; 37-48

after
xxiv.

; 49-60

remaining
the

after examples

Chap.
are

; 61-72

after Chap.
cover

quite general and

the contents

of

whole

book,']
3, y =-2,

1.

If

a;

0, find the
+

valae

of

3a:' + 5y2

4y"

a;-4y+z 2. 3. 4. 5.
Divide Find

3j/^-\-l6p^-3Sp^
the
sum

14p" by p^
3c), 3{a
-

Ip.
+

of

2(6

2(6
-

c)}, 2{6
-

2(a

26)}.

Simplify by removing
Solve
the

brackets

7[3a

4{o

6 + 3(a +

6)}].

equfttious
(1)

^+?^

4,

(2) 6.
as

2(.-4)+ 2+"^.^zi
as

7-?3z^.
ago age ? he
was

A
as

is three
B
was

times

old

as
:

two is

years

five times

old

four

years

ago

what

^'s

7.
8.

Find If
o
=

the

product
=

of

2o-36-(a-26-c)
1, d
=

and find the

6-2c-(a-c).
value
of

1, 6

0,

=-

2,
+

=-2,

o" + 6"+c"+d"-e"

a2 +

6"+ca+da-c".
:

9.

Remove

brackets

from

the

expressions
+

(1) (2) 10.

acres

o-[56-{a-(3c-36)
2[a price
many
-

2c-(a-26-c)}];
-

3{6
of 5

4(c
acres

d)}]
of

[a

4{6

6(c
what

d)}].
is the
?

If ?

the how

land
be

is $a,

price

of

and

acres

can

bought

for

$6

11.

Divide There

o*-4
are

by
value

a2-2a+2.
in of
a

12.
or

150 the

coins

bag
coins

which is

are

either

half-dollars the
number

quarters.
each

If

the

^58.60,

find

of

kind.

H.A,

178

ALOEBRA.

13.
and

Add
-

together
a)
-

a-{6+ca)
+
e.

(a

+6)}+c,
make 2a; +

2(3a+25)-4(J+2a)-c,

3(25
14.

2(36
what the

Find

value

of of

x a;

will
+

the
1

produat
14.

of

a;

+3

and

2a; +

3 exceed

product

1 and

by

15. 16.

Divide

6"+8-125c"+306c

by

6-6C+2.

Simplify
.

13aW
,,.

87c*"P^266cd.

2aa?
.n\
_

/ ahcc^

a^hx

a^hh^

17.
p times

How
as

old
old
as

will
his
a son

man

be

in
x

years years of
?

who

years

ago

was

then

aged
number
at

18,
and
at

bought
of

certain that number I

two-thirds

four 18

pears for a cents.

at
cent

three
;

for

cent,
them did

by

selling
pears

twenty-five
buy?

for

12

cents,

gained

How

many

19.

Solve

the

equations

(1)

lIz:3"_4"+2^5_g^^7x+U.
6 3 3

(2)

g"y.3g-6y^o
'

^+1.=1.
14 18

^^24
20.
21.
find
the

Divide
If

ahfi +
are a

(2ac

b^

x* +

c^ by and

az*-^cc cows

bx\
are

horses of the

worth when

h cows,
a

worth

sheep,

value
Find

horse

sheep
factor of

is worth of

$2.

22.
and the

highest

common

Sa^b^c,

12a'6c^
18ac*. '''^' 6a'^b^^

15a^6*;

lowest Also

common

multiple
the

iab'^c^, I2a^b,

find

value

of

-"^2ab^c

A
362

-^b^d children.

23.
had
60

gentleman
and
each

divided

$49
26

amongst
How

150 many +

Each
were

girl
there ?

cents,
If

boy

cents.

boys

24.

r=5a+46-6c,
calculate

X=-3a-96
the vahie of

7c,

r=20a+76-6c,
+ Z.

Z=13a-66+9c,

r-(X+r)

MISCELLANEOUS

EXAMPLES

V.

179

25t

Solve

the

equations
-

m ^

3(6
'

5a;)

63a:
_ ""

3a:
_

36
.

