Common MistakesMade by ESL LearnersUsing Arabic AsRe

Common MistakesMade by ESL Learners Using Arabic as Language Dr. M. Solaiman Ali, and Dr.
Bibi Bakarally Engineering King Abdulaziz University (KAU) Jeddah, Saudi Arabia AuthorHouse 1663 Liberty Drive Bloomington, IN 47403www.authorhouse.com P h o n e : 1 800-839-8640 may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means without t he Published by AuthorHouse 01/26/2013ISBN: 978-1-4817-0461-8 (sc)ISBN: 978-1-4817-0460-1 (hc)ISBN: 978-1-4817-0459-5 (e) 2013900236 Any people depicted in stock imagery provided by Tinkstock are models,and such images printed on acid or links contained inthis book may have changed since publication and may no longer be valid. Te views the v T able of C o n T e n T s Acknowledgements ..........................................................................viiIntroduction .....................................................................................ix ...........................................................1Chapter 2: Verbs..............................................................................11Chapter 3: Nouns ............................................................................28Chapter 4: Spelling ..........................................................................40Chapter 5: Adjectives & Adverbs cult Clauses ............................................................55Chapter 8: Word Order Problems ....................................................61Chapter 9: Pronunciation ................................................................78Chapter 10: Stress / Accent, Intonation, Pauses, etc. 12: Abbreviations .............................................................107 vi Chapter 13: Redundancies & Wrong Word Choice .......................115Chapter 14: Punctuation & Awkward Phraseology: Capitalization .............................................................125Chapter 16: Organizational Aspects ...148Chapter 18: Conclusion .................................................................150Notes .....................................................................................152Recommended Reading ................................................................153 .......................................................155 ...........................................................292 Appendix 3: Sample Lesson ...........................................................303 About the Authors .........................................................................313 vii a C k n o w l e d g e m e n T s Te authors are grateful for the inspiration and contributions received from recognized: Ms. Heidi Aboutaj, ELI, Womens Campus, KAU.Dr. Abdullah Alger, English Language Institute, KAU Mr. Wayne Oliver, English Language Institute, KAU ix I n T r o d u C T I o n
in tactics. Tis is the case in both he indispensability than two thousand years ago, Siquid tamen olim scripseris, in Maeci descendat iudicis auris et patris et nostras, nonumque primaturin annum.
1 ) to write
characterized by a certain err (or L1) has a large recurring instances which are variously indica (related) language groups share x longDutch, Flemish, or German as L1, can (linguistically and culturally) saves Swedish. Not quite as close are the Romance languages, including Catalan, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, such as Bulgarian, Czech, Hungarian, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovakian, or Slovenian, have a relative advantage. On the opposite Arabic, Basque, Bengali, Cantonese, Farsi, Hebrew, Hindi/Urdu, Japanese, Korean, Mandarin, Mayan, Navajo, Quechua, Setswana, Sotho, Swahili, Tai,
Arabic,
teenage years. Comparing learners using Arabic as L1 to their European peers, Bernard Smith (2001)
and they should not be expected to acquire English atanything like the same pace as European learners. (2) comparable to the common problems learning English in the United States. Tis text constitutes an attempt to illustrate various instructive xi by learners using Arabic as L1. Most examples were taken directly especially in the USA orCanada. Analyzing these examples should make the lear which there is no equivalent in Arabic). Te examples also show how
resulting reorientation is likely Writing, and contribute to the where success appears to increasingly depend on the researchers ability to publish material (in English) in reputable international journals or only chapter in this text that goes beyond language or linguistics,but rather deals with organizational and structural considerations is Chapter 16 understand in order toavoid redundancy by misplacing or repeating data unnecessarily. include a chapter on Arabic speakers. A special case in point is the p sound, mistakenly rendered as b, principally because there is no actual p sound in the Arabic alphabet. good example is the word job where a long, drawn-out vowel utterance [jopp] becomes almost unintelligible. Another example isthe word sheep, which is rendered as ship. expressions have been included, where the original French pronunciation has been retained.Tis material may be used by students as a study guide but could beeven more productively employed as a supplementary text, especially in xii published (a) You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 14 to 67 are not shown in this preview. Buy the Full Version 55 C h 7: and sounds that are typically mispronounced by
ones. A
7.1 Adjectival Clauses : Incorrect:
EditedVersion 7.2 Noun clauses that begin with an interrogative : Mixed pickles :
Incorrect is new and, whereI can Edited version can I Second edited version: I could :Pleaseobservethatinsentencesliketheoneaboveunlesstheverbtobeisused not precedeit! 56 7.3 Diference between clauses A adjectival clausesupplies essential -
Examples : Te blood sample that was collected proved to be Te people ( that) we just saw :A nonadjectival clause provides the reader with additional, not Examples : Alexander Fleming, who discovered penicillin , revolutionized medicine.Many people experience culture-shock, which can result in inner . 7.4 Clauses and Sentence Fragments: All sentences must have a main clause whenever subordinate clauses are used. Tey are
Subordinate (i.e. dependent) clauses cannot stand on their own becausethey depend syntactically on the main clause. It is important to know that there is a hierarchy in complex sentences and the main clause is the Example : Although Common Mistakes Made by ESL Language 57 it in this sentence). 7.5 Conditional Clauses :Tere are three basic conditional clauses which need to be memorizedas patterns. Tey involve the
. Te conditionalclause is a dependent clause in a sentence, which may have two or moreclauses. Te main clause may be in the subjunctive mood.
since Arabic pattern: Examples:Incorrect: learned French. Correct Correct e to France, he would have learned French. 7 5 . . 1 Simple conditional clauses Examples : 58 7 . 5 . 2 Conditional Clause : In thiscase, the issue is still open. Examples : cartonight. 7 . 5 . 3
shall we.
could take the
Conditional Clause : options, the issue is closed. Examples : summer, we would have gone as could have taken the children to New Orleans. been here.[No comma]
[No comma] with the main clause. A
59 7.6 Relative clauses which, who, and that . Since Arabic does not make a distinction between human and nonwho or which : Examples:Incorrect : Tis is the man which came yesterday. Correct : Tis is the man who came yesterday. Incorrect : Here is the piece who isnew. Correct : Here is the piece which (that) is new. Another problem is that in Arabic it isnecessary to Examples:Incorrect : Tis is the book which I bought it yesterday. Correct: Tis is the book which I bought yesterday. Incorrect : Te place, which I stayed in it
last time, was very good. Correct: Te place where I stayed last time was very good. 7.7 Purpose clauses : Arabic has a conjunction that may be loosely subjunctive tense. materializes: 60 Examples:Incorrect: He went to the store buy a jacket. Correct: He went to the store to buy a jacket. Incorrect : I went to the shop buy milk. Correct : I went to the shop to buy milk. Incorrect : Tey went to beach play volleyball. Correct : Tey went to the beach to play volleyball. 61 Ch 8: Word Order Problems Word order problems are basically caused by native language interference. In a 2001 study entitled Learner English: A teachers Guide to Interference and Other Problems , Bernard Smith highlights the most common basic word order proble speakers. Parts of his elaboration are summarized and explained below: 8.1TheVerb Since the Arabic sentence places the verb first, a grammatical effect is created that reminds one begin with a verb. Examples:Incorrect : Decided The president y esterday to visit the new stadium. Correct :Tepresidentdecidedyesterdaytovisitthenewstadium. Incorrect :
Went he to his father and complained. Correct: He went to his father and complained. Arabic syntax regarding the position of the verb also poses difficulty in 62 Examples:Incorrect : How things are going? Correct: How are things going? Incorrect : He asked how were things going. Correct : He asked how things were going. 8.2 Te Auxiliary Verb Questions: As there is no auxiliary verb such as do in Arabic, sentences that are intended to be questions are phrased like statements. Examples:Incorrect : When you went to London? Correct : When did you go to London? Incorrect Correct:
: Sentences are usually intelligible but Examples:Incorrect : He not play volleyball. Correct: He doesnt play volleyball. Incorrect Common Mistakes Made by ESL Learners Using Arabic 63 Correct Incorrect : He not liked the party. Correct : He didnt like the party. 8.2.2
Examples:Incorrect : He driver. Correct : He is a driver. Incorrect : Te boy tall. Correct : Te boy is tall. Incorrect : Tey going to shops. Correct: Tey are going to the shops. 8.3 Pronouns Examples:Incorrect : Jack he works here. Correct : Jack works here. Incorrect : It is something he not like it . 64 Correct : It is something he doesnt like. -time constructions : : As there is no distinction in Arabic between the simple past and the present written in past tense. Examples:Incorrect : I lost my keys. Did you see them? Correct : Ive lost me keys. Have you seen them? Incorrect : I not eat all day. You ate? Correct : I havent eaten all day. Have you? 8.4.2 Past-time constructions:
the word order problem in English. Example:Incorrect: He was ate his lunch when we arrived.
Correct : He was eating [had eaten] lunch when we arrived. 8.4.3 Past-time constructions: Past progressive vs. past simple : Hence the word order problem. Common 65 Examples:Incorrect : He was eat his lunch when we arrived. Correct : He was eating lunch when we arrived. Incorrect : He was take shower when phone rang. Correct : He was taking a shower when the phone rang. 8.4.4 Past-time constructions: Reported speech vs. direct speech Examples:Incorrect : He said he going to Paris. Correct : He said he was going to Paris. Incorrect : He told us I am going to Paris. Correct : He told us he was going to Paris. Incorrect : He said us he will meet us tonight. Correct : He said [told us] he would meet us tonight. 8.5 Present 8.5.1 Present-time constructions: Simple present vs. present progressive English where the above tensesare mixed up: 66
Examples:Incorrect : He (is) come with me now. Correct : He is coming with me now. Incorrect : He going with me now. Correct : He is going with me now. Incorrect : He going with me every day. Correct : He goes with me every day. Incorrect: He go with me every day. Correct : He goes with me every day.
correct : What you do? Correct

