First of all, I would like to say Alhamdulillah, for giving me the

strength and health to do this project work.

Not forgotten my parents for providing everything, such as

money, to buy anything that are related to this project work and their
advise, which is the most needed for this project. Internet, books,
computers and all that. They also supported me and encouraged me to
complete this task so that I will not procrastinate in doing it.

Then I would like to thank my teacher, Puan Mahmudah bt Saliman for

guiding me and my friends throughout this project. We had some difficulties
in doing this task, but she taught us patiently until we knew what to do. She
tried and tried to teach us until we understand what we supposed to do with
the project work.

Last but not least, my friends who were doing this project with me
and sharing our ideas. They were helpful that when we combined and
discussed together, we had this task done.
The aims of carrying out this project work are:

• to apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to

solve problem .
• to improve thinking skills .
• to promote effective mathematical communication .
• to develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving
in away that increases students interest and confidence .
• to use the language of mathematics to express mathematical
ideas presicely.
• to provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances
effective learning.
• to develop positive attitude towards mathematics.
Pi or π is a mathematical constant whose value is the ratio of any circle's
circumference to its diameter in Euclidean space; this is the same value as
the ratio of a circle's area to the square of its radius. It is approximately
equal to 3.14159 in the usual decimal notation (see the table for its
representation in some other bases). π is one of the most important
mathematical and physical constants: many formulae from mathematics,
science, and engineering involve π.[1]

π is an irrational number, which means that its value cannot be expresse

dexactly as a fraction m/n, where m and n are integers. Consequently, its
decimal representation never ends or repeats. It is also a transcendental
number, which means that no finite sequence of algebraic operations on
integers (powers, roots, sums, etc.) can be equal to its value; proving this was
a late achievement in mathematical history and a significant result of 19th
century German mathematics. Throughout the history of mathematics, there
has been much effort to determine π more accurately and to understand its
nature; fascination with the number has even carried over into non-
mathematical culture.

The

Greek letter π , often spelled out pi in text, was adopted for the number
from the Greek word for perimeter " µ", first by William Jones in 1707, and
popularized by Leonhard Euler in 1737.[2] The constant is occasionally also
referred to as the circular constant, Archimedes' constant (not to be
confused with an Archimedes number), or Ludolph's number (from a German
mathematician whose efforts to calculate more of its digits became famous).
3
The Letter Pi

The name of the Greek letter π is pi, and this spelling is commonly used in
typographical contexts when the Greek letter is not available, or its usage
could be problematic. It is not normally capitalised ( π ) even at the
beginning of a sentence. When referring to this constant, the symbol π is
always pronounced like "pie" in English, which is the conventional English
pronunciation of the Greek letter. In Greek, the name of this letter is
pronounced /pi/.

The constant is named " π " because " π " is the first letter of the Greek
words ..a (periphery) and µ (perimeter), probably referring to its use in the
formula to find the circumference, or perimeter, of a circle.[3]
π is Unicode character U+03C0 ("Greek small letter pi").[4]

π
Lower-case p is used to symbolize the constant.

Definition
Circumference = π × diameter
 Area of the circle = π × area of the shaded square

In Euclidean plane geometry, π is defined as the ratio of a circle's

circumference to its diameter:[3]

KENA WAT FRACTION

The ratio C/d is constant, regardless of a circle's size. For example, if a

circle has twice the diameter d of another circle it will also have twice the
circumference C, preserving the ratio C/d.

Alternatively π can be also defined as the ratio of a circle's area (A) to the
area of a square whose side is equal to the radius:[3][5]

Kena wat fraction

These definitions depend on results of Euclidean geometry, such as the fact

that all circles are similar. This can be considered a problem when π occurs
in areas of mathematics that otherwise do not involve geometry. For this
reason, mathematicians often prefer to define π without reference to
geometry, instead selecting one of its analytic properties as a definition. A
common choice is to define π as twice the smallest positive x for which
cos(x) = 0.[6] The formulas below illustrate other (equivalent) definitions.

Irrationality and transcendence

Being an irrational number, π cannot be written as the ratio of two integers.