50

125

'

(2) 26.
Find
the

a:+l, ^(a:+y)
=

i(y
-

a:)

2a:

1.

factors

of

(1)

a2-a-182;
4, y
=

(2)
z
=

8a:"+13a;-6.
the

27.

If

a?

5, and

3, find

value

of

Vi^iv" '2^)'X^}+
28.
of them The
is When
as

V3{a:(ar"-z2)_i|.
is
+ 2y)' + (3a:+ zf, and (a;
one

product
4a;+2y+z
A and
a

of two find ; B

expressions
the other.
to

29.
money much

sit down A
much root of wins

play,
$15,
each

B and
at

has

two-thirds
he has

as

much
as

; after
as

time How

then first ?

twice

money

B.

had

30.

Find

the

square

16a"+4a+4-

16a8+a2-8a*.

31.

Find

the

value

of

^{z-l(x-3)}{x-p+2)}{.-l{"-l)},
and

subtract

the the

result square

from
root

(a:+2)(a;-3)(a:+4).
of

32.

Find

a:*

2x^

Ux^,^,

4-X-36~'^'''^i6'
33.
If
2a
=

35

4c?

1, find

the

value

of

^ their

Oa^

34.

Separate into
(1)

simplest

factors

x^-xy-Qu^;
the

(2)
:

a:"-4a:y"-a:V+4y".

35.

Solve

equations

(1)

(a:-l)(a:-2)(a:-6)

(a;-3)";

36.
and
same

farmer

sells 6 horses
was

to

one

person 13
cows

9
at

horses
the
same

and

cows

for $375,
and

to

another
:

and the

prices

for the

sum

what

price

of

each

180

ALGEBRA.

37.

When

3, 6

2,

7, find

the

value

of

a-c

b + 2c

(2)

4c + the

{c-(3c-26)+26}.
:

38.

Solve

equations

(1)

l + I6a:+3?/

1=7.
120,
common

(2)

10a;

9y+90.
of

39.

Find

the
+

highest
12. travels

factor

6a!^-\-2a!^~l5x-6

and

7a:*-4ar"-21a:

40.
were

coach

between
an

two

places
it would the

in

5 hours take

if its

speed
the

increased
:

by

3 miles

hour,
between

3^
?

hours

for

journey 41. 42.

what

is the

distance

places

From Find

x{x-j-a-h)(x-a+b)
the value of

take

{x~a)(x-b){x+a+b),

2ar" +

5ar-3^3ar"-10ar
x^+Sx+2

3,
"

6a:2_5a;+x 3jc"+ 72-^+23:

x^-9x

43.
root

I^ivide

a^ +

i^+Sxy-l

by

sc+y-l,

and

extract

the

square

of

a:*-3x"+iiK34.2a?+^.
A
man can

44.
the
hour he rate

walk
an

from

^
If

to he

and

back
at

in

certain
of 3

time
miles B
to

at
an

of 4

miles
to

hour.
at

walks of the 5

the
an

rate hour

from

/?, and
minutes to B^

the

rate

miles

from

A^

requires
from

10

longer

for

double

journey.

What

is the

distance

A
the

45.

Find

highest

common

factor
+

of

1x*'l0aa^-^3a^x^-4a^x

4a\

8.'r*-13aa:"+6aV-3a"a?

3a\

46.

Solve

the

equations

(1) (2) 47*

Find

l(2x-57)-6; .-(3x-?"zS)
=

a:-2y+z
lowest

0,

9x-8y-j-Sz

0,

2a;+3y+5z

36.

the

common

multiple

of

MISCELLANEOUS

EXAMPLES

V.

181

48.
when is it
a;

The is 7

expression ax-^Zb
:

is

equal
a;

to

30

'when

is 3, and value

to

42
se

what
zero

is its value ?

when

is 1 ; and

for what

of

equal

to

49.

Find

the

lowest

common

multiple
12(0^2
-

of

4(a2 50.
Extract the

ab),

h^),

lS{a^

62),

square 4ar"
a^

root 12a:
^

of 24a
OK

^IGa"
x^
.

61.

Beduce

to

lowest

terms

12a?* + 4a:"-23a:"-9a;-9

8a:*-14a:"-9

62.