In
: What do you do? Incorrect : What you do?
Correct : What are you doing? Incorrect
: When you come back? Correct : When do you come back?
Incorrect
: When you coming back? Correct
: When are you coming back? 8.5.2 Present
: Te lack distinction between present
and simple present leads to
Common Mistakes Made by ESL Learners Using Arabic as
Language
67
Example s:Incorre ct
: I learn (learning) English two years now. Correct
: I have been learning English years.
Incorrect
: I am in Cairo many times. Correct
: I have been to Cairo many times. 8.5.3 Present
tense: Use subjunctive
:
Te grammatica
l pattern subjuncti ve use in Arabic causes
on in English: Example s:Incorre ct
: He wants that he go with me. Correct
: He wants to go with me. Incorrect
: It was necessary that he goes to the

Correct:
It was necessary go to the
Incorrect
: It is impossible that he stay here.
Correct : It is impossible
stay here.
8.5.4 Present participle constructio ns with
movement:
Here
the Arabic speaker tends to
omit the conjugated the auxiliary
verb to be :Exampl es :
Incorrect
: Where you going tonight?

You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 81 to 101 are not shown in this preview. Buy the Full Version
Language
89
Example s
:Te Green Card in the U.S. as a resident
permit (n).Ellen did not permit (v) her daughter to
attend the show. 10.1.11 rebel ( v)
vs. rebel ( n ) :Te verb rebel
has the stress on the second syllable ;
whereas thenoun rebel has the stress on
syllable. Te verb expressesth e action (active opposition);
the noun the person. Example s: A
guerrilla generally considered a
rbel (n).Poor conditions in Europe would cause
many peasants to rebl (v). 10.1.12
v) vs.
( n )
:Te verb
has the stress on
the second syllable ; whereasthe noun
has it on
syllable. Te verb
expressesth e action (mismatch, oppose); the noun
the process, orsituation. Example s :Te Viet Nam
(n) lasted about 10 years.Illega l actions
(v) with the law! 10.1.13 exploit ( v)
vs. exploit ( n ) :Te verb exploit
has the stress on the second syllable ; whereas
90
Aburizaiza, Ali & Bakarally
the noun exploit
has the stress on syllable. Te verb
expresses the action (to take advantag
the noun notable

achievemen t. It is not
related to the noun exploitat ion (whichgoes
with the verb exploit ). Example s:
Many money lenders explit (v) the weak
position clients. Te employmen illegal labor
exploitt ion . Olympic
gold medal is a great xploit (n). 10.1.14 consort (
v) vs. consort ( n ) :Te verb
consort has the stress on the second syllable
; whereasthe noun consort
has the stress on
consortmea ns to
associate or be with. Te noun
theperson. For example, Prince Philipp, the
Edinburgh andhusband Elizabeth II
England, is her consort. 10.1.15 implant ( v)
vs. implant ( n ) :Te verb
implant has the stress on the second syllable
; whereasthe noun implant
has the stress on syllable. Te verbexpress es the
action (insert, embed); the noun the
product,i.e. the implant Te noun
implanta tion
theprocess. Example s
:It can be
implnt (v) a chip under the
animal.Tis chip can also be as an mplant
(n).
Common Mistakes Made by ESL Learners Using Arabic
as Language
91
Te requisite operation is
as implant tion (n).
10.2 Words irregular pronunci ation:
A number words are pronounce because
they are outside the general pattern.
10.2.1 paradig m (n); sign
(n)Te second syllable in the noun paradig m
is pronounced likedime. Te stress is syllable. Te
word is derived Greek term
paradigma
, meaning example. Te noun sign
is pronounced like sine (the opposite
cosinein geometry). Example s :In many corporate
cultures there is talk