This was proven in 1761 by Johann Heinrich Lambert.[3] In the 20th
century, proofs were found that require no prerequisite knowledge beyond
integral calculus. One of those, due to Ivan Niven, is widely known.[7][8] A
somewhat earlier similar proof is by Mary Cartwright.[9]
Furthermore, π is also transcendental, as was proven by Ferdinand von
Lindemann in 1882. This means that there is no polynomial with rational
coefficients of which π is a root.[10] An important consequence of the
transcendence of π is the fact that it is not constructible. Because the
coordinates of all points that can be constructed with compass and
straightedge are constructible numbers, it is impossible to square the circle:
that is, it is impossible to construct, using compass and straightedge alone, a
square whose area is equal to the area of a given circle.[11] This is
historically significant, for squaring a circle is one of the easily understood
elementary geometry problems left to us from antiquity; many amateurs in
modern times have attempted to solve each of these problems, and their
efforts are sometimes ingenious, but in this case, doomed to failure: a fact
not always understood by the amateur involved.

Numerical value

The numerical value of p truncated to 50 decimal places is:[12]

3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279 50288 41971 69399 37510
See the links below and those at sequence A000796 in OEIS for more digits.

While the value of π has been computed to more than a trillion (1012)
digits,[13] elementary applications, such as calculating the circumference of
a circle, will rarely require more than a dozen decimal places. For example, a
value truncated to 11 decimal places is accurate enough to calculate the
circumference of a circle the size of the earth with a precision of a
millimeter, and one truncated to 39 decimal places is sufficient to compute
the circumference of any circle that fits in the observable universe to a
precision comparable to the size of a hydrogen atom.[14][15]

Because π is an irrational number, its decimal expansion never ends and does
not repeat. This infinite sequence of digits has fascinated mathematicians
and laymen alike, and much effort over the last few centuries has been put
into computing more digits and investigating the number's properties.[16]
Despite much analytical work, and supercomputer calculations that have
determined over 1 trillion digits of π , no simple base-10 pattern in the digits
has ever been found.[17] Digits of π are available on many web pages, and
there is software for calculating pto billions of digits on any personal
computer.

Calculating π

π can be empirically estimated by drawing a large circle, then measuring its

diameter and circumference and dividing the circumference by the diameter.
Another geometry-based approach, due to Archimedes,[18] is to calculate
the perimeter, Pn , of a regular polygon with n sides circumscribed around a
circle with diameter d. Then

π=

That is, the more sides the polygon has, the closer the approximation
approaches π. Archimedes determined the accuracy of this approach by
comparing the perimeter of the circumscribed polygon with the perimeter of
a regular polygon with the same number of sides inscribed inside the circle.
Using a polygon with 96 sides, he computed the fractional range:

Ada fraction

π can also be calculated using purely mathematical methods. Most formulae

used for calculating the value of π have desirable mathematical properties,
but are difficult to understand without a background in trigonometry and
calculus. However, some are quite simple, such as this form of the
Gregory-Leibniz series:[20]
Ada fraction

While that series is easy to write and calculate, it is not immediately obvious
why it yields π . In addition, this series converges so slowly that 300 terms
are not sufficient to calculate π correctly to 2 decimal places.[21] However,
by computing this series in a somewhat more clever way by taking the
midpoints of partial sums, it can be made to converge much faster. Let

and then define

then computing π 10,10 will take similar computation time to computing 150
terms of the original series in a brute-force manner, and
\pi_{10,10}=3.141592653\ldots, correct to 9 decimal places. This
computation is an example of the Van Wijngaarden transformation.[22]

HISTORY

The history of π parallels the development of mathematics as a whole.[23]

Some authors divide progress into three periods: the ancient period during
which π was studied geometrically, the classical era following the
development of calculus in Europe around the 17th century, and the age of
digital computers.[24]

GEOMETRICAL PERIOD

Lebih
Lebih kurang
kurang macam ni
macam ni
Kena lukis bulat

That the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle is the same
for all circles, and that it is slightly more than 3, was known to ancient
Egyptian, Babylonian, Indian and Greek geometers. The earliest known
approximations date from around 1900 BC; they are 25/8 (Babylonia) and
256/81 (Egypt), both within 1% of the true value.[3] The Indian text
Shatapatha Brahmana gives p as 339/108 ˜ 3.139. The Hebrew Bible appears
to suggest, in the Book of Kings, that π = 3, which is notably worse than
other estimates available at the time of writing (600 BC). The interpretation
of the passage is disputed,[25][26] as some believe the ratio of 3:1 is of an
interior circumference to an exterior diameter of a thinly walled basin,
which could indeed be an accurate ratio, depending on the thickness of the
walls (See: Biblical value of π).