Solve

the

equations

(2)

2a:-y+3z=l, Simplify
h

4a;+3y-2z=13,

6a?-4y

20.

53.

a-^b
1

d'b-b^'
1

(2)
ar"+8a:+15 a:2+lla;+30
a

64*
reversed
Find

The
the

sum
new

of the

two

digits of

number of

number

is four-sevenths

is 9 ; if the it was what

digits

are

before.

the

number.

55. (1) (2) 66.

Solve

the

equations

^y^^l^^l. 4a:-|(6y-4)=l,
3a;+4y-ll=0,
Find
the value
2
a

5y-6z=
of 1
_

-8,

72-8a:-13=0.

3a?
_

a-x

ar*-a*

(a

a:)^'

67*

Resolve

into

factors

(1)

a:"-2a:*+JB"{

(2)

a"+a*-a"-l.

182

ALGEBRA.

68f
One
later

^wo
at

persons
the
rate

started
of who

at miles

the

same

time and
at

rode than

7i

per

hour train

go arrived the

to

from half

A
an

to

B.

hour miles

the

other

travellea

by
between

rate

of 30

per

hour. Find

What the

is the

distance
root of

and

B t

69i

square

4x*_x_ 9y"
60.
divide
Find each
of
z

lepi^

9y'
Ifea

6igy
5z^

16a:*

15yz
of

25z"'
which will

the
the

factor

highest expressions

dimensions

exactly

"

{"*.^.)(5")'
common

62*

Find

the

highest

factor
and

of 9a?*+80a:"-9.

ftr*-2a:5+9a:*+9a:-4 What
value of
x

will

make

both

these

expressions vanish

63.

Solve

the

equations

"

"

(2) '

^
x-l

3^1-5^
x+2 X'2

0.

64. "*"

Simplify ^

6^-5a:y-6y"
^'

_\hx^+%xy-\2y^
3y*

14ic2-23a:y
value
x

35x2+47a:y+6s^

65.

Find

the

of
+

x-2a

2a

16a6

"ahnaj-^^
oTF
number
at

a;+26

x-2b

4l^-tx^'
a

66.

An

egg-dealer bought
five times
at

certain

of

eggs per

at

16

cents
;

and per score, sold whole the How

the per he

number

75

cents

hundred the

he

10

cents

many

eggs

did

dozen, buy ?

gaining $3.24 by

tion. transac-

MISCELLANEOUS

EXAMPLES

V.

183

67,

If

-l,

-2,

-3, rf

-4,

find the

value
2c

of

2a^^(il^-3ahc_aa^-b^-ahc

h + c-da bc-2ad b

ad'

68.

Solve

the

simultaneoiiB
a?-2
"*

equations
x-y-l
_ " _

x+y
14

y-f 12
4
'

g+7.y-5_|
69i

5(y+l)

Simplify

the

fractions

(1)

x-y_^x-z_
"-"

(y-g)"
,

sc-y

(z- a:)(y re)

-

"?-^
" a?
..

1-1
6
a

70.
$50
was

IB'rom

certain

sum

of money the
sum

one-third

part

was

taken

and

put
the

in its stead. and

From

thus

increased amount

one-fourth
was now

part

taken

$70 put in

its stead.

If the

$120,

find

original sum.
Find the lowest
common

71.

multiple of
a*+3a"c
+ 3aV+ac".

(a*-aV)2,
72i
Solve
the

4a"-8a*cH4aV,

equations
-150: +

"135a:-

-225

'36
'2,

-OOay-lS '9

(1)

"03

10a?+^
m ^'
"

7-2ar'

,ll~5ar
15

4ar-3i
'

21

14(a:-l)""

73.

SimpUfy
a:"~4a:-21
^
'

a:'-h6a;'-247x_^a:"-20a:+91
7?-x-\2 a:-4
ar

a:

17 be the

74"

What

must

value

of
+

in order

that

(o

2ar)"

a2 + 70aa;+3a;*
may

be

equal

to

1) when

is

equal

to 67

184

ALGEBRA.

75.
"x^+2T

Find
;

the and
+

highest
find
and the

common

factor
common

of

16a:^+36a:^+81
of

and

lowest

multiple

8x^+27,

16a:*+36a:"

81,
the

6a^"-5a?-6.
:

76.