paradig ms
.Te sign on the lawn said: Keep out!
10.2.2 siege (n); c olone l (n) three letters
initial s) in the noun s ieg
e arepronoun ced as in l eg ion. Te
e is silent. Siege a blockade that isolates
a city or
supplies inorder to
surrender.
Te noun
colonel
is pronounc ed like the word k
rnel. Te stress
is on the syllable. A
colonel ranks above a lieutenant coloneland below a brigadier,
e.g. in the US Marine Corps, US Army, andUS Air Force.
92
10.2.3 Sean
(n) nameTe name Sean (pronounce
d shawn) men. It is Scottish origin. Example
:Sean Connery, born in Scotland, used to be a
movie actor. 10.2.4 boatswai n (n)
coxswain (n) le (n) A
boatswain (pronounce d b o zn) is either a
naval warrant or a
hull maintenanc e. Testress is on the
syllable. A coxswain (pronounce d c
o xn) is a sailor in
boat.Te stress is on
syllable.Te term
le
(pronounce
o xl)
part ships superstructu re. Te stress is on the
syllable. 10.2.5 biscuit (n) circuit
(n) A biscuit (pronounce d b i
skit) is a pastry, comparablet o a cookie. In
American English, biscuit and cookie may be usedinterch
angeably. In British English, a biscuit is less substantial
(inmass and/or weight) than a cookie. Te stress is on
syllable. Circuit
(pronounce d c i rkit)
loop or connection, especially electrical
wiring or engineering .Te stress is syllable.
Language
93
10.2.6 sow (v)
sew (v)Te verb sow
(with a vowel sound as in snow ) means to put
seedsinto the ground, as a does. Example
: Without sowing there is no reaping
harvest.Te verb sew (also with a vowel
sound as in snow ) means to work either with
a needle or a sewing machine, as a seamstress
(ora tailor) does. Example : Te tailor sewed
new buttons on the jacket. 10.2.7 sow (n)Te noun
sow ( with a vowel sound as in plow)
anadult swine, or bear. Example
: Te sow and eight piglets ran across the
10.2.8 suit (n) & suite (n)Te noun suit (
with a vowel sound as in boot) what
al people (especially lawyers and
bankers) wear at the
a matching jacket and
trousers. Sometimes a vest is included.Te noun suite
(pronounce d as the adjective sweet, with the
being silent) either residential
or al premises (generally used by
lawyers, medical doctors, or certainagen cies). Large hotels also
connected rooms, e.g.VIP suites.
94
Example s
: Jeremy, a corporate lawyer, wears a pin-striped suit
in the Te Jones occupying a -room
suite at the Ranchero Inn. 10.3 Pauses,
change etc.10.3.1
person is
pronounced in direct conversatio n, a pause is used directly
the name. Example s:Mr.
Miller, [------] sorry to trouble you with a request, said the visitor
. We have a
you
, [-------] Ms. Jones, said the manager. 10.3.2
sentence ends in a question, the speaker raises the
pitch voice .Exampl es:Do we still have to
go to the superma rket tonight? [extent highe
r pitch]Ar e these the same [extent
higher pitch].10 .3.3 Upon
sentence, the speaker lowers the his(her) voice just
Common Mistakes Made by ESL Learners
Using Arabic as Language

95
Example s:
Battling to survive two years , several large
America nbanks went into receivers hip in
2008. lower pitch]
oxygen is
cooled to a temperatu 186
C
, it turns into liquid. lower
pitch]10. 4 French words A number
words that
were taken into English have retained their
original pronunciati on. 10.4.1
protg (n) (masculi ne) and
protge (n) ne)
A
protg
/
protge
is someone under the
protection
person, who generally as a promoter or
. Both words are pronounced exactly the same,
irrespective spelling.Te stress is on syllable.
Example s :Ms. Jones is the protge
Miller, the Executive Jac k is the
protg
uncle, a multimillionaire
in the oil business. 10.4.2

(n)
(masculi ne) and (n)
ne) A
is someone engaged (or betrothed) to be married(soo n). In many
countries this status is acquired some
ceremony. Both words are pronounced the same. Te stressis
either on the second or on the third syllable.

96
Example s
: Jack is Ellens .Ellen is Jacks
. Tey are getting married in May. 10.4.3
Valery (n) (masculi ne) and
Valerie (n) ne) Te name Valery
men. Valerie is used women.
Bothare pronounced the same. Te stress is syllable.
Example s : Valery Giscard dEstaing
used to be a French president. Valerie Voss works as a
weather reporter
10.4.4
Michel (n) (masculi ne) and
Michelle (n) ne)
Te name
Michel
men.
Michelle
is used women. Both
are pronounced the same. Te stress is on the second
syllable. Te e in Michelle is silent.
Example s : Michel de Montaigne
was an French essayist. Michelle
Obama lives at 1600 Pennsylv ania
Avenue in Washingt on,

D.C.
10.4.5 dessert (n)
and
desert (n)Te noun dessert means sweets,
i.e. what one lunch
or dinner. It is a French word but the pronunciati on has been
Language
97
adapted to the English phonetic
system, which means that the

t
is pronounced , while (as in the French
original) the stressremai ns on the second
syllable.Te noun desert a region that is arid,
sandy, and barren.Te stress is on syllable. Te word is
derived Latinnoun / adjective desertus
(meaning deserted) . Example s
:Linda had chocolate cream pie

dessert .
Countries like Algeria, Libya, and Namibia
consist
desert . 10.4.6
Des Moines (n) Baton Rouge (n)

te (n)
Pierre (n) Arkansa s (n)
De Moines (meaning
monks) is the name
inIowa. Its pronunciati the French
original, i.e. one says De Moin . Baton Rouge
(meaning red stick) is the name capital the US state
Louisiana. It is pronounced Batoh Roo
(orRoosh ).
te (associated
with the an American patriot) isthe name
US cities in states such as Indiana,and
Louisiana. Te stress is on the third syllable and the
e is silent. Pierre is the French
Peter. It also is the city in the USA; namely, the
South Dakota. Te
e issilent.
98
Arkansa s is the name
state, located
Louisiana a Oklahoma. Te stress is
syllable and the s is silent. Phoneticall
y, it is unrelated to Kansas , anotherUS state, north
Oklahoma. Example s :
Baton Rouge is the
Louisiana. Pierre
is the South Dakota.For t Smith and Little Rock
are located in Arkansa s.10.4.7
Esprit de corpsEs prit de corps means team
spirit and is used extensively inthe military. In the word
esprit the stress is on the second syllableand
t is silent. In the word corps the letters
ps aresilent, i.e. one says cor. 10.4.8
Charlem agne (n)
and
Mardi Gras (n) Charlem agne
is a name to a Frankish king (768814) who
became emperor in 800. Te pronunciati on is charlemai
nand the stress is on syllable. Mardi Gras
Shrove i.e. the day
Wednesda y, at the Carnival celebration
s, marked by parades and especially in New
Orleans and other cities(in Louisiana). Te stress is
on the word Gras and the

s
is silent.
Common Mistakes Made by ESL Learners Using Arabic
as Language
99
Example s
: A unit without esprit de corps
loses in combat. Charlem agne
had 4,000 Saxons executed
becomeChr istians.Te MardiGras parade attracts
many spectators in New Orleans.
10.4.9 hors doeuvre (n) and camemb ert
(n) Hors doeuvre (also known as
appetizer
meal. It is
pronounced or doevre . Te h
and the s are silent. Te stress is
the second word. Camemb ert
cheese, usually packed in or oval
cartons. Te stress is on syllable and the
t is silent. Example s :Ms. Anderson
did not order any hors doeuvre .
Camemb ert is available in most European
supermarke ts. 10.4.10

champag ne
(n), campaig n (n), and champig non
(n) Champa gne a sparkling alcoholic
beverage produced rom wine. Te vowels are pronounced
as in campaign . Te stressis on the second syllable.