Archimedes (287-212 BC) was the first to estimate π rigorously. He realized

that its magnitude can be bounded from below and above by inscribing
circles in regular polygons and calculating the outer and inner polygons'
respective perimeters:[26]

Liu Hui's π algorithm

By using the equivalent of 96-sided polygons, he proved that 223/71 < π <
22/7.[26] Taking the average of these values yields 3.1419.

In the following centuries further development took place in India and China.
Around AD 265, the Wei Kingdom mathematician Liu Hui provided a simple
and rigorous iterative algorithm to calculate π to any degree of accuracy.
He himself carried through the calculation to a 3072-gon and obtained
an approximate value for π of 3.1416.

Later, Liu Hui invented a quick method of calculating π and obtained an

approximate value of 3.1416 with only a 96-gon, by taking advantage of the
fact that the difference in area of successive polygons forms a geometric
series with a factor of 4.

Around 480, the Chinese mathematician Zu Chongzhi demonstrated that π ˜

355/113, and showed that 3.1415926 < π < 3.1415927 using Liu Hui's
algorithm applied to a 12288-gon. This value was the most accurate
approximation of π available for the next 900 years.

Classical period

Until the second millennium, π was known to fewer than 10 decimal digits.
The next major advance in π studies came with the development of calculus,
and in particular the discovery of infinite series which in principle permit
calculating π to any desired accuracy by adding sufficiently many terms.
Around 1400, Madhava of Sangamagrama found the first known such series:
This is now known as the Madhava-Leibniz series[27][28] or Gregory-Leibniz
series since it was rediscovered by James Gregory and Gottfried Leibniz in
the 17th century. Unfortunately, the rate of convergence is too slow to
calculate many digits in practice; about 4,000 terms must be summed to
improve upon Archimedes' estimate. However, by transforming the series
into

ada fraction

Madhava was able to calculate π as 3.14159265359, correct to 11 decimal

places. The record was beaten in 1424 by the Persian mathematician,
Jamshid al-Kashi, who determined 16 decimals of π.

The first major European contribution since Archimedes was made by the
German mathematician Ludolph van Ceulen (1540–1610), who used a
geometric method to compute 35 decimals of π. He was so proud of the
calculation, which required the greater part of his life, that he had the
digits engraved into his tombstone.[29]

Around the same , the method of calculusand determination of infinite series

and profor geometrical quantities began to emerge in Europe. The first
representation was theViete formula,

found by François Viète in 1593. Another famous result is Wallis' product,

by John Wallis in 1655. Isaac Newton himself derived a series for π and
calculated 15 digits, although he later confessed: "I am ashamed to tell you
to how many figures I carried these computations, having no other business
at the time."[30]

In 1706 John Machin was the first to compute 100 decimals of π , using the
formula

Ada fraction

with

Formulas of this type, now known as Machin-like formulas, were used to set
several successive records and remained the best known method for
calculating π well into the age of computers. A remarkable record was set
by the calculating prodigy Zacharias Dase, who in 1844 employed a Machin-
like formula to calculate 200 decimals of π in his head at the behest of
Gauss. The best value at the end of the 19th century was due to William
Shanks, who took 15 years to calculate π with 707 digits, although due to a
mistake only the first 527 were correct. (To avoid such errors, modern
record calculations of any kind are often performed twice, with two
different formulas. If the results are the same, they are likely to be
correct.)

Theoretical advances in the 18th century led to insights about π 's nature
that could not be achieved through numerical calculation alone. Johann
Heinrich Lambert proved the irrationality of π in 1761,and Adrien-Marie-
Legendre also proved in 1794 π 2 to be irrational. When Leonhard Euler in
1735 solved the famous Basel problem – finding the exact value of

Ada fraction lg

which is π 2/6, he established a deep connection between π and the prime

numbers. Both Legendre and Leonhard Euler speculated that π might be
transcendental, which was finally proved in 1882 by Ferdinand von
Lindemann.

