California State University, Long Beach Department of Electrical Engineering EE 430L

Laboratory Report #5 Active Filters

Instructor: Dr. Mahmoud Wagdy Spring 2013 Tuesday 12:30-3:15PM March 26, 2013

Introduction The objective of this lab was to investigate several different active filter circuits. Namely a first order high pass filter, a Sallen-Key second order low pass filter, and a partially active R filter that has a response similar to a second order bandpass filter. Circuit #1 Schematic/Circuit Diagram

Analysis and Design Highpass first-order filter Highpass gain = 10, 3dbs cut-off frequency of 5Khz Lab Testing

Results tables, graphs

Graph of the lab data

Orcad Graph Testing Compare Theory and Practice From our comparison of graphs from our lab experiment and our testing in PSPICE, we see that we get similar outputs, thus showing that our testing in laboratory was correct. Circuit #2 Schematic/Circuit Diagram

Analysis and Design Sallen-Key second-order lowpass filter

DC gain K of 2, 3-dbs cut-off frequency fo of 5khz, quality factor Q = 5

Let n = 1, thus for K=2, Lab Testing

Frequency (H) 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 50000 100000 200000 500000 1000000 2000000

Vin 0.007 0.008 0.104 0.104 0.104 0.104 0.104 0.104 0.104 0.104 0.104 0.104 0.104 0.104 0.104 0.104 0.104

Vout 0.0144 0.028 0.208 0.208 0.208 0.208 0.208 0.244 1.440 0.068 0.018 0.016 0.004 0.044 0.052 0.040 0.098

Vout/Vin 2.057 3.500 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.000 2.346 13.846 0.654 0.173 0.154 0.038 0.423 0.500 0.385 0.942

Results tables, graphs

Graph of Laboratory Data

Compare Theory and Practice Our results in lab had some interesting data points that did not seem to fit very well into what a Sallen-Key filter should theoretically have as a frequency response. Where a very large drop in frequency response should occur for frequencies above approximately 500kHz, we had strange frequency response above 500kHz. Part of this could be a result of poor performance in the cables at higher frequencies, as well as an inability for the instruments to track correctly at these high frequencies. There could also be some form of introduced noise at these frequencies that are boosting apparent signal gain.

Circuit #3 Schematic/Circuit Diagram

Analysis and Design Active-R filters high frequency, employ internally-compensated op-amp single-pole model , where GB is radian gain-bandwidth product UA741 op-amp, fo = 50 Khz and Q = 5 Orcad Simulation Circuit

Lab Testing
Frequency 100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000 25000 50000 100000 200000 500000 1000000 2000000 Input 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 0.94 0.98 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 Output 0.062 0.103 0.237 0.46 0.9 2.37 4.8 16.5 13.5 6.5 3.22 1.59 0.62 0.293 0.137 Gain -24.57595219 -20.16704149 -12.92881906 -7.168629348 -1.338935793 7.071180939 13.20103877 24.88712181 22.78215386 16.17183966 10.07068996 3.941515011 -4.238593686 -10.74907507 -17.35201613

Graphical Results

PSPICE Graph

PSPICE Graph Results Compare Theory and Practice

Our laboratory testing showed that although we got our filter to exhibit the same behavior as in lab, our knee point or critical frequency, was different than the one we built for. We attribute this to the fact that we were unable to use the exact values of resistors to get our knee to fit correctly. The design itself was properly implemented, as graphically we were able to get the same sharp increase in gain at a particular frequency which is what would be expected in a bandpass filter design. One interesting result we did get occurred at higher frequencies, where our output (shown on the bottom) gave us a triangle output wave as shown below.

We are unsure of exactly why we got an output like this, however we believe it is related to the slew rate of the op amp itself. Conclusion Based on our laboratory results, the circuits in this lab were designed adequately in order to function as they were intended. Comparisons of PSPICE and laboratory results were very similar.