Campaign
(pronoun ced
campain to a military operation
or political election drive. Te stress is on the second syllable.
100
Champigno n (pronounce d ch a
mpinio)
mushroo m (i.e.
edible fungus
), which is either whitish or
brownish in
color. Te stress is on syllable
and the
n is silent. Example s
: Ms. Jacksons 21
st
birthday was celebrated with a champagne
Te candidate spent many long days on the
campaig n trail. Champig nons
are very popular in France and Switzerland . 10.4.11
cordon sanitaire (n) and cordon bleu
(n) Cordon sanitaire (a political science
term)
zone(or state)
between potentially hostile countries or nations. In cordon
n and in sanitaire
e are silent.
Cordon bleu
a sky blue ribbon
worn as a distinction. It is more widely known as
an expression gourmetcoo kery. Te diphthong
in bleu is pronounced as oey .
Example s :Poland became
cordon sanitaire at the end

World War
I.Mr. Jones ordered a cordon blue roast dinner at
the RancheroIn n. 10.4.12
Renaissa nce (n)Te term Renaissa nce
(meaning rebirth) historic
European movemen
t (ca. 1300 1600) in literature, art,
architectu re,
Common Mistakes Made by ESL
Learners Using Arabic as Language

101
and popular culture. It may be seen as the opposite
medievalsc holasticism. In the word Rnaissa nce
the stress is on the syllabl e. Te second n
is silent. An approximati on is r neyssahs.
Te word is
capitalized
. Te
Renaissanc e
began in Italy
ed
by Giotto di Bondone, Dante de
Alighieri, Francis Petrarch,Gi ovanni Boccaccio, Alessandro
Botticelli, Donato Donatello,S anzio Raphael, Leonardo
da Vinci, Michelange lo Buonarotti, Vecellio
spread to the Netherlands (Rembrandt van
Rijn, Jan Vermeer) and to Germany (Albrecht
Drer;
Riemensc hneider). Te
protagoni movemen t were inspired
by certain the classical GrecoRoman era.
Teir activitiesso metimes produced with the
Roman Catholic Church,part ly by the
Protestant
16
th
century.
By popularizin g innovative perspective s and by
spurring the the Protestant
on, the Renaissa nce he
widening intellectual horizons in several
Europe,esp ecially in academia. Example s
:Rembrandt van Rijn was a great Renaissa nce painter.Te
Renaissa nce had a
impact on cultural
trends in Europe. 10.4.13

marquee (n) and
marquis (n) marquee s (n) Marquee
(pronounce d mark e to a large
tent set outdoor activity. It can also
permanent canopy (orawning) and glass projecting
over an entrance hotelor movie theater). Te
stress is on the second syllable. Marquis
(also pronounced mark ee
nobility,ran king below the duke and above the earl. Te noun
marquee s is pronounced markw
e s. In both words, the stress is onthe
second syllable.
Common Mistakes Made by ESL
Learners Using Arabic as Language

121
13.9 Problem s with Word Choice:1 3.9.1
Incorrect efect instead
afect:I ncorrect : Tis includes
the diseases that have efected our society. Correct
: Tis includes the diseases that have
oursociety. 13.9.2 Incorrect

it
instead there:I ncorrect : It
is no doubt that stress may lead to diseases. Correct :
Tere is no doubt that stress may lead to diseases.
13.9.3 Incorrect purpose instead
order:I ncorrect : In purpose to develop my
understandi English Correct: In order to develop my
understandi English
122
C
h a p T e r
14:
Pun ctua
tion & Awk
war dPh rase
olog y:Co urte
sy Clau ses,
mso
eren
ce etc.
14.1
Problems with punctuation in
Sincerel y yours, vs. Sincerel y yours :14.1.1
Formal Letters: Te courtesy clause, Sincerely yours is
usually by a comma. It may be without
punctuation , but it is never y an apostrophe.
Example :Sincerely yours, Jody Miller
Language
123
Other Example s:
Yours truly,Yours sincerely,Ve ry truly yours,Yours ,
yours,Your s y,Yours very truly,Since rely,
14.1.2 al Letters:
In personal
or (as opposed to
letters other courtesy
clauses may be used. Example s:
Cordially, Cordially yours,You rs cordially, Cordial greetings,
Best regards, Kind regards, Regards, Yours,
14.1.3 Punctuat ion used in the courtesy line:
In the United States and Canada, a colon is
the name: Example s: Dear Dr. Jameson:D
ear Mrs. Calhoun:In the UK and Ireland, a comma is
the name: Example s: Dear Dr. Jameson,De
ar Mrs. Calhoun,
124
14.2
ce:
In business correspon dence and in letters
academic nature, the
are underlined and written as
R e: Westinghou se Contract
Conversatio January 2.R e: Your Dec 30:
Advertisem ent in the In academic letters,
especially recommend ation, the
Re: In recommend Ms. Linda
Mason, Lecturer recipient letter is
unknown, the phrase [usually preceding
the terms
is used, MAY
CONCERN :Re: In recommend Dr. Betty Lou
Barnes, Biologist 14.3 Awkwar d phraseol
ogy, punctuat ion: A typical run-on sentence
: I am Sarah I participat ed in the program
scored 70 in the Placement
Edited version : My name is Sarah. I entered the program
scorin g 70 in the Placement

Another example
: Several years ago. When I obtained a Bachelors
degree at King Abdulaziz University, I decided to
continue my education. Edited version
: Upon obtaining a Bachelors degree at King
Abdulaziz University several years ago, I decided to continue
my educati on.
125
C
h a p T e r
15:
Capi taliz
atio n
Capitalizati on rules
need to be memorized by Arabic speakers becausether e is
no compara ble system in the Arabic
language: Tere are nocapital letters in Arabic. As a
consequenc e, capital letters are
omitted by learners whose command
is relatively solid
otherwise . One needs to
distinguis example, between capital
and lowercase
c
or
c
letters. A clear distinctio n must be made
between thesetwo. Capital letters are taller in
height (than their lowercase
equivalen t)and quite conspicu ous by
their bigger size. Teir shape is
small counterpart . It is
imperative that these two the English alphabet be
recognized and written properly in order to
adhere to
onal standards !
In particular,
the personal pronoun I is always capitaliz
ed! Tere are no exceptio ns! It is the only
personal pronoun that is capitalized. Other European
languages do not have this rule. However , as in all
Europea n language s, the wo rd in a
sentence must be capitaliz ed. Tis is tly
omittedb y learners. Many poorly written
sentence s look like this one:Exa mple :
people who drive expensive cars are not staring. Correct
: People who drive expensive cars are not starving.
15.1 Capitaliz certain nouns proper /
proper nouns: What needs to be remembere d is that all
nouns which are linked to
names or have
special designati civic, political,
geographi cal,
126
Aburizaiza,
Ali & Bakarally
tribal, cultural, or religious (or
historical) under proper
nouns and must
be capitalize d. Te same
dignitarie s
when used with a name. Example s :
15.1.1 Places and Landmarks (1)
: Te article is used with the Te Acropolis;
the Alamo; the Alcatraz; the Arc de the
Constantine ; the Arch
Biscay; the
Naples; the Bay
the Berlin Wall; the Black
Calcutta; the
Brandenbur g Gate; the Paix; the
Good Hope; theChamps Elysees; the Chula
Vista Manhattan Bar; the Coliseum; theColossu
Rhodes; the Cyprus; the Doge Palace; the Eagles
Nest; the
the Empire
State Building; the English Channel;
the European Central Bank; the EU Parliament;
the Federal Reserve
Bank; the Grand Canyon;
the Grand Mosques; the Great Pyramids ; the
Great Wall the Holy Mosque(s); the Holy Places; the
Haram Althe Himalayas; the Holocaust
Memorial; the Internation alMonetary Fund (IMF); the
Capri; the Memorial; theLeaning
Pisa; the Lincoln Memorial; the Maginot Line; theMermai
Copenhage n; the Niagara Falls; the Nile Delta;
the OldIrish Pub; the Delphi; the Panama
Canal; the Pentagon; the
RhineDanube
Wall; the Rio Grande; the Rock
Gibraltar; the Roman