William Jones' book A New Introduction to Mathematics from 1706 is said

to be the first use of the Greek letter π for this constant, but the notation
became particularly popular after Leonhard Euler adopted it in 1737.[31] He
wrote:
“ There are various other ways of finding the Lengths or Areas of particular
Curve Lines, or Planes, which may very much facilitate the Practice; as for
instance, in the Circle, the Diameter is to the Circumference as 1 to (16/5 -4
/239) -1/3(16/5^3 -4/239^3) + ... = 3.14159... = π [3] ”

Computation in the computer age

The advent of digital computers in the 20th century led to an increased rate
of new p calculation records. John von Neumann used ENIAC to compute
2037 digits of π in 1949, a calculation that took 70 hours. Additional
thousands of decimal places were obtained in the following decades, with the
million-digit milestone passed in 1973. Progress was not only due to faster
hardware, but also new algorithms. One of the most significant developments
was the discovery of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) in the 1960s, which
allows computers to perform arithmetic on extremely large numbers quickly.

In the beginning of the 20th century, the Indian mathematician Srinivasa

Ramanujan found many new formulas for π, some remarkable for their
elegance and mathematical depth.[32] One of his formulas is the series,

Ada fraction

and the related one found by the Chudnovsky brothers in 1987,

which deliver 14 digits per term.[32] The Chudnovskys used this formula to
set several π computing records in the end of the 1980s, including the first
calculation of over one billion (1,011,196,691) decimals in 1989. It remains
the formula of choice for π calculating software that runs on personal
computers, as opposed to the supercomputers used to set modern records.

Whereas series typically increase the accuracy with a fixed amount for each
added term, there exist iterative algorithms that multiply the number of
correct digits at each step, with the downside that each step generally
requires an expensive calculation. A breakthrough was made in 1975, when
Richard Brent and Eugene Salamin independently discovered the Brent–
Salamin algorithm, which uses only arithmetic to double the number of
correct digits at each step.[33] The algorithm consists of setting

and iterating

until an and bn are close enough. Then the estimate for π is given by

ADA FRACTION

Using this scheme, 25 iterations suffice to reach 45 million correct

decimals. A similar algorithm that quadruples the accuracy in each step has
been found by Jonathan and Peter Borwein.[34] The methods have been used
by Yasumasa Kanada and team to set most of the π calculation records since
1980, up to a calculation of 206,158,430,000 decimals of π in 1999. The
current record is 1,241,100,000,000 decimals, set by Kanada and team in
2002. Although most of Kanada's previous records were set using the Brent-
Salamin algorithm, the 2002 calculation made use of two Machinlike formulas
that were slower but crucially reduced memory consumption. The calculation
was performed on a 64-node Hitachi supercomputer with 1 terabyte of main
memory, capable of carrying out 2 trillion operations per second. An
important recent development was the Bailey–Borwein–Plouffe formula (BBP
formula), discovered by Simon Plouffe and named after the authors of the
paper in which the formula was first published, David H. Bailey, Peter
Borwein, and Plouffe.[35] The formula,

is remarkable because it allows extracting any individual hexadecimal or

binary digit of π without calculating all the preceding ones.[35] Between
1998 and 2000, the distributed computing project PiHex used a modification
of the BBP formula due to Fabrice Bellard to compute the quadrillionth
(1,000,000,000,000,000:th) bit of π , which turned out to be 0.[36] In 2006,
Simon Plouffe found a series of beautiful formulas.[37] Let q = eπ, then

and others of form,

where q = e π, k is an odd number, and a,b,c are rational numbers. If k is of
the form 4m+3, then the formula has the particularly simple form,

for some rational number π where the denominator is a highly factorable

number, though no rigorous proof has yet been given.

Memorizing digits

Recent decades have seen a surge in the record for number of digits
memorized.