Solve

equations

(1) (2) 77.

sold
on

a{x-a)-h{x-h)
(a
+

{a

h){x-a-h).
"

b)x-'ay
a

a\

{a? + h^)x
number and he made
a

ahy

a*,

farmer
five sold of
:

bought
them find how

certain

of

all but

for

$27,
many

sheep for profit of 20

$30.
per

He
cent,

those

he

bought.

78.

Find

the

value
x-y

of

_x+y
x-y
.

2a
.ty. ^ '

36

Zb
2a

l\\
^ '

a?+y

2a~()6
+

a^-^_ar
a:a+y2

t^

'

2a

-3^
2a

'StT'
2o-66

a^J-^a

79.

Find
Also

the
the

H.C.

F.

of 21a:8

26ar" + 8a? and

ea^a^

ah^

2a2ar.

L.C.M.
the
+

of

x^-x,

aar"+2a4C-3a,

a^-lx^+Qx.

80.

Simplify
(a+6

expression
+

c)(a-6

c)-{(a+c)"-6"-(a2+62+c2)}.
:

81*

Solve

the

equations

(1)

I+"_2^=3y-6, ^+4^
* "
x

18-6*;

" l root 2a; + 3 of

(2)
3ar-2
+

82.

Extract

the

square

+5.

83.

Find

the

value

of

4a+66_^6a-46
0+6
a-b 180

4a"+663
a^-b^

46^-6a" a^
+

206*
a*-b* the

b^ of

84i
silver coins.

bag contains of $144. Each each coins, and

How many

gold
coin coin there

and

silver
a.s

coins many
cents

value
as

gether altoare

gold
silver
are

is worth
as

cents
as

there
are

many of each

there

gold

coins

kind

MISCELLANEOUS

EXAMPLES

V.

185

85.

Solve

the

equations
(1)

5
^

8
_

13
.

(2) 86.
^nd the factors

\/2a;+6-\/a?-l=2.
of

(1) 87.
increased
increased I^ the

20o2+21a"-2762;

(2)
were

ut^-Zx^-^^x^-'n,
diminished and its breadth
were

by
and

length of 12 yards,
its breadth

field
would

it

be

diminished

If its length square. would 12 yards, Its area by

be

15049

square

yards.
the

Find

the

area

of the

field.

88.

Simplify

expression
+

{(o-f 6)(a

ft+ c) +

+ 6)^ ca}{(a

c^}

89.

Find

the

square

root

of

(2a;+ 90.

1 )(2a: + 3)(2a; +

6)(2a:+ 7) + 16.

Simplify
10a" 12

(l+a2)(l-4a2)'"l-2a T+^

91.

Solve

the

equations
x

(1) 4'

y-2

2'

(2) 02.
Resolve

l-2a:-li?^^^=-4a; + 8-9.
*o

into

factors

(1)

6a;2+6x-6.

(2)
tg*-15a:^
+

^7i^-%2a?y^+9^,
28a:
-

12

93
to

Reduce
terms.

its lowest

94.

Simplify
(a

the
+

fraction a+26
+ + a;,
" o
.

6)'
a

{a
.

h)x
a

1
r

(a;-a)(a; +

")

2(a;-a)

jc^+ftar-a^-aft

S'

186

ALGEBRA.

95.
my

five times

person old as What

being asked
as

his but

age

replied,
years

"

Ten hence

age." 96,
Find

my is his

son,

twenty

I was years ago he will be half

age of

the

value

?^
+

+-L"
x)
x-a x

L)x
+

'^
..
x-aA"

\{a-x){a

a)

97,

When

4, 6 =-2,

=-

1, find

the

value

of

a"-6"-(a-6)8-ll(36+2c)(2c"-^V
98.
Find the
square root of

99*

Solve

the

equations

(1)

J^x-\

2^
2a;-l

2;

(2)

3x2+

22a?

493.

100. aw.

Simplify V J

3y)-3(a:

y)
+

2y"
a;)
sum

2(a: + y-l)-(l

101.