Forum; the San
Andreas Fault; the Line; the Smithsonia nInstitute;
the Sorbonne; the Sphinx; the Statue
Freedom; the Statue the Strait Gibraltar;
the Supreme Court; the TreeHorseshoe Inn; the
Spanish Steps; the
Basin; the
Suez Canal; the Seven Rome;
the Seven Wonders Ancient
World; the University Arizona; the University
Maryland; the Vatican Museum; the Via
Sacra; the Victoria Falls; the Warsaw Ghetto;the Washington
Monument; the White House; the World Bank;Use
article is generally but optional with names
hotels, restaurants, and certain other public places, e.g.
the Pretoria

127
Union Hotel; the New York Hilton
Hotel; the Hyatt Regency Hotel; the
Hotel ia; the Marriott Hotel; the
Holiday Inn; the Washingt on
Sheraton Hotel; the Heartbreak Hotel; the Acropolis Club; the
RafesClub; the Sullivan Barracks Club.
15.1.2 Places and Landmar ks (2)
: In the main, no article is used with the proper nouns
listed below. Its use is optional, however, whena
particular place is to. Tis applies,
example, to the names sites (e.g. monuments ): Te
tourists visited (the) Custer
National Monume nt. It is interestin g to look
at (the) Brooklyn
Bridge, or (the) Golden Gate
Bridge, etc. Some European landmarksi nclude: (the)
Auschwitz Memorial; (the) Milan Cathedral.
Te
g items do not take an article: Arlington
National Cemetery ;
Big Ben; Buckingha
m Palace; Caesars Restaurant; Capitol Hill;
Cleopatras Place; Coney Island; Campbell Barracks;
Camp Pendleton; Central Park; Chinatown; Coleman
Barracks; Columbia University;
Cooke Barracks;
Daley Barracks; Disneyla nd; Downs
Barracks; Eastern
Market Station; El Marine Air
Station; Fisherman Fort Hood; Fort Gordon;
Fort Huachuca; Fort Bragg; Fort Dix; Fort
Jackson; Fort Rucker; Ghirardel li Square;
Greenwic h Village; Hadrians

Column; Hadrians
Hadrians Wall; Harvard University; Heathrow
Airport; Heidelberg Castle; Hyde Park; Jack-in-the Box;
Jekyll Island; JFK Airport; K2; Kelly Barracks; Klamath
Falls; MacQuire Air Force Base; Madison Square
Gardens; Marthas Vineyard; Marine Barracks San Diego;
MCRD San Diego; Meteor Crater;Mira mar Naval Air Station;
Monte Casino; Mt. Ararat; Mt. Baker; Mt. Blanc; Mt.
Everest; Mt. Fuji; Mt. Hood; Mt. Langley; Mt.McKinl
ey; Mt. Rushmore; Mt. Whitney; Mt. Vesuvius;
Muir Woods;
North Island Naval Air
Station; Notre Dame;
Universit
Palisades; Palatine Hill; Patrick
Henry Village; Pennsylvan ia Station;Petr
Forest; Pizza Hut; Place de la Concord; Purdue University;
Quirinal Hill; Rhine Main Air Force Base; Rice
University; Rose Bowl
Stadium; San Diego
State Universit y; San Francisco Bay;
Sasebo Supply
Depot; Singapore Rafes (Club);
Sistine Chapel; University; Stonehenge ; Sullivan
Barracks; UC Davis; UCLA; UC Irvine; UCSD;

128
Bridge; Union Station; Versailles; Victoria Station; We
stminster Abbey; Yosemite Park.
15.1.3 (1): Te Archbishop
Canterbury; the Chairman Joint
Staf; the Chancellor Exchequer;
the Cid; the Commanda Marine Corps; the Crown
Norway; the Count Liechtenstei n; (the)
Custodian
Mosques; the DalaiLama;
Te Duce; the Duchess the Duke
Edinburgh; theDuke Hamilton; the Emir
the Emperor theFuehrer; the Honorable
Mr. Richard Nixon; the Spain; theMinister
Finance; the Papal Nuncio; the President the UnitedState
s; the Prime Minister the Secretary
theSultan the Sultan the
Secretary
theQueen England;
the Secretary
the Speaker
theHouse;
15.1.4 Names with
(1): Admiral Chester Nimitz; Admiral
John Halsey; Captain John Hobart;
Cardinal Peter Lehman; Chancellor Angela Merkel;
(Emperor) Charlemag ne; Charles Martell; Crazy
the Sioux); Congressm an Bill Miller; Count
Dracula; Emperor Marcus Aurelius;Fi eld Marshal Bernard
Montgomer y; General Curtis Le May; General
Douglas Mac Arthur; General John
Pershing; Genghis Khan; Governor
Arnold Schwarzen egger; Ivan the King
Abdullah; King Attila
Huns; Emperor
Montezu ma; Pope Benedict XVI;
Pope John Paul

II; President Barack Obama;
Prime Minister Gordon Brown; PrincessCar
Monaco; Secretary Hillary Clinton; Senator
JohnMcCai n; Queen Elizabeth.