Even long before computers have calculated π, memorizing a record number

of digits became an obsession for some people. In 2006, Akira Haraguchi, a
retired Japanese engineer, claimed to have recited 100,000 decimal
places.[38] This, however, has yet to be verified by Guinness World Records.
The Guinness-recognized record for remembered digits of π is 67,890
digits, held by Lu Chao, a 24-year-old graduate student from China.[39] It
took him 24 hours and 4 minutes to recite the 67,890th decimal place of π
without an error.[40]

There are many ways to memorize , π including the use of "piems", which are
poems that represent π in a way such that the length of each word (in
letters) represents a digit. Here is an example of a piem, originally devised
by Sir James Jeans: How I need (or: want) a drink, alcoholic in nature (or: of
course), after the heavy lectures (or: chapters) involving quantum
mechanics.[41][42] Notice how the first word has 3 letters, the second word
has 1, the third has 4, the fourth has 1, the fifth has 5, and so on. The
Cadaeic Cadenza contains the first 3834 digits of π in this manner.[43]
Piems are related to the entire field of humorous yet serious study that
involves the use of mnemonic techniques to remember the digits of π , known
as piphilology. In other languages there are similar methods of memorization.
However, this method proves inefficient for large memorizations of π .
Other methods include remembering patterns in the numbers.[4

Numerical approximations

Due to the transcendental nature of π, there are no closed form expressions

for the number in terms of algebraic numbers and functions.[10] Formulas
for calculating π using elementary arithmetic typically include series or
summation notation (such as "..."), which indicates that the formula is
really a formula for an infinite sequence of approximations to π.[45] The
more terms included in a calculation, the closer to π the result will get.

Consequently, numerical calculations must use approximations of π . For many

purposes, 3.14 or 22/7 is close enough, although engineers often use 3.1416
(5 significant figures) or 3.14159 (6 significant figures) for more precision.
The approximations 22/7 and 355/113, with 3 and 7 significant figures
respectively, are obtained from the simple continued fraction expansion of
π. The approximation 355⁄113 (3.1415929…) is the best one that may be
expressed with a three-digit or four-digit numerator and denominator.
[46][47][48]

The earliest numerical approximation of π is almost certainly the value

3.[26] In cases where little precision is required, it may be an acceptable
substitute. That 3 is an underestimate follows from the fact that it is the
ratio of the perimeter of an inscribed regular hexagon to the diameter of
the circle.

Open questions

The most pressing open question about π is whether it is a normal number π

whether any digit block occurs in the expansion of π just as often as one
would statistically expect if the digits had been produced completely
"randomly", and that this is true in every base, not just base 10.[49] Current
knowledge on this point is very weak; e.g., it is not even known which of the
digits 0,…,9 occur infinitely often in the decimal expansion of π .[50]
Bailey and Crandall showed in 2000 that the existence of the above
mentioned Bailey-Borwein-Plouffe formula and similar formulas imply that
the normality in base 2 of π and various other constants can be reduced to a
plausible conjecture of chaos theory.[51]

It is also unknown whether π and e are algebraically independent, although

Yuri Nesterenko proved the algebraic independence of { π, e π, π (1/4)} in
1996.[52]

Use in athematics and science

π is ubiquitous in mathematics, appearing even in places that lack an obvious

connection to the circles of Euclidean geometry[53]

Geometry and trigonometry

For any circle with radius r and diameter d = 2r, the circumference is π d
and the area is π r2. Further, π appears in formulas for areas and volumes of
many other geometrical shapes based on circles, such as ellipses, spheres,
cones, and tori.[54] Accordingly, π appears in definite integrals that
describe circumference, area or volume of shapes generated by circles. In
the basic case, half the area of the unit disk is given by:[55]

Ada integration

And

Ada integration

gives half the circumference of the unit circle.[54] More complicated

shapes can be integrated as solids of revolution.[56]

From the unit-circle definition of the trigonometric functions also follows

that the sine and cosine. From the unit-circle definition of the trigonometric
functions also follows that the sine and cosine have period 2 π. That is, for
all x and integers n, sin(x) = sin(x + 2 π n) and cos(x) = cos(x + 2 π n). Because
sin(0) = 0, sin(2 π n) = 0 for all integers n. Also, the angle measure of 180° is
equal to π radians. In other words, 1° = (π /180) radians.
 In modern mathematics, π is often defined using trigonometric functions,
for example as the smallest positive x for which sin x = 0, to avoid
unnecessary dependence on the subtleties of Euclidean geometry and
integration. Equivalently, π can be defined using the inverse trigonometric
functions, for example as π = 2 arccos(0) or π = 4 arctan(1). Expanding
inverse trigonometric functions as power series is the easiest way to derive
infinite series for π.