What
to 2 ? A

value

of

will

make

the

of

J^~\^
2(a-6)

and

"*" ^^ +

3(a

6)

equal

102.
takes

man

returning by a 7i minutes

place at the rate of 8 miles an hour ; road 3 miles longer at the rate of 9 miles an hour he in going : how than long is each road ? longer
drives
to
a

certain

103,

Find

the

product
+

of

(1)

3a:--4a:y

7y^
+

Zx^ -^ ^xy +

1^

(2) 104.
Extract

X'-1y\
the

a:2-2ary
root

2y2, 7^

2y\

ar"+

2a:y+2y".

square

of

16

MISCELLANEOUS

EXAMPLES

V.

187

105.

Find

the

highest

factor

common

to

a:(6a:"-8ya)-y(3a:"-V)
106.
Tlie
sum

and

2a:y(2y-a;)+4a:"-2y".
is 9, and the is the if five in

of the

digits of
be added

number
to

times the
?

the

digit in the tens' place, the number

place
will

twice

digit
number

units'

be

inverted.

What

107.

If

f
a

y
-

3, prove

that

a" +

i
=

0.

108.

Solve

the

equations

(1)
(2)

(a:+7)(y-3)+2-.(y+3)(a:-l)"5a?-lly+36=:0;

1-7*"^
-

"^~*

6i-at;

3(2;-2)

109.

If

a?

h+e,
"*

y
+

e~a,

z^a-h,
-

find
2a"
+

the

value

of

y* +

z'

2a:y

2y2.

110.

Express

in the

simplest

form
1
+ +

1^-1
2a:"+3x+l ea^"+6a;+l
factors

1.
20""+9a?+l

12a:"+7a:+l

111.

Resolve

into

(1) (2) 112.

4a26a_(aa+62-.c2)2;
ah{m^
the
+

l)+m{a^+b^).
:

Simplify

fractions

x+

1+%"1
113.
Solve the

1-?

equations

75-a:
(n
^ '

80a:+21,

23 g.
*

3(x+l) (2) "/a;+12-

6(3a;+2)"a:+l
V""S'

188

ALGEBRA.

""

114.
train which
is

Ten

minuteg

after

the
on

departure
an

of 20

an

express miles less after

train per

slow

started,
a

travelling
station

average

hour,
arrival

reaches express.

2^0
the rate

miles
at

distant which
each

3}

hours train

the

of

the

Find

travels.

116.

Simplify

116.

Kosolve

into

four

factors

117.
value

When

4,

=-2,

c=?,

-l,

find

the

numerical

V4c2-a(a-26-rf)118.
Fmd
the

V6*c

116"d".

value

of

(1)

a-

L,
;

(2)
2ar-3
+

L-.

6 +
a+

:Ur"

1.

a-6

a;-6

119.

Solve

the

equations

(1) 120.
hour
he walkine arrives

150ar"=299a:+2;

(2)
walk. who
as

aa:+6y
the half end
a

ay-6a:
of

a"+6".

-^ is

liAB

19

miles

to

At walks

quarter
hour
the

of

an

overtaken at the
an same

by

mile

per of

faster

by
he

rate
sooner

B than

for he

the

remainder

journey

naif

hour

expected,

f^d

how

long

the

journey

occupied

each

man.

AMERICAN

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EDITION
This

(408
edition

pages)
same as

$i.io

is tbe

Chapters

L-XXVl.

of

the

COMPLETE

EDITION

(584

pages)

$i.3a

"'

I have and the

always
new

liked edition

Charles contains to book would

me

Smith's
a
an

bra, Algemany

good

improvements,
work. The
use

and of

seems

excellent ing prepar-

the

in
be

schools

for Harvard
our

College

satisfactory to
I have

Mathematical recommended
me."

Department.
it to

already
who
have

privately
consulted

teachers

^Prof.

W.

E. BYERLY,

Harvard

College.

THE
NE'W

MACMILLAN
YORK: OHIOAQOi 66 SOOM FIFTH

COMPANY,
AVENUE.

23, AUDITOfilUlC.

TREATISE
By
CHARLES

ON
SMITH,
$ 1 .90.

ALGEBRA
M.A.

Cloth.