Common Mistakes Made by
ESL Learners Using Arabic as Language

129
15.1.5 Famous Docume nts, nces,
Historica l Periods andConc epts: Te Book
Apocalypse (A.D. 98); the Edict (317);
the Magna Charta (1215); the Supremacy Act (1534); the
Council (15451564); the Augsburg Peace
(1555); the Tirty Years War (1618-48); the Peace
Westphalia (1648); the Declaration Independen ce (1776);
the US Constitution (1793); the
1-1794); the
Louisiana Purchase (1803); the Congress Vienna (181
4-15); the Verona (1822); the Monroe Doctrine
(1825);the Communist (1848); the Gadsden Purchase
(1853); theEmancip ation Proclamatio n (1863); the Geneva
Convention s (18631951); the Alaska Purchase (1867); the
Berlin Congress (1876); the Hague Convention (1899-
1907); the South Union (1910); theEntente
Cordiale (1904); the Federal Reserve Act (1913); the
Versailles reaty (1919); the Geneva Protocol (1925); the
Lateran (1929); the Concordat (1933); the
AngloGerman Naval Agreement (1935);
the Munich Accord (1938); the GermanSoviet Nonaggression
Pact(1939); the LendLease Agreement (1941); the Atlantic
Charter (1941);the Casablanca e (1943);
e (1943); the London Protocol (1944); the
Breton Woods Agreement (1944); the Yalta
e (1945); the Potsdam e (1945); the
JapaneseSu rrender (1945); the Nuremberg (1945-46);
the Marshal Plan(1948); the Cold War (19461990); the
Rome (1958); theSecond Vatican Council (1962-65);
the Reykjavk Summit (1986); Te Comprehen sive Anti-
Apartheid Act (CAAA, 1986); Te Dead Sea Scrolls (?).
15.1.6 Organiza tions / Decorati ons (used
with article) : Te Knights
the French
Foreign Legion; the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR); the
Valley Authority theCivil Conservatio
n Corps (CCC, 1933); the England; theInternati
onal Red Cross; the Berlin Brigade; the US Army; the
nal Guard; the US Coast Guard; the Papal
Guard; the NAACP;th e CIA; the FBI; the LAPD; the NYPD; the
Department
130
Vehicles; the Royal Air Force (RAF); the Merit; the
Order the Garter; the Victoria Cross; the Distinguish
ed Flying Cross (DFC);the Honor; the Purple
Heart; the Silver Star; the Bronze Star;the Combat V; the Army
Commenda tion Medal; the Blue Max; the
Knights Cross; the
Ku Klux Klan (KKK); the Anti-
ion League
(ADL); the Jewish League
(JDL); the Palestinian Authority ( PA); the United Nations
(UN); the Arab League; the Organizatio n
n Unity (OAU); the Warsaw Pact. 15.1.7 Organizatio
ns, Religions & (used without
article) :(SeventhDay) Adventism; Anglicism; Aryanism;
Baptism; Buddhism;( Roman) Catholicis m; Christianity
; Freemasonr y; Hinduism; Islam;
Judaism; Lutheranis m; Methodism ; Mormonis
m; Protestantis m; Zionism; COMECO
N; GCC; OECD; SADCC;
15.1.8 Importa nt Events (with article):
Hercules; War (ca.
1150 B.C.); the Exodus (ca.1130 B.C.); the Second
Punic War (218-202 B.C.); theInvestitu re Controvers
y (ca. A.D. 10701080); the Crusades (1098ca.1250);
the Interregnu m (12681273); the Renaissanc e (ca. 1350-
1550); the Bubonic Plague (1348-49); the Protestant
on(15171555); the Tirty Years War (16181648); the
Spanish
Successio n (ca. 1700);
the Enlighten ment (1740ca.1785);
the American
Independen ce (17761783); the
French Revolution (17891794);the 1812; the
New Orleans (1814-15); the IndustrialRe
volution (18201890); the MexicanAmerican War (1846-
1848); theUS Civil War (18611865); the FrancoPrussian
War (18701871); theSpanishAmerican War (1998); the Anglo-
Boer War (18991902); the
Entente Cordiale
(1904); the Mexican Revolutio n (1910-
1917); the First

World War (1914-18); the Battle
Marne (1914); the Battle Verdun (1916); the Bolshevik
Revolution (1917-18); the Second World War (1939-45); the Battle
(1940-41); the Battle Midway
(1942); the Battle Stalingrad (1942-
1943); the Kursk (1943);
Language
131
the Battle Bulge
(1944); the Berlin (1945); the CulturalRev
China (ca. 1946-50); the Korean (1950-53); theViet
Nam (1966-73). 15.1.9 Importa nt Events
& Holidays (without article):
Pearl Harbor (Dec 7, 1941); World
War I (191418); World
War II (193945); D-Day (Jun 6, 1944); VEDay (May
7); 9/11 (Sep 11, 2001); New Year s Day (Jan 1);
Epiphany; Carnival Sunday; Rose Monday; Shrove
Ash Wednesday ; Saint Patricks Day; Lent;
Palm Sunday; Good Friday; Easter Sunday;
Easter Monday; Whitsunda y; Ascension Day;
Pentecost; Sunday; Memorial Day; Independen
ce Day (July 4); Labor Day (Sep 1); Rosh Hosanna &
Yom Kippur (Oct 8 ation Day (Oct 31);
Halloween (Oct 31); All Saints Day (Nov 1); All Souls
Day (Nov 2); Tanksgivin g (Day); Hanukkah (Nov-
Dec);Christ mas Eve (Dec 24); Christmas Day (Dec 25); Boxing
Day (Dec26); New Years Eve (Dec 31); Kwanzaa
(Dec 26 Jan 1); Presidents Day. 15.1.10 Important
(without article):
GCC;
OECD; SADCC;
132
C
h a p T e r
16:
Org aniz
atio nal
Asp ects
Teses and
Journal ArticlesP roblems with Repetitio n and
Structur al Redunda ncy Clari
Structur al logy: Abstract
vs. Introductio nLiterature Review vs. Methodolo
gy / ResultsRes ults vs. Discussion - Summary
vs. Conclusion 16.1 General Commen t
: Although not strictly a question
common
mistakes
in terms language use, the irregulariti
es caused by misinterpret the above
a study are midable to
eliminate. Te consequenc es emerging
misconcept ions translate into redundancy
and repetitiono explanation . Here is a
description section thatshould relevant
d the learner. Each item
the most common mistakes observed. Additionald
etails may be gathered
Teses, Proposals,
Reports: A Manual ical Writing
(2009) by Omar Seraj Aburizaiza.

4
16.1.1
a manuscript has a vital as it may be
likened to a advertiseme nt or gimmick
in a show window, especially outside the a captive
audience. Te title is to capture the attention
potential readers in addition to providing i n. It
must be solid and impressive! As a matter
Language
133
routine, a title is rewritten
several times upgrade
the economy
o Another reason is the need to
meet ns regarding maximum length and
avoidance inappropria te items. Te maximumc haracter
count is provided under Instruction s to the Author
on a journals n page, or in the guidelines
the school. On theother title is too short, it
may not be enough. A titlemust not contain abbreviatio
ns, chemical
which must be
written out
], proprietar y names,
jargon and redundant phrases, such as
A study / investigatio n / in or An observation on, etc.
Inexperienc ed
authors need to practice
the skill synthesis in order to make
the title as
short as possible! At the beginning
a working title is which needs to be
rephrased as the project develops.
Most common mistakes : redundant or
repetitious phraseology inappropriat e items or abbreviatio
ns(c) Excessive length(d) Vagueness
16.1.2
and the dynamics
synthesis
: Many students donot
clearly understan d the purpose as well as
the essence Abstract,
which is a synthesized representati
Structurally , one paragraph is the norm!
Te Abstract may be compare d to thereduc
ed size picture, showing each item in
due proporti onand in balanced perspecti ve!
Te Abstract on one page andmust not exceed
a normative maximum words [usually 150 250].
Some journals allow a maximum 350 words.
It mustbe succinct, ward, and ambiguity,
secondary mulas, citation, terminolog
y! In particular, it must any item requiring
explanation ! Tis implies that
ces, diagrams, charts, graphs, tables,
and photos cannot be included
. In structural terms, the requisite synthesis
means that eachchapter needs to be reduced to about two
to three lines!
182
Aburizaiza,
Ali & Bakarally
meeting at Harper Valley was
hardly the _______ mentary on conduct and
(d) (e) (d)
According to Ralph Epperson, a nonestablishme nt historian,
35.the Bolshevik Revolution was _________
__ by US andCanadia n sources.(a) bungled(b) bankrolled(
c) butchered(d ) billowedSo me observers
at the time claimed that no exercise36.
could have Jane Fondas
semibuxom what the plastic
surgeons ________ did.(e) scallion scallop(g)
scalp(h) scalpel
A notion
that is still applicabl e but increasin
gly called into