Complex numbers and calculus

The frequent appearance of π n complex analysis can be related to the
behavior of the exponential function of a complex variable, described by
Euler's formula

Ada cos

where i is the imaginary unit satisfying i2 = −1 and e = 2.71828 is Euler's

number. This formula implies that imaginary powers of e describe rotations
on the unit circle in the complex plane; these rotations have a period of
360° = 2 π. In particular, the 180° rotation π = π results in the remarkable
Euler's identity

Ada cos

There are n different n-th roots of unity

Ada apentah

The Gaussian integral

Ada apentah

A consequence is that the gamma function of a half-integer is a rational

multiple of π .
Physics
Although not a physical constant, appears routinely in equations describing
fundamental principles π of the Universe, due in no small part to its
relationship to the nature of the circle and, correspondingly, spherical
coordinate systems. Using units such as Planck units can sometimes
eliminate π from formulae.

* The cosmological constant:[57]

ADA APENTAH

* Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, which shows that the uncertainty in

the measurement of a particle's position (_x) and momentum (_p) can not
both be arbitrarily small at the same time:[58]

ADE APENTAH

* Einstein's field equation of general relativity:[59]

* Coulomb's law for the electric force, describing the force between two
electric charges (q1 and q2) separated by distance r:[60]

ADE APENTAH

* Magnetic permeability of free space:[61]

ADE APENTAH

* Kepler's third law constant, relating the orbital period (P) and the
semimajor axis (a) to the masses (M and m) of two co-orbiting bodies:

ADE APENTAH
Probability and statistics

In probability and statistics, there are many distributions whose formulas

contain π , including:

* the probability density function for the normal distribution with mean μ
and standard deviation _, due to the Gaussian integral:[62]

*the probability density function for the (standard) Cauchy distribution:[63]

Note that since ADE AYAT TERTINGGAL for any probability density
function f(x), the above formulas can be used to produce other integral
formulas for π .[64]

Buffon's needle problem is sometimes quoted as a empirical approximation of

π in "popular mathematics" works. Consider dropping a needle of length L
repeatedly on a surface containing parallel lines drawn S units apart (with S
> L). If the needle is dropped n times and x of those times it comes to rest
crossing a line (x > 0), then one may approximate π using the Monte Carlo
method:[65][66][67][68]

Though this result is mathematically impeccable, it cannot be used to

determine more than very few digits of π by experiment. Reliably getting
just three digits (including the initial "3") right requires millions of
throws,[65] and the number of throws grows exponentially with the number
of digits desired. Furthermore, any error in the measurement of the
lengths L and S will transfer directly to an error in the approximated π. For
example, a difference of a single atom in the length of a 10-centimeter
needle would show up around the 9th digit of the result. In practice,
uncertainties in determining whether the needle actually crosses a line when
it appears to exactly touch it will limit the attainable accuracy to much less
than 9 digits.

Pi in popular culture

Probably because of the simplicity of its definition, the concept of pi and,

especially its decimal expression, have become entrenched in popular culture
to a degree far greater than almost any other mathematical construct.[69]
It is, perhaps, the most common ground between mathematicians and non-
mathematicians.[70] Reports on the latest, most-precise calculation of π
(and related stunts) are common news items.[71] Pi Day (March 14, from
3.14) is observed in many schools.[72] At least one cheer at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology includes "3.14159!"[73] One can buy
a "Pi plate": a pie dish with both " π " and a decimal expression of it
appearing on it.[74
 Length of arc Length of arc Length of arc
d1(cm) d2(cm) PQR in terms PAB in terms BCR
of π (cm) of π (cm) in terms of π
(cm)
1 9 5π 0.5 π 4.5π
2 8 5π 1.0π 4.0π
3 7 5π 1.5π 3.5π
4 6 5π 2.0π 3.0π
5 5 5π 2.5π 2.5π
6 4 5π 3.0π 2.0π
7 3 5π 3.5π 1.5π
8 2 5π 4.0π 1.0π
9 1 5π 4.5π 0.5π
10 0 5π 5.0π 0.0π