No ased among of

stronger
in
a

commendation if not

of this in the

work

is needed of the

than

the

fact that

it is the the

text

large number,
may be

majority,

leading colleges of
Cornell of

country,

which of

mentioned of

Harvard

University,
of

University, University
Kansas,
of

Ohio,

Pennsylvania,

Michigan,
etc.

Wisconsin,

California, of

Missouri,
"Those

Stanford

University, etc.,
with Mr.

acquainted
will

Smithes
of

text-books this

on

conic
we

sections
not think

and

solid will of may of

"

geometry
be the

form

high

expectation
is and of

work,

and

do

they
of most
we

disappointed.
fundamental
those
as a on

Its

slyle

clear

and

neat, it gives
in

alternative
among the

proofs
which

theorems,
the resolution

abounds

practical hints,
into

notice

expressions
"

ibctors

and

recognition

series

binominal

expansion."

Oxford

Review.

HIGHER
By
H. S.

ALGEBRA
HALL,
B.A.,
Cloth.

FOR
and
S. R.

SCHOOLS.
KNIGHT,
B.A.

$1.90.

"The sixth form Of

'Elementary
edition, is
a

Algebra,'
of such

by

the

same

authors,
merit that

which
those Nor

has

already reached
with
it wiD

work

exceptional sequel
to it
as now

acquainted

high expectations
the authors' assert
*"

of the

issued.
theh: work
*

will

they be disappointed. Algebra,'

with which
we hesitatingly un-

Higher
that it
a

Algebra,'
is

of best

Elementary
of the kind

by

far

the felt

we

are

acquainted.

It supplies

want

much

by teachers."

"

The

Athenasum,

THE
66

MACMILLAN
FIFTH

COMPANY,
NEW YORK.

AVENUE,

ELEMENTARY

TRIGONOMETRY
BY

H.
Authors

S.

HALL,

B.A.,

and

S.

R.

KNIGHT,

B.A. Schools,**etc.

"if ** Algebra

for Beginners"
Cloth.

"Elementary $1.10.

Algebra/or

'*

I consider

the

work

as

of Plane
to

Trigonometry.
its

For
in

grasp

subject matter
is
an

remarkably clean and clear presentation of the principles that will lead him the beginner, it is a book step by step ". Miller, a most satisfactorymanner." UntversUy
"

0/ Kansas.
**

The

book
and but the

excellent

one.

The and

treatment

of
teacher.

the

fundamental
of the It

relations

of
as

angles
cannot

their commend

functions
itself

is clear
to

easy,

the

arrangement

topics such

the

experienced

work
to

on

the

which recall, one subject that I just now The Harvard student." John J. Schobinger,
"

should,

other than is, more anv I think, give pleasure

School.

WORKS

BY

REV.

J.

B.

LOCK.

TRIGONOMETRY
AS
FAR

FOR
SOLUTION

BEGINNERS,
OF TRIANGLES.

AS

THE

1 6mo.

75

cents.

"A

very
not

concise
too

boys;

substitute

for

and complete childishly simple it. The schoolboy

little treatise in is its

on

this somewhat
an

difficult
to

subject for
a are

explanations;

incentive

thinking,not
illustrations the The end

"

clear. Abundant examples book, the general correctness of the work are good, the arrangement Journal of Education,

The insulted. not encouraged, with answers given at every are stage, have of which taken we pains to prove. clear and easy, the

at

of the

definitions

book

itself well

printed-"

ELEMENTARY
6th

TRIGONOMETRY.
the

edition.

(In this edition

chapter
16mo.

on

Logarithms $1.10.

has

been

revised.) carefully

"

The Lock

work
is
to

contains
be

Mr. of

having
his

so produced predecessors, l)ut by the

large collection of good (and not too hard) examples. a very Trigonometries are in the field,on congratulated, when so many himself of the labors for he has not merely availed good a book;
treatment

of

well-

worn

subject

has

invested

the

study of it with

interest."

"

Nature.

THE
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FIFTH

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NEW

AVENUE,

YPRS:.

To

avoid

fine,
before

this the

bo"^

should
last

be

returned below

on

or

date

stamped

lOM

"

""40