37.question is known as ________.(
e) mores rostrum(g) nostrum(h) monstrous Many
things tend to change when the38.
push
becomes a ________.( c) swivel(d) shove(c) show (d)
Language
183
Te _________ lecture by
Dr. Bentley caused many students to39.get heavy eye-
lids.(e) longbarreled longwinded(g) short-
barreled(h) shortwinded Ag
intelligence
services know that they are under40.po tential ________
at all times.(a) scurvy (b) scruple(c) scrutiny (d) scarecrows
Mr. Jones personally believes that the salvation
is 41.______ ___ by the Vatican.(a) unwritten(b
) underwritte n(c) overwritten (d) overpriced
Hollywood sustained a tragic loss when Mark Sandrich, a 42.
popular m director with Paramount Pictures, died in
1945. His heart hadsuddenl y _______ out.(e) made
given(g) mixed(h) run Examinatio patients
molars revealed them 43.looked typically
_____ out.(a) reamed(b) bombed(c) stressed(d) worn
184
Police near Berlin
the tombstones cemetery 4 4.spray-
painted, allegedly by _________ .(d) pranksters(e
) primates ) primal visionaries( d) piratesTe Roman
writer Cicero (106-43 B.C.) is _______45.
many new terms when he translated Greek texts into
Latin.(e) carving coining (g) joining (h) F ollowing a
examinatio n, the expert analysts t
the46.docu ment had been ________.( e) dogmatized
doctored(g) dormant(h) When his debtors
were gone, Mr. Jamison came to notice that he47.had
been _______.(d ) hooded(e) hoodwinke d
hamstrung (d) huddled During the election campaign, the
candidates opponents tried 48.desperat ely to dig up material
to ______ his image and damagehis reputation.( e) tar
tear(g) tarnish(h) torment

Common Mistakes Made by
ESL Learners Using Arabic as Language

185
Many the Allied air raids on Hamburg,
49.Dresden ________ when the hot air in
the consumed oxygen.(e) asthma
lymphoma (g) asphyxiatio n(h) arthritis W hen the
sank in 1912, some 1500 passengers
and crew 50. their ______ graves in
the chilly the North Atlantic.(d ) water(e) watery
wavy (d) weary Appendi x 1D Vocabula
Set 4 Part I [Questions 1-25] Choose the
best answer. A: I guess theres something wrong with
this engine.1.B: Yeah, it really sounds ________.(
a) waxed up(b) (c) weird(d) wired A: Dr. Dunn
said there were two identical essays.2.B: Tis must involve
________ in both cases.(a) complement s(b) compromis
e(c) complexity (d) complicity A: Tis workload is
crushing. Well have a catastrophe !3.B: It seems
impossible to _____ with this situation.(a) cope(b) climb
186
(c) crop(d) copy A:
How would you like your ________, sir?4.B: Scrambled,
please.(a) chicken(b) steak (c) eggs(d) salad A: What a yo-
yo! He screwed _______ my bike!5.B: What
happened?( a) down(b) up(c) over(d) under A: Tere is a
gay and _______ convention on campus.6.B : Great! Is
there also a bondage scene?(a) lasso(b) lasses(c)
lesbian(d) lacquer A: Grandma bought some new reading
glasses.7.B: Are they ________ or regular ones?(a) (
b) (c) bilateral(d) ambidextro us A: We cannot
________ this illegal practice.8. B: Tis means that something
will have to happen.(a) conduct(b) condone(c) condemn(d) concede
Language
187
A: Te candidate ________
his audience hours.9.B: He was in
spirits, wasnt he? What an orator!(a) harassed(b) harrowed(c
) harangued( d) harnessed A: Bills
going into receivershi p.10.B: Tats quite a situation to
________!( a) contort(b) countenanc e(c) challenge(d
) championsh ip A: Granting children vacation
is intriguing!1 1.B: Is that a new sociologica
l _______ yours?(a) concert(b) concept(c) conduct(d)
composure many cars have ______ glass
windshields .12.B: But some cars had this in the 1940s already.(a)
tinseled(b) painted(c) tainted(d) tarnished A : Be sure to
canvas solidly to the ______.13. B: Is that
the wind?(a) ease(b) easel(c) elm(d) easy-
A: What happens according to the Peter _______?1
4.B: Someones career path ends in a side-track
promotion.( a) prank
188
(b) prince(c) principle(d) principal A: Whats your
Ms. Morgans romances?1 5.B: I think shes
_________ too much.(a) championin g and
g (b) campaignin g and traveling (c ) concocting
and scheming ( d) cavorting and gallivanting
A: Does your company have any ties with
.B: No. Were not _______ with any there.(a)
laundering ( b) liaising (c) leasing (d) leveling A: Excuse me,
this soup is _______!1 7.B: Sorry, lady. Well bring a
right now.(a) salty (b) (c) (d)
A: What do you need to _________ _ the mission?18
.B: At least 4,000 men on the ground, plus 30 helicopters
withcrew.(a ) accost(b) accommoda te(c) accomplish( d)
accomplice A: Ricks problem is that he cant _____ with
people.19. B: Do you want to him to Alaska?(a)
love(b) level