Length of arc,

From the table, we can conclude that

Length of arc PQR = Length of arc PAB + Length of arc BCR

QUESTION 2(b)i
d1(cm) d2(cm) d3(cm) Length Length Length Length
of arc of arc of arc of arc
PQR in PAB in BCD in DER in
terms of terms of terms of terms of
π (cm) π (cm) π (cm) π (cm)
1 1 8 5π 0.5π 0.5π 4.0π
1 2 7 5π 0.5π 1.0π 3.5π
1 3 6 5π 0.5π 1.5π 3.0π
1 4 5 5π 0.5π 2.0π 2.5π
1 5 4 5π 0.5π 2.5π 2.0π
1 6 3 5π 0.5π 3.0π 1.5π
1 7 2 5π 0.5π 3.5π 1.0π
1 8 1 5π 0.5π 4.0π 0.5π
2 1 7 5π 1.0π 0.5π 3.5π
2 2 6 5π 1.0π 1.0π 3.0π
2 3 5 5π 1.0π 1.5π 2.5π
2 4 4 5π 1.0π 2.0π 2.0π
2 5 3 5π 1.0π 2.5π 1.5π
2 6 2 5π 1.0π 3.0π 1.0π
2 7 1 5π 1.0π 3.5π 0.5π
3 1 6 5π 1.5π 0.5π 3.0π
3 2 5 5π 1.5π 1.0π 2.5π
3 3 4 5π 1.5π 1.5π 2.0π
3 4 3 5π 1.5π 2.0π 1.5π
3 5 2 5π 1.5π 2.5π 1.0π
3 6 1 5π 1.5π 3.0π 0.5π
4 1 5 5π 2.0π 0.5π 2.5π
4 2 4 5π 2.0π 1.0π 2.0π
4 3 3 5π 2.0π 1.5π 1.5π
4 4 2 5π 2.0π 2.0π 1.0π
4 5 1 5π 2.5π 2.5π 0.5π
5 1 4 5π 2.5π 0.5π 2.0π
5 2 3 5π 2.5π 1.0π 1.5π
5 3 2 5π 2.5π 1.5π 1.0π
5 4 1 5π 2.5π 2.0π 0.5π
6 1 3 5π 2.5π 0.5π 1.5π
6 2 2 5π 3.0π 1.0π 1.0π
6 3 1 5π 3.0π 1.5π 0.5π
7 1 2 5π 3.5π 0.5π 1.0π
7 2 1 5π 3.5π 1.0π 0.5π
8 1 1 5π 4.0π 0.5π 0.5π

Length of arc,

From the table, we can conclude that

Length of arc PQR = Length of arc PAB + Length of arc BCD + Length of arc
CDR

QUESTION 2(b)ii

Base on the findings in the table in(a) and (b) above, we conclude that:
The length of the arc of the outer semicircle = the
sum of the
length of arcs of the inner semicircles for n inner
semicircles
where n = 2, 3, 4…
Or
(s out) = Σ n (s in), n = 2, 3, 4, ......
where,
s in = length of arc of inner semicircle
s out = length of arc of outer semicircle

QUESTION 2(c)
Diagram above shows a big semicircle with n number of small inner circle.
From the diagram, we
can see that
_ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _n

The length of arc of the outer semicircle

ADA APENTAH

The sum of the length of arcs of the inner semicircles

Factorise π/2

Ade apentah

Substitute

Ada apentah
We get,

Ada apentah

where d is any positive real number.

We can see that

ADA APENTAH

EXAMPLES
c) Assume the diameter of outer semicircle is 30cm and 4 semicircles are
inscribed in the outer semicircle such that the sum of d1(APQ), d2(QRS),
d3(STU), d4(UVC) is equal to 30cm.

