THE LOAD CHARACTERISTICS Connected loads : The capacity of all electric devices (lamps, appliances, equipment etc.

) that consumers can connect to their supply system. The ratings of the devices at specified voltage limits are usually contained or the name plate. Lighting loads : Under this category comes incandescent and fluorescent lamps, neon lights and mercury vapor, sodium vapor an metal halide lights. The nominal voltage specified for lighting is 240 volts. Power loads : Included in power loads are motors of all sizes direct current shunt, compound and series types, AC single phase and poly phase, inductor and synchronous types. Heating loads : The heating category may be divided into residential and industrial (large) applications. Under industrial heating the electric furnaces, welding, high frequently heating, induction heating and dielectric heating can be given as examples. Electronic loads : The electronic load category includes radio, television, X-rays, laser equipment, computers, digital time and timing devices, rectifiers, oscillators for high frequency current production and many other electronically operated devices. In general, these employ electron tubes or solid state devices such as transistors, semi conductors etc. practically all of these devices operate at voltages Lowe than the commercial power sources and employ transformers or other devices to obtain their specific voltages of operation. They are all affected by voltage variations. IV-86 Consumer factors : Normally an individual consumer is not apt to be using all of electrical devices that constitute his or her 'connected load', at the same time or to their full capacity. It would evidently be unnecessary to provide facilities to serve such

a total possible load, and much more economical to provide only for a probable load, the load creating the demand on the distribution facilities. Maximum demand : The actual load in use by the consumer creates a demand for electric energy threat varies from hour to hour over a period of time but reaches its greatest value at some point. This may be called the consumer's instantaneous maximum demand. In practice however, the maximum demand is taken as that which is sustained over more definite period of time usually 15,30 or 60 minutes. Demand factor : The ratio of the maximum demand to the total connected load is called the demand factor. It is a convenient form for expressing the relation-ship These values are important between the connected types of loads and by averaging a large number f loads of each type, typical demand factors can be obtained. in determining the size of facilities to be installed for aparticular; they are extremely useful in making estimates in planning new distributor systems or in expanding existing ones. Load factor : The load factor is a characteristic related to the demand factor, expressing the ratio of the average load or demand for a period of time (say a day) to the maximum demand during that period. factor for their kind of load are known. Diversity : Consumer load diversity described the variation in the time of use, or of maximum use, of two or more connected loads. Load diversity is the difference between the sum of the maximum demands of two or more individual consumers loads and the maximum demand of the combined loads. Diversity factor : The diversity factor is the ratio of the sum of maximum demands of each of the component loads to the maximum demand of the load as a whole. This is the most important factor in the economically planning and design of distribution facilities. This provides a means of estimating particular consumers maximum demand if both their consumption and a typical load

Coincidence factor : The coincident factor is the ratio of maximum coincident total demand of a group of consumers to the sum of the maximum demands of each of the consumers. Utilization factor : The ratio of the maximum demand of a system to the rated capacity of the system is known as the utilization factor. Both the maximum demand and The factor indicates the the rated capacity are expressed in the same units.

degree to which a system is being loaded during the load peak with respect to its capacity. The rated capacity of a system is usually determined by its thermal capacity, but may also be determined by voltage drop limitations, the smaller of the two determining the capacity. Power factor : The ratio of power (in watts) to the product of voltage and current (in volt amperes) is called the power factor. It is a measure of the relation between current and voltage out of phase with each other brought about by reactance in the circuit (including the device served). Since facilities must be designed to carry the current and provide for the losses which vary as the square of the current, and for voltage drops which are approximately proportional to the current, it is necessary that current values are known. the power factor enables loads and losses designated in watts to be converted to amperes. safely and economically. Consumer classification : Consumers may be classified into a certain categories such as Residential, Commercial, Industrial and Agricultural. load densities can be expressed in KVA per square As aids in planning, kilometer. Further, Transformer sizes, wire and cable sizes, fuses, switch rating etc., are all based on values on values of current they must carry

classification may be bases on such items as dependence on electric service because of critical nature of the consumer's sensitivity of load small voltage deviations. operations, under either normal or emergency conditions; the resultant cot is critical processes are interrupted; or