Chemistry Revision II Unit I

(01) (a) Complete the electronic configuration of a copper atom and a bromide ion.
(i) Copper atom, Cu 1s22s22p63s23p6 ...........................................................................
(ii) Bromide ion, Br 1s22s22p63s23p6 ...........................................................................
(b) Define the term relative atomic mass.
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(c) The following data were obtained for a mass spectrum of a sample of copper

Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of copper. Give your answer to two
decimal places.

(d) The table shows the melting temperatures of the elements of period 3.

(i) Complete the table to suggest the type of structure shown by the elements.
Choose your answers from the following list:
giant atomic structure: metallic structure: simple molecular.
(ii) Explain why silicon has a very high melting temperature.
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(iii) Explain why aluminium has a higher melting temperature than sodium.
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(02) Hexane is a member of the homologous series of alkanes.

(a) State two characteristics of a homologous series.
Characteristic 1
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Characteristic 2
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(b) (i) Hexane can be converted into 2,2-dichlorohexane.
Draw the displayed formula of 2,2-dichlorohexane and deduce its empirical formula.
Displayed formula

Empirical formula ..........................................................................................................

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(ii) Explain why 2,2-dichloro-3-methylpentane is a structural isomer of
2,2-dichlorohexane.
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(c) A reaction of hexane with chlorine is shown by the equation below.
C6H14 +

2Cl2

C6H12Cl2

2HCl

Calculate the percentage atom economy for the formation of C6H12Cl2 in this
reaction.

(03) Two types of reaction in organic chemistry are electrophilic addition and
nucleophilic substitution.
(a) Define the terms:
(i) Nucleophile:
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(ii) Electrophile:
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(iii) Substitution:
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(iv) Addition.
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(04) (a) Cobalt has only one naturally occurring type of atom, Cobalt-59, but the
isotope Cobalt- 60 can be made artificially.
(i) What is the difference between the atomic structures of Cobalt-59 and Cobalt-60?
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(ii) Why do both isotopes have the same chemical reactions?

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(b) In carbon dioxide the carbon atom is joined to each oxygen atom by a double
covalent bond, O=C=O. Each of the double bonds is made up of one sigma() bond
and one pi() bond.
Explain, either in words or In clear diagrams, what is meant by a
(i) s bond;

(ii) p bond.

(c) (i) Complete the electronic configuration of calcium.

1s2 ...............................................................................................................................
(ii) State the number of electrons in the outer shell of an atom of chlorine.
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(05) (a) (i) Write the equation for the reaction of calcium with chlorine to produce
calcium chloride with state symbol.
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(ii) Name the type of bonding in calcium chloride.
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(iii) Draw a dot and cross diagram for calcium chloride showing all the outer
electrons.

(b) Both magnesium metal and molten magnesium chloride conduct electricity, but
solid magnesium chloride does not.
(i) Describe the structure of magnesium metal and explain why the solid conducts
electricity.
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(ii) Describe, in terms of the position and motion of the particles, what happens when
some solid magnesium chloride, MgCl2, is heated from room temperature to just
above its melting temperature.
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(c) Explain why magnesium chloride can conduct electricity when molten, but not

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(d) Ammonia forms a dative covalent bond with H+ ions to form the ammonium ion,
NH4+.
(i) Explain what is meant by the term dative covalent bond.
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(ii) What part of the ammonia molecule enables it to form such a bond?
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(iii) State and explain the shape of the ammonium ion, NH4+
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(06) Use the enthalpies of combustion given below to find the enthalpy change for
the reaction:

(a) With reference to ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, what is the enthalpy change
obtained in called?
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(b) Draw an enthalpy level diagram to represent the enthalpy change for the
combustion of graphite. Show both the enthalpy levels of the reactants and products
and an energy profile which represents the activation energy for the reaction.

(c) Explain why the lattice enthalpy of magnesium fluoride, MgF2, is more exothermic
than that of calcium chloride.
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(d) The theoretical and actual values of the lattice enthalpy of magnesium fluoride
are very similar because magnesium fluoride is almost completely ionic. Explain why
magnesium fluoride is almost completely ionic.
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(07) (a) The isotopic composition of a sample of sulphur is found using a mass
spectrometer.
(i) Explain how atoms of the sample of sulphur are ionised.
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(ii) State the type of charge on the sulphur ions formed in the mass spectrometer.
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(iii) State how the resulting sulphur ions are then accelerated.
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(b) The graph below shows the melting temperatures of the elements of Period 3 of
the periodic Table, sodium to argon, plotted against atomic number.

(i) Identify one of the elements above that is composed of simple molecules at room
temperature.
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(ii) Silicon has a giant atomic structure. Explain how this structure results in the high
melting temperature shown on the graph.
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(iii) Explain why the melting temperature of magnesium is higher than that of
sodium.
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(08) (a) (i) If 0.025 gram of Pb(NO3)2 is dissolved in 100 grams of H2O, what is the
concentration of the resulting solution, in parts per million?

(ii) What is the total mass of solute in 1000 grams of a solution having a
concentration of 5 parts per million?

(b) Give the mechanism for the reaction between propene and hydrogen bromide to
form 2- bromopropane as the major product. Explain why 2- bromopropane is the
major product?