d1 d2 d3 d4 SABC SAPQ SQRS SSTU SUVC

10 8 6 6 15π 5π 4π 3π 3π

12 3 5 10 15π 6π 3/2 π 5/2 π 5π

14 8 4 4 15π 7π 4π 2π 2π

15 5 3 7 15π 15/2 π 5/2 π 3/2 π 7/2 π

Let d1=10, d2=8, d3=6, d4=6, SABC= 5 + 4 π + 3π+ 3 π

15 π= 5 π+ 4 π+ 3 π+ 3 π

15 π = 15 π
The diameter of the outer semicircle, d =d1 + d2 + d3

10cm = 1cm + 1cm + 8cm

The length of arc of the outer semicircle, d1+d2 + d3

0.5 π + 0.5 π + 4.0 π = 5 π

The sum of the length of arcs of the inner semicircles

Factorise π/2

(1cm + 1cm + 8cm) =5 π

In conclusion, we can conclude that

The length of the arc of the outer semicircle is equal to the
sum of the length of arcs of any number of the inner
semicircles. This is true for any value of the diameter of the
semicircle.

In other words, for different values of diameters of the outer semicircle,

the generalisations stated
in b (ii) is still true.
QUESTION 3(a)

ADA SOALAN PELIK???

QUESTION 3(b)
QUESTION 3(c)(ADA BENDA TERTINGGAL)

Linear Law
y=-π+π
Change it to linear form of Y = mX + C.
= -π +
Y=
X=x
m=-
C=
Thus, a graph of against x was plotted and the line of best fit was
drewn.
X=x 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
7.069 6.676 6.283 5.890 5.498 5.105 4.712 4.320 3.927

Find the value of y/x when x = 4.5 m.

Then multiply y/x you get with 4.5 to get the actual value of y.

From the graph above, when the diameter of one of the fish pond
is 4.5 m, the value of
is 4.35. Therefore, the area of the flower plot when the diameter
of one of the fish
pond is 4.5 m is
4.35 m ( 4.5 m) = 19.575 m2

Method 1: Differentation
y=-π+π
= -π + π
= - <--- y has maximum value

At maximum point, = 0

-π + π = 0

π=π

x = 5m

Maximum value of y = -52/4π + π

Method 2: Completing the Square

y=-π+π
= - (x2 – 10x)
= - (x2 – 10x + 25 - 25

= - [(x-5)2 – 25]
= - (x-5)2 + 25

y is a n shape graph as a = -
Hence, it has a maximum value.
When x = 5 m, maximum value of the graph = 6.25π m2
QUESTION 3(e)
The principal suggested an additional of 12 semicircular flower
beds to the design submitted by the Mathematics Society. (n =
12) The sum of the diameters of the semicircular flower beds is
10 m. The diameter of the smallest flower bed is 30 cm. (a = 30
cm = 0.3 m) The diameter of the flower beds are increased by a
constant value successively. (d =?)
S12 = ( )[2a + (n - 1)d]
10 = ( )[2(0.3) + (12-1)d]
= 6(0.6 + 11d)
= 3.6 + 66d
66d = 6.4
d=
Since the first flower bed is 0.3 m,
Hence the diameters of remaining 11 flower beds expressed in
arithmetic
progression are:
131/330 m,163/330 m,195/330 m,227/330 m,259/330 m,
291/330m,323/330 m, 355/330m, 387/330m, 419/330m,
451/330m

Part 1
Not all objects surrounding us are related to circles. If all the
objects are circle, there would be no balance and stability. In our
daily life, we could related circles in objects. For example: a fan,
a ball or a wheel. In Pi(π), we accept 3.142 or 22/7 as the best
value of pi. The circumference of the circle is proportional as
pi(π) x diameter. If the circle has twice the diameter, d of
another circle, thus the circumference, C will also have twice of
its value, where preserving the ratio =Cid

Part 2
The relation between the length of arcs PQR, PAB and BCR where
the semicircles PQR is the outer semicircle while inner semicircle
PAB and BCR is Length of arc=PQR = Length of PAB + Length of
arc BCR. The length of arc for each semicircles can be obtained
as in length of arc = 1/2(2_r). As in conclusion, outer semicircle is
also equal to the inner semicircles where Sin= Sout .

Part 3
In semicircle ABC(the shaded region), and the two semicircles
which is AEB and BFC, the area of the shaded region semicircle
ADC is written as in Area of shaded region ADC =Area of ADC –
(Area of AEB + Area of BFC). When we plot a straight link graph
based on linear law, we may still obtained a linear graph because
Sin= Sout where the diameter has a constant value for a

semicircle.

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