189
(c) leave(d) leverage A:
Rex is only an average engineer.20 .B: You mean he cannot
anything new?(a) concede(b) conduce(c) conceive(d)
consort A: Our dispatcher needs to see the psychiatrist
!21.B: I also think he needs a _______.(a )
appendecto my (b) lobotomy (c ) hysterectom y (d)
mastectomy A: Is that _______ outside?22. B: No,
thats the wind hitting the weather vane.(a) hollering (b ) hiccup(c)
howling (d) crapping A : Tat UPS salesman is pretty cool.23.B:
Sure, hes got everybody ________.( a) minimized(
b) (c ) memorized( d) mesmerized
A: Whats this documentar y all about?24.B : It
celebrates the _______ silver screen.(a)
paradigms( b) logarithms( c) legends(d) legions
190
A: I just had another
run-in with Doreen.25. B: Well, I care neither
_____.(a) consoles(b) consorts(c) collieries(d) connoisseur sPart II
[Questions 26-50] Choose the best answer.Tis Rhine
Cruise begins at Rotterdam and will take you all the26. way
to Heidelberg, Germany, where you may leave the boat
six hours, return trip. Tere are many
______ castles along the river.(a) picaresque( b)
picturesque (c) humoresque (d) grotesqueIn the Middle-
Ages, criminals used to be _______ and 2
7.in many European countries.(a ) torn(b) tarnished(c)
tarred(d) oiled
In 1942 enemy aliens
Japan, Germany, and Italy
had to observe
28.strict _______ laws in the U.S.(a)
curtail(b) (c) curry (d) curtsy Te _________ would be
positioned at the market square, where29.th
was locked hours and exposed to public ridiculeand
various abuse.(a) pillow (b) pillory (c) pillbox
Language
191
(d) pest box Tis
the essence historic Crusades and30.their
(a) recurs(b) recaptures( c) recovers(d)
remonstrate s and Marjorie Reynolds
act as _________ in 31. Sky
Patrol
(1939) and in three other adventure movies!(a) co-
authors(b) co-stars(c) coowners(d) collaborator sFred
Astaire and Ginger Rogers _______ together in nine
musical32.c omedies, including and Roberta
(both 1935).(a) appalled(b) appeared(c) applauded(d ) appealed
Te Executiv e Committ ee
_______ _ in nce
Room 1
33.Corpora te Headquarte rs
Building.(a ) convened(b ) ( c)
contorted(d) connedIt was a situation -
year-old Ellen Calhoun to34._____ ____ marrying a
man 17 years her junior, with whom she was deeply in
love.(a) concede(b) consider(c) conceive(d) concert

192
A number
critical historians like Anthony
Sutton claim that Nazi

35.German y would not
have been in a position to ________ World War II without
crucial help America!(a (b) (c)
(d) Te Cerro Aconcagua (altitude 6,960
meters) is the highest 36.______ the Andes in South
America.(a ) beak (b) peach(c) peak (d) peckerHavi ng
committed too many serious blunders while in
the37.mayo r was voted out and dismissed as a ______.(a)
musketeer( b) moron(c) monster(d) mongrel dog
the most counselli ng jobs in
be the settling
38. _________
disputes.(a) Martian(b) martial(c) marital(d) maritime A
sauce called39.
garum
was consumed ________
withgusto throughout the Roman empire.(a) uniquely (b ) in
unison(c) universally (d) unilaterally
Language
193
Te anaconda is a large
_________ _ constrictin g snake whose40.m ain habitat
is equatorial South America.(a) semicomatose(b
) us(c) semiaquatic(d) semiautomaticIn
recent decades, a territorial disputes were turned
over41.to impartial and mutually acceptable _______.(a
) aberration(b ) arbitration( c)
agitation(d) alteration
In February 1997
Marjorie Reynolds _______
heart
42. while walking her dog in Manhattan
Beach.(a) suggestive( b) congestive( c)
(d) surveillanc ePsychiatri sts deal with the volatile
their patients, s winging towards
temper ______.(a) turncoats(b) tantrums(c) tortures(d)
tormentsTe central Mexico were known to
________ as many 44.as 50,000 prisoners
one day.(a) (b ) canonize(c) (d) __
_______ is a literary device that exploits the weakness
the45.target comical (a) Satire

194
(b) Satyr(c) Sadism(d)
Masochism Te Greek playwright Aristophane s (450-388 B.C.) was
the major classical comedy.(a)
explorers(b) exponents(c ) exporters(d) importersF ollowing
the most recent scandal involving Isaac
made47.the headlines as a glamorized _______.(a ) yo-yo(b)
guru(c) cuckold(d) cuckooMax was unable to resist the _______
wealthy girlwho was nearly
twice his age.(a) treaties(b) entreaties(c ) treatment(d)
treatiseRobi nson Crusoe, the central character in Daniel
novel,49. nds alone and _______
on a Caribbean island.(a) marinated(b ) marshalled(
c) marooned(d ) in a courtmartial
Having walked in
the desert without hours and
approachi ng
50.the point collapse, the lost
traveller saw a _________ in thesky!(a) myriad(b)
mirage(c) message
Common Mistakes Made by ESL Learners Using Arabic as Reference Language

Purpose and Scope: This text has been produced to alert learners of English using Arabic as L1 to the most typical problem areas that tend to hinder their progress as they endeavor to overcome native language (More) Add To Collection 403 Reads 1 Likes 2 Embed Views
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Category: Uncategorized. Rating: Published: Feb 6, 2013 Added to Scribd: Feb 11, 2013 ISBN 9781481704595 Publisher AuthorHouseBooks Copyright: Traditional Copyright: All rights reserved education foreign language Tags: common mistakes made by esl learners using arabic as referen Ebook download as PDF File (.pdf) or read book online. Flag for inappropriate content
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Common MistakesMade by ESL LearnersUsing Arabic AsRe

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Common MistakesMade by ESL LearnersUsing Arabic AsRe

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Common MistakesMade by ESL Learners Using Arabic as Language Dr. M. Solaiman Ali, and Dr.

7.1 Adjectival Clauses : Incorrect:

could take the

[No comma] with the main clause. A

correct : What you do? Correct

: What do you do? Incorrect : What you do?

Correct : What are you doing? Incorrect

: When you come back? Correct : When do you come back?

: When you coming back? Correct

: When are you coming back? 8.5.2 Present

: Te lack distinction between present

and simple present leads to

Common Mistakes Made by ESL Learners Using Arabic as

: I learn (learning) English two years now. Correct

: I have been learning English years.

: I am in Cairo many times. Correct

: I have been to Cairo many times. 8.5.3 Present

tense: Use subjunctive

l pattern subjuncti ve use in Arabic causes

on in English: Example s:Incorre ct

: He wants that he go with me. Correct

: He wants to go with me. Incorrect

: It was necessary that he goes to the

It was necessary go to the

: It is impossible that he stay here.

8.5.4 Present participle constructio ns with

omit the conjugated the auxiliary

: Where you going tonight?

Common Mistakes Made by ESL Learners Using Arabic as

:Te Green Card in the U.S. as a resident

permit (n).Ellen did not permit (v) her daughter to

attend the show. 10.1.11 rebel ( v)

vs. rebel ( n ) :Te verb rebel

has the stress on the second syllable ;

whereas thenoun rebel has the stress on

syllable. Te verb expressesth e action (active opposition);

the noun the person. Example s: A

guerrilla generally considered a

rbel (n).Poor conditions in Europe would cause

many peasants to rebl (v). 10.1.12

the second syllable ; whereasthe noun

expressesth e action (mismatch, oppose); the noun

the process, orsituation. Example s :Te Viet Nam

(n) lasted about 10 years.Illega l actions

(v) with the law! 10.1.13 exploit ( v)

vs. exploit ( n ) :Te verb exploit

has the stress on the second syllable ; whereas

Aburizaiza, Ali & Bakarally

the noun exploit

has the stress on syllable. Te verb

expresses the action (to take advantag

the noun notable

related to the noun exploitat ion (whichgoes

with the verb exploit ). Example s:

Many money lenders explit (v) the weak

position clients. Te employmen illegal labor

exploitt ion . Olympic

gold medal is a great xploit (n). 10.1.14 consort (

v) vs. consort ( n ) :Te verb

consort has the stress on the second syllable

; whereasthe noun consort

has the stress on

associate or be with. Te noun

theperson. For example, Prince Philipp, the